Tutorial: What is the difference between bandwidth percent a...

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Tutorial: What is the difference between bandwidth percent and bandwidth remaining percent?
by Arden Packeer | on March 15th, 2008 | 30 comments
QOS & VOIP

One of the most common questions that CCIE candidates face when studying QOS MQC for the lab is What is the difference between bandwidth percent and bandwidth remaining percent?. Both are used in CBWFQ when implementing congestion management but what is the difference? The answer to this question is the focus of this tutorial. We will be using the following topology for this tutorial:

About the Author

Arden Packeer is a Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE #20716) working in the Advanced Services team at Cisco Systems (Melbourne, Australia).[Read More]

Dynagen .net Configuration File:

!"#$%&#$'(')*+, $-.*$,/,/'(')*+, /#0,1'('2345 ' 61#7.1"#$%8 ' ''''66234588 ''''''''&/.!,'('9:*#!*./';&1,$9<=>./&-$9&/.!,$972345?&@A#2$?/BCDE4?FCG&> ''''''''H'I>'J&>+K'L'M>&K'+$,'N#*O.*0'$1.$",$P ''''''''H'&/.!,'('L#-%LFE55?&/.!,$L7FE55?Q@A#2$?/BCDE4?F.C&/.!, ''''''''*./'('A3 ' ''''66RIM)SR'RD88 ''''''''N5L5'('JTU'D ''''''''NDL5'('JTU'E ''''''''7#>$#1,'('E555 ''''''''/#0,1'('2345 ' ''''66RIM)SR'RE88 ''''''''N5L5'('JTU'2 ''''''''NDL5'('JTU'E ''''''''7#>$#1,'('E55D ''''''''/#0,1'('2345

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You can download the pre-configured .net dynagen configuration file for this tutorial here.

The Scenario:
The users on the 1.1.1.0/24 subnet have been complaining of slow network response times recently when connecting to services on the 2.2.2.0/24. Users on the 1.1.1.0/24 subnet use voice and web applications. During times of congestion we want the web applications to be guaranteed bandwidth. Also, delay sensitive Voice traffic needs to be given priority over all other traffic. The scenario above is typical of something you might see in your environment. We have congestion happening on an interface on the ethernet link between R1 and R2. We need to implement a congestion management strategy during times of congestion so that voice and web traffic are given traffic guarantees. Lets say that we want to reserve at least 20% of the bandwidth during times of congestion for web traffic. Lets implement that first and well get back to voice traffic later. First lets just do a quick check of bandwidth of R1:
RDV7#>N&!WH&>%'NDL5 RDV7#>N&!?&NWHN.&*?X+,+,

RDH$"'X+,+,&>!'&>%'NDL5 Y>%,*N.7,';.$%S%",*>,%DL5'X+,+,&>!'$%*.%,!=P'N.&* ''Y>-+%'X+,+,P'5LFZL5L5'V$&B,L/.KL0*#-$LN1+$",$W[')#%.1'#+%-+%'0*#-$P'5 ''\+,+,&>!'$%*.%,!=P'O,&!"%,0'N.&* ''I+%-+%'X+,+,P'5LD555L34L5'V$&B,L/.K'%#%.1L%"*,$"#10L0*#-$W ''''']#>^,*$.%&#>$''5LDLEZ3'V.7%&^,L/.K'.7%&^,L/.K'%#%.1W '''''R,$,*^,0']#>^,*$.%&#>$'5L5'V.11#7.%,0L/.K'.11#7.%,0W '''''T^.&1.G1,'_.>0O&0%"'FZ555'@&1#G&%$L$,7

You can see above the available bandwidth when you implement a fair-queueing on an interface is 75,000 kbs. Wait a second, this is a fast ethernet interface! Shouldnt the available bandwidth be 100,000 kbs (100 Mbs). Why are we operating at only 75%? What happened to the other 25%? Weve implemented fair queueing on the interface between R1 and R2. Now, fair queing is a congestion

