3

Diagram 18 shows a cross-section of the root of a dicotyledonous plant.

Diagram 18 (a) Label the following tissues in Diagram 18. (i) "ylem (ii) #hloem (iii) $ndodermis (i%) &orte' [4 mar s!

(b) (tate the function of 'ylem and phloem. [)mar s! Xylem : Transports water and dissolved mineral salts absorbed by the roots to the upper parts of the plant. Phloem : Transport organic substances from the leaves to the storage organs and from the storage organs to the growing regions. (c) *hat is the feature of a 'ylem which enables it to carry out its function+ [1 mar ! Consists of elongated tubes which run continuously from the roots to the leaves // The xylem walls are lignified to prevent them from collapsing . (d) #redict what will happen to a plant if a long nail hammered into its stem. [) mar s! The part of the branch where the nail is hammered may die (1m) because the xylem tissues are destroyed and water flow in the xylem tissue is blocked.(1m) (e) ,f the plant is cut hori-ontally across the stem. draw and label the obser%ation made. [/ mar s!

4 Diagram 10(a) shows a plant cell. Diagram 10(b) shows the same plant cell that has been placed in solution X for 11 minutes.

Diagram 19

(a) (i) $'plain what occurred that caused the cell to loo the way it does from Diagram 10(a) to 10(b). [/ mar s! Water molecules diffuse into the cell by osmosis when immersed in a hypotonic solution ( m! The vacuole gains water" expands and the protoplast pushes up against the cell wall. ( m! Cellulose cell walls become turgid" resist further expansion and prevents it from bursting. ( m! (ii) 2ame the process that caused the changes in (a)(i). #smosis (iii) $'plain what happen if the plant cells replace by red blood cells+ Water molecules diffuse into the red blood cells by osmosis. (1m) 3he cells swell up 4 e'pand and burst because the absent of cell wall. (1m) 3he process is called haemolysis. (1m) (b) 3he cell in Diagram 10(a) was then transferred to solution Y for )1 minutes. (i) Draw the structure of one cell from this tissue. [/ mar s! [1 mark! [/ mar s!

(ii) (tate two differences of this drawn cell compared to cells in Diagram 10(b). [) mar s! $n solution X the vacuole is expand and swell up but in solution % the vacuole is smaller ( m! The cell expand / turgid in solution X but shrinks / flaccid in solution % ( m!

(c) &ompare the solute concentrations of the cell. *hat can you deduce from solution " and 5+ [) mar s! (olution " 6 &ower solute concentration / hypotonic solution (olution 5 6 'igher solute concentration / hypertonic solution (d) $'plain why food is preser%ed using concentrated sugar solution. [/ mar s! &oncentrated sugar solution is hypertonic solution to the food (1m) *ater diffuse out of the food cells by osmosis into the sugar solution (1m) 3he food can last longer because microorganisms cannot growth 4 reproduce 4 act on the food (1m)

7 Diagram )1 shows three groups of carbohydrates.

Diagram 2

(a)

(i) 2ame the carbohydrates labelled ". 5 and 8. " 6 (onosaccharides 5 6 )isaccharides 8 6 Polysaccharides (ii) 9i%e two e'amples for the carbohydrates labelled Y and its monomers. Disaccharide ubunits (altose( m! *lucose + *lucose( m! &actose( m! *lucose + *alactose( m! ,ucrose( m! *lucose + -ructos( m!

[/ marks!

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(b) &ompare and contrast glycogen and starch. (i! (ii) animals ( m! (imilarity ( m! Difference

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6 .oth are ma!or food storage ( m!of carbohydrates. 6 *lycogen is the ma/or storage product of carbohydrates in while starch is the ma/or storage product of carbohydrates in plants( m!

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