Microsoft Power Point - 7 OMF000602 Network Planning Principle ISSUE2

Network Planning Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
The performance of GSM network is mainly based on the
topology structure and parameter planning, so suitable
planning can save investment, ensure the acceptable index
and decrease optimization working
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know principle of propagation
Grasp the feature of antenna
Plan coverage and capacity
Master the flow of network planning
Contents
1. Planning Basis
2. Coverage Planning
3. Capacity Planning
4. Advance Planning
5. Procedure and Site Location
Contents
1. Planning Basis
1.1 Fundamental to GSM Network
1.2 Mobile Radio Link
GSM Bandwidth
GSM 900 :
Channel spacing 200kHz,124 carriers
890 915 935 960
Duplex Spacing : 45 MHz
GSM 1800 :
Channel spacing 200kHz,374 carriers
1710 1785 1805 1880
Duplex Spacing : 95 MHz
The Frequency Spectrum
Frequency
Frequency Range Downlink
Uplink Frequency Point
Spectrum (MHz) Frequency
Available
880~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124

E-GSM900 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
925~960 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 975<=n<=1023
876~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124

R-GSM900 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
921~960 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 955<=n<=1023
PCS1900 1850~1910 512<=n<=810

Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n-512) Fd(n)=Fu(n)+80
1930~1990
Requirement for C/I
All useful signals carrier

C/I = All useless signals = interference
Useful signal Noise from environment
Other signals
GSM standard: C / I >= 9 dB

In practical projects: C / I >= 12dB
Effects of Interference
Affect signal quality
Required C/I
Co-Channel C/I: 9dB
The first adjacent Channel C/I: -12dB
The second adjacent Channel C/I: -41dB
Signal Quality in GSM
RX Quality
RXQUAL class : 0 ... 7
RXQUAL Mean BER BER range

class (%) from... to
0 0.14 < 0.2%
good 1 0.28 0.2 ... 0.4 %
usable signal 2 0.57 0.4 ... 0.8 %
3 1.13 0.8 ... 1.6 %
acceptable 4 2.26 1.6 ... 3.2 %
5 4.53 3.2 ... 6.4 %
unusable 6 9.05 6.4 ... 12.8 %
signal 7 18.1 > 12.8 %
Interference Sources
Multi-path (long echoes)
Frequency reuse
External interference
Note : Interference has the same effect as poor coverage.
Reduce the interference

as possible.
Methods for Reducing Interference
Frequency planning
Suitable site location
Antenna azimuth, downtilt and height
Frequency hopping
Power control based on quality
Evaluate signal level and quality
DTX
Silent transmission in speech pauses
Adaptive channel allocation
Always assign the best available channel during call setup.
Cell Evolution
Umbrella Cell Macro Cell Micro Cell Pico Cell

5-50Km 1-5Km 100m-1Km 10m-100m
Early 80’s Mid-end 80’s Mid 90’s Mid-end 90’s
Macro Cell Layered Network
Layered Network
High layer station
Middle layer station Middle layer station
Low layer station Low layer station

Low layer station Low layer station
Indoor station
Indoors station
Indoors station Indoors station
Macro Cell Network
Cost performance solution
Suitable for covering large area

Large cell range
High antenna position k m

2..20
Cell ranges 2 ..20km
Used with low traffic volume

Typically rural area
Road coverage
Micro Cell Network
Capacity oriented network
Suitable for high traffic area
Mostly used with beamed cell
0,5 .. 2km
Cost performance solution
Usage of available site’s equipment
Typical application
Medium town
Suburb
Typical coverage range: 0.5 .. 2km
Contents
1. Planning Basis
1.1 Fundamental to GSM Network
1.2 Mobile Radio Link
Radio Link Propagation
Multi-path propagation
Radio path is a complicated propagation medium
Limited transmitting energy

The service range is determined by the transmission power of mobiles
Battery life-time
Limited spectrum
Set upper limitation for data rate (Shannon´s theorem)
Additional effort needed for channel coding
Frequency reused result in self- interference
Radio Propagation Environment
Multi-path propagation
Shadowing
Terrain
Building
Reflection
Interference
Reflections
Strong echoes can cause excessive transmission delay
No impact If the delay falls in the equalizer window
Cause self-interference if the delay falls out of the equalizer

window
direct signal
strong reflected signal
amplitude long echoes, out of equalizer window:

self-interference
delay time
equalizer window 16 µs
Fading
Slow fading (Lognormal Fading)
Shadowing due to large obstacles on propagation direction
Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)

