ABSTRACT:

The technology used for wireless power transmission is known as witricity. Wireless power transmission is not a new idea, Nikola Tesla proposed theories of wireless power transmission in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Tesla's work was impressive, but it did not immediately lead to wide spread practical methods for wireless power transmission. Since then many researchers have developed several techniques for moving electricity over long distances without wires. Some exist only as theories or prototypes, but others are already in use. In 2006 researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology led by Marine Soijacic discovered an efficient way to transfer power between coils separated by a few meters. They have dubbed this technology as witricity . Witricity is based upon coupled resonant objects. Two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend to exchange energy efficiently, while not interchanging the surroundings. The researchers demonstrate the ability to transfer 60W with

development stage, lots of work is to be done in improving the range of power transmission and efficiency.

1.INTRODUCTION
what it can make peoples lives easier, it can add a lot of clutter in the If we are particularly organized and good with tie wrap then also a few dusty power cord tangles around our home. We have even had to follow one particular cord through the seemingly impossible snarl to the outlet hoping that the plug pull will be the right one. This is one of the downfalls of

Fig.1:wireless electricity electricity. While it can make people's process. For these reasons, scientists have tried to develop methods of wireless power transmission that could cut the clutter or lead to clean sources of electricity. Wireless power transmission is not a new idea. Many

approximately 40% efficiency over distance in excess of 2 meters. Currently the project is looking for power transmission in the range of 100watts. As witricity is in the

researchers developed several methods for wireless power transmission. But witricity is a new technology used for wireless power transmission. By the use of this technology transmission of electrical energy to remote objects without wires can be possible. The inventors of witricity are the researchers from Massachusetts Institute of

than electric toothbrushes and charger mats available, and in both technologies the

toothbrush, phone, and other small devices need to be extremely close to their chargers.

Wireless

power

transmission

as

an

alternative to transmission line power distribution (our current system of electric power distribution) was first proposed and demonstrated by Nikola Tesla. In 1899, Tesla demonstrated wireless power

Technology(MIT).

Fig.2:Expermiment on witricity They developed a new technology for wireless electricity transmission and this is based upon the coupled resonant objects. In this resonant magnetic fields are used. So the wastage of power is reduced. The system consists of witricity transmitters and transmission by powering a field of fluorescent lamps located twenty-five miles from their power source without using wires. As impressive and forward thinking as Tesla's work was, at that time is was actually cheaper to build coppertransmission lines rather than build the type of power generators that Tesla's experiments required. Tesla ran out of research funding and at that time a practical and cost efficient method of wireless power distribution could not be
2

Fig.3:fluorescent lamp

receivers. The transmitters and receivers contain magnetic loop antennas made of copper coils and they are tuned to the same frequency.

2.HISTORY
While Tesla was the first person to demonstrate the practical possibilities of wireless power in 1899, today, commercially there is little more

develoThis team from MIT belonged to the Department of Physics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer

managed to transmit power across seven feet through the air to instantly light up a lightbulb. Though witricity worked only distances up till 9 feet at its inception, the inventors believed that it was possible to charge a battery that was located at a distance of a few yards from the power source that was connected to the receiving coil. They state that it would be sufficient to place a source in each room to provide power to the whole house.

Science and the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies. The members of this team were Andre Kurs, Aristeidis Karalis, Prof. Peter Fisher, Robert Moffatt and Prof. John Joannopoulos. The leader of this team of researchers was Prof. Marin Soljacic.

3.WiTricity Technology: The Basics

The experimental design consisted of two fig.3:MITteam It was Prof. Marin Soljacic who provided the inspiration for the experiment and copper coils, each a self-resonant system. One of the coils, connected to an AC power supply, was the resonant source. The other coil, the resonant capture device, was connected to a 60 watt light bulb. The power source and capture device were suspended in mid-air with nylon thread, at distances that ranged from a few centimeters to over 2.5 meters (8.2 ft). Not only was the light bulb illuminated, but the theoretical predictions of high efficiency over distance were proven experimentally. By placing various objects between the source and capture device, the team
3

invention of witricity. It was while standing in the kitchen one night, that on staring at his mobile phone that he had thought it would be nice if his mobile phone would take care of its own charging instead of him having to periodically charge it.

