1.

Introduction
The internet in India is growing rapidly. It has given rise to new opportunities in every field we can think of be it entertainment, business, sports or education. There are two sides to a coin. Internet also has its own disadvantages. One of the major disadvantages is Cybercrime illegal activity committed on the internet. The internet, along with its advantages, has also exposed us to security risks that come with connecting to a large network. Computers today are being misused for illegal activities like e-mail espionage, credit card fraud, spams, software piracy and so on, which invade our privacy and offend our senses. Criminal activities in the cyberspace are on the rise.

"The modern thief can steal more with a computer than with a gun. Tomorrows terrorist may be able to do more damage with a keyboard than with a bomb".

2. What is cyber crime?

Cybercrime is a term for any illegal activity that uses a computer as its primary means of commission. "It is a criminal activity committed on the internet. This is a broad term that describes everything from electronic cracking to denial of service attacks that cause electronic commerce sites to lose money". Cybercrime is criminal activity done using computers and the Internet. This includes anything from downloading illegal music files to stealing millions of dollars from online bank accounts. Cybercrime also includes non-monetary offenses, such as creating and distributing viruses on other computers or posting confidential business information on the Internet.

3. History of Cyber Crime

The first recorded cyber crime took place in the year 1820! That is not surprising considering the fact that the abacus, which is thought to be the earliest form of a computer, has been around since 3500 B.C. in India, Japan and China. The era of modern computers, however, began with the analytical engine of Charles Babbage. In 1820, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, a textile manufacturer in France, produced the loom. This device allowed the repetition of a series of steps in the weaving of special fabrics. This resulted in a fear amongst Jacquard's employees that their traditional employment and livelihood were being threatened. They committed acts of sabotage to discourage Jacquard from further use of the new technology. This is the first recorded cyber crime!

4. Category of cyber crime

Cybercrimes can be basically divided into 3 major categories: I. II. III. Cybercrimes against persons Cybercrimes against property Cybercrimes against government

I.

Cybercrimes against persons

Cybercrimes committed against persons include various crimes like transmission of child-pornography, harassment of any one with the use of a computer such as e-mail. The trafficking, distribution, posting, and dissemination of obscene material including pornography and indecent exposure, constitutes one of the most important Cybercrimes known today. The potential harm of such a crime to humanity can hardly be amplified. This is one Cybercrime which threatens to undermine the growth of the younger generation as also leave irreparable scars and injury on the younger generation, if not controlled. A minor girl in Ahmadabad was lured to a private place through cyber chat by a man, who, along with his friends, attempted to gang rape her. As some passersby heard her cry, she was rescued. Another example wherein the damage was not done to a person but to the masses is the case of the Melissa virus. The Melissa virus first appeared on the internet in March of 1999. It spread rapidly throughout computer systems in the United States and Europe. It is

estimated that the virus caused 80 million dollars in damages to computers worldwide. II. Cybercrimes against property

The second category of Cyber-crimes is that of Cybercrimes against all forms of property. These crimes include computer vandalism (destruction of others' property), transmission of harmful programmes. A Mumbai-based upstart engineering company lost a say and much money in the business when the rival company, an industry major, stole the technical database from their computers with the help of a corporate cyber spy.

III.

Cybercrimes against government

The third category of Cyber-crimes relate to Cybercrimes against Government. Cyber terrorism is one distinct kind of crime in this category. The growth of internet has shown that the medium of Cyberspace is being used by individuals and groups to threaten the international governments as also to terrorize the citizens of a country. This crime manifests itself into terrorism when an individual "cracks" into a government or military maintained website

5. Types of cyber crime

There are many types of Cyber Crime. Many of them are below. 1. HACKING 2. DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACK 3. VIRUS DISSEMINATION 4. SOFTWARE PIRACY 5. PORNOGRAPHY 6. IRC Crime 7. CREDIT CARD FRAUD 8. PHISHING 9. SPOOFING 10. CYBER STALKING 11. CYBER DEFAMATION 12. THREATENING 13. SALAMI ATTACK14NET EXTORTION 15. Data Theft 16. Spreading Virus or Worms 17. Identity Theft 18. E-Mail Spoofing 19. ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER FRAUD 20 ILLEGAL INTERCEPTION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS 21. ELECTRONIC VANDALISM, TERRORISM AND EXTORTION 22. SALES AND INVESTMENT FRAUD 23. ELECTRONIC MONEY LAUNDERING AND TAX EVASION 24. DISSEMINATION OF OFFENSIVE MATERIALS 25. TELECOMMUNICATIONS PIRACY

