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If your work is not legible, it will be given a mark of zero. Marks will be deducted for incorrect information added to an otherwise correct answer. You have 90 minutes to complete this test.
If your work is not legible, it will be given a mark of zero. Marks will be deducted for incorrect information added to an otherwise correct answer. You have 90 minutes to complete this test.
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If your work is not legible, it will be given a mark of zero. Marks will be deducted for incorrect information added to an otherwise correct answer. You have 90 minutes to complete this test.
Hak Cipta:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Format Tersedia
Unduh sebagai PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
Spring 2011 Chemistry 1000 Midterm #2A ____/ 50 marks
INSTRUCTIONS: 1) Please read over the test carefully before beginning. You should have 7 pages of questions and a formula/periodic table sheet. 2) If your work is not legible, it will be given a mark of zero. 3) Marks will be deducted for incorrect information added to an otherwise correct answer. 4) Marks will be deducted for improper use of significant figures and for missing or incorrect units. 5) Show your work for all calculations. Answers without supporting calculations will not be given full credit. 6) You may use a calculator. 7) You have 90 minutes to complete this test.
Confidentiality Agreement: I agree not to discuss (or in any other way divulge) the contents of this exam until after 8pm Mountain Time on Wednesday, March 23 rd , 2011. I understand that, if I were to break this agreement, I would be choosing to commit academic misconduct and that is a serious offense which will be punished. The minimum punishment would be a mark of 0/50 on this exam and removal of the overwrite midterm mark with final exam mark option for my grade in this course; the maximum punishment would include expulsion from this university.
Signature: ___________________________ Date: _____________________________ Course: CHEM 1000 (General Chemistry I) Semester: Spring 2011 The University of Lethbridge
Total / 47 NAME:_________________________ Section:_____ Student Number:________________
1. Beryllium and aluminium are related by the diagonal relationship, indicating that their chemistry shows some similarities. [3 marks] (a) Beryllium as well as aluminium metal react with aqueous base. Write a balanced reaction equation for one of these reactions. [1 marks] 2 Al (s) + 2 OH - (aq) + 6 H 2 O (l) 2[Al(OH) 4 ] 9aq) - + 3 H 2(g)
(b) What is the reason for the diagonal relationship between Be and Al? [1 mark] Be 2+ and Al 3+ have similar charge densities.
(c) Give another example for the diagonal relationship between Be and Al. [1 marks] Be and Al form a stable passivation (oxide) layer.
2. Are the following statements correct or incorrect? [5 marks] (a) Lithium reacts with elemental nitrogen. [1 mark] correct
(b) Na + is highly reactive and does not occur in nature. [1 mark] Incorrect, Na + is very stable and occurs in salts such as NaCl
(c) Magnesium carbonate decomposes upon release of O 2 gas when heated. [1 mark] Incorrect, MgCO 3 decomposes, but releases CO 2
(d) The reactivity of group 2 metals (alkaline earth metals) increases with increasing mass. correct [1 mark]
(e) All salts of group 2 metals are soluble in water. [1 mark] Incorrect. For example: BaSO 4 is insoluble.
3. Aluminium is prepared by electrolysis of molten Al 2 O 3 . [5 mark] (a) How is the aluminium ore, bauxite, purified before its use in the electrolysis? Write balanced reaction equations for the purification steps. [3 mark]
Al 2 O 3(s) + 2 OH (aq) - + 3 H 2 O (l) 2Al(OH) 4 - (aq)
Fe 2 O 3 does not dissolve Filtration Acidification: Al(OH) 4 - (aq) + H + (aq) Al(OH) 3(s) + H 2 O (l)
(b) Would this purification process work if the aluminium ore would contain beryllium oxide? Explain your answer. [2 mark]
Would not work, since BeO is also amphoteric and Be(OH) 4 - could not be separated by filtration.
4. Titanium is a metal with a cubic closest packing arrangement of atoms. It can absorb hydrogen. Hydrogen atoms will go into the tetrahedral holes. [2 marks] (a) The maximum amount of hydrogen absorbed will result in all tetrahedral holes being filled H atoms. What is the formula of that compound? [1 mark] TiH 2
(b) How would this reaction behavior change if Ti adopts a hexagonal closest packing arrangement? [1 mark] No change is expected, since Ti in hcp will still be in a closest packed structure and has the same number of tetrahedral holes.
5. Give the formulae for two metal carbonates that give off CO 2 when heated. [2 marks] Li 2 CO 3 and MgCO 3
9. Thallium, in spite of being a group 13 metal, its most stable oxidation state is +1. It forms halide salts. TlCl crystallizes in the CsCl structure, while TlI crystallize in the NaCl structural type. [4 marks] (a) Describe the unit cell of TlCl. [1 mark] Chloride is packed in a simple cubic arrangement with Tl + in the cubic hole.
(b) How can you rationalize that TlI crystallize in the NaCl structural type? [2 mark] Going from chloride to iodide, the anion radius is increasing. Hence, the r + /r - radius ratio is decreasing. The range for the radius ratio for the NaCl structure is below that of CsCl.