He then tried out his experiment using two coils of copper, where one was connected to a receiver, and the other to a transmitter. With the help of these two coils of copper, the inventors of witricity

demonstrated how the magnetic near field can transfer power through certain materials and around metallic obstacles. Thus Prof. Soljais dream of finding a method to wirelessly connect mobile electric devices to the existing electric grid was realized. WiTricity Corp. was soon launched to carry this technology forward from the MIT laboratories to commercial production.

are examples of objects having constant magnetic fields.

Fig.5:magnetism Oscillating magnetic fields vary with time, and can be generated by alternating current (AC) flowing on a wire. The strength, direction, and extent of magnetic fields are often represented and visualized by

drawings of the magnetic field lines.

3.3:Electromagnetism: Fig.4:witricity technology A term for the

interdependence of time-varying electric and magnetic fields. For example, it turns out that

3.1:Electricity: The flow of electrons (current)

through a conductor (like a wire), or charges through the atmosphere (like lightning). A convenient way for energy to get from one place to another place

an oscillating magnetic field produces an electric field and an oscillating electric field produces a magnetic field.

3.2:Magnetism: A fundamental force of nature, which causes certain types of materials to attract or repel each other. Permanent magnets, like the ones on your refrigerator and the earths magnetic field,
4 Fig.6:Electro magnetism

As electric current, I, flows in a wire, it gives rise to a magnetic field, B, which wraps around the wire. When the current reverses direction, the magnetic field also reverses its direction. 3.4:Magnetic Induction: A loop or coil of conductive material like copper, carrying an alternating current (AC), is a very efficient structure for generating or capturing a magnetic field.If a conductive loop is connected to an AC power source, it will generate an oscillating magnetic field in the vicinity of the loop. A second conducting loop, brought close enough to the first, may capture some portion of that oscillating magnetic field, which in turn, generates or induces an electric current in the second coil. The current generated in the second coil may be used to power devices. This type of electrical power transfer from one loop or coil to another is well known and referred to as magnetic induction. Some common examples of devices based on magnetic induction are electric transformers and electric generators.

3.5:Energy/Power

Coupling:

Energy

coupling occurs when an energy source has a means of transferring energy to another object. One simple example is a locomotive pulling a train carthe mechanical coupling between the two enables the locomotive to pull the train, and overcome the forces of friction and inertia that keep the train still and, the train moves. Magnetic coupling occurs when the magnetic field of one object

Fig.8:Energy/power coupling

interacts with a second object and induces an electric current in or on that object. In this way, electric energy can be transferred from a power source to a powered device. In contrast to the example of mechanical coupling given for the train, magnetic coupling does not require any physical

Fig.7:Magnetic induction

contact between the object generating the

energy and the object receiving or capturing that energy. 3.6:Resonance: Resonance is a property that exists in many different physical systems. It can be thought of as the natural frequency at which energy can most efficiently be added to an oscillating system. A playground swing is an example of an oscillating system involving potential energy and kinetic energy. The child swings back and forth at a rate that is determined by
the length of the swing. The child can make the swing go higher if she properly coordinates her arm and leg action with the motion of the swing. The swing is oscillating at its resonant frequency and the simple movements of the child efficiently transfer energy to the system. Another example of resonance is the way in which a singer can shatter a wine glass by singing a single loud, clear note. In this example, the wine glass is the resonant oscillating system. Sound waves traveling through the air are captured by the glass, and the sound energy is converted to mechanical vibrations of the glass itself. When the singer hits the note that matches the resonant frequency of the glass, the glass absorbs energy, begins vibrating, and can eventually even shatter. The resonant frequency of the glass

depends on the size, shape, thickness of the glass, and how much wine is in it.

3.7:Resonant Magnetic Coupling: Magnetic

coupling occurs when two objects exchange energy through their varying or oscillating magnetic fields. Resonant coupling occurs when the natural frequencies of the two objects are approximately the same.