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management strategy but probably not the congestion management strategy we want to use for this particular scenario. For the moment, we just want to see the affect of any congestion management strategy on an interface and set a baseline for this tutorial. By default, when a congestion management strategy like Fair Queueing or CBWFQ is implemented on an interface 25% is reserved for things like routing protocol updates and important layer 2 traffic. 25% of 100 mbs is quite a lot for routing updates! Lets change this:
RDH7#>N'% S>%,*'7#>N&!+*.%&#>'7#//.>0$`'#>,'-,*'1&>,C''S>0'O&%"']U)JLaC RDV7#>N&!WH&>%'NDL5 RDV7#>N&!?&NWH/.K?*,$,*^,0?G.>0O&0%"'D55 RDV7#>N&!?&NWH,>0

RDH$"'X+,+,&>!'&>%'NDL5 Y>%,*N.7,';.$%S%",*>,%DL5'X+,+,&>!'$%*.%,!=P'N.&* ''Y>-+%'X+,+,P'5LFZL5L5'V$&B,L/.KL0*#-$LN1+$",$W[')#%.1'#+%-+%'0*#-$P'5 ''\+,+,&>!'$%*.%,!=P'O,&!"%,0'N.&* ''I+%-+%'X+,+,P'5LD555L34L5'V$&B,L/.K'%#%.1L%"*,$"#10L0*#-$W ''''']#>^,*$.%&#>$''5LDLEZ3'V.7%&^,L/.K'.7%&^,L/.K'%#%.1W '''''R,$,*^,0']#>^,*$.%&#>$'5L5'V.11#7.%,0L/.K'.11#7.%,0W '''''T^.&1.G1,'_.>0O&0%"'D55555'@&1#G&%$L$,7

You can see above that we used the max-reserved-bandwidth command so that we can use 100% of the interface bandwidth (ie. none of the bandwidth is reserved). Now that weve set up the bandwidth lets set up CBWFQ. Well reserve 20% of the bandwidth for web traffic during times of congestion:
71.$$?/.-'/.%7"?.>='bS_ '/.%7"'-*#%#7#1'"%%c -#1&7=?/.-'\Id '71.$$'bS_ ''G.>0O&0%"'-,*7,>%'E5 c &>%,*N.7,';.$%S%",*>,%DL5 '>#'N.&*?X+,+, '/.K?*,$,*^,0?G.>0O&0%"'D55 '$,*^&7,?-#1&7='#+%-+%'\Id

You can see above we are using NBAR to match the http protocol, and reserving 20% of the link bandwidth when congestion occurs using the bandwidth percent command. Lets verify this:
RDH$"'X+,+,&>!'&>%'NDL5 Y>%,*N.7,';.$%S%",*>,%DL5'X+,+,&>!'$%*.%,!=P'N.&* ''Y>-+%'X+,+,P'5LFZL5L5'V$&B,L/.KL0*#-$LN1+$",$W[')#%.1'#+%-+%'0*#-$P'5 ''\+,+,&>!'$%*.%,!=P']1.$$?G.$,0'X+,+,&>! ''I+%-+%'X+,+,P'5LD555L34L5'V$&B,L/.K'%#%.1L%"*,$"#10L0*#-$W ''''']#>^,*$.%&#>$''5LDLEZ3'V.7%&^,L/.K'.7%&^,L/.K'%#%.1W '''''R,$,*^,0']#>^,*$.%&#>$'DLD'V.11#7.%,0L/.K'.11#7.%,0W '''''T^.&1.G1,'_.>0O&0%"'e5555'@&1#G&%$L$,7

You can see above that 80,000 kbs is now available. This doesnt mean that http traffic can ONLY use 20% of the link (the bandwidth command does not have a built in policer). The bandwidth command only comes into play when there is congestion on the interface. This configuration is telling IOS that when congestion occurs, keep a minimum of 20% (20,000 kbs) of the bandwidth for http traffic. The show queueing interface command shows that when congestion occurs 80% of the bandwidth is available for use for everything else. Lets add a reservation for voice:
71.$$?/.-'/.%7"?.>='bS_ '/.%7"'-*#%#7#1'"%%71.$$?/.-'/.%7"?.>='fIY]S '/.%7"'-*#%#7#1'*%-'.+0&# '/.%7"'-*#%#7#1'*%7c -#1&7=?/.-'\Id '71.$$'bS_ ''G.>0O&0%"'-,*7,>%'E5 '71.$$'fIY]S ''-*&#*&%='-,*7,>%'D5

