1-Concentration Units S12

1-Concentration Units_S12.
doc
CONCENTRATION UNITS (SJ, p.14-23)

1) mg/L - mg of substance (solute) dissolved in 1 liter of H2O (solvent), (mass/volume)
1 mg
1 mg
1 g 103 L
1g
------- = -------- --------- --------- = ------L
L
103 mg 1 m3
m3
106 gal
8.34 lb
1g
1g
1 lb
1 m3
------- = -------- ------------- --------------- ------------ = ---------m3
m3 453.59 g 264.173 gal 1 MG
1 MG
2) ppm - parts per million, mg of substance (solute) dissolved in 1 kg of H2O (solvent),

(mass/mass)
Mass fraction, ppmm - the mass of constituent i per unit mass of solution, with units
such as mg/kg or g/g
- This is commonly used to express the concentration of constituents in a solid phase.
- For example, a concentration of 1 ppmm in a solid phase means that there is 1 mg of the
given species per kg of solid.
1g
1 kg
1 mg 10-3 g
------- = --------- = -------- = ---------- = 1 ppmm
kg
103 g
106 g
106 kg
1 g
10-6 g
1g
1 kg
------- = --------- = -------- = --------- = 1 ppmm
g
g
106 g
106 kg
Notes:
a. Exception, volume/volume in air pollution.

b. 1 liter of H2O = 1 kg in normal environment *
Thus, 1 mg/L = 1 mg/kg = 1 ppm
1 ug/L = 1 ug/kg = 1 ppb
1 ng/L = 1 ng/kg = 1 ppt
* Strictly speaking ppm = mg/L only for pure water at 4oC. However, at room temperature, the
effect of temperature on fluid density is negligible up to about 7,000 ppm dissolved solids.
3) M, molarity, moles/L
- number of moles of substance (solute) dissolved in 1 liter of H2O
* mole - quantity of compound that has a wt in grams equal to molecular weight of the compound
1-Concentration Units_S12.doc
Example: If 49 g of H2SO4 is dissolved in 1 liter of H2O, what is molarity of the H2SO4 solution?
For H2SO4 (atomic mass; H = 1, S = 32, O = 16):
gram MW = (1 x 2) + 32 + (16 x 4) = 98 g/mol
49 g 1 mol
0.5 mol
M = -------- ---------- = ----------- = 0.5 M
1L
98 g
L
4) Logarithmic units
- If chemical concentrations range over many orders of magnitude, it is convenient to express
their values in logarithmic units.
- By convention, a lowercase p preceding a symbol is used to designate the negative, base-10
logarithm (log10) of the value associated with the symbol
Examples:
pC = log{M} e.g., pH = log {H+} where {activity}
pC = log[M] e.g., pH = log [H+] where [molarity]
Example (FE exam) The pH of a 0.001 M HCl solution is

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
1
3
5
7
(Solution)
Since HCl is a strong acid, it dissociate completely in water: HCl H+ + ClpH = - log10 [H+] = log10 {1/[H+]} = log10 {1/0.001} = 3
Answer is (B).
Note: Molarity (M) is the number of gram-moles of solute per liter of solution. To calculate pH,
the ionic concentration of H+ ions in moles per liter is needed. This is equal to the molarity for
HCl.
5) Mole fraction
- the number of moles of a species i as a fraction of the total number of moles of all substances in
that phase.
Number of moles of a species i
Mole fraction = --------------------------------------------------Total number of moles of all substances
in the phase
For a mixture of molecules 1, 2, 3, , the mole fraction of molecule 1 is
n1
x1 = ------------------------n1 + n2 + n3 + . . . .
where n i = number of moles for molecule i
From Henrys law, the partial pressure is proportional to the mole fraction.
n1
p1 = x1 P = ------------------------ P
n1 + n2 + n3 + . . . .
where p1 = partial pressure of molecule 1
n i = number of moles for molecule i
P = total pressure ( P = p1 + p2 + p3 + . . . . )
Example 1.1 (Benjamin, p. 10): A solution contains 8 g /L lead (Pb, atomic mass 207). Express
this concentration as:
i) moles per liter,
ii) ppmm, and
iii) the mole fraction of Pb.
Assume the solution has a density of 1 g/mL.
i) mol/L
8 g 1 g 1mol
= 3865
.
x10 8 mol / L
6
L 10 g 207 g
(M)
ii) mass fraction, ppmm
8 x 10 3 kg 1 ppmm
8 g 1g 1 kg 1 L 8 kg
=
=
3
6
9
106 kg 1 kg / 106 kg
L 10 g 10 g 1 kg 10 kg
= 8 x 10 3 ppmm = 0.008 ppmm
iii) mole fraction

