--Dental caries is an infectious disease which damages the structures of teeth. This disease causes cavities.

Increased prevalence of caries have influenced the change of diet. risk factors and the development of caries similar. At first, the location of caries may seem like a local calcareous but developed into brown hole. Tooth decay is caused by several types of acid-producing bacteria that cause damage in the fermentation carbohydrates such as sucrose, fructose, and glucose. The acid produced by the influence of mineral teeth to become sensitive to low pH. A tooth will experienced demineralization and remineralization. When the pH falls below 5.5, demineralization proceeds faster than remineralization. This leads to more minerals teeth melted and made a hole in the tooth. The main cause of caries is a process of demineralization in the email. As we know that email is the hardest part of the teeth, even the most hard and solid throughout the body. The rest of sugary foods (including carbohydrate) or milk attached to the enamel surface builds up a plaque, and a good growth medium for bacteria. The bacteria attach to the surface Sugary will produce acid and dissolve the enamel surface so a process of demineralization. Resulted in the initial process of demineralization of caries the email. When this process is already happening then there is progression that can not be stop, unless removal of caries tissue and performed penumpatan (patch) on the surface of teeth affected by dental caries. problem Formulation 1. Food and Ingredients whatever cause caries? 2. How is the relationship with caries Malnutrition? 3. Any bacteria that is in the process of formation of caries? 4. How Carbohydrate metabolism in the mouth? 5. How Pathogenesis of Caries? 6. How to influence the development of Vitamins and Minerals and teething? 7. How is the handling of the patient? Caries is an infectious disease which damages the structures of teeth or region the decay in teeth caused by a gradual process dissolve email (outer tooth surfaces harder) and continues to expand into the inside of the tooth, because there is bacteria in the mouth that turns all food (especially sugar and carbohydrates) into asam.Bakteri, acid, food scraps and saliva combine to form a sticky substance called plaque, attached to the teeth. . Dental caries can affect various parts of the teeth, including enamel, dentin, the dental crown or root. Caries is the destruction of the structure dentis teeth (enamel, dentin and cememtum) by the activity of microorganisms cells (microorganisms) in dental plaque. Tooth decay is caused by certain types of bacteria producing acids that cause damage in the fermentation carbohydrates such as sucrose, fructose, and glucose. the acid produced by the influence of mineral teeth to become sensitive to low pH. A tooth will experience demineralization and remineralization. When the pH drops to below 5.5, demineralization proceeds faster than remineralization. This causes more tooth minerals melted and made a hole in the tooth. The types of bacteria that play a role in the formation of caries: 1.Streptococcus mutans 2.Lactobacill 3.Lactobacillus acidophilus, Actinomyces, viscocus, Nocardia (caries on the roots of teeth) 4. Bacteria Bifidobacterium dentium BD1 Symptoms and Causes of Dental Caries The things that contribute to dental caries: sensitive teeth, the tooth containing little fluorine or have holes, indentations or grooves that hold plaque. bacteria, mouth contains large amounts of bacteria, but only bacteria types certain that cause tooth decay. The most common is bacterial

