Calculus Answers

Bruce H.
Edwards
Complete Solutions
Guide
Volume
XîKT''-^'^',*
Calculus
Seventh Edition
^jl i-
'
^"WJ
:.--?':'
Larson Hostetler Edwards

For use with
Calculus with Analytic Geometry, Seventh Edition
Calculus of a Single Variable, Seventh Edition
Digitized by the Internet Archive

in
2011 with funding from
Lakewood Park
Christian School
http://www.archive.org/details/calculuscomplete01edwa
PART
CHAPTER
Preparation for Calculus
Section P.l
Graphs and Models
Section P.2
Linear Models and Rates of Change
Section
R3
Section P.4
Functions and Their Graphs

Fitting
Models
to
Data
14
18
Review Exercises
19
Problem Solving
23
CHAPTER

Graphs and Models
Section P.l
Solutions to Odd- Numbered Exercises
1.
>>
= jx +
x-intercept:
(4,
y-intercept:
(0, 2)
Matches graph
5.
3.
>>
5X
0)
-2
-5
-2
x^
y-intercept:
(b)
7.
-4
x-intercepts:
(0,
4)
Matches graph
(a)
>-
=4 -
-3
-5
(-2,0)
(2,0),
x2
-2
-5
(3,-5)
9.
.V
= U +
11. y
21
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
= 7x - 4
>"
-4
-3
-2
-1
16
Section
13.
Graphs and Models
P. I
15.
Xmin =
-3
Xmax =
(-4.f. 3,
i:. 1.73)
= 1
Ymin = -3
Ymax = 5
Yscl = 1
Xscl
Note
\1.
that
x^
= A when
X-
y-intercept:
19.
0"^
(2, 1.73)
(y
= V5 -
(b)
(-4,
(3
= 75 -
(-4))
3)
(x,
= xV25 -
21. V
3(2
x~
(x
2){x
= -2,
1.73)
y-intercept:
1;
3)
.t'
y=-2;(0, -2)
jc-intercepts:
= 73 =
(a) (2,.v)
0.
= 0^725 -
0; (0, 0)
.r=v/25^^
.r=7(5
0,
jc-intercepts:
1)
(-2,0), (1,0)
- V^)
23.
.r^'
x^
Ay
0^
.x)(5
x)
5: (0,0): (5,0)
y-intercept:
None, x cannot equal
y-intercept:
0.
O^Cv)
02
-(-
4y
JT-intercepts:
.1
- Vx
4: (4, 0)
= ( x)-
X-
xy
4.
33. Symmetric with respect to the origin since
'
X
i-xf +
X
37.
x^
y=-3x +
+ r
Intercepts:
(i0),(0,2)
Symmetry: none
27.
(-y)-
31. y
= 4 -
X-
y^
4(0)
35. y
|.T^
x^
Q; (0, 0)
to the x-axis since
4x.
7x-l- 3
No symmetry
since y
1
Symmetric with respect
2.
29. Symmetric with respect to the origin since
(-x)(-y)
-T-intercept:
x-{Q)
25. Symmetric with respect to the y-axis since
0: (0. 0)
with respect to either axis or the origin.
x| is
symmetric with respect
= \(-xy +
(-.r)|
\-(x^
to the y-axis
x)\
\x^
x\.
Chapter P
39.
|.v
41. y
43.
x^
(1,0), (-1,0), (0,1)
(0,-4)
(8,0),
3)2
(-3,0), (0,9)
Symmetry: y-axis
Symmetry: none
(x
Intercepts:
Intercepts:
Intercepts:
Symmetry: none
-10 -8 -6 (-3,0)
45.
)>
-x^
47. y
= xjx +
49.
Intercepts:
Intercepts:
(-3^,0),
(0,2)
Symmetry: none
(0,0),
Symmetry: none
~2
\-^x
|.y|
Intercepts:
none
(0,6), (-6,0), (6,0)
Symmetry: origin
Symmetry:
55. y^ -
x=9
y^
57.
=x+ 9
= Jx +
X +
>'-axis
3y2
3y2
;t
Intercepts:
(0,3),(0, -3), (-9,0)
Symmetry:
jr-axis
/
(0,0)
Symmetry: origin
(-2,0)
53. y
Intercepts:
Intercepts:
Domain: x >
;c
Intercepts:
(6, 0), (O,
V2),
(O,
Symmetry: A-axis
- V2)
Graphs and Models
Section p.]
59.
63.
(x
2 -;c
4){x
6) (other
= 2=>y =
2-x
2x
x+y
2x
2){x
=^ y =
= 2x-
answers possible)
61.
Some
y
x^
3x^
3/;
+ y =
65.
possible equations:
=^ y =
11
\A-lx='ix-
11
Zx
=x
3;c
The corresponding
>>-
value \sy
1.
-5x= -25
Point of intersection: (1,1)
;c
The corresponding
>>-
value
Point of intersection:
61.
6^y = 6-
x'^+y =
x + y
6-
x^
= A=!>y =
=
A- X
x^
= {x-
;c
2,
5 (for
:^
;c2
jr
x~2
y2
2)(x
1)
y- values are
y=
x-
=X
x?
=X
=> y = X
x{x
2 (for x
= -
2x~
1
-2xor
.r
The corresponding
2)
Q,x
(2, 2),
1,
1)
orx
The corresponding
x(x
\){x
(-
1,
-2),
(2. 1)
= -jr +
3.t
= -X- +
3.r
2)(x
1)
x>
-Ztt +
.r= -1,0.2
0,
= -
1,
and
(-1, -5),(0. -1).(2.
1)
l,^^:dt7^
(-
1,
1), (1, 1)
^,2.U
(O.-in
\
'"^^
'
1
2)
- - 2 and y =
It
>
y=l.
(0, 0),
= 2(x+
y- values are
.^2
y- values are v
Points of intersection:
x-
-2x- +
.r3
;c2
(1,5)
73.
\)(x
2.
1)2
1 ).
x3
=> y2 =
(5, 2)
= {x-
is >>
5-x^ = x--2x+\
71.
69.
x'^
5-
The corresponding
and y
x-
75.
Chapter
5.5v^ + 10,000 = 3.29x
(5.5^)^ =
10,000)2
10.8241JC2
65,800x
10.8241^2
65,830.25;c
3133
other root, x
2949, does not satisfy the equation
30.25;c
The
(3.29x
100,000,000
100,000,000
This problem can also be solved by using a graphing
77. (a) Using a graphing
-0.0153f-
utility,
For the year 2004.
(c)
79.
Use the Quadratic Formula.
units
R =
utility
C.
and finding the intersection of the graphs of
you obtain
4.9971f
C and R.
(b)
34.9405
= 34 and
187.2 CPl.
400
If the
diameter
^(40)
is
doubled, the resistance
is
changed by approximately a factor of (1/4). For instance, ^(20)
6.36125.
81. False; j:-axis
symmetry means
that if (1,
-2)
is
on the graph, then
(1, 2) is also
83. True; the x-intercepts are
-b
JlP-
4ac
,
2a
85. Distance to the origin
= Kx
Distance to
Jx- +
y^
= A:V(x -
y'^
x^
(1
K'^)x^
Note: This
+
is
(1
K^)y^
(2, 0)
+ 4Kh - 4K^ =
the equation of a circle!
K-{x^
2)2
+ f,
- Ax + A +
K+
y-)
on the graph.
26.555 and
Section P.2
Linear Models and Rates of Cliange
Section P.2
\.
m=\
7,
3.
m=
9.
5.
- (-4)
11.
5-3
m=
-\2
2-2
^4
undefined
(2,5)
(3,
-4)
(2,1)
13.
2/3
m =
1/2
- 1/6
-(-3/4)
111
1/4
15. Since the slope
and
17.
is 0,
the line
is
horizontal and
equation
is
>
1.
Therefore, three additional points are
(0, 1), (1, 1),
(3, 1).
The equation of this
y-l
line
is
= -3{x-\)
y=
-3x +
10.
Therefore, three additional points are (0, 10),
19.
its
Given a
line L,
you can use any two
(2, 4),
and
(3, 1).
distinct points to calculate
its
slope. Since a line
is
straight, the ratio
y-values to the change in jr-values will always be the same. See Section P.2 Exercise 93 for a proof.
of the change
in
Chapter
21. (a)
(b)
The
slopes of the line segments are
252.1
257.7
255.0
255.0
E
=
260-
2.9
1
2.7
3-2
123456789
I
>
260.3
257.7
4-3
Year (0<- 1990)
262.8
260.3
5-4
265.2
2.6
2.5
262.8
2.4
6-5
267.7
265.2
2.5
7-6
270.3
267.7
2.6
8-7
The population increased most

(m =
23.
+ 5y--20
25.
;c
Therefore, the slope
is
/n
2.9)
line
there
and the y-intercept
to 1992.
= 4
The
from 1991
rapidly
is
is
no
vertical. Therefore, the slope is
undefined and
y-intercept.
is
(0,4).
|.r
Ay
-ix+ 12
3;c
27.
4y
33.
6-0
2-0
m
y
= 3U y
3(;c
3x
3.r
11
3a:+ 11
12
35.
- (-3)
37.
31.
-0
0)
3)
-1--5)
3x
y =
3y
8jc
- 40 =
-|-
40
3
Section P.2
39.
Undefined.
5-5
Vertical line
jr
41.
- 3/4
1/2 -
11/4
1/1
y-
llx'
Ay
?,
11
43.
.r
Û
+
^
2
11
^3
T^ + i
= Q
(3,0)
3;c
2j'
^=1
47.^ +
f=l
3
=
1 +
^=1
- =
a
a
= 3=jr +
.X
49.
= -3
12
53.
2y
3x
51.
= fU -
2.t
y=-lx+\
1)
0)
(5.1)
45.
jc- 3 =
(5.8)
1/2
55. 2t
2x
Chapter
10
57.
The
The
do not appear perpendicular.
lines
The
You must use a square
lines are perpendicular because their slopes
59.
4a:
2x
/n
=2x-
= -\{x -
2>'
- A =
2x
(b)
2y
63. (a) x
0})y =
65.
The
The
2{x
-;c
h
y-l
24y
V=
40jc
125(f
125?
-2000. Hence, V
1)
= 1(^-1)
21
y-l
(b)
2)
125. Hence,
(a)
2)
40y
5=>y-5
is
3y
24y
slope
m=
67.
5;c
=> X -
is
appear perpendicular.
lines
are negative reciprocals of each other.
61,
slope
setting in order for perpendicular lines to appear perpendicular.
ly
(a)
and
40;c
30
=
= -f(- -
40y
35
24;c
53
-24a;
!)
1
+ 2540
2415
-2000(f
-2000/
1)
20,400
22,400
69.
You can use
the graphing utility to determine that the points of intersection are
x^
2x2
2x{x
and
(2, 4).
Analytically,
4x - x^
- 4x =
-
2)
= 0=^y = 0^>{0,0)
The slope of the

>-
(0, 0)
2(x
2x.
=>
>-
= 4
(2, 4).
line joining (0, 0)
0)
and
(2,
4)
is
m=
(4
0)/(2
0)
2.
Hence, an equation of the line
is
Section P.2
71. m,
11
-0
-2-(-l)
-2-
_ _2
"^"l-C-D"
The
points are not collinear.
73. Equations of perpendicular bisectors:
b-
(-a,0)
;<:
Letting
in either equation gives the point
of
inter-
section:
0,
2c
This point
lies
on the
third perpendicular bisector,
0.
75. Equations of altitudes:
a-
b,
-ix
a)
b
a
b.
U-
a)
Solving simultaneously, the point of intersection
is
.2_ ^\
[-'-
77. Find the equation of the line through the points (0, 32) and (100, 212).
"^
f-
32
180
100
= f (C -
f = fC +
5F - 9C For
79. (a)
(c)
F=
72,
160
C=
9
5
0)
32
22.2.
W, =
0.75j:
12.50
W. =
1.30.t
9.20
(b)
Both jobs pay $17 per hour
if
50
6 units are produced.
For someone who can produce more than 6 units per

hour, the second offer
who produces
pays more.
would pay more. For a worker
less than
6 units per hour, the
first
oifer
Using a graphing
approximately
0.75.x-
utility,
the point of intersection
(6. 17). Analytically,
12.50
1.30.V
3.3
0.55.V
=> .V =
0.75(6)
9.20
12.50
17.
is
Chapter P
12
Two
81. (a)
The
points are (50, 580) and (47, 625).
625-580
'"=
p - 580 = - \5{x -
p=
- \5x +
15(1330
.r
(b)
is
50)
750
= - \5x +
580
1330
i5.
87.
3v
x-y-2
_
= Q^>d =
\Q
A point on the line x +
89. If A
then fiy
0,
0,
+ C=
10|
(0, 1).
The
\p
595, X
11-51
v/2
./2
C\
JAri
;t
655)
= 45
units,
= n(1330 -
595)
units.
-^(1330
^^
V2
By,
= C/B. The distance to
is
{x^,
yj
is
C\
A- + B-
= C/A.
The distance
to (xj,
yj
is
+ Byi +
^M2 + B2
C|
A/B. The
equation of the line through
|Aci
|A|
5./2
,-
J
C|
10
distance from the point (0, 1) to
the vertical line
|Aci
655,
r-
\B\
is
A and B cannot both be zero.)
y~yi =
-^yx
Ay Ayi = Bx
The
the horizontal line
is
|5y,
The slope of the line Ar

to Ac + By + C =
is:
1 is
-(^
(Note that
3(0)
+ (-l)(l)-2|
VI- + r-
1-
then Ar + C =
BX[
-c
yi
JA-
-51
1(1)
JV- +
If B =
11(0)
d=
|4(0)
|l(-2)
Q:
Ifp
p)
(c)
83. 4r
=0
=-''
47-50
or
slope
.4y|
+ By + C =
is
y^
perpendiailar
x{\
Bxj
= Bx Ay
point of intersection of these two lines
Ac + By =
Bx - Ay =
-C
Bx^
=^
Ay^
=>
is:
+ ABy = -AC
B-x - .4By = B-x, A-X
(A'
B-)x
(1)
.4Byi (2)
= -AC +
B-Xi
- AByj
-AC +
B-x^
- AByi
A-
Ac + By
ix^^,
=-C
Bx - Ay =
Bx,
=>
ABx +
B-)y
CONTINUED
(1)
and
(2))
B^
B2y=-BC
(3)
- Avi^ -AB^ + A-y = -ABX) +

(A-
(By adding equations
A-y, (4)
= -BC -
ABx^
A^y, (By adding equations (3) and (4))
-BC -
ABxi
Ahi^
A-
s-
49
Section P.2
89.
CO>mNUED
(-AC + B-x.-
'
The distance between
(.r,,
-AC +
d=
-BC - ABx.+
ABv,
^2 + gi
^2
and
y,)
A'^.\
g2
-A(C +
flvi
B-)[C
{A-
lAx,
91. For simplicity,
gy,
let
and the
Ax + By + C =
0.
-B(C + /U) + By,)
AC|)
/12
B-
+ At, + By,Y
+ B-y
C\
rhombus be (0, 0),

shown in the figure. The
b, c), as
slopes of the diagonals are then
line
the vertices of the
and (o
(a, 0), (b, c),
Ay1
(x,, y\)
-BC - ABXj - Bh\

A~ + B-
A-.t,
A- + B'
(A^
between
-BC - ABxj +
A- + B-
A^ + S^
-AC - ABy, A= + B-
this point gives us the distance
- ABy^ _
B-x,
^.
point of intersection
and
in.
Since the sides of the
(a+b.c)
ib.c)
Rhombus
are equal, a^
ir
(a.O)
(0.0)
c^,
and we have
iinu
b - a
+ b
-7
a-
c
^
= -
- c-
1.
Therefore, the diagonals are perpendicular.
93. Consider the figure below in which the four points are
collinear. Since the triangles are similar, the result
diately follows.
95. True.
immeax
by
c,
=>
-"T-t
"*"
T"
b
yi
"^
- yC
-^1
yi
-^2
>'i
bx a\
C-.
=>
.r
nu=
'
n,,
= --
13
Chapter
14
Section P.3
1.
= 2(0)-3 = -3
(a)/(0)
2(-3)-3 = -9
(b)/(-3) =
(c)
fib)
(d)
f(x
5. (a)
=
-
2i
1)
/(O)
2(.r
cos(2(0))
1)
cos
Ai
X
1
= - Vx +
Domain: x
02
(b)
g(V3) =
- (^3)' =
(c)
g(-2)
(d) g(r
= 3-(-2)2 =
1)
(f
3-3
3-4=
1)2
=c.s2-f
(b,/(-f
=
-1
-f2
cosi
-yl =
2t
-(,;.
Ax
- Vx - 1
- 2)Vx - 1
+ Vx -
Vx-
- 2)Vx -
(x
-X
1(1
+ Vx -
13. fit)
=> [-3,
>
Vx -
1)
X5t2
+ Vx -
1(1
1)
77t
sec
00)
Domain:
all r t^ 4A'
1],
Range: ( 00,
2r
2x
^'
an integer
00)
+
+
00)
0). (0,
0), (0,
00)
l,x <
2,
19. fix)
X >
/(-1) = 2(-1) +
= -1
l,x <
-X + l,x >
\x\
(a)
/(-3)=
2(0)
(b)
/(1)= -1 +
/(2)
2(2)
(c)
/(3)
(d) fif-
1)
2(r2
1)
(d)
/(fe'+l)=
>
(Note:
t2
for
all f)
Range:
1), [2,
2?2
= -3 +
00)
= -2
-(^+
Domain: (00, 00)

Range: (- 00, 0]
Domain: (00, 00)
do,
1=4
1=0
+
|-3|
(b) /(O)
(c)
[1,
2,
Range: (-00,
(a)
= -
Domain: ( 00,
17. fix)
_i
Range: (00, 0]
15. fix)
(i/v^rni-i)
(x
11. h{x)
It
Ax
/(x)-/(2)
X
2=
-4(f)) --3
'"A!)
9.
3. (a) g(0)
[1,
00)
1)+
-fc2
Section P.3
4- X
21. fix)
23. h(x)
Domain:
Range: (-00, 00)
Range:
= V9 -
x'^
Domain: [3,
27. ^(f)
jc
y2
=> y = VI
31. V
Some
not a function of .t.
is
[0,
ocj
2 sin
vt
oo.
oc)
Range: [-2,2]
is
a function of x. Vertical lines intersect the graph
most once.
at
oc)
[1,
Domain:
3]
Range: [0,3]
29.
= TT^n"
Domain: (-00,00)
25. fix)
15
vertical lines intersect
the graph twice.
33. x^
Va^.
not a function of .r since there are two values of v for
is
some
37. fix)
= X--
is
|x|
= v.T-
not a function of x since there are two values of > for
some
X.
+ \x-2\
0, then/(.r)
If
<
.t
<
If
X >
2,
then/(x)
-T
X.
<
If
35. ^^
= -x -
2, then/(A:)
x +
.t
U-
2)
= -2x +
2)
(x
(.t
2)
Ir
2(1
x).
2.
2fx
1).
Thus,
[2(1
fix)
The
x),
X <
1),
X >
< X <
l2(x
39.
=2,
function
equation, c
is
^x) =
= - 2.
car.
Since
Thus, gCr)
2.
2.
(1,
2)
satisfies the
= - 2xr.
41.
The fimction
X = 0. Since
rix)
43. (a) For each time

(b)
t.
<
Domain:
there corresponds a depth d.
<
Range: Q < d < 30
12
32/x.
is
r{x)
(1,
c/x. since
it
must be undefined
32) satisfies the equation, c
at
32. Hius.
Chapter P
16
47. (a)
The graph
shifted
is
3 units to the
(c)
The graph
(b)
(d)
2 units upward.
is
shifted
unit to the right.
shifted
is
The graph
left.
The graph is shifted

4 units downward.
1
2
r-H
(e)
The graph
vertically
stretched
is
(f)
by a factor of
The graph
vertically
3.
is
stretched
by a factor
ofi
49. (a)
v^x
12
(b)
= - v^
(c)
V7^^
upward
Vertical shift 2 units
Horizontal shift 2 units to the
Reflection about the ;c-axis
right
51. (a)
71(4)
16,
7tl5)
(b) li H(t)
T{t
(c) If //(f)
T{t)
53. fix)
= x\
g{x)
23
then the program would turn on (and off) one hour
1),
then the overall temperature would be reduced
1,
= v^
= figix)) = f{V^) =
Domain:
[0,
i^f
X,
-, gix)
^2
if'g)i^=figix))=fix^-\)
g{f(x))
g(;c2)
= v<? =
Domain:
|;t|
Domain: ( oo, oo)

No. Their domains are
x>0
oo)
degree.
55. fix)
(/ g)U)
(g 'f)(x)
later.
all
j:
# 1
(.^/)(.)^.(/(.))
different.
{fg) =
(g -/) for x
>
0.
Domain:
all jc ^^
No,/"g#go/.
.g) =
gf-
1=1-1=^
Section P.3
57. {A
>
r)it)
{A
'
r}{t)
61.
A{r{t))
A(0.6f)
TT(0.6f)2
represents the area of the circle at time
f{-x) = (-x)cos(-x) = -jfcosjr =
59.
0.367rt2
f{-x) = (-x)H4 - i-xY) =
.t2(4
x^) =/(jc)
Even
t.
-/W
Odd
63. (a) If/ is even, then (f 4)

,
65.
is
f(-x) = a^^ti-x)^"^' +
-K
-fix)
+ i^""^'
on the graph.
a3{-jc)3
+a,x^ +
(b)
If/ is odd, then
(j,
4)
is
on
the graph.
a,(-x)
a,x]
Odd
= f(x)g{x) where/ and g
67. Let F(;c)
F{-x) = /(-.r)5(-.r) =
Thus, F(x)
even. Let
is
are even.
/WgW
Then
= F (x).
FU) = f{x)g{x) where/and g
are odd.
F(-x) =f{-x)g(-x) = [-f(x)l-g(x)] =f(x)g(x) =

Thus, F(x)
69. fix)
fix)gix)
Fix).
even.
is
jc'
Then
ix^
and gix)
jt^
l)(j^)
are even.
/(x)
/WgW
x^
is
even.
a:^
ix^
is
odd and
x)(x^)
g{x)
x-
is
=x^ - x^h
even.
odd.
71. (a)
length
and width
volume
24
2(1)
484
24 - 2(2)
800
24
2(3)
972
24
2(4)
1024
24
2(5)
980
24
2(6)
864
The maximum volume appears
to
be 1024 cm',
x)-
(c)
V =
x(24
2x)-
< a <
Domain:
4.t(12
(b)
Yes,
(d)
V is
a function of .v.
"00
Maximum volume
12
is
V = 1024 cm'
dimensions 4 x 16 x 16 cm.
73. False; let/(x)
75. True, the function
x^.
Then/(-3) =/(3) =
9, but
-3
9^ 3.
is
even.
for
box having
17
18
Chapter P
Section P.4
1.
Models
Fitting
to
Data
3. Linear function
Quadratic function
7. (a)
5. (a), (b)
d = 0.066For F =
15.
W+
0.1
250--
(b)
125
200-
12
h*-'
15
The model
The cancer
Yes.
mortality increases linearly with
increased exposure to the carcinogenic substance.
9.
If.:i:
(a)
Let x
per capita energy usage (in millions of Btu)
per capita gross national product (in thousands)
0.0764a;
0.7052
0.066(55)
4.9985
0.08x
0.0343f3
y2
0.1095r
2.0667
y^
0.0917?
0.7917
5.0
(b)
0.3451^2
3.63 cm.
0.8837t
5.6061
15
y'i^y.
*h
^'
N\
_^.r^^^
nn
For 2002,
(c)
11. (a) y,
(b)
55, then
then>'== 136.
(c)
3,
F=
(c) If
well,
fits
^
+
jj
jj
0.5994t
32.9745
12 and î
3 1.06 cents/mile
Denmark, Japan, and Canada
(d) Deleting the data for the three countries above,
0.0959X
1.0539
(r
0.9202
13. (a) y^
4.0367r
^2
-0.0099;'
is
much
closer to
L)
28.9644
(d) ^3
0.5488?^
0.2399f
0.4297f2
33.1414
(b)
^
>!
=4.04r+29.0
W^
25
>,
= -O.OlOl^ + 0.549l^ +
(e)
0.24(
33.
The cubic model
The
slope represents the average increase per year
in the
(f)
(c)
number of people
For 2000,
10,
and yj
(in millions) in
is better.
yj
80.5 million (cubic)
HMOs.
69.3 million. Oinear)
Review Exercises for Chapter P
15. (a)
= -
1.81;c3
14.58;t2
16.39x
17. (a) Yes, >
10
is
a function of
At each time
t.
and only one displacement

