PHYSIOLOGY OF GROWTH AND AGING. PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH: Growth is an order ! "ro#ess$ o##%rrin& in s!ste'ati# (ashion.

. Rates and "atterns o( &rowth are s"e#i(i# to #ertain "arts o( the )od!. Wide indi*id%a di((eren#es e+ist in &rowth rates. Growth and de*e o"'ent are in( %en#es )! are in( %en#es )! a '% ti" e (a#tors. DE,ELOP-ENT : De*e o"'ent re(ers to a "ro&ressi*e in#rease in s.i and #a"a#it! o( (%n#tion. It is a /%a itati*e #han&e in the #hi d0s (%n#tionin&. It #an )e 'eas%red thro%&h o)ser*ation. De*e o"'ent "ro#eeds (ro' the si'" e to the #o'" e+ and (ro' the &enera to the s"e#i(i#. De*e o"'ent o##%rs in a #e"ha o#a%da and a "ro+i'odista "ro&ression. There are #riti#a "eriods (or &rowth and de*e o"'ent. Rates in de*e o"'ent *ar!. De*e o"'ent #ontin%es thro%&ho%t the indi*id%a 1s i(e s"an. FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH AND DE,ELOP-ENT : 2 Hereditar! (a#tors 2 En*iron'enta (a#tors Pre-natal environment 1-Factors related to mothers during pregnancy: 3 N%tritiona de(i#ien#ies 3 Dia)eti# 'other 3 E+"os%re to radiation 3 In(e#tion with Ger'an 'eas es 3 S'o.in& 3 4se o( dr%&s 2-Factors related to fetus: 2 -a 3"osition in %ter%s 2 Fa% t! " a#enta i'" antation Post-Natal Environment I 3 External environment: 3 so#io3e#ono'i# stat%s o( the (a'i ! 3 #hi d0s n%trition 3 # i'ate and season 3 #hi d0s ordina "osition in the (a'i !.

Internal environment : 2 Chi d0s inte i&en#e 2 Hor'ona in( %en#es 2 E'otions. TYPES OF GROWTH AND DE,ELOP-ENT : 2 T!"es o( &rowth: 3 Ph!si#a &rowth 5Ht$ Wt$ head 6 #hest #ir#%'(eren#e7 3 Ph!sio o&i#a &rowth 5*ita si&ns 87 2 T!"es o( de*e o"'ent: 3 -otor de*e o"'ent 3 Co&niti*e de*e o"'ent

AD !E"EN#E $ Adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adulthood . Its is )ased on #hi dhood e+"erien#es and a##o'" ish'ents. It )e&ins with the a""earan#e o( se#ondar! se+ #hara#teristi#s and ends when so'ati# &rowth is #o'" eted and the indi*id%a is "s!#ho o&i#a 'at%re. Secondary sexual characteristics in girls: 2 In#rease in trans*erse dia'eter o( the "e *is. 2 De*e o"'ent o( the )reasts. 2 Chan&e in the *a&ina se#retions. 2 Growth o( "%)i# and a+i ar! hair. 2 -enstr%ation 5(irst 'enstr%ation is #a ed 'enar#he$ whi#h o##%rs

)etween 9: to 9; !ears7. "econdary sexual characteristics in %oys: 2 In#rease in si<e o( &enita ia. 2 Swe in& o( the )reast. 2 Growth o( "%)i#$ a+i ar!$ (a#ia and #hest hair. 2 Chan&e in *oi#e. 2 Ra"id &rowth o( sho% der )readth. 2 Prod%#tion o( s"er'ato<oa 5whi#h is si&n o( "%)ert!7. A&IN& $ A&in& is the or&ani# "ro#ess o( &rowin& o der and showin&the e((e#ts o( in#reasin& a&e. A&in& is '% ti(a#toria . A&in& is a "ro#ess that )e&ins at #on#e"tion and #ontin%es as on& as we i*e. At an! &i*en ti'e thro%&ho%t o%r i(es"an$ the )od! re( e#ts: its &eneti# #o'"onent and its en*iron'enta e+"erien#e. In other words$ o%r )odies re( e#t o%r &eneti# #a"a#it! to ada"t and re"air$ as we as the #%'% ati*e da'a&e (ro' disease "ro#esses. A&in& hi&h i&hts o%r stren&ths and o%r wea.nesses. CO--ON CHANGES OF AGING: Chro'oso'a a)nor'a ities De(or'ation in 'ito#hondria str%#t%re De#rease in DNA 'eth! ation In#reased DNA #ross3 in.in& THEORIES OF AGING: Geneti# theories Rando' da'a&e theor! GENETIC THEORY: In &eneti# theor! a&in& is "redeter'ined )! a )io o&i#a ti'e ta) e. are three &eneti# theories de*e o"ed re#ent !: 9. -%tation theor!: A##ordin& to this theor! ani'a s die )e(ore their e+"e#ted i(e s"an d%e to nat%ra (or#es. -%tations "i e %" in the &ene that "asses (ro' &eneration to &eneration. :. Theor! o( " eiotro"i# anta&onis': This theor! s%&&ests that a&in& is #a%sed d%e to har'(% e((e#t o( &enes. This %n(a*o%ra) e &eneti# e((e#t are "reser*ed (or s%r*i*a and i'"arted "rior to re"rod%#tion. ;. E#o o&i#a theor!: This theor! i'" ies the e#o o&i#a en*iron'ent with ess e+terna ha<ards. -%tation is s%#h that a&in& is retarted. RANDO- DA-AGE THEORIES: This theor! e+" ains that a&in& is d%e to 1 oss o( )a an#e )etween on&oin& da'a&e and re"air1. The da'a&e 'a! )e d%e to #ontin%o%s "rod%#tion o( (ree radi#a s and )! o+idation and & !#ation. Howe*er the da'a&e is re"aired )! anti3stress 'e#hanis'. =%t as a&e ad*an#es$ the #a"a#it! to re"air da'a&ed #e de# ines. Re&enerati*e senes#en#e is a so d%e to arrest o( #e #!# es at G9>

