82 CORROSION TESTING

--+
8

HYPOTHETICAL CATHODIC AND ANODIC

POLARIZATION DIAGRAM

OBSERVED POLARIZATION PLOT

CORROSION

ANODIC BRANCH

OPEN CIRCUIT POTENTIAL

5-I
LOG CURRENT DENSITY

Source: ASTM, Q 3, Fig. 3 (2000 Edition). Reprinted, with perm~ssion,copyright ASTM.

CORROSION TESTING 83
TYPICAL CATHODIC AND ANODIC
POLARIZATION DIAGRAM
POLARIZATION BEHAVIOR OF STEEL
IN 1.ON Na, SO,

100

10

102

CURRENT DENSITY (pAkrn2)

Source: R. Baboian

84 CORROSION TESTING
HYPOTHETICAL CATHODIC AND ANODIC
POLARIZATION PLOTS FOR A PASSIVE ANODE

LOG CURRENT DENSITY

Source: ASTM, 0 3, Fig. 4, (2000 Edition). Reprinted, with permission, copyright ASTM.

CORROSION TESTING 85
TYPICAL STANDARD POTENTIOSTATIC ANODIC
POLARIZATION PLOT
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.oo

89

$
-g

0.80

Type 430 Stainless Steel

(543000)

0.60

1 N H2SO4,3OoC

0.40

Potentiostatic
50 mV each 5 min

0.20

g3 0.00
-0.20
-0.40

-0.60 I
0.1

1.o

10

lo2

103

104

lo5

Current Density (pA/cm2)

Source: ASTM, 0 5, Fig. 4 (2000 Edition). Reprinted, with permission, copyright ASTM

86 CORROSION TESTING
DATA FOR TAFEL EQUATION CALCULATIONS
q=p10g-

10

Metal

Temwratun
C

Solution

10

volts

A/m2

[ImA/cm*

MI

Hydrogen Overvoltage
Pt
(smooth)
Pd
Mo
Au
Ta

20
25
20
20
20
20

I N HCI
0.1N NaOH
O.6N HCI
I N HCi
I N HCI
1N HCI

20

Ag
Ni

20
20
20
20
20
16
25
20
20
20
20
20
20
16
20
20
20
20
20

Bi
Nb
Fe
cu
Sb

Al
Be
Sn
Cd
Zn
Hg

Pb

0.03
0.11
0.03
0.04
0.05

2
10-2
10-2

5N HCI

0.08
0.11

lo-
lo-

0.lN HCI
0.1N HCI
0.12N NaOH
1N HCI
I N HCI
I N HCI
4% NaCl pH 1-4
0.1N HCI
0.15N NaOH
2N HzS04
2N H2S04
I N HCi
I N HCI
1N HCI
1N H2S04
0.IN HCI
0.1N H2S04
0.1N NaOH
0.01-8N HCI

0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.15
0.10
0.12
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.12
0.15
0.20
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.10
0.12

10

0.68

10-3
10-3
4 10-3
10-3
10-3
10-2
10-3
2 10-3
1 x 10-2
10-5
10-6
10-5
i0-4
10-3
1.6 10-7
7 10-9
2 10-9

0.00
0.13
0.02
0.12
0.15
0.16
0.22
0.30
0.31
0.34
0.40
0.40
0.45
0.40 (Stern)
0.44

0.36
0.60
0.70
0.72
0.75

0.80

3x

lo-

10-9

0.94
1.10
1.16
1.15
1.16

9 x 10-8
4 x 10-8
5 10-9

0.81
0.47
0.47

Oxygen Overvoltage
Pt
(smooth)

AU

Zn
cu
Fe
Ni

20
20
20

25
25
25
25

0.1N H2S04
0.IN NaOH
0.1N NaOH

0.10
0.05
0.05

Metal Overvoitage
(deposition)
1M &SO4
0.12
1M CuS04
0.12
0.12
1M FeSO,
0.12
1M NiS04

0.2
0.2
10-4
10-5

0.20 (Bockris)
0.20 (Bockris)
0.60(Bockrls)

0.68(Bockris)

1 rnA/cm2 = 10 A h 2

Source: H. H. Uhlig, Corrosion and Corrosion Control, 3rd ed.,p. 44, John Wiley 8 Sons.
Copyright 01985. This material is used by permission of John Wiiey 8 Sons, Inc.

CORROSION TESTING 87
HYPOTHETICAL POLARIZATION RESISTANCE PLOT
h

+i

__

(4

/'
Source: ASTM. G 3, Fig. 2 (2000 Edition). Reprinted, with permission, copyright ASTM

88 CORROSION TESTING
POLARIZATION RESISTANCE METHOD FOR DETERMINING
CORROSION RATES
Definingthe polarization resistance R, as

and combining the constants as

B=

b
.
b
,
P.303(ba+ b,)

the corrosion current icon

can be calculated as

The dimension of R, as determined from a potential-current plot is ohms (a).In order to obtain
a value of R, which is independent of the electrode surface and which can be converted into
Corrosion rates, polarization resistancevalues should be reported in R .om2 (e.g., mV/mA/cm2).

See following page for typical values for constant B.

Source: F, Mansfieid in ElectrochemicalTechniques forCorrosion. R. Baboian, Editor, NACE,
pp. 18-26,1977.

CORROSION TESTING 89
VALUES OF THE CONSTANT B
FOR THE POLARIZATION RESISTANCE METHOD

Theoretical
(Values of 8 calculated from arbitrary
b. and b, values using formula on
previous page: b, and b, values
can be interchanged.)

30
30
30
30
30
60
60
60
60
60

90

90
90

Iron, 4% NaCI, pH 1.5

Iron, O.5N H2S04,30 C
Iron, IN H2S04
Iron, I N HCI
Iron, 0.02M citric acid, pH 2.6.35 C
Carbon steel, seawater
Carbon steel. 1N Na2S04,H2, pH 6.3,30C
304L SS, 1N HzSOI, 0 2
304 SS, lithiated water, 288 C
304 SS,3% NaCI, 90 C
430 SS. I N HzSOl, HP,30 C
600 alloy, iithiated water, 268 C
A1 1199.I N NaCI, pH 2,30C
Aluminum, seawater
Zircaloy 2, lithiated water, 288 C
OFHC Copper, I N NaCI, HP,pH 6.2.30 C

30
60
120
180
m

60
90
120
160
x
90
120
180

90

120
120
180
180

120
s

180
m

6.5
9
10
11
13

13
16

17
20

26
20
22
26
39
26
52
39
78
17
17
10-20

57

inf.
inf.

50
160
50

82

160

45
inf.

600
186

65

I a23
12
25
19
22
24
22
20
24
44

18
81
26

Source: Adapted from a collection of literature values compiled by Florian Mansfeld,

Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion, R. Baboian, Editor, NACE, pp, 18,26, 1977.

90 CORROSION TESTING
HYDROGEN OVERVOLTAGE ON VARIOUS
ELECTRODE MATERIALS
2

-1

t
NE

-2
-3

9
8-4

-I

-5

-6

-7

-8

-9

-1.6

-1.4

-1.2

-1.0

-0.8

11 (4

Source: C.A. Hampel.

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

CORROSION TESTING 91
STANDARD REFERENCE POTENTIALS
AND CONVERSION TABLE
REFERENCE POTENTIALS
Thermal
Temperature
Coefficient'
(mVPC)

Potential M 0 25%

Electmde

(R)/Hz (a= 1)/H + (a= 1) (SHE)

Ag/AgCI/l M KCI
Ag/AgC1/0,6M CI(seawater)
Ag/AgCI/O.l M CIHg/HgzCIz/sat KCI (SCE)
HS/HgzCIz/lM KCI
Hg/HgzCl2/0.1MKCI
Cu/CuS04sat
Hg/HgzSOdHzSO,

0.000
+0.235
+0.25
+0.288

...
...

f0.87

...
...
...
...

...

+0.25

+0.22

t0.241

t0.244

f0.22

+0.280
+0.334
+0.30
+0.616

+0.283
+0.336

+0.59
+0.79
+0.90

+0.09

(')To convert from thermal to isothermal temperature coefficients, subtract 0.87 mV/C.
Thus the isothermal temperature coefficient for Ag/AgCVlM KCi is -0.62 mV/'C.
(b)E' is the standard potential for the half cell corrected for the concentration of the ions.
(c)E" also includes the liquid junction potentials for a saturated KCI salt bridge.