a) The molar concentration of Pb in the solution = 3.865 x 10-8 mol/L from 1)
b) The molar concentration of water is
(assuming that the solution is pure water, MW = 18 g/mol)
1000 g mol
.
mol / L
= 55556
L 18 g
c)
Mole fraction of Pb =
moles of Pb in solution
total moles of all species in solution
3865
.
x 10 8 M
(3865
. x10
= 6.957 x10 10
+ 55556
. )M
Example (Lindeburg, Review Manual, p 35-5): A wastewater treatment plant uses chlorine gas as a
reactant. A tank is filled with 800 m3 of 20C water, and chlorine is added at a dosage of 125 g per
cubic meter of water. (Assume all of the chlorine dissolves and none initially reacts chemically.)
If the atmospheric pressure is 1.0 atm, what is the theoretical partial pressure of the chlorine gas at
the tank surface immediately after the gas is added?
( A) 3.1 x 10-5 atm
(Solution)
( B) 2.3 x 10-4 atm
( C) 0.039 atm
( D) 0.11 atm
Approach:
1) determine the masses of Cl2 and H2O.
2) determine the number of moles of Cl2 and H2O.
3) determine mole fraction of Cl2
4) calculate the partial pressure of Cl2
1) The mass of chlorine in the tank is

(0.125 kg Cl2 /m3 H2O) (800 m3 H2O) = 100 kg Cl2 = 100 000 g Cl2
The mass of water in the tank is
(800 m3 H2O) (1000 kg/m3) = 8 x 105 kg H2O = 8 x 108 g H2O
2)
The MW of Cl2 = (2)(35.5) = 71 g/mol

The MW of H2O = (2)(1.00) + 16.0 = 18.0 g/mol
Determine number of moles
nCl2
100 000 g Cl2

= ----------------------- = 1408 moles of Cl2
71 g Cl2 / mol Cl2
nH2O
8 x 108 g H2O
= -------------------------- = 4.44 x 107 moles of H2O
18 g H2O / mol H2O
3) Mole fraction is
n1
nCl2
1408 mol
x1 = ------------------------- = --------------- = -----------------------------------------n1 + n2 + n3 + . . .
nCl2 + nH2O
1408 moles + 4.44 x 107 moles
= 3.17 x 10 -5
4) From Henrys law, the partial pressure is proportional to the mole fraction.
p1 = x1 P
= (3.17 x 10 -5) (1 atm) = 3.17 x 10 -5 atm
Answer is A.
6) meq/L - mg/L per equivalent weight (eq.wt or EW)

* Equivalent weight (eq.wt), mg/meq, g/eq
- the weight of an element or compound which, in given chemical reaction, has the same
combining capacity of 8 g of oxygen or 1 g of hydrogen.
MW
g/mol
g
mg
eq.wt = ----------- = ---------- = ------ = --------z
eq/mol
eq
meq
where MW = molecular or atomic weight (g/mole)
z = ion valence, ion charge for ions
= # of protons (H+) or OH- that can contribute to
an acid/base reaction.
= change in valence of the ion or radiation in a redox
reaction.
Unit of z: eq/mol or meq/m mol
mg/L
mg/L
meq/L = ------- = ----------- = meq/L
eq.wt
mg/meq
meq
m mol
meq/L = z (m moles/L) = ---------- --------- = meq/L
m mol
L
Example: Determine eq.wt of CaCO3

Atomic weight Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16
gram MW = 40 + 12 + (16 x 3) = 100
CaCO3 <===> Ca2+ + CO322 H+ + CO32- <===>
(z = 2)
H2CO3
MW
100
eq wt = -------- = -------- = 50 mg/meq
z
2
7) N, normality, eq/L
- number of equivalents per liter

- mass of substance per L / eq wt
- refers to a reaction or assumed reaction
1 N = 1 eq/L = 1000 meq/L
Note: N = z M
N = z (M)
eq
mol
eq
= ------- ------- = ---mol
L
L
Note: What is the unit of z?