26. COMMUNICATIONS IN FURTHERANCE OF CRIMINAL CONSPIRACIES 27. THEFT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES

1. Hacking
What is Hacking? Hacking is not defined in The amended IT Act, 2000. According to wiktionary, Hacking means unauthorized attempts to bypass the security mechanisms of an information system or network. Also, in simple words Hacking is the unauthorized access to a computer system, programs, data and network resources. (The termhacker originally meant a very gifted programmer. In recent years though, with easier access to multiple systems, it now has negative implications.) Law & Punishment: Under Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008, Section 43(a) read with section 66 is applicable and Section 379 & 406 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 also are applicable. If crime is proved under IT Act, accused shall be punished for imprisonment, which may extend to three years or with fine, which may extend to five lakh rupees or both. Hacking offence is cognizable, bailable, compoundable with permission of the court before which the prosecution of such offence is pending and triable by any magistrate.

2.DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACK

This is an act by the criminal, who floods the band width of the victims network or fills his e-mail box with spam mail depriving him of the services he is entitled to access or provide.

3.VIRUS DISSEMINATION
Malicious software that attaches iitself to other software. (virus, worms, Trojan Horse, Time bomb,Logic Bomb, Rabbit and Bacterium are the malicious soft wares)

4.SOFTWARE PIRACY
Theft of software through the iillegal copying of genuine programs or the counterfeiting and distribution of products intended to pass for the original. Retail revenue losses world wide are ever increasing due to this crime Can be done in various ways such as end user copying, hard disk loading, Counterfeiting, Illegal downloads from the iinternet etc.

5.PRONOGRAPHY
Pornography is the first consistently successful ecommerce product. It was a deceptive marketing tactics and mouse trapping technologies. Pronography encourage customers to access their websites. Anybody including children can log on to the internet and access website with pronography contents with a click of a mouse.

6.IRC CRIME
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) servers have chat rooms in which people from anywhere the world can come together and chat with each other Criminals use it for meeting coconspirators. Hackers use it for discussing their exploits / sharing the techniques Paedophiles use chat rooms to allure small children.

7.CREDIT CARD FRAUD

You siimply have to type credit card number into www page off the vendor for online transaction If electronic transactions are not secured the credit card numbers can be stolen by the hackers who can misuse this card by impersonating the credit card owner.

8.NET EXTORTION
Copying the companys confidential data in order to extort said company for huge amount.

9.PHISHING
It is technique of pulling out confidential information from the bank/financial institutional account holders by deceptive means.

10.Spoofiing
Getting one computer on a network to pretend to have the identity of another computer, usually one with special access privileges ,, so as to obtain access to the other computers on the network.

11.CYBER STALKING
The Criminal follows the victim by sending emails, entering the chat rooms frequently.

12.CYBER DEFAMATION
The Criminal sends emails containing defamatory matters to all concerned of the victim or post the defamatory matters on a website. (disgruntled employee may do this against boss, ex-boys friend against girl, divorced husband against wife etc)

13.THREATENING
The Criminal sends threatening email or comes in contact in chat rooms with victim. (Any one disgruntled may do this against boss, friend or official)

14.SALAMI ATTACK
In such crime criminal makes insignificant changes in such a manner that such changes would go unnoticed. Criminal makes such program that deducts small amount like 2.50 per month from the account of all the customer of the Bank and deposit the same in his account. In this case no account holder will approach the bank for such small amount but criminal gains huge amount

15.Data Theft
What is Data Theft? According to Wikipedia, Data Theft is a growing problem, primarily perpetrated by office workers with access to technology such as desktop computers and handheld devices, capable of storing digital information such as flash drives, iPods and even digital cameras. The damage caused by data theft can be considerable with todays ability to transmit very large files via e-mail, web pages, USB devices, DVD storage and other hand-held devices. According to Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008, crime of data theft under Section 43 (b) is stated as - If any person without permission of the owner or any other person, who is in charge of a computer, computer system of computer network - downloads, copies or extracts any data, computer data baseor information from such computer, computer system or computer network including information or data held or stored in any removable storage medium, then it is data theft.