CONVERSION FACTORS")
From (E')

Hz/H+
Ag/AgCVl M KCI
Ag/AgCVOBM CI(seawater)
Ag/AgCVO.lM CIHg/HgzClz/satKCI (SCE)
Hg/HgzClz/IM KCI
Hg/Hg2Clz/O.lM KCI
cu/cuso4 sat
Hg/HgzSOdHzSO4

To SHE Scale

To SCE Scale ( E )

+0.235
+0.25

-0.006

f0.288

+0.047

+0.241
+0.280
+0.334
+0.30

+0.039
+0.093

...

-0.241

+0.009

...
...

i-0.06

+0.616

(d)Toconvert from one scale to another, add the value indicated.

Example:
An electrode potential of +l.OOOV versus SCE would be (1,000 0.241) = +1.241V
versus SHE. An electrode potential of -1 .OOOV versus SCE would give (-1.000
0.241) =
-0.759V versus SHE.

Source: ASTM, G 3, (2000 Edition). Reprinted, with permission. copyright ASTM

(0
h)

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES
REDUCTIONREACTIONS HAVING E" VALUES MORE POSITIVETHAN THAT OF THE STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODE
E",V

Reaction

Reaction

E-, V
~

2 H+ + 2 e $ H 2
Cul- + e $ C u + 2 1 Ge+
'
2 e $ G$+
NO; +Hz0+2e$NO;+2H0
n203 3 H20 4 e $ 2 n+ 6 0 H
S e - +H20+2e:%0+20H+e$UO;
Pd(0Hk 2 e $ Pd 2 OHAgBr+e $ Ag + Brr
s,@- 2: e 2 s.&AgSCN e Ag SCNNZ+ 2 H 2 0 + 6 H t + 6 e $ 2 N H 4 0 H
HgO H20 2 e $ Hg 2 OHlr203 3 H20 + 6 e $ 2 lr 6 0 H
2 NO 2 e $ N2@[Co(NH~)s13'+ e $ [CO(NH3!&+
H g 2 0 H 2 0 2 e $ 2 Hg 2 OH
Ge4+ + 4 e $ G e
HgzBr2 + 2 e s 2 Hg + 2 BrPt(OH)2+ 2 e 2 Pt + 2 OHS + 2 H+ 2 e $ H2S(aq)
Np4+ + e $ Np3+
AgdFe(CN)d 4 e $ 4 Ag [Fe(CNkI4
Mn(OH)3 e $ Mn(OH)2 OH2 NO; + 3 H 2 0 4 e $ N20 6 0 H Sn4' +2e$Sn2+
S b O , + 6 Hf + 6 e $ 2 Sb + 3 H20
Cu2+ e :
Cut

+
+
UW

+
+

+
+
+
+

o.ooooo
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.062
0.07
0.07133

0.08
0.8951
0.092
0.0977
0.098
0.10
0.108
0.123
0.124
0.13923
0.14
0.142
0.147
0.1478
0.15
0.15
0.151
0.152
0.153

BiOC1+2 H+ + 3 e $ & + CI- +HzO

Bi(CI);
3 e $ Bi + 4 CIW O H h e S Co(0Hk OHS@4 H+ 2 e $ H2S03 Hz0
SbO+ 2 H+ + 3 e $ Sb 2 H20
AgCl e $ Ag CIAs20,+6H+ + 6 e z 2 A s + 3 H 2 0
Calomel electrode, Saturated NaCl (SSCE)
&++2e:Ge
Calomel electrode. saturated KCI
PbOz HzO 2 e $ PbO 2 0 H HASO, 3 H+ 3, $ As 2 Hz0
Flu3+ e $ Ru2+
Re02 4 H+ 4 e Re + 2 H 2 0
10; + 3 H Z 0 + 6 e $ l - +OHHg2Clz 2 e $ 2 Hg + 2 CICalomel electrode, molal KCI
Calomel electrode. 1 moVl KCI (NCE)
Re3++3e$Re
BiO+ + 2 H + + 3 e $ B i + H 2 0
UOF + 4 H+ + 2 e = U4++ 2 H20
CIO;
HZO 2 e $ CIO;
2 OH2 HCNO 2 H+ 2 e $ (CN)2 2 H20
Calomel electrode, 0.1 moVl KCI
V@+
2 H+ e
+ HZO
Cu2++2esCu
Ag20 HZO 2 e $ 2 Ag 2 OHC d + 2 e $ Cu(Hg)

+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+

+ +
+
+
+
+
+ z
+

+
+
+

+
+

+
+

2v+

0.1583
0.16
0.17
0.172
0.212
0.22233
0.234
0.2360
0.24
0.2412
0.247
0.248
0.2487
0.2513
0.26
0.26808
0.2800
0.2801
~~

0.300
0.320
0.327
0.33
0.330
0.3337
0.337
0.3419
0.342
0.345

a6

82
21

-i

Reaction

Eo.V

~ g ~ + e s 4 + 1 o ;
[Fe(CN)613- e
[Fe(C&I'Cloy H20+ 2 e
CIO;
2 OHAgzSeos 2 e $ 2 Ag S d 3 ReO; + 8 H + + 7 e e R e + 4 H 2 0
(CNh+2H+ + 2 e e 2 H C N
[Ferricinium]+ e $ fermcene
Tc2+ + 2 e $ Tc
02 2 HZO 4 e $ 4 OH&oCN
e $ Ag + W N [RhCI6l3- 3 e S Rh 6 CI&~CIO,
2 e 2 ~g + c e H2S& 4 H+ 4 e $ S 3 H20
Flu2+ + 2 e $ R u
Ag2Mo04 2 e $ 2 Ag MOOAgzC204 2 e $ 2 Ag
As2W0,
2e$ 2 4
We&C03
2 e 2 ~g CcfTd; + 8 H + + 7 e = T e + 4 H 2 0
10- H 2 0+ 2 e = I- + 2 OHReO;
4 H+ 3 e $ Re02 2 HZO
Hgz(ack 2 e $ 2 Hg 2 (acCu+ e $ Cu
l2+2e$2Il3+2e$3IAgBQ
e$Ag
610;
MnO;
e
MneH 3 M 4 2 H+ + 2 e- $ HAs02 2 H 2 0
1
0
; + 2 H 2 0 + 4 e e I O - +40HS&+4H++2e$2H2S03
A g N q e$Ag
NO;
Te4+ 4 e g Te
S~O5+66++4e$2SbO++3H20
RuO;
e
RueFdCLI2- 2 e $ Pd + 4 CIT302 4 H+ + 4 e
Te + 2 H 2 0

+ +

+
+

+
+
+ e
+
+

+
+
+

+
+ Se+
+

+ s

+
+
+
+

+
+ =
+

+
+ e
+
+

0.354
0.358
0.36
0.3629
0.368
0.373
0.400
0.400
0.401
0.41
0.431
0.4470
0.449
0.455
0.4573
0.4647
0.4660
0.47
0.472

0.485
0.510
0.51 163
0.521
0.5355
0.536

0.546
0.558
0.560
0.56

0.564
0.564
0.568
0.581
0.59
0.591
0.593

Reaction

0.

MnO;
2 H 2 0+ 3 e $ Mn02 + 4 OHRh2++2e$Rh
Rh++e$Rh
M e - +2H20+2e$Mn@ +40H2 Ago H20 2 e S Ag20 2 OH610; + 3 H 2 0 + 6 e = B r r + 6 O H UO;
4 H+ e $ U4+ 2 H 2 0
Hg,S04
2 e $ 2 Hg ?OCIO; + 3 H 2 0 + 6 e S C I - + 6 O H Hg2HP04 2 e $2 Hg H P e A g W + e S Ag ( a W
SbOs (valentinite) 4 H+ + 4 e
Sb&
2 HzO
2e
2 ~g .%3CO;
H20 2 e $ CIO- + 2 O H SbOs (senarmontite) 4 H+ + 4 e $ SkO3 2 H 2 0
[aC16]'2 e $ [p1c14p-+ 2 CIO2 2 H+ + 2 e $ H202
pbenzoquincme 2 H+ + 2 e :
hydmquinone
H3i06 2 e $10; + 3 OHAg&
H 2 0 2 e SAgO+ 2 OHpCL]2- + 2 e
Pt + 4 c i Rh3++ 3 e $ Rh
CIO; + 2 H 2 0 + 4 e $ C I - + 4 0 H 2 NO+ H 2 0 2 e $ N 2 0 + 2 0 H B r O - + H 2 0 + 2 e e B r +20HReO;
2 H+ e $ ReO, H20
(CNSk 2 e S 2 CNS[lrCl6F- 3e $ lr 6 CIFe3+ e $ F&+
Ag(F) e $ A g
F
TcO-+4H++3eeTc02+2H20
Hg$ + 2 e S 2 H g
Ag++e$Ag
2 NO; + 4 H+ 2 e $ N20, + 2 H20
CIO- H20 2 e $ CI- 2 OHOs04+8H+ + 8 e $ O s + 4 H 2 0