Serious interference from multi-path signals
Level (dB)
+10
-10
-20
920 MHz
v = 20 km/h
-30
0 1 2 3 4 5m
Fading
power
Rayleigh
fading
+20 dB
lognormal
fading
mean
value
- 20 dB
2 sec 4 sec 6 sec time
Land Usage Types
Urban small cells, 40..50 dB/Dec attenuation
Forest heavy absorption; 30..40 dB/Dec; differs with

season (foliage loss)
Open, farmland easy, smooth propagation conditions
Water propagates very easily ==> dangerous !
Mountain surface strong reflection, long echoes
Hilltops can be used as barriers between cells, do not

use as antenna or site location
What is Diversity
Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both
overcoming the impact of fading across the radio channel
and increasing the received signal to interference ratio
The former is achieved by ensuring “uncorrelated” (i.e. low

enough correlated) fading between antenna branches i.e.
not all antennas experience fades at the same time
Diversity
t
Time diversity
Coding, interleaving
Frequency diversity f
Frequency hopping
Space diversity
Multiple antennas
Polarization diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path diversity
Equalizer
Contents
1. Planning Basis
4. Advance Planning
Cell Coverage Range
Achievable cell coverage depend on
Frequency band (450, 900, 1800 MHz)
Surroundings and environment
Link budget figure
Antenna type
Antenna direction
Minimum required signal level
Link Budget
Link Budget Model
On downlink
Minreceive = S ms + I m arg in + SlowlyFading m arg in + FastFading m arg in + L penetration
On uplink
Pbts − Lcable + Gbts − L + Gms ≥ Minreceive
Pms + Gms − L penetration − L + Gdiversity + Gbts − Lcable ≥ Minreceive
Min receive = S bts + I m arg in + SlowlyFading m arg in + FastFading m arg in
Equipment-related Parameters
BTS Tx power
Maximum BS Tx power.
Maximum power of the antenna：Ptrx-Lcdu
Maximum MS Tx power
900:2W
1800:1W
BS antenna gain
Typical value: Omni directional antenna: 11dBi or 13dBi;
directional antenna: 15 to 18dBi.
MS antenna gain
Generally, MS antenna and the connection loss are
considered to be 0dB.
Equipment-related Parameters
BTS receiver sensitivity
900:-110dBm
1800:-109dBm
The sensitivity is also related with vendor and environment
MS receiver sensitivity
-102dBm
BTS feeder and connector loss
The feeder loss is related to the signal frequency and length.
The connector loss is approximately 0.2dB.
Feeder types
450MHz 800MHz 2000MHz
Frequency
7/8 inches 2.7 dB/100m 4.03 dB/100m 6.46 dB/100m
Margin
Fast fading margin: typical value 3dB
Interference margin: typical value 3dB
Slowly fading margin: typical value: 3--10dB

The path loss value obtained from the link budget is the
median. Due to the shadow fading, the actual path loss
fluctuates around this value. It is subjected to the logarithmic
normal distribution as the location and time varies To ensure a
certain edge coverage probability (generally > 75%), it is
necessary to reserve some power margin, i.e. the shadow
fading margin.
Margin
According to the standard deviation of the shadow fading and
the requirements for the border coverage probability
(determined by the operator), we can calculate the shadow
fading margin by
Mf (dB value)= NORMSINV (Border coverage probability) ֠ r
where
NORMSINV ( ) is the inverse function of the standard normal
distribution accumulation function. The 75% border coverage
probability is corresponding to 0.68. r is the standard deviation of
shadow distribution. Generally, when the frequency is 800MHz, this
value is 6-8dB in quasi plain urban areas.
Note : the 75% border coverage probability is corresponding to the
90% area coverage probability.
Min. Receive Level
Application Environment Min. Receiving Level Given
Sms=-102dBm
Fast Fading Margin=2dB
Density urban, indoor -75dBm Slowly Fading Margin=5dB
Interference margin=2dB
Penetration Loss=18
Sms=-102dBm
Resident area, indoor -80dBm Slowly Fading Margin=5dB
Penetration Loss=13
Sms=-102dBm
Outdoor -93dBm
Slowly Fading Margin=5dB
Balance Function
Pbts − S ms = Pms + Gdiversity − S bts
Why is not related to loss of cable?
Distance and Coverage Area
3 – Sectors site Omni site
Site Coverage Radius: R Site Coverage Radius: R