Law & Punishment: Under Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008, Section 43(b) read with Section 66 is applicable and under Section 379, 405 & 420 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 also applicable. Data Theft offence is cognizable, bailable, compoundablewith permission of the court before which the prosecution of such offence is pending and triable by any magistrate.

16.Spreading Virus or Worms

What is spreading of Virus or Worms? In most cases, viruses can do any amount of damage, the creator intends them to do. They can send your data to a third party and then delete your data from your computer. They can also ruin/mess up your system and render it unusable without a re-installation of the operating system. Most have not done this much damage in the past, but could easily do this in the future. Usually the virus will install files on your system and then will change your system so that virus program is run every time you start your system. It will then attempt to replicate itself by sending itself to other potential victims. Law & Punishment: Under Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008, Section 43(c) & 43(e) read with Section 66 is applicable and under Section 268 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 also applicable. Spreading of Virus offence is cognizable, bailable, compoundable with permission of the court before which the prosecution of such offence is pending and triable by any magistrate.

17.Identity Theft
What is Identity Theft? According to wikipedia Identity theft is a form of fraud or cheating of another persons identity in which someone pretends to be someone else by assuming that persons identity, typically in order to access resources or obtain credit and other benefits in that persons name. Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008, crime of identity theft under Section 66-C, whoever, fraudulently or dishonestly make use of the electronic signature, password or any other unique identification feature of any other person known as identity theft. Identity theft is a term used to refer to fraud that involves stealing money orgetting other benefits by pretending to be someone else. The term is relatively new and is actually a misnomer, since it is not inherently possible to steal an identity, only to use it. The person whose identityis used can suffer various consequences when they are held responsible for the perpetrators actions. At one time the onlyway for someone to steal somebody elses identity was by killing that person and taking his place. It was typically a violent crime. However, since then, the crime has evolved and todays white collared criminals are a lot less brutal. But the ramifications of an identity theft are still scary.

18.Law & Punishment: Under

Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008, Section 66-C and Section 419 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 also applicable. Identity Theft offence is cognizable, bailable, compoundable with permission of the court before which the prosecution of such offence is pending and triable by any magistrate.

19.E-Mail Spoofing
What is Email Spoofing? According to wikipedia, e-mail spoofing is e-mail activity in which the sender addresses and other parts of the e-mail header are altered to appear as though the e-mail originated from a different source. E-mail spoofing is sending an e-mail to another person in such a way that it appears that the e-mail was sent by someone else. A spoof email is one that appears to originate from one source but actually has been sent from another source. Spoofing is the act of electronically disguising one computer as another for gaining as the password system. It is becoming so common that you can no longer take for granted that the e-mail you are receiving is truly from the person identified as the sender. Email spoofing is a technique used by hackers to fraudulently send email messages in which the sender address and other parts of the email header are altered to appear as though the email originated from a source other than its actual source. Hackers use this method to disguise the actual email address from which phishing and spam messages are sent and often use email spoofing in conjunction with Web page spoofing to trick users into providing personal and confidential information. Law & Punishment: Under Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008, Section 66-D and Section417, 419 & 465of Indian Penal Code, 1860 also applicable. Email spoofing offence is cognizable, bailable, compoundable with permission of the court before which the prosecution of such offence is pending and triable by any magistrate.