+
+

+
+

+
+

s
+

+
+

= =

+
+
+
+

0.595

0.600
0.600
0.60
0.607
0.61
0.612
0.6125
0.62
0.6359

0.643
0.649

0.654
0.66
0.671
0.68
0.695
0.6992

0.7
0.739
0.755
0.758
0.76
0.76
0.761
0.768
0.77
0.77
0.771
0.779
0.782
0.7973
0.7996

0.803
0.841
0.85
(Continued)

Bb

8
6
2

El

30
(D

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (Continued)

E', V

Reaction

0.851
0.854
0.857

2 10, + 12 H+ 1 0 e e l26 H20

C103 + 3 H + + 2 e $ H C 1 0 2 + H z 0
MnOz + 4 H + + 2 e $ Mn2++ 2 HZO
02 + 4 H + + 4 e 2 2 H Z 0
CrZ@- + 14 H+ + 6 e $ 2 C+ + 7 H20
O3 HzO+ 2 e $02
2 OHn3+
+2een+
NzH: + 3 H+ + 2 e $ 2 NH:
CQ
H+ e $ HCIOz
[PdC!&
2e
[PdCI4l2- 2 CI
2 HN02 4 H+ 4 e $ NzO 3 HzO
P U ~ ~ ( O H 2) ~H+ 2 e $ Pu(OH)~
HBrO+ H+ 2 e $ Br- t H20
HCrO; + 7 H+ + 3 e $ C?+ + 4 H20
Clz(g) 2 e $ CICIO;
8H+ 8 e $ CI- 4 H 2 0
ClO;
8H+ + 7 e $ 1/2CIz 4 H z 0
Au3++2e$Au+
2 NH30H++ Hf t 2 e e NzH: + 2 Hz0
BrO;+6H++6e$Brr+3H20
2HIO+2H++2e$Iz +2H20
Au(OH)~ 3 Hi
3e
Au3 H20
310; + 6 H + + 6 e $ C I - + 3 H z 0
P a + 4 H- + 2 e $ P b + 2 HzO
CIO; + 6 H+ + 5 e 2 1/2 Clz 3 H20
BrO; + 6H+ + 5 e 2 1/2 Br2 + 3 H20
HClO H+ 2 e 2 CIH20
HOZ H+ e $ Hz@
Au3+ + 3 e $ Au
MnO; + 8 H+ + 5 e
Mn2+ 4 Hz0
Mn3++ e $ Mnz'
HCIOz 3 H+ 4 e CI- 2 HzO
HBrO H+ e $1/2 Br2(aq) H20
2 NO 2 Hi
2 e $ NzO+ H20
Bi201 4 H+ + 2 e $ 2 BiO+ 2 H20
HBrO + H+ + e $ 1/2 BrzV) HzO

P.V

HgZ++2e$Hg
AuBr;
3 e $ Au + 4 BrSiOz (quattz) + 4 H+ + 4 e $Si + 2 H20
2 H N 0 z + 4 H+ 4 e $ H2Nz@ HzO
[lrc16]'e
orc16]3Nz04 2 e $ 2 NO;
HO; + H Z O + 2 e $ 3 0 H
2 Hg2+ + 2 e $ Hg?
NO- + 3 H+ 2 e 2 HNOz Hz0
Pd2+ + 2 e $ P d
CIOZ (aq) e ClO;
NO; + 4 H + + 3 e = N O + 2 H 2 0
e 2 Au 2 BrAuBr;
e $ NO+ HzO
HN02 H'
H l O + H + + 2 e $ l - +HzO
VO;
2 H+ e $ V b + HzO
Ru04 e $ RuO;
V(OH):
2 H+ e =V@+
3 HzO
AUCI;
3 e 2 Au 4 CIpd+ e $ P d +
H6Te06 2 H+ 2 e $TeOz
4 HzO
NzOd 4 H+ 4 e 2 NO + 2 HzO
p?(phen)3I3+ e $ [Fe(phen)#' (1 (mol/l H2S04)
PuOz(0H)z H+ e $ PuOZOH HzO
N204 t 2 H + + 2 e = 2 H N O Z
Brz(l) 2 e $ 2 Br1
0
;
6H+ 6 e $ I- + 3 HzO
Srz(aq)+2e$2Brpu5++ e $ Pu4+
[Cu(CN)2]- pt2'
CuZ+ 2 CN- e
2 e $ PI
R ~ O Z + ~ H + + ~ ~ $ R U ~ + + Z H ~ O
[Fe@henanthr~lineh]~+e 2 [Fe(phen)3I2'
S
.&
4 H+ 2 e $ HzSe03+ HZO
ClO;
2 H+ e $ CI@ HzO
I+++ 3 e $ l r
ClO;
2 H+ 2 e ClO;
HzO

+ +
+ +
+
+ +

+
+
+
+ +
+
+

+
+

+ e

0.86
0.8865
0.867
0.878
0.920
0.934
0.951
0.954
0.957
0.959
0.983
0.987
0.991
1.00
1.00
1.002
1.006
1.02
1.035
1.06
1.062
1.065
1.086
1.085
1.0873
1.w9
1.118
1.120
1.147
1.151
1.152
1.156
1.189

+
+ +
+
+
+
+

+
+
+

+
+

+ +

+
+
+ +
+
+
+

+
+

1.195
1.214
1.224
1.229
1.232
1.24
1.252
1.275
1.227
1.288
1.297
1.325
1.331
1.350
1.35827
1.389
1.39
1.401
1.42
1.423
1.I39
1.A5
1.451
1.455
1.47
1.482
1.A82
1.495
1.498
1.507
1.5415
1.570
1.574
1.591
1.593
1.596

Reaction

E", V

Reaction

Eo.V

Hsl06+H+ +2e=10,
+3Hz0
Ce4+ e Ce3+
HClO + Hi + e $ 112 C12 + H20
HC1O2 + 3 Hi +3e:
112 CIS + 2 H20
HCIOl
2 Hi
2 e HClO H20
Ni2++ 2 HzO
NiOz 4 Hi + 2 e :
MnO;+4Ht+3e$MnOzt2H20
PbOz-+ S q 4 Hi
2 e e PbS04 2 H20
Au+ + e $ A u
-OH3'
H'
e $ Ce3+ H20
N20+ 2 H+ + 2 e e N2 HZO
H20Z+ 2 H+ 2 e e 2 HzO

1.601
1.61
1.61 1
1.628
1.645
1.678
1.679
1.6913
1.692
1.715
1.766
1.776

Co3+ + e :
C$+ (2 molN H2S04)
A#+ + e e A g +
~ ~ 0 :2 -e $ 2 SO:OH+eeOH
O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e g O2 + HzO
+ 2 H ' +2e$2HSO:
F20+ 2 H+ + 4 e 2 H 2 0 + 2 FFeO-+8H++3e=Fe3++4H20
O(g)+2H+ +2e:H20
H2N202 2 H+ + 2 e
NP 2 HZO
F,
2 e 2 FF2+2H++2e$2HF

1.83
1.980
2.010
2.02
2.076
2.123
2.153
2.20
2.421
2.65
2.866
3.053

+ e
+

+
+ +
+

ad,+

~~

e +

REDUCTIONREACTIONS HAVING E" VALUES MORE NEGATIVE THAN THAT OF THE STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODE
Reaction

E". V

Reaction

E", V

2H' +2eeHz
AgCN + e $ Ag + CN2 W03 + 2 H + + 2 e $ W205 + HzO
W205 2 H+ 2 e e2 WOZ HzO
D'
e:
112 D2
AgzS 2 H'
2e :
Ag H2S
Fe3+ + 3 e $ F e
Hg,12 + 2 e :
2 Hg 2 I2D++2e$D2
TI(OH)3 + 2 e $ TlOH + 2 OH
Tt0H3'
H'
e:
Ti3' + H20
2 HZO
2 H z S 0 3 H+ 2 e HS20;
P(whlte) 3 H+ 3 e :
PH3(g)
0; +HzO+2e=HO;
+OH2 CU(OH)~ 2 e
Cu20 + 2 OH
H20
WOs 6 H+ 6 e
W 3 HzO
PH3(g)
P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e :
G d z 2 Hi + 2 e
GeO H20

