7-Trickling Filter F11

7-Trickling Filter_F11.
doc
1
Attached Growth Reactors (4
th
ME 887)

Attached growth processes:

1) Trickling filters
2) Rotating biological contactors (RBC), Submerged RBC (SBC)
3) Combined attached and suspended growth processes

Other attached growth processes:

4) Activated-sludge processes with fixed-film packing
5) Submerged attached growth processes
6) Attached growth denitrification processes

Classification

Classes based on physical settings:

1) Non-submerged attached growth processes
2) Suspended growth processes with fixed-film packing
3) Submerged attached growth aerobic processes

Classes based on oxygen

1) Aerobic Processes
a. Trickling Filters, TF (High Rate, Low Rate, Roughing Filters)
2) Rotating Biological Contactors, RBC
3) Packed-bed Reactors
4) Activated Biofilter, ABF
5) Biological Tower

2) Anoxic Process
1) Fixed-film denitrification

3) Anaerobic Processes
1) Anaerobic filter process
2) Expanded bed

Non-submerged attached growth processes

Principal advantages and disadvantages of aerobic attached growth processes over the
activated sludge process

7-Trickling Filter_F11.doc
2
Advantages

1) Less energy required
2) Simpler operation with no issues of mixed liquor inventory control and sludge
wasting
3) No problems of bulking sludge in secondary clarifiers
4) Better sludge thickening properties
5) Less equipment maintenance needs
6) Better recovery from shock toxic loads

Disadvantages

For rock filters
1) Poor effluent quality in terms of BOD and TSS concentrations
2) Greater sensitivity to lower temperatures
3) Odor production
4) Uncontrolled solids sloughing events

Actual limitations:

1) make it difficult to accomplish biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal compared
to single-sludge biological nutrient removal suspended growth designs
2) results in an effluent with a higher turbidity than activated-sludge treatment.

Suspended growth processes with fixed-film packing

- the placement of packing material in the aeration tank of the activated-sludge
process

The advantages for the activated sludge process:

1) Increased treatment capacity
2) Greater process stability
3) Reduced sludge production
4) Enhanced sludge settleability
5) Reduced solids loadings on the secondary clarifier
6) No increase in operation and maintenance costs

Submerged attached growth aerobic processes

Theses are upflow and downflow packed-bed reactors and fluidized-bed reactors that do
not use secondary clarification.

To be continued ..
3

Trickling Filter (4
th
ME 890)

1893 First operation in England (3
rd
ME 403)

A. Basic Mechanism

1. Conceptual model - See Diagram

2. Biofilms

a. The biological
slime layer consists of:

1) aerobic,
anaerobic, and
facultative bacteria,
protozoans, fungi, and
higher animals (e.g.,
sludge worms, filter-
fly larvae, rotifers,
snails, etc.)

b. Facultative system

1) Although TF
is classified as an
aerobic treatment
system, primary
organisms are
facultative because
aerobic-anaerobic
occur interchangeably.
2) Facultative
bacteria are
predominating
microorganisms.

c. Thin aerobic film

1) Although TF is classified as an aerobic treatment device, the microbial film on the
filter medium is aerobic to depth of only 0.1-0.2 mm. The zone next to the
medium is anoxic to anaerobic.

NH
4
+
Nutrient
N, P
Organic carbon
BOD
M
e
d
i
u
m

S
u
r
f
a
c
e
Air
O
2
O
2
Reoxygenation
: : Wastewater
Metabolic
end products
CO
2
CO
2
NO
3
-
Anaerobic Aerobic
0.1 - 0.2 mm
Biofilm
Schematic diagram of biofilm and biological process
on the medium surface in a Trickling Filter
4

d. Common organisms

1) Bacteria - Achromobacter, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes
2) Filamentous forms - Sphaerotilus natans, Beggiatoa
3) Nitrifying bacteria - Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter
4) Fungi - Fuzarium, Mucor, Penicillium, Geotrichum, Sporatichum
5) Algae - Phormidium, Chlorella, Ulothrix
6) Protozoa - predominantly ciliata group, Vorticella, Opercularia, Epistylis.

3. Biological variation with depth

a. Algal uptake at the upper surface
- The surface of the bed may support algal growth when temperature and sunlight
conditions are optimum.
- Do not take a direct part in waste degradation, but add oxygen
- troublesome because they can cause clogging of the filter surface (which produce
odors).

b. Nitrification at the bottom
- The lower portion of a deep filter frequently supports populations of nitrifying
bacteria.
c) Higher organisms
- Snails are troublesome, they consume nitrifying bacteria.

4. Growth Phases

a. Exponential growth phase near surface of the bed.
- Microorganisms near the surface of the bed, where food concentration is high, are in
a rapid growth phase.

b. Declining death phase near the bottom.
- The lower zone of a bed is in a state of starvation.

c. Endogenous growth
- Overall operation of a trickling filter may be considered in the endogenous growth
phase.
5

b. Filter media

1) provide:
i) a surface for biological growth and
ii) voids for passage of liquid and air.

