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Introduction to Magnetism
and Magnetic Materials
Second edition
David Jiles
Ames Laboratory,
US Department of Energy
Department of Materials Science and Engineering and
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa, USA
CHAPMAN & HALL
London Weinheim . New York Tokyo Melbourne Madras
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Contents
Preface to the first edition
Preface to the second edition
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Glossary of symbols
SI units, symbols and dimensions
Values of selected physical constants
vu
ix
xi
xvii
xxiii
xxix
xxxi
Part 1 Electromagnetism - magnetic phenomena on the macroscopic scale 1
1 Magnetic fields
1.1 The magnetic field
1.2 Magnetic induction
1.3 Magnetic field calculations
References
Further reading
Exercises
2 Magnetization and magnetic moment
2.1 Magnetic moment
2.2 Magnetic poles and Amperian bound currents
2.3 Magnetization .
2.4 Magnetic circuits and demagnetizing field
2.5 Penetration of alternating magnetic fields into materials
References
Further reading
Exercises
3 Magnetic measurements
3.1 Induction methods
3.2 Force methods
3.3 Methods depending on changes in material properties
3.4 SQUIDS
3
3
9
18
32
33
33
35
35
40
44
48
57
61
61
61
65
65
71
76
83
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XIV Contents
References
Further reading
Exercises
4 Magnetic materials
4.1 Classification of magnetic materials
4.2 Magnetic properties of ferromagnets
4.3 Different types of ferromagnetic materials for applications
4.4 Paramagnetism and diamagnetism
References
Further reading
Exercises
5 Magnetic properties
5.1 Hysteresis and related properties
5.2 The Barkhausen effect and related phenomena
5.3 Magnetostriction
5.4 Magnetoresistance
References
Further reading
Exercises
Part 2 Magnetism in materials - magnetic phenomena
on the microscopic scale
6 Magnetic domains
6.1 Development of domain theory
6.2 Energy considerations and domain patterns
References
Further reading
Exercises
86
86
86
89
89
91
96
103
108
109
109
111
111
119
121
128
129
l30
130
133
135
l35
146
153
154
154
7 Domain walls 157
7.1 Properties of domain boundaries 157
7.2 Domain-wall motion 168
References 175
Further reading 176
Exercises 176
8 Domain processes 179
8.1 Reversible and irreversible domain processes 179
8.2 Determination of magnetization curves from pinning models 189
8.3 Theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis 198
8.4 Dynamics of domain magnetization processes 205
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References
Further reading
Exercises
9 Magnetic order and critical phenomena
9.1 Theories of paramagnetism and diamagnetism
9.2 Theories of ordered magnetism
9.3 Magnetic structure
References
Further reading
Exercises
10 Electronic magnetic moments
10.1 Classical model of magnetic moments of electrons
10.2 Quantum mechanical model of magnetic moments
of electrons
10.3 Magnetic properties of free atoms
References
Further reading
Exercises
11 Quantum theory of magnetism
11.1 Electron-electron interactions
11.2 The localized electron theory
11.3 The itinerant electron theory
References
Further reading
Exercises
Part 3 Magnetics - technological applications
12 Soft magnetic materials
12.1 Properties and applications
12.2 Materials for a.c. applications
12.3 Materials for d.c. applications
12.4 Materials for magnetic shielding
References
Further reading
13 Hard magnetic materials
13.1 Properties and applications
13.2 Permanent magnet materials
References
Further reading
Contents xv
212
214
215
217
217
228
239
258
260
260
263
263
266
280
288
289
289
291
291
301
309
319
320
320
323
325
325
329
350
356
359
360
363
363
376
391
393
, I 11
05
XVI Contents
14
Magnetic recording 395
~
14.1
Magnetic recording media
395
14.2
Recording heads and the recording process
409
14.3 Modeling the magnetic recording process
419
,