-0.00000
-0.017
-0.029
-0.031
-0.0034
-0.0366
-0.037
-0.0405

WO, + 4 H + + 4 e $ W + 2 H20
Pbzt + 2 e $ Pb(Hg)
Pb"
2 e $ Pb
CrO4 H20 3 e $ Cr(OH)3+ 5 OHSn2- + 2 e $ S n
In+ e In
Oz 2 H20 2 e H2O2+ 20HAgl e
:
Ag I2 NO;
2 Hz0 + 4 e $ N20: + 4 0 H H~Ge03+ 4 H+ + 4 e S Ge + 3 H 2 0
Co2 2 H' + 2 e $ HCOOH
Mo3++3e=Mo
2 S q - + 4 H + + 2 e e S z 0 E +H20
CU(OH)Z 2 e Cu 2 OHCdSO,
2 e $ Cd SO:'/(OH);
4 H+ 5 e $ V + 4 H20
P+eeV2+
Ni2++ 2 e g Ni

-0.119
-0.1205
-0.1262
-0.13
-0.1375
-0.14
-0.146
-0.15224
-0.18
-0.182
-0.199
-0.200
-0.22
-0.222
-0.246
-0.254
-0.255
-0.257

+
+

+
+

+
+ e
+

=e

-0.044
-0.05
-0.055
-0.056
-0.063
-0.076
-0.080
-0.090
-0.111
-0.118

+
+

+ e
+
+ +
+
+
+

+
+

e +
+

(Continued)

20

32

2
8

ELECTROCHEMICALSERIES (Continued)
Reaction
PbCIz

+ 2 e $ Pb + 2 CI-

H3P0.4

+ 2 H+ + 2 e

e H3P03

ED.V

+ HzO

cdt+2eeCo
PbErz + 2 e
Pb + 2 kTI+ e TI(Hg)
~ ~ + + e e n
1h3+ 3 e $ In
TlOH e e n OHPbFz + 2 e e P b + 2 F PbSO,
2 e Pb(Hg) SCiCd2+ 2 e Cd(Hg)
PbW4 2e
pt, sGCuzO HzO+ 2 e $ 2 Cu + 2 OHEu3++ e Eu2+
Pblz 2 e $ Pb + 2 ISe:3 H 2 0 4 e $ Se 60HTi3+ e $ Ti*
Se 2 H+ 2 e $ H,Se(aq)
In2+ e
In+
Cdz+ + P e + C d
cP e C6+
2 s 2 e s$mzS0, 2 e TI sQin3+ 2 e $ In+
F$+ + Z e e F e
H3P03+ 3 H+ 3 e P 3 H Z 0
Bi203+ 3 HzO + 6 e $ 2 EI + 6 OHNO;
HzO + e e NO + 2 0 H
PbHPOb 2 e $ Pb HF'GS + 2 e s S2S + H20 + 2 e s HS- +OHNi@ 2 H20 + 2 e
Ni(0Hk + 2 0 H
in3+ e $ In2+
H 3 W 3 2 H'
2 e $ H3PQ HzO
Ti02
4 H+ 2 e Ti2+ 2 HzO
H3P02 H+ + e g P + 2 HzO

+ s
+
+

+ e
+
+ e
+ e +
+
e
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ e
+ e
+ e
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ e +
+

-0.2675
-0.276
-0.28
-0.284
-0.3338
-0.336
-0.3382
-0.34
-0.3444
-0.3505
-0.3521

-0.3588
-0.360
-0.36
-0.365
-0.366
-0.368
-0.399
-0.40
-0.4030
-0.407
-0.42836
-0.4360
-0.443
-0.447
-0.454
-0.46
-0.46
-0.465
-0.47627
-0.478
-0.490
-0.49
-0.499
-0.502
-0.508

Reaction

E".V

S b + 3 H 4 +3e$SbH3
HPbO;
HzO 2 e $ Pb 3 0 H
nci e n CIGa3+ 3 e $ Ga
Fe(0Hb e $ Fe(0Hk +OHTeO3 HZO 4 e 2 Te 6 0 H 2SG$ +3H,0+4es%O?? + 6 0 H PbO H20 + 2 e Pb + 2 0 H ReO;
4 H20 7 e $ Re 8 OHSbOi H 2 0 2 e
SW; + 2 OHU4+ + e $ U3+
As+3Ht + 3 e e A s H 3
NbzO,
lOH+ 1 0 e $ 2 Nb+ 5 H20
TI& + e $TI + Err
SbO;
2 HzO 3 e $ Sb 4 0 H AsO;
2 H20 + 3 e $ As + 4 0 H AgzS 2 e $ 2Ag SzAsO2 Hz0 2 e AsO; + 4 OHNI(OH)~ 2 e $ NI 2 OHCo(OHk 2 e $ Co 2 OHH,SeO, + 4 H+ + 4 e $ Se + 3 H20
CZ++3eeCr
Taz05 lOH+ 10e $2Ta
5 HzO
ni e en IZn2+ + 2 e e Z n
Zn2+ 2 e $ Zn(Hg)
Te+2H' +2e$HzTe
ZnS04 .7Hz0 2 e $ Zn(Hg) + SC?- (Sat'd ZnS04)
Cd(OH)z 2 e Cd(Hg) 2 OH2 HzO 2 e HZ 2 OH2 NO;
2 HzO 2 e $ Nz04 4 OHH3B03 + 3 H+ 3 e e B +3H;0
P 3 H 2 0 3 e PH3(g) 3 OHHSnO;
H20 + 2 e $ Sn + 3 0 H C12++2eeCr
Se+ 2 e
se2-

+ +
+ e +
+
+
+
+
+
s
+
+
+ + e

+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+

+
e

+ +

+
+ e

+
e

-0.510
-0.537

8
0

-0.5568
-0.560
-0.56
-0.57
-0.571
-0.580
-0.584
-0.59
+0.607
-0.608
-0.W

-0.658
-0.66
-0.68
-0.691
-0.71
-0.72
-0.73
-0.74
-0.744
-0.750
-0.752
-0.7618
-0.7628
-0.793
-0.7993
-0.809
-0.8277

-0.85
-0.8698
-0.87

-0.909
-0.913
-0.924

8
5
2

Reaction

E', V

Reaction

E', V
~

Sb,-+ H20 + 2 e $ S O - + 2 0 H -

+ 2 e + HSNO; + 3 OH- + Hz0

N@z+ HzO + Hi + e $ Np(0Hh

Sn(OH):

Pq-+2Hz0+2e=HP6,~+30HNb3+ + 3 e $ N b
2 S%- + 2 HzO + 2 e $ SzO:- + 4 OHTe 2 e $ Te2v2+ + 2 e $ V
Mnz+ + 2 e $ Mn
C a o ; + 2 H20 + 3 e $ Cr + 4 OHZnO;
2 HzO 2 e $ Zn 4 OHHzGaO;
HzO 3 e $ Ga 4 OHHzBO; +5H20+8e$BH;
+80H
SiF2-+ 4 e $ Si + 6 FCe'+
3 e $ CMHg)
U q ++4H++6e$U+2H20
+ 3 e $ Cr + 3 OH~Zrf0H)~
HfO,+ 4 H + + 4 e $ H f + 2 H 2 0
Z1oz + 4 H + + 4 e $ Z r + 2 H 2 0
Mn(OH)z 2 e $ Mn 2 OH&+
2 e $ Ba(Hg)
Wf+2e$Ti
HPO;2 Hz0 2 e $ HzPO;
OHA13f
3 e g N
S O - + H20 4 e
Si 6 0 H
HPC$
2 HzO 3 e $ P 5 0 H H f b ' + 2 H'
4 e HI HzO
4 H- 4 e
2 H20
Hz60, + H20 3 e
B 4 OHSP+ 2 e $ Sr(Hg)
U3' + 3 e $ U
HzPO; + e + P + 2 0 H
+ 2 e g Be
Np3+ 3 e $ Np

+
+

+
+

+
no2+
+
+

+ + +
+
+
+
+
+ ern +
+ e +

-0.93
-0.93
-0.962
-1.05
-1.099
-1.12
-1.143
-1.175
-1.185
-1.2
-1.215
-1.219
-1.24
-1.24
-1 -4373
-1.444
-1.48
-1.505
-1.553
-1.56
-1.570
-1.630
-1.65
-1 662
-1 -697
-1.71
-1.724
-1.789
-1.79
-1.793
-1.798
-1.82
-1.847
-1.856