2) the most common media are:
i) crushed rock,
ii) slag, or
iii) field stone

- these materials are durable, insoluble, and resistant to spalling.

3) the preferred range of size for the stone media is:
i) 3 - 5 in. in diameter (VH)
ii) 1 - 4 in (25 - 100 mm) ME, p 404
depth of rock bed = 3 - 8 ft (0.9 - 2.5 m) = 6 ft (1.8 m avg) ME p 404

Natural
draft air

100 ft (30 m)
Wastewater id distributed
by hydraulic head
Filter media 5-7 ft
Underdrain
Effluent
Influent Underdrain collects treated WW
and supply air (O2)
6
4) plastic media (Fig. 12.32, VH., p.479; Fig. 12.33, p. 481)
i) depth = 14 - 40 ft (4 - 12 m) ME p. 404
ii) types
vertical-flow packing (Fig 8-23); cross-flow packing (Fig 10-33);
variety of random packings (Fig 10-33)
iii) have advantages of:
. light weight
. chemical resistance
. high specific surface (ft
2
/ft
3
or m/m
3
) with a large percentage of free space.

c. Underdrain system

1) Carries away the effluent
- collecting the treated wastewater and any biological solids that have become
detached from the media
- carries away the effluent

2) Circulates air
- permits circulation of air through the bed.
- the need for free passage of air controls the size of opening in the underdrain.

3) Recycle line
- to dilute the strength of the incoming wastewater
- to maintain the biological slime layer in a moist condition.

7
d. Rotary distributor

1) Provides uniform hydraulic load
- provides a uniform hydraulic load on the filter surface.

2) Require pressure head (minimum 24 inches)
- it is driven by the reaction of the wastwater flowing out of the distributor
nozzles.
- requires a minimum pressure head of 24 in. measured from the center of the
arms.

3. Operation

a. Spray
- primary effluent is sprayed on a bed of media (e.g., crushed rock or plastic
media) coated with biological films.

b. Microbial metabolism
- As the wastewater flows over the microbial film, the soluble organics are rapidly
metabolized and the colloidal organics adsorbed onto the surface.

c. Reoxygenation
- Dissolved oxygen extracted from the liquid layer is replenished by reoxygenation
from the surrounding air.

d. Sloughing
- losing the slime layer
- a function of the organic and hydraulic loading on the filter.

4. Operational problems

a. Undesirable anaerobic conditions
- Undesirable anaerobic conditions can be created in a trickling filter by inhibiting
aeration of the bed.

b. Plugging
- Plugging of the air passages with excess microbial growth, as a result of organic
overload, can create anaerobic and foul odors.

- organic overload

5. Air movement

1) (summer) If air temperature > waste temperature,
T
air
>
Tw
, air moves down through the filter bed

2) (winter) If air temperature < waste temperature,
T
air
<
Tw
, air moves up through the filter bed

3) (spring & fall) If air temperature = waste temperature,
T
w
= T
air
, no ventilation, no air movement

* June and august are transition zone, then system become anoxic
8

6. Advantages and Disadvantages of TF

Advantages:

a. Low energy input
b. accepts qualitative and quantitative shock load very well
c. accepts toxic load well
d. good sludge settling at secondary clarifier

Disadvantages:

a. land requirement - much land needed
b. performance
1) fair in summer mediocre, 30 mg/L BOD in effluent
2) poor in winter - can increase performance by covering
. cost for cover
. corrosion
. condensation

5. Level of Treatment

a. Secondary treatment systems

1) Normally, TFs are proceeded by primary treatment
2) the standard stone-filled filter must be preceded by a sedimentation tank equipped
with a scum-collecting device.
3) the system includes a final settling tank to remove biological growths that are
washed off the filter media.
4) the sloughed solids are commonly disposed of through a drain line from the bottom
of the final clarfier to the head end of the plant.
5) this return sludge flow is mixed with the raw wastewater and settled in the primary
clarifier.

6. Classification of TF (ME, p. 615, Table 10-13)

- TFs are classified by:
a) hydraulic loading rate
b) organic loading rate

Classifications are:

1) Low-rate or standard rate (Fig. 12.26, VH p.466)
2) Intermediate-rate
3) High-rate (Fig 12.27, VH p.467)
4) Super high-rate
5) Roughing filters
6) Two-stage (Fig 12.29, VH p. 468)

or
1) Single-stage
2) Two-stage

9
Low-rate TFs (Fig. 12.26, VH p.466) - or Standard Rate
1) rarely used in new designs
2) the wastewater passes through only once
3) the effluent is then settled prior to disposal.
4) the sludge line is operated, generally once or twice a day, to waste the accumulated
settled solids.
5) operate intermittently, dosing and resting. This operation is required bacause of the
low hydraulic load on the filter.
- low night time flow may result in intermittent dosing
6) a dosing siphone, or similar alternating flow-control system, must be installed ahead
of the filter to provide an adequate flow rate to turn the reaction-type rotary
distributor.
- otherwise, the distributor arm would stop turning during periods of low, such as at
night, and wastewater would trickle down only under the stalled arm.
- constant hydraulic loading is maintained by suction level controlled pumps or a
dosing siphon (not by recirlulation).

