Vol.

4 July 2009 | Free

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Presents

Aspirants Times India’s First Digital Magazine for IAS Aspirants around the world.

HOT TOPIC
- Section 377
of the IPC
CSE Mains
2009
GS Model
Paper Solved

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 INDEX

Editorial
• Strategy Is Indispensable for Success .............................................................04

SECTION - 1: Articles
• Strategy For Mains Examination ....................................................................05
• Union Budget 2009-10 ....................................................................................17
• First BRIC Summit .........................................................................................32
• Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit .................................................41
• Hindi Article ( ) ............................................................50

SECTION - 2: Hot Topics

• Section 377 of the IPC .....................................................................................73

SECTION - 3: Current Relevant Facts........................................................78

SECTION -4: Sports.......................................................................................87
SECTION -5: Awards.....................................................................................91

SECTION - 6: CSE Mains 2009, GS Model Paper Part-1.......................94

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Editorial: Strategy Is Indispensable for Success…

“Before disclosing details of this volume, first of al l I ext end m

y cong r at ul at ions to al l our
readers and members on the crossing of 50000 membership. Now I have become more assured
about its future and we are working hard to make “Aspirants Times” better to The Best one.”

IAS preliminary results have already been declared and mains examination is going to be held in
month of October. Aspirant Times will provide indispensable materials for mains from this issue
onward. First and foremost is strategy for doing anything and for civil service examination, where
we have cut-throat competition and candidates have to fight for each m a rk; a fool pr oof strat egy
and plan is very crucial. So keeping this fact in mind, we are providing strategy for mains in this
very fourth volume. Under this column, there are Ten Mantras for success. How to fetch good
marks, importance of Current affairs, syllabus of GS in part-form with past year questions and
sources of study also have been described in detail.

Along with strategy, solution of model papers are important contents of this issue. These are not
only for your practices but also useful from the exam point of view. These questions may be asked
this year. Articles on Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summit, Yekaterinburg Declaration,
Counter-Terrorism Convention and First BRIC Summit are available. These articles are written in
a way that its useful for long answer type questions, as well as short answer type questions. Our
readers will find Budget 2009- 10 in very comp r ehe ns ive ma nne r. In thi s articl e each and every
thing of this year’s budget is described. Budgetary glossary has also been provided. Besides of
these, no compromise have been done in regualar traditional features of Aspirants Times.
Personality, News makers, Awards, Sports are continued. A very important topic, Section 377 of
the IPC, Fundamental Rights vs Acculturation is covered under the Hot Topics column.

Read, understand and become ready to do best in the coming battle. I wish all the best.

R. K. Pandey
Editor, Magazine

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 SECTION -1
Section - 1(Article
(Article: Hind
: CSE Mains Exam Strategy)

Civil Services (Main) Examination-2009

Winning Strategy
By R. K. Pandey
Civil Services in India provide not only jobs for earning
and surviving, but a power seat; from where, one can
change the world. Yes, here you can change the face of
country, you can eradicate poverty and problems, and
you can change society. In
this service you execute de-
cisions and also participate
in decision making and con-
tribute in making law. After
being successful at this
exam, your fate is changed
and the same time you can
change others fate. So ready
to face one of the toughest
hurdle and if you cross it,
you are the king.
To become a king, you
should have a winning strat-
egy, doing hard work systematically and good guidance.
Here, through this article, I am trying to make easy the
toughest examination. Preliminary examination is only
gateway of mains, nothing more, but main exam is a
real test and here each mark not only decide your suc-
cess but also your ranking. A good ranking means the
more chance for you to get your dream job. This article
is useful for those, who are going to appear at main this
year and it also guides them, who are making plan to
appear in coming year.
Ten Success Mantras
Self-Confidenc e:
Robert Collier says ‘Your chances of success in any un-
dertaking can always be measured by your belief in
yourself.’ Yes self confidenc e pl ays m
o s t im
p or tant rol e
in success of a person. A difficul t and lengt hy pr ocess
of Civil Services exam demands self-confidenc e becaus e
only this can keep you on the right track during the
long preparation and examination. Many candidates,
who are hard working and intelligent and have taken
right decision, right optional, chosen right study mate-
rials but ultimately they could not succeed, because of
their lack in self- confidenc e. D u e to lack of sel f-confi-
dence some time they see wrong in choosing options,
some time books, some time timing and some time in
their-self. So after deciding, be determined and go for-
ward till the process is not completed.
Remember, self confidenc e does not
mean over-confidenc e, so be cl ear
and ready to accept any negative side.
Self-confidenc e is about bal anc e.
Low self-confidenc e and over-confi-
dent are two extremes. If one is un-
der-confident , he’ ll avoi d taki ng risks
and stretching himself; and he might
not try at all. And if he is over-confi-
dent, he may take on too much risk,
stretch himself beyond his capabili-
ties, and crash badly. Getting this
right is a matter of having the right
amount of confidence, founded in real ity. W i th the right
amount of self-confidenc e, one w i ll take inf or me d ri sks ,
stretch oneself and try hard.
Time Management:
Last but not least, time management is very important
to achieve success. It plays very important role in prepa-
ration. For this you should divide your study plan in
parts. Set a goal to complete one or some parts in given
time. If you complete a part in given time you will not
feel overburdened and this mental freedom will pro-
vide you more understanding and grasping capacity. So
make a plan according to your need and convenient
rather than following others path.
Clarity:
Candidate must have a clear approach during the prepa-
ration and examination. If you have clarity, you will
easily overcome of many problems. One should be clear
about optionals, study materials, concept, thought, facts
and at every step. Do not stay in dilemma. After select-
ing optionals, materials and selection of study portion
of syllabus, follow them strictly.

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 SECTION -1
Section - 1(Article
(Article: Hind
: CSE Mains Exam Strategy)
Go through the syllabus and past-year Q papers:
Read syllabus past year questions of GS and your two
optionals carefully, specially past two years. In this way,
you will understand what and how to read to tackle the
questions and also important and less important part of
syllabus. Follow the syllabus instead of reading whole
of the book. Choose only those portions of the book
which are part of your syllabus and especially you have
made guess for this year examination. When ever what
ever you read, frame questions on them and try to
present an ideal answer. In this way you can increase
understanding and expression.
A Balanced Approach:
A balanced approach is needed at every step during
preparation. Give equal importance to both of optionals
and compulsory papers. Do not neglect any area of syl-
labus. To get good marks in the exam, on should take
seriously question number 1 and 5 (short notes). While
preparing, one must note down, from where short notes
can be asked. It will facilitate you in exam hall. In this
way you can write your complete answer in within the
time frame. Many of you often do not take every part of
General Studies seriously.
Such step may futile, so read every portion of GS and
prepare them well. In your answer, balanced view is
important and at the same time one should give approxi-
mately equal time to all long answer type questions. Do
not write some answer very long and some very short.
Develop Writing Skill:
Writing skills play an important role in the IAS Mains.
Most of the candidates appearing for the Mains exami-
nation have a lot of knowledge, but lack writing skills.
You should be able to present all the information/knowl-
edge in a coherent and logical manner, as expected by
the examiner. For example: Quoting with facts and sub-
stantiating your answer with related concepts and em-
phasizing your point of view. Prepare a standard an-
swer to the question papers of the previous years. This
will also make your task easy in examination hall. Do
not neglect the concepts.
Copyright © 2009
Sometimes the questions are ‘conceptual’ in nature,
aimed at testing the comprehension levels of the basic
concepts. Get a list of standard textbooks from the suc-
cessful candidates, or other sources and also selective
good notes. The right choice of reading material is im-
portant and crucial. . For subjects like Mathematics and
Statistics and Geography maps etc, practice is very im-
portant. One should also practice other subjects and
should not treat the same examination, as an “experi-
ence gathering” exercise to get a chance for writing
mains is a great thing, which you may not get again.
Go through the unsolved papers of the previous
papers and solve them to stimulate the atmosphere of
the examination.
Try not to exceed the word limit, as far as possible. Stick-
ing to the word limit that will save time. Besides, the
numbers of marks you achieve are not going to increase
even if you exceed the word limit. It’s the quality that
matters not the quantity. Revision is very important.
Revise after a gap. The reason is that you have been
preparing for months or years together. It is a human
tendency to forget something after some time. Follow
paragraph writing rather than essay form. A new point
should start with a new paragraph. It is easy to write
and understand.. If the question needs answer in point
format give it a bullet format. Try to maintain unifor-
mity in the writing throughout the paper. Under time
pressure, the script should not go from bad to worse in
the later stages of the answer sheets. This may irritate
the evaluator. Stick to the time frame. Speed is the very
essence of this examination. Hence, time management
is very crucial. For developing the writing skills, write
model answers at the time of preparation. This helps
get into the habit of writing under time pressure in the
examination. Develop and follow your own style of writ-
ing. Try not to be repetitive and maintain a flow in the
style of your writing.
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 SECTION -1
Section - 1 (Article
(Article: Hind
: CSE Mains Exam Strategy)
Importance of General Studies
Many candidates, particularly those with a professional
degree in science, often ignore serious preparation of
GS and focus mainly on their optional subjects. Such
attitude is more like a bad gamble. Economy, Science &
Technology and Statistical Analysis are the areas that
can pose problems in scoring. If you have prepared
economy for your Prelims, doing it for the mains must
not be difficul t. St at istical ana l ys is ha s to be pr act ised
with the help of previous years' solved questions given
in all the guides as also the NCERT's Statistical Analy-
sis.
One year regular reading of a national daily, India Year
book relevant NCERT books and magazines for the pur-
pose are the basic necessities that you must go through.
Scoring in GS is mathematical and any additional score
gained through serious preparations must be tried.
Do Not Forget Essay:
Where each number is important to give the shape of
your future, how can you miss manage Essay, which
carries 200 marks. Essay paper was re-introduced in
1993, created a sort of storm among the aspirants. Ru-
mors was spread that the step had been taken to neu-
tralize the scoring pattern which is highly skewed in
favour of some subjects. Though there is no denying
the fact that many subjects like Maths, Physics, Com-
merce etc do not encourage the development of lan-
guage skill. Those of you with such an academic back-
ground but a natural flai r for w
r i ting devel oped dur i ng
school or college days, should be defini tel y at an advan-
tage.
Writing an essay is an art and if you are not naturally
inclined to write that way, you will have to spend at
least some time in practising; more so because many of
the issues asked in the form of essay are the ones that
you generally prepare for your GS where you limit your
preparation upto about 250 words. Candidates are ad-
vised to keep a thorough eye on all the happenings of
the last one year with critical evaluation of those which
could be asked in the form of an essay.
Copyright © 2009
Language Papers:
Though, language papers are of qualifying nature only,
on should also give some time. Take the last five year
papers and solve them, later either check yourself or
asked to do so to a teacher or any friend. If you get
more than 50 percent marks, then I think no reason to
worry. But if you get less than 40 marks, you should
give some time. For this, reading news papers and any
grammar book is suffici ent . If one is very poor , he or
she must prepare well on regular basis.
Current Affairs:
It plays very decisive role in your success. Why is it
decisive? Because, if you are good in current affairs, you
can write better answer of Polity, Economy, Science,
Geography questions in GS. Beside these it helps you in
the optionals like Political Science, Public Administra-
tion, Sociology, Anthropology and others many
optionals. Do not forget that it also may become a deci-
sive factor in essay writing in the personality test. Pre-
paring current affairs is very tedious job, so during the
whole preparation, you must develop your own meth-
odology. But there is some common approach, which
one must not forget to be good at the current affairs.
To study current affairs, it is essential to read one na-
tional newspaper, Mainstream, one from Frontline, In-
dia Today and Outlook and one from any competitive
magazine. When you are studying the round up of na-
tional and international affairs, efforts should not be
merely taking up the information but also to under-
stand the issues involved. Go into the background of
events. for example, the recent Lok Sabha elections,
racial attack in Australia threw up many issues. Get to
know these issues and be clear about them so that you
can answer questions on them.
Study Idea for GS
The books published by the NCERT are important
source material. Take up the text-books for classes IX,
X, XI and XII. Beside it, some books published by NBT
and India Year Book is also useful. But only reading
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Section - 1(Article
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: CSE Mains Exam Strategy)

these books will not serve the purpose. What is crucial

is that the person taking up self-study must pick up past
question papers and write down the answers to ques-
tions asked therein. A practice in writing is what is re-
quired to attempt the paper. Many students make the
mistake of studying for hours but have no practice in
writing down the answers, which costs heavily during
the exam. The skill required is that of organising the
arguments and making a coherent answer from the di-
verse material.

One more thing that must be kept in mind is that the

answers must be a little different from others and must
have some extra bit that is missed out by others. This is
not difficul t if one ha s understood the issue in dept h.

One important characteristic of the Civil Services Mains

Exam is that the questions do not ask for mere informa-
tion as a reply, but seek analysis backed with opinion
from the candidates. Usually, one gets the impression
that one knows everything but thoughts do not flow Advertise your
out naturally as one puts pen to paper. Therefore, writ- Business Here
ing down the answers is an important facet of the prepa-
ration. Contact Us Online:
http://upscportal.com/store/contact
Next thing is that one must carefully read the questions
in order to make out what the examiner is asking. After
this important is to organise one's thoughts before writ-
ing and the sequence of the answer should be from the
most important/potent aspect to less important aspects.

If you do not have someone to check your answers, keep

them away and after a gap of time, read them again.
You will discover many mistakes, which earlier you
could not. Analyse the answers in order to improve
them. This exercise of re-analysis of answers improves
the ability to be precise. One of the important require-
ments of this exam is that the answers should be crisp
and to-the-point.

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 SECTION -1
Section - 1(Article
(Article: Hind
: CSE Mains Exam Strategy)

PAPER - I

(Syllabus, Related Questions and Strategy)

(a) Age of Sangam Literature

(a) History of Modern India and Indian (b) Bhakti
(c) Ashtadhyayi of Panini
Culture (d) Charvakas
(e) Ajivikas
The History of Modern India will cover history of the (f) Gandhara Art
Country from about the middle of nineteenth century (g) Mlechchas
and would also include questions on important (h) Lingayats
personalities who shaped the Freedom Movement and (i) Megasthenes
Social reforms. The part relating to Indian Culture (j) R. C. Dutt
will cover all aspects of Indian Culture from the (k) Nagarjunakonda
ancient to modern times. (1) Pastoralism
(m) Rudramadevi
Questions (n) Sati
(0) Ramanuja
1. Answer anyone of the following questions (in about
250 words): 30---2007 Study Material -Topper’s Choice

(a) What was the character of social religious reforms
in the 19th Century and how did they contribute to the
national awakening in India?
(b) The crisis of the colonial order during 1919 and 1939
was directly linked to the constitutional reforms, disil-
lusionment and militant anti-colonial struggles. Eluci-
date.
2. Answer any two of the following questions (in
about 150 words each) : 15x2 = 30---2007
(a) What are the salient features of the Government of
India Acts of 1858 and 1909?
(b) Do you think Mahatma Gandhi's support to Khilafat
Movement had diluted his secular credentials? Give your
argument based on the assessment of events.
(c) Evaluate the contribution of revolutionary terror-
ism represented by Bhagat Singh to the cause of India’s
Struggle of independence.
3. Write about the following (not 20 words each) :
2x15 = 30---------------------2007
For the complete understanding of India's freedom
struggle, NBT'S, India's freedom struggle by Bipin
Chandra and Barun De's books are important and
12th class N.C.E.R.T. From the period 1939-1947,
History spectrum is comprehensive, it is also helpful
for specific topi cs such as evol ut ion of pr ess, educa-
tion etc.
This is also handy for fina l revi sion. 2 m
a rkers - ne eds
to be focused from all the three periods- Ancient, Me-
dieval and Modern. Now focus should be on art, cul-
ture, religion, science, rather than on political person-
alities.
(b) Geography of India
In this part, questions will be on the physical, economic
and social geography of India.
Questions
4. Answer any two of the following questions (in
about 125 words each) : l0x2=20--------2007
(a) Explain how the Himalayan and the Tibetan

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 SECTION -1
Section - 1(Article
(Article: Hind
: CSE Mains Exam Strategy)

highlands play an important role in the development of 7. Answer anyone of the following questions (in about
the South West monsoon. 250 words): 30----------------2007

(b) Technological changes have brought in a major shift
in the use of roads as transport corridors in India. How
far do you agree with this view?
(c) Explain the nature and causes of growing slum prob-
lems in the metropolitan cities of India.
5. Write notes on the following (in about 20 words
each): 2 x 5= 10-----------------2007
(a) Special Economic Zone (SEZ)
(b) Inceptisol
(c) Jarawas
(d) Indira Point
(e) Causes of Chambal Ravines
Study Material -Topper’s Choice
Class XII books of Geography (NCERT), Mains Guide
in Geography and a good atlas.
(C) Indian Polity
This part will include questions on the Constitution of
India, Political system and related matters.
Questions
6. Answer anyone of the following questions (in about
250 words) : 30 ------------------2007
(a) What is a Constitution? What are the main sources
of the Indian Constitution?
(a). What is regionalism ? In which way regionalism
has affected the Indian Polity.
(b). what are the Main determination of voting behav-
ior in India?
8. Answer any two of the following questions (in
about 150 words each): 15x2 = 30---------2007
(a) What are the exceptions when the President of In-
dia is not bound by the aid and advice of the Council of
Ministers?
(b) What is pro tem Speaker?
(e) Under what circumstances, Parliament may legis-
late on State subjects?
9. Answer the following questions (in about 20 words
each): 2 x 5 = 10------------2007
(a). What is criminalization of politics?
(b). How president of India elected?
(c). what is casting vote?
(d). what is the difference between council of Minister
and Cabinet?
(e). what is the importance of Right to constitutional
remedies?
Study Material -Topper’s Choice
For polity I had made notes from Vazi Ram material
and Magazines. (Special issues of Polity). For particular
topics, DD Basu is authentic and reliable book.

(b) Bring out the differences between the Fundamental

Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy. Dis-
cuss some of the measures taken by the Union and State
Governments for the implementation of the Directive
Principles of State Policy.

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 SECTION -1
Section - 1(Article
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: CSE Mains Exam Strategy)

(d) Current National issues and topics of (b) Prime Minister's 5-point agenda for India's devel-
opment as a knowledge society.
social relevance
(c) The Lokpal Bill.
This part is intended to test the Candidate's awareness
13. Write short notes on the following ( in about 20
of current national issues and topics of social relevance
words each ) 2 x 5 = 10----------2007
in the present-day India, such as the following.
(a) Yakshagana
Demography & Human Resource & related issues.
(h) PACE.
Behavioural & Social issues & Social Welfare problems,
(c) Footloose Industries
such as child labour, gender equality, adult literacy, re-
(d) The Statue of Liberty
habilitation of the handicapped and other deprived seg-
(e) Genome
ments of the society, drug abuse, public health etc.
Study Material -Topper’s Choice
Law enforcement issues, human rights, corruption in
public life, communal harmony etc. Internal Security
For Current Affairs, National and Social Issues, the need
and related issues. Environmental issues, ecological pres-
is to read National Newspaper such as Hindu regularly.
ervation, conservation of natural resources and national
Issues such as child labour, gender inequality, Poverty,
heritage.
Problems of Senior Citizens, should be focused on, and
2 or 3 pages on each of these above topics should be
The role of national institutions, their relevance and
prepared. For this Manorama Year Book and Yojna
need for change.
would be helpful.
Questions
PAPER - II
10. Answer anyone of the following questions (in
about 250 words): 30----------2007 Syllabus, Related
Questions and Strategy
(a). what were the main recommendations of the Plat-
form for Action (PFA) adopted at the Beijing W o me n
Conference 1995? (a) India and the World
(b) Discuss the steps to get rid of child labour in India.
This part is intended to test candidate's awareness of
11. Answer any two of the following questions (in India's relationship with the world in various spheres,
about 125 words each): l0x2=20--------207 such as the following:-
Foreign Affairs
(a) What is stealth technology? External Security and related matters
(b) Differentiate between Natural and Cultural heritage. Nuclear Policy
(c) What is value-based politics? Indians abroad

12. Write notes on any two of the following (in about Questions
125 words each) : I0x2=20---------2007
1. Answer any two of the following (answer to each
(a) Integrated Child Services (lCDS) Development qu esti on s houl d be in about 1 50 words ):

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 SECTION -1
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: CSE Mains Exam Strategy)
15x2=30-2007
(a) Indo-Russian Defence Co-operation
(b) India's response, to political crisis In Bangladesh
(c) Elaborate on India's Nuclear Doctrine
2. Write about the following (answer to each ques-
tion should be in about 20 words): 2x5=I 0-2007
(a) SAFTA
(b) India and East Asia Summit (EAS)
(c) Shanghai Cooperation Organization, (S.C.O.)
(d) Panchsheel in India's Foreign Policy
(e) Relevance of NAM
3. Write about the following (answer to each ques-
tion should be in about 20 words) : 2x5=10--2007
(a) Pravasi Bhartiya Bima Yojana, 2006
(b) Indian All-Women Contingent to Liberia
(c) Madheshis in Nepal
(d) Know India Programme (KIP)
(e) Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs
Study Material -Topper’s Choice
For International Relations- both related to India and
the world and International Politics, I had, relied on
coaching class notes, but for comprehensive prepara-
tion, 12th Standard N.C.E.R.T. of Political
Science - particular chapters- related to India's Foreign
Policy should be focused.
b) Indian Economy
In this part, questions will be on the planning and eco-
nomic development in India, economic & trade issues,
Foreign Trade, the role and functions of I.M.F., World
Bank, W.T.O. etc.
Copyright © 2009
Questions
4. Answer anyone of the following (in about 250
words): 30--2007
(a). What is Dumping? Evaluate the remedial measures
taken by Government of India vis-à-vis WTO provi-
sions regarding dumping.
(b) Comment on the relationship between credit avail-
ability and agricultural growth in India.
5. Answer any two of the following (answer to each
question should be in about 150 words )--2007
(a). What is the meaning and aim of social forestry ?
What are the main weakness noticed in social forestry
programme?
(b). Bring out the main objective of Rastriya Krishi Bima
Yojana. The scheme is being implemented by which
agency.
(c). Explain Mega Food park Scheme of Government of
India.
6. Write about the following (answer to each ques-
tion should be in about 20 words ) : 2x15=30--2007
(a) Explain the term Merit Goods
(b) What is Cheap Money?
(c) What is Countervailing Duty?
(d) What is Hot Money?
(e). Explain the Concept Trickle Down Theory
(f) What is Stagflat ion?
(g) What is Engel's Law?
(h) Meaning of CCIL
(i) What is Administered Price?
(j) What is Venture Capital?
(k) Explain the term Balance on Current Account
(I) What is Consolidated Fund?
(m) What is Budget Defici t?
(n) Explain the term Most Favored Nations
(0) Meaning of Capital- Output Ratio
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(b) BEMs
Study Material -Topper’s Choice (c) IAEA
(d) BIMSTEC
N.C.E.R.T. 11th Standard (New) and Uma Kapila for (e) ECJ
understanding the problems of Indian Economy have
been very helpful for in depth analysis of Indian Study Material -Topper’s Choice
Economy. For two markers - India Year Book and
Pratiyogta Darpan special issues are important. The cur- Any Book on International Organization such as UN,
rent happening can be studied through Economic sur- Regional Organizations, Human Rights Organization
vey and Newspaper. etc, Frontline, World Focus etc

(c) International Affairs & Institutions
This part will include questions on important events in
world affairs and on international institutions.
(d) Developments in the fiel d of sci enc e
& technology, communications and
space

Questions In this part, questions will test the candidate's aware-

ness of the developments in the fiel d of sci enc e & tech-
7. Write about any two of the following (in about nology, communications and space and also basic ideas
150 words each): 15x2=30 of computers.

(a) Impact of globalization on state system and its insti- Questions

tutions
10. Answer any one of the following in about 250
(b) SAARC Summit 2007--2007 words: 30 --2007
(a). Explain the phenomenon of ozone depletion, its
(c) The UN conference on Environment and Develop- cause and effects . What efforts are needed to reduce it.
ment (The Earth Summit)
(b). what do you understanding by the term
8. Write about the following (in about 20 words each): ‘biodiversity’? Examine the cause and consequence of
2x5 = 10--2007 degeneration of biodiversity?
(a) G-8 Summit 2007
(b) Hyde Act of 2006 11. Answer any two of the following (answer for each
(c) Global Governance question should be in about 150 words) : 15x2=30 --
(d) Operation Silence 2007
(e) SAARC Human Rights Report 2006
(a) What are the alterative fuels available for the trans-
9. Write about the following by expanding and ex- port sector? Discuss their characteristics, advantages 'and
plaining the objectives (in about 20 Words each): disadvantages in their utilization.
2x5=10 --2007
(b) Explain the objectives and the current achievements
(a) ICT4D of human genome project.

13
Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM
 SECTION -1
Section - 1 (Article
(Article: Hind
: CSE Mains Exam Strategy)

(c) Discuss the missile technology initiatives undertaken

by India. (i) Put the above information in a proper table with title.

12. Answer all the five (in about 20 wo r ds each) : (ii) Calculate the increase in the percentage of the fe-
2x5=10 --2007 male workers belonging to the union in that five year
period.
(a) What is firewa l l ?
(b) What is mal ware ? (b) The marks obtained by 20 students in a subject are
given: 8
(c) What do the following stand for? 32, 62, 72, 46, 52, 74, 53, 42, 58, 61, 59, 46, 36, 76, 58,
(i) MPEG 77, 62, 48, 36, 39.
(ii) ISP
(iii) HTML Form a frequency distribution table with class interval
(iv) ASCII 10. Also Draw the Histogram.

(d) What is Root kit?
(e) What is computer architecture?
Study Material -Topper’s Choice
Science and Technology from Hindu, Yojna and Vaji
Ram Notes.
14. (a) For the following distribution of statistics test
grades, construct a frequency polygon and answer
the following: 8 --2007
(i) How many test grades are greater than 87 ?
(ii) What percentage of test grades are greater than 83?

(e) Statistical analysis, graphs and
diagrams
This part will include exercises to test the candidate's
ability to draw common sense conclusions from infor-
mation presented in statistical, graphical or
diagrammatical form and to point out defici enc i es, lim
i -
tations or inconsistencies therein.
(iii) What percentage of test grades are lower than72?
(iv) What percentage of test grades are between 72 and
79 (inclusive )
Test Grades:
73, 92, 57, 89, 70, 95, 75, 80, 47, 88, 47, 48, 64, 86, 79,
72, 71, 77, 93, 55, 75, 50, 53, 75, 85, 50, 82, 45, 40, 82,
60, 89, 79, 65, 54, 93, 60, 83, 59

Questions (b). Construct an appropriate diagram to show the

following data of a university: 8 --2007
13. (a) In the year 2000 out of a total 1750 workers of
a factory 1200 workers were members of a union. Course No. of Students:
The number of women employed was 200 of which Engineering 440
175 did not belong to the union. In 2005 , the num- Arts 220
ber of union workers increased to 1510 of which 1290 Agriculture 120
were men . On the other hand the number of non Home Science 80
union workers fell down to 208 of which 180 were Economic 60
men. 8 --2007 Total = 920

14
Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM
15. (a) What do you understand by 2 --2007
(i) Primary and secondary data
(ii) Data classificat ion
(iii) Measures of central tendency
(iv) Characteristics of good average

(b) The mean wage of 100 laborers working in a factory running two shifts of 60 and 40 workers respectively
is Rs. 38. The mean wage of 60 labourers working in the morning shift is Rs 40. Find the mean wage of 40
Labourers working in the evening shift. 2 --2007

(c) The mean age of a group of 5 boys is 16 years. Another boy joins the group and then the mean age of the
group becomes 18 years. How old is the newcomer? 2 --2007

(d) Arithmetic means of two completely different sets of values may be same. When extreme values are taken
into consideration, the arithmetic mean is largely affected. Is it merit or demerit of arithmetic mean and give
reasons for your statement? 2--2007

Study Material -Topper’s Choice

Spectrum is good. Practice last 10 year questions properly. Time management is the most important thing in Statis-
tics.

