Economic operation of distributed energy resources in a

microgrid
Lucian TOMA, Mircea EREMIA
Department of Electrical Power Systems
University Politehnica of Bucharest
Bucharest, Romania
Email: lucian@ieee.org

Dorin BIC
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computers
Petru Maior University of Trgu Mure
Trgu Mure, Romania



Abstract In this paper the authors present a market strategy of
a microgrid incorporating a virtual power plant. For
exemplification, a configuration consisting of different types of
distributed generators and a lumped load are considered. The
aim of the virtual power plant is to maximize the profit by
minimization of the total cost involved for electrical energy
generation by the distributed generators that are part of the
virtual power plant.
Index Terms-- virtual power plant, distributed generation, smart
grids
I. IMPACT OF THE SMALL SIZE SOURCES ON THE POWER
GRID OPERATION
With the advent of new technologies running on renewable
energy sources (e.g. wind and solar) and small size but highly
efficient fossil fuelled power plants (i.e. natural gas and
petroleum), the number of distributed generators in the low
voltage and medium voltage networks has significantly
increased in the last decade and will continue to increase in the
near future. Generation planning of small size units, similar to
large generators, requires market strategy in terms of
generation availability and generation cost. Under the actual
power market conditions, a market strategy is strongly related
to an accurate generation forecast and generation/load bidding.
It is well known that the renewable energy sources show
variable availability, thus there is always a risk for balancing
the commercial agreements in which such units are part of.
Flexible generation solutions, e.g. hydro units or gas fired
units, are thus required to appropriately balance the
mismatches in generation caused by renewables.
The generation units are differently considered for
balancing responsibility in terms of the installed power. In
Romania, for instance, the owner of a power plant of installed
power totaling over 10 MW can sell the energy either on the
day ahead market (DAM) or by bilateral contracts and must
enter into balancing agreements, while units under 10 MW are
allowed to produce the available power without penalizations
for unbalancing. Besides, units under 10 MW can sell energy
to the balancing responsible parties (BRP) only, through a
bilateral agreement. Thereby, the greater the unbalance a DG
produces the smaller the energy price it can get. Vice versa,
the smaller the unbalance the greater the energy price can be
negotiated. Therefore, if capable, the owner of a DG or group
of DGs is interested to balance the offered energy, minimizing
the unbalances, in order to get higher price.
There is an important support for development of
renewable energy sources (RES) at international level. These
units are replacing, from year to year, the classical units
thereby generating a bigger risk for ensuring proper power
reserves either for frequency control or for congestion
management. Solutions should be found to optimally operate
the small size, but flexible, units in order to limit the problems
created by the RES.
II. THE VIRTUAL POWER PLANT CONCEPT
One solution by which volatile generation units may be
balanced is by aggregating different type of units, some of
them with good performances for loading/unloading and less
impact on the unit aging, into a single entity. This aggregation
can be done into a so called virtual power plant (VPP).
There are two types of VPPs: technical and commercial. Both
technical and commercial objectives can be achieved if
discussing about a microgrid.
The DGs included in the VPP can be located in the same
distribution network or in different networks. If located in the
same network, the VPP can be assigned to a microgrid
functionality, where both technical and commercial objectives
can be achieved. Otherwise, only the commercial objective is
applied. The objectives of a technical VPP can be: voltage
control, provision of emergency reserves, automatic
generation control for frequency regulation, etc. The
objectives of a commercial VPP can be: maximization of the
benefit, minimization of generation costs, minimization of
network losses, etc.
In both types of VPPs, creation of a microgrid dispatching
centre and communication infrastructure with the DGs are
required. Figure 1 shows the conceptual communication
between the DGs and the dispatching centre.
Distribution
Grid
VPP
Control
RTU
Metering &
Control
RTU
RTU
RTU
RTU
RTU

