EDCH Background & Basics Channels/ UTRAN Architecture Principles: scheduling, handover Performance Results
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Background
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E-DCH is a Rel-6 feature with following targets u Improve coverage and throughput, and reduce delay of the uplink dedicated transport channels u Priority given to services such as streaming, interactive and background services, conversational (e.g. VoIP) also to be considered u Full mobility support with optimizing for low/ medium speed u Simple implementation u Special focus on co-working with HSDPA Standardization started in September 2002 u Study item completed in February 2004 u Stage II/ III started in September/ December 2004 u Release 6 frozen in December 2005/ March 2006 u Various improvements have been introduced in Rel-7 & Rel-8
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E-DCH Basics
E-DCH is a modification of DCH Not a shared channel, such as
PHY taken from R99 u Turbo coding and BPSK modulation u Power Control u 10 msec/ 2 msec TTI u Spreading on separate OVSF code, i.e. code mux with existing PHY channels MAC similarities to HSDPA u Fast scheduling u Stop and Wait HARQ: but synchronous New principles u Intra Node B softer and Inter Node B soft HO should be supported for the E-DCH with HARQ u Scheduling distributed between UE and NodeB
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E-DCH Scheduling
UE
Scheduling information UE detects data in buffer Scheduling grant
NodeB
Scheduler takes UE for scheduling
DATA
Scheduling grant
Scheduling grant
Scheduling information
Absolute/ relative scheduling grants Algorithms left open from standards Maintains allocated resources by means of internal serving grants Selects at each TTI amount of E-DCH data to transmit Algorithms fully specified by UMTS standard
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Cell 2 UE
R99 DCH (in SHO) u UL/DL signalling (DCCH) u UL/DL CS voice/ data Rel-5 HS-DSCH (not shown) u DL PS service (DTCH) u DL signalling (Rel-6, DCCH)
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E-DCH Channels
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E-DPDCH u Carries the data traffic u Variable SF = 256 2 u UE supports up to 4 E-DPDCH E-DPCCH u Contains the configuration as used on E-DPDCH u Fixed SF = 256 E-RGCH/ E-HICH u E-HICH carries the HARQ acknowledgements u E-RGCH carries the relative scheduling grants u Fixed SF = 128 u Up to 40 users multiplexed onto the same channel by using specific signatures E-AGCH u Carries the absolute scheduling grants u Fixed SF = 256
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Downlink DPCH
CFN
CFN+1
15 Tslot (10 msec) Uplink DPCCH 0.4 Tslot (1024 chips) 148chips CFN
E-DPDCH/ E-DPCCH
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Nov. 2011
HSUPA UE Categories
E-DCH Category Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 Category 6 Category 7 (Rel.7) Max. num. Codes 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 Min SF SF4 SF4 SF4 SF2 SF2 SF2 SF2 EDCH TTI 10 msec 10 msec/ 2 msec 10 msec 10 msec/ 2 msec 10 msec 10 msec/ 2 msec 10 msec/ 2 msec Maximum MAC-e TB size 7110 14484/ 2798 14484 20000/ 5772 20000 20000/ 11484 20000/ 22996 Theoretical maximum PHY data rate (Mbit/s) 0.71 1.45/ 1.4 1.45 2.0/ 2.89 2.0 2.0/ 5.74 2.0/ 11.5
When 4 codes are transmitted, 2 codes are transmitted with SF2 and 2 with SF4 UE Category 7 supports 16QAM
UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 8
Evolution from Rel-5 E-DCH functionality is intended for transport of dedicated logical channels (DTCH/ DCCH) E-DCH in Rel-6 Additions in RRC to configure E-DCH RLC unchanged (UM & AM) New MAC-es entity with link to MAC-d New MAC-e entity located in the Node B MAC-e entities from multiple NodeB may serve one UE (soft HO)
SRNC
RRC RLC
PDCP
Logical Channels
DCCH DTCH
BCCH
MAC-es
MAC-d flows MAC-d flows
MAC-d
DCH
w/o MAC-c/sh
CRNC
Upper phy
MAC-c/sh
NodeB
MAC-e
Transport Channels
EDCH
MAC-hs
HS-DSCH DSCH FACH
MAC-b
BCH
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MAC-e/es in UE
To MAC-d MAC-es/e
E-TFC Selection Multiplexing
MAC Control
HARQ
Multiplexing u MAC-d flow concept u Mux of data from multiple MAC-d flows into single MAC-e PDU Scheduling u Maintain scheduling grant u E-TFC selection u HARQ handling
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Associated Uplink Signalling: E-TFCI, RSN, happy bit (E-DPCCH)
Cf. 25.309
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MAC-e in NodeB
MAC-d Flows
UE #N UE #2
MAC Control
UE #1
E-DCH De-multiplexing
Control
E-DCH Scheduling
MAC-e Functions u Per user u HARQ handling: ACK/ NACK generation u De-multiplexing u E-DCH control: Rx/ Tx control signals
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HARQ entity
MAC-e
E-DCH
E-DCH scheduling for all users u Assign resources (scheduling grants) Iub overload control
Cf. 25.309
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Common RG
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MAC-es in SRNC
To MAC-d
MAC-es Functions
MAC-es
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Disassembly Disassembly MAC Control
Disassembly
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Reordering/ Combining Reordering/ Combining Reordering/ Combining
MAC-d flow #1
MAC-d flow #n
Disassembly
Cf. 25.309
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RLC MAC-d