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References
420
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Further reading
421
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15 Magnetic evaluation of materials
423
f
15.1 Methods for evaluation of intrinsic properties
423
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15.2 Methods for detection of flaws and other inhomogeneities
433
~ 15.3 Magnetic imaging methods
447
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15.4 Conclusions
453
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References
455
I
Further reading
457
Solutions
459
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Appendix 1: The magnetic field as a relativistic correction to the electric
field
511
m
Appendix 2: Derivation of Maxwell's equation from the relativistic Lorentz
transformation
515
Author index
521
Subject index
529
Subject Index
a.c. applications, materials for, 329
a.c. bias recording, 418
a.c. losses in transformers, 326
adiabatic demagnetization of
paramagnets, 107
alignment of magnetic moments, 140
alnico,377
alternating fields, penetration into
materials, 57
alternating gradient force magnetometer,
74
aluminum-iron alloys, 335
amorphous magnetic fibers, 346
amorphous metals, 98, 339
Ampere's circuital law, 7
Ampere's hypothesis, 136
Amperian current model, 40
Amperian currents and poles, 40
analytical balance, 72
angular momentum of electrons, 265, 267,
268,269
wave mechanical corrections to, 271
anhysteretic magnetization, 115
measurement of, 116
anisotropic materials, 125
anisotropy, 114, 150
constants, 152
cubic, 152
and domain rotation, 150, 370
energy of domain wall, 158
hexagonal, 151
antiferromagnetism, 168, 234
antiparallel spin alignment, 234
artificially structured materials, 348
atomic force microscopy, 145
atomic magnetic moment, 90, 135,281
atomic orbital angular momentum, 282
atomic spin angular momentum, 283
atomic total angular momentum, 284
band theory of ferromagnetism, 311
band theory of magnetism, 309
band theory of paramagnetism, 310
Barkhausen effect, 119, 141, 197, 424
for detection of stress, 424
for evaluation of microstructure, 425
theory, 120, 197
bending of domain walls, 173
Bethe-Slater curve, 299
Biot-Savart law, 4
Bitter patterns, 142
Bloch walls, 157
bound currents and poles, 40
boundary element technique, 29
Brillouin function, 303
ceramic magnets, 103
chromium dioxjde, 404
tapes, 100
circuits, 368
classical eddy current power dissipation,
60, 327
classical theory of diamagnetism, 218
classical theory of ferromagnetism, 228
classical theory of paramagnetism, 223
closure domains, 166 .
cobalt-chromium recording media, 400
cobalt-chromium recording tapes, 404
cobalt-iron alloys, 354
cobalt-platinum, 382
cobalt-samarium, 384
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530 Subject Index
cobalt surface-modified gamma iron
oxide, 403
coercimeter, 428, 431
coercivity 95, 113, 325, 365
colossal magnetoresistance, 413
composite magnetic materials, 348
computational magnetics, 31
core losses, 98
correlation effects among electron spins,
316
Cotton-Mouton effect, 80
critical behaviour at the ordering
temperature, 252
critical magnetic field
under strong pinning, 187
under weak pinning, 188
cubic anisotropy, 152
Curie temperature, 95
and the mean field interaction, 233
and thermal energy, 159
Curie-Weiss law, 224, 259, 306
Curie's law, 105, 222, 304
Current loop dipole, 15
d.c. applications of soft magnetic
materials, 350
data storage densities, 395
predicted, 398
definition of ampere per meter, 5
demagnetization curve, of permanent
magnet, 368
demagnetizing factors, 50
demagnetizing field, effect on
measurements, 51
demagnetizing fields, 48, 50
density of magnetic recording, 417
diamagnetism, theory of, 217
diamagnets, 89, 103, 107
susceptibility of, 89
dipole, as a current loop, 15
dipole, model for leakage field calculation,
441
dipole moment, 38
