.

,1 /y,
r
i

THE EFFECT OF TRANSFORMER PHASING (1N WELD BEAD FORMATION

IN MULTI-ELECTRODE SUBMERGED-ARC WELDING
-

Three-Electrode
Kazuo

Submerged-Arc Welding
Kozo

of Line

Pipe -

<

,
<

by

Agusa1t,

Akahide1&dquo; and Junichiro Tsuboi**

ABSTRACT

This

investigation deals with the relationships between

and transformer

undercutting phenomena

point of
arc as

arc

deflection

during

a-c

welding.. Twenty-two different

to

phasing from the stand powered three-wire submergedphasing sequences are used so
the three
arcs.

,
,

:; j

furnish various deflections

deflections
out

to

To

evaluate
are

the

arc

quantitatively, theoretical analyses

1,

y
,

carried

for the
are

electromagnetic
related
to

forces

acting

on

each arc,

j
, _ .

then the results

the

undercutting phenomena.
__
---

The deflection of the

----

trail arc jj___fonn_d__partjcularly

-------.--

produce high. quality welds free from undercutting, it is necessary to choose, the phasing sequences which provide the trail arc with the forward deflection predominantly: (1) the lead and the trail currents are in phase, and the phase difference , .
important.
To
,

between the middle and the other currents is from 60 to 180

degs;

j
1

(2)

the

phase difference

between the lead and the middle currents

degs, and that between the trail and the lead currents is 60 degs; (3) the phase difference between the middle and the trail
is 90
currents
currents

!
,

is 60

degs,

and that between the lead and the middle

I
,

is also 60

degs;

etc.
arc

Although
determined
the

the deflection of the trail

is

mainly

by

its

electromagnetic
a

interaction with the middle arc,.

ground

current also has not

arc.

little effect upon the deflection

arc

of the trail

Since too much deflection of any

may inter-

rupt stable

welding operations,

the

use

of the

in-phase sequences

should be avoided for the nearest two

-----.-

arcs.

Senior Researcher of
Dr.

Welding

Lab.

**

Eng.,

Senior Researcher and Chief of

Welding

Lab.

Research

Laboratories,

KAWASAKI STEEL CORPORATION

1, Kawasaki-cho, Chiba, Japan 260

(1)
1

./
, ,

..ft

.
I

=;
:.
.

)
&dquo;

,
i

1 . ,

i.
j
,

..

y 1

... ..p..

risl,

... ; , .... -.0 .: t:

.
_

,Il j

I.

INTRODUCTION

..,-

-..W

..,.,-......- ,L .v. 1

..&dquo;&dquo; T.-/;

Arc deflection has

tant

been known

as

one of

the most

impora

;
-

,
I
i
,
,
_

factors which determine the final

single-wire arc welding system, a increased welding speeds before undercutting occurs. The two-wire three-phase power system connected in V-circuitry provides the trail arc with a longer duration of the forward deflection by
producing
a

quality of welds 1). With forward deflecting arc allows

)
:

I:

60-degree phase shift

a

between the lead and thetrail increases much

<

currents, and results in travel those achievable with

the

speed
wire.

greater than

single

These facts indicate

rear

that
of
a

interruption

of the molten metal flow toward the

pool would be effective for preventing undercutting.

Three-wire

submerged-arc welding systems

pipe
mill to

are

currently
UOE

t
,

being utilized
at

at

our

produce high quality

two-wire systems.

pipes
&dquo;

speeds beyond
or

the

capabilities of
more

The arc
!

deflections,

the metal flow

be much
arcs.

phenomena in

three-wire systems, the interac

however, could
The

complicated becauseof

tion among three

&dquo;

&dquo;..

purpose
using

of

this investigation
arc

is toreveal the

i
,

relationships
cut

between the

deflections and the trends of under-

formation the

three-wire submerged-arc welding

with all
a-c

systems.

To

predict

arc

deflections
were

transformers, electro

magnetic forces

calculated for each of the currents

were

differently.
to

Then the results

compared

with the

phased propensities
>

undercut formation for each of the

phasing sequences.

I
,

II.

EXPERIFENTAL

PROCEDURES

..

All welds used in this

three-wire with
a

investigation

were

made with

a
.

,
I ,

:
.

submerged-arc

welding system.
welds
on

The welder is furnished

J
,
.