N
eq/L
eq
meq
z = ------- = ---------- = ------- = ---------M
mole/L
mole
mmole
eq
z = ------mole
Examples
Convert 100 mg/L CaCO3 to M, N, meq/L. (MW = 100 g/mole)
100 mg
1g
1 mol
----------- ------------- --------- = 1 x 10-3 mol/L = 0.001 M
L
1000 mg 100 g
mg/L
100 mg/L
meq/L = ---------- = -------------- = 2 meq/L
eq. wt
50 mg/meq
= 2 x 10-3 eq/L = 0.002 N
or
2 eq
0.001 mol
2 eq
N = z M = --------- -------------- = ------- = 0.002 N
mol
L
L
eq/L
0.002 eq/L
M = --------- = --------------- = 0.001 moles/L
z
2 eq/ mol
Examples
1. What is normality of the solution when 0.98 g of H2SO4 is dissolved in 1 L of H2O?
H2SO4 (MW = 98)
H2SO4 <---> 2 H+ + SO42-
H
2x1 = 2
S
1 x 32 = 32
O
4 x 16 = 64
------------------------H2SO4
98
MW
98
eq. wt = --------- = ------- = 49 g/eq
z
2
0.98 g 1 eq
0.02 eq
------- --------- = ----------- = 0.02 N
L
49 g
L
2. Convert 24 mg/L of Ca2+ and 100 mg/L of Cl- to meq/L

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AW
Charge
eq.wt
mg/L
Ions
Conc. or
-----------MW
z
MW/z
mg/meq
Species
FW
(mg/L) (g/mole) (eq/mole) (mg/meq)
(meq/L)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
40.1
2
40.1/2 = 20
24/20 = 1.2
Ca2+
Cl100
35.4
1
35.4/1= 35.4 100/35.4 = 2.8
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Convert 100 mg/L of Ca2+ to molarity (M); Atomic Weight of Ca2+ = 40 g/mole
100 mg mol
g
2.5 x 10-3 moles
------------- -------- ---------- = -------------------- =
L
L
40 g 103 mg
2.5 x 10-3 M
8) epm, equivalents per million - ppm of substance per eq.wt

ppm
---------- = epm
eq.wt
- useful unit for comparison of anion and cation concentrations.
9) % strength (%S)
wt of solute
% S = --------------------- x 100
wt of solution
where wt of solution = wt of solute + wt of solvent
1 g of substance is mixed with 99 g of water
1g
% S = --------------- x 100 = 1 %
1 g + 99 g
Note:
1g
1,000 mg 1 kg
1% = --------- = -------------- -------- = 10,000 mg/L
100 g
0.1 kg
1L
Assume the density of the solution D = 1
Example (FE exam) Water and SO3 combine to sulfuric acid, H2SO4 , according to the following
reaction.
H2 O
SO3
H2SO4
How many grams of water must be added to 100 g of 20% olem (20% SO3 and 80% H2SO4) by
weight) to produce a 95% solution (by weight) of sulfuric acid?
(Solution)
- Olem solution is 80% (by weight) H2SO4, which is to be increased to 95% (by weight) by adding
H2O.
- The reaction takes place based on molar concentrations.
MW of
H2O 2 (1.0 g/mol) + 16 g/mol = 18.0 g/mol
SO3 32.1 g/mol + 3(16 g/mol) = 80.1 g/mol
H2SO4 2 (1.0 g/mol) +32.1 g/mol + 4(16 g/mol) = 98.1 g/mol
H2 O
MW
SO3
H2SO4
1 mol
1 mol
1 mol
18.0 g/mol
1
x
80.1 g/mol
4.45
4.45x
98.1 g/mol
5.45
5.45x
normalized per MW of H2O

for unknown mass of water x
For a 95% solution,
0.95 =
mH 2 SO 4
mH 2 SO 4 + mSO 3
0.95 =
80 g + new mH 2 SO 4
( 80 g + new mH 2 SO 4 ) + ( 20 g reacted mSO3 )
Note all H2O is converted to H2SO4.
Let x be the mass of the water added.