Intermediate and High-rate TFs (Fig 12.27, VH p.467)
1) raw wastewater is diluted with recirculation flow so that it is
passed through the filter more than once.
2) a return line from the final clarifier serves a dual function,
as a sludge return and a recirculation line.
3) the combined flow (Q+Q
R
) through the TF is always sufficiently
great to turn the distributor, and dosing siphone is not needed.
4) a high-rate filter is dosed continuously.

Super High-rate TFs
1) high hydraulic loading and great filter depths (ME, Fig 10-32)
2) plastic media
3) most are in the form of packed towers

Roughing filters
1) Organic loading > 100 lb BOD/1000 ft3. d (1.6 kg/m3.d)
- because of the heavy organic loading on roughing beds, their
design must consider the problem of bed plugging.
2) Hydraulic loading is up to 3.2 gal/ft2.min (187 m3/m2.d)
3) Most use plastic media
- the high percentage of void volume in manufactured media permits their application
and use in roughing filters.
4) Treat wastewater prior to secondary treatment.
- those receiving unsettled wastes, as well as other used for
pretreatment of settled strong wastes prior to subsequent
aeration, are referred to as roughing filters.

Two-stage TFs (Fig 12.29, VH p. 468)
a. Two filters in series, usually with an intermediate settling tank.
b. Super high rate-Roughing filters
c. Two-stage filters are used
1) where a high-quality effluent is required,
10
2) for treatment of strong wastewater
3) to compensate for lower bacterial activity in treating cold
wastwater.
4) where nitrification is required.

Recirculation (ME, p. 617, Figure 10-31)

Figure 10-31 (ME, p. 617) shows intermediate-rate and high-rate trickling-filter flow
diagrams with various recirculation patterns:
(a) single-stage filters and (b) two-stage filters.

1) the recirculation ratio is the ratio of recirculated flow to the
quantity of raw wastewater

2) a common range for recirculation ratio values is 0.5-3.0
Q
R

R = ------ = 0.5 - 3.0
Q
3) Purposes of recirculation
a. dilute very strong wastes
b. dilute toxic waste
c. minimize Q and BOD flactuations to filters
d. Return sludge for collections
e. seeding effect - seed input w/ some of viable microbes

4) Recirculation Control
- recirculation is done
a. only during periods of low wastewater flow
b. at a rate proportional to raw-wastewater flow
c. at a constant rate at all times
d. at two or more constant rates predetermined automatically
or by manual control.

5) Recirculation Patterns (Fig 12.28, VH p.467)
a. recirculation with sludge return
b. direct recirculation around dilter
c. recirculation of plant effluent
d. dual recirculation.

11

Loading Standards for Stone-Media Trickling Filters

a. Standards for Trickling Filters with Stone, Crushed Rock, or Slag
Media (Table 12.2, VH p.469)

b. The BOD load on a TF is calculated using the raw BOD in the primary
effluent applied to the filter, without regarding to the BOD in the
recirculated flow.

* Criteria for two-stage filters based on the total volume in both
filters.

c. BOD loadings are expressed in terms of

lbs of BOD applied /day lbs of BOD applied/day
------------------------ or ----------------------
1000 ft
3
of Volume acre-ft

* The hydraulic load is computed using the raw-wastewater flow plus recirculation flow.

d. Hydraulic loadings are expressed in terms of

million gallons applied average flow (in gpm) applied
---------------------------- or -----------------------------
acre of surface area per day ft
2
of surface area per day

d. Current values used in design (VH, p. 469, Table 12.2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Trickling BOD loading Hydraulic loading Recirculation
Filter lb/1000 ft
3
g/m
3 gpm/ft2 Ratio

---------------------------------------------------------------------
Low-rate 15 (5-25) 240 0.05 (0.03-0.06) 0
High-rate 35 (25-45) 560 0.25 (0.16-0.48) 1.5 (0.5-3.0)
Two-stage 55 (45-65) 880 0.25 (0.16-0.48) 1.5 (0.5-3.0)
---------------------------------------------------------------------

In a low-rate trickling filter, the relationship between BOD load and hydraulic load
depends on the strength of the applied wastewater.

- this relationship exists because there is no recirculation flow and
depth of the bed is limited to 5-7 ft.