Figure 1. Aggregation of distributed generators.
Various solutions for designing a virtual power plant are
present in literature. The authors of [2] propose a solution for
aggregation of distributed generators in order to reduce the
imbalance risk in the market, by the means of an existing
methodology based on stochastic programming. The authors
of [3] and [4] propose a bidding strategy on the electricity
market, as a non-equilibrium model based on the deterministic
price-based unit commitment which takes the supply-demand
balancing constraint and security constraints of VPP itself into
account. Various other strategies are proposed in [5, 6].
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE POLYGRID MICROGRID
In order to have a more realistic vision on the operation of
a microgrid synchronized to the public network we will
consider in our paper the case of the microgrid from the
campus of University Politehnica of Bucharest, which we
will simply call it PolyGrid.
PolyGrid is interconnected with the main distribution grid
of the Bucharest City through two 10 kV cables from a central
substation own by the university. These 10 kV cables supply
groups of buildings from the central substation.
PolyGrid
Substation
Substation 1
110 kV / 10 kV
Substation 2
110 kV / 10 kV
Gas Engine P.P
PV power plant
Cable 2
Cable 1

Figure 2. The campus of University Politehnica of Bucharest.
A cogeneration power plant owned by the university is
connected to the 10 kV substation. There is also a photovoltaic
power plant placed on the roof of Faculty of Electrical
Engineering. Details of the PolyGrid elements are presented as
follows.
The cogeneration power plant (Fig. 3) consists of two gas
engine units and three boiler for additional thermal load.

Figure 3. The cogeneration power plant: a. the gas engines; b. the boilers.
The characteristics are:
- Commissioning year: March 2010
- Type of prime mover: gas engine
- Installed electrical power: 2 800 kW
el

- Electrical Efficiency: 38%
- Installed thermal power in boilers: 3 1200 kW
th

- Thermal Efficiency: 42%
This power plant is monitored and controlled from a local
dispatcher through the SCADA system. The output power can
be modified manually using a dedicated computer software.
The two gas engine - generator units are very flexible so that
the output power can be changed very quickly according to a
market strategy [7,8].
The power plant provides also thermal energy in the
campus. At lower loads, the thermal energy is supplied from
the recuperator only. At higher loads, during winter, additional
fuel is necessary to be provided by the boilers.
A photovoltaic power plant is placed on the roof of
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, injecting thus energy in the
distribution grid of the building.

Figure 4. The photovoltaic power plant.
The characteristics are:
- Commissioning year: May 2006
- Installed electrical power: 30 kW
- Capacity Factor: 20%
0
5
10
15
20
25

@
1
2
:
0
0
@
0
1
:
1
0
@
0
2
:
2
0
@
0
3
:
3
0
@
0
4
:
4
0
@
0
5
:
5
0
@
0
7
:
0
0
@
0
8
:
1
0
@
0
9
:
2
0
@
1
0
:
3
0
@
1
1
:
4
0
@
1
2
:
5
0
@
0
2
:
0
0
@
0
3
:
1
0
@
0
4
:
2
0
@
0
5
:
3
0
@
0
6
:
4
0
@
0
7
:
5
0
@
0
9
:
0
0
@
1
0
:
1
0
@
1
1
:
2
0

Figure 5. Records of generation, in kW, by the PV plant on 02/02/2007.
Example of energy generation by the photovoltaic power
plant, for 2
nd
of February 2007, is shown in Figure 5.
The load in PolyGrid varies from a base load of 0.5-0.6
MW to a peak of 2 MW in February and 1.6 MW in June.
Records of the load in PolyGrid from February and June 2009
are presented in Figures 6 to 9.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
F
e
b
ru
a
r
y
1
, 2
0
0
9
F
e
b
ru
a
r
y
6
, 2
0
0
9
F
e
b
ru
a
r
y
1
1
, 2
0
0
9
F
e
b
ru
a
r
y
1
6
, 2
0
0
9
F
e
b
ru
a
r
y
2
1
, 2
0
0
9
F
e
b
ru
a
r
y
2
6
, 2
0
0
9

Figure 6. PolyGrid load, in MW, in February 2009.
0
:
0
0
1
:
0
0
2
:
0
0
3
:
0
0
4
:
0
0
5
:
0
0
6
:
0
0
7
:
0
0
8
:
0
09
:
0
0
1
0
:
0
0
1
1
:
0
0
1
2
:
0
0
1
3
:
0
0
1
4
:
0
0
1
5
:
0
0
1
6
:
0
0
1
7
:
0
0
1
8
:
0
0
1
9
:
0
0
2
0
:
0
0
2
1
:
0
0
2
2
:
0
0
2
3
:
0
0
0
:
0
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2
/2
/2
0
0
9
0
:0
0
2
/2
/2
0
0
9
2
:2
4
2
/2
/2
0
0
9
4
:4
8
2
/2
/2
0
0
9
7
:1
2
2
/2
/2
0
0
9
9
:3
6
2
/2
/2
0
0
9
1
2
:0
0
2
/2
/2
0
0
9
1
4
:2
4
2
/2
/2
0
0
9
1
6
:4
8
2
/2
/2
0
0
9
1
9
:1
2
2
/2
/2
0
0
9
2
1
:3
6
2
/3
/2
0
0
9
0
:0
0