4-meter long boom carrying electrodes, cables and wireto

feeders
.

surface of
in

produce longitudinal The welding head UOE pipes.

the inner and the outer

of the system is shown

I
&dquo;

,
_

Fig.

1.

,
i

&,dquo;
,

(2)

,
..

.
.. _

I
.

..
i
,
.

&dquo;

,
,

y&dquo;:y.r

,.

j
i
..
&dquo;

The
.
I

use

of

a-c,

,.j,1 ,

power for all of the three

electrodes was a electrodes a

site.
was

prerequia

a.~ y
&dquo;

-.,b,&dquo;.,
,

:I
,

:
>(

11 l;

.r
-l
-S

.
r

I
.

The lead electrode

drooping characteristic
power

energized
supply,

with

2000A
,..

&dquo;.
,j

r
;
_

r ,-,
I

a1C .&dquo;_ .> i Ja ;, - .,,

I
<
f

:;, .2Y

= x

.:
x
_

[
:
j

,and both of :

,.

the middle and the trail

z_ :z .

d
_

ay1 .
,
_

, &dquo;&dquo;,

;;
-

were

with 1500A power-

supplies.

There

are

many

Fig. Fig.

1 1

--Welder Used for the

....

Three-Wire Submerged-Arc Submerged-Arc

Experiments.

,
1

tj
I
;

possible

ways to connect

!j

I,

supplies to the primary three-phase power lines, and also to the secondary welding circuitries. In this e):periment, twenty-two particular combinations were chosen to provide the
these power

J
i

welding

currents

with the

phasing sequences
for the

shown in Table 1.

/
,
,

j
i

:.. , Table 1 Phasing Sequences Used

.

Experiments.

;
_

L - T! M - T L - M in phase in phcise in phase phase in inphase phasein

.,

-M = L

L - M
-

M isc.
f , T&dquo;

0 90
III
M
<

o.. 90

,
1
&dquo;
L

J :
.

1 2
,

v - , ,

-...;&dquo;

I S
T

j( say
,-=:.

i.. w
L-:=::::
t

8 9

3 3

6 7

,,---=T
_

T ,:0 ,/
T

7 ,ao T L /

L......;

10

12 Tr BlO-L 1. Mt&dquo; 18 -ML l jL

60

jz

j6 16

ILL %g 4 zo
M U

19
20

B6060, T
T

110

w 7L
160; T
L

I,
j

.]
<

13

17

21
-

--.

Tl MI
so
M
,

14

18

22 22

60 I T

The electrode alignment

Travel

I
,

used is shownin

Fig. 2.
the

Welding

,_L.

!.

conditions identical throughout

regardless
the

for each electrode

experiments phasing methods

were
.

5
,

35

T
,

I
:

&dquo; the pB...er

supplies:

arc; 1150A, 45V

35V lea middle arc; 700A,

1400A,
and

of-

IT
.

_ j
,
I&dquo;
-<

45V tra-if arc.1Jelding

held at 300cm/min,
pipe,

speed iJas _ ,

ground
starting

. ena of a
,,noticed.

connection was made at the

/ 1 /// 01f!J.1f// //// !J% .0.1f!J

/I

11/

:
j

20 2 5

j
.
.

unless otherwise

Fig. 2 Electrode Alignment Used for the Experiments.

/
i
1

(3)

,
,

!
.

Welds
w.t.
x
a

were

deposited

upon the internal surface of 20mm wires

3m

long pipes using KW-36

flux

(O.I%C-2.0%Mn;4.8mm dia.)

and

fused-type

(CaO-CaF2-SlO2 system).

&dquo;

;(
I
!

III.

CALCULATION OF ELECTROMAGNE11C FORCES

<

Quantitative determination of the

rather

arc

deflections is
a-c

difficult because of the

high speed
forces
were

alternation of

currents and

the interaction between them.

Therefore, theoretical
carried
out
-

,
j

calculations of
the three
arcs

electromagnetic
to estimate

for each of

their

deflections.
the

/
!
,

When two

current-carring
in

conductors of semi-infinite

length
on

are

aligned length

parallel,

electromagnetic

force

acting
&dquo;

/
.

the unit

of the conductors is given

,

by

the

equation:

F u ialh
where

, /
and

. ........... (1)

/
the currents

ia

and

ib

are

through

the

conductors, 1

... ,

is the

li

spacing between. the conductors

p
.

is

the magnetic permeability .

j
,

of
.

the

atmosphere. ,,For the three,

_

;
.

arc

.
in
<

wire system, the most important force

acting

on

an

arc-is caused

by the

interaction between the

question andthe equations

can

nearest arc

(or

arcs).
2
are

On the

assumption
in

that

the three electrodes shown in of the

Fig.

aligned
on

parallel,

the

electromagnetic

force acting

each electrode ,

/
i

,,

be derived as follows:

fl= 0 iim llm

&dquo;-

.............. (2)
-

/
,
-

;, -

M 4Tijb-%1
f

=.[llm.-m]]
.

