Mathematics SPM

Topic 4 : Mathematical reasoning - 4.5 Arguments. Argument 1(a) Complete the following argument. Premise 1 : All proper fractions are less than 1. Premise 2 : x is a proper fraction. Conclusion : . Step 1. Cancels the same phrases in both premises. Solution Premise 1 : All proper fractions are less than 1. Premise 2 : x is a proper fraction. 2. Write a conclusion starting from the 2nd premise. Ignore All and If. Conclusion : ................................................ Premise 1 : All proper fractions are less than 1. Premise 2 : x is a proper fraction. Conclusion : x is less than 1. 1(b) Complete the following argument. Premise 1 : All multiples of 6 is divisible by 3. Premise 2 : x is a multiple of 6. Conclusion : . Step 1. Cancels the same phrases in both premises. Premise 1 Premise 2 Solution : All multiples of 6 is divisible by 3. : x is a multiple of 6.

Conclusion : . 2. Write a conclusion starting from the 2nd premise. Ignore All and If. Premise 1 Premise 2 : All multiples of 6 is divisible by 3 : x is a multiple of 6.

Conclusion : . 1(c) Complete the following argument. Premise 1 : All pentagons have five sides. Premise 2 : Polygon P is a pentagon. Conclusion : . Premise 1 Premise 2 Solution : All pentagons have five sides. : Polygon P is a pentagon.

Conclusion : .

Guided Module 4.5 Arguments

Mathematics SPM

2(a) Complete the following argument. Premise 1 : If a number is a factor of 4 then it is a factor of 12. Premise 2 : x is a factor of 4. Conclusion : .. Step 1. Cancels the same phrases in both premises. Solution Premise 1 : If a number is a factor of 4 then it is a factor of 12. Premise 2 : x is a factor of 4.. Conclusion : ................................................ Premise 1 : If a number is a factor of 4 then it is a factor of 12. Premise 2 : x is a factor of 4. Conclusion : .x is a factor of 12. 2(b) Complete the following argument. Premise 1 : If the sum of all interior angles of a polygon is 720o, then the polygon is a hexagon. Premise 2 : The sum of all interior angles of polygon Q is 720 o. Conclusion : .. Step 1. Cancels the same phrases in both premises. Premise 1 Premise 2 Solution : If the sum of all interior angles of a polygon is 720o, then the polygon is a hexagon. : The sum of all interior angles of polygon Q is 720 o.

2. Write a conclusion starting from the 2nd premise. Ignore All and If.

2. Write a conclusion starting from the 2nd premise. Ignore All and If.

Conclusion : .. Premise 1 : If the sum of all interior angles of a polygon is 720o, then the polygon is a hexagon. Premise 2 : The sum of all interior angles of polygon Q is 720 o. Conclusion : ..

2(c) Complete the following argument. Premise 1 : If m > n , then m n > 0. Premise 2 : m > n. Conclusion : .. Premise 1 Premise 2 Solution : If m > n , then m n > 0. : m > n.

Conclusion : ..

Guided Module 4.5 Arguments

Mathematics SPM

3(a) Complete the following argument. Premise 1 : All quadrilaterals have two diagonals. Premise 2 : . Conclusion : A rhombus has two diagonals Step Solution 1. Cancels the same phrases in Premise 1 : All quadrilaterals have two the premise and conclusion. diagonals. Premise 2 : Conclusion : A rhombus has two diagonals. 2. Write premise 2 starting from the conclusion. Ignore All and If. Premise 1 Premise 2 : All quadrilaterals have two diagonals. : A rhombus is a quadrilateral.

Conclusion : A rhombus has two diagonals. 3(b) Complete the following argument. Premise 1 : All circles with radius r cm have perimeters of 2 r cm2. Premise 2 : . Conclusion : Circle R has perimeter of 10 cm2 Step 1. Cancels the same phrases in the Premise and conclusion. Solution Premise 1 : All circles with radius r cm have perimeters of 2 r cm2. Premise 2 : Conclusion : Circle R has perimeter of 10 cm2 Premise 1 Premise 2 : All circles with radius r cm have perimeters of 2 r cm2. : .

2. Write a conclusion starting from the conclusion. Ignore All and If.

Conclusion : Circle R has perimeter of 10 cm2. 3(c) Complete the following argument. Premise 1 : If the number of elements in a set is n, then it has 2 n of subsets. Premise 2 : . Conclusion : Set A has 8 subsets. Premise 1 Premise 2 Solution : If the number of elements in a set is n, then it has 2 n of subsets. :

Conclusion : Set A has 8 subsets.

Guided Module 4.5 Arguments

Mathematics SPM

4(a) Premise 1 : If a triangle has three equal sides then the triangle is a equilateral triangle. Premise 2 : Triangle ABC is not a equilateral triangle. Conclusion : .. Step 1. Cancels the same phrases in the premises. Premise 1 Premise 2 2. Write a conclusion starting from the 2nd premise. Ignore All and If. Conclusion Premise 1 Premise 2 Conclusion Solution : If a triangle has three equal sides then the triangle is a equilateral triangle. : Triangle ABC is not a equilateral triangle. : : If a triangle has three equal sides then triangle is a equilateral triangle. : Triangle ABC is not a equilateral triangle. : Triangle ABC do not has three equal sides.