Site distance: D=1.5R Site distance: D=1.732R
Coverage Area=1.949R2 Coverage Area=2.598R2
Amount of BTS
Evaluate achievable cell coverage range
Radius=f (topography, requirements, environment, ...)
Coverage Area=F (radius, sort)
Number of BTS needed for coverage reason:
desire area/area per site
Contents
1. Planning Basis
4. Advance Planning
How Many Subscribers can a Cell Support?
Traffic volume generated by subscriber and distribution
(amount of subscriber and load per user in busy hour)
GOS: Grade of Service or Block rate
Amount of TCH and signaling CH
The available bandwidth and reuse model
Channel configuration
Erlang table represent the relationship among block rate,

traffic volume and number of CH
Channel Configuration
One BCCH is needed for one cell
It is suggested that one SDCCH/8 is needed for two TRX
For example:
There are 3 TRX in certain cell, therefore, the below channel
should be configured: One BCCH, Two SDCCH/8, Twenty one
TCH
Erlang Table
Sum of Block Rate

CH 0.5 1.0 2 5 10
6 1.622 1.909 2.276 2.960 3.758
7 2.158 2.501 2.935 3.738 4.666
14 6.663 7.532 8.200 9.730 11.47
21 11.86 12.84 14.04 16.19 18.65
29 18.22 19.49 21.04 23.83 27.05
36 24.01 25.51 27.34 30.66 34.50
Estimate Number of BTS Needed
Given: amount of subscriber, bandwidth available,
reused density, traffic model
total operator’s bandwidth/planned freq. reuse rate
==>number of TRX per cell
==>channel per cell
==>subscriber per cell
==>number of BTS needed for traffic reasons
VERY rough initial estimation!
How Many Subscribers should a Cell Support?
Given: Number of subscribers in area, Traffic load per subscriber,

Coverage area, radius
Total traffic volume
==> traffic per sq.km
==> traffic per cell
==> number of TRX needed per BTS
Allow extra capacity for roamer and busy hour traffic
Transmission should not be the

bottleneck of the system
Contents
1. Planning Basis
4. Advance Planning
Why Indoors
Indoor coverage become the main competition between operators
Subscribers expect continuous coverage and better quality
Outdoor cell can’t provide sufficient indoor coverage
Good
Quality!
INDOOR SOLUTION
Building Penetration Loss
Signal level in building is estimated by using a building
penetration loss margin
Big differences between rooms with window and without

window(10~15 dB)
signal level increases with floor
number :~1.5 dB/floor (for 1st
..10th floor)
Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB
Pref = 0 dB Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB
rear side :
-18 ...-30 dB
-15 ...-25 dB no coverage
Building Penetration Loss
Signal loss for penetration varies between different building
materials, e.g.:
mean value
reinforced concrete wall, windows 17 dB
concrete wall, no windows 30 dB
concrete wall within building 10 dB
brick wall 9 dB
armed glass 8 dB
wood or plaster wall 6 dB
window glass 2 dB
Total building loss = median values＋margin (lognormal) for higher probabilities
In-Building Path Loss
Simple path loss model for in-building environment
Outdoor loss: Okumura‘s formula
Lout = 42,6 + 20 log( f ) + 26 .. 35 log( d ) Lout
Wall loss
Lwall = f (material; angle)
Lwall
Indoor loss: linear model
For Pico-Cells
Lin = L0 +(loss per meter)*d Lin
building type loss application example