.............

.(3) 4

..

..
,

f t= . u imit
,
Imt

the currents and

_
and

.. .
,

where

ii i-

and

it

are

through lead, middle,

trail electrodes,

respectively; llm
heading

lmt

are

the electrode
i
!

spacings
defined

between lead and

middle, and middle and trail electrode,

for the travel direction
are

respectively;
as

the forces

positive.I (4)

I
,

j
.

. ,

. 1 .

..,
,

. ,

v
,

, .

,.

/

.

,
,
.

,t

Undercutting

rate

wasdetermined by thefollowing equation: [

A.

-.-.-

, -

..,o
to the

5-^, . _

I.

I
;

U= -2 -X-C, x
where 1 is the
tion and

100

(%)
.

................ (5) subjected

arcs

;
.

length

of the bead of
an

undercut

inspec-

If
:

lc

is the

length
are

undercut,
with

both in millimeters.
are

When the lead and the middle

in

phase (Fig. 3a),

and
,

the

resulting welds
arcs
are

accompanied

severe

undercutting,
Similar
shown in
one.

&dquo;i

stable

sometimes difficult to be maintained.

are

unstable

arcs

and,erratic welds
the trail
wave
,

also resulted

as

Fig. 3b by using

arc

in

phase with
or

the middle

,
&dquo;

Figure 4, thevoltage
suggests that the arc

forms

with the No.

instability,
arc

the

arc

phasing sequence, interruption of

to

either the

lead

or

the middle

could be attributed
arcs.

the

excess

I!

attraction between the nearest two

As shown

in Fig. 3c, under-I

use

i
,

cutting

rates are

greatly

decreased

by avoiding

the

of the in-

phase sequence for the As a general

,

, two arcs. propensity . in Fig. 3, improper phasing

nearest

j
-

results in

.-

narrow andpeaked welds accompanied

p...;

with

undercutting.j
,

Appearances
ent

and

cross-sections of welds
are

&:

obtained with three differ-

I.

phasing
..

sequences

shown in

Fig.

5.
.

,I
I

V 50 - 50 - 0 ,

o . 0 J ..
0 - B,/ 50
..

v
50

Lead

A
BspA SP
.

f
--

, i

50- . Middte
,

# ?=
t_

/ . ___ _,.:_ .,,_

_

&dquo; j

RP . 1 ,
>

P RP R

.
,

..

.-

[
.

JI
&dquo;

,
&dquo;

._

__.

,
__

...
_
_

,
j
-

/
I

--v. TFoM
50-

.o
. <

Cl T 1 ,. 50 - - /VJ
<
.. ,>
..

) .B

Fig. 4 Voltage Wave Forms for Phasing ivo. 3 Showing ArcInterruptions Caused by Excessive Electromagnetic Forces.

I
!

o
.

(6)
,
,

..
-

&dquo;

,
;

Htminh)nt)nmt)tt)n . T ____________.__.!L&horbar;____
No. 12
..
,

j
-&dquo;S

M M

l
;
,
I
_

_ _

,
,

No.18
-

_
.

.
.-<;
.

..

K; *S

.-&horbar;t&horbar;**!&horbar;*
.

<

;
-

J
T
I
,
#

!
:

I,i, B.4
.

SS?
. r ,

No. tU.U 20

j
-

on*)12 &horbar;&horbar;3-)
126*
t
,

)2d I2CI L,

<

r -

,- ...

-, &horbar; . ,
..

Fig. 5

Appearances and Cross-Sections of Welds Obtained with Three Different Phasing Sequences.

IV-2

Arc Deflections

/.
.

When

undercutting phenomena being

discussed from
arc

an

arc

defl6ction stand point, the behavior of the trail

Concern, since this
weld

is of

most

shape. The

arc isgenerally believed to deflection of the trail arc can

arc

determine the final

beregarded
current.

as

the

results of its

electromagnetic
arc

interactions with the nearest two

currents; the middle

to

current

and the ground

Therefore,
the

determine the trail

deflection,

the two forces

created-by
account.

two

electromagnetic interactions

should be taken into

The effects of the nearest two currents upon the deflection

ojf the trail

arc

are

shown in

Fig. 6

in terms of

undercutting

rates.