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 SECTION -1
Section - 1(Article
(Article: Hind
: Union Budget 2009-10)

Union Budget 2009-10

Major Allocations to Boost Up Economy

By Sangeeta Gupta ishing of surcharge, fringe benefit tax and commo d-

Author is an expert of various competitive examina- ity transaction tax. Extension of tax benefit under
tions. Sections 10A and 10B are also welcome though this
could have been for a longer period of three years,
Minister of Finance Sh. Pranab Mukherjee has which would have provided more visibility. The
presented Union Budget 2009-10 on July 6, 2009 in industry’s demand for reduction in rates of corpo-
the Lok Sabha. This Budget must be looked at rate tax has unfortunately not been accepted this
against the larger back- time. The decision to in-
drop of the unprec- troduce a full-fledged
edented global economic GST from April 1, 2010
crisis. Finance minister is perhaps the most no-
had to do a fine bal anc - table announcement in
ing act between fiscal the area of indirect taxes.
compulsions and the Besides this however,
need to provide contin- there is no relief for the
Courtesy: PIB.NIC.IN

ued stimulus to the struggling medium and

economy. In the given
circumstances, he has
done reasonably well
though clearly he has not
been able to meet the ex-
pectations of all sections
in the economy. The focus of the Budget has been
on infrastructure development, agriculture, exports,
the social sector and education and skill develop-
ment. The initiatives in these areas are largely aimed
at supporting short-term economic revival. In-
creased allocation for highways, urban infrastruc-
ture, power and the national gas grid are welcome.
However, the relief to exporters could have been
more.
The fina nc e mi ni ster ha s pr opos ed me di um- term
stimulus for the economy through institutional re-
forms. We will have to wait for specifics in areas of
petroleum product pricing, taxes, disinvestment and
the proposal to raise the threshold for non promot-
ers’ shareholding in listed companies, though. In
the area of direct taxes, fina nc e mi ni ster ha s sig-
nificant ly m
e t the indus try’ s expect at ion by abol -
heavy commercial ve-
hicle industry and the
automotive component
sector. With a time lag,
private investment
should resume, marking
the return to high economic growth. The worries
in this regard are two-fold. Firstly, the nature of
the government’s borrowing programme and its im-
pact on the interest rates and the role of private
investments. The second one arises out of the high
quantum of the outlay without an attempt to ex-
tract accountability and effici enc y from the imp l e-
mentation machinery. The feel good for the people
comes from lowering of the threshold of personal
income tax. Corporate will surely welcome the abo-
lition of the irritating and unproductive FBT and
will not dispute the logic of MAT. A Budget that is
positive for the economy is good for industry. Ex-
tension of weighted expenditure deduction for in-
house R&D is welcome.
The government has shown foresight by provision-
ing to keep the banks and insurance under public

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 SECTION -1
Section - 1(Article
(Article: Hind
: Union Budget 2009-10)
sector control under the present recessionary sce-
nario. The emphasis on the social sector develop-
ment is in line with the government’s mantra of
inclusive growth. Special emphasis on education is
a welcome step. The provision for the Scheme ‘Mis-
sion in Education through ICT’ has been increased
to Rs 900 crore and will create a better talent flow
in the years to come. The speed of progress —in
talent assessment, training needs analysis for a range
of services sectors including IT and development of
a new technology architecture which would sup-
port learner centric education by connecting cam-
puses, content specialists and the student commu-
nity will now be possible by the up-gradation for
Polytechnics under the Skill Development Mission
for which allocations have also been increased. The
enhancement of overall Plan Budget for higher edu-
cation by Rs 2,000 crore over interim budget esti-
mates and allocation of Rs 2,113 crore for IITs and
NITs is just one of many initiatives our country
needs—especially in J&K, North East, and other
states to reduce digital divide. New projects such as
modernisation of the employment exchanges and
unique identificat ion card w i th publ ic pr ivat e part-
nership also focuses on effici enc y of del ivery of gov-
ernment programmes and is an important step in
ushering greater transparency in public decision-
making process.
Union Budget Speech: In his Budget speech financ e
minister said that the Just 140 days back, he had
the privilege to present the Interim Budget for 2009-
10. It is a rare honour that he has been called upon
to present the regular budget after the new Gov-
ernment assumed office. The Co ngres s-led UP A
Government has come back to power with a re-
newed mandate. As Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan
Singh, said recently It is a mandate for continuity,
stability and prosperity. It is a mandate for inclu-
sive growth and equitable development. In the In-
Copyright © 2009
terim Budget for 2009-10, he had stated that the
new Government would need to anchor its policies
for 2009-10, in a medium term perspective that
would have to:
(a) sustain a growth rate of at least 9 per cent per
annum over an extended period of time;
(b) strengthen the mechanisms for inclusive growth
for creating about 12 million new work opportuni-
ties per year;
(c) reduce the proportion of people living below
poverty line to less than half from current levels by
2014;
(d) ensure that Indian agriculture continues to grow
at an annual rate of 4 per cent;
(e) increase the investment in infrastructure to more
than 9 per cent of GDP by 2014;
(f) support Indian industry to meet the challenge
of global competition and sustain the growth mo-
mentum in exports;
(g) strengthen and improve the economic regula-
tory framework in the country;
(h) expand the range and reach of social safety nets
by providing direct assistance to vulnerable sections;
(i) strengthen the delivery mechanism for primary
health care facilities with a view to improve the
preventive and curative health care in the country;
(j) create a competitive, progressive and well regu-
lated education system of global standards that
meets the aspiration of all segments of the society;
and
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 SECTION -1
Section - 1(Article
(Article: Hind
: Union Budget 2009-10)
(k) move towards providing energy security by pur-
suing an Integrated Energy Policy.
The Government recognizes the challenges that this
task entails, particularly at a time when the world
is still struggling with an unprecedented fina nc i al
crisis and an economic slowdown that has also af-
fected India . The first cha l leng e is to l ead the
economy back to the high GDP growth rate of 9
per cent per annum at the earliest. Growth of in-
come is important in itself, but it is as important
for the resources that it brings in. These resources
provide the means to bridge the critical gaps that
remain in our development efforts, particularly with
regard to the welfare of the vulnerable segments of
Indian population. The second challenge is to
deepen and broaden the agenda for inclusive de-
velopment; and to ensure that no individual, com-
munity or region is denied the opportunity to par-
ticipate in and benefit from the devel opme nt pr o-
cess. The third challenge is to re-energize govern-
ment and improve delivery mechanisms. Our in-
stitutions must provide high quality public services,
security and the rule of law to all citizens with trans-
parency and accountability.
Overview of the Economy: The principal growth
driver in this period has been private investment,
which has been predominantly funded by domes-
tic resources. During the year 2008-09, there has
been a dip in the growth rate of GDP from an aver-
age of over 9 per cent in the previous three fiscal
year to 6.7 per cent. It has affected the pace of job
creation in certain sectors of the economy and the
investment sentiments of the business community.
It has also resulted in considerably lower revenue
growth for the government. Another feature of the
year 2008-09 was a sharp rise in the wholesale price
index to nearly 13% in August 2008 and an equally
sharp fall close to 0% in March 2009.
Copyright © 2009
The structure of India economy has changed rap-
idly in the last ten years. External trade and exter-
nal capital flows are an i m p or tant part of the
economy and so is the contribution of the services
sector to the GDP at well over 50 per cent. The
share of merchandise trade (exports plus imports)
as a proportion of GDP has more than doubled over
the past decade to 38.9 per cent in 2008-09. Simi-
larly, trade in goods and services taken together has
also doubled to 47 per cent during this period. Gross
capital flows ros e to a peak of over 9 per cent of
GDP in 2007-08 before falling in the wake of the
global fina nc i al crisis. The signi ficant incr eas e i n
the inflow of for ei gn capi tal is im p or tant , not so
much for bridging the domestic savings-investment
gap, but for facilitating the intermediation of finan-
cial resources to meet the growing needs of the
economy.
This growing integration of the Indian economy
with the rest of the world has brought new oppor-
tunities and also new challenges. It has made the
task of sustaining high growth more complex. Over
the past month, we have critically evaluated
Government’s efforts at both short term economic
recovery as well as medium term economic growth.
The economic recovery and growth is a coopera-
tive effort of the Central and State Governments.
Towards Economic Revival
Short-term measures: To counter the negative fall-
out of the global slowdown on the Indian economy,
the Government responded by providing three fo-
cused fiscal stimu l us packages in the for m of tax
relief to boost demand and increased expenditure
on public projects to create employment and pub-
lic assets. The RBI took a number of monetary eas-
ing and liquidity enhancing measures to facilitate
flow of funds from the financi al syst emt omee t the
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 SECTION -1
Section - 1(Article
(Article: Hind
: Union Budget 2009-10)
needs of productive sectors. This fiscal accommo -
dation led to an increase in fiscal deficit from 2 .7
per cent in 2007-08 to 6.2 per cent of GDP in 2008-
09. The difference between the actuals of 2007-08
and 2008-09 constituted the total fiscal stim u l us .
This fiscal stim
u l us at 3. 5% of G
DP at cur rent ma r-
ket prices for 2008-09 amounts to Rs.1,86,000 crore.
These measures were effective in arresting the fall
in growth rate of GDP in 2008-09 and we achieved
a growth of 6.7 per cent. There are signs of revival
in the domestic industry and the foreign investors
have also returned to the Indian market in the May-
jun,2009.
Infrastructure Development
To stimulate public investment in infrastructure,
government has set up the India Infrastructure Fi-
nance Company Limited (IIFCL) as a special pur-
pose vehicle for providing long term fina nc i al as-
sistance to infrastructure projects. Government will
ensure that IIFCL is given greater flexi bi lity to ag-
gressively fulfil its m
a ndat e.
Highway and Railways: The allocation during the
current year to National Highways Authority of
India (NHAI) for the National Highways Develop-
ment Programme (NHDP) is being stepped up by
23 per cent over the 2008-09 (BE). Government
have also increased the allocation for the Railways
from Rs.10,800 crore made in the Interim Budget
for 2009-10 to Rs.15,800 crore.
Urban Infrastructure: The Jawaharlal Nehru Na-
tional Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) has been
an important instrument for refocusing the atten-
tion of the State governments on the importance of
urban infrastructure. In recognition of the role of
JNNURM, the allocation for this scheme is being
stepped up by 87 per cent to Rs.12,887 crore in the
Copyright © 2009
current budget. To improve the lot of the urban
poor, Ministry proposed to enhance the allocation
for housing and provision of basic amenities to ur-
ban poor to Rs.3,973 crore in the current years bud-
get. This includes the provision for Rajiv Awas
Yojana (RAY), a new scheme announced in the
address of the President of India. This scheme, the
parameters of which are being worked out, is in-
tended to make the country slum free in the five
year period.
Brihan Mumbai Storm Water Drainage Project
(BRIMSTOWA)
To address the problem of floodi ng in M u mb ai ,
Brihan Mumbai Storm Water Drainage Project
(BRIMSTOWA) was initiated in 2007. The entire
estimated cost of the project at Rs.1,200 crore is
being funded through Central assistance. A sum of
Rs.500 crore has been released for this project upto
2008-09. Government have enhanced the provision
for this project from Rs.200 crore in Interim BE to
Rs.500 crore to expedite the completion of the
project.
Power: The Accelerated Power Development and
Reform Programme (APDRP) is an important
scheme for reducing the gap between power de-
mand and supply. Government has proposed to in-
crease the allocation for this scheme to Rs.2,080
crore, a steep increase of 160 per cent above the
allocation in the BE of 2008-09.
Gas: With the recent find of na t ur al gas in the KG
Basin on the Eastern offshore of the country, the
indigenous production of Natural Gas is set to double
with natural gas emerging as an important source
of energy. LNG infrastructure in the country is also
being expanded. Government has proposed to de-
velop a blueprint for long distance gas highways
leading to a National Gas Grid. This would facili-
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 SECTION -1
Section - 1(Article
(Article: Hind
: Union Budget 2009-10)
tate transportation of gas across the length and
breadth of the country.
Agricultural Development
Agriculture has been the mainstay of Indian
economy with 60 per cent of our population deriv-
ing their sustenance from it. In the recent past, the
sector has recorded a growth of about 4 per cent
per annum with substantial increase in plan alloca-
tions and capital formation in the sector. Agricul-
ture credit flow wa s Rs . 2, 87, 000 cror e in 2008- 09.
The target for agriculture credit flow for the year
2009-10 is being set at Rs.3,25,000 crore. To achieve
this, Government has proposed to continue the in-
terest subvention scheme for short term crop loans
to farmers for loans upto Rs.3 lakh per farmer at
the interest rate of 7 per cent per annum. for this
year, the Government shall pay an additional sub-
vention of 1 per cent as an incentive to those farm-
ers who repay their short term crop loans on sched-
ule. Thus, the interest rate for these farmers will
come down to 6 per cent per annum. For this, gov-
ernment is making an additional Budget provision
of Rs.411 crore over Interim BE.
Service tax: It is an international practice to zero-
rate exports. To achieve this objective, a scheme
was announced in 2007, granting refund of service
tax paid on certain taxable services used after the
clearance of export goods from the factory. For some
time now, the exporting community has been ex-
pressing dissatisfaction over the difficul ties faced
in obtaining such refunds. Several procedural sim-
plificat ions at temp t ed i n the past ha ve al so not
yielded satisfactory results. The solution seems to
lie in placing greater trust on the claims filed by
the exporters.
Keeping this in view, Government has proposed
Copyright © 2009
to make the following changes in the scheme:
» Services received by exporters from goods trans-
port agents and commission agents, where the li-
ability to pay service tax is ab initio on the exporter,
would be exempted from service tax. Thus, there
would be no need for the exporter to first pay the
tax and later claim refund.
» For other services received by exporters, the ex-
emption would be operated through the existing
refund mechanism based on self-certification of the
documents where such refund is below 0.25 per cent
of fob value, and certificat ion of docume nt s by a
Chartered Accountant for value of refund exceed-
ing the above limit.
Budget Estimate 2009-10
» Fiscal defici t as a percent age of GDP is pr oj ect ed
at 6.8 per cent compared to 2.5 per cent in B.E.
2008-09 and 6.2 per cent as per provisional accounts
2008-09.
» Increase in Non-plan expenditure is mainly due
to implementation of Sixth Central Pay Commis-
sion recommendations, increased food subsidy and
higher interest payment arising out of larger fiscal
defici t in 2008- 09.
» Interest payments estimated at Rs.2,25,511 crore
constituting about 36 per cent of Non-plan revenue
expenditure in B.E. 2009-10.
» Subsidies up from Rs.71,431 crore in B.E. 2008-
09 to Rs.1,11,276 crore in B.E. 2009-10.
» Outlay for Defence up from Rs.1,05,600 crore in
B.E. 2008-09 to Rs.1,41,703 crore in B.E. 2009-10.
» Gross Budgetary Support for Annual Plan 2009-
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 SECTION -1
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: Union Budget 2009-10)
10 enhanced by Rs.40,000 crore over Interim B.E.
2009-10..
» State Governments to be permitted to borrow ad-
ditional 0.5 per cent of their GSDP by relaxing the
fiscal deficit target unde r FRBM f rom 3 .5 per cent
to 4 per cent of their GSDP. This will enable the
States to borrow Rs.21,000 crore additionally over
Interim B.E. 2009-10.
» Gross tax receipts budgeted at Rs.6,41,079 crore
in B.E. 2009-10 compared to Rs.6,87,715 crore in
B.E. 2008-09.
» Non-tax revenue receipts estimated at Rs.1,40,279
crore in B.E. 2009-10 compared to Rs.95,785 crore
in B.E. 2008-09.
» Revenue defici t pr oj ect ed at 4. 8 per cent of GDP
in B.E. 2009-10 compared to 1 per cent in B.E. 2008-
09 and 4.6 per cent as per provisional accounts of
2008-09
Union Budget Main Features
» Total budget expenditure for 2009-10 will be Rs
10,28,032 cr
» Exemption limit for income tax raised by Rs 10,000
» Hike in IT exemption for women to Rs 1,90,000
» Hike in IT exemption to Rs 2,40,000 for senior
citizens
» No change in corporate tax
» Eliminate surcharge on personal Income Tax by
10 pct
» Service tax exempted for exporters on select ser-
vices
» Defence gets Rs 1,41,703 crore for 2009-10, a 34
Copyright © 2009
pct hike from 2008-09 budgetary allocation
» Service tax imposed on certain legal services
» Customs duty to be reduced on drugs for heart
treatment
» Mobile phone accessories to become cheaper
» Branded jewellery to become cheaper
» Customs duty on bio-diesel reduced
» Tax holiday textile units extended
» Customs duty on gold and silver import increased
» Custom duty on gold re-imposed
» Small businesses exempt from advance tax
» Overall customs and excise duty structure main-
tained
» To impose 5 pct customs duty on set top boxes
» Custom duty on LCD panels halved
» Tax holiday to natural gas extended
» Anonymous funds to charitable bodies get tax
relief
» MAT rate hiked to 15% of book profit
» Commodities Transaction Tax to be abolished
» Effort is to improve tax collection by eliminating
distortions in tax system and expanding the base
» Direct Tax code to be released in 45 days along
with discussion paper
» Share of direct taxes has increased to 56 pct in
2008-09 over 41 pct in 2007-08
» Tax holiday for exporters extended until 2012
» Fringe Benefit Ta x to be abol ishe d
» Income tax incentives on education loans ex-
panded to cover vocational studies after schooling
» Goods and Services Tax to be introduced from
April 1, 2010
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 SECTION -1
Section - 1(Article
(Article: Hind
: Union Budget 2009-10)
» New tax code to be set up in 45 days
» Govt committed to tax reforms
» Plan expenditure, for Centre and States, to go
up by Rs 61,000 cr
» Fiscal defici t seen at 6. 8 pct
» Higher public investment in infrastructure
» Rs 500 crore allocated for rehabilitation of in-
ternally displaced Tamils in Sri Lanka
» Rs 1,000 crore for rebuilding infrastructure
damaged by 'Aila' in West Bengal
» Rs 25 cr allocated each for AMU campuses in »
Murshidabad, Mallapuram
» One lakh dwelling units for paramilitary forces
personnel to be constructed
» Pension of non-commissioned officers to be
hiked
» One rank, one pension for ex-servicemen from
July 1,2009
» Rs 2,113 cr for IITs and NITs
» Allocation of Rs 50 cr to Chandigarh Univer-
sity
» Commonwealth allocation hiked to Rs 16,300
cr
» Govt to hike allocation to National Ganga
Project to Rs 562 cr
» First Unique ID to citizens to roll out in 12-18
months; Rs 120 crore proposed for the project
» Allocation for National Rural Health Mission
to be raised by Rs 257 cr
» National action plan on climate change
» Allowances to para-military forces at par with
defence forces
» Modernisation of national employment ex-
changes to be carried out
Copyright © 2009
» Action initiated to provide social security to
unorganised sector workers
» Full interest subsidy for students taking courses
in approved institutions; five l akh student s to
benefit
» To add handloom cluster in Tamil Nadu and
West Bengal
» 50 pct of all rural women to be brought into
self-help group programmes
» Rashtriya Mahila Kosh allocation to be raised
to Rs 500 cr
» National Mission for Female Literacy with em-
phasis on minorities, SC/ST to be launched
» Interest subsidy for home loans hiked to Rs 1
lakh
» Allocation for Bharat Nirman programme
raised by 45 pct
» Full interest subsidy for poor students for
higher education
» Rs 100 cr one-time grant to expand banks in
unbanking areas
» Work on National Food Security scheme for
providing food at cheaper rates to the poor has
begun
» Indira Awaas Yojna hiked by 63 pct to Rs 8,883
cr
» Rs 31,100 crore allocated to NREGA
» NREGA gave employment opportunities to
more than 4.479 cr households in last fiscal
» To return to FRBM target for fiscal di sci pl ine
at the earliest
» Subsidy regime for fertilisers to change to nu-
trient-based rather than price-based
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 SECTION -1
Section - 1(Article
(Article: Hind
: Union Budget 2009-10)

» Banking network to be expanded » Uncertainties of global economy remain

» Banks and insurance firms to rema i n in publ ic
sector
» Threshold for non-promoter public listed com-
panies raised
» Saral-II forms to simplify taxation process
» Move towards energy security via Integrated En-
ergy Act
» An expert group to look into petroleum product
pricing
» Export Credit Guarantee scheme extended till
March 2010
» Print media stimulus package extended by 6
months
» Target for agriculture credit raised to Rs 3,25,000
cr in FY10
» Allocation of Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna
stepped up by 30 pct
» Will create close to 12 million jobs
» Farmers loan interest to come down to 6 pct
» Total fiscal stim
u l us dur ing FY0 9 is Rs 1, 86, 000
cr
» Fund allocation for urban poor accommodation
is 3,973,000 cr
» Housing allocation hiked under Rajiv Awaas
Yojana
» Mumbai flood m a na geme nt al locat ion hi ked to
Rs 500 cr
» IIFCL will re-fina nc e 60 pct of comme rci al bank
loans in PPP
» Share of trade has doubled to 38 % of GDP
» IIFCL to be given greater flexi bi lity
» Govt took 3 stimulus packages to fight slowd own
» Trade in goods and services doubled in 2008
» Significant hi ke in for ei gn capi tal
» Infra investment to exceed 9% of GDP by 2014
» Policy target to revive agriculture and industrial
growth
» Ensure 4 pct growth for agriculture
» Increase investment in infrastructure
» Growth Target at 9 pct per annum
Budget Aims At Inclusive Growth
National Food Security Act:
» National Food Security Act to be brought in to
ensure entitlement of 25 kilo of rice or wheat per
month at Rs.3 per kilo to every family living below
the poverty line in rural or urban areas. Food Secu-
rity Bill to be put on the website of the Depart-
ment of Food and Public Distribution for public
debate.
National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
(NREGS)
» Allocation under NREGS increased by 144 per cent
to Rs.39,100 crore in B.E. 2009-10 over B.E. 2008-
09.
» To increase productivity of assets and resources
under NREGA, convergence with other schemes
relating to agriculture, forests, water resources, land
resources, rural roads initiated. In the first stage 115
pilot districts selected for convergence.

24
Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM
 SECTION -1
Section - 1(Article
(Article: Hind
: Union Budget 2009-10)
Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana
(PMAGY)
» New scheme Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana
(PMAGY) with an allocation of Rs.100 crore
launched on pilot basis for integrated development
of 1000 villages having population of scheduled
castes above 50 per cent.
Welfare of Minorities:
» Rs.25 crore each allocated for establishing new
campuses at Murshidabad in West Bengal and
Malappuram in Kerala by Aligarh Muslim Univer-
sity.
» Allocations made for the new schemes of National
Fellowship for Students from minority community
and Grants-in-aid to Central Wakf Council for com-
puterization of records of State Wakf Boards.
» Plan outlay of Ministry of Minority Affairs en-
hanced from Rs.1,000 crore in B.E. 2008-09 to
Rs.1,740 crore in 2009-10 registering an increase of
74 per cent. This includes Rs.990 crore for Multi-
Sectoral Development Programme for Minorities,
Grants-in-aid to Maulana Azad Education Founda-
tion, National Minorities Development and Finance
Corporation and pre and post matric scholarship for
minorities.
Education:
» Provision for the scheme Mission in Education
through ICT substantially increased to Rs.900 crore
and the provision for setting up and up-gradation
of Polytechnics under the Skill Development Mis-
sion enhanced to Rs.495 crore.
» Rs.50 crore allocated for Punjab University,
Chandigarh. Plan allocation for Chandigarh to be
suitably enhanced during the year to provide bet-
Copyright © 2009
ter infrastructure to the people of Chandigarh.
» Rs.2,113 crore allocated for IITs and NITs which
includes a provision of Rs.450 crore for new IITs
and NITs.
» Rs.827 crore allocated for opening one Central
University in each uncovered State.
Direct Taxes:
» Scope of presumptive taxation to be extended to
all small businesses with a turnover upto Rs. 40 lakh.
All such taxpayers to have option to declare their
income from business at the rate of 8 percent of
their turnover and simultaneously enjoy exemption
from the compliance burden of maintaining books
of accounts. As a procedural simplification, the y are
also to be exempted from advance tax and allowed
to pay their entire tax liability from business at the
time of filing the i r ret ur n. Thi s new sche me to come
into effect from the fina nc i al year 2010- 11.
» Deduction under section 80E of the Income-tax
Act allowed in respect of interest on loans taken
for pursuing higher education in specified fields of
study to be extended to cover all fiel ds of study,
including vocational studies, pursued after comple-
tion of schooling.
» Donations to electoral trusts to be allowed as a
100 percent deduction in the computation of the
income of the donor.
» Commodity Transaction Tax (CTT) to be scrapped.
Alternative dispute resolution mechanism to be cre-
ated within the Income Tax Department for the
resolution of transfer pricing disputes. Minimum
Alternate Tax (MAT) to be increased to 15 per cent
of book profits from 10 per cent . The period al lowe d
to carry forward the tax credit under MAT to be
extended from seven years to ten years.
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(Article: Hind
: Union Budget 2009-10)
Indirect Taxes:
» Proposals on indirect taxes to seek to achieve stable
framework by maintaining the overall rate struc-
ture for customs and central excise duties as well as
service tax.
» Full exemption from 4% special CVD on parts for
manufacture of mobile phones and accessories to
be reintroduced for one year.
» Customs duty of 5% to be imposed on Set Top
Box for television broadcasting.
» Customs duty on bio-diesel to be reduced from
7.5% to 2.5%.
» Concessional customs duty of 5% on specified m a-
chinery for tea, coffee and rubber plantations to be
reintroduced for one year, upto 06.07.2010.
Excise duty on Special Boiling Point spirits to be
reduced to 14%.
» Excise duty on manmade fibr e and yarn to be in-
creased from 4% to 8%.
» Full exemption from excise duty to be provided
on goods of Chapter 68 of Central Excise Tariff
manufactured at the site of construction for use in
construction work at such site.
» Export Promotion Councils and the Federation of
Indian Export Organizations (FIEO) to be exempt
from service tax on the membership and other fees
collected by them till 31st March 2010.
This Article is Available Online Also:-
http://upscportal.com/civilservices/mag/vol-4/article/Union-Budget-2009-10
Copyright © 2009
Union Budget 2009-10 Highlights
» Budget spells out the target for the UPA: To bring
back the 9% growth
» Commodities Transaction Tax (CTT) to be
scrapped
» 10% surcharge on personal Income tax scrapped
» Fringe Benefit Ta x (FBT) to be scrapped
» IT exemption limit for Women hiked to Rs
190,000
» IT exemption limit for Senior Citizens hiked to
Rs 240,000
» Rs 12000 crore earmarked for expenditure on ru-
ral roads in FY 2010
» Drugs related to heart diseases to be cheaper
» Service Tax to be now applicable on law firms
» Bio-diesel custom duty lowered
» Customs Duty on import of Gold and Silver in-
creased
» Branded women's jewellery to be cheaper
» Rs 16300 Crore to be set aside for the upcoming
Commonwealth Games
» IITs and NITs to get Rs 2113 crore
» Corporate Tax unchanged
» One rank-one pension scheme to be in place for
Ex-Servicemen
» National Ganga Project allocation to go up to Rs
562 Crore
» Unique Identificat ion (UI D) pr oj ect under N
a ndan
M. Nilekani to be out in 12-18 months
» NRHM allocation to be raised by Rs 257 crore
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 SECTION -1
Section - 1(Article
(Article: Hind
: Union Budget 2009-10)

» A national level action plan in place for climate change

» National Employment Exchanges to be modernised
» Interest subsidy for home loans up to 1 lakh Courtesy: WN.COM
» Indira Awaas Yojna bolstered up by 63% to Rs 8883 crore
» Saral 2 forms to simply tax filing pr oces s
» Emphasis on fertiliser subsidy reaching out directly to farmers
» Petroleum price expert panel to set petroleum prices which would be in sync with the global levels
» Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna allocation increased by 30%
» IIFCL, a new company would look into the infrastructure needs
» Extension of farm loan waiver scheme by 6 months
» Allocation of National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) increased by 23%
» Fiscal stimulus at 3.5% pf the GDP
» Small scale businesses to be exempted from advance tax
» 50% reduction in the Custom Duty on LCD panels
» Set top boxes to be costlier
» Goods and Services Tax (GST) to be in effect from April, 2010
» Textile units to enjoy continued tax holidays
» Government has praised the 3 stimulus packages which were rolled out by the UPA to fight the gl obal
economic meltdown

Rail Budget 2009-10

Ms Mamta Banerjee has presented the first Ra i l Budget

of the newly elected government and acknowledged a
need to put in more efforts towards development of fa-
cilities like passenger amenities, cleanliness, security and
catering services.

Main features of rail budget 2009-10 are following:

» No change in Passenger Fares.
» Freight Rates untouched.
» One Doctor to be available on long distance trains to
attend to passenger/staff medical emergencies.
» Ticket booking services to open in 800 new locations.