(b)
300
(b)
The amplitude
(2.35
The period
(c)
y.
Ifx
4.5,
2(0.375
is
approximately
1.65)/2
0.35.
approximately
is
0.125)
0.5.
214 horsepower.
(c)
One model
is
0.35 sin(4Trf)
2.
(d)
19.
Answers
will vary.
Review Exercises
1.
for
>-
;c
= 0:^0 = 2x-3=>jt
^>
>
2x
X 3.y =
2(0)
Chapter P
= -3 =*
-3)
(0,
(5, 0)
y-intercept
.r-intercept
5.
to y-axis since
x-2
{-xYy - (-x)' + 4y =
-
X = 0:
1
7.
0-2
X = 0=4>0 =
= 2.V +
1
_i_
]_
0,
-jr
y-intercept
( 1
0)
X-
4y
0.
.T-intercept
3
-
xry
vt
JA-
fi.V
f .r
Slope:
y-intercept: j
11. V
dt
X-
t,
there
is
19
one
Chapter
20
13.
= 75
-;c
15.
= Ax^-
17.
25
3a:- Ay
20
28
Ax
Domain: ( oo,
5]
Xmin = -5
Xmax = 5
Xscl = 1
Ymin = -30
Ymax =
YscI
Ix
10
You need
y
x(x
x^
factors (x
2)(x
2)
and
{x
2).
= 4
Point
19.
Ay
(4, 1)
Multiply by x to obtain origin symmetry
2)_
4x.
21.
23.
- 5
- (-2)
1-0
l-r=-^
12
Slope
(5/2)
5
^ 3/2 _
7/2
(3/2)
3,_(_5) = i(;,_o)
25.
2>'
- 3x +
10
F~
y -
27.
3y
2x
= -f(x y
= -3X -
(-3))
2
29. (a)
= ~(x +
16y
(b)
2)
lo
64 = 7x
14
\6y
Slope of line
>7.ir
= -2x
3v
31.
The
slope
V(3)
33.
a:
-850. V
= -850f +
= -850(3) +
12,500
37. fix)
jU +
12
5j:
10
5;t
3V
22
is
one value oiy for each
x.
^. -6 <
[-6, 6]
= $9950
= Vx
= x^-2x
Function of j: since there

there are
two values of >>
for
X.
= -
39. (a) Domain: 36
Range:
(a)
2)
12,500.
35. y
Not a function of j: since
some
x + 2 =
r
y
is
x=-l
(d)
2x
78
4-0
.X
is
21
/(O) does not
>
.v-
x < 6
[0, 6]
exist.
(b)
Domain:
all
(-oc.
or
=^
5). (5, ex:)
/(I
Ax) -/(I)
(b)
+ Ax
Ar
Ai-
(1
-1
Ax9t -1,0
+ Ar
- 1 - A.X:
+ At) Ax
Range:
(c)
all
Domain:
>
all
Range: ally
or
(-oc, oc)
or
or
(- oo.
oc,
oo)
41. (a) fix)
x^
c,c
c
CONTINUED
or
= -2,
0,
(b) /(x)
(x
c)-\
= -2,0.
0), (0,
oc)
Chapter
22
41.
CONTINUED
= ix-
(c) fix)
43. (a)
Odd
2)3
powers: fix)
-2,0,2
c,c
x, gix)
x^,hix)
Even powers: fix)
x^
x''
look like hix)
j^,
but rise and
x^ will look like hix)
x^,
but rise even
will
45. (a)
2jc
2>'
24
)-
12
-X
xy
x^, gix)
x*, hix)
j:*
-rA-
The graphs of/, g, and h all rise to the right and fall
the left. As the degree increases, the graph rises and
falls more steeply. All three graphs pass through the
points(0,0), (1,1), and (-1,-1).
(b)
= cx\c= -2,0,2
(d)/(;c)
fall
even more
more
The graphs
to
As
right.
of/, g, and h
all rise
steeply. All three graphs pass

(1, 1),
to the left
and
the degree increases, the graph rises
and (-
to the
more
through the points
(0, 0),
1, 1).
steeply.
steeply.
<
(b)
Domain:
(c)
Maximum
jc
< 12
A =
x(12
,.
x)
I2x
x^
area
case,
47. (a) 3 (cubic), negative leading coefficient
is
49. (a) Yes, y
area
attained
is
is /I
when
36. In general, the
the rectangle
(c)
2 (quadratic), negative leading coefficient
maximum
a square. In this
6.
a function of
t.
At each time
and only one displacement

(b)
is
t,
there
y.
(quartic), positive leading coefficient
(b)
The amplitude
(0.25
is
approximately
(-0.25))/2
0.25.
(d) 5, positive leading coefficient
(c)
(d)
The period
is
approximately
One model
is
05
1.1.
^cos(Yjrj^cos(5.7f)
is
one
Problem Solving for Chapter P
Problem Solving
1-
(a)
;,2
U2 ~ 6x +
9)
y2
8>'
+ {y^-8y+
UCenter: (3,4)
Chapter P
for
6;c
3)2
(y
16)
=9 +
4)2
\6
is
(6,
is
Slope of tangent line
is
-.
4
= --.
3
(d)
':x
4
3
Hence,
::x
(x
6)
=> y =
- -
T-T
Tangent
line
Hx 3
':x
7
4
H(x)
;t
Slof>e of tangent line
0)
= --X
Tangent line
Intersection:
3.
is
9
=
2
>"
0) to (3, 4)
-^4 Hence,
y-0
0) to (3, 4)
(0,
25
Radius: 5
Slope of line from
from
(b) Slope of line
4-0
(c)
3,
>
^ <
"
(a)
H(x)
1^
"
12
h-
(b)
H(x
2)
4-3-2
I-4 -3 -2 -1
-2--
-3--
(c)
-H{x)
(d)
H(-x)
4-
3-2-
-4
I
1
-4-3-2-1
(e)
23
1
I
1--
_T -2
_T -1
_l
-4J -3
-2--
-2
-3
.3..
WU)
(f)
-H(x -
2)
II
12
2
4-
>-*-:
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2-
-2-
-3-
-3--
h^
24
Chapter
5. (a)
ly
100 -a:
=* y =
100
7.
The
length of the trip in the water
length of the trip over land
A(x)
xy
100-x \
^
x\
x-
the total time
+ 5Qx
_=
T
(b)
(c)
VaTI?
r
VI +
1600
Maximum
of 1250
m-
at
= 50
j:
m,
>>
25 m.
= -|(x2 - mx)
A{x)
-|(x2 - lOOx
= -|U A(50)
9. (a)
Slope
(b)
Slope
(c)
Slope
9-4
_
4.41
-r-j
2.1
/(2
(d) Slope
{2
is
the
3.
- 4
=
- 2
2500)
1250
1250
maximum, x = 50 m, y = 25 m.
5.
4. 1
is
is
less
than
5.
greater than 3.
is
less than 4.
+ ;/)-/(2)
+ h) -2
+ hf-
(2
50)2
m-
1250
^
"
Ah
h^
= A + h,hi-0
h get closer and closer
(e) Letting
11. (a)
At X
and x
= 3
the sounds are equal.
2/
/
(h)
vVT7
U3^2
^2
(X
Jix -
3)2
y2
4(^2
3y2
6x
2x
/=
1)2
y2
to 0, the slope approaches 4.
3)2
y-
y2)
= 4
Circle of radius 2 centered
at
1,
0)
Hence, the slope
is
Vl +
V2^ + x^, and the

(3 - x)^. Hence,
is
< x < 100
Domain:
is
at (2, 4) is 4.
(3
- xY
hours.
13.
d^d^
[U +
{x
+ DHx -
1)2
y\{x
{x^
x'^
1)^-
1)=
1)2
-2x- +
ylS.x
(jc
- \Y + f] =
-
y^[2x^
1)2]
+ 2xY +
2]
2v2
(x2
Let V
Thus,
(0, 0),
0.
Then x* = 2x- =^ x =
{V2,
O)
/
+/
+/
x-
(->/2.0)
(0.0)
+ /)2 =
or
ee
2(;c2
2.
and (- V2, o) are on the curve.
- /)
25
CHAPTER
Limits and Their Properties
Section 1.1
A Preview of Calculus
27
Section 1.2
Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically
27
Section 1.3
Evaluating Limits Analytically
31
Section 1.4
Continuity and One-Sided Limits
37
Section 1.5
Infinite Limits
42
Review Exercises
47
Problem Solving
49
CHAPTER
Section 1.1
Odd-Numbered Exercises
Solutions to
1.
Preview of Calculus
Precalculus; (20 ft/sec)( 15 seconds)
300
3.
feet
Calculus required: slope of tangent line

cliange,
5. Precalculus:
Area
= \bh =
\{5){3)
= ysq.
units
at.ic
is
rate
of
and equals about 0.16.
7. Precalculus:
Volume =
(2)(4)(3)
= 24 cubic
units
9. (a)
(b)
The graphs of yj
(c)
The
slope
are approximations to the tangent line to Vi at
approximately
is
j:
For a better approximation make the
2.
1.
list
numbers
smaller:
{0.2,0.1,0.01,0.001}
11. (a)
D^ = V(5 -
yrr(f +
(b)D, =
2.693
(c) Increase the
1.302
(1
= 716 +
5)-
16
5.66
7i + (f-fr + 7i + (f-!r + Vi + (i-ir

+
1.083
1.031
=6.11
number of line segments.
Section 1.2
1.
1)'
1.9
1.99
1.999
2.001
2.01
2.1
/w
0.3448
0.3344
0.3334
0.3332
0.3322
0.3226
Iim3
X
x->2 XT
fix)
0.2911
^^"^^
lim
x-fO
0.3333
(Actual limit
-0.001
-0.01
-0.1
~
l
0.2889
0.2887
0.2887
is |.)
0.001
0.01
0.1
0.2887
0.2884
0.2863
(Actual limit
is
1/(2^1).)
27
Chapter
28
-0.0641
2.999
3.001
3.01
-0.0627
-0.0625
-0.0625
-0.0623
^^/('+jy^-(y^) ^
_o.0625
lim
-0.01
-0.1
lim
1.0000
(Actual limit
-j-,)
is
0.01
0.1
1.0000
0.99998
0.9983
sure
you use radian mode.)
;c)
\xX
5\
does not
For values of j: to the
exist.
left
of
5, \x
to the right
of
5, \x
5\/ix
5) equals
tan x does not exist since the fimction increases and
lim
x approaches
decreases without bound as
19. C(r)
5|/(j:
5) equals
jc)
1,
whereas for values of a-
15.
lim (4
x->2
lim/W =
jr-2
11.
x~*3
13. lim
-0.0610
0.001
(Make
is 1.)
3.1
x-0
lim (4
1.0000
(Actual limit
-0.001
0.99998
0.9983
fix)
9.
2.99
2.9
fix)
7.
0.75
- 0.50|-(/-
17. lim cos(1/j:) does not exist since the function oscillates
(b)
1)1
between
tt/2.
(a)
and
as
x approaches
0.
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
1.75
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
lim Cit)
2.25
r->3.5
(c)
t
2.5
2.9
3.1
3.5
1.25
1.75
1.75
1.75
2.25
2.25
2.25
C jump
from 1.75
lim Cit) does not exist. The values of
to 2.25 at
3.
r->3
21.
You need
to find
<
5 such that
l/W-i| = -X
<
0.1.
|x
That
< 5
implies
So
take 5
-.
<
--
<
<
0.1
<
10
Using the
ii
"^
;c
10
'0
10
9>--l>-H,
< 5 implies
-'^
<
9-
first series
of equivalent inequalities, you obtain
l/W
10
10
0.1
A^
0.1
"Tf <
1
|x
is,
,
-0.1
<
Then
<
<
0.
Section
23. lim
(3;c
2)
1 .2
25. lim
Z,
(jc^
3)
29
= L
x*2
|(3a
2)
8|
<
\'ix
6|
< 0.01
3|jt
2|
<
0.01
|.T
2|
<
<
0.01
|U2
3)
\x'^
0.0033
|(*
2){x
\x
2|
1|
<
0.01
4|
<
O.OI
2)1
<
0.01
2|
<
0.01
|.r
5
0.01
Hence,
<
if
0.01
|a;
< S
2|
'
If
3|x-
2|
<
\3x
6|
< 0.01
2)
8|
< 0.01
we assume
- L\<
\f{x)
3)
>
\{x
0.01
|jc
29.
let
Hence,
if
\{x
<
5|
|.r
\x
3)
2||a:-
2|
<
0.01
\x"-
4|
<
0.01
3)
1|
< 0.01
\f{x)
L\
< 0.01
i^xe
>
< 5 =
e.
<
5|
k\x-{-4)\ <
let
Hence,
if
33. Iim4/x
x-^6
|.r
(-4)|
< S =
2e,
you have
< 26
lit
2|
<
l)
3|
<
-L\<e
.t-.0
Given e >
Given e >
0:
|3-3| <
<
Hence, any 8 >
0:
|.i^
\Vx\
o|
Hence, for any 5 >
|3-3|<e
0,
you have
Hence,
Hence
let
for
<
<
e^
<e
\x\
will work.
< 2e
(-4)1
|;c- (-4)1
2e.
<
l/W
\x
\{kx
31. lim 3
0.002.
you have
<
you have
Hence,
0.002,
0:
k.+
<
2\
=i(-4)-l = -3
l)
-L\<e
\f(x)
< 0.002 = y(0.01) <
e.
<
0.01/5
2|
< S
\{\x- l)-(-3)| <
e=
-2| <
|.r
Hence,
lim
J-4
Given
0:
3)
2\
\x
1^
jc->2
Given
then 5
?>,
if0<
\{x^
27. lim (x
< x <
2|
0.01
Hence,
|(3.v
k +
'
you have
= e\
<
|.r|
|.v
<
r'
l/W -L\<e
\^-0\ <
1/U) -L\<e
0|
< 6 = e\ you have
^,
(0.01)
Chapter
30
35.
2|
Given e >
0:
lim
\x
|(-2)
2|
\-x-2\ =
=
37. lim (x^
|;:
<
|-(;c-2) -4| <
2|
|;c
2|
4|
(-2)|
<
\(x^
(x
\-{x
|jr
(-2)|
2\
<
||x
If
<
4|
<
l/W -
L|
<
Vx +
^(^^-
Hence
(because
a:
1|
<
1)1
<
<
l)(x
<
for
a:
|jr
41. f(x)
lim /(a;)
JT
2,
< 5 =
then 8
-,
e/3.
you have
utility
25 means that the values of/ approach 25 as
(ii)
The
jc
<
2|
<
l/W -
2|
<
1)
The domain
the hole at (4, g)
The values of/ approach different

numbers as x approaches c from
<
x-9
.-4
<
II
The domain is [-5, 4) U (4, oo).

The graphing utility does not show
|x+l|
20)
lim/W = 1
(i)
\x2-
we assume
|U=
45.
< e
you have
e,
2|
< 5 =
<6
2)\
|-U-2)-4|
43. lim/(jc)
2|
U\x
e.
Hence forO <
^,
1)
\ix
0:
2 < 0)
1)
Given e >
\\x
Hence, 8
= 4
is all
x >
except x
does not show the hole
9.
The graphing
at (9, 6).
gets closer and closer to 8.
values
of/ increase with-
out bound as x approaches
(iii)
c:
different sides of c:
The values of/oscillate

between two fixed numbers
x approaches
4-.
3--
47. fix)
lim(l
(1
12
-4 -3 -2 -1
1--
+ xY /x
+xy'' =
12
2.71828
/w
-0.1
2.867972
0.1
2.593742
-0.01
2.731999
0.01
2.704814
-0.001
2.719642
0.001
2.716942
fix)
-0.0001
2.718418
0.0001
2.718146
-0.00001
2.718295
0.00001
2.718268
-0.000001
2.718283
0.000001
2.718280
c:
as
Section 1.3
49. False; /(x)
(sinx)/jcis
51. False;
when x = 0.
From Exercise 7, we have
S3.
let
Answers
31
will vary.
undefined
hm
1.
/(4)
j:->0
|x
L, and lim/(x)
x->c
.i->c
c|
<
So
|Li
L2I
<
<
L2I
Z,]
Ix
4x,
^ 4
X =
4'
10
>
lim (x^
4x)
0, there exists S,
i=
>
10
and
2e. Since e
means
<
cl
>
is
that for every e
arbitrary,
>
it
follows that Lj
there exists S
>
>
8-,
=> |/(x) LjI < 6. Let S equal the smaller of 5, and Sj. Then for
= |L, -/(x) +/(x) - L2I < |L, -/(x)| + |/(x) - L2I < e + e.
Therefore, |Li
57. lim [fix)
L^,
' then for every e
la
lim/(x)
55. If lim/(x)
X-
/w
such that
|x
<
c|
5,
Ix
<
cl
H/(xJ-L,| < eand
5,
we have
Z^.
such that
if
5,
then
|(/(x)
L)
<
0|
6.
This means the same as |/(x)
<
|x
c|
<
L.
Thus, lim/(x)
L\
<
when
5.
Section 1.3
(a)
lim h(x)
(a)
(b)
J
=
X-
5x
lim.T^
I''
h(x)
5.
lim
li(x)
(b)
(=f)
fix)
16
7.
= X cos X
lim (2x
1)
2(0)
= -
x->0
9.
11.
13.
lim (x^
lim (2x2
lim
3x)
4x
(-3)2
1)
+ 3(-3) =
9-9
= 2(-3)2 + 4(-3) +
18
12
-= I
2
15. lim
.vîx=
jr-2X
_5x
17. lim
""
^ 35 ^ 35
5(7)
./FT2 ~ 77 +
79
lim f(x)
.t>Tr/3
.t->-l
13
lim/Cx)
x*0
-v*5
19.
lim v'x
-V-.3
1-3
- 3
+ 4
1-
= V
+ 4
0.524
32
21.
Chapter
lim (x
= (-4 +
3)-
3)-
23. (a) liin/(x)
5-1=4
(b) lim g{x)
43
x--4
(c)
= 64
limg(/W) =
g(/(l))
g(4)
= 64
x->l
=4-1=3
25. (a) lim/(x)
27.
lim
sin
jc
sin
= 73 +
(b) lim g{x)
lim g{f{x))
(c)
g(3)
x->7r/2
X->1
"fx
,-
29. lim cos -rx^2

3
cos
-^r-
31. lim sec
lim[5gW] =
L/U) +
(b) lim
2j:
x-,3
5(3)
= lim/U) +
g{x)]
sec
- =
35. lim tan
5 Urn gix)
gW
tan
lim lf{x)g{x)]
x~^c
Ix-^c
(d) lim
x-.cgU)
41. /(x)
jc
ilx*c
(2)(3)
(c)
= - 2jc +
and
X
agree except
at
43. fix)
3(4)
12
riim/(x)f ^
(4)V2
and gix)
agree except at x
0.
lLmg(x)
(b)
lim g(x)
X>
lim
lim f(x)
X>-l
/(jc)
=1
lim/(x)
- and
X-
gix)
(a)
lim gix)
lim
(b)
= x -
lim gix)
x>i
agree except at x
47. fix)
= 2
X-
X-
lim-
25
X-.5 (x
5)(x
lim
5X +
10
CI
51.
5)
lim/(x)
x>i
lim fix)
8 and gix) =
x-
g(jc)
X^*-l
x^
2j:
4 agree except
2.
Vim fix)
X>2
x.^5 x^
Xl
x-*-l
x-*l
49. lim
1)
x*c
Lj:>c
xix
x->c
3 lim/(x)
x*c
= 2x^ +
g(j:)
= 64
(4)^
/lim/W = v^ =
lim[/(x)?^^
id)
[lim/(x)?
[3/W] =
lim
X>c
= -1
(b) lim v{70c)
= ^^^-7T = ^
3
hmgU)
(a)
45. fix)
riim/(x)]riim g{x)]
39. (a) lim [f{x)f
15
lim
j:->c
(c)
jr->0
lim
JC*5ir/6
37. (a)
Stt
1
sm X = sm -7- =
,.
33.
7r2
lim gix)
12
.r>2
+ x-6
x^-9
=
x^
r
lim
x^-i
ix
,.
Iim
-3 ix
,.
3)(x
3)ix
x-2
lim
Jr--3
+
+
JC
2)
3)
-5
5
= 7 = 7
6
6
at
1.

Section 1.3
.,
V.r
,.
53. lim
'^0
- Vs
= hm
VxTl
x->0
,.
,.
5 - 4
7jc
,.
x-î
+ 5 = hm Jx
xî
X - 4
,.
U+
57.
,.
hm
2+ x
2{x
,.
hm
-^^
{x
hm
4)(7.r
(2
2x
Ax)-
,.
2{x
Ax)
,.
- 72
10
Jx +
+ 2Ax -
2x
Ix
= --1
4
,.
= hm
79 +
(.t-
\x->o
A.r
x)
,.
2;c
1)
Ax
7x +
75
+ 2xAx +
x^
,.
(Ax)-
2v
lim
2Ajc
x=
2x
Ax
A.x->0
lim (2x
+ Ar -
0.001
0.01
0.1
0.354
0.353
0.349
63. lim
+ 75
x^4
3)
Ai->0
7;c
,.
x~*o
+
+
9
5
-1
= lim --;
2(2 +
^^
= hm
jm
275
lim
-r->o
7^ +
+
x)
A.v->o
2(2 +;<:)
A.V
,.
.T-*o
+ Ax)
^ -
^x->o
^,
61.
= hm
x-*o
._
59.
2
,.
5)
(x
+ 75
1=
+ vO
lim
x^4
._
V^ +
Jx +
U + 5) - 5
xÔx{jx + 5+75)
55. lim
- J5
2)
2x
-,,.
0.354
Jr->0
-0.01
-0.1
Analytically,
,
0.354
0.358
fix)
>
hm
xô
-0.001
0.345
7^rr2- 72
v^^"+^- 72 =
hm
=
J7T2
X + 2
,.
lim ,
x(7x +
^r =
2+72)
hm
+ 72
./2
,.
--^ô
Vx +
v'l
2v'2
+x
65. lim
.t->0
-0.1
-0.01
-0.001
fix)
-0.263
-0.251
-0.250
0.001
7
-0.250
0.01
-0.249
0.1
-0.238
Analytically, lim
x-*0
v^m+- v/2
,.
xô
2-(2+.r)
hm Z7Z
~ = hm rz-X
1
2(2 +.v)
,.
.-ô2(2+.v)
-1
,.
.t-K)2(2
lim ttt
= -71
r
.x)
0.354
33
Chapter
34
sin
. ,.
67. lim 1
.t->o
a;
cos
hm sin 41 -T
-
%- .|i4
sinx
,.
lim
j->o
5jc
a:)
,.
69.
sin-x
_, ,.
71. lim
lim
;t-0
sin
a:
73.
(1) sin
j:-0
(1
,.
hm ^
cosh)^
;
_.
cos:r
,.
hm
j:->7r/2
79.
cot
,.
lim
sin
jc
__
= hm
Sin 3r
,.
,.
hm r
77.
x-^Tt/l
,.
/ sin 3f
1^0 \
It
,_o
-0.1
-0.01
-0.001
2.9996
2.96
3f
0.001
0.01
0.1
2.9996
2.96
'
sin 3r
tô
,.
= hm
,/sin3f\
3
1^0
3t;
-0.1
-0,01
-0,001
fix)
-0.099998
-0.01
-0.001
1,
hm
Analytically,
fix
83. hm-^-^^
,.
fix
87. lim
x->0
hm-"-!^
h-M
smj:'
+ h)- fix)
A-o
^
85.
,,,,
3(1)
cos h
(1
- cosh)\
i^-nm-i
2
2
limit
V/Y/~v^
appear to equal
3.
,.
= hm j:
2ix
lim "^
,.
,.
iA-
}?)
xÔ-"
0.1
0.001
0.01
0.099998
ji =
h)
,,,
0(1)
0.
i2x
^
3)
h
r
lim (4
,.
= hm
/.->o
x^)
= 1
,.
2.x
2/2
(x
^
+
89. fix)
-4
-^
x^
h)x
= X cos X
x-^0
4 < lim/(;c) < 4

x~*0
Therefore, lim/(j:)
4.
x-tO
lim ix cos
x->0
2h
= hm -- =
,.
'!->o
-4
,.
2;c
4x-4ix + h)
',.
= hm
/i->o
{x + h)xh
,
3
;
hô
h->o
< Wm fix) <
0.01
/sinr^\
h->o
+ h)- ^-^
fix)
= hm
f
imî
0.001
jc)
cos x
81. fix)
,.
v^jyj
The
hm
Analytically,
o,
a:
sin3f
h-tO
(0)(0)
75.
sin
|(1)(0)
= hm
h->0
1_
lim
\/wvw
3.
Section 1.3
91. fix)
lim
\x\
\x\
sinx
sin
93. f(x}
lim
say that two functions /and g agree at
interval except for
c,
all
but one
f(x)
g(x) for
where c
is
in the interval.
point (on an open interval)
if
all
jc
An
97.
sin
;c
Ar-0
We
X, gix)
indeterminant form
'Y
101.
^
si5)
hm
t^5
Speed
j(f)
,.
when
evaluating a limit
is,
g(x)
which lim/(jr)
lim g(x)
the magnitude
are "close to"
approximately equal to the magnitude of
Thus, |g|/|/|
when x
of/ is
g.
is
"close to" 0.
j(3)
sit)
-4.9r2
1^3
600 - (-16r=
,.
lim
'->5
1000)
sit)
-4.9(3-)
,.
150
lim
/-:3
""^-^^^
lim
3
I-3
l/.v
= -
and gix)
lim [fix)
gix)]
~ '^^^
- r
'^ ''
107. Given fix)
fo
'
5)(/
-(r
5)
,.
lim
,^,
16(r
,^,
5)
160
ft/sec.
f->5
5)
b\
0,
=
=
b.
\b
show
>
which implies
L\
r)
= -29.4 m/sec
^(.t)
do not
exist.
lim [0]
>
there exists a 5 >
such that |/(.v) - b\ <
will work.
< efor any e > 0. then any value of 5 >
is
such that
<
r)
.V-.0
true because both sides are equal to 0. If
|/(.t)
L\
<
e/\b\
we have
\b\\fix)
lim
that for every e
b\
then the property
there exists 5
-4.9(9
,.
-v+0
.V
i->3
lim -4.9(3
lim /(a) and lim
l/.t.
150)
Jr->3
lim
.vÔ
.r>0
lim
- (-4.9r +
- r
.r-*0
|/(.v)
16(r
,.
;->5
150
105. Let/(.r)
'
160 ft/sec
lim
109. If
obtained
= -16f2 + 1000
sit)
,.
103.
is
sin x, hix)
^^^
expression such as 0/0. That
When you
S
- =
using direct substitution produces a meaningless fractional
in the
for
xl
Jr-.c
99. fix)
sin
;r0
95.
JT
35
that lim
or
\bfix)
[Z:'/(.v)]
bL.
bL\
<
whenever
<
\x
fc
c\
0. let
<
S.
>
6 whenever
|.v
c\
<
be given. Since lim/(.v)
Hence, wherever
<
|.v
c-|
<
Since
5.
=
5.
L.
Chapter
36
-M|/(x)| < f{x)g{x) < M\f(x)
111.
113. False.
As x approaches
from the
left,
lim(-M|/W|) <
x^c
1.
< lim(M|/W|)
limf(x)gix)
x*c
-M(0) <
M=_,
=
-'^
x*c
< M(0)
lim f{x)g{x)
x>c
< lim f{x)g{x) <

x*c
Therefore, lim f{x)g{x)
0.
115. True.
117. False.
The
limit
does not
exist.
119. Let
4,
fix)
[-4.
>
if
<
j:
= lim4 =
lim \f{x)\
''
j-o
if.?
4.
.x->0
'
lim/(x) does not exist since for a:
<
0,/(x)
= -4andforx >
0,/(x)
4.
l->0
121. f(x)
g{x)
0,
if
is
rational
1,
if
jc
is
irrational
0,
if
is
rational
X,
if
is
irrational
lim/(x) does not
exist.
x*Q
No
matter
how
"close to"
there are
is,
still
an
infinite
number of rational and
irrational
numbers so
lim/(x) does not
that
exist.
lim g{x)
0.
x*0
When X
is
"close to" 0, both parts of the function are "close to" 0.
cos X
123. (a) lim