Fig.9:Rsonant magnetic coupling

4.WiTricity Technology:
WiTricity power sources and capture devices are specially designed magnetic resonators that efficiently transfer power over large distances via the magnetic near-field. These proprietary source and device designs and the electronic systems that control them support efficient energy transfer over distances that are many times the size of the sources/devices

themselves. Understanding how it works is a bit more involved, but it doesnt require an engineering

two

meters

apart.

When they plugged one coil into the wall, alternating Creating current a flowed through it,

magnetic

field.

The second coil, tuned to the same frequency and hooked to a light bulb, resonated with the magnetic field,

generating an electric current that lit up the bulb--even with a thin wall between the
Fig.10:witricity technology

coils.

you play a The WiTricity power source, left, is

connected to AC power. The blue lines represent the magnetic near field induced by the power source. The yellow lines represent the flow of energy from the source to the WiTicity capture coil, which is shown powering a light bulb. Note that this diagram also shows how the magnetic field (blue lines) can wrap around a conductive obstacle between the power source and the capture device. Fig:11:working of witricity There are two important terms to explain how wireless electricity works in, for example, an electric toothbrush, it works by "inductive coupling" and "electromagnetism". According to the Wireless Power Consortium, "Wireless charging, also known as inductive charging, is based on a few simple principles. The technology requires two coils: a transmitter and a receiver. An alternating current is passed through the transmitter coil, generating a magnetic field. This in turn induces a voltage in the receiver coil; this can be used to power a mobile device or charge a battery."To explain further, whenever you direct an electrical current through a wire there is a natural 7

5:HOW IT WORKS Wireless light: Researchers used magnetic resonance coupling to power a 60-watt light bulb. Tuned to the same frequency, two 60centimeter copper coils can transmit

electricity over a distance of two meters, through the air and around an obstacle. The researchers built two resonant copper coils and hung them from the ceiling, about

phenomena that occurs, that a circular magnetic field is created around the wire. And if you loop/coil that wire that wire's magnetic field gets stronger. If you take a second coil of wire that does not have an electrical current passing through it, and place that coil within the magnetic field of the first coil, the electric current from the first coil will travel through the magnetic field and started running through the second coil, that's inductive coupling.In an electric toothbrush, the charger is connected to a wall outlet that sends an electric current to a coiled wire inside the charger creating a magnetic field. There is a second coil inside of the toothbrush, when you place the toothbrush inside of its cradle to be charged the electric current passes through the magnetic field and sends electricity to the coil inside the toothbrush, that coil is connected to a battery which gets charged.The power exchange efficiency of some induction systems is improved by utilizing resonant circuits. These so-called resonantly enhanced induction

resonator coils, distances very large compared to traditional schemes.

object to vibrate when energy of a certain frequency is applied. Two resonant objects of the same frequency tend to couple very strongly." Resonance can be seen in musical instruments for example. "Whtune on one, then another instrument with the same acoustic resonance will pick up that tune, it will visibly vibrate,"

Instead of using acoustic vibrations, system exploits the resonance of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic radiation includes radio waves, infrared and X-rays. Typically, systems that use electromagnetic radiation, such as radio antennas, are not suitable for the efficient transfer of energy because they scatter energy in all directions, wasting large amounts of it into free space.

To overcome this problem, the team investigated a special class of "nonradiative" objects with so-called "long-lived resonances". When energy is applied to these objects it remains bound to them, rather than escaping to space. "Tails" of energy, which can be many metres long, flicker over the surface. If another resonant object is brought with the same frequency close enough to these tails then it turns out that the energy can

techniques are used in certain medical implants and high-frequency RFIDs for example.

However, to the best of our knowledge, WiTricitys founding technical team was the first to discover that by specially designing the magnetic resonators, one could achieve strong coupling and highly efficient energy exchange over distances much larger than the size of the

tunnel

from

one

object

to

another.

inductive charging pads which require that the object being charged be placed directly on top of, or very close to, the base or pad supplying the power. The power exchange efficiency of some induction systems is improved by utilizing resonant circuits. These so-called resonantly enhanced induction techniques are used in certain medical implants and high-frequency RFIDs for example. However, to the best of our knowledge, WiTricitys founding technical team was the first to discover that by specially designing the magnetic resonators, one could achieve strong coupling and highly efficient energy exchange over distances much larger than the size of the resonator coils, distances very large compared to traditional schemes.