What weve done here is add a LLQ (low latency queue) for voice traffic. We are using NBAR to match the voice rtp stream and control protocol. The priority command sets up a low latency queue for the voice class. What this means is that voice traffic will be served before all other traffic. The priority command implements a built-in policer. This means that voice traffic will be served first, with a bandwidth gaurantee upto a maximum of 10% of the interface when there is congestion. This is to stop the LLQ starving all the other queues of traffic.
RDH$"'X+,+,&>!'&>%'NDL5 Y>%,*N.7,';.$%S%",*>,%DL5'X+,+,&>!'$%*.%,!=P'N.&* ''Y>-+%'X+,+,P'5LFZL5L5'V$&B,L/.KL0*#-$LN1+$",$W[')#%.1'#+%-+%'0*#-$P'5 ''\+,+,&>!'$%*.%,!=P']1.$$?G.$,0'X+,+,&>! ''I+%-+%'X+,+,P'5LD555L34L5'V$&B,L/.K'%#%.1L%"*,$"#10L0*#-$W ''''']#>^,*$.%&#>$''5LDLEZ3'V.7%&^,L/.K'.7%&^,L/.K'%#%.1W '''''R,$,*^,0']#>^,*$.%&#>$'DLD'V.11#7.%,0L/.K'.11#7.%,0W '''''T^.&1.G1,'_.>0O&0%"'F5555'@&1#G&%$L$,7

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You can see here the available bandwidth has been changed to 70% available bandwidth (70,000 kbs). This makes sense, we are using 10% for voice and 20% for web traffic.

Bandwidth Remaining Percent

So what does the bandwidth remaining percent do then? We will change the bandwidth reservation of the web class so it uses the bandwidth remaining percent command and see the effect on the show queueing interface command.
71.$$?/.-'/.%7"?.>='bS_ '/.%7"'-*#%#7#1'"%%71.$$?/.-'/.%7"?.>='fIY]S '/.%7"'-*#%#7#1'*%-'.+0&# '/.%7"'-*#%#7#1'*%7c -#1&7=?/.-'\Id '71.$$'bS_ ''G.>0O&0%"'*,/.&>&>!'-,*7,>%'E5 '71.$$'fIY]S ''-*&#*&%='-,*7,>%'D5

RDH$"'X+,+,&>!'&>%'NDL5 Y>%,*N.7,';.$%S%",*>,%DL5'X+,+,&>!'$%*.%,!=P'N.&* ''Y>-+%'X+,+,P'5LFZL5L5'V$&B,L/.KL0*#-$LN1+$",$W[')#%.1'#+%-+%'0*#-$P'5 ''\+,+,&>!'$%*.%,!=P']1.$$?G.$,0'X+,+,&>! ''I+%-+%'X+,+,P'5LD555L34L5'V$&B,L/.K'%#%.1L%"*,$"#10L0*#-$W ''''']#>^,*$.%&#>$''5LDLEZ3'V.7%&^,L/.K'.7%&^,L/.K'%#%.1W '''''R,$,*^,0']#>^,*$.%&#>$'DLD'V.11#7.%,0L/.K'.11#7.%,0W '''''T^.&1.G1,'_.>0O&0%"'A5555'@&1#G&%$L$,7

You can see above we have changed the bandwidth percent command to a bandwidth remaining percent. Take a look at that available bandwith. 90% is available?! Didnt we just make a reservation for web traffic of 20%? The bandwidth remaining percent command makes a reservation from the available bandwidth not the total reservable bandwidth. What we have done here is reserved 10% of the total reservable bandwidth for voice traffic. This leaves us 90,000 kbs left when congestion occurs, this is the available bandwidth. Using the bandwidth remaining percent command we have made a 20% reservation of this remainder (available bandwidth) for http (20% of 90,000 kbs is 18,000 kbs for http).