J-0
XT
- cosx
lim
jr-0
jr
1
1
1
+ cosx
+ cos X
- cosx
(b) Thus,
- cos^x
+ COSx)
COS X
cos X
x^
-x^ for X
j:->OX^(1
sin'x
o
jt
<=i
1
1
+ cosx
(c) cos(O.l)
(d) cos(O.l)
0.9950, which agrees with part
|(0.1)2
0.995
(c).
0.
Section 1.4
Section 1.4
1.
(a)
(b)
lim fix)
3. (a)
lim fix)
(b)
lim fix)
/W
lim
j:->3
(c)
lim/W =
The
function
5.
lim/U) =
(c)
continuous at
The function
_
7.
is
3.
,.
jc
lim î
x^s- r=
NOT continuous
at
(b)
lim /(j:)
X#4
(c)
lim /U) does not exist

J4
at
lim
x->0-
,.
\x\
5-
lun
-;
x->0-
,.
;c
does not exist because
lim
ix
Ai-o-
Ajc
+
.
A'tr
+
.
A.r)
,
-:
zir
A.r)
-A.t
lim
Axô~
.t(.x
.r
TT
0)
^+ = -
X
lim
j:->3
Lx
Ajc)
lim fix)
grows
lim -7
a:U
jc-3
7F^^
10
13.
15.
NOT continuous
is
4.
+ \x
AxÔ"
j;
= -2
3.
without bound as
11.
lim fix)
- = lim
- 25
is
(a)
The function
x
37
lim
17.
/(.r)
lim (x
.r^1^
1)
x-^l"*"
lim/(.r)
lim/W =
limj.x^
1)
jr>1
19.
lim
21.
lim cot X does not exist since
-t4
X*TT
(3W -
(H =
lim cot x and lim cot x do not
23. lim (2
- \- xfj
does not exist
25. fix)
X-
-r
-5 =
3(3)
<
4)
27./W =
- 4
because
has discontinuities
<
exist.
x->3
lim (2 --i--.^1) =- 2 - (-3)
3 for 3
5)
.r
at
.t
= 2 and
2 since/(-2) and/(2) are not
H+
..
has discontinuities
k since lim f[x)
each integer
lim
/(jr).
x*k'
x^k'
-r-*3
at
defined.
and
- 2 - (-4)
lim (2 -1--.rl)
x*y
-
29. gix)
= V25 -
on [-5,
5],
.t- is
==
continuous
6.
31.
lim fix)
x->0-
lim f(x).
33. /(.t)
.t-
.t->0*
for
/is continuous on [
1,
4].
all real x.
It
1 is
continuous
Chapter
38
35. f(x)
3x
Limits
cos X
and Their Properties
continuous for
is
all real x.
37. fix)
-^
,
X'^
, for
not continuous at x
is
jc
=^ 0, ;:
is
is
0,
Since
a removable
discontinuity, whereas
a nonremovable
discontinuity.
39. fix)
is
x^+
continuous for
x
all real x.
41. fix)
ix
2)ix
5)
has a nonremovable discontinuity
does not
exist,
= 2
since
lim fix)
43. fix)
45. fix)
\x
2|
-'
r"-
has a nonremovable discontinuity at
X,
X <
X?-,
X >
has a possible discontinuity

1.
fix)
lim
/W
=
lim X
/U) =
,
r^
\
= limx^ =
/(2)
lim
since lim fix) does not exist.
therefore, /is continuous for
all
<2
1,
X,
X > 2
has a possible discontinuity at x
real x.
2.
=-+1=2
=
lim fix)
lim
(^+
1)
2]
Mim/(x) does not
2_
lim (3
x)
tan
^.
r"4= -
1.
/(-
2.
lim fix)
X
1)
<
X*~l
/(I)
2.
-1
<x
<
X <
or
X >
has possible discontinuities

1
lim/(x)
3./(-l)= lim/(x)
at
tan^.
/(I)
= -
/is continuous
exist.
J"""*
Therefore, /has a nonremovable discontinuity atx
1.
lim/W =
lim/(x)
x*l
= 1,
therefore, /is continuous for
all
real x.
5 since lim/(x)
and has a removable discontinuity
1.
1,
lim/(.r)
49./(x)
lim/(jc)
l3
1.
/is continuous alx
47.
= -2
j:
lhn/(jc)
3. /(I)
at
j:
at
atx= l,x=
1.
at
51. f(x)
CSC 2x has nonremovable discontinuities at integer
55.
57. /(2)
x*0*
lim fix)
/is not continuous
at
= -2.
\ /
-s
[jc
integer
lim f(x)
53. fix)
multiples of ir/2.
and One-Sided Limits
Continuity
Section 1.4
has nonremovable discontinuities at each
ll
k.
Find a so that lim
or =
^=
2.
c/
59. Find a and b such that
lim
(ax
^)
-a
+ b =
2 and lim (ox
(+)3a +
fe
= -2
2,
/U) = |-;c +
= -4
4a
fc)
3a
-2.
- fo= -2
61. /(gU))
ix
1-2,
a=
-I
b=
(-1)
- \Y
Continuous for
< -1
-1 < X <
jc > 3
.t
1,
63. figix))
U- +
65. y
5)
;c-
all real x.
Nonremovable
= ix\-x
Nonremovable discontinuity
at
2x
67. fix)
discontinuities at
4,
.r
<
;c
each integer
at
.v
^;mx
/
/
69. fix)
X-
71.
/U) =
Continuous on:
.
73. fix)
=
3
to
[-4,
is
so
it
.,(-6. -2), (-2.
-^xf'
/(I)
^ and /(2) =
Theorem, /(c)
The graph appears

Since /(O)
a discontinuity
75. fix]
4].
sec^
Continuous on ( oo, oo)
at
.v
be continuous on the interval

not defined,
0.
we know that/has
This discontinuity
does not show up on the graph.
is
removable
and
2.
39
.v-^
2), (2. 6), (6. 10),
is
continuous on
-4. By
for at least
[l. 2].
the Intermediate Value
one value of c between
40
Chapter
77. f{x)
/(O)
jc^
= -3
Limits
cos X
continuous on
=
=
and /(it)
Value Theorem, /(c)
between
and
is
77^
>
0.
79.
[0, it].
By
f(x)
the Intermediate
one value of c
for the least
X-
f{x)=x^ +
continuous on
is
= -
/(O)
and/(l)
[0, 1].
-tt.
By
we
81. git)
g{0)
f is
[0, 1].
> Oandg(l)
1.9
<
that
and
1.
= -
-1 <
for at least
Using a graphing
utility,
we
3)
x=4oTX
= 4
is
not
jc
4)(;c
3 {x
Thus,/(3)
x-2
87. (a)
/is continuous on
[0, 3].
(b)
The function
(c)
The
-2 <
,,
The
(d)
The Intermediate Value Theorem
x^-x^ +
+
x^
ix
(x^
2)ix^
x-2
in the interval.)
limit
does not exist

is
at
not defined
limit exists at
-"^
i^'
The
limit
does not exist
at
but
it
c.
=
is
c.
not equal to the
^ ^
at
c.
applies.
x
;c
3 has
3)
no
real solution.)
Thus,/(2)
11
value of the function di^
4 < 19
applies.
=11.
= x^-x^ +
19
29
12
/(0)
ix
= -2and/(3) =
[0, 5].
x^
utility,
< 29
11
for at least
Using a graphing
0.5636.
a:2
85. fix)
and/(5)
and
0.6823.
X-
x^
j:
continuous on
/(O)
0.
the Intermediate Value Theorem, g(t)
one value c between
fmd
find that
83. fix)
3r
continuous on
is
By
2 cos
the Intermediate Value Theorem, f{x)
4.
89.
91.
The
functions agree for integer values of x:

"
gix)
fix)
=
=
3
3
- I-xl = 3 = 3 +X
+
(-x)
+ X
for X an integer
However, for non-integer values of x, the functions

differ
fix)
by
M=
For example, /(j)
The function
lim /(x)
is
1
not continuous
at
lim fix).
3 because
g(x)
3,
g{^ =
I-xl.
3
- (- 1)
Section 1.4
93.
Mf) = 25 2
50
Discontinuous
company
V=
95. Let
1.8
25
50
25
TTr^
its
V(5)
=3tt(53)-523.6
< 275 <
Tune
(in
275. (In
10
12
months)
inventory every two months.
be the volume of a sphere of radius
=|7r4.19
Since 4.19
every positive even integer.Tlie
V(l)
that V{r)
3.8
at
replenishes
N{t)
r.
523.6, the Intermediate Value
fact, r
97. Let c be any real number.
Theorem implies
that there is at least
one value
between
and 5 such
4.0341.)
Then \imf(x} does not
exist since there are both rational
and
x*c
irrational
numbers
-1,
arbitrarily close to c. Therefore,
if.v
<
0,
if
1,
ifx >
/is not continuous
at c.
4--
99. sgn(.T)
a:
3--
1*
(a)
lim sgnU)
= -
(b)
lim^ sgn(jc)
(c)
-4
-3-2-1
12
1--
lim sgn(jr) does not exist.

x^Q
101. True; iff(x)
g(x),
then
i- c,
lim/U) = lim
X~*C
at least
one of these
limits (if they exist)
the corresponding function s^x
105. (a) f{x)
(0
<
\b
b < x
.X
<
2,{x)
and
103. False: /(I)
is
.1.c
not defmed and lim/(.r) does not exist.

XI
does not equal
c.
fc
< X 
+ (P->Q=^x> -cândxTô,
Domain: x
,.
Jx
'-''
Define /(O)
109. h[x)
l/(2c) to
^x +
c~
JW?
U + c^) -c^
\jx + c^ +
at
(0,
oo)
c^
c
c
1
..
lim
'^0 Va:
c]
make /continuous
+
+
jc
= l,2,3,
0.
...
at
"^
InOnite Limits
lim
Ic
x\x\
Section 1.5
1.
h has nonremovable discontinuities
c~
iim
xÔ
x->0
[-c^, 0)
3.
,.
lim
tan
j:->-2*
lim
--2-
5.
/W
x^
liin
tan
;c--2-
-A
TTX
4
TTX- =
oo
-3.5
-3.1
-3.01
-3.001
fix)
0.308
1.639
16.64
166.6
lim f(x)
-2.999
166.7
-2.9
-2.5
16.69
-1.695
-0.364
-2.99
-2.9
-2.5
-2.99
oo
j:->-3
lim
j:-* 3
7.
/U)
/U) = -oo
;c2-9
-3.5
-3.1
-3.01
-3.001
-2.999
fix)
3.769
15.75
150.8
1501
-1499
Vim fix)
lim fix)
= -oo
x*-3*
oo
149.3
14.25
-2.273
Section 1.5
9.
=
^
X^
lim
jr-0*
oo
lim -^
at
43
"ii.'?^(x-2)U+l) =
i-0~ X^
Therefore,
Infinite Limits
a vertical asymptote.
is
Therefore,
j:
is
.-l'?r(;c-2)U+l) =
;t2-2
lim
-i-U-2)U+
Therefore, x
x^
13.
lim
-:;
Jr->-2- X'
oo and
'
= 2
Therefore, x
is
X-
lim
Jr-U"-2+
X^
21.
and lim
"""
-t'-^r jr2
jt
tan 2x
lim
x^-2-
lim
\)tt
(x
2)(x
TTT
x--2- (x
asymptote since the denominator
vertical
2)(x
has vertical asymptotes at
19.
tt +
n-TT
,
n any mteger.
23.
lim
t-
Therefore,
Ax) =
1)
TT
- -
r->0* V
A^
-OO
+
+
never zero.
lim
x-.r (x
-;
'.
Therefore, x
2)(x
TT-,
2)(x
is
5)(.r
25. fix.
ix
5)(a:-
lim
1^0- V
:;
r-
(.T-t-
DU^ --r +
X +
1)
has no vertical asymptote since
= -oo
1)
= -2
lim
x-^r (x
is
lim fix)
Therefore, x
No
is
is
{2n
- 4
cos It
is
r2
-oo
Therefore,
17. fix)
No
T-2
lim
x->2- x^
15.
- 4
1)
is
-r
rr
X*
lim ix-
.r
1)
J*-
= oo
1)
= oc
1)
+ 3) _
+1)
vertical asymptotes.
x
X-
+ 3
X*
+ V
The graph has
27.
a hole
at
5.
sit)
=
smt
has vertical asymptotes
a nonzero integer. There

t
since
lim^ =
t->o
sm
1.
is
no
al
\ertical
mr. n
asymptote
at
Chapter
44
29.
lim
i- = Jr--l
Urn [x
f-
jr--l
31.
1)
lim
;t--l+
+r =
X
;t^+
lim
x+
\-
oo
Vertical asymptote at
x=
Removable discontinuity
33.
lim
,_
37.
x-,2*
x^
,.
41.
lim
XT
= 1
a:
35.
r-
+ 2x- ^
=
+ X
-^5
lim
x-^-r
at
it
,.
X-
lim
j:--3
lim
x^-i- (x
x^l (x
43.
lim
jr-o+
.r-irCSCJ:
lim (v^sin;c)
i)(x
47.
-:
l)(x
sin
3)
1)
= 7
5
+ - = -00
45. lim
-1
00
00 and
^-^(1/2)-
x^-ir
X seclTTx)
lim
x-H X^
lim
Therefore,
secfTTj:)
lim
xMU2r
does not
sec(irx)
exist.
x-*(l/2)
49. f(x)
-^^-j-
lim f(x)
lim
51. fix)
00
x^-
lim fix)
25
= -00
x-*5
53.
which fix) increases or decreases without

bound as x approaches c is called an infinite limit. 00
not a number. Rather, the symbol
55.
limit in
lim fix)
One answer
L
"î
is
fix)
x-3
=
ix
6)(;c
X+
is
00
x-*c
says
57.
how
the limit fails to exist.
59.
5 =
-;
lim
r->r
<
<
Irl
1.
Assume k
i= 0.
S = lim
r->i-
=
r
00
(or
00
x^--4x-
2)
if
fc
<
0)
12'
Section 1.5
^,
61.
52&X
^ = -
C
100 - X
(a)
C(25)
< X < 100
63. (a) r
$176 million
(b) r-
(b) C(50)
(c)
C(75)
2(7)
,
= $528
million
= $1584
million
(c)
-.100-
100
OD Thus,
it
lim
;c
65. (a)
X
fix)
0.5
0.1585
0.041
0.1
0.0067
0.0017
lim
0.001
0.01
0.2
sm.t
0.0001
j:->0*
(b)
X
fix)
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.1585
0.0823
0.0333
0.0167
0.0017
- smx
=
;c
lim
:;
(c)
X
fix)
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.1585
0.1646
0.1663
0.1666
0.1667
0.1667
0.1667
0.25
lim -
1.5
x->0*
0.1167 (1/6)
XT
(d)
X
fix)
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1585
0.3292
0.8317
1.6658
X Iim
.1^0*
For n >
i,
,.
lim
x-Ô*
.V
sin.v
;;
X"
oo.
0.01
0.001
0.0001
16.67
166.7
1667.0
sin.T
;
.V-*
= oo
V625 -
x'-
ft/sec
12
not possible.
is
V625 - 225
--^^25-
lim
2(15)
528
(d)
'
7625 - 49
ft/sec
Infinite Limits
45
46
Chapter
Limits
67. (a) Because the circumference of the motor
saw
half that of the
= 850 revolutions
1700/2
(c)
2(20 cot
</))
2(10 cot
The angle subtended
straight sections.
each circle
77+
2(f-^
+
10(77
= 60 cot ^ +
Total length
Domain:
24>)
0,
=
X
1.2
1.5
306.2
217.9
195.9
189.6
188.5
24>)
30(77
30(77
L =
6077 == 188.5
is
24>).
2</))
lim
(0
^(t/2)(All the belts are
let
#
=
;c
f{x) =
or
around pulleys.)
L = 00
lim
71. False;
let
- r
1
0.9
450
(g)
f(x)
0.6
2</).
69. False; for instance,
;c
The graph of /has a
six)
x^+
73. Given lim/(j:)
cxd
reversed,
is
Thus, the length of the belt around the pulleys

20(77
is
0.3
<!>
(e)
277
direction of rotation
(d)
per minute.
(^):
in
The
(b)
is
saw makes
arbor, the
and lim g{x)
0.
vertical
asymptote
at
0,
but
3.
L:
x~*c
x*c
(2) Product:
If
L >
L/2 <
g{x)
<
|jc
c|
= L/2 >
then for e
0,
<
3L/2. Since lim/(j:)
There
Let e >
<
\x
00.
5i
The proof
and
is
Sj-
|x
<
c|
d, v/e
g(x)
3L/2
Ax)
3L/2e
<
S,.
have
0.
0.
lim/(j:) exists
and equals
L.
Then,
x-*c
liml
1
x->cf{x)
This
is
Then
0,
\g{x)
<
for
L <
L\
< L/2 whenever
there exists 5,
>
|a:
c|
<
S,.
Thus,
such that /(a:)
> M(2/L) whenever
have/(;t)g(x)
> M(2/L){L/2) = M.
|a:
c|
<
S,
c\
<
S^
and there
we
<
0.
not possible. Thus,
lim/(;c)
<
\x
This inequality gives us L/2
x^cf(x)
Suppose
forM >
similar for
e(x)
7H =
Therefore, lim
x-*cf(x)
75. Given lim -7-,
such that
such that/(jr) > 3L/2e whenever
<
c\
00 then
>
be given.
>
exists S,
L/2 whenever
for
Let 5 be the smaller of
S;.
Therefore Vim f(x)g{x)

(3) Quotient:
there exists 5;
Umf(x) does not
exist.
<
g{x)
exists 63
< 3L/2. Let S be
>
such that
\g{x)
the smaller of 5, and
Sj.
L\
Then
<
Review Exercises for Chapter
Review Exercises
1.
Calculus required. Using a graphing

Or, the length
3.
Chapter
for
utility,
you can estimate the length to be 8.3.

between the two points, 8.25.
slightly longer than the distance
is
-0.1
-0.01
-0.001
0.001
0.01
0.1
fix)
-0.26
-0.25
-0.250
-0.2499
-0.249
-0.24
lim/W
-0.25
)r
47
2x
5. h{x)
\\mh{x)
(a)
= -2
7.
lim (3
a:)
x-0
Let e >
lim h{x)
(b)
be given. Choose 6
Then
e.
for
= -3
0<
<5=6, you have
|x-l|
\x-\\<e
\\-x\<e
1(3
9.
lim (x-
Let e
3)
>
We
be given.
Assuming,
<
<
.v
X-
need
<T5
|r=
you can choose 6
3,
2\\x
2\
<
\x-
4|
<
l(x^-3)-
1|
<
\x-
-x)-2\<e
\f(x) -L\<e
<
=>
|.t-
4|
e/5. Hence, for
=
<
\{x
|.x
2)(a:
<
2)|
|.r
<
2|
< S = e/5 you have
2|
<
\x
2\
l/W - L\<e
Vm
11. lim
<-4
Jx - 2 =
'
15. lim
= V4 +
-.4
X - 4
-5
^
X
2.45
^
Vx +
(.V
,.
17.
5)(.r
75
25)
lim
r 4
[l/(.v
^=
lim
r->-2
+ D] -
= -
,.
lim
Jr->0
= -
- 5.t +
+ 5
(r - 5x +
,.
"5
.t->0
2)
V4 + 2
lim
lim
lim
r->-2
4(v3^-2)(^ +
+ 125
r- =
+ 5
13.
Vi-2
x-*'i
r
lim
= V6 =
lim
lim
,n
19.
-+ +
Ct
lim
i^>ox
1)
.,
1)
x(x
= -I
1
25)
,,
21.
,.
hm
x-o
COS.V
:
sm.v
,.
lim
X \(l -COS.tA
x-'0\,sina:/\
.t
,,Mr,\
(1)(0)
rv
Chapter
48
,,
23.
sin[(7r/6)
,.
lim
Ajc]
(1/2)
A.t
Aj-o 2
AjcAx
(cos
lim
1)
V^
,.
T-
lun
-.
Ax-*o
AxAx
sin
= (-|)(f)=-|
25. lim[/(x)-g(.x)]
27./(x)
^-j
(a)
j;
fix)
,,
1.01
1.001
1.0001
0.5680
0.5764
0.5773
0.5773
+
J2x
,.
V3 ^
Q^^^
.X
V2x +
,.
lim
s{t)
2VS
73
(-4.9(4)-
,.
2
,
72x+
200)
lim
->4
4.9(r
,.
lim
4)(f
lim -4.9(r
r-*4
^3/3.^
- 73
72x +1 + 73
p
72x +1 + 73
,
(2x + 1) - 3
- l)(72x + 1 + v^)
x-^v (x
^^'"
= hm
r-o
is
x-1
^-i*
s{a)
-_ ,.
29. lim
(Actual limit
+1-73
lim
j:-i*
(b)
1.1
lim
Jl^
(c)
(1/2)
lim
Ax->0
Ax -
sin(Tr/6) cos A;c 4- cos(7r/6) sin
,.
Ar
Ax-0
=
+ 73
_^
3
- (-4.9r +
t
200)
31.
lim
j:^3-
\xX:
lim^^=-l
X
31
Jr^3-
4)
4)
= -39.2 m/sec
I->4
33. lim/(x)
35. lim
lim
37. fix)
does not exist because lim
/!(f)
r1"
r>I
x-*2
Ix
39. fix)
31
h(t)
3x-
i(l
1)
x-2
1.
(3x
2)(x:
31
/c
3 where ^
is
an integer.
lim |x
3]1
/c
2 where
is
an integer.
lim/(x:)
A:
Nonremovable discontinuity at each integer k

Continuous on {k, k + I) for all integers k
ix
43. fix)
2)2
(;c
(3.x
2)
Jr> 1
=
X
lim /(x)
lim
x^2
lim
1)
Removable discontinuity at x = 1
Continuous on ( oo, 1) U (1, oo)
41. fix)
lim [x
h{i)
= oo
JC-+1
2)2
lim
/(x:)
oo
jif-*i*
Nonremovable discontinuity at x = 2
Continuous on (-co, 2) U (2, oo)
Nonremovable discontinuity at x: =
Continuous on (-oo, 1) U (- 1, oo)
1=2 and

Problem Solving for Chapter
45. f{x)
CSC
47. /(2)
Nonremovable
Continuous on
c(2)
2k
(2k,
for
all
+2)
integers
49
Find c so that lim (ex
discontinuities at each even integer.
6)
5.
= -1
2c
k.
1
c=--
49. /is continuous on [l, 2]. /(I)
/(2)
>
13
0.
Theorem, there
that 2c5
<
and
one "alue c
in (1, 2)
such
+-
2x^
+ X+
+ 2
10)=
lim
59.
.r-
,.
65.
2,t
j;
lim
j:-r
sin 4x
lim
.r->0*
69.C =
J-*-!* X-
4/ sin
5x
4a:
lim
,.
4x
5V
csclv
lim
67.
X-.0*
.v->o*
C(15) == $14,117.65
(c)
C(90)
C(50)
(b)
$720,000
Problem Solving
Perimeter
Perimeter
lim
(d)
,.
lim
X ->o*
1
^
Sin
oo
Zr
Jx- +
APBO =
$80,000
tt::
100
Chapter
for
APAO =
(v
Jx- +
(.V-2
V(.t
1)-
V(a-
- IP +
1)=
1):
+r
A^
- p
= oo
+ Jx- +
y-
+ Jx- +
+
X*
n/^+T
+ 7^2 +
A-^
+
Jix x-
(b) r(x)
+
+
hm
r(x)
1+0+1
.
= T =
2
ly-
.X
Perimeter AP.-Ô
r{x)
.v->o+
ix'
\)-
x"
+ ^x~ +
+ ^'x^ +
.1-'
.x-*
+
+
Perimeter
(c)
|^,0.0<100
100 p
(a)
(a)
lim [x
63.
p->ioo'
1.
x = 10
4-^-
61.
-2
lim/(jc) does not exist.
(x
lim
Lk-2|
lim^/W = 4
55. /(.r
57.
2)
jr-2
(c)
gW
={x +
lim/U) = -4
(a)
0.
(b)
53.
^^
51. fix)
Therefore by the Intermediate Value

is at least
= -
APBO
0.1
0.01
33.02
9.08
3.41
2.10
2.01
33.77
9.60
3.41
2.00
2.00
0.98
0.95
1.05
1.005
Chapter
50
3. (a)
There are 6
60
each with a central angle of
triangles,
5. (a)
77-/3.
12
=
Slope
Hence,
Area hexagon = 6
bh
2(1) Sin
3V3 -
(b)
y+l2 = {x-
2.598.
h =
sme
(c)
JT
X
r
tt
= 0.5435.
,.
m^ = lim
(d) lim
-t^s
(b)
There are n
6
triangles,
^
" ^
bh
169
jc2
sin
:r(l
^r-^
- V169 X - 5
12
144
(;c
(x
48
24
12
x^
96
5)(l2
ix
lim
5
An
2.598
3.106
12
3.139
3.133
As n
gets larger and larger,
Letting x
An =
sin(2ir/)
a:'/3
This
.
2/n
;c'/3
0.
27r/n,
sin(2Tr/n)
,
(1)77
is
the
,,
,.
.,
5)
x^
12
same slope
12
as part (b).
77.
(c)
lim
J{x) =
V3 +
-28
V3 +
,.
lim
-t'/^
V3 +
(x
l)(;c2/3
;t'/3
^1/3
(1
3:
^4
at 2:
g,
fb)
/continuous
(c)
lim fix)
X2
2)
+ i)(V3 +
+ 1)(V3 +
lim/W =
lim
^->l (x2/3
9. (a)
,,
;c'/3
lim
x'/3
3 + ;c'/3 - 4
- l^v/sTîTs +
lim
^-^1 (xi/3
(-27)'/3
-27 -
-3
> -27
x^)
77
(b)
>
;c2
j:
>
Domain: x > 27,xi=
(d) lim/(x)
x^
25
+ V169 -
-2
;c
+ V169 + Vl69 ,
12
sinj:
77
(277/m)
which approaches
7. (a) 3
In/n approaches
12
(169 - x^)
+ ^169"^^)
+ Vl69 -
10
(d)
5)(l2
(c)
12
x^
;:
lim
^5
n
line
12
nsmilv/n
=-
Itt]
Tangent
;t^5
iTr/n. Hence,
An = n
5)
each with central angle of
1,,,
12'
Q=(x,y) = {x,^l69-x^)
- V169 -
Error:
is
3:
1)(2
g,, g^
2)
12
;c'/3
2)
x^/i
2)
0.0714
14
11.
13. (a)
-2--
-3-a
(a)
/(1)
/(O)
/(i)
/(-2.7)
I11
+ I-]1=
+(-l) =
(b)
+ (-l)=-l
= -3 +
= -1
lim^
x*a
(i)
,{x)
(ii)
lim P
(iii)
lim P ,{x)
X>o
lim P^,(x)
(iv)
,{x)
x*b
(b)
\\mf(x)
= -1
lim fix)
= -1
(c)
Pn
^ is
continuous for
except x
all
positive real
a,b.
Jr->1*
(d)
Junjix) = -1
(c)
/is continuous for
The
area under the graph of u,
and above the

all real
= 0,l,+2,3,
numbers except
j:-axis, is 1.
numbers
51
CHAPTER
Differentiation
Problem ... 53
Section 2.1
The Derivative and
Section 2.2
Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change
Section
23
the Tangent Line
60
The Product and Quotient Rules and