Phase differences between the trail and the

ground currents,

0tg,

and

(7)

.
.

,
,

,
1
,

<

be tween the those between and

the trail
are

-- . I middle
mid le
>
.

- ;

,.

{, ,1
,

currents,
1

Omt,

represented with the

-

..
.

$o

(l)
ISO 5

abscissa and with the the ordinate, ordinatc,

.

c C

a)

Na 13 N&13 s0

so&<)

respectively.
from 0
to

With the

phase

differences within the range

the 90 degrees, degrees,,the

.! QI ^ 20 51 rbar;&horbar;&horbar; o ,,zo _ G&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;n&dquo;&horbar;&hoo 00

-,-

_i_
&horbar;&horbar;
--

No? &dquo; !I )Nn9 (1) ,B 32 ,% 18 Iv , G m Nctl8 I

:Jt1
,

Ne)8 o

&horbar;&horbar;

attractive force is

dominantly
&dquo;

exerted between each of the

.

CD60 ,~, a-3

60

cu quo; u - &du

<&horbar;-1 4
go 90

&horbar;&horbar;

<1,>11 ) (
-

Naa 20

<v> (IV)

tiMI2 0
I
.

r,2i ,,ig M j G ,,e ,.22 t-&horbar; o A.--- 2 ) 0

c y6 ja
o i

two sets of

currents,..while

.h the h within with .h those h range the degrees, tte repulsive force is dominantly

r- c
CL 0

tn 0-0

VI 30-fl -3o 0
0

r-L.

_
j

.
,

<__i

from 90 to 180

3j0

Nais jN<t!5
60

90

120

f22r 150
; It

I .&horbar;&horbar;. Na

?-S3I1

180
j

:1
r

exerted.
ward
arc

Therefore, the forof the trail

Phase Difference Between and

deflection
is to be

developed with

Fig.

Effect-o Trail Arc Deflection Upon Undercutting-Rate. PhasingIi

6

and i,Difference Between ) =t- f 8tsl, (deg

B
.
-

If.
f

the greater values of

Otg

and

valuesof of 0 tg the smaller values

For the

phasingB Xos.
&dquo;
,
-

Numbers and Undercutting Rates are the the Top and in

,-

the Bottom of Squares, Respectively.

in

in
I
,.

(i
j!

2 to 7 where the
are

nearest

two arcs

are

phase, undercutting phenomena

i<
t
I

determined
or

not

by
,

the deflection of the trail arc, but

by

the

arc
i

I
I
/

instability, in Fig. 6.
-

the
..

arc
-

interruption,
.

hence those data

were

not

plotted
i

J ;

In the
to

region (I), where

the trail

arc

is

predominantly

<
,

I
<

subjected

the backward deflection

by

its interactions with both

I
,

I1

ground currents, undercutting occurs severely. As for the region (II), only one phasing sequence was _ the current ratio of available throughout the
rhe middle and the
..

j
.

.,....,.
,

experimentswith
-

I
,

1-

] B.
>

It= 1.0/ I,/ im/...

value & of 0
,
.

J....,

0.8/ ,0.5 and did - J

I <

not

yield

any

defects.. Since the

for this

sequence 4
,
-

phasing
,
<

is almost 90
,

degrees,

the

forward and the backward deflecting effects

are

almost
,

comparable.
,

by the ground current Therefore,the resulting backward deflecwhere the deflection of the trail
arc

!
i
,

tion of

the

trail

arc

could be smaller than the forward deflection.

,
, >

In the
i

region (III),

:
--

is influenced

by
,

the

two
,

predominant

forces
.

having opposite
be

direci
!
I

ti6ns
et

to

each other,

no

undercutting could

observed.
arc

Yamauchi,
a

al?) reported

that the deflection of the trail

with

three-

(8)

i
&dquo;

.,

,&dquo;
t
..
,

j
i
,
i

j
.

, ,
. _ .

;.
.

,
,

.. j
.

,.

,:,

, .,

f.

..

...

&dquo;

;..) , . I If.. f ....:

.

