Summery: Many times it happens in restaurants, malls and specifically at home while brushing teeth we forget to switch off

the tap which leads to wastage of water. The circuit described here will automatically switch on the tap water when you put your hand below the tap outlet and off the same after some time. This will lead to less wastage of water.

Discription:
The circuit is build around commonly known NE555 timer IC. The circuit comprises of two sections, one is transmitter section and another is receiver section. Transmitter section is built around IC1, IC2 and IR LED with few more components. Here IC1 works as a-stable multi-vibrator producing output pulse of approx 5Hz which will trigger the IC2. IC2 is also configured in a-stable mode and it will produce the 38KHz output. You have to adjust the frequency with the help of variable resistor VR1 to approx. 38KHz or you can use oscilloscope to set 38KHz and this output is feed to IR LED with help of transistor T2. Receiver section is build around IR sensor TSOP1738 which works on 38KHz frequency, switching diode, timer IC NE555, relay, transistor to drive relay and few more components. Here 555 timer woks on monostable mode.Now when there is no hand below the tap, IR rays continuously emitted by transmitter falls on receiver. As soon as you put your hands between the receiver and the transmitter section IR rays falling on receiver is interrupted, because of that output of IR LED goes low momentarily to trigger the timer circuit in receiver section. IR sensor TSOP1738 is sensitive to IR radiation modulated to 38KHz. Its output is normally high which momentarily goes low when there is any obstruction between IR LED and TSOP1738. This will trigger the IC2 of receiver section and energize the relay for the specific period of time. When relay is energized it will drive the solenoid which lifts the valve fitted in the pipe to let the water flow out of the tap which switches on the wash basin tap for specific time period.Time period for which you want to on the wash basin tap is controlled by resistor R3 and capacitor C2. And time period can be calculated by the formula (T= 1.1*R3*C2) in seconds. Be care for the alignment of IR LED and TSOP1738. They must be placed opposite to each other such that IR rays transmitted by IR LED directly fall on IR sensor TSOP1738.

Componant:
Resistor is a passive component used to control current in a circuit. Its resistance is given by the ratio of voltage applied across its terminals to the current passing through it. Thus a particular value of resistor, for fixed voltage, limits the current through it. They are omnipresent in electronic circuits.

The different value of resistances are used to limit the currents or get the desired voltage drop according to the current-voltage rating of the device to be connected in the circuit. For example, if an LED of rating 2.3V and 6mA is to be connected with a supply of 5V, a voltage drop of 2.7V (5V-2.3V) and limiting current of 6mA is required. This can be achieved by providing a resistor of 450 the LED. connected in series with

Resistors can be either fixed or variable. The low power resistors are comparatively smaller in size than high power resistors. The resistance of a resistor can be estimated by their colour codes or can be measured by a multimeter. There are some non linear resistors also whose resistance changes with temperature or light. Negative temperature coefficient (NTC), positive temperature coefficient (PTC) and light dependent resistor (LDR) are some such resistors. These special resistors are commonly used as sensors. Read and learn about internal structure and working of a resistor.

Capacitor is a passive component used to store charge. The charge (q) stored in a capacitor is the product of its capacitance (C) value and the voltage (V) applied to it. Capacitors offer infinite reactance to zero frequency so they are used for blocking DC components or bypassing the AC signals. The capacitor undergoes through a recursive cycle of charging and discharging in AC circuits where the voltage and current across it depends on the RC time constant. For this reason, capacitors are used for smoothing power supply variations. Other uses include, coupling the various stages of audio system, tuning in radio circuits etc. These are used to store energy like in a camera flash.

Capacitors may be non-polarized/polarized and fixed/variable. Electrolytic capacitors are polarized while ceramic and paper capacitors are examples of non polarized capacitors. Since capacitors store charge, they must be carefully discharged before troubleshooting the circuits. The maximum voltage rating of the

capacitors used must always be greater than the supply voltage. Click to learn more about working of a capacitor along with its internal structure.

BC548 is general purpose silicon, NPN, bipolar junction transistor. It is used for amplification and switching purposes. The current gain may vary between 110 and 800. The maximum DC current gain is 800.

Its equivalent transistors are 2N3904 and 2SC1815. These equivalent transistors however have different lead assignments. The variants of BC548 are 548A, 548B and 548C which vary in range of current gain and other characteristics.

The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC548 is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets completely off.

555 is a very commonly used IC for generating accurate timing pulses. It is an 8pin timer IC and has mainly two modes of operation: monostable and astable. In monostable mode time delay of the pulses can be precisely controlled by an external resistor and a capacitor whereas in astable mode the frequency & duty cycle are controlled by two external resistors and a capacitor. 555 is very commonly used for generating time delays and pulses.
Pin Diagram:

Pin Description:

Pin No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Function Ground (0V) Voltage below 1/3 Vcc to trigger the pulse Pulsating output Active low; interrupts the timing interval at Output Provides access to the internal voltage divider; default 2/3 Vcc The pulse ends when the voltage is greater than Control Open collector output; to discharge the capacitor Supply voltage; 5V (4.5V - 16 V)

Name Ground Trigger Output Reset Control Voltage Threshold Discharge Vcc

Mixed-color white light: One approach is to mix the light from several colored LEDs (Figure 4) to create a spectral power distribution that appears white. Similarly, so-called tri-phosphor fluorescent lamps use three phosphors, each emitting a relatively narrow spectrum of blue, green or red light upon receiving ultraviolet radiation from the mercury arc in the lamp tube. By locating red, green and blue LEDs adjacent to one another, and properly mixing the amount of their output (Zhao et al. 2002), the resulting light is white in appearance.
Figure 4. Spectral power distributions of several types of LEDs.

Phosphor-converted white light: Another approach to generating white light is by use of phosphors together with a short-wavelength LED. For example, when one phosphor material used in LEDs is illuminated by blue light, it emits yellow light having a fairly broad spectral power distribution. By incorporating the phosphor in the body of a blue LED with a peak wavelength around 450 to 470 nanometers, some of the blue light will be converted to yellow light by the phosphor. The remaining blue light, when mixed with the yellow light, results in white light. New phosphors are being developed to improve color rendering as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Spectral power distributions of early phosphor-based white LEDs (left), and white LEDs using more recently developed phosphors (right) with increased output between 600 and 650 nanometers.

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