Higher-Order Derivatives
67
Section 2.4
The Chain Rule
73
Section 2.5
Implicit Differentiation
79
Section 2.6
Related Rates
85
Review Exercises
92
Problem Solving
98
CHAPTER
Differentiation
The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem
Section 2.1
Solutions to
1.
(a)
m=
(b)
m = -3
^^fÛ -!)-/(!)
(c).=
3. (a), (b)
1)
^x)
:(x-
l(x
12
5. fix)
2j: is
line.
7.
g(i
Slope
l)
Slope
at
(1,-3)
==
lim
(1
==
gi\)
\x
Aj-0
^xy-
-(-3)
lim
A.r
==
2(A.t)
lim
==
(Ax)2
Ax
lim [2
2(^x)']
= 2
Aj:->0
lim
/(0 + Af)-/(0)
11.
Af
AI-.0
3(Ar)
ru) =
lim
lim
M->0
(3-
Ar)
13. f(x)
fix)
= -5x
=
15
lim
f^^
Ai->0
A.r)
-fix)
A.r
/i(i)
lim
Ai->0
Ax
lim
3.f.
/(.t+ Ax)-/(a:)
lim
zSa
Af
A/->0
(Af)'
/(.O
lim
A;t-0
lim
-5U +
.A-v)
h'is)
lim
-^+
^s) -his)
(-5.t)
3+
A.r
5 = -5
j(5
+ ls)-{i^
Al->0
lim
As-KI
f>)
Is
A5^0
-;
Aj
"I
53
54
Chapter 2
17. f[x)
J \X)
2.t2
Dijferentiation
+X-
um f(x+ ^x)-f{x)
A.r
+ ^xf +
[2(;c
lim
[x
+ 4x^x + liH^f +
{Ix"
fix)
Ax^x + 2(Ax)^ +
lim
Ajc
-,
f{x
lim
(2^2
X-
1)
lim (Ax
+ 2Ax +
1)
= 4x+
+ ^x)-f{x)
Ax
[(x
+ AxY -
\2(x
Ajc)
lim
1-U' -12x]
Ajc
x^
3xÂx
+ (AxP- 12x- 12A;c-
3a;(A;c)2
lim
x3
12x
Ax
3;c2Ax
3;c(A;c)2
lim
(A;c)3
- 12Ax
Ax
AxÔ
l)-
ax-o
Ax->0
,.
,.
Ajc
12x
1]
Aa
= X3-
^-
;c
lim
Ax->0
19. fix)
X -
^x
A1-.0
-1]- [2r +
hx)
+ 3^^ + (^)2 _
lim (3x2
j2)
3^2
12
Ax->0
'
21. fix)
/'(x)
X=
+ Ax)-/(x)
/(x
lim
Ax
Ax->0
1
+ Ax-1
x
lim
iJcô
U-
1)
Ax(x
+ Ax -
/'(x)
^
(x
+ Ax l)(x -
-Ax
+ Ax- l)(x-
+ Ax -
ijiô (x
l)(x
1)
1)
1)
1)
23. /(x)
iJoAx(x
"
Ax
Ax-0
u-ip
Vx+
lim
^<-^y-^(-)
Ax
AxÔ
Vx + Ax +T - Vx +
^^0
lim
Ax-*o
lim
^-'0
(x + Ax + 1) - (x + 1)
Ax[Vx + Ax + 1 + Vx +
^ + Vx +
Vx + Ax +
Vx +
+ Vx +
Vx +
A.r
VVxTAxTT
Ax
Ax-
2Vx +
1]
+ Vx +
+ Vx +
1/
Section 2.1
=x^ +
25. (a) fix)
fix)
(b)
fix
lim
Ax) -fix)
AjC
lim
(2, 5), the
y-5
>'-5 =
27. (a) fix)
fix)
lim (Ix
2(2)
(A.r)^
Ax
A.t->0
2xA;c
,.
m=
+\]-[x'+l]
Ax)^
^.^^^
Ax-0
At
V \/-
Ax
[jx
4(.t
A.x)
2x
slope of the tangent line

4.
is
The equation of the tangent
line
is
-2)
4x - 8
4x -
3.
(b)
;c3
lim
fix
A.x)
-fix)
Av
Ax->0
ix
+ Axf--x"
lim
A.X
3xÂx
3.r(Ax)^
lim
(Ax)^
Ax
A.v->0
+ 3xAx +
lim (3x^
(Ax)^)
At (2, 8), the slope of the tangent \s

The equation of the tangent line is
>
29. (a) fix)
12(;t
12;>:
3x^
m=
3(2)-
16.
(b)
Ax
AX-.0
Vx + Ax - V^
lim
Ax
z^mo
(x
lim
Aat-ô A,x(
V.x
Ax)
Vx + Ax + Vx
Jx + Ax + J~x
+ Ax + Vx)
1
lim
A:c->o
m=
Vx:
+ Ax + Jx
iji
the slope of the tangent line
(1, 1),
=
2j\
1
1=
-.
y-l=\ix-i)
22
V
12.
2)
= Vx
'
At
tj:
T.
line is
is
r
1
55

56
Chapter 2
Differentiation
(b)
=x + -
31. (a)/(;c)
f'ix)
lim
f{x+ ^x)-f{x)
Ax
+
{x
J/'
X^\
- {x + r
x + Ax
X
Ax) +
lim
Ax
Ax->0
x{x
Ax)(x
+ 4x - x\x + Ax) + Ax)
Ax)
lim
4(.t
A^-)
x{Ax)(x
x^
2x^(Ax)
lim
Aj:->0
x^(Ax)
Ajuo
,.
Imi
AjvÔ
x(x
Ax)
(4, 5), the
,43
The equation of
33.
the tangent line
-(x
-^x
is
:.
16
4(M
+ Ax)
A(Ax)
x^+x{Ax)-A
T
X
At
^(Ajc)^
x{Ax){x
- x^ - x\Ax) x{Ax)(x + Ax)

x(Ax)^
is
4)
2.
From Exercise 27 we know that/'U) =

slope of the given line is 3, we have
3x^.
35. Using the limit definition of derivative,
Since the
fix)
3^2
\.
2xVx'
Since the slope of the given line
1, - 1) the tangent
=0. These lines have
Therefore, at the points (1,1) and (lines are parallel to
3x - > +
is
5, we have
1_^ _1
2x^/x
equations
y-l=3{x-
1)
and
3(.t
3x +
x=
1.
1)
Therefore, at the point
3x
2.
x + 2y
0.
1,
= --{x
= -2- +
1
37. ^(5)
2 because the tangent line passes through
2-0
gXi)
5
_ 2
~ -4
(5, 2).
39. f{x)
tangent line
= X =>f'ix) =
this line is
1
l
(1, 1) the
The equation of
^3
matches
(b)
is
parallel to
Section
41. f(x)
= Jx^> f'{x)
matches
(decreasing slope as
jr
2. 1
43.
(a)
> oo)
Answers
will vary.
Sample answer: y
45. (a) If /'(c)
and /is odd. then/'(-c) =/'(c)
(b) If /'(c)
and/
47. Let
(.rg,
line
1-
Xq
and
(2, 5)
is
even, then/'(-c)
= -3
-/(c)
{4xq
equals the derivative
(xq, Vq)
Vo
(2
Xff)
= x
be a point of tangency on the graph of/. By the
y^)
through
of/ at
limit definition for the derivative, /'(j;)
4 -
x^){A
8xg
Xq-
(.Vo
y =
49. (a) g'iO)

(b) ^'(3)
2.V
l){xo
3) =
Jô
and
(1, 3)
1.3
(3, 3),
and the corresponding slopes are 2 and -2. The equations of the tangent
= -3, g
(e)
Because
(f)
No,
By
= -2x +
-2(.i:
it is
g'(l)
g'{4)
and
3,
is
fix)
fix)
is
decreasing (falling)
increasing (rising)
at
at
g'(6) are both positive, g(6)
not possible. All you can say
is
that
= 4.
1.
is
greater than g{4), and g(6)
is
decreasing (falling)
2.
ir^
at
g(4)
>
0.
the limit definition of the derivative
2)
Because g'(-4)
(d)
51. fix)
= -3
Because
we
have/'(.r)
-1.5
-2
27
32
32
32
27
16
16
16
the
Zkq-
4xo
(c)
The slope of
2xo)
lines are
= 2(.r-2)
Ir.
x^.
2Xn
Therefore, the points of tangency are
y-5
57
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
27
32
27
16
Chapter 2
58
Differentiation
55. /(2)
+ Om)-f{x)
fix
2(4
53. gix)
0.01
{2(x
{x
0.01)2
2x
a;2)
f'{2)
100
4, /(2.1)
2.1(4
Yl^ =
~-^ [Exact: /'(2)
^^
'
\\
The graph of g(x)
approximately the graph off'{x).
is
57.f{x)=ândf'(x)=:^.
As X > oo, /
59. fix)
Sa^
(x)
(;c
= /(2
+ Ax -
(2
^
3)2
3,
^,
2)
.,
4Ax (Ax
Ajc
Ax =
1:
Ac =
0.5:
5^ =
S
^-
(x
2)
(-j(x-2) +
Ax = 0.1:5,,= ^-j(x-2) +
(b)
As Ajc->0,
61. /(x)
=x2 -
(2) =
/f'Oi
63. /(x)
lim
As X
^^
2)
,
= i-^x
+
,
^.,
2){x
lim
x->2
> ^/
/^
19
3=-x--
1)
Vjlf, c
Asx^
-/(-2)
=
+
/(x)
^^-^^^^
lim
,.
lim
^-r
lim
pfr)
^^
,.
(x
2)(x
lim
2)
lim (x
2)
x->2
.r->-2
x2(x
^""
""
+ 2)
=
+ 2
'
'
,.
(x^
+ 1) + 2
2x2
lim
x-4-2
67. /(x)
- p(0)
=
fr^
yui
0-^,'-^
X
>
lim x2
x^-2
(x
=4
=
6)2/3
6)2/3,
^^
Vx
exist.
- oo
Vx
VlxT
lim !-!. Does not

x->0
,.
= am
oo
j:*6
(X
x-^6
^.
2)
-'
in.
x->2
J-Ô
=-x
- - =
(x2
,.
x->-2
^'(0)
=x3 + 2x2+ l,c= -2
/'(-2)
65. g(x)
H-t
/W-/(2) =
1-
1)2
the line approaches the tangent line to/at (2, 3).
1,C
x->2
0.
{x-2)+f{2)
(jc
(a)
3)2
+ Ax)-/(2)
iu
nearly horizontal and thus /'
is
;:
lim""e (x
Does not
2.1)
T.qq
0.01)
2)
exist.
6)'/3
0]
3.99
Section
69. h{x)
U+
V(-5)=
= -5
5),c
|;c
,.
lim
x->-5
lim
-5
Does not
73. fix)
(At
is
j:
k +
X +
5|
exist.
everywhere except
at
= -1
j:
75. fix)
at
j:
3.
differentiable everywhere except at
.r
0.
differentiable
is
(Sharp turn
on the
differentiable
the tangent line
79. fix)
interval (1, oo).
is
83. fix)
1|
[x
derivative from the left
The
is
lim^W^=lim^^
The
derivative
lim
Jr-1*
from the
^^
The one-sided
differentiable
1)3,
X <
1)-,
X >
derivative from the left
/U)-/(i)
X - I
lim
^^
lim
is
ix
The
1.
from the
derivative
1)
lim
lim ix
right
1)=
0.
is
limits are not equal. Therefore,
atx
right is
Jr-1*
everywhere except
graph)
in the
(Discontinuity)
vertical)
is
ix
81./(;c)= |;t-
The
-3.
;<:
the graph.)
in
5)
(Discontinuity)
77. fix)
differentiable everywhere except at
is
(Sharp turn
+ 5|X + 5
differentiable
is
71. fix)
lim^-W^^
-
-t->~5
2. 1
/is not
j:-1*
.t
j:-1"
1)
lim ix
0.
Jr->1*
These one-sided
differentiable at
85. Note that/is continuous at x
The
derivative
from the
derivative
from the
87. (a)
The
[4x
1,
3,
-v
{^ =
- =
X 2
is
lim
lim
lim
A"
|Ati
By,
JA|/7i(3)
(3, 1) to
the line
/?ir
>>
=
2
1.
(/'(I)
0)
lim
4-
(:t
2)
4.
jr->2-
'
x-*2*
limits are equal. Therefore, /is differentiable at v
distance from
< 2
> 2
jr-;-
'
right
X-.2*
The one-sided
+
-
r<^
\
lim '^-^
left is
Jr->2-
The
2. fix)
limits are equal. Therefore.

.t
2
2.
-I-
is
not differentiable
lim 4
4.
.r->2*
(/'(2)
4)
is
C\
B'
|3m4-3|
1(1) -F 4|
JirF+l.
Jm- +
(b)
The
y
function
= X +
4,
at
m = 1.
which passes through the point
This corresponds to the line
(3, 1).
/is
59
Chapter 2
60
89. False.
Differentiation
/(2
The slope
+ Ax)-/(2)
lim
is
^x
A;e->0
91. False. If the derivative from the
not exist
right at
93. f(x)
at that point.
a:
is 1
left
of a point does not equal the derivative from the right of a point, then the derivative does
For example, if/(x)
At j
0, the derivative
xsin(l/jc),
i^
0,
\x\,
Q.
Thus, lim x sia(\/x)
left at
j:
and the derivative from the
exist.
Using the Squeeze Theorem, we have -\x\ < x sin(l/x) <
X =
is
then the derivative from the
does not
|a:|,
0.
a: =?^
= /(O) and/is
continuous at
Using the alternative form of the derivative we have
fix) -/(O)
77^
lim ''-^^
,.
x-iO
\J
,.
^"-^
Since this limit does not exist
X^ SV!\i\/x),
g{x)-
A:sin(lA)
Imi
xÔ
(it
,.
lim
sm
"i)between - 1 and
J:->0
\J
oscillates
the function
1),
is
not differentiable
at
a:
0.
T^
0,
Using the Squeeze Theorem again

ous
at
X =
,.
lim
0.
/W-/(0)
r^ =
-''^-^
jrÔ
Using the
Therefore,
lim
have -x'- <
x'-
sia(l/x)
< x^,x
,.
x =
y'
0,
^ '(0)
x'/2
(b)
x3/2
y'W =
5.
>'
y'=
fix)
19.
y'
=X+
=
13.
x^
y'
2x
y'il)
(c)
x6
7.
y\\)
fit)
= -2;2 +
cos e
sin
21.
3r
IS.
g(x)
g'W =
y'
x^
2x
X cos X
x^
2x
-7
4x3
17.
12x2
23.
3 sin
+ sinx
x2
xi/5
5x^/5
= t^-lt + A
sit)
s'ii)
^=
""
x'
y'=3x^
9.
(d)
6x?
/'(;)= -4,
77
^ sin 6 -
= cos
and/is continu-
0.
= -7x-8 =
11. fix)
= /(O)
yd) =5
y
x-^0
l/2
3.
Thus, lim :? sin(l/j:)
i= 0.
form of the derivative again we have
1
x2sin(lA)-0 =
hm x sin - = 0.
'T
differentiable at
Section 2.2
1. (a)
,.
j:->0
is
v.'e
alternative
'hi^
3 cos X
-1
Section 2.2
Function
Rewrite
25. V
27.
>"
y'=
>'
Derivative
y'
7-^
Simplify
-5;c-3
-5^-^"''
>>
-1/2
(2x)3
29.
61
= --r-3/2
2x^/2
^ = 3x-2,
31. fix)
fix)
= -6x-3 =
/'(l)
= -6
37. /(e)
(1, 3)
33. fix)
sin
fie)
4 COS e
/'(O)
4(1)
43. fix)
^^
-^
|x3, (o,
e,
39.
0)
(0,
/'(O)
fix)
/V) =
^^^^^ =
l-3
X3
53. (a)
;c
x'-
2x
+
+
3^-2
41.
6x-3
45.
4.t-2
^=
''2
5 cos
>-
X*
y'
4x3
At
(1.0): y'
Tangent
3x2
5 sin
2i
+ 4
8;c
^(r)
^2
-^
- 4r3
f2
x(x2
3x2
xi/2
6x'/3
=
JT
6.x:'^2
49.
+
+
1)
x3
2f
12r-*
2r
+X
4
_
= -5-4/5
5 cosjc
= - 5
sin
Y^l
i-*/^
line:
5(1)
f'(x)
= _2.
= -2(x 2
f_
^1^"'^"
-3
3
= ^x"''/" =
(1, 2),
/'(I)
= -^
(b)
Tangent
v;
4
= Z
1)
At
+y -
c-i/3
jc
55. (a) fix)
^2/3
'
4(1)3
his)
^x
2x
\/^
(0, 1)
^3
3x
1)2,
""
= 6Vx +
/'(x)
j'(0)=4
g'(f)
51. fix)
(2x
y'=
-1=3
= v^ -
47. /(x)
= yx2
y'=
/'W =
35.
21
Z'U)
-J-
= 4
= -| +
line;
3
7
= --X + -
= -Hx .
(1.0?^
3x
(b)
\^_
\
2v
1)
12
Chapter 2
62
57.
X*
>>'
4j:^
4x{x^
4x{x
Differentiation
Sx^
59.
x2
y'
16jr
2x
=>
2){x
j:
sin X,
cos X
'
cos
Therefore, there are no horizontal tangents.
2)
0,
(0, 2), (2,
< X <
14),
(-2,
- 14)
Itt
63.
AT^
JC= 1 =>
2x
fcc
TT,
TT.
x^
For
A;
- =
X
3
-X
jc
Equate functions
= 4
{2x
Horizontal tangent: (n, n)
65.
4x
Equate derivatives
TT
Hence, k
At X
^ cannot equal zero.
'
4)
Horizontal tangents:
61.
2x
4 and
4)x
4x
3,
<:
9-
2 and for x
-x^ = -9=:>j: = 3.
-3, /t= -10.
Equate functions
k^
Equate derivatives
X3
Hence, k
67. (a)
(b)
The
x^ and
a:
-3^1
rate of
change between
X +
slope appears to be steepest between
The average
3.3.,
4^^
and
and B.
greater than the instantaneous rate of change
69.
g(x)=/(x)
+ 6^g'W=/'(x)
= -X =
A:
3.
its
derivative
(c)
is
at B.
71,
ff/is linear then

fix)
ax
fix)
is
a constant function.
Section 2.2
73. Let
(x^,
y^ and
(xj, y^^
ony =
be the points of tangency
x^ and
= x~ +
6x
these functions are
y'
=^ m =
2x
m =
= Ivj +
2x,
= -^2 +
JCl
Since y,
ra
.r,^
V2
yi
{-x.}
60:3
6x2
-x^^
- Uj- -
-Ixj'
2x2'
2(x2
=>
y2
0, X,
3)2
(-x,^)
Xj
=>
y,
(x
\2
= -2x, +
1)
3, X,
- r
(x -
(i
75. /(x)
= (-2x2 +
6)(2x2
12t2
14
= -4x2- +
18x2
1)
6x2
Vj
ij'x
-4-x
=> y = 4x -
and
1)
Ji
(2, 3)
=>
and
+ X = 2VxVx
The
4,
point
Tangent
(4,
2)
is
line:
4.
(1, 1) is
2x
1.
77.
= 2Vxy
2x
or 2
18
3)
(2, 4) is
'"'-r"'-in
(-4,0)
J~x,
\)
Thus, the tangent line through
6.
6.
9)
2)(x2
2 and
= 2x, +
Thus, the tangent line through (1,0) and
y-0
Ixj +
6x2
m=
5,
5)
- 5) - (-x, +
{~X2 + 3)
5)
=>
6X-,
6x2
(-x,^
X2
{-x^ +
and jj
y'= 2x +
and
2x^
on the graph of/.
4y
0-2
-4-4
(.t
= X - 4
=X -
4v
+4
4)
/'(I)
= -
5, respectively.
The
derivatives of
63
64
Chapter 2
79. (a)
One
Differentiation
possible secant
y-i
(b)
5W
fix)
r(.r)
5(x)
(c)
is
\x^l^
3(;c
/(4
Ax)
7t4
Ax)
85. True. If g(x)
fit)
4)
^
4)
f(2)
further
- 4
3jc
away from
-1
3/(.x),
7,
[1,2]
accuracy of the approximation
-1
-0.5
2.828
5.196
6.548
6.5
x- and g{x) = x^ +
2x,but/(x)^g(x).
line Tt^:).
(4, 8), the
-2
then g'(x)
4.
Then
-0.1
is
T gets
worse.
0.1
0.5
7.702
8.302
9.546
11.180
14.697
18.520
7.7
8.3
9.5
11
14
17
83. False. If y
ir^,
then dy/dx
0. (tt^ is
3/'(x).
89. f(x)
Instantaneous rate of change
Average
/'(4)
= g'W =
2t
<^-4)
3.9
-3
81. False. Let/(x)
(4, 8):
7.7019,
an approximation of the tangent
Ax
7.7019) and
(3.9,
2.981;c- 3.924
(d)
87. f(t)
between
= 2.981U -
As you move
/'(x)
is
fix)
the constant 2.
= --.
[1, 2]
x'
rate of change:
Instantaneous rate of change:
/(2)-/(l)
2-1
[2(2)
7]
[2(1)
7]
= 2
(1,-1) ^/'(1) =
(These are the same because/is a line of slope
2.)
2.-l)^rm-\
Average
rate
of change:
/(2)-/(l)
2-1
(-1/2)
-(-1) ^
2-1
j_
a constant.)
Section 2.2
91. (a)
s{t)
= -
v(r)
= -32r
-
sir)
^">
s{\)
2-1
1362
" ^^^^ - 1346 = -48
Whenf =
1:
v(l)
= -32
ft/sec.
2:
v(2)
= -64
ft/sec.
When
-A.9fi
Vot
-4.9f2
120r
v(r)
-9.8;
v(5)
-9.8(5)
v(10)
-9.8(10)
93.
s(t)
16/2
f2
1362
/
16
(e)v(^)
^^
S. 50--
= 40 mph =
(f
'
(0
-tI6
(in
71 m/sec
= 22 m/sec
120
= 4 mi
mph =
mi/min
mi/min)(2 min) =
10
mi/min
60
mph =
mi
mi/min
minutes)
(1
(The velocity has been converted
mi/min)(6 min)
120
ft/ sec
97. V
Time
-32(^)
95.
120
9.226 sec
= -871362 -295.242
.S
So
1362
ft/sec
= sXt)= -32/
(c) v(t)
(d)
16r=
0.167V
(c)
T=
(e)
-- = 0.01172V +
R + B =
utility,
(b)
Using a graphing
B =
0.02.
Time
2 mi
(in
minules)
to miles per hour)
you obtain
0.00586V-
mi/min)(2 min)
0.1431v
0.44
(d)
utility,
0.00586v2
you obtain
0.0239V
0.46.
60
0,1431
flv
Forv =
Forv =
40, r'(40)
80, r'(80)
0.612.
1.081.
(f)
Forv =
101.
When
.r
^
C=
ds
= 4
m,
1,008,000
:;
8 square meters per meter change in
i.
C(351)
C(350)
/'(1 .47)
is
the rate of change of the
/'(1. 47) is usually negative.
As
amount of gasoline sold when the price
prices
go up,
sales
go down.
350,
is
d
dQ
,,^
6.3(2
Q
1,008.000
dC_
When Q =
(b)
stopping distance
dQ
ds
105. (a)
total
increases.
103.
'
dA
For increasing speeds, the
dA
100, r'(lOO) = 1.315.
5083.095
6.3
- 5085 = -$1.91
$1.93.
$1.47 per gallon,
65
Chapter 2
66
107. y
ax-
Differentiation
bx
Since the parabola passes through

(0, 1): 1
b{Q)
(1, 0):
= a{\Y +
b(\)
=*
Thus, y
+ {a
ax^
= lax + {-a
y'
109.
a(0)2
=a
6= -a
Therefore, y
2x^
]^
y'
3x2
= -a -
From
1.
= x -
1,
0) the slope
is
the tangent line
we know
that the derivative is
at the point (1, 0).
1)
l,x
\.
,.
9x)
=
=
(3x2
1)
3x3
3x2
- 9x + 9
2x3
3x2
or
(0,
^2(2;c
3)
0) and (f,
-y). At
(0,
^'(0)
-9. At
lines:
y-Q=
+
9)(^
9):
(1,
points of tangency are
Tangent
111. /(x)
fc
= -3
9x
-9x
The
we have
(x3
\.
(1, 0),
+ (--!)
2a(l)
Tangent lines through
\)x
and
(0, 1)
and
0)
n
-9x
i),
/must be continuous
lim fix)
lim /(x)
x->2*
4y
27
= "K^ "2)
9
= -4X
27
-^
> o2
X ^
J,
f
y
9x
[x2
-9(;c
at
lim ox^
lim (x2
2 to be differentiable
8a
/,)
8a
= 4 +
Z7
at
^"^
2.
= 4 +
fo
~ * " ^
x-2*
3ax2,
X < 2
2x,
X > 2
fix)
For/to be
diiferentiable at
3a(2)2
2(2)
12a
=
=
8a
- 4 = -I
2,
the
left
derivative
must equal the
right derivative.
(f,
-y)
the slope
is
y '(2)
= "I

The Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives
Section 2.3
113.
Let/W = cosx
f'(x)
f(x
lim
+ Ax)-f{x)
Ax
Ax->0
cos X COS Ajc
sin
j:
sin Ajc
cos x
lim
Ax-0
Ajc
cosx(coszix-
,.
=
=
Ax
:
{x'-
Ix^
4x^
g'(x)
/sinAx
= -sinx
sinx(l)
+ DU^ -
smx
lim
(x-
,.
/u->o
Ajc
Section 2.3
g(x)
1)
liin
Ax->o
1.
67
l)(2.r
It)
2)
3. hit)
ix^
2x3
2x)(2x)
h'(t)
2^2
+ 2r -
6x-
lx
yiifi
f'/3(2f)
2f4/3
4)
fi/3(f2
+ (f2+4)l
4)
-2/3
4x2
t-
3f2/3
+4
7f2
3/2/3
S. f(x)
= x^cosx
7.
/(x)
X2
f'(x)
= x3( sinx) +
=
3x- cosx
X3
(X3
h\x)
fix)
x^ sinx
rx
9. h(x)
cosx(3x-)
(x2
1)(1)
(x2
x(1t)
1)2
(x2
-x2
+ 1)2
rl/3
1
.x3
11. g(x
l)jX-2/3
gXx)
X'''3(3x2)
x2(cosx)
sin.t(2t)
_ x cos x -
2 sin x
x3
(x2)2
U^Tl)^
(x3
1)
- X(9x2)
+ 1)2
3x2/3(x3
1
8x3
3x2/3(x3
1)2
13. fix)
(x3
3x)(2t2
fix)
(x3
3x)(4x
=
/'(0)
lOx^
12x3
3x
3)
3^2
+
_
(2x2
18^
+
_
3;c
5)(3;c2
15
- 4
X
3
x2
/'W =
ix
15. fix)
5)
3)
- (x2
U 3)2
3)(2x)
= -15
--4)(1)
2r2
dx
U=
1-6+4
(1
17.
fix)
fix)
= X cos X
=
(x)(-sinx)
(cosx)(l)
= cosx - xsinx
Hf)=#-f(#)=f'-'
3)2
U.r2
/'(I)
6.r
3)2
x^
3)2
* 4
Chapter 2
68
Differentiation
Function
19.
v^^^;^
.^.^^f.
Simplih
y'
= 3^^3
= 1-^
y'
3^3
-7;c-4
= 4v^, ;c>
y'
2;c-'/2
21.. =
23. y
Of nvafive
Rewrite
2;c
-/ = ^^^
..
/W.
U^ - l){-2 -
2;c)
(3
2;c
x^)(2x)
(^2_l)2
2^2
4;c
2(x
1)^
"U+D-^-'î
4
4x
2a:
27./W=.(l-^^3)=.-^^3
+ 3)4-4x(l)
U + 3)2
(x
-^^""^
U2 +
"
/i'(i)
(53
2)2
= 6^ -
^ U2 -
(2x
+
-
(x2
2x
(3jt3
4x)ix
fix)
(9x2
4)(^
(9x2
4)(^2
9x* -
ISx'*
37. /(x)
/'(^)
X2
36x3
2^2
X-3/2
2;c
2^2
3)
2x
5)(x
5)(^
- 6x - 4^2 +
^2 - 3x)2
8a
(3x3
4^)(^
_ 4^ _
4i;f2
1)
1)
5)
+
+
15^
(3x3
3^4
4x)i\)ix
3^3
4^2
- 20 + 6x^ -
2,2x
1)
12x3
4;c
3;c4
8x2
i5_^
c2)2
(x2
c2)2
c2)(2x)
5)(i)
4j^2
20x
20
39. fix)
j^^
C2
c2)(2x)
^~i
5
2^Vx
x2(x-3)2
- 48x3 - 33x2 _
4x^2
fix) =X-'/2-|;C-3/2
12
l)(2x
(x2
(x2
5;c-i
3x
X2-C2
(x2
3)2
3a)2
3x)2
/W
^2
3)
U2 -2^2
35.
3a:)2
^'''
2;c'/2
2)
2x-
xix
6^2(^3
2x33. fix)
- 4^ + 4
56
12*2
6;c
U+
ftW =
+ 9)+ 3)2
6;c
(;c
^2
31.
29.
fit)
= fsmt
= P cost +
titcost
2t sin
2 sin
t)
^ 2x- 5
" 2x3/2
Section 2.3
41. fit)
43. fix)
_ -tsinf -
45. g(f)
4/^
cosf
8 sec
f'/"
sin
g'W =7^3'"' + 8secftanf =

^
8 sec
fix)
cos
47. y
-^
,3,
= -(sec
;y
'
sin
CSC X cot X
^'"''^
laiv^x
.t
sec- x)
-(sec X tanx
tan^x
j:
tan
x^ tan
fix)
x- sec-
x(x sec^ X
cos x
|(sec.t
tanx)
Tsec
51. fix)
COS X
= r^
sec^j:
;t
2cos.r
+ Ssecrtanf
^r"'
CSC X
= -
^''\
49.
tan
J7T
= -X +
.r(tan
sec x)
1)
x
x
-H
2x tan x
-H
2 tan x)
cos X
sin-x
53.
cosx(csc-x
cos X
y
>>
57.
'
1)
x^ cos x
2x cos X
2 sin X
4x cos X
-^
2 sin x
,,
=
=
(0)
59.
sin 9
r^
,
-*'
_
~
-I-
h'it)
(form of answer
Tz:;
_^
4V3
f(sec
sec
tan
f)
(sec r)(l)
r(f
tan
i)
;2
/iV) =
'W =
may
vary)
CSC X
t-
= |1_1
"
CSC X
(1-2)2
-I-
sec
g(;^)
sec Triirtan
tt
il
5)
2x cos x
e cos e
-I-
-t-
x^ sin x
9-1)-
^ -2(2)(^) ^
x-( sin x)
- cscx)(-cscxcotx) - (1
(1 - cscx)=
(1
y[6)
ftW
55.
sin
(sm
61.
2t sin X
g(e)
ff
cot'^
CSC x)(csc X cot x)
_ -2 CSC X cot X
~ (1 - cscx)-
^,
(x
+
,
.^2
2)2
tfo
of answer
may
vary)
69
70
Chapter 2
Differentiation
63. (a) f(x)
{x^
-3x+
fix)
(;c3
4;c3
Tangent
65. (a) fix)
(x
fix)
(2
Tangent
=> y = x
1)
(b)
1)2
line:
ix
\i
slope at
(2, 2).
1)2
>>
/'(jc)
sec2x
tanx,
= - lU
j,
=>
2)
3?
= -x + 4
(b)
(^
/'(f)
Tangent
-i^
-1
- 1)2
xil)
= -
/W
67. (a)
= l(x-
1)(1)
3)
ix
/'(2)
2)(3;c2
(2, 2)
;c
{x
(b)
slope at (1,-3).
line:
6x
-3)
(1,
2),
1)(1)
6;c2
= -1 =
/'(I)
3.t
l){x
jm J(
if Y
Jl
slopeat
line:
y-i=2[x
y-i = 2x-4j:-2y-Tr+2 =
69
/(-t)
=
JC
^2 - 2x
fix)
;.
^(1)
-2)
- 1)2
x(jc
1)2
(x
when x =
x" cos X
or x
= x""
When n =
'
(x
nx"
cos X
/'(x)
(x
(0, 0)
"
'
sin
5x
/ and
2.
and
3x(l)
(x
- (5x +
ix + 2)2
2)5
differ
Area
sin x.
When
2 /'(x)
x{x cos X
When
fix)
x2(x cos
Ait)
When n = 4
fix)
xîx cos
+ 4
For general n,f'ix)
x"
cos x
2 sin
3?i''2
(2f
+ l)Vf =
(x
1,-1/2
x).
6t
'
2)2
6
ix
2/3/2
2x
2)2
,,
by a constant.
A'W = 2(|f'/2)+|r'/2
4)(1)
3x
n sin x)
= X cos X +
2)2
(2, 4).
75.
g'ix)
=x"sinx
2)3
1)2
Horizontal tangents are at
73. /(x)
ix
ix
fix)
(x
ix-- 1)(2x)
fix) =
ix
71. fix)
cm2/sec
3 sin x).
sin x).
n sin x).
2Vf
^1/2
Section 2.3
"
77.
C=
100(202 +
X2
""^
79.
:^
{x
10
(50
= 500
P'it)
30)2
Whenx =
$38.13.
dC
-
=
15:
200
500
(50
"
= 2000
-$10.37.
P'(2)
--
(4r)(2r)
Pjz
- 4t+ t^y_
50
.(50
dx
f2j
r2)(4)
(50
dx
(b)
50
dC
When ;c =
'*'
= 500 11
Pit)
30
ioo(-^ +
dx
(a)
+ 30
< X
= r
+ a^J
31.55 bacteria per hour
/"ft"'
(c)
When a: =
- =
20:
-$3.80.
dx
As
the order size increases, the cost per item
decreases.
81. (a)
sec
d.
=
d
-.
(cos;c)(0)
(cos
CSC
(b)
(1)( sinx)
sin.r
xy
cos X cos x
sin;c
cos X
cos X
sec X tan
j:
sinx
d
-[csc^] =
cot
(c)
(sin.v)(0)
cos
j:
sm x
sin
cosjt
(1)(cosj:)
dx
sin
sin
(sin jc)-
X sm X
CSC
cot
= cosx
sin.v
-[cot..] =
dx
83.
fix)
4x^/2
fix)
6;ci/2
"cos-t
cos-t]
sin
.t(
sin.r)
(cos.r)(cosj:)
sin^jc
85.
/'W =
cos^x
fix)
/W
sin-.v
=
X -
ix
3;c-/2
Nfx
-1
.t(l)
- D-
-D-
ix
fix)
3 sin
89. fix)
x^
fix)
3 cos
fix)
2r
f'\x)
= -3
sin
1)(1)
(-r
ix
87.
sm''j:
(sin .r)-
.sin;c
- D'
91.
/"(x)
= 2v'x
/:
-)
/''>(.v)=^(2).r-'-
=
-Jp
95. fix)
93.
2gix)
hix)
97. fix)
=
hix)
fix)
= 2g'ix)+h'ix)
fi2)
2g'i2)
fix)
/'(2)
hix)g'ix)
gix)h'ix)
[hix)y
h'il)
= 2(-2) + 4
h(2)g'i2)
g(2)h\2)
[h(2)Y
(-l)(-2)-(3)(4)
(-1)/(2)
One
such function
= -10
is/(.v)
(x
2)-.
71
72
Chapter 2
Differentiation
99.
101.
v(t)
36
r^,
= -2t
a(r)
v(3)
a{3)
= - 6 m/sec
27 m/sec
The speed of the
It
is
decreasing.
linear.
lOOr
v(r)
2t+
(It
object
appears that/ is cubic; so/' would be quadratic and
/"would be
103.
0<r<6
[2(5)
15)(100)
a(t)
{2t
(100?)(2)
15)2
105. f(x)
a(20)
(c)
gix}h'{x)
h(x)g'(x)
fix) =
g{x)li"{x)
g'(x)h'{x)
g(x)hXx)
2g'{x)h Xx)
h{x)g\x)
g'{x)h"(x)
2g'{x)h'\x)
h(x)g"ix)
g(x)h"'(x)
g{x)h
+ 3g 'ix)h'{x) +
'"{x)
1.2ft/sec2
0.5 ft/sec2
15]^
h'{x)g'ix)
g"Xx)hXx)
= gixW'Kx) +
gwn
W+
2g"ix)h'(x)
h(x)g"'(x)
h'{x)g%x)
+ g "'ix)hix}
3g%x)h Xx)
f^%x) = g(xW'Kx) + gXx)h"Xx) + 3gXx)h"Xx)
1500
[2(20)
rix) =
(X>)
+ 15?
2.4 ft/sec2
g(x)h{x)
fix)
(a)
1500
[2(10)
+ 15P
+ 15?
(b) a(10)
1500
(2r
1500
(a) a(5)
15
3g'\x)h'U)
+ Sg'UMx) +
4g"'ix)hXx)
3g"'{x)hXx)
+ g^'KxMx)
4gXx)h"Xx)
6g'{x)h'{x)
2)
j^(^
j)(^
^'''^
.
^'''
(2)(1)^
g^'Kx)h{x)
(2)(l)[(n
2)(n
g"'ix)h^-^^(^ +
+ ,.J:[-:^^z'^-::^^'L.,
(3)(2)(1)[( - 3)in - 4)
(2)(1)
n{n- \)(n-2)[{n-l)(n-2)-
gix)hMix)
!,(":
(nNote: !
1)
...
i),
(2)(1)
gW^"'-"(^) + 2!(/-
-g(-'>(x)A'(;t)
1)!1!'
g^"-'Kx)hXx)+g^"\x)h{x)
(2)(l)](i;
g'^^)^^"""(^)
2)!
gW(x);i(;c)
(read "n factorial.")
3)
(2)(1)]^
^'
^'
The Chain Rule
Section 2.4
107.
f(x)
f'(x)
f"(x)
^1
cos X
-'*
7r\ =
''\
r/|
/ljj =
-sinjr
= -cos
77
-1
"
v/3
-s.n-=-
/(- =-cos-=--
a;
= f'(a)ix -
(a) Pi(x)
COS
3/
^f.
2
+ fia
a)
- ^]
(b)
/jX
V'
<.
=
P,
(c)
's
-4l"-3J -T"l"-3J
a better approximation.
= f{x)gix),
109. False. If y
(d)
then
f(x)g'{x)
The accuracy worsens

fromx = a = (ir/S).
as
you move
farther
113. True
111. True
h'(c)
dy
>
= f(c)g'(c) +
g(c)f\c)
g{x)f'{x).
dx
= /(c)(0) +
g(c)(0)
115.
fix)
x\x\
2x,
fix)
X-,
iix>Q
-x^,
\ix
ifjc
<
>
-2x, \ix <
fix) =
2,
if
a:
>
-2,
if.)c
<
/"(O) does not exist since the
left
and
right derivatives
are not equal.
The Chain Rule
Section 2.4
y=Mx))
"
g(x)
1.
5)"
bx
3.
= Ti^^nr
X-
= cscx
5. V
7.
.V
{6x
csc'j:
(2x
7)'
y'=3(2j<:-
7)-(2)
;c=)=/'
11. fix)
(9
y=f{u)
5
y =
9.
= 6(2x-
7)^
^(.v)
g'(x)
13. /(f)
3(4
12(4
(1
9.V)-'
- 9Af(-9) = -
108(4
f)"-
/'(f)=^l-r)-'-(-l)
2vl -/
9x)^
away
73
Chapter 2
74
15.
(9;(2
Differentiation
17.
4)1/3
2(4
j;2)i/'
^'=2^
(4-;c2)-3'V2;c)
4^(4
19.
>>
(;c- 2)-'
(x
fit)
- 2?
(^
2)-'/2
^ = _i(^ +
fix)
=
=
27.
= xj\ -
=x
\(\
x^
x{\
- x^y^
x^)-'/^(-Xx)
-xW - x^Y"^ +
(1
- x')-''\-x^ +
+
-
(1
(1
29.
(1
x2)'/2(l)
y'
x2)'/2
;c2)]
2x{x
2x{x
,'
<
=
_
(;c2
(;c2
33. /(v)
2,
+ 5 \/(x2 +
;c2 + 2/\
;c
21
l{x
J~x
5)(2
2)
(a;2
- 10;c + 2)3
(x
5)(2;i;)
/'(v)
l)-l/2
l)-3''2(2x)l
I)-3/2
2)]
2)
l)-3/2[-;c2
+
+
(^2
{x"
(x2
l)-'/2(i)
l)-l/2
1)]
x^)
(1
(f)
^ ^
'
y where the tangent line
is
to the point
horizontal.
on
the graph of
The
(1
(1
2v)
v)2
3f2
=
^
^
1)2
v)(-2)
- 2v)2
+ v)*
Jfi + 2t-
4;(3/2
The zero of y corresponds
- 2v\V(l +
+ V/ V
9(1
3;c2
1
1
275(;c2
1)3/2
2)2
37.
;c2+
1
X(x2
2)^(2;t)
- 2v
+ V
(x2
35.
2)3(3x
= /-^(x2 +
-;c2(x2
(;c
+ (x-
3)3
x + 5
;c2
gW
a-
2)3[2x
yn^
g{x)=
3)-3
-2x2
31.
3)-2
= x\x - If
= x\A{x - 2)3(1)] +
25. f{x)
2)-3/2
(r
= -2(r -
y'=-l(2-;c)-2(l) =
23.
21. /(t)
;c2
Itjfi
(r2
+
2f
3f
2)
1)3/2
zeros of g correspond to the points on the graph of

'
g where the tangent
lines are horizontal.
The Chain Rule
Section 2.4
39.
V^
J(x +
,^
y has no
s\t)
The zero of s '{t) corresponds

s{t)
cos
TTJC
_ vx sin vx
clx~
cos ttx
cos TTX
x^
TTX sin TTX
zeros of y ' correspond to the points
The
sin
y'
cosjc
y'io)
45. (a)
(b)
on the graph of y where
y
y
'
y
dy
= -3
the tangent lines are horizontal.
2x
2 cos 2x
y'iO)
cycle in [0, Itt]
cos
sin
2 cycles
The
47.
on the graph of
y
dy
to the point
line is horizontal.
43.
where the tangent
L.
.^^
JVT
1)
zeros.
'
- t)J\ +
s(t)
l)/x
2x{x
-1{1
41.
2
in [0, 2Tr]
slope of sin ax at the origin
49.
3jc
is a.
g{x)
3 tan
g'{x)
12 sec-4jt
4x
sin 3a:
dx
51. y
y'
=
=
53. h(x)
sin (irx)-
cos
sin (ir-x^)
(tt x-)[27r\x]
sin 2jc cos
27r-.vcos(iT-j:-)
sc f(x)
f,
55.
^
2x
cot.t
Sin
h '(x)
sin
75
2t(- 2
2 cos- 2x
2 cos
sin Iv)
cos
2j:(2
cos
cosj:
= ^^;
sin-
fix)
2 sin- 2t
sin- .rl sin
sinÂ:
sin^
h{x)
'(x)
= sin 4.r
= - cos 4j:(4) =
.r)
cos xjl sin x cos
.t)
sin'* .t
4.1:.
Alternate solution:
2jc)
2 cos
4.r
2 cos-.r
.v
sin-
cos-.t
.V
Chapter 2
76
57.
y
>>
4 sec^ X
'
Differentiation
8 sec
a:
sec
tan
j:
8 sec^
59. /(fl)
J sin2
fie)
2(3)(sin 20)(cos 2e)(2)
xtanx
20 =
|(sin 26)^
= sin2ecos2e =
= 3sec2(7rf-
61. fix)
63.
/'W = 6sec(Trr - l)sec(Trr- l)tan(7rr-
6irsec2(irr
1) tan(irf
1)
^+-
-/x
40
sin(2;c)2
IKtt)
6Trsin(Trr
5 sin
cos^ (irt
1)
- 1)
++
|;c-'/2
sin(4;c2)
icos(4x2)(8x)
2x cos(2x)2
2v^
65.
sin(cosx)
=
ax
cos(cosar)
67.
+ 2t+
it^
= sin j: cos(cos x)
t+
Vr^ +
69-
/W
/'W =
=
-
-3(;c3
3(^3
4)-i,
i,_3
71.
^'(2)
/(r)
r-
+2)
(0,-2)
1)(3)
/'(O
(f
/'(O)
8)-'/2(2f
2r
i^,
4y-
(2,4)
(t
9;r2
4)-2(3x2:
ix'
/'(-1)
8)'/2,
J'W =|(f2 + 2f+
( sinx)
s(t)
(3f
2)(1)
1)^
it
-5
- 1)'
= -5
25
73.
y'
37
= -3
=
y'iO)
sec3(2;c),
(0,
36)
sec2(2x)[2 sec(2;c) tan(2x)]
-6sec3(2x)tan(2x)
=
= J3x^ -
75. (a) fix)
/'(x)
^3;c^
2,
(3, 5)
77. (a)
2)->/2(6x)
/(x)
sin 2x,
fix)
2 cos 2x
/V) =
Tangent
line:
(tt,
0)
3x
V3]t
>
/'(3)
(b)
Tangent
><
line:
-(a:
3)
(b)
\j/ /"
9;c
5y
2(;c
tt)
^>
2x
- y -
27r
The Chain Rule
Section 2.4
79.
2(;c2
fix)
6(;c^
- \f
- mix)
fix)
81.
= llxU" -2x^+1)
=
llr^
fix) =
eOjc"
12(5x2
24A-5
Xlx
72jc2
12
l)(jc2
/'(x)
= 2xcosx2
/"(x)
= 2x[2x(-smx=)] + 2cosx2
sin
x2
2[cos x^
Ix^ sin x-]
1)
83.
85.
The
zeros of/' correspond to the points where the graph
of/has horizontal
87.
/(x)
77
The zeros of/' correspond to

of/ has horizontal tangents.
tangents.
the points
where the graph
g(x)=/(3x)
g'(x) =/'(3.r)(3)
g'(x)
89. (a) fix)
gix)hix)
fix)
g{x)h'ix)
f'iS)
= (-3)(-2) +
3/'(3x)
(b) /(.r)
gihix))
fix)
g'ihix))h'ix)
g'(3)(-2)
g'ix)hix)
(6)(3)
= 24
/'(5)
(d)
('^^^w-fS
Mx)g'(x)
-2g'(3)
Need
g'(3) to find /'(5).
fix)
[g(x)]^
/'(x)
3[g(.r)]2g'(.t)
/'(5)
= 3(- 3)2(6) =
g(x);it^)
fix)
(3)(6)
- (-3)(-2)
12
162
/'(5)
(3)2
/=
91. (a)
/'
132.400(331
(b)
v)"'
(-1)(132,400)(331
/=
/'
v)--i-\)
132,400(331
(331
v)
(331
95.
The maximum angular displacement