RLC PDU:
Header
DATA
MAC-d PDU:
DATA
MAC-e/es
MAC-es PDU:
TSN
DATA
DATA
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DDI
DDI
DDI
DATA
Padding (Opt)
MAC-e header
MAC-e PDU:
PHY
DATA
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N-channel parallel HARQ with stop-and-wait protocol u Number of HARQ processes N to allow uninterrupted E-DCH transmission u 10 msec TTI: 4 u 2 msec TTI: 8 Synchronous retransmissions u Retransmission of a MAC-e PDU follows its previous HARQ (re)transmission after N TTI = 1 RTT u Incremental Redundancy via rate matching Max. # HARQ retransmissions specified in HARQ profile
Re-Tx 1
New Tx 2
Re-Tx 3
New Tx 4
Re-Tx 1
Re-Tx 2
NACK NACK
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E-DCH UE Scheduling
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UE maintains internal serving grant SG SG are quantized Maximum E-DPDCH/ DPCCH power ratio (TPR), which are defined by 3GPP Reception of absolute grant: SG = AG u No transmission: SG = Zero_Grant Reception of relative grants: increment/ decrement index of SG in the SG table AG and RG from serving RLS can be activated for specific HARQ processes for 2msec TTI UE selects E-TFC at each TTI Allocates the E-TFC according to the given restrictions u Serving grant SG u UE transmit power Provides priority between the different logical channels
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Index 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29
Scheduled Grant 2 (168/15) *6 2 (150/15) *6 2 (168/15) *4 2 (150/15) *4 2 (134/15) *4 2 (119/15) *4 2 (150/15) *2 2 (95/15) *4 2 (168/15)
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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(30/15) 2 (27/15) 2 (24/15) 2 (21/15) 2 (19/15) 2 (17/15) 2 (15/15) 2 (13/15) 2 (12/15) 2 (11/15) 2 (9/15) 2 (8/15) 2 (7/15) 2 (6/15) 2 (5/15)
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Scheduling decision Load estimation, etc E-RGCH E-AGCH HARQ process number
E-DCH
AG applied to this HARQ process RG interpreted relative to the previous TTI in this HARQ process.
AG and RG associated with specific uplink E-DCH TTI, i.e. specific HARQ process u Association based on the timing of the E-AGCH and E-RGCH. Timing is tight enough that this relationship is un-ambiguous. u Example: 10msec TTI
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Scheduling Information
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Happy bit signaling One bit status flag send on E-DPCCH at each TTI Criterion for happy bit u Set to unhappy if UE is able to send more data than given with existing serving grant u Otherwise set to happy Scheduling Information Reporting Content of MAC-e report u Provides more detailed information (log. channel, buffer status, UE power headroom) u Will be sent less frequently (e.g. every 100 msec) Parameters adjusted by RRC (e.g. reporting intervals, channels to report)
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HSUPA Scheduling
Radio resources UL Load (interference) QoS Parameters Throughput bounds Other constraints NodeB decoding capabilities Iub bandwidth limit
UE capabilities
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UL Load
UL Load target
UE #m
Keep UL load within the limit E-DCH load portion of non-serving users from other cells E-DCH resources of each serving user of own cell Rate vs. time scheduling Dedicated control for serving users Common control for non-serving users
Scheduler controls:
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Principles:
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Non E-DCH
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Time Scheduling
rate
time
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UEs are continuously active Data rate is incremental increased/ decreased by relative scheduling grants No synch between UEs required Load variations can be kept low For low to medium data rates
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UEs are switched on/ off by absolute scheduling grants UEs should be in synch Load variations might be large For (verry) high data rates
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Non-scheduled Mode
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UE is allowed to send E-DCH data at any time Signaling overhead and scheduling delay are minimized Support of QoS traffic on E-DCH, e.g. VoIP & SRB Resource given by SRNC:
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Characteristics
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Non-scheduled Grant = max. # of bits that can be included in a MAC-e PDU UTRAN can reserve HARQ processes for non-scheduled transmission Multiple non-scheduled MAC-d flows may be configured in parallel One specific non-scheduled MAC-d flow can only transmit up to the nonscheduled grant configured for that MAC-d flow
Scheduled logical channels cannot use non-scheduled grant Non-scheduled logical channels cannot transmit data using Scheduling Grant
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E-DCH is power-controlled the same way as R99 DCH u E-DPCCH/ E-DPDCH power controlled with offsets relative to DPCCH
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DPCCH still under closed inner/ outer loop power control E-DPCCH/ DPCCH offset signaled by RRC Reference PO/ reference E-TFCI signaled by RRC Calculated for other E-TFCI from reference PO (specified in standard) Additional offset DHARQ in HARQ profile for each MAC-d flow to satisfy different QoS requirements