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 SECTION -1
Section - 1(Article
(Article: Hind
: Union Budget 2009-10)
» 5000 Post Offices pan Indi a to pr ovi de Ra i lwa y
ticket booking facility.
» 'Turant AC' sleeper trains to be introduced be-
tween major metros.
» Rs 1750 crore to be spent on Gauge conversion.
» Students to receive a 60% concession on train tick-
ets.
» Non-stop trains to be operational soon on select
routes.
» 50 Railway Stations to be built at par with inter-
national standards.
» Extension of 'Ladies Special' trains to major metros
like Delhi, Kolkata Chennai.
» 50% concession for Scribes.
» Rs 81685 crore to be the estimated working ex-
penditure.
» Kachrapara, Bengal to get new coach factory.
» Scholarship schemes for Girl child of Group B Rail-
way employees.
» Women commandos to be increased in key routes.
» Physically challenged passengers to be accommo-
dated in specially designed coaches.
» Increase in utility stores such as PCO/STD/ISD
booths and book stores.
» Increased emphasis on security (platform and
train).
» Catering facilities to be upgraded in order to ad-
dress growing number of passenger complaints/
feedback.
» SMS updates for waiting list status.
» Tatkal booking scheme reduced from 5 days to 2
days.
» Setting up of ATMs on 200 stations identified.
» High capacity double decker AC trains to be in-
Copyright © 2009
troduced on select routes.
» Railways will no longer be guided by economic
viability but social commitment said Mamta
Banerjee.
» Cold storage facilities to be developed for farmers
storing vegetables and fruits.
» New Hospitals to be Opened up for Hospital Staff.
» Indian Railways to lease out land for commercial
purposes to increase revenue
New Trains
Vishakhapatnam - Secunderabad -Mumbai Super-
fast (Bi-weekly)
» Bangalore- Hubli -Solapur Superfast (Tri-weekly)
» Howrah - Bangalore Superfast (Weekly)
» Kamakhya - Puri Express (Weekly)
» Gandhidham- Howrah Superfast (Weekly)
» Delhi - Sadulpur Express (Tri-weekly)
» Mumbai - Karwar Superfast (Tri-weekly)
» Durg- Jaipur Express (Weekly)
» Hazrat Nizammudin -Bangalore Rajdhani Express
(Tri-weekly) via Kacheguda
» Mumbai-Varanasi Superfast (Daily)
» Varanasi- Jammu Tawi Superfast (Daily)
» Mumbai - Jodhpur Express (Weekly)
» Bangalore - Kochuveli Superfast (Weekly)
Train Frequency Increased:
» 2685/2686 Chennai- Mangalore from 3 days to
daily
» 2443/2444 New Delhi- Bhubaneswar Rajdhani Ex-
press from 2 days to 4 days
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Section - 1(Article
(Article: Hind
: Union Budget 2009-10)
» 2111/2112 Amravati-Mumbai Express from 3 days
to daily
» 2149/2150 Pune - Patna Express from 4 days to
daily
» 2487/2488 Jogbani- Delhi Express from 5 days to
daily
» 2905/2906 Porbander - Howrah (via Hapa) from
2 days to 3 days
» 4207/4208 Delhi - Pratapgarh Padmavat Express
from 3 days to daily
» 2423/2424 New Delhi- Guwahati Rajdhani Ex-
press from 5 days to 6 days
» 7091/7092 Secunderabad -Patna from 2 days to
daily
» 2739/2740 Secunderabad - Vishakapatnam Express
from 4 days to daily
» 2957/2958 Ahmedabad - New Delhi Rajdhani Ex-
press from 6 days to daily
» 2487/2488 Jogbani- Delhi Express from 5 days to
daily
» 2823/2824 Nizammudin-Durg Chhatisgarh
Sampark Kranti from 2 days to 3 days
Infrastructure:
» New lines to be introduced
» Gauge conversion at Chhindwara, Ahmedpur and
Naghbir
» Doubling at Tala, Secunderabad, Sahibganj, Ara,
» » Ghumani, Hissar, Dankuni, Bibinagar,
Krishnanagar, Rajkot, Bandel and Jhansi.
Freight:
» Several measures to improve the proportion of
freight traffic m
o vi ng on Ra i lwa ys
Copyright © 2009
» Permission to access private sidings will be given
to containers which will help in attracting piece-
meal traffic pr es ent ly not bei ng carried by Ra i lwa ys
» A premium service for container movement with
assured transit time is being considered for time sen-
sitive cargo.
» Private ownership of special purpose rolling stock
for commodities and private operation of freight
terminals will be encouraged.
» A new policy would be unveiled to allow con-
struction and operation of private freight terminals
and multi-modal logistic parks.
Mega logistics hubs are being planned alongside the
proposed Eastern and Western Dedicated Freight
Corridors.
Facilities:
» Passenger amenities to be improved
» Emphasis on cleanliness inside trains and on plat-
forms
» Quality of Railway catering to be improved
» Safety and security to be bettered
» Train timings to be adhered to with punctuality
Budget Glossary
Appropriation Bill: This Bill enables withdrawal
of money from the Consolidated Fund to pay off
expenses. These are instruments that Parliament
clears after the demand for grants has been approved
by the Lok Sabha.
Bank Credit: It includes loans, cash credit and over-
drafts, and inland bills and foreign bills purchased
and discounted.
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 SECTION -1
Section - 1(Article
(Article: Hind
: Union Budget 2009-10)
Bill: A draft legislative proposal which becomes an
Act when passed by both Houses of Parliament and
assented to by the President.
Budgetary Defici t: Time when the expenses ex-
ceed the revenues is known as Budgetary Defici t.
Budget Estimate: These are the estimate of Fiscal
Defici t and the Re venue De ficit for the year. The
term is associated with the estimates of Center's
spending during the fina nc i al year and the inc ome
received as proceeds of tax revenues.
Finance Bill: Government proposals for modifica-
tion or continuance of existing tax structure beyond
a period earlier approved by Parliament.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): FDI is made in
India by a company incorporated abroad, through
a branch or a subsidiary company set up in India.
Foreign Institutional Investor (FII): An institu-
tion established outside India, which proposes to
invest in India.
Fiscal Defici t: Fiscal defici t occur s wh e n t he
government's non-borrowed receipts fall short of
its entire expenditure, it has to borrow money from
the public to meet the shortfall. The excess of total
expenditure over total non-borrowed receipts is
called the fiscal deficit .
GDP: Total market value of fini she d goods and ser-
vices produced in the country in a given year.
This Article is Available Online Also:-
http://upscportal.com/civilservices/mag/vol-4/article/Rail-Budget-2009-10
Copyright © 2009
Gross National Product: GDP plus income of resi-
dents from investments made abroad minus income
earned by foreigners in domestic market leads to
the Gross National Product.
Indirect Taxes: These are charged on goods pro-
duced, imported or exported in the country. These
taxes include Excise and Customs duties.
Inflat ion: Inflat ion rat e is the percent age rat e of
change in the price level.
Per Capita Income: The national income of a coun-
try, or region, divided by its population.
Progressive Tax Structure: A tax structure in which
the marginal tax rate increases as the level of in-
come increases.
Revenue Expenditure: Expenses incurred for func-
tioning of government departments, interest on
debt, subsidies etc.
Sales Tax: A tax levied as a percentage of retail sales.
Vote on Account: It is a sort of interim budget
where the government presents accounts required
to keep the machinery running until the next gov-
ernment takes over.
Wholesale Price Index: Prices of goods that are
dealt with wholesale (mostly inputs to production,
rather than fini she d commo di ties ).
30
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 SECTION -1
Section - 1(Article
(Article: Hind
: First BRIC Summit)

First BRIC Summit

Developing World Rendered New Power
By R.K.Pandey
Brazil, Russia, India and China ended the first BRI C
summit at Yekaterinburg in Russia by calling for
an increased role in global fina nc i al ins titut ions by
emerging economies and developing nations. At the
conclusion of the first BRI C summi t on june 16, 2009
BRIC countries issued a
joint statement calling for
increased economic re-
form. The four nations,
representing emerging
economic powers, de-
manded that developing
economies have a greater
voice and representation in
international fina nc i al in-
stitutions, and their heads
and senior leadership
Courtesy : Novinite.Com
should be appointed
through an open, transparent and merit-based se-
lection process. BRIC countries said that they also
believe there is a strong need for a stable, predict-
able and more diversified int erna t iona l mo ne t ary
system, it showed a warning against the global
domination of the US dollar as the world’s standard
reserve currency.
Russian President Dmitry Medvedev had voiced
similar sentiments before the summit, saying the
current reserve policies have not managed to per-
form their functions. Chief economic aide, Arkady
Dvorkovich, suggested that the International Mon-
etary Fund (IMF) should revise the basket of cur-
rencies used to value its fina nc i al pr oduct s to in-
clude the Russian ruble and Chinese Yuan. At the
moment the currencies included are the dollar, euro,
yen and sterling.
The range of topics on the agenda and the line-up
of presidents attending showed the growing eco-
nomic and political power of the world's emerging
nations, including India and China, and their de-
sire to forge new levers of influenc e. Ho s t pr es i-
dent Dmitry Medvedev of Russia hailed the Urals
city of Yekaterinburg as the epicenter of world poli-
tics.
BRICs New Affirma t ion
The so-called BRIC nations
of Brazil, Russia, India and
China called for reform of
international fina nc i al i n-
stitutions, sweeping
changes to the United Na-
tions to give a bigger role
to Brazil and India and a
stable and predictable cur-
rency system. Iran's presi-
dent, re-elected in a disputed vote, fired a sal vo at
the United States, the leaders of India and Pakistan
had their first one - to- one me et ing si nc e t he
Mumbai attacks and the four top emerging market
economies held their first summi t.
A common thread running through the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit and a sepa-
rate meeting between Brazil, Russia, India, and
China (BRIC) was discussion of a new world order
less dependent on the United States. President of
Russia told that existing reserve currencies, includ-
ing the U.S. dollar, had not performed their func-
tion and said it was time for change and countries
should use their national currencies more for trade.
The BRIC summit ended with a statement by
Medvedev and a communique which demanded
more power for developing nations. It did not men-
tion two key Moscow initiatives a smaller role for
the U.S. dollar and a supranational reserve currency.

32
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 SECTION -1
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(Article: Hind
: First BRIC Summit)
The Kremlin's top economic aide, Arkady
Dvorkovich, said the International Monetary Fund
(IMF) should expand the basket of its Special Draw-
ing Right (an international reserve asset) to includ-
ing the Chinese yuan, the Russian rouble and gold.
The dollar fell 0.9 percent against a basket of major
currencies on world markets after Medvedev's com-
ments. Since the four BRIC nations represent
around 40 percent of the world's population and 15
percent of its GDP. Russia and China lead the SCO,
a security and economic co-operation forum which
also includes four Central Asian states, plus Iran,
Mongolia, India and Pakistan as observers. It can
be say that such a type of coordination will allow
developing nations to better explain their positions
to each other and work out a novel path to resolv-
ing international financ i al pr obl ems and the ref or m
of international fina nc i al rel at ions .
Underlining its growing economic influence abr oad,
Chinese President Hu Jintao offered Central Asian
states $10 billion of credit support to help counter
the global economic slump, though he did not men-
tion the proposals for diluting dollar dominance. In
another ignore to the West, the SCO leaders wel-
comed Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad,
making his first for ei gn trip to at tend the summi t
since his disputed re-election. Ahmadinejad arrived
a day late in Yekaterinburg after mass protests
against his disputed victory in Tehran but the SCO
presidents had congratulated Ahmadinejad on his
victory.
On the sidelines, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan
Singh met Pakistani leader Asif Ali Zardari for the
first time sinc e the M
u mb ai at tacks and asked hi m
to ensure that Islamist militants could not operate
from Pakistani territory. His tough words offered
little hope for a breakthrough in relations between
the two nuclear-armed Asian powers.
Copyright © 2009
Campaigning for Economic Modificat ion
Those divisive issues are mainly political in nature
which is why most observers correctly predicted
that the BRIC summit would focus predominantly
on economic issues. Combined, the BRIC countries
currently have a 15-percent share of the world
economy and a 42-percent share of global currency
reserves. Their increased economic power was un-
derscored when Brazil and Russia joined China in
announcing they would shift some $70 billion (50
billion euros) of reserves into multicurrency bonds
issued by the International Monetary Fund. The
move was interpreted by some as an attempt to
topple the dollar in part because the Russian presi-
dent said at the time that his proposal to create a
new world currency could be discussed at the sum-
mit.
But fiscal experts sai d tha t BRI C wi ll tread care-
fully where the dollar is concerned, as triggering a
dollar crisis would be akin to shooting themselves
in the foot. The BRIC’s are putting the US on no-
tice that there has to be a cutback on spending and
that they need to get their house in order any at-
tack on the dollar will hurt them. But they want to
make sure this kind of mess doesn't happen again.
Clearly though, BRIC is using its new influenc e to
put pressure on the IMF to reshape its voting struc-
ture to better reflect the shi ft in economi c powe r.
Brazil, for example, is the world's 10th largest
economy, but has just 1.38 percent of the IMF
board's votes, compared to 2.09 percent for Belgium,
an economy one-third the size.
Joint Statement of the BRIC Countries’ Leaders
Leaders of the Federative Republic of Brazil, the
Russian Federation, the Republic of India and the
People’s Republic of China, have discussed the cur-
rent situation in global economy and other press-
ing issues of global development, and also prospects
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 SECTION -1
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(Article: Hind
: First BRIC Summit)
for further strengthening collaboration within the
BRIC.
BRIC have arrived at the following conclusions:
» BRIC stressed the central role played by the G20
Summits in dealing with the fina nc i al crisis. The y
have fostered cooperation, policy coordination and
political dialogue regarding international economic
and fina nc i al m
a t ters.
» BRIC called upon all states and relevant interna-
tional bodies to act vigorously to implement the de-
cisions adopted at the G20 Summit in London on
April 2, 2009. BRIC shall cooperate closely among
them and with other partners to ensure further
progress of collective action at the next G20 Sum-
mit to be held in Pittsburgh in September 2009.
BRIC countries are committed to advance the re-
form of international fina nc i al ins titut ions , so as to
reflect cha nges in the gl obal economy . The eme rg-
ing and developing economies must have greater
voice and representation in international fina nc i al
institutions, whose heads and executives should be
appointed through an open, transparent, and merit-
based selection process. BRIC also believe that there
is a strong need for a stable, predictable and more
diversified int erna t iona l m
o ne t ary sys tem.
» BRIC countries are convinced that a reformed fi-
nancial and economic architecture should be based,
inter alia, on the following principles:
• Democratic and transparent decision-making and
implementation process at the international fina n-
cial organisations;
• Solid legal basis;
• Compatibility of activities of effective national
regulatory institutions and international standard-
setting bodies;
Copyright © 2009
• Strengthening of risk management and supervi-
sory practices.
» BRIC countries recognise the important role
played by international trade and foreign direct in-
vestments in the world economic recovery. BRIC
countries call upon all parties to work together to
improve the international trade and investment
environment. They urge the international commu-
nity to keep the multilateral trading system stable,
curb trade protectionism, and push for comprehen-
sive and balanced results of the WTO’s Doha De-
velopment Agenda.
» The poorest countries have been hit hardest by
the fina nc i al crisis. The int erna t iona l commu ni ty
needs to step up efforts to provide liquid fina nc i al
resources for these countries. The international
community should also strive to minimise the im-
pact of the crisis on development and ensure the
achievement of the Millennium Development
Goals. Developed countries should fulfil the i r com-
mitment of 0.7% of Gross National Income for the
Offici al D
e vel opme nt As sistanc e and m a ke fur the r
efforts in increasing assistance, debt relief, market
access and technology transfer for developing coun-
tries.
» The implementation of the concept of sustain-
able development, comprising, inter alia, the Rio
Declaration, Agenda for the 21st Century and mul-
tilateral environmental agreements, should be a
major vector in the change of paradigm of economic
development.
» BRIC countries stand for strengthening coordi-
nation and cooperation among states in the energy
fiel d, inc l udi ng amo ngs t energy pr oducers and con-
sumers and transit states, in an effort to decrease
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 SECTION -1
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(Article: Hind
: First BRIC Summit)
uncertainty and ensure stability and sustainability.
They support diversification of energy resour ces and
supply, including renewable energy, security of
energy transit routes and creation of new energy
investments and infrastructure.
» BRIC countries support international cooperation
in the fiel d of ene rgy ef ficiency. The y s tand r eady
for a constructive dialogue on how to deal with cli-
mate change based on the principle of common but
differentiated responsibility, given the need to com-
bine measures to protect the climate with steps to
fulfill our soci o- economi c devel opme nt tasks .
» BRIC countries reaffirme d to enha nc e coopera-
tion among our countries in socially vital areas and
to strengthen the efforts for the provision of inter-
national humanitarian assistance and for the reduc-
tion of natural disaster risks. They take note of the
statement on global food security issued today as a
major contribution of the BRIC countries to the
multilateral efforts to set up the sustainable condi-
tions for this goal.
» BRIC countries reaffirme d to advanc e coopera-
tion among our countries in science and education
with the aim, inter alia, to engage in fundamental
research and development of advanced technolo-
gies.
» BRIC countries underlined their support for a
more democratic and just multi-polar world order
based on the rule of international law, equality,
mutual respect, cooperation, coordinated action and
collective decision-making of all states. BRIC coun-
tries reiterate their support for political and diplo-
matic efforts to peacefully resolve disputes in in-
ternational relations.
» BRIC countries strongly condemn terrorism in
Copyright © 2009
all its forms and manifestations and reiterate that
there can be no justificat ion for any act of terror -
ism anywhere or for whatever reasons. They note
that the draft Comprehensive Convention against
International Terrorism is currently under the con-
sideration of the UN General Assembly and call for
its urgent adoption.
» BRIC countries expressed their strong commit-
ment to multilateral diplomacy with the United
Nations playing the central role in dealing with glo-
bal challenges and threats. In this respect, They
reaffirme d the ne ed for a comp r ehe ns ive ref or m of
the UN with a view to making it more effici ent so
that it can deal with today’s global challenges more
effectively. They reiterated the importance that
attach to the status of India and Brazil in interna-
tional affairs, and understand and support their as-
pirations to play a greater role in the United Na-
tions.
» BRIC countries have agreed upon steps to pro-
mote dialogue and cooperation among our coun-
tries in an incremental, proactive, pragmatic, open
and transparent way. The dialogue and cooperation
of the BRIC countries is conducive not only to serv-
ing common interests of emerging market econo-
mies and developing countries, but also to building
a harmonious world of lasting peace and common
prosperity.
» Russia, India and China welcomed the invitation
of Brazil to the next BRIC summit where it will
host in 2010.
Cooperation Within BRIC
BRIC is a loose group of countries including Brazil,
Russia, India and China, the largest economic
growth and political influe nc e cent res amo ng
emerging economies. These countries have a sub-
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stantial integration potential in their respective re-
gions. The global problems of international terror-
ism and multinational crime, environmental deg-
radation and climate change, plus food and energy
security cannot be effectively solved without the
involvement of the BRIC countries. BRIC partner-
ship is becoming increasingly important amid the
global economic and fina nc i al down t ur n, wh e n the
four countries should coordinate their efforts with
the international community to weather the crisis
on global fina nc i al m
a rket s and ref or m the wo r ld
fina nc i al sys tem.
Political dialogue within the BRIC format began in
New York in September 2006, when their foreign
ministers conferred during the 61st UN General As-
sembly. Since then, the BRIC foreign ministers have
met four times, including at a full-scale meeting in
Yekaterinburg on May 16, 2008. The joint state-
ment adopted as a result of the latter meeting for-
mulated common approaches to crucial issues on
the international agenda.
Ties between the BRIC foreign ministers were com-
pleted by the meetings between their fina nc e m i n-
isters in Sao Paulo, Brazil, on November 7, 2008
and in London on March 13, 2009. The fina nc e
ministers adopted joint statements on their meet-
ings, which reflect ed commo n vi ews of gl obal eco-
nomic problems, including the reasons for and ways
to weather the global fina nc i al crisis.
At the initiative of Russia, the four leaders had a
short meeting on July 9, 2008, during the G8 sum-
mit in Japan, to agree on drafting a full-scale BRIC
summit. Offici al cont act s in the BRI C for ma t ha ve
been buttressed by interaction between the respec-
tive regional authorities and public organisations.
Russia would like the cooperation between the
Copyright © 2009
BRIC countries to become a major factor of multi-
lateral diplomacy and to make a substantial contri-
bution to promoting the nascent multipolarity and
development of collective leadership by the world’s
leading countries. By some predictions, the four
nations, Brazil, Russia, India and China, a group
referred to as the BRIC group, will surpass the cur-
rent leading economies by the middle of this cen-
tury, a tectonic shift that by this reckoning will
eventually nudge the United States and Western
Europe away from the center of world productiv-
ity and power.
Russia’s president, Dmitri A. Medvedev, said the
main point of the meeting was to show that the
BRIC should create conditions for a more just world
order. The four countries produce about 15 percent
of the world’s gross domestic product and hold about
40 percent of the gold and hard currency reserves,
but they are not a unified bl oc and do not do enough
business among themselves to justify a trade alli-
ance. Russia and Brazil export natural resources,
China exports manufactured goods and India bases
its growth primarily on domestic demand. As such,
India is not as concerned with the status of the dol-
lar and is by no means as intent on scoring ideo-
logical points against the United States as is Russia.
The acronym BRIC was coined by a Goldman Sachs
economist in 2001 to describe the four countries
that were expected to surpass today’s largest econo-
mies by 2050, owing to their faster growth rate. A
communiqué issued after the meeting highlighted
the common goals of a greater voice in international
fina nc i al ins titut ions and a m
o r e di versified global
monetary system. They agreed to meet again in
2010, in Brazil. The gathering was the second of
back-to-back summit meetings sponsored by Rus-
sia in this city in the Ural Mountains on the divide
between Europe and Asia.
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The Shanghai Cooperation Organization, a regional
security alliance intended loosely as a counterweight
to NATO, met in an expanded format with many
Eurasian nations holding observer status. It even
included a brief appearance by the president of Iran,
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, whose disputed re-elec-
tion last week has touched off street demonstra-
tions in Tehran. In a sign of regional economic in-
tegration, China’s president, Hu Jintao, pledged $10
billion in aid to Central Asian nations in the group,
which consists of China, Russia and four former
Soviet states: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
and Uzbekistan. Mr. Hu and Mr. Medvedev then
met separately with India’s prime minister,
Manmohan Singh, and the Brazilian president, Luiz
Inácio Lula da Silva.
Mr. Medvedev encouraged China, the world’s larg-
est holder of dollar reserves, and other nations to
put their money in some other currency or fina n-
cial mechanism. He also urged members of the
Shanghai Cooperation Organization to use their
national currencies in conducting bilateral trade.
There can be no successful currency system, and
particularly a global system, if the fina nc i al ins tru-
ments that are used are denominated in only one
currency, Mr. Medvedev said. A top economic
policy aide to Mr. Medvedev, Arkady Dvorkovich,
said Russia would like to diversify its currency re-
serves away from dollars by buying bonds from
Brazil, China and India, but only if they bought
Russian rubles as a reserve. The dollar fell slightly
against the euro and other currencies on Tuesday,
though some traders quoted by Bloomberg News
cited a more workaday cause: good results on new
American housing starts were encouraging inves-
tors to move out of Treasury bonds and into equi-
ties.
Copyright © 2009
The Path To 2050
The BRIC dissertation (defended in the paper
Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050) recog-
nizes that Brazil, Russia, India and China have
changed their political systems to embrace global
capitalism. Goldman Sachs predicts China and In-
dia, respectively, to be the dominant global suppli-
ers of manufactured goods and services while Bra-
zil and Russia would become similarly dominant as
suppliers of raw materials. Cooperation is thus hy-
pothesized to be a logical next step among the BRICs
because Brazil and Russia together form the logical
commodity suppliers to India and China. Thus, the
BRICs have the potential to form a powerful eco-
nomic bloc to the exclusion of the modern-day states
currently of "Group of Eight" status.
Brazil is dominant in soy and iron ore while Russia
has enormous supplies of oil and natural gas.
Goldman Sachs' thesis thus documents how com-
modities, work, technology, and companies have
diffused outward from the United States across the
world. Following the end of the Cold War or even
before, the governments comprising BRIC all initi-
ated economic or political reforms to allow their
countries to enter the world economy. In order to
compete, these countries have simultaneously
stressed education, foreign investment, domestic
consumption, and domestic entrepreneurship.
According to the study, India has the potential to
grow the fastest among the four BRIC countries over
the next 30 to 50 years. A major reason for this is
that the decline in working age population will
happen later for India and Brazil than for Russia
and China.
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Analysis
The Economist published an annual table of social
and economic national statistics in its Pocket World
in Figures. Extrapolating the global rankings from
their 2008 Edition for the BRIC countries and
economies in relation to various categories provides
an interesting touchstone in relation to the eco-
nomic underpinnings of the BRIC thesis. It also il-
lustrates how, despite their divergent economic
bases, the economic indicators are remarkably simi-
lar in global rankings between the different econo-
mies. It also suggests that whilst economic argu-
ments can be made for linking Mexico into the BRIC
thesis, the case for including South Africa looks
considerably weaker.
A Goldman Sachs paper published later in Decem-
ber 2005 explained why Mexico wasn't included in
the original BRICs. According to the paper, among
the other countries they looked at, only Mexico and
perhaps Korea have the potential to rival the BRICs,
but they are economies that they decided to ex-
clude initially because they looked at them as al-
ready more developed. According to that paper,
Mexico becomes the fifth- largest economy by 2050,
ahead of Russia.
A criticism is that the BRIC projections are based
on the assumptions that resources are limitless and
endlessly available when needed. In reality, many
important resources currently necessary to sustain
economic growth, such as oil, natural gas, coal, other
fossil fuels, and uranium might soon experience a
peak in production before enough renewable en-
ergy can be developed and commercialized, which
might result in slower economic growth than an-
ticipated, thus throwing off the projections and their
dates.
Copyright © 2009
The economic emergence of the BRICs will have
unpredictable consequences for the global environ-
ment. Indeed, proponents of a set carrying capac-
ity for the Earth may argue that, given current tech-
nology, there is a fini te l im
i t to how mu ch the
BRICs can develop before exceeding the ability of
the global economy to supply.
Academics and experts have suggested that China
is in a league of its own compared to the other BRIC
countries. BRIC are the one with the big reserves.
They are the biggest potential market. They are the
U.S. partner in the G2 (imagine the coverage a G2
meeting gets vs. a G8 meeting) and the E2 (no cli-
mate deal without them) and so on. Deutsche Bank
Research said in a report that economically, fina n-
cially and politically, China overshadows and will
continue to overshadow the other BRICs. It added
that China's economy is larger than that of the three
other BRIC economies (Brazil, Russia and India)
combined. Moreover, China's exports and its offi-
cial forex reserve holdings are more than twice as
large as those of the other BRICs combined.
Another criticism is the understatement of GDP
growth in China over the next 45 years; which pre-
dicts growth falling far below normal development.
This contradicts the rapid economic growth that
has already taken place in the country and the ex-
perience of countries like South Korea catching up
with western GDP per capita, which China has been
growing faster than in a similar period of develop-
ment. There are many uncertainties and assump-
tions in the BRIC thesis that could mean that any
or all of these four countries will not live up to their
promise. The preeminence of China and India as
major manufacturing countries with unrealised po-
tential has been widely recognised, but some com-
mentators state that China's and Russia's disregard
for human rights and democracy could be a prob-
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 SECTION -1
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lem in the future, as is the possibility of conflict
over Taiwan in the case of China.
Likewise, the population of Russia is steadily de-
clining and aging, and Brazil's and China's popula-
tions will begin to decline in several decades, and
with their demographic windows closing in sev-
eral decades as well. This may have implications
for those countries' future, for there might be a
decrease in the overall labor force and a negative
change in the proportion of workers to retirees.
Brazil's economic potential has been anticipated for
decades, but it had until recently consistently failed
to achieve investor expectations. Only in recent
years has the country established a framework of
political, economic, and social policies that allowed
it to resume consistent growth. The result has been
solid and paced economic development that rival
its early 70's miracle years, as reflect ed in its ex-
panding capital markets, lowest unemployment
rates in decades, and consistent international trade
surpluses - that led to the accumulation of reserves
and liquidation of foreign debt (earning the coun-
try a coveted investment grade by the S&P and Fitch
Ratings in 2008). How long such positive factors
will stay in place remains to be seen.
Finally, India's relations with one of its neighbors,
Pakistan, have always been frosty. In 1998, there
was a nuclear standoff between Pakistan and India.
Border conflict s wi th Pa ki stan, mo s tly over the
longheld dispute over Kashmir, has further aggra-
vated any economic ties. The BRIC countries have
enormous populations of extremely impoverished
people. This impedes progress by limiting govern-
ment fina nc es , inc reasing soci al unr es t, and lim
i t-
ing potential domestic economic demand. Factors
such as international conflict , ci vi l unr es t, unwi se
political policy, outbreaks of disease and terrorism
This Article is Available Online Also:-
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Copyright © 2009
are all factors that are difficul t to pr edi ct and tha t
could have an effect on the destiny of any country.
Other critics suggest that BRIC is nothing more than
a neat acronym for the four largest emerging mar-
ket economies, but in economic and political terms
nothing else (apart from the fact that they are all
big emerging markets) links the four. Two are
manufacturing based economies and big importers
(China and India), but two are huge exporters of
natural resources (Brazil and Russia). Two have
growing populations (Brazil and India), and two
have shrinking populations (China and Russia). The
Economist, in its special report on Brazil, expressed
the following view: In some ways Brazil is the
steadiest of the BRICs. Unlike China and Russia it
is a full-blooded democracy; unlike India it has no
serious disputes with its neighbors. It is the only
BRIC without a nuclear bomb. The Heritage
Foundation's Economic Freedom Index, which mea-
sures factors such as protection of property rights
and free trade ranks Brazil (moderately free) above
the other BRICs (mostly unfree).
In a not-so-subtle dig critical of the term as noth-
ing more than a shorthand for emerging markets
generally, critics have suggested a correlating term,
CEMENT (Countries in Emerging Markets Excluded
by New Terminology). Whilst they accept there
has been spectacular growth of the BRIC econo-
mies, these gains have largely been the result of
the strength of emerging markets generally, and
that strength comes through having BRICs and CE-
MENT.
39
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 SECTION -1
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: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit)
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summit
Yekaterinburg Declaration and Counter-Terrorism Convention
By Avadhesh Pandey
Author is an Expert of Economic and political Is-
sues and working as a Freelance Editor
On 15 and 16 June 2009, a meeting of the Council
of Heads of Member States of the Shanghai Coop-
eration Organisation (SCO CHS) took place in
Yekaterinburg(Russia) in which President of the
Russian Federation D.A.Medvedev chaired the
meeting. President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
N.A.Nazarbaev, Chairman of the People’s Repub-
lic of China Hu Jintao, President of the Kyrgyz Re-
public K.S.Bakiev,
President of the
Republic of
Tajikistan
E.Rakhmon,
President of the
Republic of
Uzbekistan
I.A.Karimov were
participated and
Secretary-General
of the SCO
B.K.Nurgaliev
and Director of the Executive Committee of the SCO
Regional Counter-Terrorism Structure (RCTS)
M.U.Subanov participated in the meeting also.
Heads of delegations from the SCO observer states
– Prime Minister of the Republic of India M.Singh,
President of the Islamic Republic of Iran
M.Ahmadinejad, First Vice Premier of the Govern-
ment of Mongolia N.Altankhuyag, President of the
Islamic Republic of Pakistan A.Zardari were also in
attendance.
The heads of state signed the SCO Counter-Terror-
ism Convention which cements the legal base for
counter-terrorism interaction in the SCO frame-
work and its potential, cooperation in this fiel d w
as
Copyright © 2009
taken to a new level. The approval of the SCO Regu-
lations on Political Diplomatic Measures and
Mechanisms of Response to Events Jeopardising
Regional Peace, Security and Stability will help fur-
ther enhance a mechanism of consultations, agree
positions and interaction in international affairs.
For the first tim
e the for ma t of the summi t, bes ides
a restricted-attendance meeting of the heads of the
SCO member states and a plenary session with the
participation of the heads of all delegations, included
a separate narrow-format meeting with the partici-
pation of the heads of the member states of the
organisation and
leaders of the ob-
server states.
Exchange of
opinions took
place on the is-
sues of interna-
tional and re-
gional situation.
Common ap-
proaches of the
organisation
members to building a more just and rational sys-
tem of interstate relations in conditions of the cri-
sis of the traditional structures of ensuring security
and financi al stabi lity are reflect ed i nYek at eri nbur g
Declaration signed by the heads of the SCO mem-
ber states. The Declaration also outlines priority
areas of joint activity in the framework of the
organisation. Plenipotentiary representatives of the
member states of the organisation signed the Agree-
ment among the Governments of the SCO Mem-
ber States on Cooperation in the Field of Ensuring
International Information Security and the Agree-
ment on Training of Officers for Co unt er-Te rror -
ism Agencies of the SCO Member States.
41
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: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit)
During the meeting main achievements of the ac-
tivity of the Organisation in the period following
2008 Dushanbe summit were considered, immedi-
ate and long-term areas of joint work on the devel-
opment of multifaceted cooperation were deter-
mined. It was stated with satisfaction that since the
previous meeting targeted steps had been taken to
enhance and, streamline the SCO activity,
strengthen the international prestige of the
Organisation. The heads of state approved the re-
port of the SCO Secretary-General on the work of
the Organisation in the past year and the report of
the RCTS Council on the work of the Regional
Counter-Terrorism Structure in 2008.The heads of
state underlined that in conditions of the global fi-
nancial crisis ensuring security and maintaining sta-
bility in the SCO region was assuming paramount
significanc e.
The parties stated that the economic component in
the SCO activity was showing significant dyna m-
ics, the legal base and organisational structure of
trade and economic cooperation were being im-
proved, the updated Action Plan on implementa-
tion of the Programme of Multilateral Trade and
Economic Cooperation of the SCO Member States
approved by the Heads of Government Council
(Astana, 30 October 2008) was being gradually car-
ried out.
The parties acknowledged the expediency of tak-
ing effective measures aimed to minimise the con-
sequences of the global fina nc i al crisis and enc our -
age a closer regional trade, economic and invest-
ment cooperation in the SCO region.
The SCO Business Council and Interbank Consor-
tium are designed to play an increasing role in this
fiel d and advi sed to pr oceed from the ne ed of m
o re
Copyright © 2009
active transition from the mainly bilateral coopera-
tion to the implementation of multilateral projects.
The next meeting of the SCO Heads of State Coun-
cil will be held in 2010 in Tashkent. According to
the SCO Charter the duties of a state holding chair-
manship of the Organisation in the coming period
are to be taken over by the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Yekaterinburg Declaration
In accordance with the outcome of meeting the
heads of the member states of the Shanghai Co-
operation Organisation stated the following:
» Serious changes are taking place in the
contemporary international environment. Aspira-
tion to peace and sustainable development, promo-
tion of equal cooperation became the spirit of the
times. The SCO member reaffirme d the i r commi t-
ment to common development on the basis of the
principles and provisions of the Charter of the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Treaty
on Long-Term Good-Neighbourly Relations,
Friendship and Cooperation among the SCO Mem-
ber States, considered as a priority task maintain-
ing constructive dialogue and deepening close in-
teraction and partnership to jointly seek effective
ways of resolving global and regional problems with
the use of the growing potential and international
prestige of the SCO.
» The member states of the Organisation together
with the international community will intend to
make efforts for the formation of a more just, equal,
all-embracing and well-regulated international fi-
nancial regime which takes into account a true bal-
ance of interests of all its participants and gives all
States equal access to the advantages of globalisation.
To that end interaction and sharing of information
must be strengthened as regards the international
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fina nc i al sect or and the issues of tackl ing the con-
sequences of the global fina nc i al crisis in the SCO
region.
» The parties noted the need to speed up the imple-
mentation of major projects which are designed to
ensure the expansion of transport communication
capabilities of the region and access to world mar-
kets, development of social infrastructure, forma-
tion of modern international centres for logistics,
trade and tourism, construction of new factories,
introduction of innovative and energy-saving tech-
nologies, including renewable sources of energy.
The implementation of these projects, arrangement
of international transport corridors, modernisation
of railways and motorways will create precondi-
tions for strengthening the potential of the region
as a transcontinental bridge and giving a new im-
pulse to the development of economic links between
Europe and Asia.
» The SCO member states, noting the key signifi-
cance of energy sector for successful economic de-
velopment and creation of favourable preconditions
for improving the living standards of their citizens,
express determination to further advance mutually
benefici al cooperat ion in thi s field on t he bas i s of
equality with the aim of ensuring effective, reli-
able and environmentally safe energy supplies.
» The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation will pro-
ceed from the need to further cement the legal foun-
dations of international relations determined by
generally accepted principles and norms of the in-
ternational law and international obligations of
States.
» The SCO member states will stress the signifi-
cance of the issue of ensuring international infor-
Copyright © 2009
mation security as one of the key elements of the
common system of international security.
» The SCO member states, reaffirme d the i r com-
mitment to a dialogue of civilisations, values of
peace, tolerance, mutual respect and consent in in-
ternational and interdenominational relations, ir-
respective of ethnic origin, religious and other be-
liefs, oppose drawing parallels between the fight
against international terrorism and confrontation
against any particular religion.
» The SCO member states noted that proliferation
of nuclear weapons poses a serious threat to inter-
national peace and security. The Treaty on the Non-
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NNPT) is the
basic element of the international regime on the
prevention of proliferation of nuclear weapons. The
SCO member states will reiterate their intention to
assist further implementation of the Russia – U.S.
initiative on fight ing agai ns t act s of nucl ear terror -
ism, and also welcomed the coming into effect on
21 March 2009 of the Treaty on Establishing a
Nuclear Free Zone in Central Asia.
» The SCO member states welcomed the start of
Russo-American negotiations on drafting a Treaty
on the Reduction of Offensive Strategic Arms.
» The SCO member states stand up for resuming
the process of negotiations on the denuclearisation
of the Korean peninsula. They will call to show re-
straint and continue the search for mutually accept-
able solutions on the basis of the previously reached
agreements.
» The SCO member states expressed grave concern
over the complicated situation in Afghanistan re-
lated to illicit drug trafficki ng , ter ror i sm and
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transnational organised crime which pose a threat
to the whole international community. In this re-
gard the parties acknowledged the need to increase
interaction with the SCO observer states, Afghani-
stan and other states concerned, as well as with re-
gional and international organisations, first and fore-
most, the UN and its specialised institutions.
» The SCO member states welcomed the end of an
internal military conflict in Sri La nka, and expr es s
hope for establishing a firm peace, strengt he ni ng
security and stability in the country on the basis of
ensuring its state sovereignty and territorial integ-
rity, guaranteeing the rights of all ethnic and reli-
gious groups.
» The SCO member states considered as a priority
task enhancing the effectiveness of interaction in
the fiel d of a tim
e l y joi nt res pons e to na t ur al and
manmade emergency events, implementing a set
of measures aimed to diminish their impact on so-
ciety and economy.
» The SCO member states attached special impor-
tance to strengthening cooperation in the fiel d of
effective counteraction against the threat of dan-
gerous infections and other infectious diseases. To
that end the parties acknowledged the need to
mobilise available resources and launch joint work
on preventing the spread of epidemic diseases.
» The SCO member states will open to dialogue aim-
ing to bring States closer together and facilitate the
building of a more just world order, to cement glo-
bal stability and economic development.
What is Shanghai Cooperation Organisation?
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a
permanent intergovernmental international
Copyright © 2009
organisation creation of which was proclaimed on
15 June 2001 in Shanghai (China) by the Republic
of Kazakhstan, the People’s Republic of China, the
Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Re-
public of Tajikistan and the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Its prototype is the Shanghai Five mechanism.
The main goals of the SCO are strengthening mu-
tual confidenc e and good- ne i ghbour l y rel at ions
among the member countries; promoting effective
cooperation in politics, trade and economy, science
and technology, culture as well as education, en-
ergy, transportation, tourism, environmental pro-
tection and other fiel ds ; ma ki ng j oi nt ef for ts to
maintain and ensure peace, security and stability
in the region, moving towards the establishment
of a new, democratic, just and rational political and
economic international order.
Proceeding from the Spirit of Shanghai the SCO
pursues its internal policy based on the principles
of mutual trust, mutual benefit, equal right s, con-
sultations, respect for the diversity of cultures and
aspiration towards common development, its ex-
ternal policy is conducted in accordance with the
principles of non-alignment, non-targeting anyone
and openness.
The Heads of State Council (HSC) is the highest
decision-making body in the SCO. It meets once
every year to take decisions and give instructions
on all important issues of SCO activity. The Heads
of Government Council (HGC) meets once every
year to discuss a strategy for multilateral coopera-
tion and priority directions within the
Organisation’s framework, to solve some important
and pressing issues of cooperation in economic and
other areas as well as to adopt the Organisation’s
annual budget. Besides sessions of the HSC and the
HGC there are also mechanisms of meetings on the
level of Speakers of Parliament, Secretaries of Se-
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 SECTION -1
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curity Councils, Foreign Ministers, Ministers of
Defence, Emergency Relief, Economy, Transpor-
tation, Culture, Education, Healthcare, Heads of
Law Enforcement Agencies, Supreme Courts and
Courts of Arbitration, Prosecutors General.
The Council of National Coordinators of SCO Mem-
ber States (CNC) is in charge of coordinating inter-
action within the SCO framework. The
Organisation has two permanent bodies – the Sec-
retariat in Beijing and the Re gi ona l Co unt er-Te r-
rorism Structure in Tashkent. SCO Secretary-Gen-
eral and RCTS Executive Committee Director are
appointed by the HSC for a period of three years.
From 01 January 2007 these posts are held by Bolat
K.Nurgaliev (Kazakhstan) and Myrzakan U.Subanov
(Kyrgyzstan) respectively.
The SCO member states occupy a territory of around
30 million 189 thousand square kilometers, which
makes up three fifths of the Eur asian cont inent , and
have a population of 1.5 billion, which makes up a
quarter of the planet’s population.
Background of The Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (“The
SCO”) has united the Russian Federation, the
People’s Republic of China, the Republic of
Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of
Tajikistan and the Republic of Uzbekistan. The SCO
dates back to the Treaty on Strengthening of Trust
between Military Authorities in Border Territories
and to the Treaty on Mutual Reduction of Armed
Forces in Border Territories entered into by and
between the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz
Republic, the Russian Federation, and the Repub-
lic of Tajikistan, on the one hand, and the People’s
Republic of China, on the other hand, in 1996 and
Copyright © 2009
1997, respectively.
The SCO Foundation Declaration was signed at the
summit of the heads of the six states held in Shang-
hai on June 15, 2001. The SCO Charter was ac-
cepted at the summit held in St.Petersburg on June
7, 2002. The SCO Charter became effective on Sep-
tember 19, 2003. The SCO Charter is the basic
founding document specifying the goals, the prin-
ciples, the structure and the main areas of activities
of the Organisation. The Treaty of Long-Term
Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation ex-
ecuted in Bishkek on August 16, 2007, that sets the
stage for a qualitative leap of diversified int erac-
tions, has substantially solidified the legal founda-
tion of the Organisation. By now, the Treaty rati-
ficat ion for ma l ities ha ve been comp l et ed by the
Kyrgyz Republic, the People’s Republic of China,
and the Russian Federation.
The Council of the heads of the SCO member states
acts as the supreme authority of the Organization.
Its mission is to set the priorities and to identify
the main areas of activities of the Organization, to
outline its basic structure and functions, to identify
the issues of interaction with other states and orga-
nizations, and to consider the most vital interna-
tional problems. The Council of the heads of the
governments (prime ministers) of the SCO mem-
ber states adopts the budget of the Organization,
considers and resolves the principal issues of inter-
action, particularly, in the area of economic activ-
ity. The Council of ministers of foreign affairs of
the SCO member states is responsible for the prepa-
ration of summits (sessions) of the Council of the
heads of states, issues resolutions authorizing per-
formance within the Organization of any consulta-
tions on international problems.
Conferences (sessions) of ministers and directors of
45
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 SECTION -1
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: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit)
other authorities of SCO member states are desig-
nated to ensure cooperation in specific areas. Co -
ordination assurance vehicles are in place to ensure
optimization of the joint efforts of ministers respon-
sible for foreign economic operations, particularly,
foreign trade, as well as transport, education, cul-
ture, defense, and emergencies management. Com-
missions of senior officers and wo r kgroups of ex-
perts are also in place. Summits of general prosecu-
tors, chiefs of drug control authorities, customs ser-
vices, supreme and arbitration courts are held on
an ongoing basis. The first m e et ing of he ads of par-
liaments of the SCO member states was held in
Moscow in 2006. The Council of National Coordi-
nators coordinates day-to-day operations of the
Organization as well as the interaction between the
ministries and other authorities of the SCO mem-
ber states. Mr. L.P. Moiseyev, Ambassador-at-Large,
Special Representative of the Russian Federation in
charge of the SCO affairs, acts as the National Co-
ordinator for the Russian Federation. The Regional
Antiterrorist Structure is a permanent body that
coordinates cooperation between competent au-
thorities of the SCO member states under the
Shanghai Convention on Terrorism, Separatism and
Extremism of June 15, 2001, other agreements and
documents executed by SCO member states. The
constituent authorities of the Regional Antiterror-
ist Structure include the Council and the Executive
Committee of the Council of the Regional Antiter-
rorist Structure. Meetings (sessions) of Secretaries
of Security Councils of the SCO member states rep-
resent an effici ent cons ul tat ion and coor di na t ion
facility. Their mission is to respond to new chal-
lenges and threats.
Permanent Administrative Bodies: The SCO
Secretariate is based in Beijing, Pe opl e’ s Re publ ic
of China. The SCO Secretariate is headed by the
General Secretary and SCO Chief Executive Officer
Copyright © 2009
appointed by virtue of a resolution of the Council
of the heads of states for a term of three years, on
the basis of rotation. Since January 1, 2007, posi-
tion of the General Secretary has been occupied by
B.K. Nourgaliev, representative of the Republic of
Kazakhstan. The Executive Committee of the Coun-
cil of the Regional Antiterrorist Structure is based
in Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan. The Execu-
tive Committee is headed by Director, appointed
by virtue of a resolution of the Council of the heads
of states for a term of three years, on the basis of
rotation. Since January 1, 2007, position of Direc-
tor of the Executive Committee has been occupied
by M.U. Soubanov, representative of the Kyrgyz
Republic. Any resolutions of the SCO authorities
require consensus of all member states. Permanent
representatives of the SCO member states are del-
egated into the SCO Secretariate and into the
Executive Committee of the Council of the Regional
Antiterrorist Structure based in Tashkent, Repub-
lic of Uzbekistan.
Mongolia obtained the status of an SCO observer
in 2004, and India, Iran and Pakistan - in 2005.
Their involvement is governed by Provisions of the
SCO Observer Status issued in 2004, and by Proce-
dures for Interactions between SCO and Observers
Members and Participants
» Members: China, Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan,
Russia,Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
» Observers: India, Iran, Mongolia, Pakistan
» Dialogue Partners: Sri Lanka, Belarus
» Guest Attendances: Afganistan, ASEAN,
CIS
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 SECTION -1
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: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit)
issued in 2006. In 2008, Regulations governing in-
teractions between the Regional Antiterrorist Struc-
ture, on the one hand, and States and International
Intergovernmental Organizations (Forums) as SCO
Observers, on the other hand, were adopted. SCO
Provisions governing the status of a partner in a
dialogue were approved at the SCO summit in
Dushanbe on August 28, 2008.
Following the existing practice, the SCO chairman-
ship responsibilities are performed within a term
of one year as of completion of a summit of the
SCO heads of states and through the next summit
of the heads of states held in the SCO chairman
state. In 2008 – 2009, the Russian Federation per-
forms responsibilities of the SCO chairman state.
India’s Role
India currently has observer status in the SCO. SCO
members have encouraged India to join the organi-
zation as a full-time member, because they see it as
a crucial future strategic partner. Additional fac-
tors working in favor of India joining the SCO are
its major military presence in Central Asia, its close
military ties with several Central Asian countries
(especially Tajikistan and Russia) and also its deep
interest in the region's energy resources. Factors
working against India's joining the SCO as a mem-
ber include India's persistent military rivalry with
fellow SCO-observer Pakistan and its general re-
luctance to make binding ties to groups that could
compromise its strategic independence.
Cooperation On Security, Economy
And Culture
Security Cooperation: The SCO is primarily cen-
tered around its member nations' Central Asian se-
Copyright © 2009
curity-related concerns, often describing the main
threats it confronts as being terrorism, separatism
and extremism. However evidence is growing that
its activities in the area of social development of its
member states is increasing fast. At the June 16-17
2004 SCO summit, held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan,
the Regional Antiterrorism Structure (RATS) was
established. On 21 April 2006, the SCO announced
plans to fight cros s-bor der dr ug crim e s under the
counter-terrorism rubric. Grigory Logninov claimed
in April 2006 that the SCO has no plans to become
a military bloc; nonetheless he argued that the in-
creased threats of terrorism, extremism and sepa-
ratism make necessary a full-scale involvement of
armed forces.
There have been a number of SCO joint military
exercises. The first of the s e wa s he l d in 2003, wi th
the first pha se taki ng pl ace in Ka zakhs tan and the
second in China. On a larger scale, but outside the
SCO framework, the first ever joi nt m i litary exer-
cise between the PRC and Russia, called Peace Mis-
sion 2005 started on August 19, 2005. Following
their successful completion, Russian offici al s ha ve
begun speaking of India joining such exercises in
the future and the SCO taking on a military role. In
October 2007, the SCO signed an agreement with
the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO),
in the Tajik capital Dushanbe, to broaden coopera-
tion on issues such as security, crime, and drug traf-
ficki ng . J oi nt act ion pl ans be t we en t he t wo
organisations are planned to be signed by early 2008
in Beijing.
Economic Cooperation: All SCO members but
China are also members of the Eurasian Economic
Community. A Framework Agreement to enhance
economic cooperation was signed by the SCO mem-
ber states on 23 September 2003. At the same meet-
ing the PRC's Premier, Wen Jiabao, proposed a long-
47
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 SECTION -1
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: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit)