2. Efficiency equations for stone-media TFs

a. National Research Council (NRC) formula
1) Based on data collected from filter plants at military installations in the United
States in the early 1940s.

2) The NRC formula for a single-stage TF

100 E
E = ------------------------ ==> ---- = E
1

w 100
1 + 0.0561 (---)
0.5

VF

where E = BOD removal at 20
o
C, %
w = BOD load applied, lb/day
V = volume of filter media, 10
3
ft
3
(ft
3
x 10
-3
)
F = recirculation factor

w
--- = volumetric BOD loading, lb/1000 ft
3
/day
V
12
1 + R
F = -------------
(1 + 0.1 R)
2

recirculation flow Q
R

where R = recirculation ratio = --------------------- = ---
raw wastewater flow Q

c. The NRC formula for the second stage of a two-stage TF

100
E
2
= ------------------------
0.0561 w
2

1 + (------)(----)
0.5

1-E1 VF

where E
2
= BOD removal of the second stage at 20
o
C, %
E
1
= fraction of BOD removal in the first stage,
w
2
= BOD load applied to the second stage, lb/day

w
2

--- = BOD loading, lb/1000 ft
3
/day
V

c. Effect of wasewater temperature on stone-filled TF efficiency

E = E
20
(1.035)
T-20

where E = BOD removal efficiency at temperature T,
o
C
E
20
= BOD removal efficiency at 20
o
C

Examples 12.4 & 12.6 (VH p. 470)

Design low rate TF (Low Rate Filter = 15 lb/1000 ft
3
day)

The raw-wastewater flow from a municiparity is 1.5 mgd with an average BOD
strength 180 mg/L.

Use a design BOD loading of 15 lb/1000 ft
3
/day, a hydraulic loading of 2-4 mil
gal/acre/day and a depth between 5 and 7 ft.

Assume that 1) overflow rates of 600 gpd/ft
2
for the primary clarifier and 800
gpd/ft
2
for the final clarifier, 2) the BOD removal in the primary clarifier is 35%, and
(3) the recirculation ratio R = 0.

1. Determine the diameter and depth dimensions for a low-rate trickling
filter secondary.

2. Calculate the 17
o
C BOD removal efficiency a low-rate trickling
filter secondary.

(Solution)

Given: Raw wastewater flow = 1.5 MGD
Average BOD in raw sewage = 180 mg/L
Design BOD loading = 15 lb/1000 ft
3
/day
13
Hydraulic loading = 2 - 4 MG/acre/day
Filter depth = 5 - 7 ft
Overflow rate = 600 gpd/ft
2
for the primary clarifier
= 800 gpd/ft
2
for the final clarifier
BOD removal efficiency
in the primary clarifier = 35%
Recirculation ratio =, r = 0
a. The BOD loading to the primar settling tank
lb/MG
(180 mg/L)(1.5 MGD)(8.34 ----- ) = 2252 lb/day
mg/L

a. The BOD load on the TF
BOD load = (1-0.35)(2252 lb/day = 1464 lb/day

b. The hydraulic load to the TF
Q = 1.5 MGD

c. Volume of filter media required
BOD loading 1464 lb/day
V = ------------------- = ------------------- = 97,600 ft
3

Design BOD loading 15 lb/1000 ft
3
/day

d. Surface area of the filter

i) At 5 ft depth,
Volume 97,600 ft
3

A = -------- = ---------- = 19,520 ft
2

Depth 5 ft

19520 ft2 1 acre
= (---------)(---------) = 0.45 acre
43560 ft2

Q 1.5 MGD
Hydraulic load = --- = ---------- = 3.4 MGD/acre
A 0.45 acre

(satisfy thecriteria: 2 -4 Mgal/acrea-day)

ii) At 6 ft depth,
Volume 97,600 ft
3

A = ------- = ---------- = 16,270 ft
2
= 0.37 acre
Depth 6 ft

Hydraulic load

Q 1.5 MGD
--- = ---------- = 4.1 MGD/acre (Little too high)
A 0.37 acre

e. Use two 100-ft-diameter filters
97,600 ft
3

V = 3.14 r
2
h = (3.14)(50 ft)
2
(h) = ---------- = 48,800 ft
3

2
48,800 ft
3

h = ------------- = 6.2 ft
14
(3.14)(50 ft)

2. Calculate the 17
o
C BOD removal efficiency

a. Use the NRC formula for a single-stage trickling filter

100 100
E = -------------------- = ---------------------- = 82.2%
1 + 0.0561 (w/VF)
0.5
1 + 0.0561 (15/1)
0.5

where E = BOD removal efficiency at 20
o
C, %
w/V = BOD loading, lb/1000 ft
3
/day = 15