Hence, a simple copper antenna designed to have long-lived resonance could transfer energy to a laptop with its own antenna resonating at the same frequency. The computer would be truly wireless. Any energy not diverted into a gadget or appliance is simply reabsorbed. The systems that are described would be able to transfer energy over three to five metres.

6:WiTricity is More Than...

6.1:Traditional Magnetic Induction At first glance, WiTricitys technology for power transfer appears to be traditional magnetic induction, such as is used in power

transformers, where conductive coils transmit power to each other wirelessly, over very short distances. In a transformer, an electric current running in a sending coil (or primary winding) induces another current in a receiving coil (or secondary winding). The two coils must be very close together, and may even overlap, but the coils do not make direct electrical contact with each other. However, the efficiency of the power exchange in traditional magnetic

In addition to electric transformers, other devices based on traditional magnetic induction include rechargeable electric toothbrushes, and inductive charging pads which require that the object being charged be placed directly on top of, or very close to, the base or pad supplying the power.The power exchange efficiency of some

induction systems drops by orders of magnitude when the distance between the coils becomes larger than their sizes. In addition to electric transformers, traditional rechargeable other magnetic electric devices based on

induction systems is improved by utilizing resonant circuits. These so-called resonantly enhanced induction techniques are used in certain medical implants and high-frequency RFIDs for example. However, to the best of
9

induction

include and

toothbrushes,

our

knowledge,

WiTricitys

founding

WiTricitys technology for power transfer is non-radiative and relies on near-field

technical team was the first to discover that by specially designing could highly the magnetic strong energy

magnetic coupling. Many other techniques for wireless power transfer rely on radiative techniques, either broadcasted or narrow beam (directed radiation) transmission of radio, or light waves. Broadcasted radiation of radio frequency energy is commonly used for wireless information transfer because information can be transmitted over a wide area to multiple users. The power received by each radio or wireless receiver is miniscule, and must be amplified in a receiving unit using an external power supply. Because the vast majority of

resonators, coupling

one and

achieve efficient

exchange over distances much larger than the size of the resonator coils, distances very large compared to traditional schemes.

Fig.12: An electric toothbrush

radiated power is wasted into free space, radio transmission is considered to be an inefficient means of power transfer. Note that while more energy can be supplied to the receiver by cranking up the power of the transmitters in these systems, such high power levels may pose a safety hazard and may interfere with other radio frequency devices. Directed radiation, using highly directional antennas, is another means of using radio transmission to beam energy from a source to a receiver. However, directed radiationin particular microwave radiationmay interact strongly with living organisms and certain metallic objects. Such
10

6.2:Radiative power transfer

A microwave oven utilizes microwave radiation to cook food.

Fig.13:

microwave

oven

utilizes

microwave radiation to cook food.

energy transfer methods may pose safety hazards to people or objects that obstruct the line-of-sight between the transmitter and receiver. These limitations make directed radio transmission impractical for delivering substantial levels of wireless power in a typical consumer, commercial, or industrial application. In fact, defense researchers are exploring the use of directed energy systems to deliver lethal doses of power to targets in space and on the battlefield

MRI

machines

use

magnetic

resonance

imaging to produce diagnostic images of soft tissue.Many people assume that WiTricitys Resonant Magnetic Coupling must be similar to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

technology, however, the technologies are similar in name only. MRI is, as its name suggests, a technology for using magnetism as a basis for diagnostic imaging of soft tissue in the human body. It utilizes a strong DC magnet to orient the magnetic fields of atoms within tissues, and radio frequency fields to

manipulate those atoms in a selective way, so that tissues and structures can be imaged clearly. The resonance referred to in MRI refers to the resonance of atomic structures. MRI is not considered to be a method for wireless power transfer.

