HISTORY The 1867 discovery of diamonds in the Cape Colony, South Africa, radically modified not only the

worlds supply of diamonds but also the conception of them. As annual world diamond production increased more than tenfold in the following 10 years, a once extremely rare material became accessible to Western society with its growing wealth. Today South Africa maintains its position as a major diamond producer. The story of diamonds in South Africa begins between December 1866 and February 1867 when 15year-old Erasmus Jacobs found a transparent rock on his fathers farm, on the south bank of the Orange River. Over the next few years, South Africa yielded more diamonds than India had in over 2,000 years. The first diamond discoveries in South Africa were alluvial. By 1869, diamonds were found far from any stream or river. First in yellow earth and below in hard rock called blue ground, later called kimberlite, after the mining town of Kimberley. In the 1870s and 1880s Kimberley, encompassing the mines that produced 95% of the worlds diamonds, was home to great wealth and fierce rivalries, most notably that between Cecil John Rhodes and Barney Barnato, English immigrants who consolidated early 31ft prospects into ever larger holdings and mining companies. In 1888, Rhodes prevailed and merged the holdings of those synonymous with diamonds. Today South Africa is one of the highest quality diamond producers. Unlike the proverbial cat, one may expect the Premier Mine to enjoy only four lives. The first lasted from the discovery of the diamond pipe just before 1902 and the formation of the Premier (Transvaal) Diamond Mining Company until the outbreak of World War I when the mine was shut down and operated on a caretaker basis. By January of 1916 it was working again and production continued up to 1932 when mining operations ceased due to the depressed state of the diamond industry. Working resumed in 1945, but its fourth life really began in 1979 with the opening up of the mine below the Gabbroe sill, a 70-meter geologic intrusion of barren rock which cuts right through the pipe some 400 meters below the surface. Production from this new source has not only given the mine its longest life, but one that should enable production to continue for another fifteen years. In the early years of its existence, the Premier Mine produced many large diamonds, including, of course the Cullinan in 1905, and since working was restarted in 1945 the mine has continued to yield some exceptional stones. One of the most exciting moments was early on Sunday, May 22nd, 1954, when a diamond measuring just under 51 mm long, just over 25 mm wide and 19 mm thick unexpectedly appeared on the grease tables at the recovery plant. It was immediately apparent to the officials present that this, later known as the Niarchos diamond (426.5ct), was anexceptional find.

INDIASA EXTERNAL RELATIONS The bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of SA have grown strong since the end of apartheid in SA in 1994. Born nations have since developed close strategic, cultural and economic ties. Background There is a major resident Indian community in SA; Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi commences is political-legal career with civil disobedience in the 1890s and 1900s when in SA. A statue to him was unveiled in Pietermaritzburg by Sourav Ganguly during the 2003 Cricket World Cup. Development of bilateral relations Both countries established diplomatic relations after the end of apartheid in 1994. Economic ties Bilateral trade grew exponentially from USD 3 million in 1992-93 to USD 4 billion in 2005-06, and the two governments have targeted increasing bilateral trade to USD 12 billion by 2010. Military ties India and SA have developed military cooperation, trading arms and joint exercises and programs to train forces.

RELIGIONS Which religions are well-known and what is their membership? e most part is a Christian countryside; they are 2/3 Christians that combine Christian and traditional African beliefs. The other 1/3 consists of Islam, Hinduism and Judaism.

AESTHETICS Visual arts (fine arts, plastics, graphics, public art, colors, etc.) prehistoric and beautiful rock art saved from the ancestors of todaysBushman.

Drama, ballet, and other performing arts Dance has become a very admired and accepted way of artistic expression in SA. LIVING CONDITIONS Diet and Nutrition Meal and Vegetable consumption rates :

dwellers. The rural residents seem to takein more vegetables with beetroot, pumpkin leaves and mango (wild spinach) in their diet.

Typical Meals : South Africans have the typical three meals a day. Their breakfast is typically a hot and cooked cereal served with milk and sugar, corn bread, or dried sweat bread, tea and coffee. Malnutrition Rates : is used to be. The group that is most affected by malnutrition are nnative africansz. The countryside is actually becoming more overweight and obese countryside.

Clothing National Dress :

Traditional South African clothing varies between different tribes. However, the common garb would be a piece animal hid skirt usually from buck hide. Recreation, Sports and other Leisure Activities Sports :

divided on the ethnic lines.

Social Security

blood because of the apartheid society that they had at that time.

INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN SA Several important scientific and technological developments have originated in SA Cardiac surgeon Christian Barnard performed the first human-to-human heart transplant at Groote Schuur Hospital in December 1967. SAASTA The South African for science and Technology Advancement aims to advance public awareness appreciation and engagement in science, engineering and technology in South Africa SAASTA is a business unit of the National Research Foundation. OVERVIEW OF SAS S&T RESEARCH The abolition of the apartheid system in 199091, followed by the first free elections in 1994, caused a change of emphasis and diminished activity in SAs S&T sector. In recent years, SA has begun to rebuild its research program. In recent years, SA has begun to rebuild its research program. During the apartheid era, the government emphasized military research, including nuclear weapons programs and energy selfsufficiency, especially coal-to-liquid fuel conversion. CURRENT TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE IN SA Innovation An innovation chasm between basic and applied research prevents SA from converting basic research into consumer products and services. Biotechnology In biotechnology, most of SAs successes have been in first -generation applications, namely the use of selected biological organisms for agricultural production. Advanced Manufacturing Technology/ICT SAs strategy for research in advanced manufacturing technology focuses on applying innovative methods to a number of industry sectors. Nanotechnology In 2006 the Ministry of Science and Technology announced SAs new National Nanotechnology Strategy. According to this strategy, SA is dedicated to using nanotechnology to stimulate not only industrial growth, but also social development. PERCENTAGE OF GNP INVESTED IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Science and Technology Minister, Mr. Naledi Pandor showed his concern about the decline in the percentage of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) spent by SA on Research and Development (R&D) in the 2007/8 financial year. Despite this increase, investment in R7D as a percentage of GDP, declined slighlty to 0.93%, compared with 0.95% in the previous year.

After lot many disagreements and after the Kimberly process came in to the picture, the African Government made a decision on few points for the trade purpose which are as under: Traders should keep records of diamonds that they deal and to be able to give vertifiable information to a recommended international Diamond Committee (IDC) upon request within a decided time frame. Diamonds should only be purchased and sold through individual companies registered with the national governments and the IDC. All diamond selling dealings need to fulfill the requirements of the IDC but would require the full support of national government import and export authorization at the same time. Polishers would be needed to keep up broad and complete paper trail of their stocks, including the expected yield of their polished diamonds. A linked computer software system was recommended in this context.