Streptococcus mutans. leftovers. Symptom Not all tooth pain is caused by cavitation (caries). Toothache may occur because: contaminated roots, but do not rot too strong chew broken tooth. Sources: http://www.wikiepedia.com/karies.gigi.htm 2.2 Food as Cause of Occurrence of Caries 2.2.1 Food Ingredients that cause caries Raw foods (carbohydrates) can lead to dental caries should contact the surface of the teeth in a long time. This Karbodidrat if available in large enough quantities, often consumed, especially the kind of sticky or attached to the teeth, the likelihood of caries is also quite high. There is a type of carbohydrate found, namely: starch polysaccharides, sucrose and glucose, sucrose which most easily lead to caries or cavities. Carbohydrates can be found in almost all foods, while meals or snacks that are preferred in children are often found in foods : Candy, chocolate, pastries and sugar. While carbohydrates in fruits not cause caries, because there were not many. Although carbohydrates can cause caries, however, we need not fear to consume them, as long as we are diligent in cleaning and caring for our teeth properly. Sources: http://cholisotulkarimah.blogspot.com/2010/06/makanan-sebagai-penyebabterjadinya.html The habit of snacking in the evening or just have time to eat at the top at 21.00 not only makes weight easily swell, but also threatens dental health. Whatever diasup snack or meal in the evening at risk for increases quickly broken teeth. The researchers explained that snacking at night can cause tooth easily damaged by mouth activity that is not stopping her. Many people are lazy to brush his teeth at night, this is the reason why brittle teeth faster. Besides saliva decreases at night so could not break down food debris stuck to, and reduce the impact of sugary foods and acids, as well as beverages consumed. With a slightly acidic saliva formed by flak bacteria in contact with food containing sugar remains in the mouth for a long time that causes food spoil email and dental caries occur. Researchers observe what happens to the 'night eating' for the next six years. The results were surprising, 'night eating' more likely suffered loss or damage to the teeth, even after taking into account factors such as age, smoking and consumption of carbohydrates or sugars. The doctors suggest that to reduce the damage, it is important to brush teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, and one of them before sleep. And whenever possible, consume only water at least one hour before the last brushing. though dentists can not stop habits of patients who prefer to eat in the evening, but a doctor should be able to make patients aware of the risks that will happen. Health practitioners should be aware of the implications of oral health habits eating at night, increase screening and oral health education efforts, treatment and make referrals as needed. sources: Forming Bacteria Caries Bacteria is an organism whose numbers most numerous and widespread compared with other organisms. Bacteria generally an organism unicellular (single-celled), prokaryotes / prokaryotes, do not contain chlorophyll, as well as microscopic (very small). Bacteria derived from the Latin word that bacterium. Bacteria have a number of species in the hundreds of thousands or even more. They are everywhere ranging from on land, in water, in other organisms, and others are also environment friendly

or extreme. In the growth of good bacteria by increasing the number and increasing the number of cells is influenced by several factors, such as the ph, temperature temperature, salt content, source of nutrients, chemicals and metabolic waste substances. Bacteria also play a part in the oral cavity, and one factor possible occurrence of caries is bacterial in the mouth contains a of the bacteria, but only certain types of bacteria that cause decay in or dental caries. In an normalpun, there are a lot of bacteria in the mouth. These bacteria convert all foods (especially sugar and carbohydrates) into acid. bacterium Cariogenic properties is related to the ability to: o Establish acid from the substrate (asidogenik) o Generate conditions with low pH (<5) o Survival and produce continuous acid with a pH conditions low (asidurik) o Attached to smooth tooth Produce insoluble polysaccharide in saliva and fluids from the food to form plaques. Three types of bacteria that commonly cause caries, namely: 1. Lactobacillus Its population is affected eating habits. The most preferred is lesions in dentin. Quantities are found in plaque and dentin carious just coincidence and lactobacilli only considered factors maid caries process. 2. streptococcus Gram positive cocci bacteria are the main cause of dental caries and number Most in the mouth. One species, namely Streptococcus mutans, asidurik more than others and can lower the pH of the medium to 4.3. S. mutans is mainly present in many populations consuming sucrose. Streptococcus mutans is the bacterium first contact with the pellicle, since these bacteria have ability to stick to the teeth. Pellicle is a layer of free organic bacteria and amorphous nature derived from salivary glycoprotein enamel surface. Streptococcus mutans and laktobasolus is a germ that cariogenic because it can immediately make acid from carbohydrates that can fermented brew. Germs can thrive in acid and can be attached to the tooth surface because of its ability to make polysaccharide extra cells are very sticky from food carbohydrates. This polysaccharide composed of glucose polymers, causing plaque matrix teeth have consistency like gelatin. Akibatya bacteria will helped to attach to the teeth, and also to stick to one another. And because the thickened plaques this will inhibit salivary function in neutralize plaque. And it turns out the patient's mouth that active caries Streptococcus mutans and laktobasolus amount more than the oral caries free man. And recent investigations also showed that Streptococcus mutans can be transferred from mother to baby, possibly with oral contact. 3. Aktinomises All species ferment glucose Aktinomises, especially form lactic acid, acetic, succinic, and formic acid. Actinomyces viscosus and A. naeslundii able to form root caries, fissures, and damage periodontonium. Sources: http://ifan050285.wordpress.com/2010/03/03/karies-dentist/ 2.4 Carbohydrate Metabolism Carbohydrates are sugars. Some simple sugars, and other more complex. Sucrose (table sugar) is made from two simpler sugars called glucose and fructose. Lactose (milk sugar) is made from glucose and galactose. Both sucrose and lactose must be broken down into sugars by enzymes before the body can absorb and use them. Carbohydrates in bread, pasta, rice, and food that contains carbohydrate molecule is a long chain of simple sugars. Molecule Longer is also to be dismantled by the body. If an enzyme needed to process certain sugars is lost, the sugar can accumulate in the body, causing problems. Carbohydrate metabolism includes synthesis (anabolism) and breakdown (catabolism) of complex organic molecules. Metabolism usually consists of tahapantahapan involving enzymes, also known as metabolic pathways. Metabolism is the total of all biochemical processes within the organism. metabolism cells include all chemical processes in cells. Without metabolism, living