old house 0,7 dB/m (urban l)
commercial type 0,5 dB/m (modern offices)
open room, atrium 0,2 dB/m (museum, train station)
Indoor Coverage Solutions
Antennas
Small BTS
Distribute antenna
Mini BTS
Repeater Leaky cable
Active Signal distribution
Passive Power splitter
Optical
Optical fiber
Indoor Planning
Single cell approach Multi-Cell approach
f1..f6 f5 f3 f1
f1..f6 f6 f4 f2
f1..f6 f5 f3 f1
Example1: Example2:
1.2 MHz allocation 1.2 MHz allocation
50 mErl/subscriber, GOS=2% 50 mErl/subscriber , GOS=2%
no frequency reuse: reuse per two floor, separate
frequencies within one floor:
a) three floors a) three floors
34.68 Erl=> 694 subscribers 52.12 Erl => 842subs
b) ten floors b) ten floors
34.68 Erl => 694 subscribers 140 Erl => 2808 subs
Indoor Coverage Examples
With Repeater
Relay outdoor signal into target building
Need donor cell, add coverage but not capacity
With indoor BTS and distributed antenna
Heavy loss bring by power splitting and cable
Outdoor Antenna
50m -50 dBm Gain: 18 dBi
1:1
4th floor
50m
7/8'' Cable
1:1 50m
Loss: 4dB / 50m 4th Floor
1:1 3rd floor Cable length : 25m
50m
3rd Floor
1:1 50m
1:1 2nd floor 2nd Floor

50m
50m 1st Floor
1st floor
1:1:1 1:1
50m Ground Floor
50m
Indoor Antenna
1:1 ground floor Gain: 9dBi
50m
Target Indoor Coverage Building
Repeater
According to operating frequency
Wide-band Repeater
Narrow-band Repeater
According to working method
Passive Repeater
Needs strong external signal, useful only with very short cables and seldom
used
Active Repeater
Amplify and re-transmits all received signals
Application examples needs
decoupling > amplification
Coverage for low traffic area
Remote valley
Tunnel
Underground coverage
Wave Propagation in Tunnels
Ideal antenna position: center of cross-section
Distance to walls: min. 2λ
Tunnel cross-section shape unimportant, if λ > 10
Time dispersion decreases with distance
Install antenna 50~100m before tunnel entrance
Good signal coupling between successive tunnels
Tunnels
Tunnelsare
arevery
verysuitable
suitableenvironment
environment
for
forradio
radiowave
wavepropagation
propagation
Tunnel Cross-Section
Filling factor determines propagation condition
Typical range for filling factors

Road tunnels: 10%
Metro: 60~90%
5dB margin for metro tunnel
filling factor =----------
Solution Scheme
Coverage Prediction: L=20LgF+30LgD-28
Typical loss in tunnel as below
Signal source: Mini BTS, Repeater
Distribution system: Cable, Leakey cable and Directional antenna
Distance 900MHz 1800MHz
50m 82dB 88.1dB
100m 91dB 97dB
150m 96.3dB 102.1dB
200m 100.1dB 106.1dB
300m 105.3dB 111.4dB
Location Area Design
Location update affects all mobiles in network
Location update in idle mode
Location update after call completion
Location update brings extra burden to the network
Good location area design should avoid ping-pong
location update
Paging ability is limitation of location area
major road Location area 2
Location area 1
LA Design
Paging blocks per second X Paging message per
block=Paging message per second
==>Paging message per hour
==>Traffic volume per Location area
==>Sum of TRXs per Location area
It is related to traffic model!
Contents
1. Planning Basis
4. Advance Planning
Scope of Network Planning
Network design
Number & configuration of BSC
Antenna specifications
BSS topology
Frequency plan
Network evolution strategy
Network performance prediction

Gos
Margin calculations
Interference probabilities
Quality observation
Planning Flow
Start
Information collection
Preparation for planning
Nominal planning
Interference measurement
Propagation mode tuning
RF site survey
Frequency planning
parameter planning
Data configuration
End
Contents of Information Collection
Operator’s requirements
Subscriber forecasts
Coverage requirements
Quality of service
Recommended sites
External information
Terrain data
Population data
Bandwidth available
coverage capacity quality cost
You can get a balanced network