20.THEFT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES

The "phone phreakers" of three decades ago set a precedent for what has become a major criminal industry. By gaining access to an organisation's telephone switchboard (PBX) individuals or criminal organisations can obtain access to dial-in/dial-out circuits and then make their own calls or sell call time to third parties (Gold 1999). Offenders may gain access to the switchboard by impersonating a technician, by fraudulently obtaining an employee's access code, or by using software available on the internet. Some sophisticated offenders loop between PBX systems to evade detection. Additional forms of service theft include capturing "calling card" details and on-selling calls charged to the calling card account, and counterfeiting or illicit reprogramming of stored value telephone cards. It has been suggested that as long ago as 1990, security failures at one major telecommunications carrier cost approximately 290 million, and that more recently, up to 5% of total industry turnover has been lost to fraud (Schieck 1995: 2-5; Newman 1998). Costs to individual subscribers can also be significant In one case, computer hackers in the United States illegally obtained access to Scotland Yard's telephone network and made 620,000 worth of international calls for which Scotland Yard was responsible (Tendler and Nuttall 1996).

21.COMMUNICATIONS IN FURTHERANCE OF CRIMINAL CONSPIRACIES

Just as legitimate organisations in the private and public sectors rely upon information systems for communications and record keeping, so too are the activities of criminal organisations enhanced by technology. There is evidence of telecommunications equipment being used to facilitate organised drug trafficking, gambling, prostitution, money laundering, child pornography and trade in weapons (in those jurisdictions where such activities are illegal). The use of encryption technology may place criminal communications beyond the reach of law enforcement. The use of computer networks to produce and distribute child pornography has become the subject of increasing attention. Today, these materials can be imported across national borders at the speed of light (Grant, David and Grabosky 1997). The more overt manifestations of internet child pornography entail a modest degree of organisation, as required by the infrastructure of IRC and WWW, but the activity appears largely confined to individuals.

By contrast, some of the less publicly visible traffic in child pornography activity appears to entail a greater degree of organisation. Although knowledge is confined to that conduct which has been the target of successful police investigation, there appear to have been a number of networks which extend cross-nationally, use sophisticated technologies of concealment, and entail a significant degree of coordination.

Illustrative of such activity was the Wonderland Club, an international network with members in at least 14 nations ranging from Europe, to North America, to Australia. Access to the group was password protected, and content was encrypted. Police investigation of the activity, codenamed "Operation Cathedral" resulted in approximately 100 arrests around the world, and the seizure of over 100,000 images in September, 1998.

22.TELECOMMUNICATIONS PIRACY
Digital technology permits perfect reproduction and easy dissemination of print, graphics, sound, and multimedia combinations. The temptation to reproduce copyrighted material for personal use, for sale at a lower price, or indeed, for free distribution, has proven irresistable to many. This has caused considerable concern to owners of copyrighted material. Each year, it has been estimated that losses of between US$15 and US$17 billion are sustained by industry by reason of copyright infringement (United States, Information Infrastructure Task Force 1995, 131). The Software Publishers Association has estimated that $7.4 billion worth of software was lost to piracy in 1993 with $2 billion of that being stolen from the Internet (Meyer and Underwood 1994). Ryan (1998) puts the cost of foreign piracy to American industry at more than $10 billion in 1996, including $1.8 billion in the film industry,

$1.2 billion in music, $3.8 billion in business application software, and $690 million in book publishing. According to the Straits Times (8/11/99) A copy of the most recent James Bond Film The World is Not Enough, was available free on the internet before its official release. When creators of a work, in whatever medium, are unable to profit from their creations, there can be a chilling effect on creative effort generally, in addition to financial loss.

23.DISSEMINATION OF OFFENSIVE MATERIALS

Content considered by some to be objectionable exists in abundance in cyberspace. This includes, among much else, sexually explicit materials, racist propaganda, and instructions for the fabrication of incendiary and explosive devices. Telecommunications systems can also be used for harassing, threatening or intrusive communications, from the traditional obscene telephone call to its contemporary manifestation in "cyber-stalking", in which persistent messages are sent to an unwilling recipient. One man allegedly stole nude photographs of his former girlfriend and her new boyfriend and posted them on the Internet, along with her name, address and telephone number. The unfortunate couple, residents of Kenosha, Wisconsin, received phone calls and e-mails from strangers as far away as Denmark who said they had seen the photos on the Internet. Investigations also revealed that the suspect was maintaining records about the woman's movements and compiling information about her family (Spice and Sink 1999).