The bandwidth remaining percent command takes a percentage of the available bandwidth not from the total reservable bandwidth (100% of the interface). The bandwidth percent command takes a percentage of the total reserveable bandwidth. Lets change the max-reserved-bandwidth and see the effect this has on available bandwidth.
RDH7#>N'% S>%,*'7#>N&!+*.%&#>'7#//.>0$`'#>,'-,*'1&>,C''S>0'O&%"']U)JLaC RDV7#>N&!WH&>%'NDL5 RDV7#>N&!?&NWH/.K?*,$,*^,0?G.>0O&0%"'A5 R,$,*^.G1,'G.>0O&0%"'&$'G,&>!'*,0+7,0C d#/,',K&$%&>!'*,$,*^.%&#>$'/.='G,'%,*/&>.%,0C

You can see above we have changed the bandwidth available command using the max-reserved bandwidth command to 90%. This means that 10% of the total reservable bandwidth has been reserved for routing protocols etc.
RDH$"'X+,+,&>!'&>%'NDL5 Y>%,*N.7,';.$%S%",*>,%DL5'X+,+,&>!'$%*.%,!=P'N.&* ''Y>-+%'X+,+,P'5LFZL5L5'V$&B,L/.KL0*#-$LN1+$",$W[')#%.1'#+%-+%'0*#-$P'5 ''\+,+,&>!'$%*.%,!=P']1.$$?G.$,0'X+,+,&>! ''I+%-+%'X+,+,P'5LD555L34L5'V$&B,L/.K'%#%.1L%"*,$"#10L0*#-$W ''''']#>^,*$.%&#>$''5LDLEZ3'V.7%&^,L/.K'.7%&^,L/.K'%#%.1W '''''R,$,*^,0']#>^,*$.%&#>$'DLD'V.11#7.%,0L/.K'.11#7.%,0W '''''T^.&1.G1,'_.>0O&0%"'e5555'@&1#G&%$L$,7

So we have both the VOICE traffic and MAX-RESERVABLE-TRAFFIC (routing, layer 2 traffic) using 10% of the total reservable bandwidth each. This leaves us with 80,000 kbs (80%) as available bandwidth. WEB traffic then takes 20% of this 80,000 kbs (16,000 kbs). In summary, we have the total reservable bandwidth of 100%. The bandwidth percent, priority percent, and max-reservable-bandwidth command makes reservations from the total reservable bandwidth. The

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bandwidth remaining percent command makes reservations from the available bandwidth (whats left over of the total reservable bandwidth after the other reservations is treated as 100%). HTH. Now back to labs.

Summary:
By default, 25% of the total reservable interface bandwidth is reserved for routing protocols and important layer 2 traffic. The max-reservable-bandwidth command is used to change the amount of bandwidth reserved for this traffic. The bandwidth percent and priority percent commands makes reservations from the total reservable interface bandwidth The bandwidth remaining percent command makes reservations from the available bandwidth (whats left over of the total reservable bandwidth after the other reservations are made).

Resources:
Dynamips/Dynagen .net configuration file

About the Author

ARDEN PACKEER
Arden Packeer currently is a Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE #20716) working in the Advanced Services team at Cisco Systems (Melbourne, Australia). He has more than 10 years with specialisations in datacentre networks, large scale service provider networks, and more recently virtualisation and cloud deployments. Arden also likes writing about himself in the third person because it makes him sound important. :) CONTACT THE AUTHOR:

Comments (30)
Richard Bannister
Tuesday - 18 / 03 / 2008

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Excellent! A very clear and easy to follow article.I've bookmarked this for when I reach QoS :-)Richard

Andy
Saturday - 22 / 03 / 2008

Reply

Good article, can I pick up on one point tho, where you say"The priority command sets up a low latency queue for the voice class. What this means is that voice traffic will be served before all other traffic. The priority command implements a built-in policer. This means that voice traffic will be served first, with a bandwidth gaurantee upto a maximum of 10% of the interface. This is to stop the LLQ starving all the other queues of traffic"My understanding is that the built in policer will only take effect if there is congestion, no congestion means that the priority traffic can go above the configured rate but will not be prioritised over other traffic (ie traffic above the configured rate is not gauranteed llq).This may well be what you meant to say, I just thot I would help drill this point home.hth Andy