1 + R 1 + 0
= ------------ = ---------- = 1.0
(1 + 0.1R)
2
[1+0.1(0)
2

QR
R = recirculation ratio = ---- = 0
Q
b. Effect of temperature

E = E20 (1.035)
T-20
= (82.2%)(1.035)
17-20
= 74%

c. The plant efficiency (overall efficiency)

ET = 100 - 100 [(1 - 1
o
efficiency)(1 - 2
o
efficiency)]
= 100 - 100 [(1 - 0.35)(1-0.74)]
= 83 %
15

Loading to Trickling Filter

Q So Q No
Volumetric BOD Loading Volumetric TKN Loading
V V
= =

Q So Q No
Specific BOD Loading Specific TKN Loading
A A
= =

Specific surface area, m
2
/m
3
Table 9-2 (4
th
ME 898)

Total surface area, m
2
= (Specific surface area, m
2
/m
3
) (Total volume m
3
)

Example 9-2 (4
th
ME 911) Trickling Filter Loading

A 10-m diameter single-stage trickling filter contains conventional cross-flow plastic
packing at a depth of 6.1 m. Primary effluent with the characteristics given below is
applied to the filter.

Primary effluent wastewater characteristics
------------------------------------------
Parameter Unit Value
------------------------------------------
Flow rate m
3
/d 4000
BOD g/m
3
120
TSS g/m
3
180
TKN g/m
3
25
------------------------------------------
Note: g/m
3
= mg/L

1) What is the volumetric BOD and TKN loading?
2) What is the specific TKN loading?
3) What is the approximate BOD removal efficiency at 20C?
4) Can nitrification be expected?

(Solutions)

Given:
a. Filter depth, D = 6.1 m
b. Filter diameter = 10 m

16

1. Determine the volumetric BOD and TKN loading

Volumetric BOD Loading
QSo
V
Volumetric TKN Loading
QNo
V
= =

a) Determine the volume of the trickling filter packing material.

A = r
2
= (10/2 m)
2
= 78.5 m
2

V = A D = r
2
D = (10/2 m)
2
(6.1 m) = 478.85 m
3
= 479 m
3

b) Determine the BOD loading

3
3 3
3 3
4000 120 1
10 1.00
479 .
m g kg
d m g Q So kg
BOD loading rate
V m m d
| | | |
| |
| | |
\
\ \
= = =

2. Determine the TKN loading rate.

TKN
Q So
V
m
d
g
m
kg
g
m
kg TKN
m d
= =
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
4000 25 1
10
479
021
3
3 3
3 3
.
.

3. Estimate the approximate BOD removal efficiency.

From Fig. 9-8 (4
th
ME 910), at a loading of 1.0 kg BOD/m
3
.d, the BOD removal
efficiency is about 82 %.

4. What is the specific TKN loading?

From Table 9-2 (4
th
ME 898), the specific surface area of the packing (plastic-
conventional) is ~ 90 m
2
/m
3

Total surface area, A
T
= (90 m
2
/m
3
)(479 m
3
) = 43,110 m
2

Q No (4000 m
3
/d) (25 g/m
3
)
Specific TKN loading = ----------- = -----------------------------
A
T
43,110 m
2

= 2.3 g TKN/m
2
. d
17
5. Can nitrification be expected?

Based on the data given in Table 9-5 (4
th
ME 909),

the BOD loading (1.0 kg/m
3
-d) for combined BOD removal and nitrification is
too high.
the BOD loading ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 kg BOD/m
3
. d is appropriate.
The specific TKN loading (2.3 g TKN/m
2
. d) for combined BOD removal and
nitrification is too high.
TKN loading ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 g TKN/m
2
. d is appropriate.

Thus, no nitrification can be expected

At the higher BOD loading, the heterotrophic bacteria outcompete the nitrifying bacteria
for sites on the packing surface and thus control the slime biomass population.

Trickling-filter sizing using NRC equation (4
th
ME 913)

1
1
1
1
1 0.4432
E
W
V F
=
+
(9-11)
where
E
1
= BOD removal efficiency for first-stage filter at 20C, including recirculation,
fraction
W
1
= BOD loading to filter, kg/d
V
1
= volume of filter packing, m
3


The recirculation factor is calculated using Eq. (9-12)

( )
F
R
R
=
+
+
1
1 01
2
.
(9-12)

where F = recirculation factor
R = recycle ratio, unit less (generally 0 2.0)

E
E
W
VF
2
1
2
1
1
04432
1
=
+
.
(9-13)

where E
2
= BOD removal efficiency for the second-stage filter at 20C
E
1
= fraction of BOD removal in the first-stage filter
W
2
= BOD loading applied to the second-stage filter, kg/d
18
The effect of wastewater temperature

E E
T
T
=

20
1035
20
( . ) (9-14)

where E
T
= BOD removal efficiency at temperature T in C
E
20
= BOD removal efficiency at 20C

Hydraulic loading
Q
A
T
=

where Q
T
= total flow, m
3
/d
A = surface area, m
2

Example 9-3 Trickling Filter Sizing Using NRC Equations (4
th
ME 913)

A municipal wastewater having a BOD of 200 g/m
3
is to be treated by a two-stage
trickling filter. The desired effluent quality is 25 g/m
3
of BOD. If both of the filter depths
are to be 1.83 m and the recirculation ratio is 2:1, find the required filter diameter.