term objective to establish a free trade area in the SCO, while other more immediate measures would be
taken to improve the flow of goods in the regi on. A fol low up pl an w
i th 100 speci fic act i ons was signed one
year later, on September 23, 2004.

On 26 October, 2005, the Moscow Summit of the SCO, the Secretary General of the Organisation said that
the SCO will prioritise joint energy projects; such will include the oil and gas sector, the exploration of
new hydrocarbon reserves, and joint use of water resources. The creation of an Inter-bank SCO Council
was also agreed upon at that summit in order to fund future joint projects. The first m e et ing of the SCO
Interbank Association was held in Beijing on 21- 22 Febr uary 2006. On 30 No vemb er 2006, at The SCO:
Results and Perspectives, an international conference held in Almaty, the representative of the Russian
Foreign Ministry announced that Russia is developing plans for an SCO "Energy Club". The need for this
club was reiterated by Moscow at an SCO summit in November 2007. Other SCO members, however,
have not committed themselves to the idea. However on 28 August 2008 summit it was stated that Against
the backdrop of a slowdown in the growth of world economy pursuing a responsible currency and fina n-
cial policy, control over the capital flowi ng, ens ur ing food and ene rgy secur ity ha ve been gai ni ng speci al
significanc e. O n June 16, 2009, at the Ye kat erinbur g Summi t, Chi na announc ed pl ans to pr ovi de a US $10
billion loan to SCO member states to shore up the struggling economies of its members amid the global
fina nc i al crisis. The summi t wa s he l d toget he r wi th the first BRI C s ummi t , and t he Chi na- Rus s ia j oint
statement said that they want a bigger quota in the IMF.

Cultural cooperation: Cultural cooperation also occurs in the SCO framework. Culture ministers of the
SCO met for the first tim
e in Be ijing on 12 Apr i l 2002, signi ng a j oint statemen t for cont i nue d cooper ati on.
The third meeting of the Culture Ministers took place in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 27-28 April 2006. An
SCO Arts Festival and Exhibition was held for the first tim e dur ing the A s tana Summi t in 2005. Ka zakhs tan
has also suggested an SCO folk dance festival to take place in 2008, in Astana.

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 SECTION -2
Section - 1(Hot
(Article: HindSection 377 of the IPC)
Topis:
Section 377 of the IPC
Fundamental Rights Vs Acculturation
A Division Bench of Justice A.P. Shah and Justice S.
Muralidhar of Delhi High Court in its order on Jul 02,
2009, said that Section 377 of the IPC, insofar as it
criminalises consensual sexual
acts of adults in private, is vio-
lative of Articles 21 [Right to
Protection of Life and Per-
sonal Liberty], 14 [Right to
Equality before Law] and 15
[Prohibition of Discrimination
on Grounds of Religion, Race,
Caste, Sex or Place of Birth]
of the Constitution.
However, the court clarified
that “the provisions of Section
377 will continue to govern Courtesy : UU-UNO.ORG
non-consensual penile non-
vaginal sex and penile non-vaginal sex involving mi-
nors.” The judges also said that by adult they meant
“everyone who is 18 years of age and above.” Ac-
cording to them “A person below 18 would be pre-
sumed not to be able to consent to a sexual act,” The
Bench further said that “this clarification will hold till, non-discrimination, it said. "This was the spirit behind
of course, Parliament chooses to amend the law to
effectuate the recommendation of the Law Commis-
sion of India in its 172nd Report which, which would
remove a great deal of confusion.” The judgment also
made it clear that it would not result in re-opening of
criminal cases involving Section 377 that had already
attained finality.
The verdict came on a PIL plea by Delhi-based non-
governmental organisation Naz Foundation that the
Section 377 provision criminalising sexual acts be-
tween consenting adults in private violated Articles
14, 15, 19 and 21 of the Constitution. The Founda-
tion works among sex workers in Delhi.
Copyright © 2009
Would Legalise Homosexuality?
High court bench said that Indian Constitutional Law
does not permit the statutory criminal law to be held
captive by the popular mis-
concept ion of who t he
LGBTs (lesbian gay bisexual
transgender) are. It cannot be
forgotten that discrimination
is antithesis of equality and
that it is the recognition of
equality which will foster dig-
nity of every individual. It
observed that the inclusive-
ness that the Indian society
traditionally displayed in ev-
ery aspect of life manifested
in recognising a role in soci-
ety for everyone. "Those per-
ceived by the majority as deviants or different are not
on that score excluded or ostracised," the Chief Jus-
tice writing the judgement for the Bench, said. Where
society can display inclusiveness and understanding,
such persons can be assured of a life of dignity and
the resolution of which Jawaharlal Nehru spoke so
passionately," the Bench said referring to the Objec-
tive Resolution moved by him on December 13, 1946
at the Constituent Assembly debate.
Quoting Nehru, Justice Shah said "words are magic
things often enough, even the magic of words some-
times cannot convey magic of human spirit and of a
nation's passion ...(this resolution seeks very feebly to
tell the world of what we have thought or dreamt of
so long, and what we now hope to achieve in near
future)". He said Nehru was of the view that the House
should consider the resolution not in a spirit of nar-
row legal wording, but rather look at the spirit behind
that resolution.
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 SECTION -2
Section - 1(Hot
(Article: HindSection 377 of the IPC)
Topis:
The Bench was critical of the provision of section 377
of IPC holding that a provision of law branding one
section of people as criminal based wholly on states'
moral disapproval of that class goes counter to equal-
ity guaranteed in the Constitution.
The provision of section 377 runs counter to the Con-
stitutional values and the notion of human dignity
which is considered to be cornerstone of our Consti-
tution. Section 377 in its application to sexual act of
consenting adults in privacy discriminates a section of
people solely on the ground of their sexual orientation
which is analogous to prohibited grounds of sex, the
Bench said. It said that any discrimination on the
grounds of sexual orientation was against Article 15
of the Constitution which prohibits any discrimination
on grounds of sex, religion, caste or place of birth.
According to bench that sexual orientation is a ground
analogous to sex and that discrimination on the basis
of sexual orientation is not permitted by Article 15.
The Bench pulled up the government for its stand that
judiciary should refrain from interfering on the issue
as it pertains to legislative function coming under the
ambit of Parliament.
A Constitutional provision must be construed, not in
a narrow and constricted sense, but in a wide and lib-
eral manner so as to anticipate and take it out of chang-
ing conditions and purposes so that the Constitutional
provision does not get atrophied or fossilised but re-
mains flexible enough to meet the newly emerging
problem, the Bench said quoting a Supreme Court
judgement. The High Court judgement assumes im-
portance as the Government was still grappling with
the option to scrap section 377 from the statute.
When the verdict was reserved on November 7,2008,
the previous UPA government had vociferously op-
posed scrapping of section 377 of the Indian Penal
Code which prescribes punishment upto life impris-
Copyright © 2009
onment for indulging in unnatural sexual acts. There
were contradictions within the Government as the
Home Ministry had opposed scrapping of section 377
while Ministry of Health came out openly in support
of the gay rights activists.
The Government later sidelined the stand of the then
Health Minister Ambumani Ramadoss and opposed
the PIL by describing homosexuality as "the most in-
decent behaviour" in society. The Centre had submit-
ted that gay sex is immoral and reflection of a per-
verse mind and its decriminalisation would lead to
moral degradation of society. "Every citizen has the
right to lead a decent and moral life in society and the
right would be violated if such behaviour (gay sex) is
legalised in the country," the government had con-
tended and added that allowing gay sex would pose a
health hazard to society. The Centre had said that ho-
mosexuals comprise only 0.3 per cent of the popula-
tion and the right of rest 99.7 per cent of the popula-
tion to lead a decent and moral life in society would
be violated if such behaviour (gay sex) is legalised.
The gay rights activists had contended that the gov-
ernment is infringing upon their fundamental right to
equality by criminalising homosexual acts on the
ground of morality. "The Constitution gives funda-
mental right to equality and it prohibits discrimination
on the basis of sex. But the rights of 25 lakh homo-
sexuals in the country are being violated," they had
contended. Earlier, the government had put a contra-
dictory stand on the issue with the Home Minister of
the then UPA government favouring the retention of
the penal provision for homosexual acts while the
Health Minister opposed the enforcement of Section
377 in cases involving consenting adults. But when
the day-to-day hearing began on the case, the govern-
ment set aside the stand of the Health Ministry and
opposed the plea of gay rights activists
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 SECTION -2
Section - 1(Hot
(Article: HindSection 377 of the IPC)
Topis:
Need of Debate
Hope that the Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code
would be either quickly repealed or suitably amended-
raised when the Union Home Ministry boldly described
it as an absurdity in the present day have receded with
the Law Minister, Veerappa Moily, announcing that
the Centre was in no hurry to take such a step. Calls
for a parliamentary debate to reach a wider consensus
on a basic issue of human rights and equal justice are
nothing but an excuse to put off a hard decision on
ending an obnoxious colonial-era provision that has
absolutely no place in the statute book of a modern
democratic and secular state.
Section 377, which punishes carnal intercourse against
the order of nature with imprisonment up to 10 years,
is not specifically targeted at homosexuality. But by
criminalising any penetrative sex that does not lead to
reproduction, it has become a weapon in the hands of
the police to harass those who have alternative sexual
orientations. It also stands out as a symbol of 19th
century intolerance.
Suggestions that Section 377 would be reviewed co-
incided with hundreds of members of the LGBT (les-
bian, gay, bisexual, transgendered) community danc-
ing and marching through the streets of five Indian
cities to mark the 40th anniversary of the Stonewall
uprisings in New York, now a universal symbol of gay
resistance to obscurantist oppression. What is clear is
that the gay rights movement is slowly coming of age
in India emboldened by such developments as Presi-
dent Barack Obama’s promise to bring the full spec-
trum of equal rights to LGBT Americans and his
administration’s decision to endorse a United Nations
resolution calling for the worldwide decriminalisation
of homosexuality. In an age where there is growing
acceptance of the idea that LGBTs must be allowed to
live in dignity and respect. Having promised to review
this provision, the government must not give in to the
Copyright © 2009
pressure of religious fundamentalists, moral obscuran-
tists, and others who argue that Indian society is not
ready to accept such change. Especially on non-nego-
tiable social issues, governments must lead public opin-
ion not tail its least enlightened strands or go for the
lowest common denominator.
Initiation to Opposing Section 377
In 2001 Naz Foundation (an NGO related to HIV/
Aids issues) filed a petition in the Delhi High Court
asking for Sect ion 377 to be read down by
decriminalising consensual sex among adults. In Sep-
tember 2003, the Government insisted on retaining
Section 377 on the grounds that Indian initiation
society’s disapproval of homosexuality was strong
enough to justify it being treated as a criminal offence
even where adults indulge in it in private.
In February 2006, the Supreme Court ordered the High
Court to reconsider the constitutional validity of Sec-
tion 377. The Naz Foundation petition was supported
by Voices Against 377, comprising 12 organisations
across the country while it was being opposed by the
government of Delhi and others. The position of the
government (represented by the Ministries of Health
and Law) has been conflicted while many of its affili-
ates demanded decriminalisation.
Naco (National Aids Control Organisation) demanded
the scrapping of Section 377 as it was obstructing ef-
fective health interventions. The 172nd report of the
Law Commission of India and the recommendations
of the National Planning Commission for the 11th Five
Year Plan also demanded decriminalisation of homo-
sexuality. In the last two decades, LGBT activism
played a major role in creating awareness on the is-
sue.
In 2006 writer Vikram Seth released a public letter
75
WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM
demanding that the cruel law be struck down. The let-
ter was supported by a large number of signatories
including Captain Lakshmi Sehgal, Aruna Roy, Soli
Sorabjee, Shyam Benegal, Shubha Mudgal, Arundhati
Roy, Aparna Sen, Mrinalini Sarabhai and demanded
the scrapping of the brutal law that punitively
criminalises romantic love and private, consensual
sexual acts between adults of the same sex while be-
ing used to systematically persecute, blackmail, arrest
and terrorise sexual minorities. Amartya Sen also asked
for an abolition of the colonial era monstrosity that
ran contrary to the enhancement of human freedom
and India’s commitment to democracy and human
rights. Like all laws, Section 377 was used both inside
and outside the courtroom.