S "hase$ where s!nthesis o( DNA starts. Th%s DNA s!nthesis is i'"aired. O=SER,ED CHANGES IN THE HEART: De"osits o( the ?a&in& "i&'ent$? i"o(%s#in$ a##%'% ate. The *a *es o( the heart thi#.en and )e#o'e sti((er. The n%')er o( "a#e'a.er #e s de#rease and (att! 6 (i)ro%s tiss%es in#rease a)o%t the SA node. These #han&es 'a! res% t in a s i&ht ! s ower heart rate. A s i&ht in#rease in the si<e o( the heart$ es"e#ia ! the e(t *entri# e$ is #o''on. The heart wa thi#.ens$ so the a'o%nt o( ) ood that the #ha')er #an ho d 'a! a#t%a ! de#rease. The heart 'a! (i 'ore s ow !. To #o'"ensate$ e der ! s%)@e#ts de'onstrate a do%) in& o( "er#ent atria #ontri)%tion to (i in&. O=SER,ED HAE-ATOLICAL CHANGES: A de#rease in tota )od! water is o)ser*ed with a&in&. = ood *o %'e there(ore de#reases. The n%')er o( red ) ood #e s 5and #orres"ondin& !$ H6H7 are red%#ed$ )%t not si&ni(i#ant !. -ost o( the white ) ood #e s sta! at the sa'e e*e s$ )%t !'"ho#!tes de#rease in n%')er and e((e#ti*eness. O*era $ #e #o%nts and "ara'eters in the "eri"hera ) ood are not si&ni(i#ant ! di((erent (ro' in !o%n& ad% t i(e. Howe*er$ the #e % arit! o( the )one 'arrow de#reases 'oderate !. For e+a'" e$ ;AB #e % arit! on an i ia# #rest )io"s! 5whi#h wo% d )e *er! ow (or a !o%n& ad% t7 is not %n%s%a in an o der "erson. AGE AND I--4NE SYSTE-: The e((i#ien#! o( the i''%ne s!ste' de# ines with a&e$ )%t this is *aria) e a'on& "ersons. Nons"e#i(i# de(enses )e#o'e ess e((e#ti*e. The a)i it! o( the )od! to 'a.e anti)odies di'inishes. A%toi''%ne disorders are in#reased in o der ad% ts. Not e*er!one )e ie*es that the in#reased in#iden#e o( a%toi''%ne disease is an e+"e#ted "art o( a&in&. =%t a a#.now ed&e the in#rease in (indin&s o( "ositi*e rhe%'atoid (a#tor$ anti3n%# ear anti)od!$ and (a se3"ositi*e s!"hi is s#reens in hea th! o der ad% ts. The th!'%s & and 5whi#h "rod%#es hor'ones that a#ti*ate T #e s7 atro"hies thro%&ho%t i(e. The "eri"hera T3#e s "ro i(erate '%#h ess e+%)erant ! in o d a&e.

 Co''on in(e#tions are o(ten 'ore se*ere with s ower re#o*er! 6 de#reased #han#es o( de*e o"in& ade/%ate i''%nit!.

