HYDRAULICS AND PNEUMATICS LAB: AMEE 310

LABORATORY HANDOUT EXPERIMENT 5: INTRODUCTION TO PNEUMATICS

Students name: Reg. No: Group:

Demonstration Of Hydraulic Power Unit

Date:

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INTRODUCTION TO PNEUMATICS
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE To learn about pneumatic power characteristics, applications, advantages and disadvantages; To investigate a basic pneumatic circuit.

DISCUSSION luid power s!stems convert mechanical energ! into "luid energ!, and then convert this "luid energ! bac# into mechanical energ! to do use"ul wor#. The "luid power devices that convert the energ! o" a pressuri$ed "luid into mechanical energ! to do wor# are called actuators. The two basic t!pes o" actuators are c!linders, which generate linear motion, and motors or rotar! actuators, which generate rotar! motion. %ost pneumatic circuits contain a source o" compressed air, a pressure control device, conductors such as pipe or tubing, an actuator, and a directional control valve to control the operation o" the actuator. The power source comes "rom a motor or engine, called a prime mover that operates a compressor having its inlet port connected to .the atmosphere. The mechanical energ! is converted into "luid power when this air is compressed. &n addition to a prime mover and a compressor, a pneumatic power source includes an air storage tan# called a receiver. The receiver stores the compressed air until this energ! is needed elsewhere in the s!stem. ' pneumatic circuit is a "luid power circuit that uses gas to transmit power. 'ir is commonl! used as a gas in pneumatics because it is readil! available, ine(pensive, and can be returned to the atmosphere a"ter use.

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'ir is e(tremel! compressible and elastic. &t is capable o" absorbing large amounts o" potential energ!. These properties o" compressed air ma#e possible smooth acceleration and deceleration and reversal o" direction o" mechanical motions, with relative "reedom "rom shoc#. 's a power medium, compressed air has numerous distinct advantages such as: eas! to transport and store; unlimited conductive geometr!; o""ers little ris# o" e(plosion or "ire; &s a ver! "ast wor#ing medium and enables high wor#ing speed to be obtained; provides "le(ibilit! in the control o" machines;

provides an e""icient method o" multipl!ing "orce; no return lines necessar!; e""icient and dependable.

The main disadvantages o" compressed air are: sa"et! precautions are necessar! in handling; e(pensive compared to some mechanical, electrical or h!draulic means "or a given application; generall! suitable "or relativel! &ow power re)uirements; pressure limits; lea#ages must be controlled to maintain usable pressures; dirt and humidit! must not be present.

*ompressed air "inds wide use in transportation and industr! "ields: air bra#es,
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air c!linder, tools, die casting, etc. igure +,+- shows some t!pical applications.

igure +,+-. *ompressed 'ir 'pplications. igure +,+. illustrates the "low o" air through a "undamental pneumatic circuit. 'ir is drawn "rom the atmosphere b! the compressor and compressed in the receiver. /hen the directional control valve 0D*12 is operated, air "lows through the valve and to side ' o" the c!linder. This causes the c!linder to e(tend and the air "rom side 3 is e(hausted and returned to atmosphere.

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igure +,+.. undamental *ircuit low Beco e !" #$#"% &#'( '(e O)e%"'#o* o+ '(e P,-(.#* T,/e !#''#*0Trainer components are e)uipped with push,in tube "ittings that allow one to )uic#l! assemble and disassemble pneumatic circuits. To connect tubing to a "itting, simpl! push the tubing in as far as it will go. To disconnect the tubing, grasp the tubing near the "itting and push the tubing and collar o" the "itting in toward the component. 4old down the collar in one hand, and pull the tubing out with the other hand. The ends o" the tubing will wear out with repeated use. 5ventuall!, the tubing will not seal properl! in the "ittings. /hen this happens, the worn tubing end must be trimmed. 6se a tube cutter to remove about +7 mm 0or +87 in2o" the worn tubing. P%oce1,%e -, "%2

&n the "irst part o" the e(ercise, !ou will veri"! the status o" the trainer b! e(ecuting the 9trainer status veri"ication procedure9. &n the second part o" the e(ercise, !ou will set up and operate a pneumatic circuit using the *onditioning 6nit, a directional control valve and a c!linder. E3UIPMENT RE3UIRED
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Re"er to the 5)uipment 6tili$ation *hart, in 'ppendi( ' o" this manual, to obtain the list o" e)uipment re)uired to per"orm this e(ercise.