Th4+ + 4 e $ T h
PU3+ 3 e $ PU
AIF; + 3 e $ N + 6 F SFl+ 3 e $ Sc
HI
2 e $2 HHzNO;+HzO+3e$AI+40HZrO(0Hk Hz0 4 e $ Zr 4 OHMg2++2e$Mg
Y3++3e$Y
Eu3+ 3 e $ Eu
Nd3++3e$Nd
Th(OH).,
4 e Th 4 OH
Cgl+ + B e + &
HfO(0Hk HzO 4 e Hf 4 OH
La3++3e$La
Be20;3 Hz0 4 e $ 2 Be 6 OH
Mg(0Hk 2 e $ Mg 2 OHMgt
e $ Mg
Na+ e $ Na
Caz+ 2 e $ Ca
Sr(0H)z 2 e Sr 2 OH
sZ+ + P e g %
La(OH)3 3 e La 3 OHBaz++2e+Ba
Cs+ + e $ C s
K++e$K
Rb + e $ R b
Ba(OHk 2 e $ Ba + 2 OHCa(0Hk 2 e Ca 2 OHIJ++ e $ h
3 N2 2 H+ 2 e $ 2 NH3
Ed+ + 2 e $ E u
Ca++e$Ca
Sr++e$Sr

+ + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+
+

+
+

+
+ +

+
+

+ +

-1.899
-2.031
-2.069
-2.077
-2.23
-2.33
-2.36
-2.372
-2.372
-2.407
-2.431
- 2.48
-2.483
-2.50
-2.522
-2.63
-2.690
-2.70
-2.71
-2.868
-2.88
-2.89
-2.90
-2.912
-2.92
-2.931
-2.98
-2.99
-3.02
-3.0401
-3.09
-3.395
-3.80
-4.10

4
0

82
3

CI,

G)

98 CORROSION TESTING
EMF SERIES FOR METALS
Standard Potential at
25'C (77T), Volts
versus SHE

Electrode Reaction
Au31+ .W

Au

.................................................................................................

1.50

Pd2+ Pe- + Pd .................................................................................................

0.987
Hg2+ 2eHg .................................................................................................
0.854
Ag+ e- + Ag
, , , . .......... ..... ...... ..... .. ... . , ., , , , ,, , , ,
, ,
0.800
Hg
2e- + 2 Hg.
.............................,.. ,,..
0.789
Cu' e- +Cu
.................................................................................................
0.521
Cu2+ 2e- + Cu .......................................
,,.,,,,,. ..,,. ...... ..... .........
0.337
2 Hi
2e- + H2 .......................................
,, ,..,. ,.....,........... ......... (Reference)

.. . .. . .

:++
+

..

.. . . . .. .. . . .. . .... .

+
+

Pb2+ t 2e- + Pb
Sn2 + 2eSn

Ni2' 2e- + Ni
Co2++ 2e- + Ni
TI+ + e- + TI
in3+ %- + In
Cd2+ Pe- + Cd
Fez+ + 2e- + Fe
Ga3++ 3e- + Ga
CP+ 3e- + Cr

+
+
+

......................,..,............... .,.,,. .,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

,

...............................,.,,.,..,
..................................................................................................
..
..,..,.,....,...........................................................,...
................................................................
..................................................................................................

...................................................................................................
........................................
........................................................................................

......................

..................................................................................................
,,. ,,,,.,,.,.... ..,.. ...... ..... ...

Mn2+ Pe-

Mn

Ze+ +&- + Zr
Ti2+
~13-

HVt

+ 2e-

+ 3e+ 4e-

--

..................................................................................................
..,.,,.,.................................,......,..,.,,....,.,,...,,.,..,.,.
...............................................................

+ Ti
AI

..................................................................................................

Hf

...................................................................................................

+ 3e- + u ......................
Be2' + 2e- + Be ......................
Mg2++ 2e- + Mg ........................................................................................
Na+ + e- + Na
.........................
..................................
u3+

CaZ+ 28-

+ Ca

K++e--K
Lit e- + Li

...................................................................................................

..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................

0.000
-0.126
-0,136
-0.250
-0,277
-0.336
-0.342
-0.403
-0.440
-0.53
-0.74
-0.91
-0.763
-1.18
-1.53
-1.63
-1.66
-1.70
-1.80
-1.85
-2.37
-2.71
-2.87
-2.93
-3.05

Source: Metals Handbook, 9th ed., Voi. 13,p. 20,ASM, 1987.Reprinted by permission of
ASM International@,Materials Park, OH 44073-0002.

CORROSION TESTING 99
TYPICAL POTENTIAL-pH (POURBAIX) DIAGRAM IRON
IN WATER AT 25C

PH

IONIC SPECIES ARE AT ACTIVITIES OF 1V AND 106

Source: M. Pourbaix, Atlas of Electrochemical Equlibria in Aqueous Solutions,

p. 313, 1974.

NACE,

100 CORROSION TESTING

STANDARD ENVIRONMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
CRACKING TESTS
Temperature
"C

Materials

Standard

Environment

NACE TM0177

5.0% NaCl + 0.5% Acetic acid,

saturated with HzS (1 atm.)

21-27

All metals

ASTM G 35

Polythionicacid solution

22-25

Stainless steels
Related nickel-chromiumiron alloys

ASTM G 36

45% MgCIz (boiling)

154-156

Stainless steels
Related alloys

Mattsson's Solution. pH 7.2

+ NHIOH)

18-24

Copper-zinc

ASTM G 41

NaCl or other salts or

synthetic seawater

230-450

All metals

ASTM G 44,
G 47

3.5% NaCl (at. immersion)

26-28

Aluminum alloys
Ferrous alloys

ASTM G 37

(CuS04 + (NH&S04

base alloys

ASTM G 103

6% NaCl

Boiling

A-Zn-Mg alloys

ASTM G 123

25% NaCI, pH 1.5

with phosphoric acid

Boiling

Stainless steels

IS0
9591

3.5% NaCI,
(alt.immersion)

25

Aluminum alloys

is0

2.0% NaCl
0.5% NazCr04
pH = 3.0

25

Aluminum allow

9591

IS0
15324

0.1 M NaCl
Drippedon 300C specimen

20-26

Stainless steels
Nickel based alloys

SPECIMEN TYPES USED IN ENVIRONMENTALCRACKING TESTS

Used to Determine

Pmduet Form
Loading
System

Constant Load

Constant Strain

ylecimen
Type

Standard

Bent Beam
Notched beam
Direct tension

ASTM G 49

U-bend

ASTMG30

CUP
C-ring
Bent beam
Direct tension
Tuning fork
Weld bead
Rwgh ground
Haifpin
Slow Strain Rate

Round tensile
Tube

Sustained-Loading
Crack-Growth

DCB

ASTM G 38
ASTM G 39

Sheet

Bar

plate

x
x

x
x

X
X

x
x
x

x
x
x

X
X

ASTM G 49

Tube

Wim

x
x

X
X

time to failure.
threshold stress.
Klscc threshold stress intensity.
daldt crack growth rate.
I1cc
._index of susceptibility.

om

X
X

X
X

lG-

dddt

l
a

X
X

TI

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

0
X

X
X

X
X

%
8
5

Tf

at,,

Source:

See IS0 7539, Palts 2 through 8 and NACE TM0177

102 CORROSION TESTING

TYPICAL HIGH TEMPERATURE/HIGH PRESSURE
TEST CONDITIONS
NO.

Application
Nuclear Power
Fluidized Bed
Combustion
Deep Sea
Oil and Gas
Production
Aerospace Propulsion

9
10
11
12
13

Petroleum Refining
Compressed Natural
Gas Storage
Ammonia Storage
Thermodynamic Power
Generation
Exhaust Gas Processing
Natural Gas Pipeline
Geothermal Power
Steam Boiler

Environment

Tamp, C

Pmssum, MPa (bar)

high-purity
water/steam/Hz
air, gas, coal

600 to 750

1 (10)

seawater
brine, H2S. COz, S

0 to 70'
20 to 250

< 5 (50)

hydrogen
oxygen
Hz, HzS, hydrocarbons
methane w/trace H2S

-200 to 900
-200 to 480
350 to 650
0 to 100

0.1 to 67 (1 to 670)
58 (80)

NH3. Hz0
NH3, H20

0 to 70
100 to 650

5 4 (40)
1.5 to 11 (15 to 110)

Hz. Nz, CO, COz

CH4 wArace H~S/C02/02
brine, steam, HzS
waterkteam

(70

535 (350)
(13 (130)
517 (170)

280 to 500

560
5370
5300

517 (170)

5130 (1300)

510 (100)
(8 (80)

59 (90)

*Pipeline surface temperature.