can not survive. CARBS are hydrates from the elements carbon (C). This event is often found in the bodies of living things, whether plant, animal, or humans. 2.4.1 Digestion and Carbohydrate Metabolism The ultimate goal is the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates convert carbohydrates become smaller bonds, especially in the form of glucose and fructose, which can absorbed by blood vessels through the intestinal wall. digestion of carbohydrates complex begins in the mouth and ends in the small intestine. 2.4.2 Metabolism of carbohydrates in the oral cavity oral salivary amylase works on starch yield maltose, some glucose, starch moekul units are small. Sources: http://www.blogpribadi.com/2009/07/karbohidrat.html. VITAMIN Vitamins are complex compounds of a substance that is needed by our bodies, that functions to regulate body activities or processes. Without vitamins, humans, animals and other living creatures will not be able to perform life activities. And vitamin deficiencies can lead to increase the chances of developing the disease on our bodies. Vitamin based on their solubility in water can be divided into: Water-soluble vitamins: vitamin B and vitamin C Vitamins are not soluble in water but soluble in fats: vitamin A, D, E, K. Vitamins are good for the development and growth of teeth is: o Vitamin A Vitamin A is needed to build strong bones and teeth. sources of beta carotene is converted into vitamin A by the body is a fruit that is orange and orange vegetables and green. o Vitamin D Is needed to absorb calcium which is good for growing teeth. sources of vitamin D can be obtained from milk, soy milk, margarine, fatty fish, salmon and able from the sun. MINERAL Mineral is a solid homogeneous in nature formed inorganic, has a chemical composition to a certain extent and have atoms are arranged on a regular basis. Minerals that are good for growth and development teeth are: o Calcium Calcium is the main ingredient in the formation of dentin and email, intake less calcium during growth can interfere with infants and children dentition, the teeth are formed can also be sturdy and fragile. by Therefore during a mother's pregnancy is recommended to consume calcium so that the growth of bones and teeth can be formed unborn child properly. Low-fat dairy products, soy milk, salmon, sardines, dried anchovies, almonds, green leafy vegetables are good sources of calcium. o Fluor Fluor important role in the mineralization process and hardening the tooth enamel. At the time of the first tooth was formed was formed consisting of hydroxyapatite of calcium and phosphorus. The next step is to replace the fluorine groups hydroxy (OH) in the crystal and form that make teeth fluorapatit resistant to damage. Exposure to low doses of fluoride that occurs continue continuously will prevent tooth decay.