The mass of SO3 reacted is 4.45x.
The mass of new H2SO4 produced is 5.45x.
0.95 =
80 g + 5.45 x
80 g + 5.45 x
=
100 + x
( 80 g + 5.45 x ) + ( 20 g 4.45 x )
x = 3.33 g
Answer is: 3.33 g of water must be added.

9
10) Partial pressure for gas, atm

e.g., Pco2 = 10-3.5 atm
11) Color Unit for color
12) TU, JTU, NTU for turbidity

Turbidity is a measure of suspended material in water
Absorptometry measure transmitted light
Jackson candle turbidity meter (unit: JTU)
Range: 40-1000
Nephelometry measure scattered light
Hach turbidity meter (unit: NTU)
Range: 0-50
Absorptometry
Nephelometry
Photo tube
particle
Photo tube
Light
source
10
13) Radionuclides
Radioactivity
Conventional Units:
Curie, Ci
1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 disintegrations per sec
= 103 mCi = 106 Ci = 109 nCi = 1012 pCi
Systeme International (SI) Units:
Becquerel, Bq
1 Bq = 1 disintegration per sec
1 Bq = 2.7027 x 10-11 Ci
1 kBq = 103 Bq
1 MBq = 106 Bq
1 GBq = 109 Bq
Dose
Conventional Units:
Rad
1 Rad = 100 ergs/gram = 0.01 J/kg
1 Rad = 0.01 Gy = 1 centigray (cGy)
Gray, Gy
1 Gy = 1 J/kg = 100 Rad
1 Gy = 100 cGy
Dose Equivalent
Conventional Units:
Rem 1 Rem = 103 mrem = 0.01 Sv
Sievert, Sv 1 Sv = 1 J/kg = 100 Rem
1 mSv = 100 mrem
11
mg/L as something
e.g., mg/L as N; mg/L as P; mg/L as CaCO3
Example (SJ p. 15) If we were to analyze a solution of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and find that
100 mL of solution contained 36 mg NH4+ and 124 mg NO3 -.
1) What are concentrations of NH4+ and NO3- in mg/L?
2) What is the total N concentration?
(Solutions)
1)
Dissolution reaction:
NH4+
1 mol
NO31 mol
NH4 NO3
1 mol
>
NH4 +
36 mg NH4 + 103 mL
360 mg NH4 +
--------------- ----------- = -----------------100 mL
1L
L
NO3 -
124 mg NO3 - 103 mL

1240 mg NO3 --------------- ----------- = -------------------100 mL
1L
L
2)
Calculate MW:
N = 14 g/mole = 14,000 mg/mole
NH4+ = 18 g/mole = 18,000 mg/mole since N=14 and H=1; (MW = 14 + 4(1) =18 g/mol)
NO3 - = 62 g/mole = 62,000 mg/mole since N=14, O=16; (MW=14 + 3(16) = 62 g/mol)
as N
For NH4+-N :
360 mg NH4+ 14,000 mg N/mol

280 mg NH4+-N
------------------ ---------------------------- = ---------------------L
L
18,000 mg NH4 +/mol
For NO3- -N : 1240 mg NO3 - 14,000 mg N/mol

280 mg NO3 --N
-------------------- --------------------------- = ----------------------L
62,000 mg NO3 -/mol
L
Total N = 280 mg N/L + 280 mg N/L = 560 mg N/L
12
or
For NH4 +
360 mg NH4+
14 mg N/meq
280 mg NH4+-N
----------------- ------------------------- = ---------------------L
18 mg NH4 +/meq
L
For NO3 -
1240 mg NO314 mg N/meq