Source: Manual 20, p. 106, ASTM, 1995. Reprinted, with permission, copyright ASTM.

CORROSION TESTING 103

PLANNED INTERVAL CORROSION TEST

Usedto EvaluateEffect of Time on Corrosion Rate and to Determine if the Time
Effect is Due to Changes in EnvironmentCorrosivenessor in Metal Corrodibility

Time

ttl

Identicalspecimens all placed in the same corrosive fluid. Imposed conditions

I.Letters A,, A1, At+, , B, repreof the test kept constant for entire time t
sent corrosion damage experlenced by each test specimen. A? is calculated
by subtracting At from At + 1.

Occurrences During Corrosion Test

Criteria

Liquid corrosiveness

unchanged
decreased
increased

A1 = B
B < A,
A, < B

Metal corrodibility

unchanged
decreased
increased

A2 = B
A2 < B
B < A2

Liquid
Corrosiveness

Combinations of Situations
Metal Corrodibility

Criterla

unchanged
decreased
increased
unchanged
decreased
increased
unchanged
decreased
increased

A, = A2 = B
A2 < A1 = B
A, = B < A2
A2 = 8 < A,
A2 < B < Al
A, 5 B < A2
A, < A2 = B
A, < B > A2
A, < B < A2

1. unchanged
2. unchanged
3. unchanged
4. decreased
5. decreased
6. decreased
7. increased

8. increased
9. increased

Example
Interval, Days
A1

............0-1

& ............0-3
&+I ......0-4

B..............
3-4
A2 ............calc. 3-4

mg

Penetration,
mlls

Apparent
Corrosion
Rate, mlldyr.

1080
1430
1460
70
30

1.69
2.24
2.29
0.1 1
0.05

620
270
210
40
18

wt. Loss,

A2 < B < A,
0.05< 0.11 < 1.69

Therefore, liquid markedly decreased in corrosiveness during test, and formation of partially
protective scale on the steel was indicated.
Source: A. Wachtner and R. S. Treseder, "Corrosion Testing-Evaluation of Metals for Process Equipment," Chemical hgineering Progress, Voi. 43, p. 318, 1947. Reprinted by permission of American institute of Chemical Engineers.

104 CORROSION TESTING

CORROSION RATE CONVERSION FACTORS
Mildyear (mpy) = C x

:2;)2tfi:

x K

Millimetredyear (mm/y) = 0.0254 mpy

Weight
Loss
mg

C Factors

h a

Hour

cmZ
drn2

437
4.37
0.0437
67.7
0.470

18.2
0.182
1.82 x 1 0 - ~
2.82
0.0196

2.59
0.0259
2.59x
0.402
2.79 x

0.598
5.98 10-3
5.98 x
0.0927
6.44x

0.0498
4.98 10-4
4.98 x
7.72 10-3
5.36x

om2

437 x 103

dm2
m2

4370
43.7
677 x 102
470

182 x 102
182
1 .82

2590
25.9
0.259
402
2.79

598
5.98
0.0598
92.7
0.644

49.8
0.498
4.98 10-3
7.72
0.0536

118x lo4
ll8x 10'
118
182x lo3
1270

271 x
2710
27.1
420x
292

m2

in2
ft2

inz

n2
ib

cm2
dm2
rn2
in2
R2

198x
198x
198x
307x
213 x

Day

2820

19.6

lo8
lo4
loz
lo5

625x 104
625x 102
825
128x 104

lo3

8880

Waek

Month

lo3
lo2

Year

226x

102

226
2.26
3500
24.3

EXAMPLE A 5.0square inch specimen of copper has a weight loss of 218 mg in a 40 hour
corrosion test.

218.

mpy = 67.7 x 5,0

4o x 0.68 = 65
mmly = 0.0254 x 65 = 1.65

K is a density factor.
K = 1,000for carbon steel.
K factors for other alloys are given on the next page.
Source: Courtesy Aaron Wachter.

CORROSION TESTING 105

DENSITIES OF COMMON ALLOYS
(K = ratio of carbon steel density to that of alloy)
UNS
A91 100
A93003
A95052
A96061
A97075
c11000
c22000
C23000
C26000
C27000
C28000
C44300
C46500
C51000
C52400
C61300
'261400
'33000
C65500
C67500
C68700
C70600
C71500
C75200
C83600
C86500
C90500
c92200
C95700
C95800
F10006
F20000
F32800
F41002
F43006
F47003
GI0200
G41300
J91150
J91151
J91540
J92600
J92800
J92900
J94204
J95150
K11597
K81340
L51120
M11311
NO2200
NO4400
NO5500
NO6002

CommonName
Al 1100
Ai 3003
A15052
A6061
A17075
ETP Copper
Commercial Bronze
Red Brass
Cartridge Brass
Yellow Brass
Muntz Metal
Admiralty brass. As
Naval Brass. As
Phosphor Bronze A
Phosphor Bronze D
Aluminum Bronze. 7%
Aluminum Bronze D
Ni-AI Bronze
High-Silicon Bronze
ManganeseBronze A
Aluminum Brass, As
9-10 Copper-Nickel
70-30 Copper-Nickel
Nickel Silver
Ounce Metal
Manganese Bronze
Gun Metal
M Bronze
Cast Mn-Ni-Al Bronze
Cast NI-AI Bronze
Gray Cast Iron
Malleable Cast Iron
Ductile Iron
Ni-Resist Type 2
Ductile Ni-Resist, D5
Duriron
1020 Carbon Steel
4130 Steel
CA-15 Cast SS
CA-15M Cast SS
CA-6NM Cast SS
CF-8 Cast SS
CF-3MN Cast SS
CF-8M Cast SS
HK-40 Cast SS
CN-7M Cast SS
1.250-0.5Mo Steel
9Ni Steel
Chemical Lead
Mg AZ31B
Nickel 200
400 Alloy
K-500 Alloy
X Alloy

Density
gkm3
2.72
2.74
2.68
2.70
2.80
8.94
8.89
8.75
8.53
8.39
8.39
8.52
8.41

UNS

2.89
2.67
2.93
2.91
2.81

NO6007
NO6022
NO6030
NO6455
NO6600
NO6601
N06625
NO6985
NO7001
NO7041
NO7718
NO7750
NO8020
NO8024
NO8026
NO8028
NO8366
NO8800
NO8625
NO8904
NO8925
NO9925
N10003
N10004
N10276
N10665
R03600
R04210
R05200
R50250
R50400
R53400
R56400
R60702
s20100

0.88

0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.94
0.92
0.93
8.86 0.89
8.78 0.90
7.89 1.00
7.78
1.01
7.58 1.04
8.52 0.92
8.36 0.94
8.33 0.94
8.94 0.88
8.94 0.88
8.73 0.90
8.80 0.89
8.3
0.95
8.72 0.90
8.64 0.91
7.53 1.04
7.64 1.03
7.20 1.09
7.27 1.08
7.1
1.11
7.3
1.08
7.68
1.02
7.0
1.12
7.86 1.OO
7.86 1.00
7.61 1.03
7.61 1.03
7.7
1.02
7.75 1.01
7.75 1.01
7.75 1.01
7.75 1.01
8.00 0.98
7.85 1.00
7.86 1.00
11.3 0.70
1.77 4.44
8.89 0.88
8.80 0.89
8.44 0.93
8.23 0.96

s20200
530400
530403
530900
531000
531254
531500
531600
531603
531700
532100
532550
532950
534700
541000
j43000
544600
350100

350400

CommonName
G Alloy
C-22 Alloy
G-30 Alloy
C-4 Alloy
600 Alloy
601 Alloy
625 Alloy
G-3 Alloy
Waspaloy

Rene 41
718Alloy
X-750 Alloy
20Cb-3
20Mo-4
20Mo-6
Sanicro 28
AL-6X
800 Alloy
825 Alloy
904L Alloy
25-6M0
925 Alloy
N Alloy
W Alloy
C-276 Alloy
8-2 Alloy
Molybdenum
Niobium
Tantalum
Titanium, Gr 1
Titanium. Gr 2
Titanium. Gr 12
Titanium, Gr 5
Zr702
201 ss
2025s
30455
304LSS
30955
31055
254 SMO
3RE60
316SS
316LSS
317SS
321 SS
Fermium 255
7 Mo Plus
34755
41055
430SS
446SS
5Cr-0.5Mo Steel
9Cr-1Mo Steel