The main source of fluoride is drinking water. o Magnesium Magnesium prevents tooth decay by holding calcium in the enamel. Sources of magnesium can be obtained from green leafy vegetables, cereals, grains, nuts and milk. o Phosphorus Less phosphorus intake will interfere with the formation of teeth, due to shortage of phosphorus intake will also lead to tooth loss and easy easy affected by caries. Sources of phosphorus include milk, cheese, fish, nuts and sardines. o Protein Used for the formation of keratin proteins found in tooth enamel. The protein in the milk which is an essential nutrient in infants and kids. Sources: www.suaramedia.com 2.7 Effect of Milk Milk is a white nutritious liquid produced by the mammary glands female mammals. Milk is the primary source of nutrition for infants before they can digest solid food. Milk also contains many vitamins and protein. function of calcium: 1. Formation of Healthy Bones and Teeth Once the baby is born until the age of six years is the age of the needs of vulnerable calcium, which is a major component of healthy teeth formation andstrong. Vulnerable periods subsequent calcium requirement, occurs until the age of eighteen years, the period of the last chance to address the deficiencies (deficiency) of calcium associated with bone growth. The bones themselves experiencing peak compacting process until someone thirty-five years. Later than thirty-five years, mass berkurang.Kalsium bones slowly start to form a salt Calcium serves as a bone hardeners that afford skeleton support the whole body upright. 2. Working Muscle and Nerve 3. System Immunity / Immune 4. Heart and Blood Vessel Networks 5. Digestive System Lack of calcium in bones and teeth When bone calcium deficiency, referred to as osteoporosis, there will be easily cracked or broken bones. In serious condition, even broken bones can even in conditions of normal body activity. Lack of calcium, or the power of absorbing calcium intake is less, plus deficiencies in solar radiation, the cause of the lack of content calcium in the bones. Bones become brittle, which looks at the condition of the ribs or leg bones are not fully developed, with symptoms such as: back pain, brittle ribs, and legs shaped "O" or "X". Factors affecting the child does not want to drink milk that is: 1.Ukuran and dot shape 2.Rasa milk is not suitable 3.Pengaruh mood 4.Pengaruh parents Important To Mineralization Systemic fluoride is needed in the tooth development in the mineralization of teeth to email becomes more resistant to caries. Tooth bud is formed when the fetus is still in the womb and childhood. tooth mineralization

eldest began at 5 month old fetus in the womb. In permanent teeth, the first mineralization is the first lower molars, started the first few weeks after birth. The last tooth is formed third molars, mineralization starts at the age of 9 years. Physiologically, flour found in bones and teeth. Fluorine can be consumed through drinking water, food such as fish, vegetables, and milk, or given in supplement form such as tablets or gel. Supplementation is usually given since children aged one year or two years, and repeated a year later. At the age of 2 year, usually the child's teeth are still good, so that the process can be a maximum fluorisasi. Bacteria streptococcus mutans Besides forming and storing polysaccharide intra-cellular (levan) from different types of carbohydrates. Once the bacteria are changing carbohydrates, especially sugars into acid, the acid is then passed structure roots and begin the process of demineralization of cementum and dentin, as well as to which is the demineralization of calcium and phosphate ions. This process causes ph reaches the critical value for mendemineralisasi cementum and dentin, and for enamel demineralization. And demineralization which facilitate bacterial bacteria easily accumulate, plus another with a low state of acid ph, so it will continue to make further erode tooth enamel (demineralization) then after was formed caries. Handling Caries In Children: As a dentist, the main thing we do is actions or curative treatment for perforated teeth. Explain to patients an alternative to suit each case to handling of cavities in children, depending on the severity of the case. Treatment may include additional measures or treatment of nerve. After finishing the we provide promotive action by providing counseling the mother and the child. That is by explaining the importance of maintaining healthy teeth... by diligent brushing teeth, due to the presence of damaged teeth can continue to decrease appetite in children so that also malnourished. and when the boy loves to snack between meals are encouraged to drink water or gargle - mouth so that leftovers are not attached to the teeth. And in the case of child malnutrition, the mothers are encouraged to provide nutritious foods and provide milk for nourishment. If the child does not like to drink milk, a mother can get around by way of give milk to taste the preferred by children. As we know in market sold milk with a variety of flavors like chocolate, vanilla and others. CHAPTER V CLOSING 5.1 Conclusions Caries is a disease of dental hard tissue, is email, dentin, and cementum, which is caused by the presence bakteri.Tandanya demineralization of dental hard tissues followed by defects in material organic. The cause of caries is a type of carbohydrate, such as sucrose, glucose and fructose are then described by the bacteria Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilus to form other compounds causing asam.Faktor caries is a natural malnutrition in the child at age 3 the year after year.The nutritional deficiencies that need for child growth such minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and fluorine protein, because these substances in the need for growth and development of children, especially calcium and vitamin D. In the case of the above mentioned that the child is likely to eat chocolate and sugary foods and like to snack in the evening hari.Hal negative impact on the child's oral hygiene, the habit of snacking at night can lead to dental caries, because at night the amount of saliva slightly, so that the mouth kering.air saliva serves to break down food mouth, so food accumulate on teeth because it does not decompose, it which can lead to caries. The above can be prevented by brushing and use flour, it is shown to reduce susceptibility to dental