280 mg NO3--N
-------------------- ------------------------- = ----------------------L
L
62 mg NO3 -/meq
Total N = 280 mg N/L + 280 mg N/L = 560 mg N/L
Example Water contains 35 mg/L of calcium ion and 15 mg/L of magnesium ion. Express the
hardness as mg/L of CaCO3.
mg/L
MW
eq.wt (mg/meq)
meq/L
MW/z
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CaCO3
100
2
100/2 = 50
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35
40.08
2
40.08/2 = 20.04
35/20.04 = 1.746
Ca2+
Mg2+
15
24.30
2
24.30/2 = 12.15
15/12.15 = 1.235
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total Hardness = Ca2+ + Mg2+ = 1.746 + 1.235 = 2.981 meq/L
2.981 meq 50 mg
Total Hardness as CaCO3 = -------------- ---------- = 149 mg/L as CaCO3
L
meq
Note:
meq
mg/L
mg/L
------- = ---------- = -----------L
eq. wt
mg/meq
13
Example (Sato): NBOD

NH3 + 2 O2 W NO3- + H2O + H+
NH4+ + 2 O2 W NO3- + H2O + H+
Using the reactions above, calculate the theoretical NBOD of a wastewater containing:
a) 15 mg/L of ammonia (NH3)
b) 15 mg/L of ammonia as nitrogen (NH3-N)
c) 15 mg/L of ammonium (NH4+)
d) 15 mg/L of ammonium as nitrogen (NH4+-N)
(Solution)
a)
g O2
(2 mol)(32 g/mol)
3.765 g O2
3.765 mg/L O2
----------- = -------------------------- = --------------- = -------------------(1 mol)(17 g/mol)
1 g NH3
1 mg/L NH3
g (NH3)
3.765 mg/L O2
Th NBOD = (15 mg/L NH3) (----------------------) = 56.5 mg/L O2
1 mg/L NH3
b)
g O2
(2 mol)(32 g/mol)
4.571 g O2
4.571 mg/L O2
---------------- = -------------------------- = ---------------- = -------------------g (NH3-N)
(1 mol)(14g/mol)
1 g NH3
1 mg/L NH3
4.571 mg/L O2
1 mg/L NH3
c)
g O2
(2 mol)(32 g/mol)
3.556 g O2
3.556mg/L O2
----------- = -------------------------- = --------------- = -------------------g (NH4+)
(1 mol)(18 g/mol)
1 g NH4+
1 mg/L NH4+
3.556 mg/L O2
1 mg/L NH3
d)
g O2
(2 mol)(32 g/mol)
4.571 g O2
4.571 mg/L O2
---------------- = ------------------------- = -------------------- = ----------------------g (NH4+-N)
(1 mol)(14g/mol)
1 g NH4+-N
1 mg/L NH4+-N
4.571 mg/L O2
Th NBOD = (15 mg/L NH3) (---------------------) = 68.6 mg/L O2
1 mg/L NH3
Note that the ThNBOD values for NH3-N and NH4+-N are the same.
14
Example: Convert 1 mg/L Na2HPO4 as P to moles /L (M)

(Solution)
Note that:
i) mg/L Na2HPO4 as P (Na2HPO4-P) is the concentration of P.
Therefore,
1mg P
mol
g P
3.23 x 10-5 mol P
----------- ------------- ---------------- = --------------------- = 3.23 x 10-5 M
L
30.97 g P 1000 mg P
L
Note that:
i) the concentration is given as P (1st term).
ii) one mole of P is 30.97 g (2nd term)
iii) one gram P is 1000 mg P (3rd term)
iv) 1 M of Na2HPO4-P is 1 M of P
Na2HPO4 2Na+
1M
2M
HPO41M
Na=23; H=1; P=31; O=16

Na2HPO4 = 142 g/mol
NaH2PO4 = 120 g/mol
H3PO4 = 98 g/mol
(23x2 +1+31+16x4 =142)

(23+2+31+16x4=120)
(3+31+16x4=98)
Bar Diagram (Bar Graph) and Stiff Diagram

-
purpose is visualization of the chemical composition.