discontinuous magnetization, 119, 197
disks, magnetic recording, 395
dissipation, anomalous or excess, 328
dissipation, classical eddy current, 327
domain
patterns and energy minimization, 146
processes, reversible and irreversible
179 '
rotation, 149, 152, 179
and anisotropy, 150
wall motion, 149, 168,424
domain dynamics, damping, 211
dOl1!ain dynamics, relaxation effects, 211
domain magnetization, 152
domain magnetization dynamics, 205
domain walls
anisotropy and exchange energies, 163
Bloch walls, 157
bowing, 173
defect interactions, 191
effects of stress on, 166
effects of weak fields on, 169
energy, 158
energy balance in, 169
forces on, 169
motion, 207
and the Barkhausen effect, 197, 424
and magneto acoustic emission, 426
and magnetostriction, 198
Neel walls, 167
non-180, 166
180, 166
pinning
by inclusions, 184
by strains, 181
strong pinning, 187
weak pinning, 188
planar displacement of walls, 170
surface energy, 161, 169
thickness, 1"57, 162
domains, 135
and the magnetizing process, 148
nucleation, 148
observation of, 141, 143
single, 146
Weiss domain theory, 137
eddy current dissipation, 327
eddy current inspection methods
applications of, 446
for magnetic materials, 445
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eddy currents, 59
effect of demagnetizing field, 51
elastic constant anomalies at critical
temperatures, 254
electric motors, 329
electrical losses, 98
in transformers, 326
electromagnetic field equations, 16
electromagnetic induction, 13
electromagnetic relays, 99
electromagnets, 97, 327
electron band theory of magnetism, 309
electron-electron interactions, 291
electron microscopy
SEM,145
TEM,144
electron spin, 270
and exchange energy, 295
resonance, 101
electron states, occupancy according to
Hund's rules, 284
electronic energy levels, splitting by
magnetic field, 277
electronic magnetic moment, quantum
theory of, 266
electronic magnetic moments, 263
electronic orbital magnetic moment, 263
electronic spin magnetic moment, 264
electronic total magnetic moment, 265
energy loss through wall pinning, 198
energy minimization and domain
structure, 146
energy product, 139, 366
typical values for permanent magnets,
101
energy states of magnetic moment
configurations, 140
equivalent current model, 15
exchange coupling in insulators, 308
exchange, direct, 297
exchange energy, 158
dependence on interatomic spacing, 299
and electron spin, 295
between electrons in filled shells, 299
values for various solids, 298
exchange, indirect, 317
exchange integral, 293
Subject Index 531
exchange interaction, 294, 295
hydrogen molecule model, 293
oxygen molecule model, 296
sinusoidal, 239
exchange, RKKY type, 318
exchange spring magnets, 387
exchange stiffness, 160
exchange, superexchange, 308
excited states and spin waves, 251
Faraday effect, 80, 143
Faraday's law of induction, 13, 65
fatigue, effects of, on magnetic properties,
425
ferrimagnetism, 236
ferrites, 102, 103, 349, 381
hard, 103, 381
soft, 102, 349
ferrofluids, 142
ferromagnetic resonance, 208
ferromagnetism, 228
ferromagnets, 89,91, 136
applications of, 96
ferroprobes (fluxgates), 429
fibers, magnetic, 346
field due to Amperian currents, 42, 43
field due to poles, 41, 42, 43
field lines, 50
finite element methods, 31
finite element techniques, 29
flaw detection using magnetic methods, 434
flux
coil
moving, 66
stationary, ~
leakage, 435
application of flux leakage method to
NDE,435
lines, 49
quantization, 83
rate of change of, 65
fluxgate magnetometer, 70
fluxgates (ferroprobes), 429
fluxmeter, 66
flying height for recording heads, 401
force between moving charges, 4
force on a current loop, 39
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532 Subject Index
force on a dipole, 39
force on current-carrying conductor in a
field H, 12
free atoms, 280
Frohlich-Kennelly equation, 115
gamma iron oxide, 100, 399,403
generators, 329
giant magnetoresistance, 318
Globus---Guyot model, 196
Hall coefficient, 78