,..
-

,
J

/
&dquo;

,
.

wire

system is determined by the electromagnetic interaction only

I

,
g

between the middle and the trail currents, and that the
current
arc

ground
the trail
occur

does not

play

an

important role
was

in

determining

i
I

deflection.

If this

true, undercutting should

with
arc

,
<

the
,

phasing
arc.

sequences in the region

(III),

because the trail

is deflected

predominantly backward by
Kitani,
et

the interaction with the

,

&dquo;

middle
the

al3),

and

Uttrachi,-et

Jil

I
f

that the

phasing

sequences which

belong

to

alf reported the,region (III) provided;

phenomena
a

best welding

performances.

Therefore,

the

in the ;

,:

region (III)

suggest that the

influence upon the weld

ground formation by cancelling

caused

current may exert

out

favorable

the backward

deflection of the trail

middle
arc.

arc

by

its interaction with the

In

the

region (IV),

the trail

arc

is

subjected

to

the

forward deflection
the
,

by

its interactions with both the middle and

ground

currents,

ably expected in the phasing sequences result

will be discussed later,
As mentioned

therefore, satisfactory region. But as seen in

in

welds could be the

reason-

figure,
The

some

of the i

.
:
I

undercutting

welds.
, ,

reason

for thisI

)!
arc

above,
its

the deflection of the trail

might

be determined

by

electromagnetic

interactions not
current.

with the middle arc, but also with the

ground

only Therefore,

by taking

the effect of
forces

electromagnetic
each of the effect of

the ground current into consideration, the acting on each electrode were calculated for
undercutting phenomena.
.

phasing
t

sequences shown in Table 1 to evaluate the

,

arc

deflection upon the

,
_

The forces

acting

on

the lead and the middle

on

arcs were

calculated from
no

Eqs. (2) and (3), respectively,

the The

assumption
Eq. (6)

of

effect of the

ground

current

exerted upon them.

arc was

calculation
on
,

of the forces the

assumption that

acting on 1 the

the trail

performed
of 20mm.

with

....

ground current,
a

ig=il+im+it,

interacts

with ;/
B ,

the trail
,.

current apart
7T

distance,

ltg,

ft Fmt+Ftg 4[tg + 1-T-.] iiig] mt

mt

(6)

tg

(9)

,&dquo;
,

;
,

When I

is

negative,

backward deflection
over

predominates&dquo;
so
,

..

forward deflection,
occurs

undercutting
,
&dquo;

range
,
-

as

seen

I is

positive

, .

___B*&horbar;cn-=&horbar; , in this -_._, in , this - 60 - , 60Qg&#xb7; D , wO o_ t in Fig. 8. When 4 ay, , . and smaller than 020 j &horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar; ,

B
B
.

..
* 0

,-.

,,-,
.

&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;

. _

...

about five, forward deflection

; ,

becomes

comparable
backward

to or

predomiso

4020 0 .-&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;

(t*wP_____
I I
>
.

-0
6
.

}
8

,;

nant over
,

deflection,
in this

-4
.
.

-2

0
-

4
-

&dquo;

no

undercutting

occurs

1=Cf(ft t)a (ft .t)bl

<

I
,

.,
,

range.

When I is greater than

i

&dquo;,
I

about five, five,

the excessive forward forward llfl

arc

Effect of Deflecting Impulse of Trail Arc upon - nUd ercutt1ng . Undercutting Rate. Rate. .
&dquo;

Fig. 8

deflection of the trail deteriorates the

-- ,

welds,
to

and

all the
Nos.
arc

data which fall in this range

of I

correspond
not

the

phasing
to

1, 8, 11, and 15

of

Fig.

7.i

Therefore,
is
an

only

the trail

deflection but also its

stability
.

important factor

determine the final weld

shapes.

r
IV-4
Effect of Ground Location
,

,
-

1,

...

=_ .

;.
_

B
<

To confirm the effect- of the

ground
out

current

upon weld

I
,

quality,
ground

further experiments

were

carried

by changing

theS
-

location...,
Figure
9 represents the

I
-

relationships

between the

ground ;]

location and the

which fall
As for the

undercutting rate for the phasing Nos. 9 and 17 in the regions (III) and (I) of Fig. 6, respectively. phasing No. 17, the ground connection made at the startthe trail
arc

I,

&dquo;.

predominantly and affected the weld bead formationadversely, as previously shown in Fig. 7e. The ground connection made at the finishing end,
ing
however, improves the weld quality
as

end

provided

with the backward deflection

1
&dquo; j

.1
i

shownin Fig. 9. As for the

I
*
i
.

phasing No. 9,
the trail
arc

with the

ground

connection made at the

starting end,.
The

deflected
as

only slightly

and aided in

maintaining stable

welding operations, quality

that the

previously

shown in

Fig. 7c.

ground

connection made at the

finishing end, however,

These
has not
a

deteriorates the

&dquo;

of welds

as

shown in Fig. 9.

ground

current

little

experiments suggests effect upon the weld bead

formation.