Arden Packeer
Saturday - 22 / 03 / 2008

Reply

Hi Andy,You are correct, like the bandwidth command the built in policer for the priority command will only take effect if there is congestion.I have changed the wording so it is a little more clearer. Thanks for the suggestion! :)

Aaron
Thursday - 08 / 05 / 2008

Reply

What happens if you have multiple classes that you keep allocating "remaining bandwidth" to? Is the remaining cumulative. In other words, if you first allocate 10 percent to Real Time, and then you specify "60 percent remaining bandwidth" to Critical Data flows, then what happens if you also specify "30 percent remaining bandwidth" to Bulk Data flows? Is it 30 percent of the original 90% after RT, or is it 30% of 10%-60%? Is there only one original percent bandwidth and one original "bandwidth remaining"?

Aaron
Thursday - 08 / 05 / 2008

Reply

Congrats on your CCIE! Fresh off the press!

JC

Reply

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Sunday - 25 / 05 / 2008

Quick question: in the following example, can other traffic (say FTP) take up 100% when there is no voice or WEB traffic? Or is it limited to the Available Bandwidth (70% in the example)? The idea is to get best performance when the reserved traffic is not present during the off hours. Thanks in advance.======================= class-map match-any WEB match protocol http class-map match-any VOICE match protocol rtp audio match protocol rtcp ! policy-map QOS class WEB bandwidth percent 20 class VOICE priority percent 10

Arden Packeer, CCIE #20716

Sunday - 25 / 05 / 2008

Reply

@JC The FTP traffic can still take up 100% if there is not congestion on the interface. Queuing strategies like the CBWFQ example shown only take effect when there is congestion on the interface.

JC
Tuesday - 22 / 07 / 2008

Reply

reviewing the scenario, the high traffic is coming from 2.2.2.0/24 (servers) to 1.1.1.0/24 (clients). Then I thing this congestion management policies should be apply on R2. Right?

deepak
Friday - 01 / 08 / 2008

Reply

Richard Bannister is right

antonio
Thursday - 27 / 11 / 2008

Reply

what is the difference between priority and priority percent

Xaviourz
Sunday - 18 / 01 / 2009

Reply

Hi Arden,assuming if i let the max-reserved-bandwidth to be the default value which is 75%.Does that means that the link utilization will be cap at 75%, or it just for allocating the bandwidth for diff class map.ExampleI got a 10mb link, max-reserved-bandwidth is 75%, would i be able to use more than 7.5 mb?Xavi

Arden Packeer, CCIE #20716

Sunday - 18 / 01 / 2009

Reply

@Xavi: Queuing strategies like the CBWFQ example shown only take effect when there is congestion on the interface.

John Jinesh
Friday - 01 / 05 / 2009

Reply

Excelent !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!i could understand your notes as simple as possible, truely i say that something simpleness i felt throughout readingGiving you very thankful for these informationI was searching for the command to varify the bandwidth percentage of the eigrp. is there any possible way to see eigrp's configured bandwidth-percent ?

Sandhya
Wednesday - 10 / 06 / 2009

Reply

Hiplease confirm if the besteffort traffic can utilize full traffic in case there is no congestion? and we have set bandwidth remaining percent 17?

Arden Packeer, CCIE #20716

Wednesday - 10 / 06 / 2009

Reply

@Sandhya: These congestion management strategies don't come into effect unless there is congestion, so best effort traffic can utilise the full bandwidth if there is no congestion.

KumFatt
Wednesday - 12 / 08 / 2009

Reply

HiGreat article.How does cisco know there is a congestion and at what point of time and conditions will then trigger the "congestion management conditions"?I mean every one has different perception on congestion and can we define the congestion conditions so to trigger the "congestion management parameters"?Cheers

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Ankur Srivastava
Friday - 21 / 08 / 2009

Reply

thank you so much Mr. Arden Packeer your site is like a lifeline to me i am preparing for CCNP and doing it the self-study way so dont have anyone to clear my doubts... And you are like the best teacher i could ever had with the help of your articles i prepared for my BSCi exam and cleared it and now i will give my ONT exam and you cleared a very big dount that i have thank you for this wonderful website it just cant be any better Thank YOu SO Much!!!

raghu
Monday - 28 / 09 / 2009

Reply

Thank You Very Much for your time on the article.