- 1 < cos 8f < 1).
0.2[-8sin8t]
v)-2(l)
v)-
Whenv = 30,/'=
1.461.
0.2 cos 8f
-132.400
=
Whenv = 30,/'=
93. e
v)"'
(-1)(132,400)(331
132,400
"
-1.6
is
= CiR- -
-1.016.
r-)
0.2 (since
f=c(2Rf-2r'-f
dt
\
dt
dt
Since r
is
constant,
we have
dr/dt
and
sin 8r
dt
When
second.
3.
dd/dt
= -
1.6 sin
24
1.4489 radians per
^=
(1.76
X 105)(2)(1.2 X 10--)(10-5)
dt
4.224 X 10"-
0.04224.
78
Chapter 2
97. (a)
(b)
Differentiation
x=
C=
60x+
dC
1.6372f3
19.3120f2
0.5082r
0.6161
1350
60(-1.6372r3
19.3120r2
= 60(- 4.9 116(2 +
38.624r
0.5082
0.6161)
1350
0.5082)
dt
-294.696r2
The function
99. f{x)
(a)
is
2317.44f
30.492
quadratic, not linear.
The
cost function levels off at the end of the day, perhaps due to fatigue.
^x
sin
101. (a) r'ix)
fix)
f"{x)
= -0'smpx
f"'(x)
= -p^cosfix
r'(l)=/'(g(l))g'(l)
cos fix
)3
= f'{g{x))g'ix)
Note
that ^( 1 )
0.
Also, g'{l)
/(^'
(b)
p^fix)
-/32 sin fix
f ^^\x) = {- ly
(c)
/'(4)
Thus, r'(l)
fi^''
fiîsm fix)
(b) s'ix)
g'{fix))f'{x)
s'{4)
g'(f(4))/'(4)
sin fix
/(^--DW = (-!)*+ 1/32*-'
cos
Notethat/(4)
/Sjc
= |g'(|
/'(4)
Thus, 5'(4)=
103.
= Vx(x +
=
~Jx-
n)
105.
g(x)
+ nx
i(;c2
+ n
Ijx^ + >u
+
n)
)/2
VaCx +
[x
nx}-'/2{2x
2x
(2;c
(x
w)
VjcU +
)]/2
)
107.
/j(x)
'(x)
|x|cosx
\x\
|2jc
1(1
3|
2a:- 3
g'{x)
=
^
2
ax
6-2
=
/S" sin lix
fix)
4 and
sinx
-r~\
cos
x,
2JC-3
X9t
6-4
6-2T
= -and
2
Section 2.5
109. (a) f(x)
tan
/W = -sec2
TT
/'(I)
=
J(2)
TTX
TTX
-tan (W=-sec2
.,
/(I)
TT
-,
/"(l)=|(2j(l) =
/',W=/'(l)(;c-l)+/(l) = |(;c-l)+l.
P.U) = |(f)(x - IF +/'(1)U -
1)
+/(!)
|{:c
- IP + |(x -
1)
(b)
(c)
Pj
(d)
^ better approximation than P,
'5
111. False. Ify
(1
x^
2x
2yy'
you move away from x
xY'-, theny'
= jd -
x)-'/-(-l).
113. True
Section 2.5
1.
as
36
^1/2
+ y/2 =
-1/2
,-1/2
5.
.r^
3x'
jty
'
XV
= 4
y'
2yy '
(2y
x)y
'
x^y - y - X =
7.
3.t3y2y'+ 3.A-'
3x^
y'
(3;c3>'=
=0
- l)v'=
,
Zy
9. x^
3x2
(4xv
?>x-
_
~
3^2y-
Zxy~
3x2)y'
6xy
6^^^,
6xy
3x-
4x7
3x2
2y2
3x-
+ 2r =
-
3.rK-^
3.r3%-
11.
4;tyy'
- 3xn^
'
12
sin.v
cos X
2cos 2y
4(sin 2y)y '
2y-
sin
2v
79
80
13.
Chapter 2
Differentiation
sin.r
;>:(1
cos.r
x{sec'^ y)y'
cos X
tany)
sin(xy)
y'
[xy'
15.
(1
tan V
tany){\)
y'
sec-
y cos(xy)
I
;c2
y2
16
16
X cos(xy)
y= Vl6-jc2
a:^
x^
y=
(c) Explicitly
_l
(b)
Vl6 -
dy
>']cos(xy)
T"
y =
17. (a)
- X cos{xy)y' = y cos(xy)
-V16-x2
(d) Implicitly:
(16
2x
x?)-'"-(-2x)
lyy'
dx
Vl6 -
19. (a)
\(iy-= 144
716"
;c2
^ = 1^044
(b)
9^;^
9x2)
= ^(,6 _
^2)
b^yie"
(c) Explicitly:
(d) Implicitly:
18x
J = |(16-jc2)-/2(-2x)
3x
4716 -
xy
21.
xy'
y(l)
-3x
X-
= 4
4(4/3)y
32xv'
=
-9x
-^x
16)-
16y
2'-
^"-x= +
=
,
^^^
^^^
At (-4,-1):
y'=-\
(x2
xy'= -y
'
4)(2x)
"
(x2
(x2
4)2
^^^
(x^
+ AY
8x
-^
At
y(x2
+ AY
(2, 0), >>' is
undefined.
4)(2x)
Section 2.5
25.
x2/3
y2/3
27.
tan(a:
y)
+y')sec2(j(
(1
jc
>)
+ y)
+ y)
tanÛ + y)
tanÛ + y) + 1
1
r-1/3
y'=
secHx
secÛ
3/^
-1/3
At (8,1):
At
c=
(^^'
4)y'
4)y
==
y(2x)
==
y'
4j:n7
+
+4
y-){2x
4)]
'
4y^y
4y '(j:^
'
y2)2
= 4x^
lyy')
4.r=y'
y(8x)
4v^y
4.t^'
8xy
'
x^
'
4x^ =
'
>'^
X-)
8xv
(x-
,^
,,
Or,
you could
tany
y'sec'v
.v'
33.
-32
4(2xv'
2xy
y'
cos-y,
tan 2y
y^
<
16
= x
yy"
\-yy"-
yy'
(y'f
--
x^ xyx?y + y^ X-
2vv'
0.
36
2yv'
.x'
'
3.r-
32
fi
-<
.^^
32
2y
X' _
16
K^
y3
..^^
1>
2T(3yO
^_
3y
.r^
3y
xy
2v
\-
2t
3y(2)
4x^
lx[i
(3y/lv)]
6y
4.r=
,c
.X-
v"- r
-36
r<
^
(;)=
(-f)
-l--r
y-
39.
-^'^
-V
= y(-l)-^n'
;
<^'
2y
=
y'y"
.V"^
y2
>\î
xy~)
X-
'
Ix - 2yy =
y'
.r'
4xy^
77
<
2
+x-
y'=
x^
x^
2x
37.
35.
1):
At(l,
sec- y
sec^v
4.r^
just solve for y:
4)-
=--
'
-16;c
y)
0.
+ 4x^ + 4xy +
4j:^
-Zx[S/(x^
(x^
2(x^
-2xy
(0,0): y'
31.
x~
At(2.1):y'
cin^l
sinÛ +
--.
x2+
29.
81
4.1-
4v
.^>
V\^
...c
.^'X
'>
Chapter 2
82
41.
Differentiation
v^ + v9 =
|;c-'/2
+ ir'/^' =
V^
At(9, l),:y'=
Tangent
line:
-J
y=-^x
+
Sy
f=
25
43. x^
~:;(x
9)
12
At
(4, 3):
Tangent
line:
Normal
line:
At (-3,
(x
4)
.v
-{x
4)
=>
3j:
= -(x +
3)
=>
3j:
line:
Normal
line:
- 4 = -r-ix +
2x
y^
2yy'
y'
=^
4;c
3^
4>'
0.
4y
25
25
4):
Tangent
x^
45.
3)
=>
4;c
3y
0.
r^
slope of tangent line
- slope of normal line
Let
(xq, Jq)
be a point on the
through the origin.
H Xg
i^ 0,
circle. If Xq
= yo
x
which passes through the
0,
then the tangent line
then the equation of the normal line
origin.
is
is
horizontal, the
normal
line is vertical and, hence, passes
Section 2.5
47. 25j;2
+ I6f +
50.x
200;c
- \60y + 400 =
32yy'
200 - \60y' =
,
^
Horizontal tangents occur
25(16)
163'2
^ 200 +
~ 160 -
50.t
(-8.5)
32.V
when x = -4:
+ 200(-4) -
400 =
160y
= 0=*>' =
>'(>'- 10)
0,
10
Horizontal tangents: (-4, 0), (-4, 10).

Vertical tangents occur
25jc2
+ 400 +
when
>>
- 800 + 400 =
200.t
25;c(.x:
Vertical tangents:
5:
(- 8.
(0, 5),
8)
=>
+ 4x =
The curves
and
(x
3)ix
1)
4x
in the
equation 2x^
y^
6.
=
. b^ = 4x|
Parabola:
lyy'
2yy '
Ix
y=-j
'
At (1,2), the slopes
k ^=.
= 4
|lr2 + y2 = 6
^y
are:
y'=-l
y'=
At(l, -2), the slopes
y'=
-8
intersect at (1, 2).
Ellipse:
4x
0,
5).
49. Find the points of intersection by letting y^
2^2
.v
1-
are:
y'=-l.
Tangents are perpendicular.

51.
= X
and x
sin v
Point of intersection:
y
y'
(0, 0)
-x:
sin y:
= -I
y cos y
y'
At
(0, 0), the
'
sec y
slopes are:
y'= -1
y'=
1.
xy= C
53.
xy'
+y = Q
x^
-f
(-y/.ir)(.t/y)
C=
= -
[x.
1.
y) the product of the
The curves
'"7-
J- \
y=-
At any point of intersection

is
2x-2yy'=Q
y=--y
slopes
= K
are orthogonal.
83
Chapter 2
84
55.
2/ (a)
3jt*
Ayy'
Differentiation
llr^
Ayy'
= 12^= 3^
'
57. cos Try

(a)
IT
3 sin
\2x^
ttj:
sin (Try)^'
3t7 cos
ttat
(b)
77
sin(T7>')-p
Btt
cos(irx)
at
,
59.
function
of x: y
is
not in
61. (a)
x^
tlie
4/ =
form y
4(4;c2
16;c2
4x^
= f{x).
y^
cos TTX
that
Jbi
3 cos(Tr;c)
An
implicit equation
For example, x^
y^
5.
-x*
jc^
\dy
written as a function
is
x^.
-y^
4;c2
36
36
16x'
7A^
4
x^
7256^144
^,^ 16
Note
-smlTT-y)
sin try
y^
= 3=*9
]6x^
-3
^2)
4x^
if
For example, y
4
(b)
form
in explicit
is
= f(x).
at
728 =
^^^^
+ 2^7 =
(l
Vv)".
Hence, there are four values of x:
-1-V^, 1-V7, -1 + V7,

To
find the slope, 2yy
'
8x
+ 7?
x^
x(8
x^)
2(3)
For
a:
>-,
For X
yi
For
j:
Vi
= -
- Jl,y' = jIV? +
= \[Jl +
=
7)(x
77, y' =
Kv^
7)(x
jl
+ 77) +
77 1
7),
7),
= -1(77 1
7)(;c
+ 77) +
CONTINUED
7)(;c
l),
- 77) +
+ 77,^' = -5(7^ +
= -}(77 +
and the
7),
= ^[(77 and the

3
i)x
+ 877 +
l)x
23)].
line is
23
877].
line is
= -5[(77 -
and the
- 77) +
line is
= ^[(77 +
and the
= - 1 + Jl,y' = -îVl -
Forx =
y,
l)x
l)x
- (877 +
(23
87?)].
line is
= -^[{^ +
23)].
VX
-ff
Section 2.6
61.
Related Rates
CONTINUED
(c)
Equating y^ and
-\{ji -
y^,
i){x
(V7 -
- v?) +
i){x
- V?) = (77 +
+V7-7-7JC-7
V7;c
= -|(y7 +
7)(jc
- y?) +
- Vv)
-Jl-l
+ 7^7 = Jlx
16V7 =
i){x
lx-1- 1 Jl
\Ax
877
nx =
=
63. Let /(a:)
/(jc)
:f
dJC
where
.t^
x'/*
is
;t^''*,
where p and q
= x +
^x
Ajc.
- f(x) _
- X
Observe
_
~
Now
consider/(.t)
t'^l"
x^li
{t"")"
{x^li)"
y\lq^(f\-(\lq)
jl-(2/,)^l/<,
(a)
jl/Î-(2/9)
fl- (2/9)^1/?
_|.
jl/9^1-(2/?)
ji^/'
(.x^)'/.
From
1.
The
derivative of
yA-illqf)
is.
the Chain Rule,
3.
= 4
.rv'
\dx
When .v = 4
=
''1t
and (iv/dr
25 and dyjdt
^ = 2725(2) =
dy _
vWv
dt
xjdt
dt
(- \ldt
x\dy
3,
2v^^^^~4-
When .r =
dt
p =
^1 -(!/)
dt
dt
(b)
_!_...
XlJ'x] dt
dt
consider the case where
fl-(l/9)
y= ^x
dt
0. First
Related Rates
Section 2.6
dy_
that
iit
1.
the denominator approaches g.x'~"^*'. That
>.i:,
/W^M
nn,
t-^x
- x^î _
- X
f'/"
(fl/9
at
nonzero integers and g >
are
f^^^^)-f^-^ =
lim
:^r^0
fit)
As
and the hnes intersect
given by
[.'/.]
then v
(a)
When x
(b)
When
8.
yV
1/2,
1.
4.
anddxM=
10.
2,
20.
.r
and dy/dt
-i,- =
dt
= -6.
85
Chapter 2
86
5.
x2
dx
Differentiation
7.
J
ate
tan
j:
dt
dt
dy
sec^j:
dt
dt
dt
(a)
When ;c = -
(a)
dy
dy
= -4 cm/sec.
2(-l)(2)
(b)
When x =
(b)
0,
2(0)(2)
When x =
=
^
af
(b)
(c)
2(1)(2)
=>
positive
When x =
^=
4 cm/sec.
4 cm/sec.
0,
(1)2(2)
2 cm/sec.
dy
.
11. Yes,
positive
negative
>>
changes
No, the
rate
at
-p
a constant
is
dt
rate:
~r
dx
a
dt'
of ra multiple
*^
dt
dt
D = Jx-+f =
8 cm/sec.
-j-= (72)2(2)
cm/sec.
\,
ar
13.
dy
dy
dx
negative =>
(2)2(2)
When x = - tt/4,
dt
9. (a)
-j-
-it/3,
dt
dy
(c)
x=
When
dt
7x2 +
(^2
1)2
= 7x^ + 3x2+1
dt
15.
dD
1,
dt
2'
A =
,xi /-,/,,.
\dx
2x^
'dt
Vx^ +
dx
3x
3x2
dt
4x3
6x
Jxf + 3x2+1
77r2
dr
cos
df
2Trr
(a)
eh, =
= ~=^
X
2
s
s cos
-e
2
\ L
1,,
A = -bh = -\2s sin
dt
e\
-II 5 cos
-6
dt
When
dA _
=
= yl2sm-cos-l=-sine
6,
27r(6)(3)
27r(
36-77
cm2/min.
dt
(b)
When
dA
=
=
24
2Tr(24)(3)
1447rcm2/min.
dt
(b)
dA
-
=
d/
s2
,de
cos fl- where
df
77
dA
^'^^"^=6'd7 =
de
dt
^- = - rad/min.
y-
735
V3\/l\
2
52
^^"^=3'dr=2(2A2
(c) If
dS/df
is
constant,
dA/dt
is
proportional to cosft
Section 2.6
19,
dV
=
^
V=
-7rr3,
3
dV _
=
-J-
21.
800
6;c2
12x
Related Rates
dt
dr
Airr-
dt
dt
dx
dt
/rfV
(a)
i"47^r2UJ"47^r^^^^^
(a)
When
"7 =
30,
?r
(b)
When
60,
ds
=
dt
(800) = 9tt- cm/min.

47r(30r
:;
r^Tv^?
^
dt
When x=
(b)
\,
12(1)(3)
Whenx =
= 36cmVsec.
10,
cm/min.
(800)
47r(60)'
18-n-
ds
12(10)(3)
dt
23.
V=
=-Tr(-hAh
-irr-h
[since 2r
3h]
10
dt
^ =~ ^^2 ^dt"^ ^dt~_
4(rfV/^f)
dr
When/! =
d/i
15
9-771%-
4(10)
ft/min.
977(15)-
dt
40577
25.
(a) Total
volume of pool = -(2)(12)(6) +
(1)(6)(12)
144 m^
Volume of Im. of water = -(1)(6)(6) = 18 m^

(see similar triangle diagram)
% pool filled
(b) Since for
V=
dV
dt
= Ts(100%) = 12.5%
Q < h <
\bh(6)
dh
...
36/!
dt
= 3bh =
1
==
2,
dh
-=>--r
4
dt
6/i,
you have
3(6h)h
Wr
144/1
144(1)
144
m/min.
= 360cm7sec.
87
Chapter 2
88
27.
x2
Differentiation
252
dy
dx
+ 2y =
dt
dt
Ix
dy
j2
y
dt
(a)
dx
dt
Ix
dx
since
- -
dy
When x = l,y= 7576 =
24,
-2(7)
-7
24
12
ft/sec.
-f
dt
When;f =
(b)
A = -xy
_ -3
20.
7,^ =
When;c = 24,j =
-2(15)
rfy
= 7400 =
IS,)'
2.
dt
dy
ft/ sec.
dt
20
2(24)
-48
dx
iVJt^'Jt.
From
ft/sec.
we
part (a)
have
a:
7,
3;
24,
dx
- =
2,
dt
dt
dy
dA
Thus,
)_
dt
24(2)
12
527
21.96 ftVsec.
24
=-
tan
(c)
d6
=
cos-
29.
When y =
dt
\,\
6\-
dt
6,
dx
dt
y~
V,y
Usingx=
^
dy
r--f
dt
dt
de
dx
sec^ e
-r
dt\
24
= 24,^ = 2,^
7,^
dt
= 712^ -
;t
dy^
and cos 8
6-
= , we
25
12
dt
de
have -r
24 \2
= \t7
(12
-V
y)2
-I-
;c2
36
12.
(12
x-r + {y-
\2)-f
dt
dt
Also.
/=
;c2 -K
dx
Thus,
dt
dx
X
dt
-I-
[y-
rff
-;cflDc
^^te
^y<
dt
rfr
dy
dx
dt
dt
ds
dt
= 'Jt
12
\2x
dt
(iy
52
,^Jxdx
\
dx
12
122
dy
dt
y)2
(24)- 1
^^
n...
X
= VIO8
rad/sec.
^
^^
6 V3, and
12
s= Vx- +
24^
25
dt
^ -6v^
ds_
dx
dt'
dt
\2x
(-VI) ^
J_
15
sy
'
ds
(12)(6)
dt
(12)(673)
m/sec
(vertical).
m/sec
(-0.2)
5V3
15
(horizontal)
12
Section 2.6
31. (a)
s^
dx
-450
dt
dy _
-600
dt
100
dt
dt
ds
x{dx/dt)
When x=
150 and
y{dyldt)
>>
s~
90-
30
33.
250
dx
200, s
= 250 and
250
dt
(b)
dt
_ 150(-450) + 200(-600) =
-750mph.
ds
hr
20 min
x-
-28
dt
ds
dx
ds
dt
dt
dt
2s
Whenj: =
s ==
ds
"
dt
35.
dx
'
dt
30,
V90- +
30=
= 5oyio
-28
^13^'-'^
-''
- X
dx
llv
yio
-
15.x
8.85
ft/sec
= 6y
dt
dy
^.,
d{y-x)
dv
200
Distance (in miles)
_,
dx
25
25
10,.,
Related Rates
89
90
Chapter 2
Differentiation
39. Since the evaporation rate
37. x(t)
= ^sm^,x^- + y^=
area,
dV/dt
kiAirr-^).
is
proportional to the surface
However, since V
we have
277
(a) Period:
77
77/6
dV
12 seconds
dt
(b)When. =
i.^7l-(l)^^f,
^dr
dt
Therefore,
73'
Lowest
(c)
point:
0,
VMI
When x = -,y
dx
dt
l/7r\
~r
dt
= T 7"
2\6/
X2
dx
TT
TTt
TTt
= TX COS r
12
6
COS -T
dy
^
2x
+
dt
and
2vT^ =
dt
dy = -x
0=>-f
dt
y
dx
dt
Thus,
1/4
di
TT
77
dt
-77
\^ ^
yi5V12/
-77
24
75
-7577
7577
Speed
VSt
120
m/sec
120
120
py\.^
41.
1.3^V0.3^+V'3^ =
dt
dt
dt
dt
..3pf=-v4
dt
dt
43.
tan e
30
3 m/sec.
dd_
~
sec- d
dt
]_di
30 dt
^dy
de
- = TT COS' e
1
30
rfr
When >- =
rfe
30, e
rff
/l\,,v
^=30l2r^
77/4 and cos 6
.,
= M'^/^^'=-
= v z/2.
Thus,
dt
(4/3)Trr',
Section 2.6
tan e
45.
-,
,-T
,=5
^=
dt
,
-600mi/hr
.^li
^^.dO
dx
(secê) =
do
(a)
When
= U[-7^)jt
''''\-7^)-d-t
dt
(- )(|)f
=
(-sin2 0)(|)(-6OO)
= 120sin'9
= 30 rad/hr = ^ rad/min.
^=^
4
2
30,
at
(b)
When
60,
y=
12o(|)
(c)
When
75,
^=
120
= | rad/min.
90 rad/hr
sin^ 75
1 1
1.96 rad/hr
1.87 rad/min.
dt
47,
=
(a)
(10rev/sec)(2irrad/rev)
cos 9
20'n-rad/sec
de
dx
-'"^^Yt^ToTt
^=-30sin.^
dt
-30 sin e(207r)
= -60077 sin
dt
(b)
wo
vAT
(c)
\dx/dt\
= -60077 sin
I
\dx/dt\
(d)
For e
least
is
0| is
greatest
when 6 = mriorn
dx
30,
-600T7sin(30)
when
sin e
=>
6=
(tt/I)
+ mr(oT90 +
180).
= -6OO77- = - 3OO77 cm/sec.
dt
For e
60,
^=
-60077sin(60)
49. tan e
=>
j:
= 50 tan
- =
50 sec- 6 dt
dt
- =
rrcos^
dt
25
< e <
e,
1^
= 50
sec-
= -60077^ = -300V^
2
dt
77
cm/ sec
180)
Related Rates
91
Chapter 2
92
51. x~
)r
Differentiation
25; acceleration of the top of the ladder
First derivative:
lx- +
dx
dy
=
2y
dt
dt
= -jj
dx
dy
+ y =
X
dt
dt
,
....
d-x
Second denvative: x -r
dt-
dx
dx
+ r r
dt
dt
dy
dhi
+
TT^
dt^
~^
'
dy
T=
~;
dt
dt
d^
dh _
(I
When X =
d^ ^
dt'^
"
y
^
7,
dy^
_1_
- = '^
24,
-7(0)
and
-,
-'*
12'
dt
utility,
Thus.
s(1995J, then.
dx
^=
you obtain mis)
24
1441
:]
-0.8815^
29.105
_ fdyy
[dtj
constant,
d^x
is
625
=
24
\dt)
2 (see Exercise 27). Since -

dt
{ly
(b)^ = ^j;=(- 1.762. +

dt
ds dt
=
-'
dt
24
(c) Ifr
dx
- =
fdx\2
'^
'
dt^
-rr
0.
dt^
-0.1808
ft/sec^
144
206.2
3)
29.10)f
dt
ds
and =
15.5
(- 1.762(15.5)
1.2.
29.10)(1.2)
2.15 million.
dt
Review Exercises for Chapter 2

1.
fix)
f'(x)
X-
-Ix +
lim
f(x
+ Ax)-f{x)
Ax
Aj->o
,.
[{x
+ Axf -
2{x
Ax)
,.
+ 3]-
ix"
2x(Ax)
-2x-
{Ax)-
,.
2x(Ax) +
^^
fix)
= Vx +
lim
2(Ax)
2(Ax)
-
5^
,.
lim
,^
(2a:
fix
Ax) -fix)
Ax
(Vx + Ax +
- (Vx +
1)
1)
Ax
^x + Ax - yx
lim
Ax
Ax->0
(x
Ax)
Vx + Ax + Vx
Vx + Ax+ 7x
lim
Ax-ô
3]
3)
A;c
--
2x
2) ==
2x
- 2
5.
/isd
is differentiable
/
{x^
Ax(Vx + Ax + Vx)
1
^-0 Vx + Ax + Vx
2Vx
Ax-Ô
^x-M
,.
(Ax)^--~
Ax
AJ-.0
3. f(x)
- 2x +
Ax
iit->o
= hm
[x^
Ax
Ax-0
for
all .t
=?^
7. fix)
|;c
(a)
Continuous
(b)
Not
9.
Using the
you obtain g '{x)
limit definition,
2.
differentiable at
jr
= 2 because
Atx=-l,g'(-l)=---- =
of the sharp turn
in the graph.
11. (a)
Using the
limit defintion,
f\x)
"ix^.
13. g'(2)
gW - g(2)
X-1
lim.
2
At X
= -
The tangent
!,/'(-
1)
>-- (-2)
3(;c
-(-!))
.V
3x
3.
line is
lim
jr->2
-^(--V'
2
JT
A^
,.
;c2
lim
x-*^
(b)
- 4
2
-4f
(x
,.
lim
lim
- 2)U2 + x +
2)
U^ +
;c
2)
a:-2
17.
IS.
>-
y'
21.
/i(r)
A '(f)
25. A(x)
/I'W
29. fid)
/'(0)
/U) =
=
f'(x)
3;t-'/2
= 20 =
19.
25
12f'
= 6V^ +
=
23.
3r*
4
= -x - 1
2|
at
93
3^ = dr'/2 + Sx'/'
+ X-V3 =
3 sin 9
_^
27.
g(r)
.r3
3x-
- 6x =
2)
3.x(.r
-4
sin e
3 cos e
3 cos e
fie)
3x'
-4
f'(x)
= |r-
31. fie)
/W
= -3 sine
cos e
x
ar'
-3
Chapter 2
94
Dijferentiation
F = 200yr
33.
F'{t)
s(t)
= -
16f2
^(9.2)
= -
16(9.2)2
35.
100
Vr
5o
(a)
When T =
(b)
When 7=9,
4, F'(4)
50
335 vibrations/sec/lb.
F'(9)
vibrations/sec/lb.
37. (a)
The
40
20
= X -
So
maximum
x-
height
when x =
25.
0.02x2
y'=
y'(0)
y'ilO)
0.6
^'(25)
y'i30)
= -0.2
0.04x
60
50
Total horizontal distance:

(b)
approximately 1354 feet high (or 415 m).
is
(c) Ball reaches
5o
1354.24
building
(d)
0.02x2
y'(50)=-l
0=x
(a)
(c)
(e) y'(25)
50.
2t
= it-
vit)
x'it)
2t
ait)
v'(r)
v(f)
= Oforr = i
2){t
1)
(b) v(f)
<
(d) x(f)
= Oforf=
for
41. fix)
(3.x2
7)(x2
2.x
3)
fix)
(3x2
7)(2;^
2)
(x2
45. fix)
fix)
2(6^3
2x
|v(2)|
9x2
16^
43. hix)
- 2x +
3)(6x:)
|2(2)
h'ix)
is 1
Jlc sin
2x-^
2(x3
2(
when
;t
the position
x'/2 sin
3|
is 0.
J~XI.
2V5"
47. /(:c)
7)
- x-2
1,2.
= |2(l)-3| =
X2
Jt2-
5.
lv(l)|
The speed
<
= (l-2)(|-i) = (4)(l) = -i
50
= f -
39. x{t)
implies x
fix)
-J
(x2
l)(2x
1)
ix"
(^2
+X -
l)(2x:)
1)2
-(;c2+l)
1)
(x2
1)2
X3
49. fix)
/'(x)
53.
>>
y'
(4
= -(4 -
3^2 sec X
ji. y
3x2)-'
cosx
6x
3x2)-2(-6x)
^4
cos X ilx)
3^,^,
- x\- sin x)
cos2 X
55.
y
3;
'
tan
x2 sin x
cos2x
-jctanjc
= x: sec2 X
2x cos X
57.
y'
X cos
61. f(0)
j:
j:
sin
;c
sin
59. gU)
j:
cos X
cos
= -xsin;c
j:
3 tan 9
f'(d)
f'(e)
= 3^2-3
g"{t)
3 sec2 6
6 sec e (sec 6 tan
0)
6 sec^
3r
g'it)
tan
y"
6r
>>
2 stn
y'
2 cos x
y"
= 2
= (2
63.
r^
j:
sin
3 cos
3 sin x
;t
sin
;c
3 cos
3 cos x)
(2 sin
jc
3 cos x)
65. f(x)
(1
.r3)'/2
67.
/zW =
1,
/'W=^l-x5)->/2(-3x2)
2
a:=
3;c2
2Vl
{s-
1)5/2(53
f'(s)
(52
1)V2(3^2)
73.
'
sis'
sis'
77.
71.
5)
l)3/2[35(i2
1)3/2(8^3
"z
r{ CSC 2x cot
(^
1)
3i
5)(|)(^2
Sis'
1)3/2(2^)
3 cos(3.r
y'
-9sin(3;c
3)(2x)\
1)^
1)
1)
1)
sin
2x
CSC 2x
2i:)(2)
CSC 2x cot 2t
sinl/2 JTCOS
sm'''^
sm^'-xcos
inV2
j:
,
j:
(cos j:)Vsin
c3 xl
cos=
j:(1
V sin
fit
fit)
t(t-
ix
sin^.r
2)Trcos
(-v
TT.r
sin tt.v
2)2
a:
83.
DVt line
gix)
2x(.r
2)
The zeros of/' correspond

where the tangent
_
"
cos 2x)
sin^x)
- ly
81. /(/)
r{l
79. V
''
fa
(;c
25)
.T
5)]
2
2
=sin3/2 x - - sin'^/^x
3)(-.t^
.r
1)(1)
-:t3
2U -
69. /(i)
ly
;c-3\/y-+
h'(x)
^^'
(^
X^ +
is
to the points
on
the graph
off
g'U)
D-'/^
+ 2
+ 1)3/2
=
ix
horizontal.
g does not equal zero