Hall effect, 76
magnetometers, 76
hard disks, structure, 401
hard magnetic materials, 96, 363
Heisenberg model of ferromagnetism, 297
Heitler-London approximation, 293
Heitler-London model, 293
he1imagnetism, 238
Helmholz coils, 22
Heusler alloys, 300
hexagonal anisotropy, 151
hexagonal ferrites, 405
high-frequency applications, 349
Hubbard model, 316
Hund's rules, 284
hysteresis, 93, 111
coefficients and magnetic properties,
201
effects of microstructure and
deformation on, 204
loss, 113
macroscopic mean field theory of, 198
parameters, 112
stress dependence of, 428
hysteresis graphs, 66
inclusion theory of domain-wall pinning,
184
inductance cores, 102
induction coil methods, 65
initial permeability, 113
initial susceptibility
in the planar wall approximation, 173
in the wall bending approximation, 174
intensity of magnetization, 44
interatomic spacing, effect on exchange
energy, 299
iron and low-carbon steels, 350
iron oxide, 403
iron-aluminum alloys, 335
iron--cobalt alloys, 354
iron-neodymium-boron, 384
iron-nickel alloys, 337, 352
iron-silicon alloys, 330
irreversible magnetization changes, 199
Ising model, 192, 255
isolated single domains, 152
itinerant and local moment models, 316
itinerant electron model, 309
criticism of, 315
itinerant electron theory, 309
itinerant exchange, 311
J-J coupling, 286
Kerr effect, 80, 143
Kundt's constant, 80
Landau-Lifschitz-Gilbert model, 206
Langevin function, 107
Langevin theory
of diamagnetism, 218
of paramagnetism, 223
Langevin-Weiss theory, critique of, 227
laser magneto-optic microscope, 144
law of approach to saturation, 118
leakage fields, 434
calculation and modelling of, 441
finite element calculation of, 443
Lenz's law of induction, 13
local pinning fields, 207
localized atomic moments, 301
localized electron model, criticism of, 308
localized electron theory, 301
localized theory of electronic magnetic
moments, 301
Lorentz microscopy, 144
magnet assemblies, 370
magnetic circuits, 48, 54, 368
magnetic dipole, 14
magnetic fibers, 346
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magnetic field
of circular coil, 20
definition, 3, 5
generation, 3
due to long conductor, 5
of long thin solenoid, 18
in magnetic materials, 57
numerical methods for calculation of,
29
patterns around conductor, 4
of a short thick solenoid, 25
of short thin solenoid, 24
of two coaxial coils, 22
magnetic field computation, 31
magnetic field, definition of unit, 5
magnetic field as a relativistic effect, 4
magnetic fields, sizes in various situations,
10
magnetic flux, energy associated with, 10
magnetic flux leakage, 439
applications of, 441
instruments for automation of, 442
models for, 441
magnetic force microscopy, 74, 145,448
tip/specimen interactions, 450
magnetic hysteresis, 428
applications in NDE, 429
magnetic imaging, 447
magnetic induction, 9
definition of tesla, 11
lines of, 12
magnetic moment, 35, 135, 263
of closed shell of electrons, 280
of electron, 263
due to orbital angular momentum,
263
due to spin angular momentum, 264
total, 265
magnetic order, 136,247
magnetic particle inspection, 434
applications of, 435
'dry' method, 435
fluorescent particles, 435
optimum conditions for, 437
'wet' method, 435
magnetic pole model, 14
magnetic properties
Subject Index 533
of free atoms, 280
microscopic, typical values of, 165
magnetic quantum numbers, 268
magnetic recording
history, 396
materials, 99
media, 395
materials for, 403
tapes, 397
magnetic resonance, 208
magnetic shielding, 356
magnetic storage densities, 395
magnetic structure, 239, 247
magnetic tapes, 397
magnetic units, 15
magnetite (lodestone), 376
magnetization, 44
in materials with few defects, 195
microstructural effects, 189
relation to Band H, 45
relation to magnetic moment, 15
saturation, 46, 93
strain effects, 189
technical saturation, 124, 148
magneto-acoustic emission, 121, 426
stress dependence of, 427
magnetographic method of leakage flux
detection, 434