Fig.14: The June 5, 1975 NASA JPL Goldstone

7:Features and benifits

7.1:Highly Resonant Strong Coupling

6.3:MagneticResonanceImaging(MRI):

Provides High Efficiency Over Distance: WiTricity's mode of wireless power transfer is highly efficient over distances ranging from centimeters to several meters. We define efficiency as the amount of usable electrical energy that is available to the device being powered, divided by the amount of energy that is drawn by the

Fig.15: MRI machines

WiTricity source. In many applications,

11

efficiency can exceed 90%. And WiTricity sources only transfer energy when it is needed. When a WiTricity powered device no longer needs to capture additional energy, the WiTricity power source will automatically reduce its power consumption to a power saving idle state. Contact WiTricity to learn the efficiency and distance ranges that can be achieved in your applications.

materials, such as wood, gypsum wall board, plastics, textiles, glass, brick, and concrete are essentially transparent to magnetic fieldsenabling WiTricity technology to efficiently transfer power through them. In addition, the magnetic near field has the ability to wrap around many metallic obstacles that might otherwise block the magnetic fields. WiTricitys applications engineering team will work with you to address the materials and environmental factors that may influence wireless energy transfer in your application.
7.3:Non-Radiative Energy Transfer is

Safe for People and Animals

WiTricitys technology is a non-radiative mode of energy transfer, relying instead on the magnetic near field. Magnetic fields interact Fig.16:Highly reasonating very weakly with biological organismspeople and animalsand are scientifically regarded to be safe. Professor Sir John Pendry of Imperial College London, explains: The magnetic near field has several properties that make it an excellent means of transferring energy in a typical consumer, commercial, or industrial environment. Most common building and furnishing a world The renowned really physicist, responds body

coupling7.2:Energy Transfer via Magnetic Near Field Can Penetrate and Wrap Around Obstacles

strongly to electric fields, which is why you can cook a chicken in a microwave. But it doesn't respond to magnetic fields. As far as we know the body has almost zero response to magnetic fields in terms of the amount of
12

power it absorbs." Evidence of the safety of magnetic widespread fields is illustrated and by the of

This enables WiTricity technology to be used in applications as diverse as powering a wireless mouse or keyboard (milliwatts) to recharging an electric passenger vehicle (kilowatts). WiTricity technology operates in a load following mode, transferring only as much energy as the powered device requires. 7.5:Flexible Geometry Allows WiTricity Devices to be Embedded Into OEM Products WiTricity technology is being designed so that it can be easily embedded into a wide variety of products and systems. The physics of resonant magnetic coupling enables WiTricity engineers to design power sources and devices of varying shapes and sizes, to match both the packaging requirements and the power transfer requirements in a given OEM application. WiTricity has designed power capture devices compact enough to fit into a cell phone.OEM application.

acceptance

safety

household magnetic induction cooktops. Through proprietary design of the WiTricity source, electric fields are almost completely contained within the source. This design results in levels of electric and magnetic fields which fall well within regulatory guidelines. doesnt Thus rise WiTricity to radio technology frequency give

emissions that interfere with other electronic devices, and is not a source of electric and magnetic field levels that pose a risk to people or animals. Limits for human

exposure to magnetic fields are set by regulatory bodies such as the FCC, ICNIRP, and are based on broad scientific and medical consensus. WiTricity technology is being developed to be fully compliant with applicable regulations regarding magnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation. 7.4:Scalable Design Enables Solutions from milliwatts to Kilowatts WiTricity systems can be designed to handle a broad range of power levels. The benefits of highly efficient energy transfer over distance can be achieved at power levels ranging from milliwatts to several kilowatts.

WiTricity has designed power capture devices compact enough to fit into a cell phone.

