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NAME:_________________________ Section:_____ Student Number:________________

Spring 2011 Chemistry 1000 Midterm #2A ____/ 50 marks



INSTRUCTIONS: 1) Please read over the test carefully before beginning. You should have 7
pages of questions and a formula/periodic table sheet.
2) If your work is not legible, it will be given a mark of zero.
3) Marks will be deducted for incorrect information added to an otherwise
correct answer.
4) Marks will be deducted for improper use of significant figures and for
missing or incorrect units.
5) Show your work for all calculations. Answers without supporting
calculations will not be given full credit.
6) You may use a calculator.
7) You have 90 minutes to complete this test.


Confidentiality Agreement:
I agree not to discuss (or in any other way divulge) the contents of this exam until after 8pm
Mountain Time on Wednesday, March 23
rd
, 2011. I understand that, if I were to break this
agreement, I would be choosing to commit academic misconduct and that is a serious offense which
will be punished. The minimum punishment would be a mark of 0/50 on this exam and removal of
the overwrite midterm mark with final exam mark option for my grade in this course; the
maximum punishment would include expulsion from this university.


Signature: ___________________________ Date: _____________________________
Course: CHEM 1000 (General Chemistry I)
Semester: Spring 2011
The University of Lethbridge

Question Breakdown

Q1 / 3
Q2 / 5
Q3 / 5
Q4 / 2
Q5 / 2
Q6 / 5
Q7 / 5
Q8 / 2
Q9 / 4
Q10 / 7
Q11 / 7

Total / 47
NAME:_________________________ Section:_____ Student Number:________________

1. Beryllium and aluminium are related by the diagonal relationship, indicating that their
chemistry shows some similarities. [3 marks]
(a) Beryllium as well as aluminium metal react with aqueous base. Write a balanced reaction
equation for one of these reactions. [1 marks]
2 Al
(s)
+ 2 OH
-
(aq)
+ 6 H
2
O
(l)
2[Al(OH)
4
]
9aq)
-
+ 3 H
2(g)

(b) What is the reason for the diagonal relationship between Be and Al? [1 mark]
Be
2+
and Al
3+
have similar charge densities.

(c) Give another example for the diagonal relationship between Be and Al. [1 marks]
Be and Al form a stable passivation (oxide) layer.


2. Are the following statements correct or incorrect? [5 marks]
(a) Lithium reacts with elemental nitrogen. [1 mark]
correct

(b) Na
+
is highly reactive and does not occur in nature. [1 mark]
Incorrect, Na
+
is very stable and occurs in salts such as NaCl

(c) Magnesium carbonate decomposes upon release of O
2
gas when heated. [1 mark]
Incorrect, MgCO
3
decomposes, but releases CO
2

(d) The reactivity of group 2 metals (alkaline earth metals) increases with increasing mass.
correct [1 mark]

(e) All salts of group 2 metals are soluble in water. [1 mark]
Incorrect. For example: BaSO
4
is insoluble.


NAME:_________________________ Section:_____ Student Number:________________


3. Aluminium is prepared by electrolysis of molten Al
2
O
3
. [5 mark]
(a) How is the aluminium ore, bauxite, purified before its use in the electrolysis? Write
balanced reaction equations for the purification steps. [3 mark]

Al
2
O
3(s)
+ 2 OH
(aq)
-
+ 3 H
2
O
(l)
2Al(OH)
4
-
(aq)

Fe
2
O
3
does not dissolve
Filtration
Acidification: Al(OH)
4
-
(aq)
+ H
+
(aq)
Al(OH)
3(s)
+ H
2
O
(l)


(b) Would this purification process work if the aluminium ore would contain beryllium oxide?
Explain your answer. [2 mark]

Would not work, since BeO is also amphoteric and Be(OH)
4
-
could not be separated by
filtration.


4. Titanium is a metal with a cubic closest packing arrangement of atoms. It can absorb
hydrogen. Hydrogen atoms will go into the tetrahedral holes. [2 marks]
(a) The maximum amount of hydrogen absorbed will result in all tetrahedral holes being filled
H atoms. What is the formula of that compound? [1 mark]
TiH
2

(b) How would this reaction behavior change if Ti adopts a hexagonal closest packing
arrangement? [1 mark]
No change is expected, since Ti in hcp will still be in a closest packed structure and has the
same number of tetrahedral holes.