magnetomechanical effect, 428
,magnetometers, 65
magnetomotive force, 79
magneto-optic disk drives, 407
magneto-optic recording devices, 406
magnetoresistance, 128
colossal, 413
giant, 318
magnetoresistive multilayers,413
magnetoresistors, 79
magnetostatic energy, 146
magneto stricti on, 121
at an angle () to the magnetic field, 124
field induced, 126
forced, 124
polycrystalline, 126
saturation, 123
single-crystal magnetostriction
constant, cubic, 125

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534
Subject Index
spontaneous, 122 numerical methods for calculation of
in terms of single crystal magnetic fields, 29
magnetostriction constants, 125
transverse, 127 orbital magnetic moment

magnetostrictive devices, 79 of atom, 281
magnetostrictive materials, 128 of electron, 263

market for hard disk drives, 397 orbital momentum quantum number, 267
market for permanent magnets, 364 orbital wave functions, two electron

maximum energy product, 101 system, Heitler-London model,
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Maxwell's equations, 16 293
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mean field, 137, 230 order in rare earth solids, 247
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metallic glasses, 339 ordered magnetism, theories of, 228
metglas, 340 ordering temperature, 95, 252
micromagnetic modeling, 211 oxygen molecule model for exchange, 296
modelling of magnetization curves based
on pinning, 189 paramagnetism, 221
molecular field, 137 classical (Langevin) theory, 223
moment of inertia, 264 classical (W eiss) theory, 225
I
motors, 329 of 'free' electrons, Pauli theory, 310
moving coil, 66 theory of, 217, 223, 225
galvanometer, 67 paramagnets, 89, 104
multilayers, 128, 318 applications of, 106
mumetal, 337 field dependence of susceptibility, 105
properties of, 104
nanocomposite permanent magnets, 387 susceptibility of, 89
nanocrystalline materials, 347 temperature dependence of
nanostructured permanent magnets, 386, susceptibility, 105
387 Paschen-Back effect, 288
NDE, magnetic methods for, 423 Pauli paramagnetism, 310
nearest neighbour interactions, 232 penetration depth, 58

Neel temperature, 235, 236 permalloy, 337, 352
Neel walls, 167 permanent magnet steels, 376
neodymium-iron-boron, 100, 384, 391 permanent magnets, 100
.
neutron diffraction, 240 applications, 375
antiferromagnetic scattering, 244 materials, 376
I
Bragg diffraction peaks, 241 properties, 363
elastic scattering, 241 comparison, 390
."
ferromagnetic scattering, 243 stability, 376
inelastic scattering, 245 permeability, 11,46,92, 136
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magnetic diffraction peaks, 242 demagnetizing corrections, 53

paramagnetic scattering, 242 differential, 46, 95
-
topography, 143 initial, 113
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nickel-iron alloys, 337, 352 relative, 47
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ninety degree (90) domain-wall motion, permeance coefficient, 369
427 permendur, 354
nitrogenation of permanent magnets, 389 perpendicular recording media, 100,406
non-integral atomic magnetic moments, pinning of domain walls
312 critical field, 187, 188
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by inclusions, 184
by strains, 181
pinning models, 189
platinum--cobalt, 382
pole model, 14,40
pole strength, 14, 37
poles and Amperian currents, 40
poles and bound currents, 40
potential approximation for domain-wall
motion, 170
power dissipation due to classical eddy
currents, 60
Preisach model, 419
use in magnetic recording industry, 420
principal quantum number, 267
proton precession magnetometers, 72
quantization
of angular momentum, 269
of electron spin, 276
quantum mechanical exchange
interaction, 294
quantum number
1,267
m], 268
ms, 268
n,267
s,267
quantum theory of
electron-electron interactions, 291
electronic magnetic moments, 266
ferromagnetism, 306
paramagnetism, 302