karies.Gigi a clean, teeth are free of plaktidak will experience caries, but very few individuals who can clean the tooth surface well 5.2 Suggestions 1. Brushing your teeth before or after breakfast and before bed at night hari.Serta removing plaque with dental floss (flossing) every day. 2. Reduce foods that sweet tooth, rinsing the mouth after eating sweet foods. 3. Eating foods that contain calcium, phosphorus, vitamin C and vitamin D useful for strengthening teeth. Eating foods that contain protein, because protein can inhibit the caries process. Eating foods that contain fat, because fat can form oil layer on the teeth, so the teeth become slippery and difficult carbohydrates attached to the teeth. Eat vegetables because they contain nitrate, a material that can inhibit the action of bacteria. Check their teeth to the dentist at least every 6 months. A. Background

Dental caries is a disease of the network of lime (calcium) teeth, characterized by tissue damage teeth, which began on the tooth surface predileksinya in the pit area, fissures, proximal contact and progressively attack to the pulp. Tooth decay including decalcification of inorganic materials and the disintegration of inorganic materials from dental tissues. Etiology Decalcification caused by acid produced from the reaction between asidogenik bacteria with sugars (carbohydrates). Bacteria such asidogenik Lactobacillus, Streptococcus asidurik, streptococcus mutans. Factors affecting the role of dental caries activity, namely: ? Host (teeth) ? Carbohydrate ? Microorganisms? is the most active factor ? Time All four of these factors must exist, if there is no one factor that caries is not formed. This is due to four factors in each circle associated with caries in the middle. Factors that took part in the formation of caries 1. Lack of attention to oral hygiene may facilitate development of caries. 2. Composition of foods that contain a lot of carbohydrates and rarely eating fibrous foods that can clean your teeth. 2Predisposing 1. Anatomical configuration of the pit, a deep fissure. 2. Anatomical tooth shape that has the properties of self cleansing embrasur and third cervical. 3. The position of the teeth in the dental arch, its relation to the salivary glands, least easily cleaned with a toothbrush 4. The habit of chewing the wrong. The side that does not work will

quickly precipitate leftovers. 5. Teeth are stunted, eg impacted. Anatomical shape and location of the deciduous teeth dental arch determining susceptibility to caries attack. Molar is much more susceptible to dental caries than others. The results showed teeth one remains molar teeth susceptible to caries percentage of 66-88% among all teeth in children. Order of teeth susceptible to caries: ? Baby teeth i upper, lower m, c above, m top, bottom and i c under ? Teeth Fixed Lower M, M top, and front upper premolars. Upper incisor caries susceptible eldest, because the enamel on surface is thinner and less dense than the occlusal surface of the teeth milk molar. Besides incisor eruption earliest so that the old contact with milk (breast milk) or PASI (Breast-milk Substitutes) Bottom front teeth (the eldest or fixed) is usually immune to caries, because of the estuary so self cleansing saliva better. The state dental will be called when a severe dental caries has attacked front Etiology FACTOR 1. Consumption of food. Frequently consuming foods and beverages that contain carbohydrates, especially between meals. Meal times are a factor associated with the development of caries Rampan. 2. Saliva. Decreased saliva secretion and viscosity. Saliva can inhibit caries due to the action of the buffer, bicarbonate content, ammonia and urea in the saliva can neutralize the pH drop that occurs when sugar metabolized plaque bacteria. Speed results in increased secretion of salivary pH and capacity buffer. When the secretion is reduced will see an increase in the accumulation of plaque so the number of microorganisms (streptococcus mutans) grows. 3. Psychological factors. In general, could result in a bad habit eating or choosing food. Stress is also associated as a cause reduced salivary secretion and viscosity. 4. Systemic factors, such as patients with diabetes mellitus. 5. Transcription factors. Parents who are sensitive to caries will have children who are also sensitive against caries. This is because the family has a pattern the same eating habits and dental health care of the same anyway. Caries Definition a state breakdown of tooth structure caused by a distinguished lingk acid fermentation of carbohydrates and microorganisms dr damage hard tooth jar that progressive metabolic activity that are caused by bacterial plaque is an infectious disease which damages the structures of teeth allows for interchangeable cause cavities process that began with the dissolution of minerals as a result of disruption of the balance emails between email and surroundings that are caused by microbial acid formation of cavities subtract that eventually occurs (in general) Etiology There are 4