(c) How many formula units of TlCl are in one unit cell? [1 mark]
10. Diffraction experiments showed that iron (Fe) crystallizes in a body-centered cubic cell at room temperature (-Fe). The metallic radius is 124.1 pm. [7 marks] Calculate the density of -iron (in g/cm 3 ). = m/V Mass in one unit cell: One unit cell contains 2 iron atoms:
To find the volume of the unit cell, find the cell length (a) and relate that to the radius since a = (16/3) r. (atoms touch through the body diagonal) a = 286.6 pm (10 2 cm /10 12 pm) = 286.6 10 -10 cm = 2.866 10 -8 cm V = (2.866 10 -8 cm) 3 = 2.354 10 -23 cm 3
g atoms mol mol g atoms M m Fe cell 22 23 10 8547 . 1 10 02214 . 6 1 847 . 55 2 2
11. Born-Haber cycles are tools that can be used to estimate the enthalpy of lattice formation for ionic solids. [7 marks] (a) Write the formulae for potassium oxide, potassium superoxide, and potassium peroxide. [ 1 mark] Potassium oxide: K 2 O, potassium superoxide: KO 2 , potassium peroxide: K 2 O 2
(b) Which of these is the product of the reaction of potassium metal with excess oxygen? [ 1 mark] Potassium superoxide (c) Draw a Born-Haber cycle for potassium superoxide. Clearly label the enthalpy change involved with each step and include coefficients where necessary. [4 marks]
(d) Is the enthalpy of lattice formation a negative value, a positive value, or a value that could be positive or negative depending on the ionic compound? [ 1 mark] The enthalpy of lattice formation is always a negative value. K (s) + O 2(g) KO 2(s) K (g)
K + (g) + O 2 - (g)
A subl H(K) A f H (KO 2 ) A LF H (KO 2 ) A EA H(O 2 ) I 1 (K) NAME:_________________________ Section:_____ Student Number:________________
Some Useful Constants and Formulae Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors Atomic mass unit (u) 1.6605 10 -27 kg Planck's constant 6.626 10 -34 JHz -1 Avogadro's number 6.02214 10 23 mol 1 Proton mass 1.0072765 u Bohr radius (a 0 ) 5.29177 10 -11 m
Neutron mass 1.0086649 u Coulomb constant (1/(4tc 0 )) 8.988 10 9 Nm 2 C -2 Rydberg Constant (R H ) 2.179 10 -18 J Electron charge (e) 1.6022 10 -19 C Speed of light in vacuum 2.9979 10 8 m s -1
Electron mass 5.4688 10 -4 u Standard atmospheric pressure 1 bar = 100 kPa Ideal gas constant (R) 8.3145 J mol -1 K -1
8.3145 m 3 Pa mol -1 K -1
Formulae u = c u h E = mv p = p h = t 4 h p x > A A
Z n a r n 2 0 = 2 2 n Z R E H n = 2 2 1 mv E k = nRT PV =
10.811 B 5 12.011 C 6 14.0067 N 7 15.9994 O 8 18.9984 F 9 20.1797 Ne 10 22.9898 Na 11 24.3050 Mg 12
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12 26.9815 Al 13 28.0855 Si 14 30.9738 P 15 32.066 S 16 35.4527 Cl 17 39.948 Ar 18 39.0983 K 19 40.078 Ca 20 44.9559 Sc 21 47.88 Ti 22 50.9415 V 23 51.9961 Cr 24 54.9380 Mn 25 55.847 Fe 26 58.9332 Co 27 58.693 Ni 28 63.546 Cu 29 65.39 Zn 30 69.723 Ga 31 72.61 Ge 32 74.9216 As 33 78.96 Se 34 79.904 Br 35 83.80 Kr 36 85.4678 Rb 37 87.62 Sr 38 88.9059 Y 39 91.224 Zr 40 92.9064 Nb 41 95.94 Mo 42 (98) Tc 43 101.07 Ru 44 102.906 Rh 45 106.42 Pd 46 107.868 Ag 47 112.411 Cd 48 114.82 In 49 118.710 Sn 50 121.757 Sb 51 127.60 Te 52 126.905 I 53 131.29 Xe 54 132.905 Cs 55 137.327 Ba 56
La-Lu 178.49 Hf 72 180.948 Ta 73 183.85 W 74 186.207 Re 75 190.2 Os 76 192.22 Ir 77 195.08 Pt 78 196.967 Au 79 200.59 Hg 80 204.383 Tl 81 207.19 Pb 82 208.980 Bi 83 (210) Po 84 (210) At 85 (222) Rn 86 (223) Fr 87 226.025 Ra 88
138.906 La 57 140.115 Ce 58 140.908 Pr 59 144.24 Nd 60 (145) Pm 61 150.36 Sm 62 151.965 Eu 63 157.25 Gd 64 158.925 Tb 65 162.50 Dy 66 164.930 Ho 67 167.26 Er 68 168.934 Tm 69 173.04 Yb 70 174.967 Lu 71
227.028 Ac 89 232.038 Th 90 231.036 Pa 91 238.029 U 92 237.048 Np 93 (240) Pu 94 (243) Am 95 (247) Cm 96 (247) Bk 97 (251) Cf 98 (252) Es 99 (257) Fm 100 (258) Md 101 (259) No 102 (260) Lr 103