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 SECTION -3
Section - 1(Current
(Article: Hind
Affairs: Important Current Relevant Facts )
Important Current Relevant Facts
» As part of the Health and Family Welfare
Ministry’s 100-day agenda, Union Health and Fam-
ily Welfare Ministry Announced on Jul 02, 2009
that doctors, specialists and para-medical staff serv-
ing in the rural, particu-
larly far-flung and inacces-
sible areas, will get double
the salary their counter-
parts in other areas earn as
part of monetary incentive
to encourage medical per-
sonnel to take up rural
postings. The Ministry,
through the National Ru-
ral Health Mission
(NRHM), will make funds
available for contractual
appointments and provide
significant ly hi ghe r mo n-
etary incentives based on the location of the post-
ing. The salaries could be almost double those drawn
by medical professionals in urban areas. In the next
three months, the Ministry, in consultation with
State governments, will identify difficul t, m o s t di f-
ficul t and inacces sibl e areas, particul arly in the hi lly
States and tribal regions. This will be done to fill up
defici enc i es in the strengt h of m e di cal personne l .
A web-based Health Management Information Sys-
tem (HMIS) will be fully operational by July 31,
2009, to enable district-wise reporting of the
progress of the NRHM on a monthly, quarterly and
annual basis. This will enable timely monitoring of
physical and financ i al pr ogres s m o r e ef fect ivel y, he
said. The Ministry has also made a commitment to
revive the three public sector vaccine manufactur-
ing units at Kasauli, Guindy and Coonoor whose
manufacturing licenses were suspended last year for
failure to comply with the good manufacturing
practices (GMP) prescribed by the World Health
Copyright © 2009
Organisation. An oversight committee has prepared
a road map for revamping the vaccine manufactur-
ing facility at the Central Research Institute,
Kasauli. The retrofitted faci lity w
i ll start func t ion-
ing within a year, while the pro-
cess for the revival of the B.C.G
Vaccine Laboratory at Guindy and
the Pasteur Institute of India at
Coonoor will be initiated. The
Ministry will also initiate a pro-
posal to introduce a Bill to com-
prehensively amend the Trans-
plantation of Human Organs Act,
1994 to make the process of organ
transplantation less cumbersome
for genuine cases and also network
all transplantation centres for bet-
ter coordination and utilisation of
harvested organs.
» In a landmark judgment, the Delhi High Court
on Jul 02, 2009 struck down the provision of Sec-
tion 377 of the Indian Penal Code which
criminalised consensual sexual acts of adults in pri-
vate, holding that it violated the fundamental right
of life and liberty and the right to equality as guar-
anteed in the Constitution. A Division Bench of
Justice A.P. Shah and Justice S. Muralidhar said that
Section 377 of the IPC, insofar as it criminalises
consensual sexual acts of adults in private, is viola-
tive of Articles 21 [Right to Protection of Life and
Personal Liberty], 14 [Right to Equality before Law]
and 15 [Prohibition of Discrimination on Grounds
of Religion, Race, Caste, Sex or Place of Birth] of
the Constitution.
» The chief of the Jamaat-ud-Dawa, known as a
front organisation of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, Hafiz
Saeed was released by a full bench headed by Jus-
78
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 SECTION -3
Section - 1(Current
(Article: Hind
Affairs: Important Current Relevant Facts )
tice Ejaz Chaudhary of the Lahore High Court on
June 2,2009. Saeed was placed under house arrest
in December 2008 during a government crackdown
on the JuD following the Mumbai attacks and
shortly after the U.N. Security Council 1267 Com-
mittee (on Al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, the Taliban
and associated individuals, groups, undertakings and
entities) designated him and the group as “terror-
ist.”
» Farah Pandit of Kashmiri-origin was appointed
special representative of the Obama administration
to reach out to the Muslim world. She was ap-
pointed by Secretary of State to interact with Mus-
lims across the globe. She was a senior adviser to
the assistant secretary of state for European and
Eurasian affairs. She also served on the National
Security Council and with USAID on assistance
projects for Iraq, Afghanistan and Palestine. Born
in 1968, Farah belongs to a business family of Kash-
mir. Her father, Muhammad Anwar Pandit, is origi-
nally from Sopore. Her mother, a doctor is from
Srinagar city. In early 70s Farah's parents shifted to
United States and stayed in Boston, where her fa-
ther continued his business.
» Darrell Dexter took charge of Nova Scotia's 27th
premier and the first Ne w De mo crat to lead a gov-
ernment in Atlantic Canada in downtown Halifax
on June 19,2009. He succeeded Rodney Joseph
MacDonald of Progressive Conservative Party.
Air Chief Marshal Pradeep Vasant Naik took charge
as the 19th chief of the India Air Force from Air
Chief Marshal Fali Homi Major, who demitted of-
fice on M
a y 31. A
n al umn us of Sai ni k School , Satara,
and the National Defence Academy, Khadakvasla,
Air Chief Marshal Naik saw action in the 1971 In-
dia-Pakistan war. He was decorated with the Param
Vishist Seva Medal and the Vishist Seva Medal.
Copyright © 2009
» Amal Allana was appointed as
chairperson of the National School
of Drama (NSD) for a second term
on June 15,2009. Allana, an alum-
nus of the NSD, is the daughter of
Ibrahim Alkazi, the founder of the
NSD. She joined NSD in 2005 as
the chairperson. She has directed
several plays, including “Aadhe Adhure”, “The Ex-
ception and the Rule”, “Khamosh, Adalat Jari Hai”,
“Ashadh Ka Ek Din”, “Mahabhoj”, “King Lear”,
“Himmat Mai” and “Begum Barve”. She was
awarded many honours, including awards from the
Delhi Natya Sangh (1994), Sahitya Kala Parishad
(1996), Czech TV for the tele-play “Wapsi” (1983)
and Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for direction
(1998).
» He was elected Chairman of the Indian Banks’
Association (IBA) for 2009-10 at the association’s
managing committee meeting held in Mumbai on
June 1. Punjab National Bank Chairman and Man-
aging Director K. C. Chakrabarty succeeded T. S.
Narayanasami who was superannuated Chairman
and Managing Director of Bank of India on May
31,2009.
» Distinguished journalist and political commenta-
tor Harish Khare was appointed as the media ad-
viser to the Prime Minister on June 20,2009. He
replaced Deepak Sandhu, who was shifted to the
Central Information Commission as its member.
Harish Khare will hold the rank of a secretary to
the government of India. Prior to this appointment,
Khare, was the Chief of Bureau and senior associ-
ate editor at The Hindu. He also worked as the resi-
dent editor of the Times of India, Ahmedabad.
Ramesh Pokhariyal Nishank took oath as the fifth
79
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 SECTION -3
Section - 1(Current
(Article: Hind
Affairs: Important Current Relevant Facts )
chief minister of Uttarakhand along with three
ministers on June 28. Replacing B C Khanduri as
the chief minister, Nishank was Health Minister in
his cabinet. A sitting legislator from Thalisen con-
stituency, Ramesh Pokhariyal Nishank is a
strong leader from Garhwal and is known to be close
to the RSS.
» Senior advocate Gopal Subramaniam was ap-
pointed solicitor general on June 15, the second most
important law officer of the count ry af ter the at -
torney general. From the petrol pump scam case to
the inquiry commission into Graham Staines mur-
der, he had ample opportunity to render valuable
assistance to the Supreme Court as amicus curiae.
At the same time, he represented the Centre in
high-voltage cases like Bihar assembly dissolution,
defreezing of London bank accounts of Bofors case
accused Ottavio Quattrocchi and the cash-for-query
scam. 51-year-old Subramaniam was additional so-
licitor general during 2004-09.
» Uttarakhand chief minister Maj Gen BC Khanduri
fina l ly succumb ed to m
o unt ing pr es sur es and ten-
dered his resignation on June 25,2009. Rebels were
active against him after the Bharatiya Janata Party's
rout in the Lok Sabha elections from the state. The
BJP lost all the five Lok Sabha seat s in the stat e in
the May 2009 polls, including the three it had won
in 2004.
» The chairman of Prasar Bharati Board, Arun
Bhatnagar relinquished his job citing differences
with Prasar Bharati CEO B S Lalli. A retired IAS
officer, Bha t na gar wa s appoi nt ed as the cha i rma n
of Prasar Bharati on 2008. Some members of the
Broad have levelled various allegations of impro-
priety and fina nc i al irregul arities agai ns t B S La l li
and the matter has reached the Delhi High Court
Copyright © 2009
through a PIL.
» Vice-Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma was ap-
pointed country’s next Chief of Naval Staff. He will
take charge from Admiral Sureesh Mehta, who re-
tires from service on August 31. Born on Novem-
ber 14, 1950, Vice-Admiral Verma, currently Flag
Officer Co mma ndi ng-in- Chi ef (FOC - in- C) , Ea stern
Naval Command, has, during his long and distin-
guished 39 years of service, commanded aircraft
carrier INS Viraat.
» Senior advocate and former Solicitor General
Goolam E Vahanvati was appointed the new At-
torney General of India for a period of three years.
He became the first M u s lim to hol d the pos t of At -
torney General of India. G E Vahanvati succeeded
Milon Banerjee, who had held the Attorney
General’s post in the last government. He and all
other law officers ha d put in the i r papers on M a y
29,2009 to make way for a fresh team.
» Timothy J Roemer was nominated as the next US
Ambassador to India. A former US lawmaker and a
member of the 9/11 Commission, Roemer is cur-
rently head of a Washington-based think tank. He
is considered close to President Barack Obama and
was among the first few De mo crat leaders to sup-
port Obama in his run for US Presidency.
» Chairman, Securities and
Exchange Board of India
(SEBI), C B Bhave was
elected chairman of the
Asia- Pacific Re gi ona l Co m-
mittee of the International Organisation of Securi-
ties Commissions (IOSCO) at the 34th Annual Con-
ference of IOSCO being held at Tel Aviv, Israel.
IOSCO is recognised as the international standard
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 SECTION -3
Section - 1(Current
(Article: Hind
Affairs: Important Current Relevant Facts )
setter for securities markets. The Organisation’s
wide membership regulates more than 90% of the
world’s securities markets and IOSCO is the world`s
most important international cooperative forum for
securities regulatory agencies.
» Seven-time member of Lok Sabha Karia Munda
was unanimously elected Deputy Speaker of the
15th Lok Sabha on June 8. The tradition of having
the Deputy Speaker from the Opposition was be-
gan in 1977, the very year Karia Munda entered
the Lok Sabha. Munda was elected to the 15th Lok
Sabha from Khunti in Jharkhand on BJP ticket.
» Former Law Minister 72-year-old, Hans Raj
Bhardwaj, who failed to make it to the Union Cabi-
net after the elections, was on June 24 appointed as
the new Governor of Karnataka. He replaced
Rameshwar Thakur who was transferred to Madhya
Pradesh.
» Karnataka Governor Rameshwar Thakur was ap-
pointed new Governor of Madhya Pradesh for his
remaining tenure. He will hold the post till No-
vember 2009. He replaced Balram Jakhar, whose
term ended on June 30. Thakur was first appoi nt ed
Governor on November 17, 2004. In 2006, he was
shifted to Andhra Pradesh and later to Karnataka
in 2007.
» The former Finance Minister of Assam, Devanand
Konwar, was appointed Governor of Bihar in place
of R. L. Bhatia, whose term ended on June 23.
Konwar was the founder general secretary of Con-
gress I, when the Party split in 1978.
» One of the most influent ialfigures
in modern pop culture, Michael
Jackson, died of a sudden cardiac ar-
rest at his home in Los Angeles on
June 25,2009. Jackson, known as
Copyright © 2009
'King of Pop' by fans and often derided as 'Whacko-
Jacko' by the media, was 50. Michael Joseph Jack-
son was born on August 29, 1958 in Gary, Indiana,
US. I Want You Back, Don't Stop Til You Get
Enough, Billie Jean, Bad, Black or White, Earth Song
were his biggest hits album. His 1982 album Thriller
remains the world's best-selling record of all time.
Jackson began his career as a child in family group
The Jackson 5. He then went on to achieve global
fame as a solo artist with smash hits such as Billie
Jean and Bad. Thriller, released in 1982, is the big-
gest-selling album of all time, shifting 65m copies,
according to the Guinness Book of World Records.
He scored seven UK number ones as a solo artist
and won a total of 13 Grammy awards. Michael
Jackson popularised a dance technique called the
moonwalk or backslide. Moonwalk presents the il-
lusion that the dancer is stepping forward while
actually moving backward. The dance move gained
widespread popularity after being performed by
Michael Jackson during his song ‘Billie Jean’ on the
March 25, 1983. He published autobiography ‘Moon
Walk’ in 1988. The book was edited by Jacqueline
Kennedy Onassis and reached number one on the
New York Times Best Seller list.
» Famous poet and writer Kamala Surayya, best
known as Kamala Das passed away at Jehangir hos-
pital in Pune on May 31,2009 due to respiratory
failure. She was 75. Kamala Das enjoyed the status
of being one of the first poet s wr iting in Engl ish
from Kerala to be recognised nationally and inter-
nationally. She wrote with literary name
‘Madhavikutty’. An iconoclast of her generation
who unabashedly spoke about the Indian woman’s
sexual desires and a maverick who courted contro-
versies, she was decorated with prizes such as the
Kent Award and nominated for the Nobel Prize for
Literature. A free spirit, she dabbled in painting and
even politics. She contested Parliamentary elections
in 1984 and lost. On December 16, 1999, at the age
of 65, she converted to Islam. Her writings like
81
WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM
 SECTION -3
Section - 1(Current
(Article: Hind
Affairs: Important Current Relevant Facts )
‘Summer in Calcutta’ (1965), ‘The Descendants’
(1970), ‘The Old Playhouse And Other Poems’
(1973), ’The Anamalai Poems (1985), and ‘Only the
Soul Knows How to Sing’ (1996) and a collection of
poetry with Pritish Nandy (1990) celebrate love and
womanhood. She complemented the five books of
English poetry with the novel, ‘Alphabet of Lust’
(1977), a collection of short stories, ‘Padmavati the
Harlot and Other Stories’ (1992) and her autobiog-
raphy, ‘My Story’ (1976), which earned her more
fame and notoriety than those from all her other
works put together.
» Legendary sarod player Ustad Ali Akbar Khan
died of renal failure at his San Anselmo, California,
home on June 19,2009. He was 87. He composed
several ragas, including Gauri Manjari, Lajwanti,
Madhavi and Madhu Malati, and also scored Bengali
films l ike Jhi nder Ba ndi , Ks hudhi ta Pa s ha n and
Satyajit Ray's Devi. Ali Akbar, born on April 14,
1922, in Comilla in present-day Bangladesh, was
one of the greatest teachers and ambassadors of In-
dian classical music. He is credited with taking this
music to the West. He was the son of multi-instru-
mentalist Baba Allaudin Khan, who founded the
Maihar Gharana, the school most closely associated
with Hindustani classical music. He was awarded
India’s highest civilian honours of Padma
Vibhushan and Padma Bhushan for his contribu-
tion to Indian classical music. He also won
MacArthur Genius Award, two Grammy nomina-
tions, the President of India Award and, the most
valuable to him, the title of Swar Samrat bestowed
by his father and guru.
» One of India’s greatest dramatists, Habib Tanvir
passed away on June 8,2009 at the age of 85. He
Copyright © 2009
was a popular Hindi playwright, the-
atre director, poet and actor. He cre-
ated a new theatrical language that
married contemporary drama with
folk performance and elevating folk
forms to international attention. The
founder of Naya Theatre, Tanvir
worked with Chhatisgarh tribals in
Bhopal. He channelled their indigenous perfor-
mance form, nacha, to create milestones such as
Charandas Chor, Agra Bazaar and Kamdeo ka Apna
Basant Ritu ka Sapna. He was awarded the Sangeet
Natak Akademi Award in 1969, Padma Shri in 1983,
Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship in 1996, and
the Padma Bhushan in 2002. Tanvir was also nomi-
nated as a member of the Rajya Sabha (1972-1978).
His play Charandas Chor got him the Fringe Firsts
Award at the Edinburgh International Drama Fes-
tival in 1982.
» The last survivor of the legendary ocean liner Ti-
tanic, which sank on its maiden voyage in April
1912 after striking an iceberg in the North Atlan-
tic, Millvina Dean died on May 31,2009 at the age
of 97. She was about 2 months old when she sailed
on the ocean liner in 1912. She, her mother and
brother were saved.
» Actor-filmma ker-pr oducer Jogi nder, w
h o is still
remembered for his title role in Ranga Khush, died
at a hospital in Mumbai on June 14,2009. He was
65. He had produced and directed 30 film s . Amo ng
the films pr oduc ed by hi m are Bi ndi ya Au r
Bandook, Do Chattane, Fauji and Yari Zindabad.
Joginder was also a trained pilot and has even
worked with late Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
before he turned to acting.
» Former Rajasthan chief minister and Assam gov-
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 SECTION -3
Section - 1(Current
(Article: Hind
Affairs: Important Current Relevant Facts )
ernor, Shiv Charan Mathur passed away on June
25,2009 following a heart attack at the Fortis Hos-
pital in New Delhi. He was 83. A freedom fight er
and Congress stalwart, Mathur was in politics since
Quit India movement in 1942. He was twice chief
minister of the Rajasthan state. His first tenur e w
as
between July 14, 1981 and February 23, 1985 and
second was between January 20, 1988 and Decem-
ber 4, 1989. A member of All India Congress Com-
mittee since 1972, he was a member of the third
Lok Sabha between 1964 and 1967. He was also
elected to the tenth Lok Sabha in 1991. He was
sworn in as 9th Governor of Assam since the
reorganisation of the Northeast in 1972 on July 3,
2008.
» Farrah Fawcett, a three-time Emmy-nominated
actress, sex symbol, and star of perhaps the most
famous poster of all time passed away on June
23,2009 at St. John's Heath Center in Santa Monica
(USA). She was 62. Known as America’s sweetheart
in the ‘70s, much to fans dismay Fawcett left the
show as it literally was at its peak.
» Noted Bangla author Amalendu Chakraborty
passed away in North 24-Parganas district on June
15,2009 after a brief illness. He was 75. He got fame
for his Akaler Sandhane and Ekdin Pratidin. Akaler
Sandhane and Ekdin Pratidin were made into criti-
cally acclaimed film
s by vet eran di rector M r inal Sen,
with the first filme ven s tarring t he l ikes of Smit a
Patel among others.
» Kaiga Nuclear power plant scientist, N
Mahalingam found dead. His body was recovered
on June 13 from the Kali River --six days after he
went missing.
» The world's oldest man, Tomoji Tanabe, died at
Copyright © 2009
his home in southern Japan on June 18 at the age of
113, according to a local offici al . Ta na be lived w
i th
a son and daughter-in-law, had eight children, 25
grandchildren, 53 great-grandchildren and six great-
great-grandchildren. Japan has one of the world's
highest life expectancy rates, attributed in part to a
diet traditionally rich in fish, rice and veget abl es .
» Gabon President Omar Bongo, the world's long-
est-serving president, who had led Gabon since 1967
died of cardiac arrest in a Spanish hospital on June
8. He was 73. He had stopped work in May, and
entered a clinic in Barcelona. He faced a inquiry
into corruption allegations. Oil earnings mean that
Gabon is offici al ly one of Af rica' s riche s t stat es but
country's 1.4 million people live in poverty.
» Infosys Technologies Co-Chairman Nandan
Nilekani was appointed on May 25 ,2009 as first of
chairperson of Unique
Identificat ion A u t hor ity of
India in the rank and sta-
tus of a Cabinet Minister.
Earlier the Government
approved creation of a po-
sition of Chairperson UID
Authority of India on same
day i.e. on June 25. The
Authority shall have the responsibilities to lay down
plans and policies to implement the Unique Identi-
ficat ion Sche me (UI D) , sha l l own and operat e the
Unique Identificat ion numb er dat abase and be re-
sponsible for its updation and maintenance on an
ongoing basis. The Authority will identify the tar-
geted groups for various flags hi p pr ogramme s . The
flags hi p sche me s of the UP A inc l ude the Na t iona l
Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, Sarva
Shiksha Abhiyaan, National Rural Health Mission
and Bharat Nirman.
83
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 SECTION -3
Section - 1(Current
(Article: Hind
Affairs: Important Current Relevant Facts )
» An assassination attempt was made on Yunus-
bek Yevkurov, the president of Russia's southern
republic of Ingushetia on June 22,2009. 45-year-
old Yunus-bek Yevkurov was injured when his car
hit an explosive device planted on the roadside or
in a car parked along his motorcade's route near
the city of Nazran.
» Meira Kumar made history in the Lok Sabha when
she was unanimously
elected its Speaker on
June 3,2009 and thus
became the first w o ma n
to occupy one of the
high Constitutional
posts. She was elected
after a resolution moved by UPA chairperson Sonia
Gandhi and seconded by leader of the House Pranab
Mukherjee was approved by a voice vote amidst
thumping of desks by the entire House. Daughter
of prominent dalit leader and former Deputy Prime
Minister, Babu Jagjivan Ram, 64-year-old Kumar,
Congress’ dalit face, a former Indian Foreign Ser-
vice offici al and uni on mi ni ster, wa s induct ed as
Union Cabinet Minister of Water Resources after
15th Lok Sabha election. She quit IFS and fought
first time for Lok Sabha in 1985 from Bijnor e i n
Uttar Pradesh, a year before her father’s death.
Meira Kumar became an MP again in 1996 and in
1998 from Delhi’s Karol Bagh constituency but lost
her seat in 1999 when NDA returned to power. She
was re-elected in 2004 and 2009 from Sasaram in
Bihar, the constituency of her father. In between,
she had quit Congress for two years from 2000 cit-
ing differences with the party leadership. She re-
joined the party in 2002.
» Iran’s President and candidate of Abadgaran,
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad secured a landslide victory
in the presidential polls on June 13,2009 trouncing
his nearest rival Mir-Hossein Mousavi. Mahmoud
This Article is Available Online Also:-
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Copyright © 2009
Ahmadinejad got 62.6 per cent of the vote while
his rival Mir-Hossein Mousavi got only 33.75 per
cent. Though there was sporadic violence and alle-
gations of electoral irregularities in the polls.
Mousavi rejected the results and threatened to un-
veil, what he called the ‘secrets’ behind ‘perilous
process.’ Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah
Khamenei, who has the fina l w o r d over stat e m
a t-
ters, described the outcome in a televised address
as ‘divine assessment’ and urged all the candidates
to support the President.
» Union Cabinet Secretary K.M. Chandrasekhar was
given one-year extension in service on June ,2009
1. The extension for a year came into effect from
June 13. An IAS of 1970 batch of the Kerala cadre,
K.M. Chandrasekhar had taken charge as the Union
Cabinet Secretary on June 14, 2007.
» The Justice Liberhan Commission, which probed
the sequence of events that led to the Babri Masjid
demolition in Ayodhya on December 6, 1992, sub-
mitted its report on June 30,2009. Set up on De-
cember 16, 1992, the Commission was initially asked
to give a report in three months. However, it could
do so only after over 16 years that saw 399 sittings
and 48 extensions. About Rs. 8 crore was spent on
the Commission, including on salary. The Commis-
sion was asked to probe the sequence of events lead-
ing to, and all the facts and circumstances relating
to the occurrences in the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri
Masjid complex at Ayodhya on December 6, 1992
involving the destruction of the structure; the role
played by the (then) Chief Minister, members of
the Council of Ministers, offici al s of the Ut tar
Pradesh government and by individuals,
organisations and agencies concerned or in connec-
tion with the destruction of the structure and defi-
ciencies in security measures that might have con-
tributed to the events that took place on December
6, 1992.
84
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 SECTION -4
Section - 1(SPORTS)
(Article: Hind

Sports
» Jayanta Talukdar provided the lone success for India on the fina l day
of the World Cup archery stage III at Antalya by winning the men’s
individual recurve bronze medal on June 7, 2009.Unlike other Indians,
who fell in the quarterfina l s, sixt h- seed Ta l ukdar br eezed past Ru s sian
14th seed Bair Badenov 109-105 in the quarterfina l s but los t to sev-
enth-ranked Simon Terry of Great Britain in the semifina l s 107- 112.
This loss pitted him against Amedeo Tonelli of Italy in the play-off for
the bronze medal. Talukdar won 106-101 after trailing in the first two
ends. The bronze medal victory gave the Indian 18 points to take his
tally to 45 from three legs. Top four archers in each category will qualify
for the World Cup fina l s at Co penha gen on Sept emb er 26. G old m e dal -
list Terry picked up 25 points to take his points to 43.Kapil and Rimil
Biruly, found the pressure of playing higher ranked opponents, that too on the beaches, too much and
simply caved in. Kapil, ranked 33rd, went down to 24th ranked Tonelli of Italy 108-102 and 20th-ranked
Rimil was no match for fifth- seeded Ru yu O u yang of Chi na 104- 109 al so in the quarterfinal s. Indi a coul d
have won an unexpected medal from the recurve mixed team. The Indian pair of Rahul Banerjee and
Reena Kumari, seeded fourth in the four-team fiel d, los t to top- seeded Ko r ean pai r of Im Do ng H y un and
Ji Ye Kwak 130-141.The Indian duo lost in the bronze medal play-off to the Russian Federation team 140-
147.

» As expected, Viswanathan Anand lived up to the reputation of being one of the greatest rapid chess
players ever by completing a 5-3 victory over home favourite Peter Leko in their eight-game match at

Results (Final)

Light fly( 48kg) : Devendro (SSCB) bt Jagdeep Kumar (Pun) 2-2 (6-4).
Fly (51kg): S.S. Shriniwas (SSCB) bt D.S. Baskar (AP) 3-2.
Bantam (54kg): M. Govind Rao (AP) bt Suraj Tokas (Del) 11-2.
Feather (57kg): Pramod (SSCB) bt Anijane Ya al u (Ke r) (KO R- 4) .
Light (60kg): Vikash Yadav (SSCB) bt Amarjeet Singh (Har) (W/P).
Light welter (64kg): Welter (69kg): Kishan Thapa (SSCB) bt Jaideep Kumar (Del) 10-3.
Middle (75kg): Naveen (SSCB) bt Rana BDR Thapa (Meg) 2-0.
Light heavy (81kg): Sukhwinder Singh (Ker) bt S. Premanandan (TN) 9-1.
Super heavy (+91kg): Sani Kumar (SSCB) bt Rajat (Del) 12-3.
Best boxer: Devendro (SSCB).
Best loser: Jagdeep Kumar (Pun).