Figure 7. PolyGrid load, in MW, on 2
nd
of February 2009.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
M
a
y
3
1
,
2
0
0
9
J
u
n
e
5
,
2
0
0
9
J
u
n
e
1
0
,
2
0
0
9
J
u
n
e
1
5
,
2
0
0
9
J
u
n
e
2
0
,
2
0
0
9
J
u
n
e
2
5
,
2
0
0
9
J
u
n
e
3
0
,
2
0
0
9

Figure 8. PolyGrid load, in MW, in June 2009.
0
:
0
0
1
:
0
0
2
:
0
0
3
:
0
0
4
:
0
0
5
:
0
0
6
:
0
07
:
0
0
8
:
0
0
9
:
0
0
1
0
:
0
0
1
1
:
0
0
1
2
:
0
0
1
3
:
0
0
1
4
:
0
0
1
5
:
0
0
1
6
:
0
0
1
7
:
0
0
1
8
:
0
0
1
9
:
0
0
2
0
:
0
0
2
1
:
0
0
2
2
:
0
0
2
3
:
0
0
0
:
0
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
6
/
1
/
0
9
0
:
0
0
6
/
1
/
0
9
2
:
2
4
6
/
1
/
0
9
4
:
4
8
6
/
1
/
0
9
7
:
1
2
6
/
1
/
0
9
9
:
3
6
6
/
1
/
0
9
1
2
:0
0
6
/
1
/
0
9
1
4
:2
4
6
/
1
/
0
9
1
6
:4
8
6
/
1
/
0
9
1
9
:1
2
6
/
1
/
0
9
2
1
:3
6
6
/
2
/
0
9
0
:
0
0

Figure 9. PolyGrid load, in MW, on 1
st
of June 2009.
IV. A MARKET STRATEGY AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
The university is licensed as self producer and licensed to
enter into agreements with the distribution company, which is
also an energy supplier. On one hand, by installing the
cogeneration power plant the supplier has lost one load, but,
on the other hand, the electrical energy injected by the
PolyGrid in the neighborhood brings out benefits to the
supplier by avoiding grid losses because the energy is
provided locally instead of flowing through the repartition
grid, the transformers, and the distribution grid.
There are two options for PolyGrid, about the bilateral
agreement with the supplier, that is either for constant
import/export or for the maximum available exchange. The
latter is preferable for PolyGrid and actually applied, since it
has low influence in a city with load reaching up to 600 MW.
At bigger scale, if more generation sources would be
included in the consortium, the following market options can
be identified:
import agreement, for consumption at the load peaks,
for difference not covered by the local distributed
generators;
export agreement, on a hourly basis;
ancillary service, by which PolyGrid would
increase/decrease the energy exchanged at any time,
according to the suppliers demand.
The agreement between the microgrid and the supplier
may consider the following type of energy/power exchange:
a) bilateral contract for energy export;
b) bilateral contract for energy import;
c) agreement for a generation band that the supplier may
use to offer on the day ahead market;
d) a power reserve for emergency conditions or for
balancing forecast errors; for such reserves, two prices
are involved: availability and energy effectively
produced.
Besides the electrical energy that the microgrid may
import from the public distribution grid based on an
agreement with the supplier, the microgrid control may aim
first to cover the local load with the generation units from the
microgrid [9-14].
V. THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
The objective function
An objective function of the microgrid, and also of the
virtual power plant, can be the maximization of the benefits by
a market strategy, which includes various arrangements for
selling or buying electrical energy and selling power reserves,
i.e.:
Benefit MAX
where
Benefit Incomes Costs =
Incomes
The VPP can have incomes from participation on various
power markets arrangements:
24 24 24 24
, , , , , ,
1 1 1 1
DAM t DAM t BC t BC t L VPP t VPP g t reg
t t t t
Incomes E c E c E c R c