O=SER,AL CHANGES IN L4NGS: The n%')er o( #i ia 6 their e*e o( a#ti*it! is red%#ed. G and% ar #e s in ar&e airwa!s are red%#ed. De#reased n%')er o( ner*e endin&s in ar!n+. The #o%&h re( e+ is ) %nted th%s de#reasin& the e((e#ti*eness o( #o%&h. De#reased e*e s o( se#retor! I&A in nose 6 %n&s de#reased a)i it! to ne%tra i<e *ir%ses. The n%')er o( a *eo i do not #han&e si&ni(i#ant !. The n%')er o( F4NCTIONAL a *eo i de#reases as the a *eo ar wa s )e#o'e thin$ the a*eo i en ar&e$ are ess e asti#. De#reased e asti#it! o( the %n&s 'a! )e d%e to #o a&en #ross3 in.in&. The oss o( e asti#it! a##o%nts (or ?seni e h!"erin( ation?C %n i.e in s'o.ers$ there is itt e or no destr%#tion o( the a *eo i. The res"irator! '%s# es ose stren&th 6 end%ran#e. There is in#reased sti((ness o( #hest wa 5ie$ de#reased

#o'" ian#e7. O=SER,AL CHANGES IN DIDNEY: Rena ) ood *esse s )e#o'e s'a er 6 thi#.er red%#in& rena ) ood ( ow. De#reased rena ) ood ( ow (ro' a)o%t EAA' >'in 5a&e FA7 to a)o%t ;AA' >'in 5a&e GA7 Didne! si<e de#reases )! :A3;AB )! a&e HA. This oss o##%rs "ri'ari ! in the #orte+ where the & o'er% i 5I o( & o's de#rease )! ;A3FAB )! a&e GA7 are o#ated. De#reased GFR$ T!"i#a ! )e&ins to de# ine at a)o%t a&e FA.=! a&e JK GFR 'a! )e a)o%t KAB ess than !o%n& ad% t. There is a de# ine in the n%')er o( rena t%)% ar #e s$ an in#rease in t%)% ar di*erti#% a$ 6 a thi#.enin& o( the t%)% ar wa s de#reased a)i it! to #on#entrate %rine 6 # ear dr%&s (ro' the )od!. O*era .idne! (%n#tion$ howe*er$ re'ains nor'a %n ess there is e+#essi*e stress on the s!ste'.

O=SER,AL CHANGES IN -4SC4LOSDELETAL SYSTE-: Sar#o"enia 5L '%s# e 'ass 6 #ontra#ti e (or#e7 o##%rs with a&e. So'e o( this '%s# e3wastin& is d%e to di'inished &rowth hor'one "rod%#tion. Sar#o"enia is asso#iated with in#reased (ati&%e 6 ris. o( (a in&. Sar#o"enia a((e#ts a the '%s# es in# %din&$ the res"irator! '%s# es 5L e((i#ien#! o( )reathin&7 6 GI tra#t 5#onsti"ation7. Grad%a oss o( )one 'ass 5)one resor"tion M )one (or'ation7 startin& aro%nd a&e ;As. De#reased water #ontent in #arti a&e The Nwear363tearO theor! re&ardin& #arti a&e destr%#tion 6 a#ti*it! doesn0t ho d %" as osteoarthritis is a so (re/%ent ! seen in sedentar! e ders. O=SER,AL CHANGES IN REPROD4CTI,E SYSTE-: Wo'en The N# i'a#teri#O o##%rs 5de(ined as the "eriod d%rin& with re"rod%#ti*e #a"a#it! de#reases 5ie$ o*arian (ai %re7 then (ina ! sto"s P oss o( estro&en 6 "ro&esteroneC FSH 6 LH QQ7. This is a so des#ri)ed as the transition (ro' "eri'eno"a%se 5Ra&e FAs7 to 'eno"a%se. thinnin& 6 &ra!in& o( "%)i# hair oss o( s%)S (at in e+terna &enita ia &i*in& the' a shr%n.en a""earan#e o*aries 6 %ter%s de#reases in si<e 6 wei&ht

s.in is ess e asti# T oss o( & and% ar tiss%e &i*es )reasts a sa&&in& a""earan#e other "h!si#a #han&es 'a! in# %de hot ( ashes 5#an #a%se s ee" de"ri*ation i( the! o##%r at ni&ht7$ sweats$ irrita)i it!$ de"ression$ heada#hes$ '!a &ias. Se+%a desire is *aria) e. The s!'"to's are t!"i#a ! "resent (or a)o%t K !ears atro"h! o( *a&ina tiss%es d%e to ow estro&en e*e s P thinnin& 6 dr!ness o##%rsC a&& %tination o( a)ia 'a@ora 6 'inora 'a! o##%r.