Each MAC-es PDU received by the SRNC contains indication of how many retransmissions were required to decode it
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Measure of the received E-DCH quality Update SIR target setting for DPCCH via DCH FP signaling Signal new power offset settings to UE/ NodeB via RRC signaling
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UE NodeB 1 NodeB 2
Macro-diversity operation on multiple NodeBs u Softer handover combining in the same NodeB u Soft handover combining in RNC (part of MAC-es) Independent MAC-e processing in both NodeBs u HARQ handling rule: if at least one NodeB tells ACK, then ACK u Scheduling rule: relative grants DOWN from any NodeB have precedence
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Mobility Handling
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The UE uses soft handover for associated DCH as well as for E-DCH u Using existing triggers and procedures for the active set update (events 1A, 1B, 1C) u E-DCH active set is equal or smaller than DCH active set
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New event 1J: non-active E-DCH link becomes better than active one
The UE receives AG on E-AGCH from only one cell out of the E-DCH active set (serving E-DCH cell) u E-DCH and HSDPA serving cell must be the same u Hard Handover, i.e. change of serving E-DCH cell u Using RRC procedures, which maybe triggered by event 1D
u
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Mobility Procedures
SRNC
MAC-es
SRNC
MAC-es
MAC-e NodeB
MAC-e NodeB
MAC-e NodeB
MAC-e NodeB
s
Serving E-DCH radio link
t
Serving E-DCH radio link
Inter-Node B serving E-DCH cell change within E-DCH active set Note: MAC-e still established in both NodeBs !
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UE
RL Reconfiguration Commit
RL Reconfiguration Commit
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UL Load
UL Load target
Non E-DCH
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10ms TTI
2ms TTI
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36 cells network UMTS composite channel model FTP traffic model (2 Mbyte upload, 30 seconds thinking time) Maximum cell throughput reached for about 78 UEs per cell
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2000
1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 200
1 1 UE/ cell 2
2 3
#UEs/cell 3 4
4 5
u
5
6 7 8 12 10 10
16 14 1400
6 7 8 9
1600
1800
Cell throughput drops if #UEs increases further since the associated signaling channel consume UL resources too
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10ms TTI
3500 3000
u
2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 AWGN PedA3 PedA30 VehA30 VehA120
10ms TTI: up to 1.7 Mbps (near theoretical limit of 1.88 Mbps) 2ms TTI: up to 3.6 Mbps (below theoretical limit 5.44 Mbps)
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Scenario
E.g. due to restrictions from RLC layer (window size, PDU size)
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References
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Papers
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A. Ghosh et al: Overview of Enhanced Uplink for 3GPP W-CDMA, Proc. IEEE VTC 04/ Milan, vol. 4, pp. 22612265 A. Toskala et al: High-speed Uplink Packet Access, Chapter 13 in Holma/ Toskala: WCDMA for UMTS, Wiley 2010 H. Holma/ A. Toskala (Ed.): HSDPA/ HSUPA for UMTS, Wiley 2006 TS 25.xxx series: RAN Aspects TR 25.896: Feasibility Study for Enhanced Uplink for UTRA FDD TR 25.808: FDD Enhanced Uplink; Physical Layer Aspects TR 25.309/ 25.319 (Rel.7 onwards): Enhanced Uplink: Overall Description (Stage 2)
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Standards
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Abbreviations
ACK AG AM AMC BO CAC CDMA DBC DCH DDI DPCCH E-AGCH E-DCH E-HICH Indicator E-RGCH E-TFC FDD FEC FIFO FP GoS HARQ IE MAC-d MAC-e/es
UMTS Networks
(positive) Acknowledgement Absolute Grant Acknowledged (RLC) Mode Adaptive Modulation & Coding Buffer Occupancy Call Admission Control Code Division Multiple Access Dynamic Bearer Control Dedicated Channel Data Description Indicator Dedicated Physical Control Channel E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel Enhanced (uplink) Dedicated Channel E-DCH HARQ Acknowledgement Channel E-DCH Relative Grant Channel E-DCH Transport Format Combination Frequency Division Duplex Forward Error Correction First In First Out Framing Protocol Grade of Service Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Information Element dedicated Medium Access Control E-DCH Medium Access Control
Mux NACK NBAP OVSF PDU PHY PO QoS QPSK RB RG RL RLC RLS RRC RRM RV SDU SF SG SI TNL TPR TTI UM
Multiplexing Negative Acknowledgement NodeB Application Part Orthogonal Variable SF (code) Protocol Data Unit Physical Layer Power Offset Quality of Service Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Radio Bearer Relative Grant Radio Link Radio Link Control Radio Link Set Radio Resource Control Radio Resource Management Redundancy Version Service Data Unit Spreading Factor Serving Grant Scheduling Information Transport Network Layer Traffic to Pilot Ratio Transmission Time Interval Unacknowledged (RLC) Mode
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