8:WiTricity Intellectual Property

13

WiTricity is exclusive licensee of MIT patents for Wireless Energy Transfer. Our founder, MIT professor Marin Soljai, was the leader of the MIT research team that developed WiTricity technology. This

9.1:Direct Wireless Powerwhen all the power a device needs is provided wirelessly, and no batteries are required. This mode is for a device that is always used within range of its WiTricity power source. 9.2:Automatic Wireless Chargingwhen a device with rechargeable batteries charges itself while still in use or at rest, without requiring a power cord or battery

includes the MIT patents for highly resonant magnetic coupling as well as many energy transfer system improvements. Since the original discovery, WiTricity Corporation has filed for patents on dozens of its own innovations, including improvements to the technology, as well as a large number of products and applications that use the technology. The MIT and WiTricity patents are available for licensing for interested parties. Please contact us to discuss potential licensing agreements.Below is a partial list of our issued patents and pending patent applications. 9:WiTricity Products WiTricitys wireless power transfer

replacement. This mode is for a mobile device that may be used both in and out of range of its WiTricity power source. WiTricity technology is designed to be directly embedded in the products and systems of Original Equipment

Manufacturers (OEM's). If your company is an OEM, you may be interested in our developement kits which will allow you to evaluate and adapt WiTricity wireless power transfer to your own products, or you may prefer a custom engagement with our inhouse research and development

technology can be applied in a wide variety of applications and environments. The ability of our technology to transfer power safely, efficiently, and over distance can improve products by making them more convenient, reliable, and environmentally friendly. WiTricity technology can be used to provide:

department. Either way, we encourage you to contact us to discuss your application in more detail. If you are a consumer eager to purchase products that are WiTricity enabled, please check back later at our website to learn
14

about products that you can purchase with WiTricity inside!

1. Direct

wireless

power

and

communication

interconnections

across rotating and moving joints

10:Applications
1. Automatic wireless charging of mobile
electronics (phones, laptops, game controllers, etc.) in home, car, office, Wi-Fi hotspots while devices are in use and mobile.

(robots,

packaging

machinery,

assembly machinery, machine tools) eliminating costly and failure-prone wiring. 2. Direct wireless power and at

communication powering of

interconnections

2. Direct

wireless

points of use in harsh environments (drilling, mining, underwater, etc.) where it is impractical or impossible to run wires. 3. Direct wireless power for wireless sensors and actuators, eliminating the need for expensive power wiring or battery replacement and disposal.

stationary devices (flat screen TVs, digital picture frames, home theater accessories, wireless loud speakers, etc.) eliminating expensive

custom wiring, unsightly cables and wall-wart power supplies. 3. Direct wireless powering of desktop PC peripherals: wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, speakers, display, etc eliminating disposable

4. Automatic
mobile vehicles,

wireless

charging

for

robots,

automatic tools

guided and complex

cordless

instrumentseliminating docking intensive mechanisms, manual

and

labor and

recharging

battery replacement.

Fig.17:Consumer electronics

10.1:Industrial

Fig.18:Industrial things 10.2:Transportation

15

Automatic wireless charging forexisting electric vehicle classes: golf carts, industrial vehicles. 1. Automatic wireless charging for future hybrid and all-electric

Automatic wireless charging and for high tech military systems (battery powered mobile devices, covert

sensors, unmanned mobile robots and aircraft, etc.).

Direct

wireless

powering

and

passenger and commercial vehicles, at home, in parking garages, at fleet depots, and at remote kiosks. 2. Direct wireless power

automatic wireless charging of smart cards. Direct wireless wireless powering charging and of

automatic

interconnections to replace costly vehicle wiring harnesses and slip rings.

consumer appliances, mobile robots, etc

Fig.19:Electrical vehicals

Fig.20:Other applications 11:ADVANTAGES OF WITRICITY 1. No need of line of sight - In witricity

10.3:Other Applications

Direct

wireless and

power automatic

power

transmission

there

is

any

interconnections

need of line of sight between transmitter and receiver. That is power !

wireless charging for implantable medical devices (ventricular assist devices, etc.). pacemaker, defibrilator,

transmission can be possible if there is any obstructions like wood,

metal, or other devices were placed in between the transmitter and

16

receiver. 2. No need of power cables and batteries Witricity replaces the use of power cables and batteries.

work is done for improving the efficiency and distance between transmitter and

receiver. 13:COCLUSION: Witricity is in development stage, lots of work is to be done to use it for wireless power applications. Currently the project is looking for power transmission in the range of 100w. Before the establishment of this technology the detailed study must be done to check whether it cause any harm on any living beings.