PROCEDURE T%"#*e% S'"',- Ve%#+#c"'#o* P%oce1,%e +. 5ach procedure in this manual that re)uires the use o" the :neumatics Trainer includes the statement: 91eri"! the status or the trainer according to the procedure given in 5(ercise +,79. This status veri"ication procedure consists o" the "ollowing steps: &nstall the wor# sur"ace on a wor# table or on a support bench, i" an!. %a#e sure the wor# sur"ace is secured to the wor# table or support bench to ensure that it will not move or "all down. &" !ou use a support bench, ma#e sure the "our caster bra#es are loc#ed. ;n the *onditioning 6nit, close the main shuto"" valve b! pushing down on the control button. :ull up the regulator ad<usting #nob to unloc# the regulator and turn it completel! countercloc#wise.

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*lose the "our branch shuto"" valves o" the mani"old 0collar in the lower position2. igure +,+= shows the *onditioning 6nit with shuto"" valves.

igure +,+=. *onditioning 6nit with 3ranch Shuto"" 1alves.

!,*1" e*'"$ P*e, "'#c C#%c,#' 7. >ocate the "ollowing components: *onditioning 6nit; Directional control valve, ?,wa!, 7,position, pushbutton,operated;

No'e: A directional control al e is a de ice used to o!en and close flow !at"s in a !neumatic circuit.

*!linder, 7.-,cm #or + +8+@,in2 $ore% &'-cm #or A,in2 stro#e, single acting, and spring return.
No'e: A cylinder is an actuator t"at con erts fluid ener(y into mec"anical ener(y) *in(le-actin( cylinders (enerate force in a sin(le direction)

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?. %ount the components on the wor# sur"ace and connect the circuit shown in igure +,7B. Re"er to the connection diagram shown in igure +,7+ to ma#e !our connections. *onnect the *onditioning 6nit to the N* 0normall! non, passing2 port o" the directional control valve.

igure +.7B. Schematic Diagram ;" ' :neumatics *ircuit. igure: +,7+. *onnection Diagram o" a :neumatic *ircuit. A. ;n the *onditioning 6nit, open the main shuto"" valve and the branch shuto"" valve at the mani"old. Screw a tip 0bullet2 to the rod o" the c!linder.
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5. :ull up regulator ad<usting #nob to unloc# the regulator and turn it cloc#wise to set the pressure at 7BB #pa 0or ?B psiB on the regulated :ressure Gauge.
No'e: -ac" time you set t"e !ressure% it is recommended to close and reo!en t"e main s"utoff al e to o ercome friction) .ead/ust t"e !ressure if necessary)

@. Does the rod o" the c!linder e(tendC 5(plain wh!. Answer: -. :ush the button on the directional control valve and maintain the button pressed "or appro(imatel! D s, and then, release the button. Does the rod o" the c!linder e(tend when the button is pressedC Ees FG

.. 5(plain what happens to the c!linder when the button is releasedC Answer: =. Does the c!linder convert "luid energ! into linear mechanical motionC Ees FG

+B. *lose the shuto"" valves and turn the regulator ad<usting #nob completel! countercloc#wise. Eou should read B #:a 0or B psi2 on the regulated :ressure Gauge. ++. Disconnect and store all tubing and components.

CONCLUSION
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REVIE4 3UESTIONS +. The "luid power devices that convert the energ! o" a pressuri$ed "luid into mechanical energ! to do wor# are called a. activators. b. actuators. c. accumulators. d. converters. 7. /hich gas is commonl! used in pneumaticsC a. ;(!gen; b. 'ir; c. 4!drogen;
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d. Nitrogen; ?. /hich two properties o" compressed air ma#e possible smooth acceleration and reversal o" direction o" mechanical motionsC

a. 5as! to store and ver! "ast wor#ing medium; b. 5lastic and ver! "ast wor#ing medium; c. *ompressible and elastic; d. 5""icient and compressible. A. /hich o" the "ollowing is not considered as an advantage o" compressed airC a. ;""ers little ris# o" e(plosion; b. No return line necessar!; c. 4umidit! ma! not be present; d. 5nables high wor#ing speed to be obtained. D. %echanical energ! is converted into "luid power when air is

a. compressed. b. e(hausted. c. absent. d. e(tended.

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