Assume the following design assumptions apply. (Note: g/m
3
= mg/L)
1) Flow rate = 7,570 m
3
/d
2) filter depth, h = 1.83 m
3) Wastewater temperature = 20C
4) E
1
= E
2

(Solution)

Given: S
o
= 200 g/m
3
; S = 25 g/m
3
; Depth, D = 1.83 m; R = 2/1 = 2

1. Compute E
1
and E
2

So S (200 25) g/m
3

Overall efficiency, E
T
= ----------- (100) = -------------------- (100) = 87.5%
So (200 g/m
3
)

E
T
= E
1
+ E
2
(1 - E
1
) = 0.875

Since E
1
= E
2
, E
1
+ E
1
(1 - E
1
) = 0.875

Then, solve for E
1
, E
1
= E
2
= 0.646

2. Compute the recirculation factor using Eq. (9-12)

( ) ( )
F
R
R
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
1
1 01
1 2
1 01 2
2 08
2 2
. . ( )
.
19

First Filter

3. Compute the BOD loading for the first filter, W
1
.

W
1
= Q So = (7570 m
3
/d)( 200 g/m
3
)(1 kg/10
3
g) = 1,514 kg BOD/d

4. Compute the volume for the first stage [using Eq. (9-11), ME 913].

E
W
VF
1
1
1
1 0 4432
=
+ .

( )
0646
1
1 0 4432
1514
2 08
.
.
.
=
+
V

Solve for V
1
, V
1
= 476 m
3

5. Compute the diameter of the first filter.

3
2
1
1
476
260
1.83
V m
A m
h m
= = =

Second Filter

6. Compute the BOD loading for the second-stage filter, W
2
.

W
2
= (1 E
1
) W
1
= (1 0.646)(1,514 kg BOD/d) = 536 kg BOD/d

7. Compute the volume of the second-stage filter using Eq. (9-13).

2
2
1 2
1
0.4432
1
1
E
W
E V F
=
+

2
1
0.646
0.4432 536
1
1 0.646 (2.08) V
=
+

Solve for V
2
, V
2
= 1,345 m
3

20

8. Compute the diameter of the second filter.

3
2
2
1345
735
1.83
V m
A m
h m
= = =

A = r
2
r = (A/ )
1/2
= (735 m
2
/ 3.14)
1/2
= 15.3 m

Diameter, 2r = 30.6 m

9. Compute the BOD loading to each filter.

a. Filter-stage filter:

W
1
(1514 kg/d)
BOD loading = ------ = --------------- = 3.18 kg/m
3
. d
V
1
476 m
3

b. Second-stage filter:

W
2
(536 kg/d)
BOD loading = ------ = --------------- = 0.40 kg/ m
3
. d
V
2
1345 m
3

10. Compute the hydraulic loading to each filter.

a. First-stage filter:

( )( )
( )( )
3
3 2
2
1
1 2 7570 /
0.061 / .min
260 1440 min/
T
m d
Q
Hydraulic loading m m
A m d
+
= = =

= =
0061 1440 87 84
3
2
3
2
.
. min
min .
.
m
m d
m
m d
(Roughing filter)

b. Second-stage filter:

( )
( )
( )
( )
Hydraulic loading
Q
A
m d
m d
m m
T
= =
+
=
2
3
2
3 2
1 2 7570
735 1440
0022
/
min/
. / . min

= =
0022 1440 3168
3
2
3
2
.
. min
min .
.
m
m d
m
m d
(High rate filter)

21
See Table 9-1 for classification of trickling filters.

Note:

So S
2

E
T
= ------------- (1)
So

So S
1

E
1
= ------------ (2)
So

S
1
S
2

E
2
= ------------ (3)
S
1

Solve (2) for S
1
, then substitute into (3); then solve (3) for S
2
, then substitute (3) into (1).