3. Does not interfere with radio waves 4. Wastage of power is small -

Electromagnetic waves would tunnel, they would not propagate through air to be absorbed wastage or dissipated. is So the small.

5. Negative heaiih implications - By the use of resonant coupling wave

lengths produced are far lower and thus make it harmless.

14:Future of witricity
Modern science has now made it possible to use electricity without having to plug in any wires. This concept is called witricty which seems to have a bright future in providing wireless Researchers developed electricity. witricity using

6. Highly efficient than electromagnetic induction - Electro magnetic induction system can be used for wireless energy transfer only if the primary and secondary are in very close proximity. Resonant induction system is one million times as efficient as electro magnetic induction system. 7. Less costly - The components of transmitter and receivers are cheaper. So this system is less costly.

resonance where energy is transmitted between two copper coils that resonate at the same frequency. Of these two coils, one is the power transmitter and the other, the receiver. The advantage of witricity is that there is no need of having a line of sight. As long as the object to be powered has a source of wireless power, in its vicinity, the appliacnce charges automatically without
17

12:DISADVANTAGES
1. Wireless power transmission can be possible 2. only is in only few about meters. 40%.

Efficiency

As witricity is in development stage, lot of

having

to

be

plugged

in.

Just imagine the future, with witricity, where there will be no need of power cables and batteries. The city just has to be covered with witricity hot spots wherein you can use your electric gadget battery and wire free making it more convenient to carry around and much lighter. With witricity, there will be no need of charging batteries, or buying new batteries for your electrical gadgets. Just as beneficial witricity may be, there are some contraindications to the concept, with debates if it is risky living next to power lines and having a low power witricity network running in the home. They wonder what happens if a glass of water is spilt in a witricity room. However despite these contraindications, witricity has a bright future with the many advantages it provides in terms of weight, convenience and portability of electrical appliances.

6.A radio transmitter can produce waves having a power of several kilowatts or even megawatts but this energy scatters in all directions. Only a small fraction, less than a millionth part, of the transmitted energy is received. However, this is sufficient to yield the intelligence. 7.^ Jump up to: a b G. A. Landis, "Applications for Space Power by Laser Transmission," SPIE Optics, Electro-optics & Laser Conference, Los Angeles CA, 2428 January 1994; Laser Power Beaming, SPIE Proceedings Vol. 2121, 252255. 8. ^ Jump up to: a b Corum, K. L. and J. F. Corum, "Nikola Tesla and the Diameter of the Earth: A Discussion of One of the Many Modes of Operation of the Wardenclyffe Tower," 1996 9.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f General Electric review, Volume 15 By General Electric. "Velocity of Propagation of Electric Field", Charles Proteus Steinmetz 10.Jump up ^ 188,000 miles per second 11.Jump up ^ Such as an internal change of load, starting and switching operations, and short circuits. 12.Jump up ^ Such as the external change due to lightning. 13.Jump up ^ Charles Steinmetz (Fellow, A. I. E. E. Chief Consulting Engineer, General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y.). "Condenser Discharge Through a General Gas Circuit". American Institute of Electrical Engineers., 1922. Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. New York: American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Presented at the 10th Midwinter Convention of the A. I. E. E., New York, N. Y., 1517 February 1922.

REFERENCES
1.SasthraKeralammagazine 2.Witricitypower.com .http://en.wikipedia.org 4.TreeHugger.com 5. http://www.howstuffworks.com

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11. Jump up ^ viz., the dissipation of electric energy by the resistance of the conductor through its conversion into heat; 12. Jump up ^ Such as when it gives trouble by induction in telephone circuits or when it reaches such high intensities as to puncture insulation, cause mechanical motion, etc. 13. Jump up ^ such as an iron needle. 14. ^ Jump up to: a b c Theory and calculation of transient electric phenomena and oscillations By Charles Proteus Steinmetz 15.Jump up ^ Speculation was made as to what the electric wave was, leading to the

contradictory deductions that for certain reasons space is considered as a gas of infinitely low density, and for certain others as a solid.

19