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Miskolc, Hungary, on June 8, 2009.On the fina l day,
when Leko needed to win both the games to force
the blitz tie-break games, Anand took an unbeat-
able 4.5-2.5 lead by forcing a draw in 27 moves with
white. In the inconsequential eighth game, Leko
tried hard to salvage some pride with white, but
Anand held on for another draw in 42 moves. In
this competition, Anand made the decisive differ-
ence by winning the second and fifth game s , wh i le
rest of the games were drawn.
» Services Sports Control Board (SSCB), with 60
points, emerged the champion unit of the National
Youth boxing championship at the Ramakrishna
Mission Vidyalaya indoor stadium at Coimbatore
on June 8, 2009.It was Kishan Thapa who started
the gold rush for SSCB with a comprehensive 10-3
win over Jaideep Kumar of Delhi. Thereafter, it was
SSCB all the way. Anything its boxers touched
turned into gold. The most sought after pugilist in
the SSCB camp, Devendro, however, struggled be-
fore pulling off a surprising 2-2 (6-4) win over
Jagdeep Kumar of Punjab in the light fly cl as s.
Jagdeep was declared the best loser for going down
with his guns blazing.
» India’s Leander
Paes and Lukas
Dlouhy of the Czech
Republic won the
French Open men’s
doubles title with a
3-6, 6-3, 6-2 win
over Wesley Moodie of South Africa and Belgium’s
Dick Norman on June 8, 2009 in PARIS . It was the
35-year-old Paes’s fifth m
e n’ s Gr and Sl am doubl es
title having won twice here in 1999 and 2001 with
Mahesh Bhupathi, 1999 Wimbledon with Bhupathi
and the 2006 U.S. Open with Martin Damm. The
Indian also has four Grand Slam mixed doubles
crowns.
Copyright © 2009
» The Swiss wins French Open in his 11th attempt
and equals Sampras’s record of 14 Majors in “ELITE
CLUB”, With his win in Roland Garros, Roger
Federer joined Andre Agassi as one of the six men
to have won all four Grand Slams.
» Roger Federer beat Robin Soderling, tied Pete
Sampras and won the French Open at last. Unde-
terred by an on-court intruder, Federer beat sur-
prise fina l ist Soderling 6- 1, 7- 6 (1) , 6- 4 to comp l et e
a career Grand Slam and win his 14th major title,
matching Sampras' record. On his fourth try at
Roland Garros, Federer became the sixth man to
win all four Grand Slam championships. Federer
won his 14th Grand Slam championship at age 27.
Sampras, who never reached a French Open fina l ,
was 31 when he won his last major title. He has
also won the U.S. Open the past five years, and he
has three Australian Open titles. Besides Federer
and Agassi, the other men to win all four Grand
Slams tournaments were Fred Perry, Don Budge,
Rod Laver and Roy Emerson.
» Brawn GP's Jenson Button won the Turkish Grand
Prix in june 2009 for his sixth victory in seven For-
mula One races held at Istanbul. Button overtook
pole sitter Sebastian Vettel on the first lap fol low-
ing a mistake by the Red Bull driver and held on
for a 6.7-second win over Red Bull's Mark Webber.
Vettel, the first dr iver not to w i n from the pol e in
five races at Istanbul , finis hed t hir d aft er opt i ng f or
a three-stop strategy. Button leads with 61 points.
Teammate Rubens Barrichello, who retired after
starting third, has 35 points. Vettel has 29 and
Webber 27.5. Button's fourth straight win -- the
best streak by a Briton in 17 years -- makes him the
fifth dr iver to achi eve six vi ct or ies in a season so
quickly. The previous four -- Alberto Ascari, Juan
Manuel Fangio, Jim Clark and Michael Schumacher
all went on to win the championship.
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» Castroneves, who last month won his third In-
dianapolis 500, beat Penske teammate Ryan Briscoe
off pit row on the fina l stop and he l d on for the
fina l 46 laps Sat ur day to w
i n the IRL1 event at Te xas
Motor Speedway. Briscoe was dominating the race,
with more than a 10-second lead before a caution
flag on the 150t h of the 228 laps bunc he d the field
after an extended stretch of green-flag raci ng.
» India won a gold, two silver and four bronze med-
als in Asian championship held in Zhuhai, China.
As a team, India was placed third in the overall
standings behind host China and Uzbekistan.
Suranjoy Singh gave India its first A
s ian cha mp i on-
ship gold in 15 years while Thokchom Nanao Singh
and Jai Bhagwan settled for silver medals as the
country’s boxers rounded off a 27-year best perfor-
mance in the elite event. The bronze went to
Jitender Kumar (54kg) Vijender Si ng h ( 75kg) ,
Dinesh Kumar (81kg) and Paramjit Samota (+91kg).
The last gold medal for India in the Asian champi-
onship came in the 1994 edition in Tehran where
Rajkumar Sangwan fini she d on top i n the super
heavyweight category.
» Germany regained the Roger Danet Trophy for
the World junior hockey championship with a con-
vincing 3-1 victory over the Netherlands on June
21,2009. Australia secured bronze beating New
Zealand 4-1. India secured 10th position in the
championship.
» Ace Indian shuttler Saina Nehwal
won the Indonesian Open Badmin-
ton women title defeating higher
ranked Chinese Lin Wang in Jakarta
on June 21. With this win she
scripted history by becoming the
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Copyright © 2009
first Indi an to wi n a Super Series tour na me nt . In
the men’s singles, World’s No. 1 Lee Chong Wei of
Malaysia defeated Indonesian ace Taufik H i dayat
Indian squash player Ravi Dixit won the Milo All-
Star Malaysian junior Open boys under-19 title in
Kuala Lumpur. He defeated home favourite Jo Wen
Ng in the fina l to wi n hi s thi rd int erna t iona l title.
In the semifina l s, Ra vi ha d def eat ed comp at riot
Karan Malik.
» Indian wrestlers won five me dal s in the 14t h in-
ternational freestyle Greco-Roman wrestling tour-
nament at Sardinia (Italy). Total 18 teams partici-
pated in the tournament. Indian winners are:
Freestyle: Silver: Anil Kumar (55kg), Hardeep
Singh (60kg).
Bronze: Naresh Kumar (84kg), Joginder Kumar
(120kg)
Greco-Roman: Silver: Anil Kumar (96kg)
» Olympian Sandeep Sejwal set a new national
record in the 50m breaststroke event with a time
of 28.77 seconds at the Paris Open Swimming
Championships. In the 100m breaststroke event,
Sejwal fini she d sevent h in the final wit h a t imin g
of 1 min 03.03 secs.
» Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt won the Laureus
World Sportsman of the Year award on June 10 for
his record-breaking performance in the Beijing
Olympics. He received the award from two athlet-
ics greats, Laureus World Sports Academy member
Michael Johnson and Academy chairman Edwin
Moses. Bolt became the first track and field athle te
to win the Laureus, snapping a four-year run by
tennis star Roger Federer. The previous winners
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were cyclist Lance Armstrong, Formula One driver
Michael Schumacher and golfer Tiger Woods. Usain
Bolt was the first m
a n to w
i n gol d in the 100m (9. 69
seconds), 200m (19.30) and 4x100m relay (37.10)
in world record times in the same Olympiad.

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90
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 SECTION -5
Section - 1(AWARDS)
(Article: Hind

Awards
» Roshan Lal Nauhria, an Indian from a small village in Punjab was awarded one
of the highest civil honors-member of the New Zealand Order of Merit ( NZOM)
in the Queen's birthday Honours. The award, created in 1996, recognizes distin-
guished service in various fiel ds and comp r ises of five l evel s . Aft er graduat i ng i n
Electrical Engineering from BITS Pilani in 1970, Roshan Lal Nauhria migrated to
New Zealand in 1972 and started his own construction and property business in
1976.

» Canadian short story writer Alice Munro won the £60000 Man Booker International Prize 2009 on May
27,2009. She beat Mahasweta Devi and a host of other literary heavyweights, including Nobel laureate
V.S. Naipaul and Mario Vargas Llosa. She won recognition with her very first col lect ion of stor ies , ‘D
a nc e
of the Happy Shades,’ published in 1968. Her other successful works include ‘Lives of Girls’ and ‘Women’
(1971) and ‘The Beggar Maid,’ which was shortlisted for the annual Booker Prize in 1980. The prize,
different from the annual Booker Prize for Fiction, is awarded once every two years to a living author for

International Indian Film Academy (IIFA) award

› Best Film - Jodhaa Akbar

› Best Actor in a Leading Role – Male - Hrithik Roshan – Jodhaa Akbar
› Best Actor in a Leading Role – Female - Priyanka Chopra – Fashion
› Best Director - Ashutosh Gowariker – Jodhaa Akbar
› Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male - Arjun Rampal – Rock On!!
› Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female - Kangna Ranaut – Fashion
› Best Actor in a Negative Role - Akshaye Khanna – Race
› Best Story - Neeraj Pandey – A Wednesday!
› Outstanding Achievement by an Indian in International Cinema - Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
› Lifetime Achievement Award - Rajesh Khanna
› Best Music - A R Rahman – Jodhaa Akbar
› Best Lyrics - Javed Akhtar – Jashn-E-Bahara (Jodhaa Akbar)
› Best Playback Singer – Male - Javed Ali – Jashn-e-Baharaa (Jodhaa Akbar)
› Best Playback Singer – Female - Shreya Ghoshal – Teri Ore (Singh is Kinng)
› Best Dialogue - Manu Rishi – Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!
more..

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(Article: Hind

Decade’s Award

To commemorate the last decade in Indian Cinema, the Videocon IIFA Golden Decade Honors
were instituted and presented at the Idea IIFA Awards.

› Star of the Decade – Male : Shah Rukh Khan

› Star of the Decade – Female : Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
› Music Director of the Decade : A R Rahman
› Movie of the Decade: Lagaan
› Director of the Decade : Rakesh Roshan

his or her lifetime achievement in English, or whose work is widely translated into English. Ismail Kadaré
and Chinua Achebe had won for the year 2005 and 2007 respectively.
» The three-day International Indian Film Academy (IIFA) award ceremony kicked off in Macau on June
11,2009. Bollywood superstar Amitabh Bachchan inaugurated the 10th edition of the prestigious event by
planting a lotus flowe r, the of ficial flower of both India and Maca u. Am
it a bh Ba chcha n i s the brand
ambassador of IIFA. The award ceremony has travelled across continents from London, Yorkshire and
Amsterdam in Europe, Johannesburg and Sun City in South Africa and Singapore, Malaysia, Dubai and
Bangkok in Asia The IIFA awards 2009 were given on June 13.

Ashutosh Gowariker's historical romance ‘Jodhaa Akbar ‘ swept the International In-
dian Film Acadmey (IIFA) awards 2009 with a perfect 10 bag of trophies, being named
the best film and fet chi ng i ts ma l e lead Hr ithi k Ro s ha n the bes t act or awa rd and
Ashutosh Gowariker the best director award. The IIFA and Green globe Foundation
presented an Award to Rahul Bose for his contribution to creating awareness on global
warming. Bollywood's veteran actor Rajesh Khanna, fondly called Kaka by his fans
was awarded the lifetime achievement award. The 66-year-old thespian attained the
heights of superstardom in the 70's with his remarkable performances in film s like
Amar Prem, Aradhana, Kati Patang and others.

» Presented an Award to Rahul Bose for his contribution to creating awareness on global warming.
Bollywood's veteran actor Rajesh Khanna, fondly called Kaka by his fans was awarded the lifetime achieve-
ment award. The 66-year-old thespian attained the heights of superstardom in the 70's with his remark-
able performances in film
s like Ama r Pr em, Ar adha na , Ka t i Pa t ang and ot he rs.

» Noted Bollywood actress Shabana Azmi was conferred with the International Indian Film Academy (IIFA)

92
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 SECTION -5
Section - 1(AWARDS)
(Article: Hind

Global Leadership Award at Macau on June 12,2009. IIFA brand ambassador Amitabh Bachchan presented
the award to Shabana Azmi.

Vice-President M Hamid Ansari gave away Lakshmipat Singhania-IIM Lucknow National Leadership
Award for 2008 to following personalities:

» Noted space scientist G Madhavan Nair was conferred in the category of Science and Technology for his
contributions to space science.
Businessman Anand Mahindra got the recognition for his leadership in business.

» Eminent social activist Tulasi Munda awarded for her exemplary work for development of tribals.

» Scientist B K Das, businessman Gautam Thapar and social activist Ravi Rebbapragada were also awarded
as young leaders in the categories of science and technology, business and community service.

» The award is being given since 2004 to eminent personalities for their contributions to society.

» Wipro chairman and founder of ‘Azim Premji Foundation’, Azim Premji was conferred Doctor of Hu-
mane Letters by Wesleyan University, Connecticut, United States. The honorary degree was conferred on
Premji in recognition of his achievements as a “renowned entrepreneur, global business leader and ex-
traordinary humanitarian who demonstrated a commitment to education and the well being of fellow
citizens,”. Premji became the second Indian recipient of this award. Nobel Prize winner Amartya Kumar
Sen was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1995.

This Article is Available Online Also:-

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Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper)

Civil Services (Main) Examination-2009

Solved Cum Study Notes Model Paper, PART-1
(General Studies)

“We are providing a model paper cum notes for IAS main, which is not only for practices but
also a guess for this year main. Here some answers are not in the world limit. Its objective
is to making notes too easy in grasping. Practice on model paper plays very important role in
any exam, through this one can improve writing skill and speed. Here, in IAS main, world
limit is very important. So while you write and make practices, always word limit must keep
in mind. For this one must develop a synchronising method.“

1.Answer any two of the following (in about 150
words each)
a.Write About the Government of India Act of
1909 and it’s salient features.
Ans: Government of India Act
of 1909 is also known as
Morley- Minto Reforms. Af-
ter Lord Curzon`s partition-
ing of Bengal, terrorism in-
voked in the land of Bengal
and it was an absolute neces-
sity to restore stability of the
British Raj. So in order to
crack down the terrorist act in
Bengal, John Morley, the Lib-
eral Secretary of State for In-
dia and The Earl of Minto, the
Conservative Governor General of India, together
came to a common opinion that a dramatic step was
required. This Act also gave security to the loyal
followers of Indian upper classes and upcoming
westernized section of the population. They to-
gether produced the Indian council act of 1909
(Morley-Minto Reforms) though the reforms did
not meet the demands of Indian National Congress
of the system of government obtaining in Self-Gov-
erning British Colonies.
Salient Features
1. The law allowed the Indians to take part in the
election of the various legislative councils in India
for the first tim
e . The m a j or ity of thi s counc i l w
as
appointed by British Government.
And also the constituency was lim-
ited to specific cl asses of Indi an na -
tionals.
2. The introduction of the electoral
from Indians was though against the
intent of Morley, but could effec-
tively establish the groundwork for
a parliamentary system.
3. Muslim leaders of India demanded
the laws to be conditioned and they
would have to face Hindu majority
and expressed serious concern and protested against
the law. They demanded the law to be `first past
the post` type.
4. As a result of this the minority Muslim commu-
nity was allotted reserved seats in Municipal and
District Boards, in the Provincial Councils and in
the Imperial Legislature.
5. The number of reserved seat was more than their
percentage in the relative population (twenty five
percent of total Indian population).