Preparation for Planning
Population distribution in serving area
Road condition and paper map
Digital map
Service area visit
Link budget
Traffic distribution
Nominal Planning
Presume site location
Coverage predication
Frequency planning
Interference analyze
Traffic prediction
Interference Measurement
Use spectrum analyzer to scan the interference and confirm
the exact RF resource can be used.
Propagation Model Tuning
To make a accurate coverage planning, propagation model
tuning is necessary.
Model Error Distribution
6000
5000
4000
Number of Bins
3000
2000
1000
0
-48 -44 -40 -36 -32 -28 -24 -20 -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
-1000
Error (dB)
tuned Non-tuned
Site Location
Cell performance has a close relationship with site location
Site is long-term investment
Site acquisition is a slow process
Hundreds of sites needed per network
Site is a valuable long-term

asset for the operator
RF Site Survey
Site location confirmation
Cell capacity confirmation
Antenna selection
Antenna installation position
Antenna height, azimuth and downtilt
Bad Site Location
Avoid hill-top location for site
Uncontrollable interference
Cross coverage
Bad handover behavior
wanted cell uncontrolled, strong

boundary interferences
cross coverage areas:
Good Site Location
Prefer site off the hill-top
Use hill to separate cell
Contiguous coverage area
Need only low antenna height if site are slightly elevated

above valley bottom
wanted cell
boundary
Site Selection Criteria
Radio criteria Non-radio criteria
Good view in main beam Space for equipment

direction Availability of leased
No obstacles transmission line or
Good visibility of terrain microwave link
Antenna installation situation Power supply
LOS to next microwave site Access restrictions
Short feeder length House owner
Rental costs
Site Information
Questionnaire
Site coordinates, height above sea level, exact address
Type of building
Building materials
Possible antenna heights
360deg photo (clearance view)
Neighborhood, surrounding environment
Drawing sketch of rooftop
Antenna installation conditions
BTS location, approximately feeder lengths
Frequency Planning Adjust and
CDD Planning
BCCH,BSIC,TCH planning
Frequency hopping planning
OK! Set the data
Interference analysis to the BSC
Cell data design
BSS Parameters
BSS Relevant Parameter for Network Planning
Frequency allocation plan
Logical radio configuration
Transmitting power
Definition of neighboring cells
Definition of location areas
Handover parameters
Power control parameters
Cell selection parameters
Radio link time-out counter
Topology of BSC- BTS network
Summary
In this course, we have learned:
Propagation and planning basis
Coverage planning method
Capacity planning method
Indoor and tunnel planning
Planning procedure and site location
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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Network Planning Principle

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Grasp the feature of antenna

Plan coverage and capacity

Master the flow of network planning

5. Procedure and Site Location

1.2 Mobile Radio Link

Channel spacing 200kHz,124 carriers

890 915 935 960

Duplex Spacing : 45 MHz

Channel spacing 200kHz,374 carriers

1710 1785 1805 1880

Duplex Spacing : 95 MHz

880~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124

876~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124

PCS1900 1850~1910 512<=n<=810

All useful signals carrier

Useful signal Noise from environment

GSM standard: C / I >= 9 dB

The first adjacent Channel C/I: -12dB

The second adjacent Channel C/I: -41dB

RXQUAL Mean BER BER range

Note : Interference has the same effect as poor coverage.

Reduce the interference

Umbrella Cell Macro Cell Micro Cell Pico Cell

Macro Cell Layered Network

High layer station

Middle layer station Middle layer station

Low layer station Low layer station

Suitable for covering large area

High antenna position k m

Cell ranges 2 ..20km

Used with low traffic volume

Typical coverage range: 0.5 .. 2km

1.2 Mobile Radio Link

Limited transmitting energy

Cause self-interference if the delay falls out of the equalizer

amplitude long echoes, out of equalizer window:

Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)

2 sec 4 sec 6 sec time

Forest heavy absorption; 30..40 dB/Dec; differs with

Open, farmland easy, smooth propagation conditions

Water propagates very easily ==> dangerous !

Mountain surface strong reflection, long echoes

Hilltops can be used as barriers between cells, do not

The former is achieved by ensuring “uncorrelated” (i.e. low

5. Procedure and Site Location

Frequency band (450, 900, 1800 MHz)

Surroundings and environment

Link budget figure

Minimum required signal level

Pms + Gms − L penetration − L + Gdiversity + Gbts − Lcable ≥ Minreceive

Min receive = S bts + I m arg in + SlowlyFading m arg in + FastFading m arg in

Interference margin: typical value 3dB

Slowly fading margin: typical value: 3--10dB

Pbts − S ms = Pms + Gdiversity − S bts

Why is not related to loss of cable?

Site Coverage Radius: R Site Coverage Radius: R

Coverage Area=F (radius, sort)

Number of BTS needed for coverage reason:

desire area/area per site

5. Procedure and Site Location

GOS: Grade of Service or Block rate