Following softwares were used: 1. 2. 3. 4. QGIS 2.0.1-Dufour Google Earth Pro 7 Google Sketchup 2013 MatLab 2009
QGIS:
QGIS (previously known as "Quantum GIS") is a cross-platform free and open source desktop geographic information systems (GIS) application that provides data viewing, editing, and analysis capabilities. QGIS allows to create maps with many layers using different map projections. QGIS allows maps to be composed of raster or Vector layers. Typical for this kind of software the vector data is stored as point, line, or polygon-feature. Different kinds of raster images are supported and the software can perform georeferencing of images. Use of QGIS in the project QGIS`s Attribute Editing capabilities were extensively used for the project. Mathematical and Boolean operations were performed on the dataset to calculate results. Geoprocessing tools were used to display seismically vulnerable regions on the map.
Use of Google Earth in the Project: Collection of geo referenced datasets in the seismic vulnerable region to get Co-ordinates & Plan of all the buildings was done using google earth pro.
Google SketchUp : Google SketchUp has capabilities to build models of anything one can imagine furniture, buildings, cities. Google SketchUp Pro : It is 3D modeling software for professionals. 3D models can be created, either by starting from scratch or by using existing data by importing drawings, CAD plans, photos, aerial imagery and other information. The modeling tools in SketchUp Pro is used to develop ideas into 3D. It also includes LayOut, which is the 2D companion to SketchUp Pro for creating deliverables like permit and construction drawings, presentation documents and full-screen digital presentations. Use of Google Sketchup in the Project: Using base layer of google earth image, volumetric shadow analysis was done to obtain height of the buildings.
MatLab:
MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a numerical computing environment and fourth-generation programming language. Developed by MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data. Use of MatLab in the project MatLab `s calculation capabilities were extensively used for the project. Mathematical modeling was used for the generation of response spectrum code from Bhuj Earthquake data.
7. When the shadow projected matches against the actual shadow, building height becomes the actual building height and the boundary of the wireframe projected onto the image becomes the boundary of the building footprint.
Estimation of Direction of Sun and Camera: The direction of sun and camera was obtained from Google Earth Image.
From Paper Generation of 3D building Models from commercial image database through shadow analysis T.Lee and T. Kim Inha university
Model Specifications :
Madhapur area Area - 3KM*3KM window around hi tech city theatre Lat 17.441880N Long 78.386979E Date/Time Stamp: 2013-01-14T14:08:56Z Selected Region:
Generation of Dataset :
Calculation of building heights Using Volumetric Shadow Analysis performed by using Google Earth. Below is the brief procedure:
Using timestamp on image date (2013-01-14T14:08:56Z), time of image is found out and Approximate angle of sun is calculated. Same is inserted in sketchup which in turn gives shadow of the buildings In sketchup, base layer of google earth image is placed. The rooftop of building is extruded in such a way that the shadows approximately match .Based on the obtained heights of the building, the time periods and frequencies are calculated. Thus the georeferenced part of the Madhapur area is constructed.
From response spectrum analysis of Bhuj Earthquake, Following response spectrum is constructed using MATLAB.
The Resonant frequency is 0.5924 Hz Tabulated results are as follows, Start Freq(Hz) 0 0.061 0.40894 0.59204 1.59912 End Freq(Hz) 0.061 0.40894 0.59204 1.59912 10 Type of Damage No Damage Moderate Damage Severe Damage Minor Damage No Damage
From the response spectrum analysis, for bhuj earthquake all the buildings lying in the frequency of 0.40894 to 0.59204 are vulnerable.
Time Period calculation for the building was done using IS1893 part 1 cl. 7.6 which states that: The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (T) in seconds, of a moment-resisting frame building without brick infill panels may be estimated by the empirical expression: For RC frame building Where, h = Height of building, in m. Inverse of time period gives the frequency in Hz. Using a QGIS Attribute query, time periods and frequencies of all the buildings in the Madhapur region were calculated.
CASE WHEN Freq>0 AND Freq<0.061 THEN NO DAMAGE WHEN Freq> 0.061 AND Freq< 0.40894 THEN Moderate Damage WHEN Freq> 0.40894 AND Freq< 0.59204 THEN Severe Damage WHEN Freq> 0.59204 AND Freq< 1.59912 THEN Minor Damage WHEN Freq> 1.59912 THEN NO DAMAGE END
Following queries were executed for the residential and commercial buildings to get affected population. Residential Region population=10*ELEVATION/3 Commercial Region population=30*ELEVATION/5
Results:
From the above calculations seismic vulnerability map and casualty prone areas are demarcated.