In another case a rejected suitor posted invitations on the Internet under the name of a 28-year-old woman, the would-be object of his affections, that said that she had fantasies of rape and gang rape. He then communicated via email with men who replied to the solicitations and gave out personal information about the woman, including her address, phone number, details of her physical appearance and how to bypass her home security system. Strange men turned up at her home on six different occasions and she received many obscene phone calls. While the woman was not physically assaulted, she would not answer the phone, was afraid to leave her home, and lost her job (Miller 1999; Miller and Maharaj 1999). One former university student in California used email to harass 5 female students in 1998. He bought information on the Internet about the women using a professor's credit card and then sent 100 messages including death threats, graphic sexual descriptions and references to their daily activities. He apparently made the threats in response to perceived teasing about his appearance (Associated Press 1999a).

Computer networks may also be used in furtherance of extortion. The Sunday Times (London) reported in 1996 that over 40 financial institutions in Britain and the United States had been attacked electronically over the previous three years. In England, financial institutions were reported to have paid significant amounts to sophisticated computer criminals who threatened to wipe out computer systems. (The Sunday Times, June 2, 1996). The article cited four incidents between 1993 and 1995 in which a total of 42.5 million Pounds Sterling were paid by senior executives of the organisations

concerned, who were convinced of the extortionists' capacity to crash their computer systems (Denning 1999 233-4).

24.ELECTRONIC MONEY LAUNDERING AND TAX EVASION

For some time now, electronic funds transfers have assisted in concealing and in moving the proceeds of crime. Emerging technologies will greatly assist in concealing the origin of ill-gotten gains. Legitimately derived income may also be more easily concealed from taxation authorities. Large financial institutions will no longer be the only ones with the ability to achieve electronic funds transfers transiting numerous jurisdictions at the speed of light. The development of informal banking institutions and parallel banking systems may permit central bank supervision to be bypassed, but can also facilitate the evasion of cash transaction reporting requirements in those nations which have them. Traditional underground banks, which have flourished in Asian countries for centuries, will enjoy even greater capacity through the use of telecommunications.

With the emergence and proliferation of various technologies of electronic commerce, one can easily envisage how traditional countermeasures against money laundering and tax evasion may soon be of limited value. I may soon be able to sell you a quantity of heroin, in return for an untraceable transfer of stored value to my "smartcard", which I then download anonymously to my account in a financial institution situated in an overseas jurisdiction which protects the privacy of banking clients. I can discreetly draw upon these funds as and

when I may require, downloading them back to my stored value card (Wahlert 1996).

25.ELECTRONIC VANDALISM, TERRORISM AND EXTORTION

As never before, western industrial society is dependent upon complex data processing and telecommunications systems. Damage to, or interference with, any of these systems can lead to catastrophic consequences. Whether motivated by curiosity or vindictiveness electronic intruders cause inconvenience at best, and have the potential for inflicting massive harm (Hundley and Anderson 1995, Schwartau 1994).

While this potential has yet to be realised, a number of individuals and protest groups have hacked the official web pages of various governmental and commercial organisations (Rathmell 1997). http://www.2600.com/hacked_pages/ (visited 4 January 2000). This may also operate in reverse: early in 1999 an organised hacking incident was apparently directed at a server which hosted the Internet domain for East Timor, which at the time was seeking its independence from Indonesia (Creed 1999).

Defence planners around the world are investing substantially in information warfare-- means of disrupting the information technology infrastructure of defence systems (Stix 1995). Attempts were made to

disrupt the computer systems of the Sri Lankan Government (Associated Press 1998), and of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization during the 1999 bombing of Belgrade (BBC 1999). One case, which illustrates the transnational reach of extortionists, involved a number of German hackers who compromised the system of an Internet service provider in South Florida, disabling eight of the ISPs ten servers. The offenders obtained personal information and credit card details of 10,000 subscribers, and, communicating via electronic mail through one of the compromised accounts, demanded that US$30,000 be delivered to a mail drop in Germany. Co-operation between US and German authorities resulted in the arrest of the extortionists (Bauer 1998).

