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Group Members: C/Y/S: EXPERIMENT 1 ELECTROSTATICS I.

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1. Identify the properties of static electricity 2. Differentiate charging by conduction and charging by induction II. APPARATUS/MATERIALS 2 pcs rubber rod 2 pcs glass rod 1 pc iron stand III. THEORY Electrostatics is the study of the electrical properties of a system containing charges moving within the system boundaries. All matter consists of particles called atoms that are composed of electrons, protons and neutron. Charge refers to the force field that electron and proton possess. The magnitudes of charged atom on electron and proton are equal but their signs are different. Electric charge is measured in units called coulombs. All electrons have same charge of 1.6 x 10-19 Coulomb, and all protons have the same charge of 1.6 x 10-19 Coulomb. Electrostatic interactions are guided by the following principles: a. Principle of Attraction and Repulsion states that charges with the same polarity repel each other and charges with opposite polarity attract each other. b. Coulombs Law states that the magnitude of the electric force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. F = kq1q2 r2 where, F = electric force in Newton q1 = charge of particle 1 in coulomb q2 = charge of particle 2 in coulomb r = distance between charges in meter k = coulombs constant = 9.0 x 109 Nm/s2 c. Law of Conservation of Charge states that the sum of all the charges in any closed system is always constant. This means that the total amount of positive and negative charges from all the system involved will be the same before and after interaction. IV. PROCEDURE 1. Suspend rubber rod on an iron stand. 2. Charge one of the rubber rods by rubbing it with wool or fur. 3. Bring the charged rubber rod near the other end of the suspended rod. Note your observation. 4. Repeat steps 1 to 3, this time using a glass rod. Record your observation. 5. Meanwhile, discharge the electroscope by touching the brass knob with your finger. 1 m string 1 pc silk/wool/fur cloth electroscope

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6. Bring the charged rod in contact with the brass knob and observe what happen to the leaves of electroscope. 7. Again discharge the electroscope by touching the brass knob, this time bring the charge rod onto the vicinity of the electroscope (electroscope should not be touching). 8. Observe and take note what happen to the leaves (converging and diverging). V. DATA AND RESULTS (Observations) VI. QUESTIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. State the law of science for electric charges. 2. What kind of charges will a sheet of paper have after it has been rubbed with wool or fur? With silk? 3. Four identical charges (q = + 3C) are arranged in a form of a rectangle. What are the magnitude and direction of the net electric force on the charge in the lower right corner attributable to the other three charges? 0.25 cm

0.15 cm 0.25 cm

0.15 cm

4. What happens to the force if the distance between the two objects is doubled (assuming that the charges stay the same)? 5. What is the acceleration of an electron (me = 9.11 x 10-31 kg) in a uniform electric field of 2 x 104 N/C?

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EXPERIMENT 2 THE VOM OR MULTITESTER I. OBJECTIVES 1. To learn how to operate and use the electrical meter device II. APPARATUS/MATERIALS 1 pc VOM 1 pc. Milli-ammeter III. THEORY Nowadays several types of measuring instruments are being used. Models to choose will depend on the users necessity and requirements. The volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM), also known as the multitester, is an electrical device which can be used to determine the resistance, voltage, and current of a particular system. It is classified into two types: analog and digital. 1 pc voltmeter 1 pc ohmmeter 1 dry cell

IV. PROCEDURE 1. Examine the multitester and other electrical measuring device (voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter). 2. For resistance measurements a. Determine the value of resistor using ohmmeter (if not available use color coding). B. Using a multitester, compare your finding. C. Record your data in Table 1. 3. For voltage measurement a. Determine the voltage of a dc supply using a multitester. b. Compare this on the reading on the dc supply meter. c. compare your work and record your data in Table 2

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4. Instead of a dc supply, using a dry cell repeat procedure 2 and record your data on data Table 3 5. For current measurement, set up a simple circuit as shown

+ 20 V power - supply

6. Determine the current reading using the milliammeter. 7. Attach the test lead of the multitester between the resistor and power supply. 8. Record your data in table 4. V. DATA AND RESULTS Table 1 Resistor Ohmmeter/Color Coding 1 2 3 4 5 Table 2 DC Supply 1 2 3 4 5 Table 3 Dry cell Multitester 1 2 3 Table 4 Current Milliammeter

Multitester

Remarks

Multitester

Remarks

Remarks

Multitester

Remarks

VI. QUESTIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. Name other measuring electrical devices and give their uses or functions.

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EXPERIMENT 3 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE (Color Coding/VOM) I. OBJECTIVES 1. To measure the resistance of several resistors using the VOM and color coding 2. To learn the use of electrical meters properly II. APPARATUS/MATERIALS 1 pc. VOM III. THEORY Resistor manufacturers employ a system of color codes to identify the ohmic resistance offered by a resistor to the flow of electricity. Resistors are manufactured mostly in tubular form, with three or four colored bands painted around the body. The colors and the numerical values are given in the Resistor Color code Chart. The color bands are always read from the end that has the band closest to it. 10 pcs resistors 1 pc color code chart

IV. PROCEDURE 1. Determine the nominal value of the resistor and its percent tolerance from the resistors color code. 2. Measure the resistance of your resistor with volt-ohm-milliammeter. 3. record your data. 4. Compare the results in procedures 1 and 2. V. DATA AND RESULTS Resistor Color of Bands 1 2 3 4 5

Equivalent

VOM reading

% error

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6 7 8 9 10 Note: Use the color coding value as the true value and VOM reading as the experimental value in computing the % error. VI. QUESTIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. Which of the methods (VOM and color coding) do you believe is the more accurate for determining the true value of resistance? Why? 2. Give the colors to be used to have the following resistances. Tolerance is 10% for all the resistors. a. 56, 000 ohms - __________, __________, __________, ____________ b. 0.83 ohms - __________, __________, __________, ____________ c. 900, 000 ohms __________, __________, __________, ____________ d. 1.2 x 107 ohms __________, __________, __________, ____________ e. 45 ohms - __________, __________, __________, ____________ f. 330 ohms - __________, __________, __________, ____________ -1 g. 7.1 x 10 ohms __________, __________, __________, ____________ h. 8.9 x 108 ohms __________, __________, __________, ____________ i. 2.7 x 104 ohms - __________, __________, __________, ____________ j. 5.5 ohms - __________, __________, __________, ____________

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Breadboard - a board that can be used to construct a circuit which does not require soldering. It has holes where components can be pushed in. Printed Circuit Board (PCB) - a board that can be used to construct a circuit which requires solodering.

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