= = = =
= + + +


(1)
, DAM t
E is the energy traded by the VPP for the Day-Ahead
Market in the dispatching interval t, in kWh;
, DAM t
c the DAM clearing price in the dispatching
interval t, in m.u./kWh;
, BC t
E the energy traded by the VPP through Bilateral
Contracts in the dispatching interval t, in kWh;
, BC t
c the energy price negotiated by bilateral contracts,
in m.u./kWh;
, L VPP t
E

the energy provided to the costumers that are part
of the VPP, in kWh;
VPP
c the price of the energy supplied to the costumers
that are part of the VPP, in m.u./kWh;
, g t
R the total power reserve provided by the VPP as
ancillary service, in kWh/h;
reg
c the power reserve price provided by the VPP as
ancillary service, in m.u./kWh/h;
Note: m.u. stands for the monetary unit.
When sending bids on the DAM, the VPP manager can
only forecast the clearing price. But, after market clearing,
once the DAM clearing prince is known, the VPP can perform
the internal dispatching, in terms of the available capacity of
all distributed generators and VPP loads so that to maximize
the benefits.
Expenses
The total costs necessary for all distributed generators
from the VPP to provide the electrical energy traded through
various power markets, during 24 dispatching intervals, is:

24
,
1
g t
t
Costs C
=
=

(2)
where:
, g t
C is the total cost of the energy generated by all n DG
units in the dispatching interval t, in m.u., with

, , , , ,
1
n
g t g i t g i i t
i
C E c I
=
=

(3)
, , g i t
E is the energy produced by the generator i, in the
dispatching interval t, in kWh;
, g i
c the marginal cost of the generator i, in m.u./kWh;
, i t
I a binary variable denoting the operation state of
the generator i in the dispatching interval t: 1
shows that the generator is ON and 0 shows
that the generator is OFF;
The maximization of the objective function is subjected to
the following equality and inequality constraints:
a) The power reserve
The total power reserve that was traded for the dispatching
interval t and that must be kept available at every instant of
time is the sum of all reserves that can ne provided by the n
distributed generators, i.e.:

, , , ,
1
n
g t g i t i t
i
R R I
=
=

(4)
where
, , g i t
R is the power reserve ensured by distributed
generator i for the dispatching interval t;
b) The total load
The total load, that is energy exported and energy supplied
to the local load, must match the total generation, consisting of
agreements for the day-ahead market, bilateral contracts, and
the energy sold for the VPP consumers, is:

, , , , load t DAM t BC t L VPP t
E E E E

= + + (5)
A VPP can also provide load disconnection as ancillary
services. Thereby, the load at any time instant is:

, , , , load r t load t L t
E E R = +

(6)
where
, L t
R

is the total load disconnected in the dispatching

interval t.
c) Capability constraints of generators
It is assumed that all distributed generators are capable to
provide power reserve for both the upward and downward
regulation, except for the wind power plants and solar power
plants, of which generated power is subjected to fluctuations
of the wind and light, respectively. However, it is not
compulsory that a distributed generator will be dispatched by
the VPP coordinator to provide power reserve as ancillary
service.
If a distributed generator i is not taken into account when
building up the power reserve for the dispatching interval t,
the generated power
, , g i t
P is subject to the generation
capability constraints, i.e.:

, ,min , , , , ,max g i g i t i t g i
P P I P s s (7)
where
, ,min g i
P and
, ,max g i
P are the minimum and the maximum
capability limits, respectively.
However, if the distributed generator i is taken into
account when building up the power reserve, the total amount
of the generated power and the power reserve is subject to the
generation capability constraints, i.e.:

, ,min , , , , , , , ,max g i g i t i t g i t i t g i
P P I R I P s + s (8)
The PV panels and wind turbine systems are used at their
actual available output, so that the limits are fixed to the
available output, i.e.
, ,min g i avail
P P = and
, ,min g i avail
P P = .
d) Capability constraints of the loads
It is assumed that the consumers can participate in the
upward regulation by disconnecting a certain part of the total
load. The load that can be disconnected can take any value
between 0 and maximum load, i.e.:

, ,
0
L t L VPP t
R E

s s (9)
VI. STUDY CASE
The scenario assumed for simulation considers the
characteristics of the PolyGrid to which some possible future
elements are added.
The actual PV power plant has an installed power of 30
kW. Assuming that in the near future more PV panels will be
installed on the roofs of the buildings, we consider for
simulation a PV power plant 5 times larger than the one
described above.
The gas engine units are considered as they are actually
installed and described earlier. As for the wind generators,
although no aggregated measurements exist, we consider an
aggregated unit of 50 kW.
Since a micro-hydro power plant is feasible to be
constructed nearby the university campus on the Dambovita
river, a small hydro unit will also be considered.
The minimum and maximum capability powers, as well as
assumed generation costs for each type of distributed
generator, are given in Table I.

TABLE I. ACTIVE POWER LIMITS AND GENERATION COSTS

Pmin Pmax Cost
kW kW m.u./kWh
DG1 (Gas Engine Unit) 50 1600 4.5
DG2 (Hydro Unit) 50 400 3.0
DG3 (PV power plant) 0 300 8.0
DG4 (Wind power plant) 0 50 4.1
m.u. Monetary Unit

Note that the generation costs are given only for
simulation purposes and might not necessarily reflect real
costs, as these can vary from one unit to another and from one
country to another. The generation costs for the wind and PV
units may be lower then the real ones because financial
incentives may be considered for their real incomes. The
minimum limit for the classical generators is not zero because,
for instance, the gas units may be involved in a cogeneration
contract and need to supply hot water in the neighborhood [5].
However, low loading of cogeneration units results in lower
efficiency.
Figure 10 shows the available power of each DG for 24
hours. The gas engine generators and the hydro unit are
considered with constant maximum power, while for the PV
and wind units the available power is subject to the
availability of the primary resources.
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Hour
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

[
k
W
]

DG1
DG3
DG4
DG2

Figure 10. Individual generation of the DGs.
In our simulations we consider that a bilateral contract
only exists between the PolyGrid and the local distribution
network supplier (which plays the role of a Balancing
Responsible Party) for direct energy trading. The local load of
the microgrid is assumed to be the real load recorded on 2
nd
of
February 2009. Then, the difference between the available
energy and the total generation is the reserve that the VPP can
provide at any time as ancillary service.
Let us assume that the energy sold by bilateral contract to
the supplier is 6 m.u./kWh, the energy sold to the local load is
4.7 m.u./kWh, and the price for availability of the power
reserve as ancillary service is 1.5 m.u./kWh.
Figure 11 illustrates the market arrangements of the
microgrid. The bilateral contract for firm export to the supplier
may vary from day to day and from season to season and part
of the market strategy in terms of the local load in the
microgrid.
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Hour
E
n
e
r
g
y

a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
s

[
k
W
]


L-VPP
R
E
BC
E
g
g + R
load
E

Figure 11. Power market arrangements of the VPP.
Since a certain amount of power should be maintained as
reserve, the most expensive controllable DG unit should adjust
its generation accordingly. This is seen at DG1 in Figure 12.
Also, is can be seen that, as agreed, the uncontrolled GD (DG3
and DG4) units are dispatched according to their available
power.
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Hour
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

[
k
W
]

DG1
DG2
DG3
DG4

Figure 12. Unit commitment of the DG units.
Figure 13 illustrates the Incomes, the Expenses as well as
the Profit resulted for the 24 dispatching intervals. As occurs
in the real situation, since during the night the generation
capacity is much greater that the load, more profit is obtained
due to the largest amount of energy sold. During load peak,
corresponding to the work time, between 8-16, the generation
is almost equal to the load.

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Hour
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s

[
m
.
u
.
/
h
]