Density
g/cm3
8.34
8.69

8.22
8.64
8.47
8.11
8.44
8.30
8.19
8.25
8.19

8.28
8.08
8.11
8.13

8.0
8.0
7.94
8.14

8.0
8.1
8.05
8.79
9.03
8.89
9.22
10.22
8.57
16.60
4.54
4.54
4.52
4.43
6.53
7.94
7.94
7.94
7.94
7.98
7.98

8.0
7.75
7.98
7.98
7.98
7.94
7.81
7.75
8.03
7.70

K
0.94
0.90
0.96
0.91
0.93
0.97
0.93
0.95
0.96
0.95
0.96
0.95
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.97
0.98
0.97
0.98
0.89
0.87

0.86
0.85
0.77
0.92
0.47
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.77
1.20
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.98
1.01
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.99
1.01
1.01
0.98
1.02

7.72

1.02

7.65
7.82
7.67

1.03
1.01
1.02

106 CORROSION TESTING

DENSITY OF MATERIALS
Material
Indium
Osmium
Platinum
Rhenium
Tungsten
Gold
Uranium
Tungsten carbide
Tantalum
Tantalum carbide

Ir4
Hafnium
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Thallium
Thorium
Lead
Silver
Molybdenum
Bismuth
Thulium
Cast high leaded
tin bronze
Nickel-moly
(Hastelloy 5-2)
Copper
Nickel
Copper nickel
(MCu-14Ni-22Zn)
Cobalt
Nickel silver
Brass
(61.5Cu-3Pb-35.5Zn)
Bronze
(57Cu, 40.73, 3Pb)
Cadmium
Niobium (Columbium)
Nickel chromium
cobalt alloy
Nickel-chromium
(Inconel718)
Copper zinc alloy
Maraging steel
Austenitic stainless steel
Iron-nickel(Invar)
Iron

Density
(g/cm3)

Density
(lb/h3)

Density
(g/cm3)

Density
(lb/in.3)

22.65
22.61
21.45
21.00
19.40
19.30
19.07
17.20
16.60

0.82
0.82
0.77
0.76
0.70
0.70
0.69
0.62
0.60

Nickel iron superalloy

Chromium steel
Nonresulfurized carbon steel
Stainless steel (17Cr-4Ni)
Hot work tool steel
Aluminum bronze
Babbitt
Samarium
Manganese

7.86
7.83
7.83
7.81
7.75
7.64
7.50
7.49
7.43

0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.27

14.53

0.52

13.10
12.45
12.41
12.02
11.85
11.50
113 4
10.49
10.20
9.80
9.31

0.47
0.45
0.45
0.43
0.43
0.42
0.41
0.38
0.37
0.35
0.34

Indium
Niobium nitride
Tin
Cerium dioxide
Austempered ductile iron
Pewter (Sn, Sb, Cu)
Chromium
Zinc
Neodymium
Praseodymium
Cerium
Chromium carbide

7.31
7.30
7.30
7.28
7.20
7.20
7.19
7.13
7.00
6.77
6.77
6.70

0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.24
0.24
0.24

9.29

0.34

Antimony

6.65

0.24

9.20
8.96
8.90

0.33
0.32
0.32

Zirconium
Lanthanum
Vanadium

6.49
6.15
6.11

0.23
0.22
0.22

8.85
8.85
8.70

0.32
0.32
0.31

Nickel alumlnide (NiAi)

Gallium
Zirconia (partiallystabilized)

6.05
5.91
5.70

0.22
0.21
0.21

Material

8.70

0.31

Germanium

5.32

0.19

8.70
8.65
8.57

0.31
0.31
0.31

Titanium nitride
Titanium carbide
Titanium diboride

5.29
4.94
4.52

0.19
0.18
0.16

8.21

0.30

Titanium

4.51

0.16

8.20
8.19
8.02
8.00
8.00
7.87

0.30
0.30
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.28

Ti-6Ai-4V
Titanium dioxide
Aluminum oxide
Spinel (Mg0.Ai303)
Aluminum nitride
Sialon

4.50
4.25
3.98
3.57
3.26
3.20

0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.12
(Continued)

CORROSION TESTING 107

DENSITY OF MATERIALS (Continued)
Material
Silicon nitride
Mullite
(3Al2 0 3 -2Si02)
Silicon carbide
Hydroxyapattte
Aluminum carbide
Wollastonite
Aluminum copper alloy
Aluminum zinc alloy
Aluminum
Cordierite
E-glass fiber
Pyrex glass
Boron carbide
Boron
Silicon
PTFE
(polyietrafluoroethyiene)
Graphite

Density
(g/cm3)

Density
(Ib/h3)

3.19

0.12

3.16
3.10
3.10
2.99
2.90
2.84
2.78
2.70
2.62
2.52
2.52
2.40
2.33

0.1I
0.11
0.00
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.08

2.30
2.26

0.08
0.08

Boron nitride
Sulfur
Unsaturated polyester
Poiyimidethermoset
Phenolic resin
Beryllium

2.25
2.07
2.00
2.00
1.99
1.85

0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07

Phosphorus
Carbon fiber

1.83
1.74

0.07
0.06

2.65

Material
Magnesium
PPS
(polyphenylene sulfide)
Nylon 6
Acetai resin
Epoxy resin
CaIcium
Rubidium
Polycarbonate
Aramid fiber
Aromatic polyamide
Bismaleimide resin
Silicone
PEEK (polyetheretherketone)
Cellulose acetate
Human Bone
Polyurethane
ABS (acrylonitrile
butadiene styrene)
Polysuifone
Acrylic
Polypropylene
Sodium
PE (polyethylene)
UHMWPE (ultrahigh
molecular weight PE)
Potassium
Lithium

Density
(g/cms)

Density
(lb/i~~.~)

1.74

0.06

1.67
1.64
1.57
1.56
1.55
1.53
1.53
1.45
1.44
1.36
1.35
1.32
1.30
1.30

0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

1.27

0.05

1.26
1.24
1.19
1.05
0.97
0.95

0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03

0.93
0.86
0.53

0.03
0.03
0.19

0.05

Source: GEM 2001, p. 35,ASM, 2000. Reprinted by permission of ASM international@, Materials
Park, OH 44073-0002.

EQUIVALENT WEIGHT VALUES FOR METALS AND ALLOYS

Common
Designation

wIConstant
UNS

Aluminum Albvs
A91100
AAllW
A92024
AA2024
A92219
AA2219
A93003
moo3
A93004
m
o
o
4
A95005
AA5005
A95050
AA5050
A95052
AA5052
A95083
AA5083
A95086
AA5086
A95154
AA5154
A95454
AA5454
A95456
AA5456
A96061
AA6061
A96070
AA6070
AA6101
AA7072
AA7075
A47079
AA7178

A96161
A97072
A97075

Valence

Variable
Valence

All3

Cdl
Cull
Md2

Av3,Mg/2

Md2

All3

Au3, Msn
Av3, MSn
w3. MSn
Al3. Mg12

Av3, Mg/2
Au3, Msn
M.MSn
AV3. Mg/2
Au3. Mg/2
Au3, MSn,
w4
Au3

Av3. w 2
All3. Zd2,

A97079

Mg/2
Au3, M2.

A97178

MSn
Av3.znl2,

Cdl

Equivalent

Variabk

8.99
9.38
9.51
9.07
9.09
9.01
9.03
9.05
9.09
9.09
9.08
9.06
9.11
9.01
8.98
8.99
9.06
9.58

Equivalem

Weigm

W i M

CUE
Cd2
Md4
Mnl4

9.32
9.42
9.03
9.06

Zd2

Cd2

9.55

9.37
Cdl

9.71

cu/2

9.68

cull

63.55
58.07
55.65

Cu/2
Cu/2
Cu/2

31.77
31.86
31.91

Zd2

Cull
Cdl

Element/
Valence

Equivalent

Element/

weimt

Vaknoe

Equivalent
Weight

B3
%

Mn7
Mn7

8.98
9.00

$
G!