The graph of g has no
'
"
for any value of t in the domain.
horizontal tangent lines.
95
96
Chapter 2
Differentiation
= {t+
85. fit)
l)i/2(r
l)'/3
(r
l)V6
87.
= tanVl -
c=yr
5
/'(f)
6(f
!)'/
2Vl
graph of/has no horizontal tangent
89.
'
lines.
2;t2
>-'
4;c
y"
= 4 4s'm2x
-.
y does not equal zero for any x in the domain. The graph
has no horizontal tangent lines.
The
/' does not equal zero for any x in the domain.
^
/
r^
sin 2jc
91. /(a:)
cot
fix)
-cscâ;
+ 2cos2i
/"=
=
93.
-2cscjf(-cscj:
2 csc^ X cot
/(r)
/'(f)
cotjc)
;c
/"(f)
(1=
f +
(1-
97.
30 - sin(e -
tan
1)
g'ie)
= Ssec^se- cos(e-
g"(e)
r=
(a)
+ 4r+
700(f2
"
18 sec2 3etan
(f2
When
1)
10)-'
(b)
1,
-1400(1 +
When
+
=
(25
x2
99.
-I-
sin(e
+ 2)
+ 10)2
4r
(1
2x
i)
1400(f
^,
(c)
361
3xy'
-I-
2)
==
^,
18.667 deg/hr.
30
3xy
3y
3(a:
-I-
+ 2)
5= -3.240 deg/hr.
+ 10)
-f-
(9
(d)
1400(5
_ -
10)2
5,
When
When
7"
3,
1400(3
12
2)
-7.284 deg/hr.
10)2
= W,
+ 2)
= -0.747
+ 40 + 10)2
-1400(10
(100
10
3>'2y'=
+ /)>>'= -(Ix
-(-
3>')
+ 3y)
Hx + f)
-(2A:
101.
yv^t
x^ =
2V^
iVy
__
"
^
,
16
2vxy
2Jx
^ ijxy 2jx
ijy
iVxy X
^ lyjx - yVy
Ixjy x^x
f)'
2(f4-2)
(1
95. gie)
ty
deg/hr.
f)^
xsxny = y cos x
103.
{xcosy)y'
+ smy =
>''(^cos>'
105.
->> sinj:
= ysinjt
cos x)
y sin
cos X
>''cos;c
Jt^
2x
At
(2, 4):
lyy'
= 20
i4
=Q
siny
+ sin y
X cos y
a:
Tangent
Normal
107.
y2
y'= --
line:
line;
\,
4 = xU
-
;c
10
- 4 =
l{x
2x-y =
2y
2)
2)
y= ^x
dy
2 units/sec
dt
dy
^^2^^ = 4^
^v
2jx
dt
dt
dt
(a)
When x =
(b)
When j: =
1,
dx
dt
dx
= 4
V2
units/sec.
units/sec.
dt
(c)
When j: =
4,
dx
= 8
units/sec.
dt
1/2
109.
111.
s{t)
s\t)
S
60 - 4.9r
^'
= -9.8r
35
= 60 4.9r=
4.9f-
25
dt
Width of water
w =
2s
at
depth
74.9
h:
+ 2\hx
tan 30
.r(f)
''-f(^-^> = j*'*
dV
Jls(t)
^=73^=V3(-9.8h^
,.dh
5,,
= - 38.34 m/sec
dt
dh ^ 2{dV/dt)
dt
5(4
When h =
1.
h)
dh
= rr m/min.
^
25
dt
97
'
98
Chapter 2
Differentiation
Problem Solving
1.
(a)
x~
(y
Chapter 2
for
r)^
r^
Circle
X-
Parabola
Substituting,
(y
;.)2
2ry +
y'^
y^
y{y
2r
>>
r'
>>
1)
2ry +
-
= ^ _
r^
Since you want only one solution,
Graph y =
(b)
Let
(x,
and
x'^
[y
5)'
=> >; =
2r
=>
be a point of tangency: x^
y)
;c'^
x'^
let
(y
b)^
=>
2j:
llj"
b)y'
=> y
Z.-y
(circle).
2x (parabola). Equating,
'
r
2jc^
2{b
Also,
a;^
(y
y)
b-y
(y
fc)2
Z))^
=*
and y
x^ imply
(y
OiX
y--=
^j
l^y
l=>y = -
and/7
-.
Center:
Graph y = x- and x-
3. (a)
f(x)
cos;c
P\ix)
/(O)
P,(0)
= ao=ao=
/'(0)
P,{x)
P'i(O)
%
a,
=*
a,
(b)
f(x)
= cosx
PjW =
Oq
OiX
a^K-
/(O)
PîO)
flo
=5> ao
/'(O)
/"(0)=-l
Pîx)
(c)
j:
-1.0
-0.1
cosx
0.5403
0.9950
i'aW
0.5
0.9950
"
PjW
(d)
is
fix)
/(O)
/'(O)
/"(O)
-0.001
a good approximation of f{x)
=x-\x^
0.001
cos x
0.1
1.0
0.9950
0.5403
0.9950
0.5
when x
a,j;
P,m= aoâo
Oq
sin;c
/"'(0)= -1
Pîx)
flj^^
P\{0)
a,
=^
a,
^"3(0)
2^2
=>
02
^"'3(0)
603
=>
03
= -
is
near
0.
^s-"^
I;c2
/"2(0)
= ai=a, =
P"2(0)
= 2a2â2= -i
Problem Solving for Chapter 2
= Aj^ + Bx^ + Cx + D
5. Letp(jc)
= 3Ax- + 2Bx + C
p'{x)
At
A + B + C + D =
(1, 1);
=14
+ 2B + C
3A
3A - 2B
Adding Equations
and
Subtracting Equations
Adding Equations 2 and
3:
3:
S = 4
Subtracting
Thus,
.x^
a-x^
a^y-
a-x
7. (a)
2^3
2B)
4 and 6A
4x-
45 = 16
= k(-2 -
>
+ 2C =
2A
pW
and
2A + 2C = 4
6A + 2C = 12
Subtracting Equations 2 and 4:
Hence,
Equation 4
25 + 2D = -2
and
4:
Equations
= -2
+ C
Equation 2
B-C + D=-3
-A +
At (-1, -3):
Equation
= -5
+ 2C =
12,
A =
you obtain 4A
5.
a^y^
x^
Va-.v--.V>
Graph:
>>,
Va-.r-
-r^
and Vj
^cP-x-
.r*
(b)
frb
a=
vj.,
(a, 0) are the Ar-intercepts, along with
(0, 0).
(c) Differentiating implicitly,
Ax^
2a-
2ay
.1:
r-^;
2a^yy'
= Q^2x- = a-=^x =
a^
4
->
a-
= 7
a\
I a
Four poutts: ^-^, -j.
^^,
a\
--j.
a\
l-a
^-^. ^ j. (yj'
a\
"^J
7=.
V2
2. Finally,
C=
5(4
2A)
99
Chapter 2
100
Differentiation
Line determined by
9. (a)
30-6
0-90U-0)
y-30
When X =
90
jVo/
30) and (90, 6):
(0,
100, y
-4
-j-r(100)
24
'90-"
+ 30 =
15^^
10
>
? + 30
=> Shadow determined by man.
100
drawn
to scale
Line determined by
(b)
30) and (60, 6):
(0,
30)
(0,
1.6)
no.
(c)
Need
When x = 70,y =
70
60
!ôt
3)
drawn
30 = 2 < 3 => Shadow determined by
to scale
{d
(0, 30), {d, 6),
10, 3) collinear.
6-3
30-6
0' d
d-
24
id+ 10)^ d
be the length of the
(d) Let V
-2
-z-(70)
d = 80
feet
10
street light to the tip
of the shadow.
We know
that
dx
=
dt
For X > 80, the shadow
5^
is
25
y
-^=^^
= ?^'^^ = 4^ = ~-
For X < 80, the shadow

y_
determined by the man.
^ y - X
30
is
dy
dx
determined by the child.
100
10
10
10^
_,rfy
-50
Therefore,
-25
;c
> 80
.x
< 80
4
-50
dt
<
9
dy
is
not continuous
at
j:
80.
dt
11. L'(x)
L{x
^x)
lim
L{x)
Ax
Ajt->0
Ljx)
L(Ax)
lim
L(x)
Ax
Aj:->0
L{Ax)
lim
<iiô
Also, Z.'(0)
Ajc
lim
Ax->0
But, L(0)
Thus,
I,
W=
UAx) Ax
because
Z,(0)
L(0)
L(0
-I-
0)
L(0)
-f-
L(0)
=> L(0) =
Z.'(0), forall;c.
The graph of L
is
a line through the origin of slope L'{0).
0.
child.
13. (a)
z (degrees)
0.1
0.01
0.0001
0.0174524
0.0174533
0.0174533
sinz
(b)
lim^-^z->0
0.0174533
,.
In fact, lim
smz
77
180
J->0
(c)
(sin
z)
sin (z
Az)
sin z
lim
Az
A;-0
dz
sin z
cos Az
sin
Az
cos z
lim
cos z
sin z
lim
Az
lim
oL
(d) 5(90)
(e)
15. jit)
az
sin
sin
1;
cos(cz)
C(180)
= cos(^
180
= -
757:C(z)
for the derivatives are
more complicated
a 'it)
of change of the acceleration.
From Exercise 102

s{t)
v(r)
= -
a(t)
= - 16.5
-8.25f2
16.5f
a'(t)=j(t)
Az
Az
Aj:-oL
ISO
(a) j(t) is the rate
(b)
sin(cz)
The formulas
/J
+ cosz(j^ =-f^cosz
= sin(^ 9o) =
az
Az
sinz(0)
S{z) =
sin z
+
+
in Section 2.3,
66;
66
in degrees.
101
CHAPTER
Applications of Differentiation
Section 3.1
Extrema on an
Section 3.2
Rolle's
Section 3.3
Increasing and Decreasing Functions and
103
Interval
Theorem and
the
Mean Value Theorem
107
113
the First Derivative Test
....
Section 3.4
Concavity and the Second Derivative Test
Section 3.5
Limits at Infinity
129
Section 3.6
A Summary of Curve Sketching
136
Section 3.7
Optimization Problems
145
Section 3.8
Newton's Method
155
Section 3.9
Differentials
160
121
Review Exercises
163
Problem Solving
172
CHAPTER
Extrema on an Interval
Section 3.1
Solutions to
1.
fix)
+4
x^
(^ +
5.
U2 +
&x
U=)(2t)
4)-
tr-
+ 4y
fix)
/'(3)
/'(O)
/(x)
U+
2)2/3
7. Critical
f'i2)
9. Critical
13.
is
1,3: absolute
2:
gV) =
numbers: x
absolute
fv/4
i(4_
17. fix)
fix)
2:
11. f(x)
maximum
f'(x)
1, 2,
minimum
27
- |J =
27
27x-3
numbers: x
absolute
maximum
t,
<
15.
f)-l/2(_l)|
number
is t
x^
3x(.t
+ (4-,)l/2
3;c2
- 6x =
numbers: x
hix)
sin^x
h'(x)
2 sin
On
.t
-3x-
0,
<
cosx,
cos
(0, 27r), critical
AT
2)
.t
sinx
<
numbers: x
27r
sinx(2 cos.r
TT
tt,
1)
5 TT
3r
2V4 -
2(3
= xKx -3) =
Critical
= ^4-r)-'/2[-f + 2(4-r)]
Critical
undefined.
^(f)
27
2x2
4)(2;c)
fix)
=x +
3. fix)
x),
[-
1.
= - 2 => No critical
Left endpwint: (-
Right endpoint:
1,
8)
(2, 2)
19. fix)
2]
numbers
Maximum
Minimum
= -X- +
/'(x)=
-2r +
Left endpoint:
Critical
3x. [0. 3]
3
(0. 0)
Minimum
number: (2.4)
Right endpoint:
(3.
0)
Maximum
Minimum
103
Chapter 3
104
21.
f{x)=x^-jx', [-1,2]
f'(x)
3x2
2x(x
/'W =
1)
'^'""'"
Left endpoint:
3a;2/3
number:
Critical
number:
Critical
fix)
his)
h'is)
~
I
number:
Minimum
(1, 1)
= y-h;,
s-2'
=
1.
T Maximum
-1
- 2)2
Left endpoint:
(0, 0)
[0, 1]
Minimum
TTX,
Right endpoint:
= - TT sin
31.
4
= - + tan,
/l
-,
Maximum:
r,
[1, 2]
77
^ TTX
TT
, ira
V3^
r- Minimum
interval [1,2], this equation has
Thus, there are no
critical
numbers.
Left endpoint:
v^ +
3)
Right endpoint:
(0,
Minimum
-4
On the
Minimum:
1)
Maximum
(0, 1)
(1,
TTX
Right endpoint:
T Maximum
1.
0,
- Maximum
0,
7131:
cos
Left endpoint:
33. (a)
(0, 0)
27.
(^
Right endpoint:
29. fix)
Maximum
3)2
Left endpoint:
Critical
5)
1,
1,
6t
1, 1]
2(LzJ^
number;
Right endpoint:
(0, 0)
,W = -^,[-l,l]
(t^
2;c-'/3
[-
2x,
Left endpoint: (-
Maximum
(2, 2)
Critical
g'it)
\~'^'~2J
Right endpoint:
25.
3x
23. fix)
3)
(2, 1)
35. fix)
(a)
-3)
(b)
Minimum:
(0,
(c)
Maximum:
(2, 1)
(d)
No extrema
(l,
(2, 3)
(1,
1)
Maximum: (1,3)
(b)
Maximum:
(c)
Minimum:
(1,
1)
(d)
Minimum:
(1,
(3, 3)
1)
(1,
Minimum
= x^-2x
Minimum:
no
4.4142)
solutions.
Maximum
Section 3.1
2x
< .r <
< X <
2,
37. f(x)
4x-,
Left endpoint:
(0,
Right endpoint:
41. (a)
2)
(3,
39. fix)
JÂ\ A]
Right endpoint:
Minimum
36)
105
(4, 1)
Minimum
Maximum
(b)
fix)
3.2^5
fix)
16.r^
5jc3
3.5x, [0, I]
(1.4.7)1
16x^
\5x-
3.5
(0.4398.-1.0613)
,
15^2
3.5
=
^ -15 Jil5)- - 4i\6)i-3S)
2(16)
Maximum:
(1, 4.7)
Minimum:
(0.4398,
(endpoint)
-15 7449
32
1.0613)
/-
<V^
Minimum:
43.
fix)
(1
fix)
= ^Ki +
f%x)
f"\x)
J(X*
jc3
x=
-^(.t
O
Setting/'"
-20
45.
x3)'/2, [0, 2]
0,
20x^
fix)
.t5)-3/2
8)(1
we have .r +
f"{x)
+ x3)-V2
20.r3
-8 =
0.
/(4)(.^)
10
yiM
= 73 -
/( 1 )
4.7
-1.0613
l)-^\ [0, 2]
-^(.T
i)-*/3
1)-'/^
= _|^(^ +
V- 10
v-^
= 73 -
{/-\0 + 7i08) =
1.47
is
=
the
0.732.
maximum
value.
fu
81
is
the
-10/3
l)-"/^
maximum
'449
Maximum
1.0613)
= ^(.v +
|/*^*(0)|
/"(
/^%) =
i/-
7400 - 4(1)F8)
In the interval [0, 2], choose
= ix+
0.4398
32
/(O)
/449
/'(x)=|(x+l)-'/3
x^)-''-
4x)(l
fix)
(0.4398,
15
value.
(endpoint)
Chapters
106
47. f(x)
tan
/is continuous on
but not on [0,
[0, 7r/4]
tt].
49.
iim tan
7r/2
P=
VI
RI^
12/
0.5/2,
<
<
oo.
51. (a) Yes
53. (a)
No
(b)
(b)
55.
j:
15
57.
6hs
No
Yes
3s^l^-C0Sd\
IsmO
TT
2 \
P=
when
67.5
when
P'=
12
- /=
When / =
/=
is
P=
12 amps,
72, the
maximum
CSC 6
= V^cot
sec S
= Vs
output.
>
decreasing for /
5(arcseCv/3)
y'
ax^
bx
= 2ax +
1000a
b=
b
are (500, 30),
45
40000
3
= arcsecVs =
40000"^
is
^V3)
6fo
6fc
+ -~-{j2)
minimum when d = arcsecVS
0.9553 radians.
0.06.
50'
+ '"^[wo^ ^
50'
-îi)^^-
18.75
75
= -.
Thus,
0.9553 radians
-0.09
40000
In both cases, c
and those of A are (- 500, 45).
you obtain
esc e)
and B,
Solving these two equations, you obtain a
30
the slopes at
-1000a +
csc^ e)
The coordinates of S
From
12.
5|'f)
59. (a)
Vscsc e cot
2__3_
200^
CONTINUED
75
4'
'^
= 3/40000
and
fc
= -3/200. From the points
(500, 30)
IT
e<2
amps
12
No, a 20-amp fuse would not increase the power output.
2^
dd
15.
= -^csc g{- Vscot
number:
Critical
<
0.
dS^3fi
P=
and (-500, 45),
Section 3.2
59.
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
.75
6.75
12
-500 <
For
<
For
<Q,d={a:^ +
< 500,
;c
The lowest
(c)
point
rf
(or^
to
on the highway
+ c)-
bx
is
c)
18.75
Mean
Value Theorem
107
Section 3.2
Rolle's
over
[0, 2]
200
300
400
12
6.75
.75
(0.06.r).
(100, 18),
which
is
not directly over the point where the two hillsides
Theorem and
=
not apply to /(j:)
since/ is not differentiable
at
.r
|x
the
1|
Mean
3. fix)
1.
xJITa
f'{x)
=x^x +
{x
{x
+ A)-"A^+
9./(;c)
2^
]{x
(x
= x--2x,
3a-
12x
6-73
2x
4)-'/2
at;c
c value:
11.
[1, 3].
/is differentiable on
fix)
=x^ -
fix)
3x-
0=>x=
v^
(0, 2).
/(.r)=x2/3- l,[-8,8]
(1, 3).
6x-
ll.r
- \2x+
~
11
8) since /'(O)
not apply.
/is continuous on [8.
(8,
applies.
11
[0, 2].
applies.
/(-8)=/(8) =
Theorem
-.
2x-2 = 0^.t=l
=
/(l)=/(3) =
Rolle's
I)
[0, 2]
Theorem
fix)
A)
(:c- l);.r-2)(x-3),[l,3]
/is continuous on
= ix-2)ix+
(-1,0), (2,0)
/is continuous on
4)1/2
)-'/^(f
fix)
x-2
= 2x-l = 0atx =
Rolle's
together.
/(0)=/(2) =
0), (0, 0)
4)-i/2
=x^ -
jc-intercepts:
7. fix)
(-4.
j:-intercepts:
come
Value Theorem
fix)
fix)
500
63. True.
Rolle's
Theorem does
100
(-0.09^).
61. True. See Exercise 25.
5.
the
CONTINUED
(b)
1.
Theorem and
Rolle's
8]. /is
does not
on
Theorem does
not differentiable
exist. Rolle's

Chapters
108
/(-l)=/(3) =
/is continuous on [-
Theorem
1, 3].
(Note: The discontinuity, x
X
/f,,U) =
(x
2)(2;c
U^ +--^:^
2)
7
ix
2x
+
ix
3)(1)
4;c + ly
/W
not in the interval.)/is differentiable on
1, 3).
Rolle's
15.
is
2)2
x^
c value:
= 2,
applies.
zi4M = _2V5
2+V5
17. fix)
sinx, [0,2it]
/(0)=/(27r)
-4
sin^jc,
[f]
/(o)-/m.o
/is continuous on
Rolle's
Theorem
f'{x)
c values:
[0,
2Tr]./is differentiable
on
(0, lir).
applies.
/is continuous on
Theorem
Rolle's
cos X
77 377
fix)
[0, 77/6].
(0, 77/6).
applies.
8 sin
a:
cos x
77
sm X
cos X
77
-smlx
477
3
sin2x
277
1
arcsm
x
.217/
0.2489
c value: 0.2489
19. fix)
tan X, [0,
77]
.1.
/(0)=/(77) =
/is not continuous on
Rolle's
/{-1)
[0, 77]
Theorem does not
since/(T7/2) does not exist.
apply.
w-
fix) ==
==
/(!)
1,
[-1,1]
1, 1)
1,
not apply.
on
Theorem does
l]./is not differentiable
since/'(0) does not exist. Rolle's
Section 3.2
23.
fix)
4a:
tan ttx.
= -16f2 +
25. fit)
'4'
(a)
A-4JÂ4J-o
/(I)
Q^)
1/4). Rolle's
Theorem
sec* TTX
Mean
Value Theorem
109
32
=/(2) = 64
/'(f)
be
at
= -32r +
some time
48
in (1
2).
applies.
t
= 4 - V sec- TTX =
f'{x)
the
48r
= f'(t) must
/is continuous on [-1/4, 1/4]. /is differentiable on
(- 1/4,
Theorem and
Rolle's
= - seconds
77
= -
sec TTX
'77
1
Jtt
= ^1
arcsec ;= = + arccos
""
"
\
-^^
V77
0.1533 radian
c values: 0.1533 radian
27.
29. fix)
/has a
tangent line
31. fix)
x~
is
[0, 6]
discontinuity at
jr
3.
secant line
continuous on [-2,
1]
and differentiable on
(-2,1).
33. fix)
.r-'^ is
continuous on
[0, 1]
(0, 1).
/(l)-/(-2)
fix)
^^,
(-2)
It
= -
1-4
= -1
when x = --.
/(l)-/(0)
1
Therefore.
fix)
j.v-'/5
'=-227
Chapters
110
35. fix)
= V2 -
differentiable
/(2)-/(-7)
2
is
_1
3
-1
sin
continuous on
is
/(7r)-/(0)
0-0
77-0
V
=
f'(x)
272272-
[0,
-ir]
cos X
77
==
3
3
72- X
2
(0, tt).
37. /(x)
2).
_0-3
- (-7)
f'(x)
continuous on [ 7, 2] and
on (7,
"
- X
"
/w
(a)
X
-
yon
2'
(c) f'{x)
=
(x
1)^
{x
1)^
:^
=
^,,v^^secant
-1
= -1
j:
(b) Secant line:
[-
In the interval
Slope
=^(^^^ -/(-1/2)
2/3
-(-1/2)
-(-1)
5/2
1/2, 2], c
= -1 +
[-1 +(76/2)]
(76/2).
_ -2 + 76
-1 + (76/2)
f{c)
-..f
76
2
=
3.y
2 ==
Sy-- Ix f 2
f(;c-2)
2x
- 4
Tangent
line;
-^
1l
= -Ax
y
^
==
33-
2;c
2
^ 76
::: = -x
-I
+ 276 =
/f\
76_^2
-2
76
i-
Rolle's Theorem
Section 3.2
41.
/W
= v^,
and
the
Mean
Value Theorem
111
[1,9]
(1,1), (9. 3)
3-1
(a)
fix)
(c)
ijk
/(9)-/(l)
9-1
2Vc"4
(b) Secant line:
>>
-(x
7? =
1)
= ~x ^3
+
=4
= X -
4^
{c,/(c))
(4, 2)
3
'^
Tangent
line:
-.X
= /'(4) =
-(j:
4)
43.
5(f)
(a)
K,
-4.9f2
+ 500
5(3)
5(0)
45. No. Let/(.r)
455.9
- 500
14.7
3-0
/'(.t)
m/sec
/'(O)
(b) 5(f)
is
continuous on
Mean
Therefore, the
v(f)
s\i)
[0, 3]
(0, 3).
.t
.r=
4>'
on [-
1, 2].
Ix
and zero
is
in the inter\al
(1,2) but
/(-l)^/(2).
Value Theorem applies.
-9.8r
= -
14.7
m/sec
-14.7
-9.8
.5
seconds
47. Let 5(t) be the position function of the plane. If
Theorem
says that there exists a time
S%) =
v(ro)
fg,
fg
<
corresponds to 2
5.5,
p.m., 5(0)
0, 5(5.5)
= 2500
and the
Mean Value
such that
^ffy 454.54.
Applying the Intermediate Value Theorem

least
<
two times during the
flight
when
on the intervals [0. fg] and \t^.

was 400 miles per hour. (0 < 400 < 454.54)
to the velocity function
the speed
5.5],
you see
that there are at
Chapters
112
49. (a) /is continuous on
(/(-8) >
Theorem, there
[-
[ 10, 4] and changes sign,

< 0). By the Intermediate Value
(b)
There exist
-\0 <
/(3)
0,
one value of x
exists at least
10, 4] satisfying/U)
real
numbers a and b such
a < b < A and /(a)
that
= f(b) =
2.
Therefore,
by Rolle's Theorem there exists at least one number c

in (- 10, 4) such that /'(c) = 0. This is called a criti-
in
0.
cal number.
(d)
(c)
8--
iX
No,/' did not have
(e)
on [-5,
51. /is continuous
and does not
5]
Mean
the conditions of the
=>/is
be continuous on [10,
to
4].
53. False. /U)
satisfy
l/j:has a discontinuity zlx
0.
Value Theorem.
not differentiable on (-5, 5).
Example: f{x)
|;c|
M*-i
55. True.
A polynomial
is
continuous and differentiable everywhere.
57. Suppose that p{x)
= x^+ +
ax
x^
such that p
'(c)
exists c in (x,,
+
=
b has two
0.
But p
and
real roots Xj
'{x)
{In
X2.
l)x^
Then by
a
t^ 0,
Rolle's
since n
real roots.
59. \fp{x)
= Ax- + Bx +
p '(x) = 2Ax + B
C, then
fib)
- f{a) _
a
(Ab-
+ Bb +
A{b^
{b
61. fix)
f'(x)
= A{b +
a)
and x
(b
a2)
a)[A(b
b-
B.
a)
a)/2 which
is
B{b
b-
= A(b +
Thus, 2Ax
C)
a)
(Aa^
+ Ba +
a)
B]
the midpoint of [a, b].
cos X differentiable on ( oo, oo).
= 2
-5 ^
/'(x)
sin
<
=>f'(x) <
Thus, from Exercise 60, /has,
at
for all real
numbers.
most, one fixed point, (x
==
0.4502)
C)
Theorem, since p{xy)
>
0,
a >
p{x-^
0. Therefore, p(x)
0, there
cannot have two
Increasing and Decreasing Functions and the First Derivative Test
Section 3.3
Section 3.3
1.
fix)
= X--
6x
3.
}?
'ix
Increasing on: (3, oo)
Increasing on:
- 00, - 2),
(2,
00)
Decreasing on: (00, 3)