5. Give the formulae for two metal carbonates that give off CO
2
when heated. [2 marks]
Li
2
CO
3
and MgCO
3


NAME:_________________________ Section:_____ Student Number:________________


6. A unit cell of a rhenium oxide is shown in the picture below. [5 marks]

grey atoms: Re white atoms: O

(a) Describe the lattice type of the rhenium atoms [2 marks]
simple cubic packing of Re






(b) How many rhenium atoms and how many oxygen atoms are inside one unit cell? [2 marks]
8(1/8) = 1 rhenium atom
12(1/4) = 3 oxygen atoms






(c) What is formula for this rhenium oxide? [1 mark]
ReO
3









NAME:_________________________ Section:_____ Student Number:________________


7. Complete the table below. Include resonance structures if necessary [5 marks]
Include any non-zero formal charges on the appropriate atom(s).

Chemical
Formula
Number of
valence electrons
Lewis structure
NO
2
-


18
O=NO: :
- _
ON=O
..
..
.. .. ..
..
..
..
..
..
..

NO
2
+


16
O=N=O
..
..
..
..
+

N
3
-


16
- -
N=N=N
..
..
..
..
+



8. Name one metal that reacts with water at room temperature and one that does not react with
water. [2 marks]

Sodium reacts with water at room temperature,
Aluminium does not react with water at room temperature.




NAME:_________________________ Section:_____ Student Number:________________

9. Thallium, in spite of being a group 13 metal, its most stable oxidation state is +1. It forms
halide salts. TlCl crystallizes in the CsCl structure, while TlI crystallize in the NaCl
structural type. [4 marks]
(a) Describe the unit cell of TlCl. [1 mark]
Chloride is packed in a simple cubic arrangement with Tl
+
in the cubic hole.






(b) How can you rationalize that TlI crystallize in the NaCl structural type? [2 mark]
Going from chloride to iodide, the anion radius is increasing. Hence, the r
+
/r
-
radius ratio is
decreasing. The range for the radius ratio for the NaCl structure is below that of CsCl.








(c) How many formula units of TlCl are in one unit cell? [1 mark]

One formula unit.









NAME:_________________________ Section:_____ Student Number:________________


10. Diffraction experiments showed that iron (Fe) crystallizes in a body-centered cubic cell at
room temperature (-Fe). The metallic radius is 124.1 pm. [7 marks]
Calculate the density of -iron (in g/cm
3
).
= m/V
Mass in one unit cell:
One unit cell contains 2 iron atoms:




To find the volume of the unit cell, find the cell length (a) and relate that to the radius since
a = (16/3) r. (atoms touch through the body diagonal)
a = 286.6 pm (10
2
cm /10
12
pm) = 286.6 10
-10
cm = 2.866 10
-8
cm
V = (2.866 10
-8
cm)
3
= 2.354 10
-23
cm
3


















g
atoms
mol
mol
g
atoms M m
Fe cell
22
23
10 8547 . 1
10 02214 . 6
1
847 . 55 2 2

=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
= =
3
3 23
22
879 . 7
10 354 . 2
10 8547 . 1

=
|
.
|

\
|
= gcm
cm
g
V
m

NAME:_________________________ Section:_____ Student Number:________________



11. Born-Haber cycles are tools that can be used to estimate the enthalpy of lattice formation for
ionic solids. [7 marks]
(a) Write the formulae for potassium oxide, potassium superoxide, and potassium peroxide.
[ 1 mark]
Potassium oxide: K
2
O, potassium superoxide: KO
2
, potassium peroxide: K
2
O
2

(b) Which of these is the product of the reaction of potassium metal with excess oxygen?
[ 1 mark]
Potassium superoxide
(c) Draw a Born-Haber cycle for potassium superoxide. Clearly label the enthalpy change
involved with each step and include coefficients where necessary. [4 marks]



















(d) Is the enthalpy of lattice formation a negative value, a positive value, or a value that could
be positive or negative depending on the ionic compound? [ 1 mark]
The enthalpy of lattice formation is always a negative value.
K
(s)
+ O
2(g)
KO
2(s)
K
(g)


K
+
(g)
+ O
2
-
(g)


A
subl
H(K)
A
f
H (KO
2
)
A
LF
H (KO
2
)
A
EA
H(O
2
)
I
1
(K)
NAME:_________________________ Section:_____ Student Number:________________