Profit
Incomes
Expenses

Figure 13. The VPP profit, in monetary units.
The scenario presented above is a hypothetical one and
assumes possible developments in PolyGrid.
However, in the actual procedure, in which the hydro unit
is missing, an energy exchange contract exists between the
university and the supplied, with unlimited power exchange.
The settlement is done at the end of each month based on the
metering at the interface between PolyGrid and the public
distribution network.
It is supposed that in the near future, the local load in the
microgrid will include charging stations for electrical vehicles
at the same time new PV power plants. Inclusion of electrical
vehicles will require a sequential approach of the economic
problem, that is real time in a lower level then an economic
unit commitment in an upper level.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
In a microgrid where the consumers may own distributed
generators, aggregation of all DG units for establishing the
market strategy may minimize the total costs. From technical
point of view, aggregated behavior of DG units can help the
supplier to balance its own contracts (portfolio) achieving a
balance between the generated powers and the load demand,
avoiding penalties that may be caused by imbalances.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work has been co-funded by the Sectoral Operational
Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013 of the
Romanian Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection
through the Financial Agreement POSDRU/89/1.5/S/62557
and by the project no. PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0693 developed
through CNCS.
REFERENCES
[1] ANRE, Commercial Code of Electrical Energy En-gross Market (in
Romanian), 2004. Online: www.anre.ro.
[2] G. Foggia, B. Delinchant, N. Hadjsaid, F. Wurtz, Optimization by
stochastic programming for the aggregation of a commercial virtual
power plant, XI-th International Workshop Optimization and Inverse
Problems in Electromagnetism, Sofia, Bulgaria, 14-18 September 2010.
[3] E. Mashhour, S.M. Maghaddas-Tafreshi, Bidding strategy of Virtual
Power Plant for participating in energy and spinning reserve markets?
Part I: Problem Formulation, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 949-956, May 2011.
[4] E. Mashhour, S.M. Maghaddas-Tafreshi, Bidding strategy of Virtual
Power Plant for participating in energy and spinning reserve markets?
Part I: Numerical Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 957-964, May 2011.
[5] L. Toma, B. Otomega, I. Tritiu, Market strategy of distributed
generation through the Virtual Power Plant concept, 13
th
International
Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment,
OPTIM-2012, Brasov, Romania, 24-26 May 2012.
[6] L. Toma, B. Otomega, C. Bulac, I. Tristiu Coordination of Distributed
Generators Through the Virtual Power Plant Concept, IEEE PES
Innovative Smart Grid Technology Europe, ISGT-2012, Berlin, 14-17
October 2012.
[7] N. Hatziargyriou, H. Asano, R. Iravani, C. Marnay, Microgrids: An
overview of ongoing research, development and demonstration
project, Power & Energy Magazine, July-August 2007.
[8] N. Hadjsaid, L. Le- Thanh, R. Caire, B. Raison, F. Blache, B. Sthl, R.
Gustavsson, Integrated ICT framework for Distribution Network with
Decentralized Energy Resources: Prototype, Design and
Development, 2010 IEEE General Meeting, Minneapolis, SUA, 25-29
July 2010.
[9] A. Milo, H. Gaztanaga, I. Etxeberria-Otadui, E. Bilbao, P. Rodriguez,
"Optimization of an experimental hybrid microgrid operation:
Reliability and economic issues," PowerTech, 2009 IEEE Bucharest ,
vol., no., pp.1-6, June 28 2009-July 2 2009.
[10] N. Augustine, S. Suresh, P. Moghe, K. Sheikh, "Economic dispatch for
a microgrid considering renewable energy cost functions," Innovative
Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2012 IEEE PES , vol., no., pp.1-7,
16-20 Jan. 2012.
[11] A. Seon-Ju, M. Seung-Il, "Economic scheduling of distributed
generators in a microgrid considering various constraints," Power &
Energy Society General Meeting, 2009. PES '09. IEEE , vol., no., pp.1-
6, 26-30 July 2009.
[12] S. Bracco, F. Delfino, F. Pampararo, M. Robba, M. Rossi, "Economic
and environmental performances quantification of the university of
Genoa Smart Polygeneration Microgrid," Energy Conference and
Exhibition (ENERGYCON), 2012 IEEE International , vol., no.,
pp.593-598, 9-12 Sept. 2012.
[13] A. Sinha, A.K. Basu, R.N. Lahiri, S. Chowdhury, S.P. Chowdhury,
P.A. Crossley, "Setting of market clearing price (MCP) in microgrid
power scenario," Power and Energy Society General Meeting -
Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 2008
IEEE , vol., no., pp.1-8, 20-24 July 2008.
[14] L. Shan, L. Gengyin, W. Wenbo, Z. Ming, "Optimal sizing
combination of the micro-sources in a connected microgrid," Innovative
Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia), 2012 IEEE , vol., no.,
pp.1-5, 21-24 May 2012.