data can be expressed in meq/L (milliequivalents per liter).
a. Top row of the bar graph consists of major cations arranged in the order Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+.
b. Bottom row of the bar graph is aligned in the sequence of CO3 2- , HCO3 - , SO4 2-, Cl -, NO3 -.
c. The sum of the positive meq/L equals the sum of the negative meq/L for a water in equilibrium
(if all ions were correctly analyzed).
Ion Balance or
I Cations - Anions l
Charge Balance = --------------------------------- x 100
Cations + Anions
Charge Balance < 5%
OK
15
Bar Diagram - Example
16
17
Jackson and Patterson (1982)

Pizometer HA1
(a)
(1)
(2)
Cation
Ca2+
Mg2+
Na+
K+
Fe2+
Mn2+
Sr2+
(3)
(4)
AW/MW
z
eq/mol
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
mg/L
12.0
2.0
91.0
1.8
-0.03
0.00
40.1
24.3
23
39.1
55.8
54.9
87.6
12.2
15.1
170.0
3.5
--
61.0
96.1
35.4
62.0
--
(5)
(3)/(4)
eq.wt
mg/meq
20.1
12.2
23.0
39.1
27.9
27.5
43.8
(7)
(2)/(5)
meq/L
0.60
0.16
3.96
0.05
0.00
0.001
0.000
61.0
48.1
35.4
62.0
0.20
0.31
4.80
0.06
Cummu.
0.6
0.76
4.72
4.77
4.77
4.77
4.77
Anion
HCO3SO42ClNO3Others
(b) Ion Balance
1
2
1
1
0.2
0.51
5.32
5.37
5.37
-5.9629
18
Unit of (7):
mg/L
------------ = meq/L
mg/meq
Ion Balance or
I Cations - Anions l
Charge Balance = --------------------------------- x 100
Cations + Anions
[ 4.77 5.37 ]
= --------------------- x 100 = 5.9%
4.77 + 5.37
Ion does not balance.
19
(> 5%)
Bar Diagram - Examples
20

1-Concentration Units S12

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1-Concentration Units_S12.

CONCENTRATION UNITS (SJ, p.14-23)

2) ppm - parts per million, mg of substance (solute) dissolved in 1 kg of H2O (solvent),

a. Exception, volume/volume in air pollution.

Example (FE exam) The pH of a 0.001 M HCl solution is

ii) mass fraction, ppmm

= 8 x 10 3 ppmm = 0.008 ppmm

iii) mole fraction

( B) 2.3 x 10-4 atm

1) The mass of chlorine in the tank is

The MW of Cl2 = (2)(35.5) = 71 g/mol

Determine number of moles

100 000 g Cl2

= (3.17 x 10 -5) (1 atm) = 3.17 x 10 -5 atm

6) meq/L - mg/L per equivalent weight (eq.wt or EW)

Example: Determine eq.wt of CaCO3

- number of equivalents per liter

1 N = 1 eq/L = 1000 meq/L

Note: What is the unit of z?

H2SO4 <---> 2 H+ + SO42-

2. Convert 24 mg/L of Ca2+ and 100 mg/L of Cl- to meq/L

8) epm, equivalents per million - ppm of substance per eq.wt

normalized per MW of H2O

For a 95% solution,

Note all H2O is converted to H2SO4.

Let x be the mass of the water added.

Answer is: 3.33 g of water must be added.

10) Partial pressure for gas, atm

12) TU, JTU, NTU for turbidity

124 mg NO3 - 103 mL

360 mg NH4+ 14,000 mg N/mol

For NO3- -N : 1240 mg NO3 - 14,000 mg N/mol

1240 mg NO314 mg N/meq

Total N = 280 mg N/L + 280 mg N/L = 560 mg N/L

Example (Sato): NBOD

Example: Convert 1 mg/L Na2HPO4 as P to moles /L (M)

Na=23; H=1; P=31; O=16

(23x2 +1+31+16x4 =142)

Bar Diagram (Bar Graph) and Stiff Diagram

purpose is visualization of the chemical composition.

Charge Balance < 5%

Bar Diagram - Example

Jackson and Patterson (1982)

(b) Ion Balance

Bar Diagram - Examples

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