6. Only Muslims should vote for Muslim candidates

(Separate Electorate). These concessions for Mus-

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lim community brought about a constant conflict
during the years 1909-47.
b.What was the causes of Sepoy Mutiny of 1857
? Discuss it’s effect on the Indian administrative
and political system.
Ans: The Sepoy Mutiny was not a mere movement
that took shape in just a day. Various causes summed
up to its happening. The country during that time,
was going through a tumultuous phase, with disil-
lusionment being the order of the day for the evolv-
ing youth. The English, however, were still not
permeated with the idea to capture the subconti-
nent with the policy of `divide and rule`. Yet, some
of the prominent causes can be laid down as fol-
lows:
Political causes: British East India Company gained
its control over India in a span of 150 years from
1751 to 1856. The policy of expansion pursued by
the British created discontent among the princes.
A number of independent kingdoms were annexed
to the British Empire. In 1843, Sind was attacked
and annexed. Lord Dalhousie annexed indian king-
doms whenever an occasion arose. Under his policy
`Doctrine of Lapse` the princes were denied the
right of adoption; in this way Dalhousie annexed
the Maratha States of Satara, Nagpur and Jhansi and
several minor kingdoms. On the death of the ex-
Peshwa, Baji Rao II, the pension granted to him
was abolished and the claims of his adopted son,
Nana Saheb, were disregarded. The result of his
policy was that no Indian prince felt secure, and
there was widespread resentment.
Social causes: The continuous interference of En-
glish in basic way of living, traditional beliefs, val-
ues and norms was seen by masses as threat to reli-
gion. The English administrators gradually became
arrogant and there was a wide gulf between them
and the people. They could hardly know the feel-
ings of the vast multitude, which providence had
Copyright © 2009
placed under their rule. Some of the social reforms
introduced to put an end to evil customs like sati,
female infanticide, etc. and to ameliorate the con-
dition of the people made people unhappy.
Economic causes: The general discontentment
grew rapidly and strongly among the Indian sol-
diers. Most of the soldiers in the East India
Company`s army came from peasant families which
were deeply affected by their impoverished status
.Lot of partiality was done against Indians like not
giving them post above subehdars and salary being
less than their English counterparts. The adverse
effects of the Industrial Revolution on the Indian
economy were also being felt because of British
economic policies in India.
Religious causes: The introduction of telegraph,
railways and the spread of western education,
caused suspicion and fear in the people`s minds.
They were convinced that the English were con-
spiring to convert them to Christianity. Superior
civil and military officers abus ed the na me of Ra m
and Muhammad. Idolatry was denounced. Hindu
gods and goddesses ridiculed. The Religious Disabili-
ties Act modified H i ndu cus toms . Thi s act ena bl ed
a convert to Christianity, to inherit his ancestral
property. All this created resentment among the
people.
Military causes: The Sepoys of the Bengal Army
were belonged to high castes of Oudh and the
North-Western Province. Although the Sepoys had
fought and won many wars for the Company with
determined devotion in the most difficul t and dan-
gerous circumstances they did not get a fair deal.
Their emoluments were very low in comparison
with those of the British soldiers and their chances
of promotion negligible. The loyalty of the Sepoys
was further undermined by certain military reforms
which outraged their religious feelings. They had
an aversion to overseas service, as travel across the
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seas meant loss of caste for them.
Immediate Cause: Discontentment was rampant
among the Indians and they were waiting only for
an occasion to revolt. The introduction of Greased
cartridge in 1856 sparked the fire. The governme nt
decided to replace the old-fashioned musket,
`Brown Begs` by the `Enfiel d rifle`. The l oadi ng
process of the Enfiel d rifle i nvol ved bri ngi ng t he
cartridge to the mouth and biting of the top paper.
There was a rumour among the Sepoys in January
1857 that the greased cartridge contained the fat of
cow and pig, the former sacred to Hindus and lat-
ter forbidden to Muslims. The sepoys were now
convinced that the introduction of greased car-
tridges was a deliberate attempt to defile H i ndu and
Muslim religion. This sparked off the Mutiny on
29th March 1857.
Effect: The Sepoy Mutiny had impressed upon
every Indian in different ways, including even
the British living in England. Numerous got
divided into pro-British and anti-British groups
and sects. After the war came to an end, British
army were successful to regain the states of Delhi,
Kanpur, Lucknow, Gwalior and Meerut. The
ruthless primary effect was that, thousands of
native army-men were slaughtered mercilessly,
without any valid reason. However, the British in
London had highly justified the s e ki llings in the
press. The last Mughal, Bahadur Shah II was
exiled in Rangoon, where he breathed his last.
The great revolt of 1857 also saw the historic
ceasing of the rule of the British East India Com-
pany, and India was formally annexed under the
direct rule of the Queen. New reforms, measures,
administrative, economic and religious measures
came into force, which were to govern the coun-
try for the next 200 years. The mutiny made
English realise the extent of dissatisfaction among
Indians thus leading to transfer of power and rule
Copyright © 2009
from hands of East India Company to the British
government. In 1858, the Queen issued a procla-
mation saying that all were her subjects and that
there would be no discrimination, appointments
would be made on the basis of merit, and that
there would be no interference in religious mat-
ters.
c. Famines were the main features during the rule
of the British India. Examine it’s consequences
and effect on India and efforts of British rulers to
relief.
Ans: During the rule of the British East India com-
pany India suffered in from twelve famines and four
severe scarcities. The significant of thos e wa s the
greats famine of Bengal of 1769-70, which claimed
a large toll of lives. The state government did not
adopt any relief measures. Rather the company`s
servants made enormous profits from thi s scarci ty.
They bought rice and retailed it in high prices. The
years 1781 and 82 were the period of extreme cri-
ses in Madras; in 1784 severe famines afflict ed the
whole of Northern India. However during the Ma-
dras famine, the state provided reliefs to the fam-
ine stricken. The Famine commissions of 1880 en-
visaged that till the end of the18th century the
position of the British Government in India was
not such as either to create any senses of general
obligation to give relief or to supply suffici ent m
e ans
of affording it.
During the years 1803 famine in Northwestern
Provinces including Oudh the state granted remis-
sions of the revenue, gave loans and advances to s
the s landowners, offered a bounty on all grain im-
ported to Benaras, Allahabad, Kanpur and
Fatehgarh. The Guntur Famine of 1833 s took a
heavy s toll of lives. In the year 1837, there was a
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severe famine took places in the Upper India. Un-
der the British Crown, ten severe famines took pal-
ace in India. These famines occurred in the areas of
Delhi and Agra in the year1860-61. Colonel Baird
Smith was deputes for this purpose but his report
did not lend any formulation on the general prin-
ciples of relief.
The famine of 1865 followed by a famine the fol-
lowing years affected Orissa, Madras, northern Ben-
gal and Bihar. In these years Orissa became the most
affected one. Hence the famine came to be known
as the "Orissa Famine". The Government officers
though warned, took no step to meet the approach
of the calamity of famine. Even during the severe
famine the Government adhered to the principles
of free trade and the law of demands and supply. In
this circumstances the Government only provided
employments to the sable bodied persons and lefts
the works of charitable reliefs to the voluntary
agency.
Since the voluntary agencies could not work like
the government they could not provide adequate
relief and as a result the Orissa famine claimed a
heavy toll of lives. The Orissa famine proved a turn-
ing point in the history of the Indian famines. In
1868, when the severe calamity took places in
Northern and Central India the worst affected ar-
eas were Rajputana and central India. The govern-
ment following the recommendations of the Com-
mittee, adopted measures to relieve the distress.
However the relief givens by the Government was
inadequate.
The great famine of 1876-78 was perhaps the most
grievous calamity experienced since the beginning
of the 19th century when the power was transferred
to the Crown. The calamity affected Madras,
Bombay, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. Due to this fam-
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ine extensive areas were depopulated and large
tracts went outs of cultivation. Between the years
1880 and 1896, there were two famines and five
severe s scarcities took place. The Government took
extensive reliefs. Following the great famine, a
Committee was formed, presided by Sir James Lyall,
ex lieutenant Generals of the Punjab. But they
largely adhered to the recommendations already
prepared by their predecessors. In the year 1880,
only by suggesting certain alterations. Following the
famine of 1896 and 97, another calamity came in
the year 1899-1900. But during this time the Brit-
ish authorities in some area failed and fina l ly re-
fused to open famine relief works in the early stages
of the famine.
Later the authorities opened a large number of re-
lief works but could not maintain it properly. The
Great famine of Bengal took place s in the year 1942
to 1943. The great famine of Bengal was perhaps
the most dangerous calamity under the British. The
famine of Bengal took the character of an epidemic.
The root causes of the famine was the series of crop
failures that Bengal experienced from the year 1938
.The conditions of the Second World war was also
responsible for the terrible famine in Bengal. The
normal imports from Burma were stopped. Conse-
quently the movement of trade and food grains was
dislocated. However the historians have considered
that the famine of Bengal was mostly man made
than by the natural causes. The opportunists to cre-
ate famine and to make enormous profits out of thi s
had exploited the situation of Second World War.
Here also the government reliefs proved inadequate
and the Government of India wanted the Provin-
cial Government to undertake and organize the fam-
ine relief.
Thus the British Government of India Gradually
exploited the economy of India. The evil effects of
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the Second World War also created a vacuum. Thus
regular famines were an inevitable feature of India
during the 19th and the 20th centuries.
2. Write about the following(not exceeding 20
words each)
a. Rafi Ah me d Ki dwa i : Rafi Ah me d Ki dwa i wa s
born on 18th February 1894 in the district of
Barabanki in Uttar Pradesh. He belonged to a
Zamindar family. He graduated from M.A.O. Col-
lege in Aligarh. He joined Indian National Congress
and took active part in Khilafat Movement. Rafi
Ahmed Kidwai played crucial role in the Non-Co-
operation Movement in Barabanki district. He was
the private secretary to Motilal Nehru. In 1926 he
was selected at the Central Legislative Assembly.
In 1952 after the first gene ral el ect ion Ra fi Ahme d
Kidwai was given the charge of food and agricul-
ture ministry.
b. Nellie Sengupta: Nellie Sengupta was one among
the English women who came to India to dedicate
her life for its people. Though an outsider she proved
herself as a true Indian patriot. She was a unique
combination of all the best qualities. She was a de-
voted wife, a saintly mother and an active political
leader. During the non-cooperation movement she
was arrested while selling khadi in Chittagong. Thus
she had to endure prison life for the cause of her
husband. Nellie was elected Congress President in
1933. It was a recognition for her valuable contri-
bution to the cause of India`s independence.. Later,
Nellie was elected Alderman of Calcutta Corpora-
tion.
c. Sister Nivedita: Sister Nivedita was an Anglo-
Irish social worker, writer, teacher and disciple of
Swami Vivekananda. It was he who gave her the
name Nivedita that means `one who is dedicated
Copyright © 2009
to God`. Margaret Noble was the childhood name
of Sister Nivedita. She was known by that name
before she was taken into the Ramakrishna order.
She was born in Dungannon in Co-Tyrone on 28
October 1867.
d. Leela Roy: Leela Roy was one among the women
pioneers from Bengal, who stand out uniquely in
her selfles s dedi cat ion to the caus e of the count ry
and the people, and particularly of women. She was
a freedom fight er and pat riot w h o ha d to suf fer rig-
orous imprisonments. She was a crusader for
women`s education and she wanted women to be
free and independent. Her revolutionary work
opened doors for women and girls who were ear-
lier treated as mere chattels.
e. Sarat Chandra Bose: Sarat Chandra Bose was born
on 6th September 1889 in Calcutta. He is the son of
Janakinath Bose and elder brother of Subhas
Chandra Bose. Sarat Chandra Bose was immensely
influenced by the great congres s leader Chi ttaranj an
Das and joined the Indian National Congress.
He actively took part in the Non-Cooperation
Movement. Within few days he became a well
known leader in the Indian National Congress. In
1946, he was given the charge of the Works, Mines
and Powers ministry in the Interim Government.
In 1947 he strongly opposed against partition and
resigned All India Congress Committee.
After independence Sarat Chandra Bose led the For-
ward Block which was formed by his brother.
He also formed the Socialist Republican Party to
spread socialistic view in the country. Sarat Chandra
Bose died in 1950, in Calcutta.
f. Shoilabala Das: Shoilabala Das was the first
woman Municipal Commissioner of Cuttack. She
was the adopted daughter of Orissa’s famous politi-
cian Madhusudan Das. During the freedom struggle,
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Mahatma Gandhi asked Shoilabala to do him a
`favour` by introducing `charkha` to the women
of Orissa. With folded hands she said that she do
not believe in `charkha` and it would never bring
salvation to India or solve its economic problems.
She headed several institutions and participated in
the activities of various social organizations.
g. Kadamba dynasty: During 345 - 525 CE,
Kadamba was a primeval majestic dynasty of the
Karnataka state that ruled from Banavasi of the con-
temporary district of Uttara Kannada. Much later,
the Kadamba ruled as a liege of huge kingdoms like
that of Kannada, Chalukya and the Rashtrakuta for
more than 5 hundred years. At that time, many of
the Kadamba people were divided into Goa and
Hanagal. Under king Kakushtavarma reign; the
Kadamba clan reached its zenith. At that time, the
Kadamba people dominated in large parts of the
state of Karnataka. Another milestone of the
Kadamba is the bestowal upon the regional Kannada
language, the prestige of being the language, used
for administrative matter.
h. Chola Dynasty: The first m a j or and subs tant ial
Hindu dynasty to rule India during the beginnings
of its Medieval period, was the Chola Dynasty,
which was further sub-divided into the Sangam
Cholas and the prominent Chola rulers like
Vijayal aya Chol a (848 - 881) , founder of the Chol a
Empire, Rajaraja Chola I (985 - 1014), esteemed as
the greatest of the Chola kings, Rajendra Chola I
(1012 - 1044) or Rajadhiraja Chola I (1018 - 1054).
Chola rulers of India are largely respected to have
extended their empire towards various south-east
Asian countries.
i. Delhi Sultanate: Delhi Sultanate basically holds
within its chronology the various invading rulers
invading India from parts of Persia, Turkey or Af-
Copyright © 2009
ghanistan, with the foremost aim to conquer the
Oriental country and annex it to their own territo-
rial integrity. Indian rulers under the Slave Dynasty
(also referred to as Mamluk Dynasty) like Qutb-
ud-din Aibak (1206-1210), Shams-ud-din Iltutmish
(1211-1236), Raziyyat ud din Sultana ,Ala ud din
Khilji (1296-1316), one of the greatest of the Delhi
Sultans, under the Khilji Dynasty, deserve the most
proud mention in terms of regional extension or
architecture. Delhi Sultanate however was later to
witness its curtain call after extensive epochs of
ruling under such rulers arriving to India, with the
Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526).
j. Architecture of Indus Valley civilization: As
far as architecture of Indus Valley civilisation is con-
cerned, it was of a startling utilitarian character with
uniformity of plan and construction. The buildings
consisted of houses, markets, storerooms, and of-
fices ; m
a ny of the s e struct ur es cons isted of a br ick
ground-storey with one or more additional floor s
in wood. The constructions of Mohenjo-daro also
reflect an ur ban spi rit wh e re thi s anc i ent lacks ar-
chitectural grandeur. The baked brick construction
is perhaps the feature most suggestive of the build-
ing methods of the ancient cities of Mesopotamia,
but the bricks of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa are
fire-baked, and not sun- dr ied. Ce rtai n archi tect ur al
features, such as the use of narrow pointed niches
as the only forms of interior decoration along the
Indus are suggestive of a relationship with the an-
cient Near East. Among the more interesting struc-
tures at Mohenjo-daro were the remains of a great
public bath.
k. Kot Diji: Kot Diji, 40 km east of M o he n- j o- Da ro
on the left bank, is one of the earliest known forti-
fied ci ty. It wa s a startling di scovery wh i ch gave
new evidence of pre-Harappan culture and pushed
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back Pakistan`s history by another 500 years. It was
an important site in Sindh having a citadel and the
lower town. It had defensive wall with a mud brick
revetment in the exterior with bastions and the
inner face was enforced at intervals with a stone
revetment bounded with stone courses at the bot-
tom.
l. Kuntasi: The Harappan site Kuntasi, seven km
from the Gulf of kutch (District Rajkot), was basi-
cally not an agricultural settlement but appears to
have been a centre for procuring raw materials and
processing them into fini she d pr oduct s pr im
a rily
for exporting them to Sindh and West Asia. In
Kuntasi a mound measuring 150 by 125 metres and
four metres high, has been found to be a trading
settlement, as the archeologists have found remains
of a landing platform 30 metres long, warehouses
and workshops. The settlement was a port and a
manufacturing centre. The Harappans of Kuntasi
manufactured pottery, copper articles, bangles and
beads made of agate and carnellian and lapis lazuli,
the last of which was brought to Kuntasi as a raw
material from Badakshan in Afghanistan. Large in-
terconnected rooms for workers, a large common
kitchen and workshops have led to the theory that
Kuntasi was not a regular Harappan settlement but
meant to house artisans who crafted the wares.
m. Brahadeeswara Temple: Brahadeeswara Temple
at Tanjore (Thanjavur), also called the Big Temple,
belongs to the architecture of the Chola period.
Built in the 10th Century A.D., by Raja Raja Chola,
the Temple Tower is capped by an 81.3 tonnes
round monolithic cupola. This enormous piece of
stone is said to have been was moved into position
by moving it along an inclined plane 6 kms. long.
The temple is considered an engineering skill of
the Chola architects who planned its construction
in such a way that the shadow of the cupola never
falls on the ground.
Copyright © 2009
n. Bhakti movement: The Bhakti movement is a
Hindu religious movement in which the main spiri-
tual practice was loving devotion to God or bhakti.
The devotion was directed towards a particular form
of God, such as Siiva,Vishnu,Murukan or Shakti.
The bhakti movement started in southern India and
slowly spread north during the later half of the In-
dian medieval period (800-1700 CE).
3.Answer any two of the following( in about 150
words each)
a. What is the wind energy? Write about current
scenario of wind energy in India.
Ans: Wind is simple air in motion. It is caused by
the uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the
sun. Since the earth’s surface is made of very dif-
ferent types of land and water, it absorbs the sun’s
heat at different rates. During the day, the air above
the land heats up more quickly than the air over
water. The warm air over the land expands and rises,
and the heavier, cooler air rushes in to take its place,
creating winds. At night, the winds are reversed
because the air cools more rapidly over land than
over water. In the same way, the large atmospheric
winds that circle the earth are created because the
land near the earth's equator is heated more by the
sun than the land near the North and South Poles.
Today, wind energy is mainly used to generate elec-
tricity. Wind is called a renewable energy source
because the wind will blow as long as the sun shines.
The Indian wind energy sector has an installed ca-
pacity of 10,242.3 MW (as on March 31, 2009). In
terms of wind power installed capacity, India is
ranked 5th in the World. Today India is a major
player in the global wind energy market. The po-
tential is far from exhausted. Indian Wind Energy
Association has estimated that with the current
level of technology, the ‘on-shore’ potential for uti-
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lization of wind energy for electricity generation is
of the order of 65,000 MW. The unexploited re-
source availability has the potential to sustain the
growth of wind energy sector in India in the years
to come.
b. Write about Himalayas mountain system and
It’s degradation due to pollution.
Ans: Himalayas mountain system in Asia, forming
a broad continuous arc for nearly 2600 km (1600
mi) along the northern fringes of the Indian sub-
continent, from the bend of the Indus River in the
northwest to the Brahmaputra River in the east.
The Himalayas range, averaging 320 to 400 km (200
to 250 mi) in width, rises sharply from the Gangetic
Plain. North of this mountain belt lies the Tibetan
Plateau (Qing Zang Gaoyuan). The Himalayas form
the earth's highest mountain region, containing 9
of the 10 highest peaks in the world. Among these
peaks are the world's highest mountain, Mount
Everest (8848 m/29,028 ft), which is on the Nepal-
Tibet border; the second highest peak, K2 or Mount
Godwin Austen (8,611 m/28,251 ft), located on the
border between China and Jammu and Kashmir, a
territory claimed by India and Pakistan; the third
highest peak, Kanchenjunga (8,598 m/28,209 ft) on
the Nepal-India border; Makalu (8481 m/27,824 ft)
on the Nepal-Tibet border; Dhaulagiri (8,172 m/
26,811 ft) and Annapurna 1 (8,091 m/26,545 ft) in
Nepal; Nanga Parbat (8,125 m/26,657 ft) in the Pa-
kistani-controlled portion of Jammu and Kashmir;
and Nanda Devi (7817 m/25,645 ft) in India. Eco-
nomic changes and population increases are threat-
ening the ecology of the Himalayas. In recent years
deforestation in the foothills and the Middle
Himalayas and overgrazing on the high pastures
have led to soil erosion and other environmental
problems.
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Deforestation is a particular concern in the west-
ern Himalayas, where increased demand for fire-
wood, extensive tree trimming in order to feed live-
stock, and construction of roads in the border re-
gions have increased the destruction rate of forests
and the number of landslides. Rapid population
growth has accelerated pollution, and Himalayan
streams that were once clear are now polluted with
refuse and sewage. Hill people who use the water
for drinking suffer from dysentery; cholera and ty-
phoid epidemics are also common. Large lakes like
Dal in Kashmir and Naini Lake (Nainital) have also
become polluted. Regional variations in environ-
mental degradation exist in the Himalayas. Condi-
tions range from a critical situation in the Himalayas
of Nepal, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, and Kashmir to a
moderately serious situation in Bhutan and the east-
ern Himalayas. If rapid development continues in
Bhutan and the eastern Himalayas without due re-
gard for conservation, the problems there may as-
sume critical proportions in the near future. The
governments of India, Nepal, and Bhutan are aware
of the dangers of environmental degradation in the
Himalayas, and environmental management con-
cerns are being integrated in development projects
in this region.
c. Wh at is Ultra Me ga P ow er proje ct s
(UMPP)?What the new development and actions
in this sector are taking place?
Ans: Ultra Mega Power projects are a series of am-
bitious power projects planned by the Government
of India. With India being a country of chronic
power defici t, the Go vernme nt of Indi a ha s pl anned
to provide 'power for all' by the end of the elev-
enth plan. This would entail a creation of an addi-
tional capacity of at least 100,000 MW by 2012. The
Ultra Mega Power projects each with a capacity of
4000 megawatts or above are being developed with
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an aim to bridge this gap. The UMPPs are seen as
an expansion of the MPP (Mega Power Projects)
projects that the Government of India undertook
in the nineties but met with limited success. The
Ministry of Power in association with central elec-
tricity authority and power fina nc e cor porat ion ltd.
has launched an initiative for development of coal
based UMPP's in India. These projects will be
awarded to developers on the basis of competitive
bidding.
Some of the UMPPs establishing in India are as
follows:
Sasan Power Limited (Sasan, Madhya Pradesh)
Coastal Gujarat Power Limited (Mundra, Gujarat)
Coast al Karnataka P ow er L imit ed (Tadri,
Karnataka)
Coastal Andhra Power Limited (Krishnapatnam,
A.P.)
Coastal Tamil Nadu Power Limited (Cheyyur,
T.N.)
Coastal Maharashtra Power Limited (Girye,
Maharastra)
Orissa Integrated Power Limited (Sundergarh dis-
trict, Orissa)
Jharkhand Integrated Power Limited (Tilaiya,
Jharkhand)
Akaltara Power Limited (Aklatara, Chattisgarh)
4.Write about the following (not exceeding 20
words each)
a. Kolleru Lake: Kolleru Lake is the largest fresh-
water lake. It is located in Andhra pradhesh state,
India. Kolleru is located between Krishna and
Godavari and delta. Kolleru spans into two districts
Copyright © 2009
- Krishna and West Godavari. The lake serves as a
natural flood- bal anc i ng reservoi r for the s e two riv-
ers. The lake is fed directly by water from the sea-
sonal Budameru and Tammileru streams, and is con-
nected to the Krishna and Godavari systems by over
68 inflowi ng dr ai ns and cha nne l s.
b. Monsoon: A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing
wind that lasts for several months. The term was
first us ed in Engl ish in Indi a, Ba ngl ades h, Pa ki stan
and neighboring countries to refer to the big sea-
sonal winds blowing from the Indian Ocean and
Arabian see in the southwest bringing heavy rain-
fall to the area. In terms of total precipitation and
total area covered, the monsoons affecting the In-
dian subcontinent dwarf the North American mon-
soon, and the South Asian monsoon affects a larger
number of people, owing to the high density of
population in that part of the world.
c. Export Processing Zone: India was one of the
first in As ia to recogni ze the ef fect ivene s s of the
Export Processing Zone (EPZ) model in promoting
exports, with Asia's first EPZ set up in Ka ndl a in
1965. With a view to overcome the shortcomings
experienced on account of the multiplicity of con-
trols and clearances; absence of world-class infra-
structure, and an unstable fiscal regi m e and w i th a
view to attract larger foreign investments in India,
the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Policy was an-
nounced in April 2000. This policy intended to make
SEZs an engine for economic growth supported by
quality infrastructure complemented by an attrac-
tive fiscal package, bot h at the Ce nt re and the St at e
level, with the minimum possible regulations. SEZs
in India functioned from 1.11.2000 to 09.02.2006
under the provisions of the Foreign Trade Policy
and fiscal inc ent ives we re ma de ef fect ive thr ough
the provisions of relevant statutes.
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d. Bhangar and Khadar: The overall gradient of
the plain is virtually imperceptible, averaging only
about 6 inches per mile (95 mm per km) in the
Ganges basin and slightly more along the Indus and
Brahmaputra. Even so, to those who till its soils,
there is an important distinction between bhangar
the slightly elevated, terraced land of older allu-
vium and khadar, the more fertile fresh alluvium
on the low-lying floodpl ai n. In gene ral , the rat io of
bhangar areas to those of khadar increases upstream
along all major rivers.
e. Tropical cyclones: Fierce tropical cyclones oc-
cur in India during what may be called the
premonsoon, early monsoon, or postmonsoon pe-
riods. Originating in both the Bay of Bengal and
the Arabian Sea, tropical cyclones often attain ve-
locities of more than 100 miles (160 km) per hour
and are notorious for causing intense rain and storm
tides (surges) as they cross the coast of India. The
Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, and West Bengal coasts are
especially susceptible to such storms.
5. Answer any one of the following(in about 250
words each)
a.What is Pressure groups?Discuss about it’s role
in political system.
Ans: In the pluralist model of democracy, pressure
groups play an essential role. Political parties can-
not provide adequate representation for the full
range of diverse interests and opinions in a modern
democracy because their key function is to aggre-
gate interests into a coherent political entity capable
of governing the country. Pressure groups enable
particular interests and causes to be heard and to
exert influenc e in publ ic deci sion and deci sion- ma k-
ing. Yet it is precisely the representation of spe-
cialist interests and of single issues which may give
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cause for concern, both in terms of the methods
used to achieve objectives and of the undue power
and influenc e w h i ch particul ar lobbi es can exert.
Pluralists believe that pressure groups overcome the
democratic defici t tha t bui lds up as mo s t peopl e
political participation is to cast a vote every five
years, this leading to people having little or no in-
fluenc e over deci sions ma de bet we en el ect ions , and
minority views not being represented.
Pressure groups increase participation and access
to the political system, thereby enhancing the qual-
ity of democracy. They complement and supple-
ment electoral democracy in two main ways: first,
by providing an important mechanism by which
citizens can influenc e governme nt bet we en el ec-
tions; and second by enabling opinions to be
weighed as well as counted. Pressure groups im-
prove the quality of government. Consultation with
affected groups is the rational way to make deci-
sions in a free society. It makes government more
effici ent by enha nc i ng the qual ity of the deci sion
making process - the information and advice pro-
vided by groups helps to improve the quality of
government policy and legislation. Pressure groups
are a product of freedom of association, which is a
fundamental principle of liberal democracy. Freely
operating pressure groups are essential to the ef-
fective functioning of liberal democracy in three
main ways: they serve as vital intermediary insti-
tutions between government and society; they as-
sist in the dispersal of political power; and they pro-
vide important counterweights to balance the con-
centration of power. Pressure groups enable new
concerns and issues to reach the political agenda,
thereby facilitating social progress and preventing
social stagnation. Pressure groups assist the surveil-
lance of the government by exposing information
it would rather keep secret, thereby reinforcing and
complementing work of opposition through politi-
cal parties. Pressure groups thereby improve the
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accountability of decision makers to electorates. levels. They are also found in many political groups,
such as political parties,pressure groups, and trade
Although the views of pressure groups may some- -unions. Non-political entities such as corporations
times be considered, they are likely to be ignored if and voluntary associations, whether incorporated
they do not confirm w i th the ideol ogy or agenda of or not, may also have a constitution. The constitu-
the decision makers. Pressure group activity gives tion of a legally incorporated entity is more usually
people hope that they can make a difference. This styled as its memorandum and articles of associa-
hope is a distraction. The ruling class would rather tion (U.S. incorporation). Our Indian constitution
that people put their energies into pressure group is wider and unique one because, it was made by
activities, which do not question the fundamentals drawing from many sources as follows:
of the system than into political activity, which
seriously challenges the right of the elite to 1.Ideal of Justice in Social,education,economic
govern.Group opposition can slow down or block and political- russia revolution 1917
desirable changes, thereby contributing to social
immobilisation. The in-egalitarian way that some 2.Ideal of Liberty, Equality and fraternity --
groups operate increases social discontent and po- French revolution 1789 to 1799
litical instability by intensifying the sense of social
frustration and injustice felt by disadvantaged and 3.From govt of India Act 1935
excluded sections of the population. 1.federal scheme
2.office of Go vernor
b.What is the constitution?Write about the 3.Judiciary
sources by which Indian constitution made. 4.public service commission
5.Emergency
Ans: A constitution is set of rules for government 6.Administrative details
— often codified as a w r itten docume nt — tha t es -
tablishes principles of an autonomous political en- 4.British constitution
tity. In the case of countries, this term refers spe- 1.Parliamentary form of govt
cifical ly to a nat iona l cons titut ion defining t he f un- 2.Rule of law
damental political principles, and establishing the 3.legislation
structure, procedures, power and duties, of a gov- 4.single citizenship
ernment. By limiting the government's own reach, 5.cabinet form of govt
most constitutions guarantee certain rights to the 6.prerogative writs
people. The term constitution can be applied to any 7.Biocameralism
overall law that define s the func t ioni ng of a gov-
ernment, including several historical constitutions 5.US constitution
that existed before the development of modern na- 1.Fundamental rights
tional constitutions. Constitutions concern differ- 2.Independent judiciary
ent kinds of political organizations. They are found 3.judicial review
extensively in regional government, at suprana- 4.Impeachment of President(tough
tional, federal, state or provincial, and sub-national procedure to do this compared with India)

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5.removal of supreme court judges Ans: According to article 324 of the Constitution
6.vice presidential ship as the Election Commission: The Election Com-
mission shall consist of the Chief Election
6.Irish Commissioner and such number of other Election
1.DPSP Commissioners, if any, as the President may from
2.nomination of members to Rajya sabha time to time fix and the appoi nt me nt of the Chi ef
3.electoral office and m
e t hod of pr es ident Election Commissioner and other Election Commis-
election sioners shall, subject to the provisions of any law
made in that behalf by Parliament, be made by the
7.Canada(pure federal country) President.
1.federation with strong center
2.Residuary power with center When any other Election Commissioner is so
3.appointment of state governors by center appointed the Chief Election Commissioner shall
4.advisory/review of supreme court act as the Chairman of the Election Commission.
Before each general election to the House of the
8.Australia People and to the Legislative Assembly of each
1.Concurrent list State, and before the first general el ection and the re-
2.Freedom of trade after before each biennial election to the Legisla-
3.commerce and inter state trade tive Council of each State having such Council, the
4.joint sitting in the parliament President
9.USSR may also appoint after consultation with the Elec-
1.Fundamental duties tion Commission such Regional Commissioners as
2.Preamble he may consider necessary to assist the Election
Commission in the performance of the functions
10.South Africa conferred on the Commission.
1.proceedure for amendment
2.election to the rajya sabha members Subject to the provisions of any law made by Par-
liament, the conditions of service and tenure of
11.Japan office of the El ect ion Co mmi ssione rs and the Re -
1.proceedures established by law gional Commissioners shall be such as the Presi-
dent may by rule determine: Provided that the
12.Weimer constitution of Germany Chief Election Commissioner shall not be removed
1.suspension of fundamental rights during from his office except in like ma nne r and on the
emergency like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court and
the conditions of service of the Chief Election Com-
6. Answer any two of the following(in about 150 missioner shall not be varied to his disadvantage
words each) after his appointment: Provided further that any
other Election Commissioner or a Regional Com-
a.Discuss about the roll of Election Commission . missioner shall not be removed from office except
on the recommendation of the Chief Election Com-