E
T
= E
1
+ E
2
(1-E
1
)

22

Tower Trickling Filter with Plastic Packing (4
th
ME 916)

S
S
e
e
o
kD
q
n
=
|
\
|
|
(9-19; 4
th
ME 917)

where S
e
= BOD concentration of settled filter effluent, mg/L (g/m
3
)
S
o
= influent BOD concentration to the filter, mg/L (g/m
3
)
D = packing depth, m
q = hydraulic application rate of primary effluent, excluding recirculation, L/m
2
.s
n = constant characteristic of packing used (normally assumed to be 0.50)
k = wastewater treatability and packing coefficient, (L/s)
0.5
/m
2
based on n = 0.5

k k
D
D
S
S
2 1
1
2
0 5
1
2
0 5
=
|
\
|
|
\
|
. .
(9-22; 4
th
ME 918)

where k
2
= normalized value of k for the site-specific packing depth and influent BOD
concentration
k
1
= k value at depth of 6.1 m (20 ft) and influent BOD of 150 mg/L (g/m
3
)
See Table 9-6 Normalized Germain equation k
1
values from pilot-plant
studies for different wastewaters (4
th
ME 918)
e.g., k
1
= 0.210 (L/s)
0.5
/m
2
for domestic wastewater

S
1
= 150 g BOD/m
3
(from pilot-plant studies)
S
2
= site-specific influent BOD concentration, g BOD/m
3

D
1
= 6.1 m (20 ft) packing depth, m (from pilot-plant studies)
D
2
= site-specific packing depth, m

k k
T
T
=

20
20
1035 ( . ) (9-20; 4
th
ME 917)

Rotational speed, n

n
R q mm
A DR h
=
+ ( )( )( / min)
( )( )( min/ )
1 10
60
3
(9-1; 4
th
ME 899)

where n = rotational speed, rev/min
q = influent applied hydraulic loading rate (q = Q/A), m
3
/m
2
-h
R = recycle ratio
A = number of arms in rotary distributor assembly
DR = dosing rate of distributor arm, mm/pass
23
See Table 9-3. A guideline for trickling filter dosing rate as a function of
BOD loading (4
th
ME 899)

Example 9-4. Design of Trickling Filter with Plastic Packing (4
th
ME 906)

Given the following design flow rates and primary effluent wastewater characteristics,
determine the following design parameters for a trickling filter design assuming 2 towers
at 6.1 m depth, cross-flow plastic packing with a specific surface area of 90 m
2
/m
3
, a
packing coefficient n value of 0.5 and a 2-arm distributor system. The required
minimum wetting rate of 0.5 L/m
2
.s. Assume a secondary clarifier depth of 4.2 m.

Note: Minimum wetting rate = q + q
r
where q
r
= recirculation rate (L/m
2
.s)
Total pumping rate = (q + q
r
) (A) where A = filter surface area

Design Conditions:

Item Unit Primary effluent Target effluent
Flow m
3
/d 15,140
BOD g/m
3
125 20
TSS g/m
3
65 20
Minimum Temp. C 14
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
g/m
3
= mg/L Flow, Q = 630.8 m
3
/hr

Using the above information, determine:

1. Diameter of tower trickling filter, m
2. Volume of packing required, m
3

3. Recirculation rate required, if any
4. Total pumping rate, m
3
/h
5. Flushing and normal dose rate, mm/pass
6. Clarifier diameter, m (assume the ratio of the peak to average flow rate is 1.5)

(Solution)

Given:
Number of towers = 2
Depth of tower = 6.1 m
Surface area (cross-flow plastic packing) = 90 m
2
/m
3

Packing coefficient n value = 0.5
Number of distributor arms = 2
Required minimum wetting rate = 0.5 L/m
2
.s
Secondary clarifier depth = 4.2 m

24

1. Determine k
20
for the design conditions using Eq. (9-22).

k k
D
D
S
S
2 1
1
2
0 5
1
2
0 5
=
|
\
|
|
\
|
. .

a) From Table 9-6, obtain k
1
=0.210 (L/s)
0.5
/m
2
for domestic wastewater
b) Trickling filter depth D
2
= 6.1 m (given)
c) S
2
= 125 g/m
3
(given)
Calculate k
2

( )
( )
( )
k k
D
D
S
S
L s m
m
m
g m
g m
L s m
2 1
1
2
0 5
1
2
0 5
0 5 2
0 5 3
2
0 5
0 5 2
0 210
61
61
150
125
0230
=
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
|
\
(
(
=
. .
.
.
.
.
. ( / ) /
.
.
/
/
. ( / ) /

a. Correct k
2
for temperature effect using Eq. (9-20).

At T = 14C,
k k
T
T
= = =

20
20 14 20
1035 0230 1035 0187 ( . ) . ( . ) . (L/s)
0.5
/m
2

2. Determine the hydraulic application rate and the filter area, volume, and diameter.

a. Using Eq. (9-19), determine the hydraulic application rate, q. (Note that q = Q/A)

S
S
e
e
o
kD
q
n
=

( )( )
q
kD
S
S
L m s
o
e
n
=
|
\
(
(
(
(
(
=
|
\
(
(
(
(
=
ln
. .
ln
. / .
/
/ .
1
1 0 5
2
0187 61
125
20
03875

25

b. Determine the tower area.