quenching of orbital angular momentum,
286
Rayleigh's law, 117
recording density, 417
recording devices, 395
recording heads, 409
flying height, 401
inductive, 410, 411
magnetoresistive, 410, 413
recording materials, 99
recording media, 99
magnetic properties comparison, 403
recording process, 409
Subject Index 535
reading, 418
writing, 413, 415
recording track density, 402
relative permeability, 47
relays, 99, 328
reluctance, 54
remanence, 94, 113, 365, 432
remanence enhanced magnets, 387
residual field, 432
resistance magnetometers, 79
resonance, magnetic, 208
resonance magnetometers, 81
retentivity, 92
reversible magnetization changes, 200
rigid band model of ferromagnetism
(Slater-Pauling), 314
rigid domain-wall motion, 170
initial susceptibility of, 172
RKKY exchange coupling, 318
rotating coil, 67
Russell-Saunders coupling, 285
samarium--cobalt, 100, 382
samarium-iron-nitride, 383, 389
saturable coil magnetometers, 70
saturation, law of approach to, 117
saturation magnetization, 46, 93, 365
technical, 124, 148
scanning SQUID microscopy, 452
search coil, 66
shielding, magnetic, 356
shielding, multiple, 358
shielding factor, 358
silicon-iron alloys, 330
skin depth, 58
Slater-Pau1ing curve, 314
soft ferrites, 349
soft iron, 350
soft magnetic materials, 96, 325
a.c. losses, 326
coercivity, 325
hysteresis loss, 326
permeability, 325
saturation magnetization, 326
solenoid
general formula for field of, 27
magnetic field
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Subject Index
of a long thin, 18 thin-film magnetometers, 80
of a short thick, 25 thin film recording tapes, 404
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of a short thin, 24 three-d (3d) band electrons, magnetic
optimization of geometry, 26 properties, 313
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specific heat anomalies at critical torque, 14
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temperatures, 254 magnetometer, 72
spin magnetic moment, 264 torsion balance, 72
of atom, 283 total atomic orbital angular momentum,

spin quantum number, 267 284
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spin waves, 251 track density, 402
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spontaneous magnetization, 307 transformers, 98, 329

temperature dependence of, 307 transverse magnetostriction, 127
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stability of permanent magnets, 376
steel, production, 423 ultrasonic velocity, field dependence in
Stern-Gerlach experiment, 278 steels, 433
Stoner-Slater (electron band) theory of units in magnetism, 15
ferromagnetism, 311
Stoner-Wohlfarth model, 370, 420 vector model of the atom, 281
stored energy density, 366 Verdet's constant, 80
strain theory of domain-wall pinning, 181 vibrating coil, 68
Street and Woolley model, 211 magnetometer,68
stress, effects of, on bulk magnetization, vibrating-sample magnetometer, 68
204
stress dependent magnetization, 428 wall bowing approximation, 173
strong magnetic fields, effect on electron wave equation for electromagnetic fields,
coupling, 288 18
supermalloy, 337 wave function of two-electron system, 291
susceptibility, 46, 136 including spin, 294
anomalies at critical temperatures, 254 wave mechanical corrections to angular
balance, 72 momentum of electrons, 271
demagnetizing corrections, 53 Weiss domain theory, 137
differential, 46 Weiss mean field theory, 137
consequences of, 227
tapes, magnetic recording, 397 critique of, 227
technical saturation magnetization, 46, of ferromagnetism, 228
148 of paramagnetism, 225
temperature dependent paramagnetic wires, magnetic, 346
susceptibility (Curie), 105, 304
temperature independent paramagnetic X-ray topography, 145
susceptibility (Pauli), 310
theories of magnetic ordering, 228 Zeeman effect
thermal expansion anomalies at critical anomalous, 277
/ temperature, 254 normal,273
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