0,

MQQ
copper Alloys
CDAllO
CllwO
CDA220
C22wO
CDA230
C23000

FwM

Av3
Au3.MgQ

mi

second

Lowest

Elemenis

Third

Lowest
common
Designation
CDA260
CDA280
CDA444
CDA687
CDA608
CDA5lO
CDA524
CDA655
CDA706
CDA715
CDA752

Elements
wlconstant

UNS

Valence

C26OOO
C28000
-700

Zd2
Zd2
w 2
w 2 . tw3

C60800

Au3

C44300
C51000
252400
C65500
C70600
C71500
C752W

Sif4
Ni/2
Nd2

Ni.zrd2

Variable
Valence

Equivalent
Weight

Variable
Valance

Equivalent
Weight

Cull
Cull
Cull, Sd2
Cull
Cull
Cull. Sn/2
Cull. S d 2
Cdl
Cdl
Cull
Cull

49.51
46.44
50.42
48.03
47.114
63.32
63.10
50.21
56.92
46.69
46.38

Cd2
Cul2
CUll,sn/4
Cd2
Cul2
Cdl.Sd4
Cull, Sn/4
Cd2
Cd2
Cul2
Cu/2

32.04
32.11
50.00
30.29
27.76
60.11
57.04
28.51
31.51
30.98
31.46

Fd2. Crf3
F&, Crf3
F&,Cr/3
Fd2. Crl3
F&. Crf3. Mo13
Fd2, Cr/3. MOB
F a . Crf3
Fd2. Crf3
F&. Crl3
Fd2. Crf3.
Mol3, Cull

25.12
25.13
24.62
24.44
25.50
25.26
25.94
25.30
24.22
23.98

F&.Cr/3
Fd3. Crf3
Fd3, Cr/3
Fd3, Cr/3
F a . Crf3. Mof4
F&. Crf3. Mof4
Fd3,Cr/3
F a , Crl3
Fd3. Crf3
F&.Cr/3,
Mo14. Cull

18.53
19.08
19.24
19.73
25.33
25.03
18.45
18.38
18.28
23.83

Nii

29.36
35.82
26.41
25.10
25.52

Nil3
Cd2
Fd3.Cr/3
Fd3. Crf3
F a . Crf3,
MOf4, C d l
Md4, Fd2
F a , Crf3.
Mof4. W14

19.57
30.12
25.44
20.76
25.32

Element/
Valence

Fourlb

Equivalent
Weight

Cul2.Sd4

32.W

Cd2.Sd4
Cd2.Sd4

31.66
31.55

Element/
Valence

Equivalent
Weight

Stainless Steels

304

s30400

321

s32100
530900
s31000
s31600
531700
541000
S43000

309
310
316
317
410
430
446
20CEW

Ni2
Nil2
Nd2

Ni
Nd2
Nii2

s446w
NO8020

N i

Nickel AlloF
NO2200
N04400
600
N06600
800
NO8800
825
NO8825

Nil2
Nil2
Nd2
Nil2

B
C-22b

Nil2
Nd2

200

400

NlOOOl
N06022

cull
Fd2. Crf3
Fd2. Crf3
Fd2. CrD.
Md3. Cull
Mo/3,F&
Fd2, Crl3,
Md3. W14

30.05
26.04

27.50
25.12

Fel3. Crf6
F a . Crl6
Fd3. Cr16
F a : Crl6
Fd3. Crl6. Ma16
F a . Crl6. M d 6
F a . Crf6
F a . Crf6
F a : Crf6
Fd3. Crf3,
Mof6. Cd2

15.72
15.78
15.33
15.36
19.14
19.15
16.28
15.58
14.46
18.88

F a . Crl6
F a , Crl6
Fd3, Crf3,
Md6. Cd2
Mo16. Fd2
F a . CrB.
Md6, Wf6

20.73
16.59
21.70
23.52
23.28

Fd3, Crf6, M d 6 16.111

Fd3, Crf6. M d 6 15.82

Fd3, Crf6.
Mo16, Cd2

F a . Crf6.
Mo16. Cul2
Md6, Fel3
Fd3, Crl6.
Md6, W16

15.50

17.10
23.23
17.88
(Continued)

EQUIVALENT WEIGHT VALUES FOR METALS AND ALLOYS (Continued )

Lowest
Common
Designation

UNS

Elements
wlConstant
Valence

Variable
Vale-

Second

Equivalent
Weight

Variable
Valance

27.09

C-276

N10276

Nit2

Fet2. Crt3,
Mot3. W14

N06W7

Ni2

25.46
Fd2
27.92
(3) = Fet3, Crt3, MoI6, Cd2. Nbl5. Md2
(4) = Fd3. Cr16, Mot6, Cd2, Nb15, M d 4

Carbon Steel
(1) = Fd2, Crt3, Mot3. C d l , Nbl4, Md2

(2) = Fd2, Crl3. Mo14. Cd2. Nbt5, Md2

Other Mews
Mg
MI4142
Mgt2
Mo
R0360O
Ag
Ta

Sn
Ti

Zn

zr
Pb

PO7016
R05210

L13002
R50400
z19001
R60701
L50045

(1)

Mot3
Ad1

Tat5
Sd2

Tit2
Zd2
Zrt4

12.15
31.98
107.87
36.19
59.34
23.95
32.68

A
A

Third

Equivalent
Weight

Element/
Valence

Crt3, Mot4

25.90

(2)

22.22
18.62

Fd2. Crt3.
Mo16, Wt6
(3)

Fd3

Fourlh
Equivalent
Weight
23.63
22.04

Element/
Valence

Equivalent
Weight

Fel3, Crt6,
Md6, Wt6
(4)

19.14
17.03

103.59

Source: ASTM, G 102 (2000Edition). Reprinted, with permission, copyright ASTM

n
n
$
5

2
Mo14

23.98

Ad2

53.93

Sd4
Ti3

29.67
15.97

Pbl4

51.80

Mot6

15.99

GI
Tit4

11.98

aFIegistered trademark Carpenter Technology.

bRegistered trademark Haynes International.
Note 1: Alloying elements at concentrations below 1% by mass were not included in the calculation, for example, they were considered part of the basis metal.
Note 2: Midrange values were assumed for concentrations of alloying elements.
Note 3:Only consistent valence groupings were used.
Note 4: Equation 4 in ASTM G 102 was used t o make these calculations.

22.80

Pb/2

CORROSION TESTING 111

CORROSION RATE CALCULATION FROM MASS LOSS

AWT

Corrosion rate =
(A x T x D )
where
K = a constant (seebelow),
T = time of exposure in hours to the nearest 0.01 h,
A = area in cm2 to the nearest 0.01 cm2,
W = mass loss in g. to nearest 1 mg (corrected for any loss during cleaning (see 9.4)), and
D = density in glcm3,
Many different units are used to express corrosion rates. Using the above units for T, A, W, and
D , the corrosion rate can be calculated in a variety of units with the following appropriate value
of K:

Conosion Rate Units Desired

Constant ( K ) in Corrosion
Rate Equation

miis per year (mpy)

inches per year (ipy)
inches per month (ipm)

345 x 106
345 103
2.87 x lo2

millimetres per year (mmly)

micrometres per year (&My)
picometres per second (pmls)

8.76 104
8.76 107
2.78 x lo6

grams per square metre per

hour (g/m2.h)
milligrams per square
decimetre per day (mdd)
micrograms per square metre
per second (pglmz.s)

1.00 x 104 x P

2.40 x lo6 x P
2.78 x lo6 x P

aDensity is not needed to calculate the corrosion rate in these units. The density in the
constant K cancels out the density in the corrosion rate equation.
Source: ASTM, G 1 (2000 Edition). Reprinted, with permission, copyright ASTM.

112 CORROSION TESTING

VALUES OF CONSTANTS FOR USE
IN FARADAY'S EQUATION
Calculation of Corrosion Rate-Faraday's Law can be used to calculate the corrosion rate, either
in terms of penetration rate (CR)or mass loss rate (MR)
CR=Ki k E W
MR = K2 i,,, EW

where
CR is given in mmlyr,,,i in $Afcm2,
Ki = 3.27 x
mm gl&Acm yr,
p =density in g/cm3,
MR = g/m2d, and
K2 = 8.954 x
g cm2/rrAm2 d.
E W = Eouivaientweiaht
Other values for KI and K2 for different unit s stems are given in the following table:

Aate
A

Penetration
Rate Unit (CR)

lcm Unit

mpy
mm/yF
mWyP

@hn2
,Winzb
&cm2

g/cm3
kg/m3b
g/cm3

unit

Ki

Units of Kls

0.1288
327.2
3.27 10-3

mpy gl&A cm
mm ke/A m y
mm e/$A cm y

B
Mass Loss Rate
unit
g/m2db
mg/dm2d (mdd)
mg/dm2d (mdd)

iSM unit

Kz

Units of K2.

NmZb
wAfcm2
NmZb

0.8953
0.0895
8.953

g/Ad
mg crn2/wA dm2 d
mg m2/A dm2 d

10-3

aEW is assumed to be dimensionless.

%I unit.
Source: ASTM, G 102 (2000 Edition). Reprinted, with permission, copyright ASTM