Flow, Q is

Q
m
d
L
m
d
s
L s =
|
\
|
|
\
| =
15140 10
86 400
1752
3 3
3
,
,
. /

Filter area, A is

A
Q
q
L
s
L
m s
m = =
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
1752
03875
452 2
2
2
.
.
.
.

c. Determine the packing volume.

Packing volume, V = A h = (452.2 m
2
)(6.1 m) = 2758 m
3

d. Determine the tower diameter

Area/each tower = (452.2 m
2
) / 2 = 226.1 m
2

A = r
2

r
A
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=

1 2 1 2
2261
8 49
/ /
.
. m

Diameter, D = 2r = 2(8.49 m) = 17 m each for two filters

3. Determine the recirculation rate and the recirculation ratio.

a. Determine the recirculation rate.

The required minimum wetting rate = q + q
r
= 0.5 L/m
2
.s (given)

where q
r
= recirculation rate (L/m
2
.s)

0.3875 L/m
2
.s + q
r
= 0.5 L/m
2
.s

q
r
= 0.5 - 0.3875 = 0.1125 = 0.11 L/m
2
.s

26
b. Determine the recirculation ratio, R.

R = q
r
/ q = 0.11 / 0.39 = 0.28

4. Determine the pumping rate (m
3
/hr).

Total pumping rate = (q + q
r
) (A) = (0.5 L/m
2
.s)( 452.2 m
2
) = 226 L/s

226 L m
3
3600 s
= --------- -------- --------- = 814 m
3
/hr
s 10
3
L h

5. Determine flushing and normal dose rate using the data given in Table 9-3.

a. Determine BOD loading (volumetric).

Q So (15,140 m
3
/d) (125 g/m
3
)(1 kg/10
3
g)
BOD loading = -------- = --------------------------------------------- = 0.69 kg/m
3
.d
(volumetric) V 2758 m
3

b. Determine the dosing rate (from Table 9-3), 4
th
ME 899.

The estimated flushing and operation dose rates are:
Flushing dose = 300 mm/pass
Operation dose, DR = 50 mm/pass

6. Determine the distributor speed using Eq. (9-1).

n
R q mm
A DR h
=
+ ( )( )( / min)
( )( )( min/ )
1 10
60
3

where n = rotational speed, rev/min
R = recycle ratio = 0.28 (from 3b)
A = number of arms in rotary distributor assembly = 2 (given)
q = influent applied hydraulic loading rate, m
3
/m
2
-h

Q (15,140 m
3
/d) (d/24 hr) 1.4 m
3

q = ----- = ------------------------------- = ------------
A (452.2 m
2
) m
2
.hr

a. For flushing

DR = dosing rate, mm/pass of distributor arm = 300 mm/pass (Flushing)

27
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
n
R q mm
A DR h
rev i e rev
=
+
=
+
=
( )( )( / min)
( )( )( min/ )
. .
. / min ( . ., min/ )
1 10
60
1 0 28 14 1000
2 300 60
00498 20
3

b. For normal operation

DR = dosing rate, mm/pass of distributor arm = 50 mm/pass (Operation)

( )( )( )
( )( )( )
n
R q mm
A DR h
rev i e rev
=
+
=
+
=
( )( )( / min)
( )( )( min/ )
. .
. / min ( . ., . min/ )
1 10
60
1 0 28 14 1000
2 50 60
030 333
3

Note: Because of the different speed requirements for normal and flushing operation, a
distributor drive with variable speed capability should be used.

----------

7. Determine clarifier diameter.

a. Clarifier depth = 4.2 m (given)
b. From Fig. 9-7 (4
th
ME 905),
i. the recommended overflow rate (Q/A) for peak = 1.1 m/h
ii. the recommended overflow rate (Q/A) for average flow rate = 2.4 m/h

Because the ratio of the peak to average flow rate = 1.5 (given), the average overflow rate
controls the design.

Flowrate, Q = (15,140 m
3
/d)(24 h/d) = 630.8 m
3
/h
Clarifier area, A = Q / (Q/A) = (630.8 m
3
) / (1.1 m/h) = 573.5 m
2
for peak flow

Use 2 clarifiers.
Area of each clarifier = 573.5 m
2
/2 = 286.7 m
2

Diameter of each clarifier

A = r
2

r
A
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=

1 2 1 2
2867
955
/ /
.
.

Diameter = 2 r = 2(9.55) = 19 m each for two clarifiers
28

29

30
Typical low-rate trickling-filter plant

Typical high-rate trickling-filter plant

Single-stage high-rate trickling filters
31
Typical recirculation patterns: a) Recirculation with sludge return; b) Direct recirculation
around filter

Typical recirculation patterns: c) Recirculation of plant effluent; d) Dual recirculation

Two-stage Trickling filters

Typical flow diagram

7-Trickling Filter F11

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

7-Trickling Filter F11

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

7-Trickling Filter_F11.

Anda mungkin juga menyukai