Some Useful Constants and Formulae
Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors
Atomic mass unit (u) 1.6605 10
-27
kg Planck's constant 6.626 10
-34
JHz
-1
Avogadro's number 6.02214 10
23
mol
1
Proton mass 1.0072765 u
Bohr radius (a
0
) 5.29177 10
-11
m

Neutron mass 1.0086649 u
Coulomb constant (1/(4tc
0
)) 8.988 10
9
Nm
2
C
-2
Rydberg Constant (R
H
) 2.179 10
-18
J
Electron charge (e) 1.6022 10
-19
C Speed of light in vacuum 2.9979 10
8
m s
-1

Electron mass 5.4688 10
-4
u Standard atmospheric pressure 1 bar = 100 kPa
Ideal gas constant (R) 8.3145 J mol
-1
K
-1

8.3145 m
3
Pa mol
-1
K
-1



Formulae
u = c u h E = mv p =
p
h
=
t 4
h
p x > A A

Z
n
a r
n
2
0
=
2
2
n
Z
R E
H n
=
2
2
1
mv E
k
= nRT PV =


2
) )( (
4
1
d
e z e z
F
+
=
tc

d
e z e z
E
) )( (
4
1
+
=
tc


Lattice type r+/r-
Zinc blende 0.225-0.414
Wurtzite 0.225-0.414
NaCl 0.414-0.732
CsCl 0.732-1.00

1 CHEM 1000 Standard Periodic Table 18
1.0079
H
1

2


13

14

15

16

17
4.0026
He
2
6.941
Li
3
9.0122
Be
4

10.811
B
5
12.011
C
6
14.0067
N
7
15.9994
O
8
18.9984
F
9
20.1797
Ne
10
22.9898
Na
11
24.3050
Mg
12

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12
26.9815
Al
13
28.0855
Si
14
30.9738
P
15
32.066
S
16
35.4527
Cl
17
39.948
Ar
18
39.0983
K
19
40.078
Ca
20
44.9559
Sc
21
47.88
Ti
22
50.9415
V
23
51.9961
Cr
24
54.9380
Mn
25
55.847
Fe
26
58.9332
Co
27
58.693
Ni
28
63.546
Cu
29
65.39
Zn
30
69.723
Ga
31
72.61
Ge
32
74.9216
As
33
78.96
Se
34
79.904
Br
35
83.80
Kr
36
85.4678
Rb
37
87.62
Sr
38
88.9059
Y
39
91.224
Zr
40
92.9064
Nb
41
95.94
Mo
42
(98)
Tc
43
101.07
Ru
44
102.906
Rh
45
106.42
Pd
46
107.868
Ag
47
112.411
Cd
48
114.82
In
49
118.710
Sn
50
121.757
Sb
51
127.60
Te
52
126.905
I
53
131.29
Xe
54
132.905
Cs
55
137.327
Ba
56

La-Lu
178.49
Hf
72
180.948
Ta
73
183.85
W
74
186.207
Re
75
190.2
Os
76
192.22
Ir
77
195.08
Pt
78
196.967
Au
79
200.59
Hg
80
204.383
Tl
81
207.19
Pb
82
208.980
Bi
83
(210)
Po
84
(210)
At
85
(222)
Rn
86
(223)
Fr
87
226.025
Ra
88

Ac-Lr

(261)
Rf
104
(262)
Db
105
(263)
Sg
106
(262)
Bh
107
(265)
Hs
108
(266)
Mt
109
(281)
Dt
110
(283)
Rg
111


138.906
La
57
140.115
Ce
58
140.908
Pr
59
144.24
Nd
60
(145)
Pm
61
150.36
Sm
62
151.965
Eu
63
157.25
Gd
64
158.925
Tb
65
162.50
Dy
66
164.930
Ho
67
167.26
Er
68
168.934
Tm
69
173.04
Yb
70
174.967
Lu
71

227.028
Ac
89
232.038
Th
90
231.036
Pa
91
238.029
U
92
237.048
Np
93
(240)
Pu
94
(243)
Am
95
(247)
Cm
96
(247)
Bk
97
(251)
Cf
98
(252)
Es
99
(257)
Fm
100
(258)
Md
101
(259)
No
102
(260)
Lr
103

Developed by Prof. R. T. Boer

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