(13)

/
>

i
i

,
.

&horbar;so Fi n i sh S end _/ y&horbar;&horbar;&horbar; / &#xb7; 1i . . , . n . / .,.f .-... 60 1 - _ . , . cz No.1 7 / - 40 i! / No.9

.
,
.
..

100 - Ground Locat i on * -.-Start end. I, )( l Finish end -&dquo; -.

&horbar;,- -*
/ ,&dquo;
0

/ ,> , . , . - . , I
,

,,

<

L! J.

&dquo;

&dquo;

..

&dquo;,.u .

&dquo;

>

j
,
_

,
[
.i

:;
.

&dquo;

>

j
2
<

&dquo;

.<

.,

i
j
&dquo;

li 20 / 4 .r&dquo;&dquo;&dquo;

1r 0,

.. .

<

4
.

_ .. _

220

300 - i

380

-TrQvel ( cm/min )
Relationships between Undercutting Rate for Phasing
V.

&dquo;

;
j
,

Fig. 9

Ground Location and Nos. 9 and 17.

.-

CONCLUSIONS

The
on

following

conclusions

are

drawn from the studies

in three-wire

phasing

sequences and

undercutting phenomena

;,

submerged-arc welding: . (1) To make high quality welds

,

.... ._ , ,

free from

undercutting,

it is

necessary
arc

the

the

provide the trail with the forward deflection predominantly: (i) the lead and trail currents are in phase, and the phase difference between middle and the other currents is from 60 to 180 degs; (ii) the
to

choose the phasing sequences which

.
_

,
,

!
_

phase difference

between the lead and the middle currents is 90

currents

degs, and that between the trail and the lead (iii) the,phase difference between the middle is 60 degs, and that between the lead and the
also 60

is 60 degs;

.
_

and the trail

currents:i
,,

middle currents is
.

&#xb7;F
&dquo;<

degs;

etc.

>
, ,
,

(2) Although the deflection of the by its electromagnetic interaction

current also has not
a

trail

arc

is

mainly determined

i
,

with the middle arc, the

ground
,

little effect upon the deflection of the

trail

arc.
,

(3) Since

too much deflection of any arc may

interrupt stable
should be

welding operations,

the

use

of the
arcs.

in-phase sequences

avoided for the nearest

two

/
(14)
!

,!
I

*
f

&dquo;
1
r

.,

I
1) 2)
3)
Doc.

I
:
I
I

REFERENCES RE1;ERENCES

Ando, K., and Hasegawa, M., lJelding Yamauchi, N., JIW

70-100
Commission of

Arc

Phenomena, Sanpo (1962)

Arc

Welding

Physics,

(1970)
JIW commission of
~

Kitani, S., Toyooka, T., and Utaki, S.,

-:

4);ttrachi,
No.6,

Welding Process, Doc. SW-139-68 (1968) G.D., and Messina, J.E., Welding Journal, Vol.47, ,/
pp. 475-481

:
.

(1968)

!
i

:
I
.

:,5 ,I

f
1

I
I
.

,1
&dquo;

BI
I
.

*A-

(
-

Ifp, I!
I.
F

! /

I
.

I
I
I

/
i

/
I

t. !

(15)

J,
,

>
a

&dquo;
c

/
IIW
,
.

IIW Doc. Doc.

XII-A-/6,-79 XII-A-/t-79

,
I
.

-5
.

THE EFFECT OF TRANSFORMER PHASING ON WELD BEAD FORMATION

IN MULTI-ELECTRODE SUBMERGED-ARC WELDING

I
,

1
-

-I
Line-Pipe

/
j

Three-Electrode

Submerged-Arc Welding

of

!
I

I
_

>

t
)
i

by
Kazuo Agusa .

Kozo Akahide

Junichiro Tsuboi

-/1
1

)
i

January 1979

Research Laboratories
KAWASAKI STEEL CORPORATION

I, Kawasaki-cho, Chiba, Japan 260