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missioner. The President, or the Governor of a State,
shall, when so requested by the Election Commis-
sion, make available to the Election Commission or
to a Regional Commissioner such staff as may be
necessary for the discharge of the functions con-
ferred on the Election Commission.
b.The preamble to the constitution is aimed to
embody the fundamental values and the philoso-
phy on which the constitution is based.Discuss.
Ans: The preamble was adopted with the constitu-
tion in the constituent assembly. It came into ef-
fect in 1950 along with the constitution. The origi-
nal draft of the constitution opened with the words
`Sovereign Democratic Republic` in the first line .
The words `Socialist and Secular` were inserted by
the 42nd amendment. The same amendment con-
tributed to the changes of the words unity of the
nation into unity and integrity of the nation. The
significanc e of the Pr eamb l e of Indi an Co ns titut ion
lies in the "We, the people". These words empha-
sizes that the ultimately powers are vested in the
hands of the people of India. The expressions state
that the constitution is made by and made for the
people of India. In addition to that, the Preamble
also lays down the essential national goals for ev-
ery citizen justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
According to the Preamble of Indian Constitution,
the word `Sovereign` occupies a vital role in the
country. It means supreme or independent and
embodies India is internally and externally sover-
eign and is free from the control of any foreign
power. Furthermore, the country has a free gov-
ernment which is directly elected by the people
and makes laws that govern the people. The word
`Socialist` also has significanc e as it im p l ies soci al
and economic equality. The word was added by the
42nd amendment act of 1976 during the Emergency.
In addition to that Social equality identifies the
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absence of discrimination on the grounds only of
caste, colour, creed, sex, religion, or language. Be-
sides, social equality has equal status and opportu-
nities. The preamble also guarantees secularism. The
word `Secular` was also inserted into the Preamble
by the 42nd amendment act of 1976, during The
Emergency. Secularism, implies equality of all reli-
gions and religious tolerance and does not identify
any offici al stat e rel igi on.
Preamble of Indian Constitution is also puts forth
the terms, Democratic and Republic. India follows
a democratic form of government. The people of
India elect their governments at all levels such as
Union, State and local by a system of universal adult
franchise. India is also a Republic, in a country
where the head of state is elected, directly or indi-
rectly, for a fixed tenur e. The Pr es ident of Indi a is
the titular head of the state. Thus, the Preamble
plays pivotal role and serves two purpose including
and indicate to the source from which the Consti-
tution derives its authority and stating the objects,
which the Constitution seeks to establish and pro-
mote.
c.Write about constitutional provisions about
child labour and it’s implementation.
Ans: As per Article 24 of the Constitution, no child
below the age of 14 years is to be employed in any
factory, mine or any hazardous employment. Fur-
ther, Article 39 requires the States to direct its policy
towards ensuring that the tender age of children is
not abused and that they are not forced by eco-
nomic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their
age or strength. Recently, with the insertion of
Article 21A, the State has been entrusted with the
task of providing free and compulsory education to
all the children in the age group of 6-14 years. Con-
sistent with the Constitutional provisions, Child
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Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was en-
acted in 1986, which seeks to prohibit employment
of children below 14 years in hazardous occupa-
tions and processes and regulates the working con-
ditions in other employments. In the last 5 years,
the number of hazardous processes listed in the
schedule of the Act has increased from 18 to 57 and
occupations from 7 to 13.
Policy and programes:A National Policy on Child
Labour was announced in 1987 which emphasised
the need for strict enforcement measures in areas
of high child labour concentration. In order to trans-
late the above policy into action, the Government
of India initiated the National Child Labour Project
Scheme in 1988 to rehabilitate the working chil-
dren starting with 12 child labour endemic districts
of the country.
Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act
1986:The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regula-
tion) Act 1986 prohibits child labour in certain
occupations and processes alone and their condi-
tions of work are regulated in the rest.
The law does not prohibit child labour if rendered
for one’s own family in those areas of occupation
that has been considered as hazardous. Likewise, it
has no purview over regulating the conditions of
work if children are engaged to work by the fam-
ily. The law has also completely left out children
working in agriculture. The first step is to cl early
enunciate a policy that ‘no child must work-and
every child attends a full time formal school’ is not
negotiable and that it is a goal that is possible to
achieve6.
The NCLP programme which is a consequence of
the Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act,
1986 focuses on the release and rehabilitation of
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only such children who are employed in those in-
dustries as notified in the A
c t. A Ne w na tiona l chi ld
labour eradication policy: Several changes have oc-
curred since the drafting of the National Child
Eradication Labour Policy in 1987. A re-examina-
tion of all the laws and policies pertaining to work-
ing children is critical. There must be consistency
in the constitutional and legal provisions pertain-
ing to children’s rights especially their right to edu-
cation and wellbeing.
7. Answer the following( in about 20 words each)
a. Caretaker government: In politics, a caretaker
government rules temporarily. A caretaker govern-
ment is often set up following a war until stable
democratic rule can be restored, or installed, in
which case it is often referred to as a provisional
government. In some countries the term is used to
describe the government that operates in the in-
terim period between the normal dissolution of par-
liament for the purpose of holding an election and
the formation of a new government after the elec-
tion results are known. Caretaker governments may
also be put in place when a government in a parlia-
mentary system is defeated in a motion of no confi-
dence, or in the case when the house to which the
government is responsible is dissolved, to rule the
country for an interim period until an election is
held and a new government is formed. This type of
caretaker government is adopted in Bangladesh
where an advisor council led by the former chief
judge rules the country for 3 months before an
elected government takes over. In systems where
coalition government are frequent a caretaker gov-
ernment may be installed temporarily while nego-
tiations to form a new coalition take place. This
usually occurs either immediately after an election
in which there is no clear victor or if one coalition
government collapses and a new one must be nego-
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tiated.
b. Civil society: Civil society is composed of the
totality of voluntary civic and social organizations
and institutions that form the basis of a function-
ing society as opposed to the force-backed struc-
tures of a state (regardless of that state's political
system) and commercial institutions of the market.
The concept of civil society in its pre-modern
classical republican understanding is usually con-
nected to the age of enlightenment in the 18th cen-
tury. However, it has much older history in the
realm of political thought.
c. Federalism :is a political philosophy in which a
group of members are bound together with a gov-
erning representative head. The term federalism is
also used to describe a system of the government in
which sovereignty is constitutionally divided be-
tween a central governing authority and constitu-
ent political units (like states or provinces). Feder-
alism is a system in which the power to govern is
shared between national and central(state) govern-
ments, creating what is often called a federation.
Proponents are often called federalists.
d. Isolationism : Isolationism is a foreign policy
which combines a non interventionist military
policy and a political policy of economic
nationalism(protectionism). In other words, it as-
serts both of the following:Non interventionism–
Political rulers should avoid entangling alliances
with other nations and avoid all wars not related to
direct territorial self defense. protectionism – There
should be legal barriers to control trade and cul-
tural exchange with people in other states.
e. Parliament of India: The Parliament of India
(or Sansad) is the federal and supreme legislative
body of India. It consists of the office of pr es ident
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of India and two houses, the lower house, known
as the Lok Sabha and the upper house, known as
the Rajya Sabha. Any bill can become an act only
after it is passed by both the houses of the Parlia-
ment and assented by the President.
8. Answer any one of the following(in about 250
words)
a.What is women's empowerment ?Write about
the policy and programmes adopted by Indian
government.
Ans: Gender equality and women's empowerment
are human rights that lie at the heart of develop-
ment and the achievement of the Millennium De-
velopment Goals. Despite the progress that has been
made, six out of ten of world's poorest people are
still women and girls, less than 16 percent of the
world's parliamentarians are women, two thirds of
all children shut outside the school gates are girls
and, both in times of armed conflict and behi nd
closed doors at home, women are still systemati-
cally subjected to violence. The principle of gender
equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in
its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental
Duties and Directive Principles. The Constitution
not only grants equality to women, but also em-
powers the State to adopt measures of positive dis-
crimination in favour of women. Within the frame-
work of a democratic polity, our laws, development
policies, Plans and programmes have aimed at
women’s advancement in different spheres. From
the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-78) onwards has been
a marked shift in the approach to women’s issues
from welfare to development. In recent years, the
empowerment of women has been recognized as
the central issue in determining the status of
women.
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The National Commission for Women was set up
by an Act of Parliament in 1990 to safeguard the
rights and legal entitlements of women. The 73rd
and 74th Amendments (1993) to the Constitution
of India have provided for reservation of seats in
the local bodies of Panchayats and Municipalities
for women, laying a strong foundation for their
participation in decision making at the local levels.
India has also ratified various int erna t iona l conven-
tions and human rights instruments committing to
secure equal rights of women. Key among them is
the ratificat ion of the Co nvent ion on El im i na t ion
of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW) in 1993. The Mexico Plan of Action
(1975), the Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies
(1985), the Beijing De cl arat ion as we l l as the Pl at -
form for Action (1995) and the outcome Document
adopted by the UNGA Session on Gender Equality
and Development & Peace for the 21st century,
titled Further actions and initiatives to implement
the Beijing De cl arat ion and the Pl at for m for Ac -
tion have been unreservedly endorsed by India for
appropriate follow up. The Policy also takes note
of the commitments of the Ninth Five Year Plan
and the other Sectoral Policies relating to empow-
erment of Women. The women’s movement and a
wide-spread network of non-Government
organisations which have strong grass-roots pres-
ence and deep insight into women’s concerns have
contributed in inspiring initiatives for the empow-
erment of women. However, there still exists a wide
gap between the goals enunciated in the Constitu-
tion, legislation, policies, plans, programmes, and
related mechanisms on the one hand and the situ-
ational reality of the status of women in India, on
the other. This has been analyzed extensively in
the Report of the Committee on the Status of
Women in India, Towards Equality, 1974 and high-
lighted in the National Perspective Plan for Women,
1988-2000, the Shramshakti Report, 1988 and the
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Platform for Action, Five Years After- An assess-
ment". Gender disparity manifests itself in various
forms, the most obvious being the trend of con-
tinuously declining female ratio in the population
in the last few decades. Social stereotyping and vio-
lence at the domestic and societal levels are some
of the other manifestations. Discrimination against
girl children, adolescent girls and women persists
in parts of the country.
The underlying causes of gender inequality are re-
lated to social and economic structure, which is
based on informal and formal norms, and practices.
Consequently, the access of women particularly
those belonging to weaker sections including Sched-
uled Castes/Scheduled Tribes/ Other backward
Classes and minorities, majority of whom are in the
rural areas and in the informal, unorganized sector
– to education, health and productive resources,
among others, is inadequate. Therefore, they re-
main largely marginalized, poor and socially ex-
cluded. The involvement of voluntary organizations,
associations, federations, trade unions, non-govern-
mental organizations, women’s organizations, as
well as institutions dealing with education, train-
ing and research will be ensured in the formula-
tion, implementation, monitoring and review of all
policies and programmes affecting women. Towards
this end, they will be provided with appropriate
support related to resources and capacity building
and facilitated to participate actively in the process
of the empowerment of women.
b. Corruption is a very serious social and societal
evil and it cuts into mass welfare and equality of
chances, particularly for the have-nots. Discuss
the problem of corruption in India in this con-
text.
Ans: India has been ranked a lowly 74, two steps
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down since last year, among 180 countries of the
world on the worldwide Corruption Perceptions
Index (CPI), prepared by independent international
agency Transparency International. Corruption not
only has become a pervasive aspect of Indian poli-
tics but also has become an increasingly important
factor in Indian elections. The extensive role of the
Indian state in providing services and promoting
economic development has always created the op-
portunity for using public resources for private ben-
efit. As governme nt regul at ion of bus ine s s w
a s ex-
tended in the 1960s and corporate donations were
banned in 1969, trading economic favors for un-
der-the-table contributions to political parties be-
came an increasingly widespread political practice.
During the 1980s and 1990s, corruption became
associated with the occupants of the highest ech-
elons of India's political system. Politicians have
become so closely identified w i th cor rupt ion in the
public eye that a Times of India poll of 1,554 adults
in six metropolitan cities found that 98 percent of
the public is convinced that politicians and minis-
ters are corrupt, with 85 percent observing that
corruption is on the increase.
The prominence of political corruption in India in
the 1990s is hardly unique to India. Other coun-
tries also have experienced corruption that has
rocked their political systems. What is remarkable
about India is the persistent anti-incumbent senti-
ment among its electorate. Since Indira's victory in
her 1971 "garibi hatao " election, only one ruling
party has been reelected to power in the central
government. In an important sense, the exception
proves the rule because the Congress (I) won re-
election in 1984 in no small measure because the
electorate saw in Rajiv Gandhi a "Mr. Clean" who
would lead a new generation of politicians in cleans-
ing the political system. Anti-incumbent sentiment
is just as strong at the state level, where the ruling
parties of all political persuasions in India's major
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states lost eleven of thirteen legislative assembly
elections held from 1991 through spring 1995.
The great thinkers spread ideas of democracy and
freedom with a view to establishing a global wel-
fare society. But when applied to life by the politi-
cians, the great ideas gave rise to corruption ob-
structing to equalization attempts even by a sin-
cere state. The interconnection between democracy
and corruption is well known and it has historical
roots when a few persons tried, quite successfully,
to control and swindle the national economy by
raising the slogan of democracy, while the strong
nations greedy of overseas wealth invaded coun-
tries on fict itious pr et ext s, i nc l udi ng l ack of
democracy. All possible pretexts for exploitation and
invasion continue even to this day when more
people crave for democracy, seeking, at the same
time, more wealth through any means.
Corruption is a very serious social and societal evil
and it cuts into mass welfare and equality of chances,
particularly for the have-nots. Developed countries
have fewer problems thanks to huge resources avail-
able. In developing nations having fewer resources
the practice of rampant corruption harmed the com-
mon people. Corruption generates economic dis-
tortions in the public sector by diverting public in-
vestment into capital projects where bribes and
kickbacks are more plentiful. Offici al s m
a y inc rease
the technical complexity of public sector projects
to conceal or pave way for such dealings, thus fur-
ther distorting investment. Corruption also lowers
compliance with construction, environmental, or
other regulations, reduces the quality of govern-
ment services and infrastructure, and increases bud-
getary pressures on government.
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9. Answer any one of the following(in about 150
words each)
a.Discuss about Communalism and its fundamen-
talist ideology.
Ans: In many parts of the world, communalism is a
modern term that describes a broad range of social
movements and social theories which are in some
way centered upon the community. Communalism
can take the form of communal living or commu-
nal property, among others.
Communalism is define d as a the or y of a soci et y
that is divided into several small, independent com-
munes and the state is just a confederation of these
communes. Communalism is often associated with
various branches of socialism, especially commu-
nism (and, in particular, religious communism or
primitive communism) and most anarchist philoso-
phies. It is sometimes said to put the interests of
the community above the interests of the individual,
but this is usually only done on the principle that
the community exists for the benefit of the indi -
viduals who participate in it, so the best way to
serve the interests of the individual is through the
interests of the community. Our subsequent expe-
rience underlines that fact that both the Hindu com-
munalist offensive and the Muslim or (for that mat-
ter, all other religion based) fundamentalist response
today constitute a frontal assault on the very inde-
pendence and sovereignty based on a secular demo-
cratic polity that define s m
o dern Indi a. The se for ces ,
in fact, feed each other. Their similarity in attack-
ing the modern concepts of secularism, democracy
and nationalism are indeed glaring.
While castigating these concepts as alien to their
respective religious cultures they however, have no
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compunction in borrowing the modern 20th cen-
tury concept of fascism. They base themselves on a
distorted defini tion of na tiona l ity, cent ral to w
h i ch
is religion. Rejecting the historical experience till
date of how religion has never been and can never
be a cementing factor for any national formation,
(e.g., Pakistan and Bangladesh) they openly advo-
cate the predominance of religion, both in politics
as well as in the ordering of the society.
Thus, they reject, both the historical experience of
the nation states and negate the scientific basis of
nationality. Communalism and its fundamentalist
ideology is not the championing, far less the pro-
tection of religiosity. It is the utilisation of the reli-
gious divide between the people consciously engi-
neered and perpetuated for a political purpose. It is
an ideology based on a religious conflict for a spe-
cific pol itical pur pos e. The Br itish ha d us ed thi s for
perpetuating their colonial rule and in the process
elevated it to such an extent that they could suc-
ceed in partitioning our country and leave behind a
scourge that continues to claim countless lives.
Communalism hence, is far removed from religion.
It generates and perpetuates hatred amongst reli-
gious communities as the basis for its existence and
growth.
b. Write about some techniques for the water
conservation.
Ans: Our ancient religious texts and epics give a
good insight into the water storage and conserva-
tion systems that prevailed in those days. Over the
years rising populations, growing industrialization,
and expanding agriculture have pushed up the de-
mand for water. Efforts have been made to collect
water by building dams and reservoirs and digging
wells; some countries have also tried to recycle and
desalinate (remove salts) water. Water conserva-
tion has become the need of the day. The idea of
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ground water recharging by harvesting rainwater
is gaining importance in many cities. In the forests,
water seeps gently into the ground as vegetation
breaks the fall. This groundwater in turn feeds wells,
lakes, and rivers. Protecting forests means protect-
ing water 'catchments'. In ancient India, people
believed that forests were the 'mothers' of rivers
and worshipped the sources of these water bodies.
In urban areas, the construction of houses, foot-
paths and roads has left little exposed earth for water
to soak in. In parts of the rural areas of India, flood-
water quickly flows to the rivers, wh i ch the n dr y
up soon after the rains stop.
If this water can be held back, it can seep into the
ground and recharge the groundwater supply. This
has become a very popular method of conserving
water especially in the urban areas. Rainwater har-
vesting essentially means collecting rainwater on
the roofs of building and storing it underground for
later use. Not only does this recharging arrest
groundwater depletion, it also raises the declining
water table and can help augment water supply.
Rainwater harvesting and artifici al recha rgi ng are
becoming very important issues. It is essential to
stop the decline in groundwater levels, arrest sea-
water ingress, i.e. prevent sea-water from moving
landward, and conserve surface water run-off dur-
ing the rainy season. The most important step in
the direction of findi ng sol ut ions to issues of w
a t er
and environmental conservation is to change
people's attitudes and habits¾this includes each one
of us. Conserve water because it is the right thing
to do.
C.Write a short essay on need of administrative
reforms in India .
Ans: In India, we have been talking about admin-
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istrative reforms ever since Independence. There
was an administrative reforms commission set-up
long ago, and another one is currently deliberating
on the subject. Yet, in all these years, we have
achieved precious little in altering our administra-
tive system, procedures or the ethos of our person-
nel. Administrative reforms should necessarily
evolve in the following areas:
- Structural or organisational
- Procedural
- Manner and style of functioning by offici al s and
staff
Organisationally, the entire system is marred by
obsolete forms, a plethora of institutions which have
outlived their utility and seem to induce a kind of
administrative paralysis. Horizontally, there is di-
vision of authority along a large number of minis-
tries or agencies, none of which are competent
enough to take decisions by themselves, instead all
play a collective role in decision-making. Decisions
take very long to emerge and often a single minis-
try or agency can hold a veto over the process. Ver-
tically too there are long lines of hierarchy in ev-
ery office. Thi s p a t ter n, wh i ch l eads t o
organisational deadlocks, is repeated at both the
Centre and states.
A lot of ministries and agencies have outlived their
utility but still exist, playing an altogether counter-
productive role. Some of them, created during the
heydays of the license-permit raj, have not been
wound up though the purpose of for which they
were created has long since disappeared. On top of
it all, there is a general abundance of manpower,
much larger than the amount of work. While the
government's work is steadily decreasing, there is
no let up in the staff increase. Procedurally, we need
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to drastically axe the current time-consuming and
wasteful procedures, particularly the structure along
the line of hierarchy in offices wh e re files go up
and down with officers rai sing queries w h i ch lead
to delays. We need to radically reduce the number
of hierarchical levels on which files mo ve, res trict -
ing it to not more than two to three, including the
minister.
There should be a flat or der tha t no of ficer is to
keep any file for m o r e tha n 24 to 48 hour s. Af ter
Independence, there has been a general emphasis
on discretionary or administrative controls exercised
by particular officers rathe r tha n on non- di scret ion-
ary systems of control where general policies are
formulated and publicised in writing so that every
applicant knows where he stands. Wherever a gov-
ernment decision is needed in a specific case, we
should operate the principle of management by
exception. The advent of IT has made the situation
abundantly suitable for simply axing many of our
old procedural requirements. Rather, the officers
must be encouraged to specialise in areas of their
interests.
They should then be retained in that area for a much
longer time than it is done at present. We should
ideally follow the French administrative system
where young entrants to its civil service are, from
the very beginning, branched off into broad areas
such as economic, social and general administra-
tion and are not normally pulled out of their areas
of specialisation. Officers accus tome d to deal ing
with distribution of permits or so, for which long
queues are indispensable, should be made to start
their training in queues to teach them to be time-
conscious, friendly and courteous. Officers wh o
work in agriculture should be made to do real farm-
ing for at least one or two years to understand the
problems of land and those who make a living off
of it.
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Nowadays, the average entrance age of IAS officers
is 30. Ergo, the old concept of catching them young
has actually been given up. It is necessary to reduce
the age of entry to the IAS to 24 or 25, as in the
past. The stranglehold of the IAS on all top jobs
should be ended, and while many of them deserve
to occupy the top jobs, other officers wh o show
adequate promise and ability, should be co-opted
into higher services. Jobs at the top should be
opened up to eligible persons, wherever they come
from. The emphasis should be on managerial skills
and realising goals, rather than on routine problem
solving or being fixat ed wi th pr ocedur es . W
e ha ve
to accept that globalisation and the dramatic march
of new information technology are inevitable and
unstoppable developments of modern times. There
are constraints no doubt, but there are also oppor-
tunities. The administrative organisation and atti-
tude of our personnel are survivals from the 19th
century, and do not meet the requirement and chal-
lenges of the 21st century.
10. Answer any one of the following(in about
250 words each)
Rural-urban disparities are growing continue af-
ter economic reform. In this context elucidate
the scenario.
Ans: Rural-urban disparities, particularly in post-
colonial countries, have for long been one of the
causes of concern for the policymakers. The dis-
parities are seen in all spheres of human life - eco-
nomic and non-economic. The extent of dispari-
ties, however, differs from country to country. The
long colonial rule in India had created an urban-
rural divide. What causes great concern now-a-days
is the sharp increase in the level of disparities after
a few decades of planning, especially because plan-
ning was conceived as an instrument to narrow
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down rural-urban disparities. Rural India encom-
passes a little less than three-fourths of the country's
population and is characterised by low income lev-
els, poor quality of life and a weak base of human
development.
Nearly one-third of the national income comes from
villages, but there is a significant rur al -ur ban di -
vide. In 1997-98, the annual increase in non-farm
employment in rural areas was 4.06 per cent. In
1983-84 it was 3.28 per cent. During 1999-2000 it
came down to 2.14 per cent. The consequence has
been a very slow reduction in rural poverty. In 1993-
94 it was 39.36 per cent, in 1999-2000 the figur e
came down marginally to 36.35 per cent. Accord-
ing to one estimate, the average income of an ur-
ban dweller is four times higher than that of a rural
dweller. If we look at the poverty data, a similar
situation is noticed. India, a developing economy
of over a billion people, recorded a relatively high
economic growth during 1980-2000, especially dur-
ing the 1990s, a decade known for noteworthy
structural economic reforms. This period also re-
corded a decline in the incidence of poverty and
improvement in parameters of human development
such as levels of literacy, health and nutrition con-
ditions.
Development policies focussed on enhanced and
targeted public investments in programmes that
facilitated improvements in the quality of life of
the masses, but the disparity remains. THE dispari-
ties in the social development sector are mind-bog-
gling. Rural adult illiteracy is a matter of alarming
concern. In 2001, the urban literacy rate was 80.06
per cent but the rural literacy rate was 59.21 per
cent. Thus, the difference in rural - urban areas in
terms of percentage points is 20.85. Data released
by the Planning Commission show that among il-
literate people aged 60 years and above, 78.2 per
Copyright © 2009
cent live in rural areas. In urban areas the figur e is
48.2 per cent. Of the illiterate people who are 15
years and above but not beyond 60 years, rural ar-
eas have 55.8 per cent and the urban areas 25.1 per
cent
Data collected by the National Sample Survey
Organisation (NSSO) show that the average per
capita expenditure (MPCE) in rural India during
2000-01 amounted to Rs.499.90, which was a little
over the corresponding figur e of Rs . 914. 57 for an
urban dweller. The disparities in the social devel-
opment sector are mind-boggling. Rural adult illit-
eracy is a matter of alarming concern. In 2001, the
urban literacy rate was 80.06 per cent but the rural
literacy rate was 59.21 per cent. Thus, the differ-
ence in rural - urban areas in terms of percentage
points is 20.85. Data released by the Planning Com-
mission show that among illiterate people aged 60
years and above, 78.2 per cent live in rural areas. In
urban areas the figur e is 48. 2 per cent . O
f the illit-
erate people who are 15 years and above but not
beyond 60 years, rural areas have 55.8 per cent and
the urban areas 25.1 per cent.
The disparity is noticeable even in respect of the
sex ratio. Census 2001 data have shown a general
improvement in this regard because in 1991 the sex
ratio was 927 women for 1,000 men while in 2001
it was 933 women for 1,000 men. The Census data
have also given the urban-rural break-up, which
shows that while in the case of urban India the ra-
tio is 901 women to 1,000 men, in the case of rural
India it is 946 women to 1,000 men. The bias of the
state in favour of urban areas is evident from the
per capita expenditure on basic services. According
to the estimate of the Eleventh Finance Commis-
sion, per capita expenditure on basic services in ru-
ral areas during 1997-98 was Rs.24, but in urban
areas it was Rs.49. Rural India contributes 27 per
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cent to the GDP, but gets back only 5 per cent,
which is less than one-fifth of i ts cont ri but ion.
Given the situation, what can be done to reduce
the level of disparity to a desirable level is a matter
that calls for serious consideration. There is no doubt
that India's rural economy cannot grow without
agricultural development.
Capitalist agricultural productivity is constrained by
the system itself. Effective land reform coupled with
non-land input support to the benefici aries can re-
sult in an increase in agricultural productivity. Apart
from taking steps to increase human development
facilities in the villages, such as health and educa-
tion, and develop appropriate infrastructure such
as roads and marketing facilities, there is the need
for generating employment, which can better the
living conditions of villagers. We need to adopt a
long-term policy, keeping in mind the requirements
of the rural and urban areas. A close look at the
development plan exercises tends to demonstrate
that ad-hocism permeates the policy processes. In
the rural areas there are many resources lying
unutilised. It is time to identify these and make
proper use of them. The application of Information
Technology can be of great help in identifying what
is lying unutilised or underutilised.
b.What you think about NREGP? How much it
helped to eradicate the poverty and providing the
employment?
Ans: The NREGP is the largest ever employment
programme in human history and India will have
to allocate Rs 30,000 crores every year to sustain
this programme. It has, since it was implemented,
made news across the country, some good and some
not so good.The NREGP is not just about wage
employment; it is a programme designed to create
rural infrastructure like roads, watersheds, small
Copyright © 2009
tank structures, address natural resource manage-
ment and much more. These activities can help to
increase farm productivity along with provision of
wages to the rural poor. The NREGP has critical
elements built into it for effective implementation
.The NREGP vests substantial powers with village
level panchayats for effective implementation of the
programme. If we critically examine the published
articles in various journals on the implementation
of the NREGP across the country, talk to the
NREGP functionaries, and examine the findi ngs of
the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of In-
dia Report, we know that the three tier panchayat
structure in India based on the 73rd constitutional
amendments has not been involved fully and re-
sponsibly.
If the NREGP has to succeed and sustain itself it
has to be managed at the village level effectively
and effici ent ly. Ef fect ive me ans it ha s to creat e
physical and infrastructure assets at the village level
so that the two critical inputs like water and soil
are protected and regenerated. Effici ency m e ans the
muster rolls are kept properly, wages are paid ac-
cording to the rates announced and a minimum of
100 days of employment are actually given and just
not announced. Although on paper village
panchayats are supposed to do all these, there is no
evidence across the country that they are actually
doing the grassroots management of the NREGP.
Gram sabhas are vital events in villages where dis-
cussions take place and approval of works to be taken
up in the villages is sought. Villagers know better
what is best for their village. NGOs can assist the
panchayat secretary in these gram sabha meetings
where works are approved.
Much has been made about the problem of bogus
job cards being issued under the programme. Un-
fortunately the panchayat secretaries and presidents
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have not been trained systematically on how the
NREGP works. There are various forms used for
the NREGP. For example when villagers submit
applications for unemployment allowance they have
to use Form 14. Even panchayat secretaries do not
know the purpose of these forms. Additionally,
BDOs confuse the panchayat and harass them.
Training is very important and towards this,
panchayat presidents can visit other panchayats that
have implemented the programme well to under-
stand the working of the NREGP. This can also serve
as training for the panchayat presidents in addition
to his/her involvement in the social audit. In Andhra
the Mandal Panchayats make computerized pay-
ments to the wage earner within a week. This is a
good feature that all panchayats can adopt. It is also
a good option for village panchayats to be equipped
with computer facilities to manage all programmes
at the village level through a Gram Sabha Informa-
tion System (GSIS). Much hype has been created
on the social audit of the NREGP by NGOs par-
ticularly in Andhra, which has used information
technology in the implementation of NREGP. One
NGO leader claims that “The success of NREGA
social audits in Andhra Pradesh covering 12 mil-
lion people is a brilliant example of civil society
action enriching mainstream politics”.
In the social audit panchayat presidents could have
been involved instead of making it purely NGO
driven. The CAG Report has made a pointed refer-
ence to the lack of administrative and technical staff
at the panchayat level. A programme officer at the
block level is supposed to be a full time person of
the rank of a BDO. This could become one at the
higher level of SDM. Similarly instead of having a
gram rozgar sevak at the panchayat level it would
be better to have a BDO in charge of operations so
that fina nc i al trans act ions are w
e ll m
a na ged at the
panchayat level.
Copyright © 2009
11. Answer any two of the following(in about
150 words each)
a.. Decentralisation of socio-economic planning
is the need of time. explain.
Ans: Decentralisation of socio-economic planning
process and plan implementation to the grass root
levels has been a matter of continuing concern.
Another facet of this endeavour is to involve the
people in plan formulation and implementation,
taking this to the lowest area levels. Empowerment
of Panchayats, as effective local self-governing in-
stitutions is enshrined as a Directive Principle of
the State Policy in the Constitution. Over years the
dif- ferent States have enacted legislations setting
up Panchayats at the village, block or District level
with varying modes of composition - directly
elected peoples' representatives, nominated persons
or a combination of the two, at different levels.
Nevertheless, given the experience in efficaci ous
achievements of objectives, a substantial degree of
experimentation by different States from time to
time, has been an important feature. The 73rd and
74th Amendments to the Constitution of India mark
a watershed in these developments. The Amend-
ment would form the basis of amended state legis-
lations on Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) to put
the Panchayats on a strong foundation and virtu-
ally forming a third tier of governance, after the
Union and State Govern-merits. The NDC Com-
mittee on Micro-level Planning and Involvement
of People at Grass Root Level supplements this
process by addressing itself to question of
decentralisation of planning process. Several impor-
tant issues arise in terms of institutional matters,
allocation of sectoral and sub-sectoral functions to
the Panchayats and methodological aspects of plan
formulation and implementation.
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b.Write about poverty scenario of India.
Ans: While total overall poverty in India has de-
clined, the extent of poverty reduction is often de-
bated. While there is a consensus that there has
not been increase in poverty between 1993-94 and
2004-05, the picture is not so clear if one considers
other non-pecuniary dimensions (such as health,
education, crime and access to infrastructure). With
the rapid economic growth that India is experienc-
ing, it is likely that a significant fract ion of the ru-
ral population will continue to migrate toward cit-
ies, making the issue of urban poverty more sig-
nificant in the long run . W o r ld bank ha s publ ishe d
defenses of the poverty reduction statistics. Accord-
ing to this, increasing globalization and investment
opportunities have contributed significant ly to the
reduction of poverty in the country. India, together
with China, have shown the clearest trends of glo-
balization with the accelerated rise in per-capita
income.A 2007 report by the state-run National
Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised
Sector (NCEUS) found that 77% of Indians, or 836
million people, lived on less than 20 rupees per day
with most working in informal labour sector with
no job or social security, living in abject poverty. A
study by the McKinsey Global Institute found that
in 1985, 93% of the Indian population lived on a
household income of less than 90,000 rupees a year,
or about a dollar per person per day; by 2005 that
proportion had been cut nearly in half, to 54%.
More than 103 million people have moved out of
desperate poverty in the course of one generation
in urban and rural areas as well. They project that
if India can achieve 7.3% annual growth over the
next 20 years, 465 million more people will be
spared a life of extreme deprivation. Contrary to
popular perceptions, rural India has benefited from
this growth: extreme rural poverty has declined
Copyright © 2009
from 94% in 1985 to 61% in 2005, and they project
that it will drop to 26% by 2025. Report concludes
that India's economic reforms and the increased
growth that has resulted have been the most suc-
cessful anti-poverty programmes in the country.
b. Urban Sector Development in India is the need
of time. Expain About Jawahar Lal Nehru national
urban development programme in this context.
Ans: According to the 2001 census, India has a
population of 1027 million with approximately 28
per cent or 285 million people living in urban ar-
eas. As a result of the liberalization policies adopted
by the Government of India is expected to increase
the share of the urban population may increase to
about 40 per cent of total population by the year
2021. It is estimated that by the year 2011, urban
areas would contribute about 65 per cent of gross
domestic product (GDP). However, this higher pro-
ductivity is contingent upon the availability and
quality of infrastructure services. Urban economic
activities are dependent on infrastructure, such as
power, telecom, roads, water supply and mass trans-
portation, coupled with civic infrastructure, such
as sanitation and solid waste management. It is es-
timated that over a seven-year period, the Urban
Local Bodies would require a total investments of
Rs. 1,20,536 crores.
This includes investment in basic infrastructure and
services, that is, annual funding requirement of Rs.
17,219 crores. It is well recognised that in order to
fructify these investments, a national level initia-
tive is required that would bring together the State
Governments linkages between asset-creation and
asset-management through a slew of reforms for
long-term project sustainability; Ensuring adequate
funds to meet the defici enc i es i n u r ba n
infrastructural services; Planned development of
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identified ci ties inc l udi ng peri-ur ban areas, out -
growths and urban corridors leading to dispersed
urbanisation; Scale-up delivery of civic amenities
and provision of utilities with emphasis on univer-
sal access to the urban poor; Special focus on urban
renewal programme for the old city areas to reduce
congestion; and Provision of basic services to the
urban poor including security of tenure at afford-
able prices, improved housing, water supply and
sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other existing
universal services of the government for education,
health and social security. For this purpose Jawahar
Lal Nehru national urban development programme
is started:
Scope of the Mission
The Mission shall comprise two Sub- Missions,
namely: Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and
Governance: This will be administered by the Min-
istry of Urban Development through the Sub- Mis-
sion Directorate for Urban Infrastructure and Gov-
ernance. The main thrust of the Sub-Mission will
be on infrastructure projects relating to water sup-
ply and sanitation, sewerage, solid waste manage-
ment, road network, urban transport and redevel-
opment of old city areas with a view to upgrading
infrastructure therein, shifting industrial and com-
mercial establishments to conforming areas, etc.
Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the Urban Poor:
This will be administered by the Ministry of Urban
Employment and Poverty Alleviation through the
Sub-Mission Directorate for Basic Services to the
Urban Poor. The main thrust of the Sub-Mission
will be on integrated development of slums through
projects for providing shelter, basic services and
other related civic amenities with a view to pro-
viding utilities to the urban poor.
12. Write about the following(not exceeding 20
words each)
a.Jacob Zuma: Leader of African National Congress
(ANC), Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma took oath as
Copyright © 2009
fourth President of South Africa since the end of
apartheid. He was administered the oath on May
10,2009 in Pretoria. Jacob Zuma, a self-taught man
who fought the apartheid regime from inside South
Africa and spent 10 years in prison in Robben Is-
land along with Mandela succeeded outgoing Presi-
dent Kgalema Motlanthe. Jacob Zuma was the head
of the ANC’s internal security wing during the
struggle against apartheid. The election held in April
2009, his party ANC polled 65.9 per cent of the
votes and narrowly missed getting the two-thirds
majority in parliament.
b.Hardeep Singh Puri: The government of India
appointed Hardeep Singh Puri as India’s Permanent
Representative to the United Nations. He succeed
Nirupam Sen, whose term ended March 31,2009.
A 1974 batch Indian Foreign Service officer ,
Hardeep Singh Puri served as India’s ambassador to
Brazil and prior to his new appointment, he was as
secretary (economic affairs) in the external affairs
ministry.
c. Mahatma Gandhi International Award for
Peace and Justice 2009: Pro-democracy leader of
Myanmar Aung San Suu Kyi was chosen for Ma-
hatma Gandhi International Award for Peace and
Justice 2009. Leader of National League for Democ-
racy (NLD) of Myanmar 63-year old Suu Kyi is a
prisoner for the last two decades in her own coun-
try, Myanmar. Mahatma Gandhi International
Award for Peace and Justice is awarded by the
Mahatma Gandhi Foundation of South Africa. Ela
Gandhi is the chairman of the Mahatma Gandhi
Foundation.
d. Agni-I, Agni-II, Agni-III, Agni-3SL: The Agni-
I is a short range ballistic missile (SRBM) with a
single stage engine. While the Agni-II is an inter-
mediate range ballistic missile (IRBM) with two
solid fuel stages and a Post Boost Vehicle (PBV)
integrated into the missile's Re-entry Vehicle (RV).
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The Agni's manoeuvring RV is made of a carbon-

carbon composite material that is light and able to
(IMP) Get UPSCPORTAL , Jobs, Re-
sustain high thermal stresses of re-entry, in a vari-
sults, Notification Alerts on Email.
ety of trajectories. Agni-III is a compact long range
missile in test phase. Agni-3SL is a compact version
Step-1: Fill Your Email address in form be-
of Agni-3 suitable for submarine launch.
low. you will get a confirmation email within
10 min.
e. Surya-1 and Surya-2: The Surya-1 is an inter-
continental-range, surface-based, solid and liquid
Step-2: Varify your email by clicking on the
propellant ballistic missile under development. It
link in the email. (check Inbox and Spam fold-
is based upon a space launch vehicle being devel-
ers)
oped by India’s space program to improve the
nation’s aerospace industry. This project would re-
Step-3: Done! Now you will regular Alerts
sult in India’s first int ercont ine nt al -range bal listic
on your email.
missile. The Surya-1 and -2 will be classified as a
strategic weapon. It will likely be used to extend
the Indian nuclear deterrent force to targets deeper
within China. India can only hit a limited number
of targets within China, even upon the completion
of the Agni-3 missile. The development of a true
ICBM would make almost any strategic target
within China vulnerable and decrease India’s rela-
tive weakness. This would develop a credible de-
terrent for India against any Chinese aggression. The
Surya-1 will have an expected range of some 8,000
km (4971 miles). It reportedly has a length of 40 m
and a launch weight of 80,000 kg. As the missile
has yet to be developed, the payload and warhead
are as yet unknown. It is believed to be a three-
stage design, with the first two stages us ing sol id
propellant and the third-stage using liquid. The
Surya-2 is a longer-ranged variant of the Surya-1.
It has a reported range of 12,000 km (7456 miles).
This is likely accomplished by decreasing the pay-
load.

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