More recently, an extortionist in Eastern Europe obtained the credit card details of customers of a North American based on-line music retailer, and published some on the Internet when the retailer refused to comply with his demands (Markoff 2000).

26.SALES AND INVESTMENT FRAUD

As electronic commerce becomes more prevalent, the application of digital technology to fraudulent endeavours will be that much greater. The use of the telephone for fraudulent sales pitches, deceptive charitable solicitations, or bogus investment overtures is increasingly common. Cyberspace now abounds with a wide variety of investment opportunities, from traditional securities such as stocks and bonds, to more exotic opportunities such as coconut farming, the sale and leaseback of automatic teller machines, and worldwide telephone lotteries (Cella and Stark 1997 837-844). Indeed, the digital age has

been accompanied by unprecedented opportunities for misinformation. Fraudsters now enjoy direct access to millions of prospective victims around the world, instantaneously and at minimal cost.

Classic pyramid schemes and "Exciting, Low-Risk Investment Opportunities" are not uncommon. The technology of the World Wide Web is ideally suited to investment solicitations. In the words of two SEC staff "At very little cost, and from the privacy of a basement office or living room, the fraudster can produce a home page that looks better and more sophisticated than that of a Fortune 500 company" (Cella and Stark 1997, 822).

27.ILLEGAL INTERCEPTION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Developments in telecommunications provide new opportunities for electronic eavesdropping. From activities as time-honoured as surveillance of an unfaithful spouse, to the newest forms of political and industrial espionage, telecommunications interception has increasing applications. Here again, technological developments create new vulnerabilities. The electromagnetic signals emitted by a computer may themselves be intercepted. Cables may act as broadcast antennas. Existing law does not prevent the remote monitoring of computer radiation.

It has been reported that the notorious American hacker Kevin Poulsen was able to gain access to law enforcement and national security wiretap data prior to his arrest in 1991 (Littman 1997). In 1995, hackers employed by a criminal organisation attacked the communications system of the Amsterdam Police. The hackers succeeded in gaining police operational intelligence, and in disrupting police communications (Rathmell 1997).

28.ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER FRAUD

Electronic funds transfer systems have begun to proliferate, and so has the risk that such transactions may be intercepted and diverted. Valid credit card numbers can be intercepted electronically, as well as physically; the digital information stored on a card can be counterfeited. Of course, we don't need Willie Sutton to remind us that banks are where they keep the money. In 1994, a Russian hacker Vladimir Levin, operating from St Petersburg, accessed the computers of Citibank's central wire transfer department, and transferred funds from large corporate accounts to other accounts which had been opened by his accomplices in The United States, the Netherlands, Finland, Germany, and Israel. Officials from one of the corporate victims, located in Argentina, notified the bank, and the suspect accounts, located in San Francisco, were frozen. The accomplice was arrested. Another accomplice was caught attempting to withdraw funds from an account in Rotterdam. Although Russian law precluded Levin's extradition, he

was arrested during a visit to the United States and subsequently imprisoned. (Denning 1999, 55). The above forms of computer-related crime are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and need not occur in isolation. Just as an armed robber might steal an automobile to facilitate a quick getaway, so too can one steal telecommunications services and use them for purposes of vandalism, fraud, or in furtherance of a criminal conspiracy.1 Computer-related crime may be compound in nature, combining two or more of the generic forms outlined above.

6. PREVENTION
6.1 PREVENTIVE STEPS FOR INDIVIDUALS 6.1.1. CHILDREN: Children should not give out identifying information such as Name, Home address, School Name or Telephone Number in a chat room. They should not give photographs to anyone on the Net without first checking or informing parents guardians. They should not respond to messages, which are suggestive, obscene, belligerent or threatening, and not to arrange a face-to face meeting without telling parents or guardians. They should remember that people online might not be who they seem. 6.1.2 PARENTS: Parent should use content filtering software on PC to protect children from pornography, gambling, hate speech, drugs and alcohol. There is also software to establish time controls for use of limpets (for example blocking usage after a particulars time) and allowing parents to see which site item children have visited. Use this software to keep track of the type of activities of children. 6.1.3. GENERAL INFORMATION: Dont delete harmful communications (emails, chats etc). They will provide vital information about system and address of the person behind these.