Aaron
Saturday - 13 / 02 / 2010

Reply

I had this question while studying my ONT materials. Thanks for the help yet again, Arden!

Puneet Chawla
Wednesday - 17 / 02 / 2010

Reply

Hello Arden,Please advice on the following scenario take from live router cisco 1841:policy-map POLICE_ME class realtime priority 8 <<<<<===== police 8000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop class priority bandwidth remaining percent 39 random-detect dscp-based class missioncritical bandwidth remaining percent 39 randomdetect dscp-based class transactional bandwidth remaining percent 16 random-detect dscp-based class general bandwidth remaining percent 1 random-detect dscp-based class scavenger bandwidth remaining percent 1 random-detect dscp-based class class-default bandwidth remaining percent 4 random-detect dscp-based policy-map SHAPE_ME class class-default shape average 256000 service-policy POLICE_ME================================ interface Serial0/0/0 bandwidth 256 <<<==== ip address 68.139.70.222 255.255.255.252 ip nbar protocol-discovery encapsulation ppp max-reserved-bandwidth 90 <<<=== service-policy output SHAPE_ME end =================================Now as per the article, the available bandwidth here should be rougly 222.4 kbps (256 - 25.6 - 8) However, the queueing output displays available bandwidht as 230 kbps (256 - 25.6)nichec-wokingham-1204883#sh queueing interface serial 0/0/0 Interface Serial0/0/0 queueing strategy: fair Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0 Queueing strategy: weighted fair Output queue: 0/1000/64/0 (size/max total/threshold/drops) Conversations 0/6/256 (active/max active/max total) Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated) Available Bandwidth 230 kilobits/sec <<<======Is this because in this case, we have used priority command instead of priority percent command? Please advice.

Fazlur
Wednesday - 31 / 03 / 2010

Reply

Hi Arden,If I have two classes (Voice, Data) and both have priority percent (like 30% each)how the LLQ will work for both traffic? Which one will get more priority?

Subeh
Tuesday - 13 / 04 / 2010

Reply

Really helpful and easy to understand..Thanks!

Mike Jensen
Saturday - 08 / 05 / 2010

Reply

thanks for this info, now i've fully understand what does "bandwidth percent remaining" means. :)

sasanka
Friday - 11 / 06 / 2010

Reply

hi Arden,Thanks for the article.. i have a situation where the pipe is of around 8 Mbps and i would like to reserve 2Mbps for the Voice which is working on SIP.If you can show some light on that..Thanks & Regards Sasanka

Tim
Thursday - 02 / 12 / 2010

Reply

Great article, how does ios calculate the bandwidth of an interface? I have a customer that has a 100mg interface connected to a service provider who is rate limiting it to 40mg. So how do I tell the router to use 40mg for its calculations and not 100mg?Thanks,tim

GS
Monday - 14 / 02 / 2011

Reply

I have a queryeg: My http traffic is increasing 40 mbps on same link but I had allocated only 20 % to http traffic. Is the remaining traffic will drop? Is the remaining traffic will

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come in Queue?

Gajendra Nath
Thursday - 19 / 01 / 2012

Reply

I have scanned multiple sites, PDFs and CBTs but this one is far best of all on "bandwidth percent vs bandwidth remaining percent." The figure elucidates the concept perfectly. Great post and efforts. Sincere thanks.

Priya
Friday - 27 / 01 / 2012

Reply

Arden can you explain "How to pick Bandwidth remaining ratio values"

Jericho
Thursday - 16 / 08 / 2012

Reply

Thanks for a great article. Question: this example applies to outbound traffic to R2. Do we also need to apply QoS on the inbound traffic to the clients on R1? Also, how does one know when they are facing congestion issues?

peter
Thursday - 20 / 09 / 2012

Reply

Hi Great Post but I'm still having a hard time understanding the bandwidth percent and priority percent. Can you explain the difference between the two? thanks....

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