4(b) Premise 1 : If p is an even number, then p2 is an even number. Premise 2 : p2 is not an even number. Conclusion : .. Step 1. Cancels the same phrases in the premises. Solution Premise 1 : If p is an even number, then p2 is an even number. Premise 2 : p2 is not an even number. Conclusion : Premise 1 : If p is an even number, then p2 is an even number. Premise 2 : p2 is not an even number. Conclusion : 4(c) Premise 1 : If n is divisible by 12 , then n is divisible by 3. Premise 2 : n is not divisible by 3. Conclusion : Solution Premise 1 : If n is divisible by 12 , then n is divisible by 3. Premise 2 : n is not divisible by 3. Conclusion :

2. Write a conclusion starting from the 2nd premise. Ignore All and If.

Guided Module 4.5 Arguments

Mathematics SPM

5(a) Premise 1 : All subsets of P are subsets of Q . Premise 2 : Conclusion : Set R is not a subset of P Step 1. Cancels the same phrases in the premise and the conclusion. Premise 1 Premise 2 Solution : All subsets of P are subsets of Q . :

Conclusion : Set R is not a subset of P. 2. Write a conclusion starting from the conclusion. Ignore All and If. Premise 1 Premise 2 : All subsets of P are subsets of Q. : Set R is not a subset of P.

Conclusion : Set R is not a subset of P. 5(b) Premise 1 : All right-angled triangles have an angle 90o. Premise 2 : Conclusion : Triangle ABC do not have an angle of 90o. Step 1. Cancels the same phrases in the premise and the conclusion. Solution Premise 1 : All right-angled triangles have an angle 90o. Premise 2 :

2. Write a conclusion starting from the conclusion. Ignore All and If.

Conclusion : Triangle ABC do not have an angle of 90o. Premise 1 : All right-angled triangles have an angle 90o. Premise 2 :

Conclusion : Triangle ABC do not have an angle of 90o. 5(c) Premise 1 : All parallel lines have same gradients. Premise 2 : . Conclusion : Line AB and CD are not parallel. Solution Premise 1 : All parallel lines have same gradients. Premise 2 : Conclusion : Line AB and CD are not parallel.

Guided Module 4.5 Arguments

Mathematics SPM

6(a) Premise 1 : If A B then A B = A . Premise 2 : Conclusion : A B . Step 1. Note that the not is expresses in a different form. Premise 1 Premise 2 Solution : If A B then A B = A . :

Conclusion : A B. 2. Write a conclusion starting from the conclusion. Ignore All and If. Premise 1 Premise 2 It is a not : If A B then A B = A . :ABA.

Conclusion : A B . It is a not 6(b) Premise 1 Premise 2 : If m > 0 then 3m > 0 :

Conclusion : 3m < 0 Step 1. Note that the not is expresses in a different form. Premise 1 Premise 2 Solution : If m > 0 then 3m > 0. :

Conclusion : 3m < 0. 2. Write a conclusion starting from the conclusion. Ignore All and If. Premise 1 Premise 2 : If m > 0 then 3m > 0. :

Conclusion : 3m < 0. 6(c) Premise 1 : If x is an obtuse angle, then cos x < 0 .

Premise 2 : cos x > 0. Conclusion : Premise 1 Premise 2 Solution : If x is an obtuse angle, then cos x < 0. : cos x > 0 .

Conclusion :

Guided Module 4.5 Arguments

Mathematics SPM

Exercise 1. (1) Premise 1 : If m is a factor of 12 then m is a factor of 36. Premise 2 : Conclusion : (2) Premise 1 : If perimeter of a square is 12 cm, then its area is 16 cm2. Premises 2 : .. Conclusion : Area of the square PQRS is 16 cm2. 4 is a factor of 12.

(3) Premise 1 : If x = y , then y 2 = x . Premise 2 : Conclusion : 4 2 = 16

(4) Premise 1 : If the product of the gradients of two lines is 1, then they are perpendicular to each other. Premise 2 : Line PQ and RS are not perpendicular to each other. Conclusion : (5) Premise 1 : If Premises 2 : Conclusion : (6) Premise 1 : If Premises 2 : Conclusion : (7) Premise 1 : Premises 2 : Conclusion : (8) Premise 1 : Premise 2 : Conclusion : The average of 4 number is not 25. The sum of the 4 numbers is not 100. The area of the circle R is not 25 cm2. The radius of circle R is not 5 cm. m is not a negative number. p <q. m is a negative number then 2 m < 0. p > q , then p + 4 > q + 4 .

Guided Module 4.5 Arguments

Mathematics SPM

Mathematical reasoning - 4.4 Argument. Answers . 1(b) 1(c) 2(b) 2(c) 3(b) 3(c) 4(b) 4(c) 5(b) 5(c) 6(b) 6(c) Exercise 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 is a factor of 36. Perimeter of square PQRS is 12 cm. 16 = 4. The product of gradients of line PQ and RS is not 1. p + 4 < q + 4. 2m > 0. If the radius of a circle is 5 cm, then its area is 25 cm2. If the sum of 4 numbers is 100 then its average is 25. x is divisible by 3. Polygon P has five sides. Polygon q is a hexagon. m n > 0. circle B has radius of r cm. Set A has 3 element. P is not an even number. n is not divisible by 12. Triangle ABC is not a right-angled triangle. Line AB and CD do not have same gradient. m < 0. x is not an obtuse angle.

Guided Module 4.5 Arguments