Time Acid bacteria that ferment carbohydrates, low pH which causes demineralization of the tooth Hosta teeth and saliva (dental morphology, tooth structure, viscosity of saliva, tooth position, saliva pH, the quantity of saliva) Streptococcus bacteria (metabolize carbohydrates into acids and can withstand low pH pd), lactobacillus (last pd that low pH) -Substrate sucrose, glucose (carbohydrates) According to the depth inspiens pd caries dental enamel surface, no pain, black / brown superfisialis on email media the dentin, exposed to painful stimuli apbila hot, cold, sweet profunda the pulp, usually pain when eating and sometimes without any stimulation also feels pain, sometimes the pulp According to the damage by the place that affected -Carious occlusal surface oklusalis / top gear -Fissure caries in tooth decay fisuralis Dental-caries cervicalis dileher / service -Caries interdentalis / proksimalis occurred in two adjacent teeth which

Based on the rate of progression Akuta-caries develops and deteriorates rapidly Ex: xerostomia patients -Caries caries kronis slow the appearance of dark brown / black Terhenti-caries does not develop caries rate environment krn awake According to Kessel: actively destructive factor semineralisasi can come from food, saliva and bacteria Destroyer is a predisposing factor age, nutrition, geography, hormones, heredity, oral hygiene host dental morphology, size and shape of the teeth, email structure, chemistry and crystallography factor plaque agents, Substrata factors that affect plaque formation Alama karries time develop into a cavity of 48 months, and the duration of exposure to microbes -Of the bacterium Streptococcus mutants is a major cause of dental caries, its population is much in individuals who consume sucrose -Lactobasilus, like fissure in the dentin that, as a helper factor caries process -Actinomicetes, menfermentasi glucose Pathophysiology and pathogenesis Presipitation <-> demineralization CA10 (PO4) 6 (OH) 2 <-> 10 Ca2 + + 20H 6PO4 Solid <-> solution Based on the above reaction, the acidification process (contact with acid) OH is converted by H and PO will be converted into HPO, which when in contact with acids longer it will turn into HPO4. This will cause a shortage of OH and PO in the equation right. When reaching the final stage, solid material that will go into the solution, but no change in Ca. Continuous demineralization will form tiny pores in the enamel which is also called porosity, which can lead to decreased enamel hardness Presdiposisi -OH bad Diseases that were suffered -Diabetes -Konsumsikarbohidrat in high numbers and reduced salivary Gigia-morphological differences fissure forms impaksi dentition abnormalities, because it is difficult to clean dijangau There are: -Age, more and more adult salivary flow jd less likelihood of caries -Sex, DMF women was higher, its better OH

Social-economic, caries was lower in the low socioeconomic group -The use of flour -Diet -Smoke -Hormonal, pda wnita women experience gingivitis, because the hormones are not balanced -Vitamin, lack certain vitamin2 shg formation of tooth structure is not perfect Geographical, the fluorine content in water Prevention -Consumption of foods that are less sweet -Toothbrush with toothpaste berflourd (supplement) -Do regular visits to the dentist -Do flossing -Fissur sealant -Use mouthwash -Rinse -Reproduce pengekuaran saliva, with mechanical (chewing gum) and artificial Plaque-control Low-carb-diet Mechanism of fluoride and dental The concentration of fluoride in saliva break lower, although still 3 times higher in fluoridated areas than the areas that were not difluoridasai. A fluoridated area salivary fluoride levels average 0.016 ppm, while in areas not difuoridasi only 0.006 ppm. Fluctuations in the levels of normal salivary fluoride mouthwash or gargle with a solution of fluoride, fluoride levels in saliva can meningkathingga 100 to 1000 times. These levels would rapidly decline to normal, and presumably saliva become an important source for fluorine plaque during the Test thermal heat that it uses what? Gutaperca heat, hot water bath classification by G.V black class 1, niches and fissures of the teeth, especially premolars and molars, the posterior teeth class 2, approximal posterior teeth, the tooth approximal and occlusal surfaces class 3, the anterior approximal class 4, class 3 but the continuation dr mluas to incisal class 5, facial and labial surfaces class 6, swelling posterior teeth and incisal