Try not to panic. If you feel any immediate physical danger contact your local police. Avoid getting into huge arguments online during chat and discussions with other users. Remember that all other Internet users are strangers; you do not know who you are chatting with. So be careful. Be extremely careful about how you share personal information about yourself online. Choose your chatting nickname carefully so as others.

Be extremely cautious about meeting online introduced person. If you choose to meet, do so in a public place along with a friend. If a situation online becomes hostile, log off and if a situation places you in fear, contact local police. Save all communications for evidence. Do not edit it in any way. Also, keep a record of your contacts and inform Law Enforcement Officials.

6.2 PREVENTIVE STEPS FOR ORGANISATIONS AND GOVERNMENT 6.2.1 PHYSICAL SECURITY: Physical security is most sensitive component, as prevention from cyber crime Computer network should be protected from the access of unauthorized persons. 6.2.2 ACCESS CONTROL: Access Control system is generally implemented using firewalls, which provide a centralized point from

which to permit or allow access. Firewalls allow only authorized communications between the internal and external network. 6.2.3 PASSWORD: Proof of identity is an essential component to identify intruder. The use of passwords in the most common security for network system including servers, routers and firewalls. Mostly all the systems are programmed to ask for username and password for access to computer system. This provides the verification of user. Password should be charged with regular interval of time and it should be alpha numeric and should be difficult to judge. 6.2.4 FINDING THE HOLES IN NETWORK: System managers should track down the holes before the intruders do. Many networking product manufactures are not particularly aware with the information about security holes in their products. So organization should work hard to discover security holes, bugs and weaknesses and report their findings as they are confirmed. 6.2.5 USING NETWORK SCANNING PROGRAMS: There is a security administrations tool called UNIX, which is freely available on Internet. This utility scans and gathers information about any host on a network, regardless of which operating system or services the hosts were running. It checks the known vulnerabilities include bugs, security weakness, inadequate password protection and so on. There is another product available called COPS (Computer Oracle and Password System). It scans for poor passwords, dangerous file permissions, and dates of key files compared to dates of CERT security advisories. 6.2.6 USING INTRUSION ALERT PROGRAMS: As it is important to identify and close existing security holes, you also need to put some watchdogs into service. There are some intrusion programs, which

identify suspicious activity and report so that necessary action is taken. They need to be operating constantly so that all unusual behaviour on network is caught immediately. 6.2.7 USING ENCRYPTION: - Encryption is able to transform data into a form that makes it almost impossible to read it without the right key. This key is used to allow controlled access to the information to selected people. The information can be passed on to any one but only the people with the right key are able to see the information. Encryption allows sending confidential documents by E-mail or save confidential information on laptop computers without having to fear that if someone steals it the data will become public. With the right encryption/decryption software installed, it will hook up to mail program and encrypt/decrypt messages automatically without user interaction. 3.0 DETECTION: Cyber crime is the latest and perhaps the most specialized and dynamic field in cyber laws. Some of the Cyber Crimes like network Intrusion are difficult to detect and investigation even though most of crimes against individual like cyber stalking, cyber defamation, cyber pornography can be detected and investigated through following steps: After receiving such type of mail (1) Give command to computer to show full header of mail. (2) In full header find out the IP number and time of delivery of number and this IP number always different for every mail. From this IP number we can know who was the Internet service provider for that system from which the mail had come.

(3) To know about Internet Service Provider from IP number take the service of search engine like nic.com, macffvisualroute. Com, apnic.com, arin.com. (4) After opening the website of any of above mentioned search engine, feed the IP number and after some time name of ISP can be obtained. (5) After getting the name of ISP we can get the information about the sender from the ISP by giving them the IP number, date and time of sender. (6) ISP will provide the address and phone number of the system, which was used to send the mail with bad intention.

After Knowing the address and phone number criminal can be apprehended by using conventional police methods.

-Cyber Crime is Silent Violence- -Be Aware, Play Safe- Prevent Cyber Crimes!!!