Decreasing on: (-2,2)
5-
fix)
7.
fix)
2x-
six)
g'ix)
Critical
x'
Discontinuity: x
Ix
<
JT
<
/'>o
Sign of fix):
Conclusion:
.t
number: x
g'
Signof g'W:
< 00
/'<
-00 <
Test intervals:
-00 <
Test intervals:
<
j:
<Q
g'
Decreasing
Conclusion:
<
<
.r
cso
>o
Increasing
Decreasing
Increasing
Increasing on: (l,oo)
Increasing on (- 00, 0)
Decreasing on: ( 00,

Decreasing on
9.
.v
y'
(0,
= xVl6
=
Domain: [-4,
x^
-2
- 8)
V16 x"numbers: x
fix)
2x
Critical
+ 272)
-2v^
<
<
v'
Decreasing
.t
Increasing
-2V5), (2^2,
2v^
2V2 <
X < 4
y' <
Decreasing
4)
6x
<
>
- 2 VI, 2 V2)
Decreasing on (-4,
x^
2V2)(.v
-2V2
X <
>-'
':
Increasing on
4]
= 2^2
Conclusion;
11- fix)
=ix
yi6
-4 <
Test intervals:
Sign of _v
1)
00)
-2(;c2
Critical
13. fix)
number: x
Test intervals:
fix)
j:
<
/'<
Decreasing
Conclusion:
= -2x^ +
=
-4.V
Critical
-00 <
Sign of/'U):
3 <
j:
< 00
/'>o
Increasing
number:
?,
=
.v
-00 <
Test intervals:
Sign
4x
of/'t.v)-
Conclusion:
Increasing
Increasing on: {-00,1)
Decreasing on: (-00, 3)
Decreasing on:
minimum:
(3,
- 9)
Relative
x <
/'>
Increasing on: (3, 00)
Relative
113
(1,
maximum:
00)
(1.5)
<
/'
.V
< 00
<
Decreasing
114
Chapters
15. fix)
2x3
3x2
fix)
6x2
6x
12a:
6(;^
= 2,
numbers: x
Critical
12
Sign of/'(x):
/'>o
Conclusion:
Increasing
( oo, 2),
1)
-oo < X < -2
Test intervals:
Increasing on:
2)(x
(1,
-2 <
X <
< X < oo
<
/'>0
Decreasing
Increasing
/'
oo)

Relative
maximum: (2,20)
Relative
minimum: (1,-7)
17. fix)
x2(3
fix)
6x
Critical
3x2
x)
3x2
numbers: x
0,
J,)
oo < X <
Test intervals:
Sign of
3^('2
< X < oo
/'<o
/'>0
/'<o
Decreasing
Increasing
Decreasing
/'(x):
Conclusion:
< X <
Decreasing on: (-oo,
0), (2,
Relative
maximum:
(2,
Relative
minimum:
(0, 0)
19. /(^)
fix)
x^
5x
x^
Critical
numbers: x
oo)
4)
= 1,1
-oo < X < -1
Test intervals:
< X <
Sign of/'(x):
/'>0
f <Q
Conclusion:
Increasing
Decreasing
Increasing on:
( oo,
1),
(1,

Relative
maximum: (1,5)
Relative
minimum:
(l,
-5)
oo)
< X < oo
f>
Increasing
^
Section 3.3
21. fix)
.r'/3
fix)
-x'^/^
23.
Sign
<
<
j:
j:
< oo
fix)
|x
Sign of/'U):
Increasing
Increasing
Conclusion:
(-00,00)
Test intervals:
Decreasing
Decreasing on: (-00,
X >
l-l,
-00 < X <
Test intervals:
<
jc
< 00
Sign off'ix):
f'>0
/'<o
Conclusion:
Increasing
Decreasing
Decreasing on:
maximum:
Relative
27 fix)
fix)
=x +
=
Critical
(5,
00)
(5. 5)
A=
numbers:
Discontinuity: x
X--
-1,
Test intervals:
Sign
X-
x=
- 00 <
off'ix):
Conclusion:
Increasing on: (-00,
Decreasing on: (-1,
< -
<
.r
<
<
.t
<
/'>0
/'<0
/'<o
Increasing
Decreasing
Decreasing
1). (1,
0), (0, 1)
Relative
maximum: (-
Relative
minimum: (1,2)
1,
-2)
00)
1)
minimum: (1,0)
51
number: x
Critical
-co < X <
/'<
|x-
Increasing on: (l,oo)
Relative
1)'/'
number: x
/'>0
No relative extrema
1)2/3
>
Conclusion:
25. fix)
3U -
Critical
of/'(-t):
Increasing on:
(x
-oo <
Test intervals:
/'W
number: x
Critical
/W
<
JT
< oo
/'>
Increasing
<
.V
< CO
/'>0
Increasing
115
116
Chapter 3
Applications of Dijferentiation
29. f{x)
{x^
- (x'){2x) _
- 9r
9)(2.r)
fix)
ix^-
Critical
9)2
number: x
Discontinuities:
-\8x
(x^
3, 3
-oo <
Test intervals:
jc
Conclusion:
-3 <
>
/'
Sign of/'U):
< -3
/'
JC
<
< X <
< X < oo
/'<0
Decreasing
Decreasing
/'
Increasing
Increasing
<
>
Increasing on: (-oo, -3), (-3, 0)
Decreasing on:
maximum:
Relative
31. fix)
fix)
=
=
X'
(x
2a:
l)(2x
0)
(0,
2)
ix
Critical
numbers: x
Discontinuity:
- (x^
+ ir
= 3,
;<:
1)(1)
( oo, -3),
1),
(1,
Relative
maximum: (-3,-8)
Relative
minimum: (1,0)
= - +
cosjc,
fix)
=--
sin
;c
< X <
-3 < X < -1
/'<
Decreasing
(x
3)(x
ix
IT'
1)
+ ir
<
<
.1
/'<o
Decreasing
<
;c
< oo
/'>
Increasing
1, 1)
Itt
= ,r
577
77
Sign offix):
f >o
/'<o
Conclusion:
Increasing
Decreasing
0,
77
Decreasing on:
oo)
0<x<f
Test intervals:
numbers: x
Increasing on:
2jc
Increasing
33. fix)
x^
ix
/'>
Conclusion:
Decreasing on: (3,
Sign of/'U):
Critical
-2x+
-oo < X < -3
Test intervals:
Increasing on:
oo)
(0, 3), (3,
j,
Sir
-^ <
X < 277
/'>
Increasing
77
,
277
Relative
maximum:
577
6'T
77
+ 6v3
6'
577 577
Relative
minimum:
T'
12
6V3
12
Section 3.3
35. fix)
sin^
fix)
2 sin
X
j:
< X <
sin X,
cos x
cos x
Itt
cos x(2 sin
a:
777
TT
Test intervals:
Sign
/'>0
Conclusion:
/'<
Decreasing
Increasing
Increasing on:
0,
'''\
-I,
1177
- <
1177
377
<
'^
<
/'>0
/'<0
Increasing
Decreasing
.r
<
277
/'>
Increasing
/777 37r\ (IItt ^

277
I,
I
7t7\ /377 II77
77
Decreasing on:
3t7
777
2<^<T
0<.<f
of/'(:t):
7tt 37T IItt
r
-, -r-.
IT
= ,
Cntical numbers: x
117
2'
1\ /11t7
777
Relative minima:
Relative maxima:
37. f(x)
I,
= 2xV9 - x\ [-3,
2(9
'
3]
2x^-)
2(9
2^2)
Critical
numbers: x
+^
J2
= +
2
(d) Intervals:
3v^ 372
3^2
-3,
"
fix) <
/'(.x)
Decreasing
39. /(r)
(a)
t^ sin
fit)
f,
'
>
/'(.r)
is
<
Decreasina
Increasing
/is increasing when/'
when/'
positive and decreasing
negative.
is
[0, 277]
t^cost
t(t
cos
+
t
2t sin
2 sin
(c) t(t
cos
+
t
f)
2 sin
= OoT t = - 2
(b)
Critical
t)
cot
= -2
numbers:
tan
2.2889. 5.0870 (graphing utility)
2.2889.
= 5.0870
(d) Intervals:
(0.2.2889)
/'(f)
>
Increasing
(2.2889,5.0870)
/'(f)
Decreasing

/'
is
negative.
<
is
positive
(5.0870.277)
/'(f)
>
Increasing
and decreasing when
Chapters
118
41.
fix)
fix)
gix)
fix)
3a:2
:r^
-^^
x^ -7,x,
+ 1
=x^ - 3xf0Tal\xiti_
-
/symmetric about
3(JC2
1),
7t
/'(j;) 7t
origin
zeros of/: (0, 0), (
73,
o)
No relative extrema
43. fix)
is
Holes
=*/'W =
constant
>
at
(-1,2) and (1,-2)
45. /is quadratic
=>/' is
and/'W >
(6, oo).
line.
-2--
-4--
47.
/has
positive, but decreasing slope
TT
-2-
-4-
In Exercises 49-53,/'W >

49.
gix)
= fix) +
on (-oo, -4),f'(x) <
51.
8'ix)=f'ix)
0,

Two
(a)
0,
gix)
g'ix)
g'(0)=/'(0) <
undefined,
on (-4,
g'i-6)
x < 4
x
=>/ is
6)
S3,
-fix)
gix)
= fix- W)
= fix-
= -fix)
g'ix)
= -f'i-6) <
g'(0)=/'(-10) >
increasing on (-00, 4).
X > 4 =/is decreasing on
on
(4, oo).
possibilities for fix) are given below.
(b)
10)
Section 3.3
57.
The
critical
numbers
-0.25) and
are in intervals (-0.50,
changes
(0.25, 0.50) since the sign of/'
in these intervals,
/is decreasing on approximately (-1, -0.40), (0.48,
and increasing on (-0.40,
~ ~ 0.40.
minimum when x
Relative
maximum when x =
X, g{x)
<
sin x.
0.48.
.v
<
tt
(a)
0.5
1),
0.48).
Relative
59. fix)
1.5
2.5
fix)
0.5
1.5
2.5
six)
0.479
0.841
0.997
0.909
0.598
0.141
fix) seems greater than gix) on
(0, tt).
(c)
(b)
Let hix)
'ix)
fix)
cos
Therefore, hix)
hiQ)
jr
x >
sin
j:
on
0, hix)
kiR
r)r^
= kilRr-
v'
kiRr^
63.
r^)
P=
krilR
3r)
>
'
..,
V and
(a,
Kj)"
Maxmium when r =
(/?,
R.JHvR,)
v/;,(/?,
^,)
S =
(b)
1500
(c)
S' =
0.1198t^
for
fix)
(b)
56.9909F
223.0222r
fix)
fljx'
3aj.x'-
a2.x-
(0, 0):
j?,)(l)]
/?,)*'
/?;
579.9541
la^x
(c)
a,.v
The
Op
a,
-|.v-'
|.v
solution
is
a^.
a,
fix)
ao
(/(O)
a,
(/'(O)
0)
8a3
(/(2)
2)
12a3
(/'(2)
0)
0)
(d)
(2,2):
vR,R.[2iR,
1984 (344.3 thousand bankruptcies)
Use a cubic polynomial
2.78. or 1983, (311.1 thousand bankruptcies)
Actual minimum;
67. (a)
4.4879r^
4fl,
4a,
Since
(0, tt).
f /?.
Maximum when ^j =
65. (a)
(0, it).
Thus.
are constant
/?,
(^,
(0. tt).
on
gi.x)
d/fj
or f /?
(0, tt).
sin.r
3r=)
rfP
on
v/?
on
increasing on
>
X >
fi.x)
61.
>
;c
sin
>
sin^:
(0, it)
is
= X -
gix)
(2. 2)
\
(0. 0)
0.
O;
-. a,
119
120
Chapters
69. (a)
Use a
(b)
fourth degree polynomial
fix)
(0, 0):
(4, 0):
(2, 4):
(c)
The
4a^x^
2^2^
a^x'^
0)
0)
0)
(/'(4)
0)
(/(2)
4)
(/'(2)
0)
= 2,
04
Qo
(/(O)
a,
(/'(O)
256^4
640,
IGa^
(/(4)
256a^
48a3
8^2
I6a^
Sa,
32a.
12a,
is
-x"
Oq
a,
- 2^ +
4^2
4a,
a,
0,
a^x^
+ a,^^ +
"i-*
"ô-
a,
solution
fix)
3^3x2
/W
4, aj
Ax-
id)
(2.4)
A/
(4.0)
(0,0)
71. True
73. False
= f{x) + g{x) where /and g are increasing. Then

= fix) + g'ix) > since /'(x) > Oandg'U) > 0.
Let h{x)
Let/(x)
h'ix)
critical
fix)
75. False. For example, fix)

at the critical
77.
Assume
number x =
that/'(x)
<
x^,
then/'(x)
3(x'
1)
has no
3x^
and/only has one

x^
critical
3x
1,
then
numbers.
x^ does not have a relative extrema
0.
for
Theorem, we
ve know there
number. Or. let/U)
all
in the interval (a, b)
exists
e
a
number c such
and
that x^
let
x^
< c <
<
x-^
x^,
be any two points
in the interval.
By
the
Mean Value
and
-fix,)
fix.)
/'(c)
.
Since/'(c)
<
and-nr,
x,
>
0,
1.
Then
/(x,) <
then/(x2)
0,
which implies that/Cxj) < fix). Thus,/is decreasing on the
interval.
79.
Let/U)
i\
fix)
n(l
[(! +j:)"~'
Thus./W
i\
is
x)"
x)"
ivn
- n
x)"-^
1]
> Osincex > Oandn >1.
increasing on (0, 00). Since /(O)
nx
>
=>
(1
jc)"
>
=^fix) >
nx.
on
(0,
00)
Section 3.4
Section 3.4
1.
x'-
- X
y"
1,
3. fix)
Concave upward: (-00,00)
24
12'-'
x~+
^ - 144(4 - x'^)
~ (;c2 + 12)3
Concave upward: (-00, -2),
(2,
00)
Concave downward: (2,2)
5. fix)
J^,r
4(3x^
y
'
(x2
Concave upward: (-00, -
1)
7.
fix)
fix)
= 6x-
fix)
3x^
x^
1)3
1), (1,
00)
Concave downward: (-1,1)
3x2
6x
Concave upward: (-00.
Concave downward:
9.
y'
= 2x=
>'"=
tanx,
(-^.7
11.
sec-x
sec-x tanx
fix)
x>
fix)
3x-
12x
fix) =
6(x
2)
6x-
(1,
12
when x =
0,
2x2
fix)
fix)
fix)
= 3x2-4
x3
4x
fix) = 3x2 _ 4 = Owhenx
Test interval:
^732
CO < X <
r-
J3
Sign of/"(x):
Conclusion:
fix) >
20
'V3'
"^
J3
V3
~~r^ < X < -7=

/"(-v)
Concave upward
Points of inflection:
(2,
cc)
Concave downward: (00,
13.
at
inflection.
Concave upward:
Concave downward:
00)
\2x
The concavity changes

Concave upward:
1)
<
Concave downward
^ <
73
X < 00
fix) >
Concave upward
2)
2.
2. (2, 8) is
a f)oint of
111
122
15.
Chapter 3
/(;c)
fXx)
x[3{x
U-
4{x
4(a:
- 4)[2U -
4(x
12(jc
f"(x)
f"{x)
x(x
4)3
4)2]
4)^(4x
4)(3x
4)(jc
1)
6)
2)
4(x
(x
\2{x
4)2
4)]
4){x
when j; =
2)
2, 4.
<1
2 <
Points of inflection: (2,
= xjx +
4 <
< 4
jt
/"(x)
Concave downward
Concave upward
Conclusion:
j:
fix) <
fix) >
Sign of /"W:
f(x)
4)]
-oo <
Test interval:
17.
4)3
4)
\)[2{x
U-
< oo
>
Concave upward
16), (4, 0)
Domain: [-3, oo)
3,
/'W=.(tj(-.3)-./2.vm^|^
6v<m - 3U- + l){x + 3)-'/2 _
/"W
/"(jc)
4U +
>
on the
entire
domain of/ (except
+ 4)
+ 3)3/2
3(x
4{x
3)
for x
= - 3,
for
which/"(x)
is
undefined). There are no points of inflection.
Concave upward on (-3, oo)
19.
/W
f\x)
;c2+
-;c2
(;c2
/"W =
2x(x2
(x2
1)2
3)
when
0,
V3
-73
Test intervals:
oo < X < V3
Sign of/'W:
/"<o
/">0
/"<0
/">0
Conclusion:
Concave downward
Concave upward
Concave downward
Concave upward
fix)
sin(
<
1,
<;c <
<
;c
73
<
a:
<
Sign
= icos(f
of/"W:
Conclusion:
/"W =
/"(;c)
-^sini
2
when x =
Point of inflection:
X < oo
47r
Test interval:
fix)
73 <
73,-^1 (0,0), (73,^
21.
a:
1)3
Q, Itt, 4t7.
(27r, 0)
<
.^r
<
277
/" <
Concave downward
277
<
j:
<
477
/">0
Concave upward
Section 3.4
- -\,Q <
23. f(x)
sec(;<:
fix)
secfjr
f"(x)
- -j
tanix
- \ +
sec^l
Concave upward:
25.
x -
seel
(tt, 2tt), (Stt,
f{x)
sin;<:
f"{x)
= 2
f"{x)
j:
sin
sin
i=
for any
in the
domain
of/.
47r)
< 277
j:
2 cos 2x
- 4
j:
<
2;c,
when x =
sin
0,
= 2
2x
.823,
<
Test interval:
tt,
A^
/'(a)
4a3
< 1.823
A-
/"(a)
12a'
Critical
12a'
4x3
However, /"(O)
<
Test. /'(a)
0,
intervals
not an extremum./"(3)
minimum.
a3
fix)
3a2
/"(a)
6a
Critical
3a2
3a(a
6a
6
/"(O)
Therefore,
(0, 3) is
>
(2,
(4.46,
0,
fix)
f"{x)
use the First Derivative
(-00,
>
0)
so
and
(3,
(0, 3);
-25)
is
2)
5)2
number: a
>
Therefore,
(5, 0) is
a relative minimum.
g{x)=x\6-xy
=
=
x{x
4(6
6)2(12
x)(5x~
- 24a +
numbers: x
Therefore,
minimum.
g"(6)
5.r)
0, -f ,
18)
432 >
(0, 0) is
= -
Therefore,
a relative
Concave upward
g"{fj
1) is
277
= 2(a-5)
Critical
maximum.
(a
^"(0)
a relative
<
/">0
/"(5)
g\x)
.V
hence,
g"(x)
4.460 <
1.452)
2)
1)
< 4.460
/"<
/'(a)
= -6 <
Therefore,
/"(2)
{77, 0),
,x:
Concave downward
33.
6(a
numbers: a
Concave upward
<
77
Critical
we must
so
on the
(0, 2) is
TT
3)
12a(a
relative
/(a)
<
/">
Ax-{x
0,
.X
29.
- 24a =
numbers: a
<
1.823
Concave downward
+4 cos x)
4.460.
Points of inflection: (1.823, 1.452),
/(a)
sin ;c(l
/"<
Sign of /"(a):
Conclusion:
31.
x -
points of inflection
fix) = 2 cos
27.
tan^j
(0, tt), {Itt, Ztt)
Concave downward:
No
x < Att
\-f,
a relative
minimum.
155.52 <
268.7)
is
a relative
minimum.
Test fails by the First Derivative Test.
an extremum.
(6. 0) is
not
123
Chapters
124
35.
f(x)
fix)
fix)
.x2/3
37.
f(x)
'
=x +
fix)
number:
a;
Critical
undefined, so
is
we must
use the First
>
on
(0, oo), (0,
numbers: x
Therefore, (2,
/"(2)
= - sin
fix)
;c
< x <
X,
4)
is
a relative maximum.
>
Therefore,
= cosx -
= 2
f'i-2) <
<
on ( oo, 0) and
-3) is a relative minimum.
Derivative Test. Since /'(x)
39. fix)
-2
However, /"(O)
f'(x)
Critical
(2, 4) is
a relative minimum.
417
<
Therefore, / is non-increasing and there are no relative extrema.
41. fix)
fix)
(a)
O.lxîx
[-
3)3,
4]
1,
- 6)U - 3)^
- 3)(4;c2 - 9.6a: +
0.2;c(5;c
/"W = U
= OAix -
3)(10.x2
(b) /"(O)
<
/"(f)
>
=* (1.2,
24.x
a relative
(0, 0) is
3.6)
1.6796)
is
9)
maximum.
a relative minimum.
/is increasing when/' >

(0.4652, -0.7049), (1.9348, -0.9049)
(3, 0),
43. fix)
(a)
sin
jc
-sin 3x
fix)
fix)
fix)
= sin X +
cos X
-sin 5x,
cos 3x
[0,
3 sin
cos 5x
3a:
when x = ^, x =
6
<
=>
.53333
(c)
"g"-
5 sin 5x
x =
^,
6
is
1.1731.
a relative
.t
==
1.9685
maximum.
-, 0.2667], (1.1731, 0.9638),
(1.9685,0.9637), [y"' 0-2667
Note:
(0, 0)
and
(ir,
0) are not points of inflection
since they are endpoints.
and con-
n]
when x = T- ^ = T' ^ =
fix) =
(b) /"(
and decreasing when
< O./is concave upward when/" >

cave downward when/" < 0.
/'
The graph of/ is increasing when/' >

and decreasing when/' < O./is concave upward when/" >
and concave downward when/" < 0.
Section 3.4
/'
45. (a)
<
means/decreasing
/' increasing
/'
(b)
Let/U) =
f"(x)
/"(O)
51.
55.
means
concave upward
49.
;d.
= Ux^
0,
but (0, 0)
is
not a point of inflection.
53.
means/ increasing
/' increasing
means
concave upward
47.
>
>
57.
/"is
linear.
/'
quadratic.
is
/is cubic.
/concave upwards on ( oo.
3),
125
downward on
(3. oo).
Chapters
126
59. (a) n
1:
/W
=
2:
(;c
2)2
fix) =
/'W = 2U /"W = 2
No
No
fix)
inflection points
2)
3:
fix)
= (x- ly
fix)
3{x
- If
fix) = 6{x -
inflection points
(2, 0)
minimum:
Relative
4:
/W
= {x- ly
fix)
/W
2)
Inflection point:
No
4(;c
12(;c
2)3
2)2
inflection points:
Relative
(2,0)
minimum:
(2,0)
,/
Point of
inflection
J.
Conclusion:
n > 3 and n
If
= ix-
(b) Let fix)
fix)
2)",
For n > 3 and odd,

For n > 4 and even, n
Thus,
61. fix)
j:
ax^
maximum:
Relative
minimum:
(5, 1)
(4, 2)
/(3)
/(5)
/'(3)
3ax^
=
=
27.
is
nix
also
2bx
49a
8fc
= -
27a
6fc
22a
2b
0,
\x^
= -
6x^
if
\)ix
n > 2 and n
- 2)"-\
the concavity changes at
2.
and the concavity does not change
and only
if
> 3
is
at
j:
2.
odd.
,._,..^..__._49^^8,^^^_1
;c
24
24a
24a
+ 2* =
22a
2a
f -
/"(4)
= ii)= -6,c = f,rf= -24
fix)
odd and
n(
If
+ cf'ix) = 6ax + 2b
+ % + 3c + rf=3
+ 25b + 5c + d=
6fc
an inflection point.
(3, 3)
125a
= 27a +
is
- 2)"~\ fix) =
also even
is
0)
(2,
+ d
ex
Relative
fix)
odd, then
an inflection point
is
bx^
is
2fc
2fc
= -
is
even, then (2, 0)
is
a relative minimum.
Section 3.4
63. f(x)
ax^
bx^
Maximum: (-4,
Minimum:
+d
ex
1)
(0, 0)
(a) f'(x)
3ax-
2bx
= 6ax + 2b
f"{x)
c,
= 0=^d =
/(-4) =
16fc
48a -
/'(0)
(b)
-64a
/'(-4)
fix)
Solving this system yields a
fix)
D=
D' =
,
2x'
5Lx^
3"^
+ 2b = j^x +
miles from touchdown.
= 6a = ^.
i>
3L-x^
By the Second Derivative

maximum when
15
.r(8.x-
151.x
/l5 733
6L-)
0.5.V-
15.r
+ 5000
C^^X = 0.5..-.15^^
X
C=
=(^_^^JZ.
average cost per unit
= 0when.v=100
^.0.5-^
dx
Test, the deflection is
C=
67.
= 15L 733Z.
0or..
6ax
^,x^-
- \5Lx^ + 6L~x =
8.r3
j,x^
j^
at the greatest rate at
the point of inflection.
- 4c =
8b +
The plane would be descending
Two
65.
127
X-
By
0.578L.
16
the First Derivative Test,
100
.^(.v
is
minimized when
units.
5000P
69.
sXt)
80,000f
(8
S"(t)
^2
t^r
(8
S"(t)
- it-)
+ a'
80,000(8
for
^/873
1.633.
Sales are increasing at the greatest rate at
71.
/(;c)
2(sin.r
cos;c),
f'(x)
2(cos X
f"{x)
2{-sin.v
P,(jc)
= 2v^ + o(x -
Pi'{x)
P,(x)
sin
/(
1.633 years.
- = 272
I
.r),
cos.t),
Jj
/"(f) =
-^
= 2V^
=
= 272 +
o(.v
PAx) = -272(.r P^x)
fl
+ ^(-272)(.v -
f)^
V2 -
fl
=-lJl
The values
equal at x
of/, P,,
Tr/4.
Z'^,
and
their first derivatives are equal at
The approximations worsen
as
.r
ttJA.
The
values of the second derivatives

7r/4.
of/ and P,
are
-2.
Chapters
128
73.
/'(o)
2Vl -
4(1
p,W =
PAx) =
/.
/"(O)
.t)3/2'
i-|
4-
The
values of/, Pj, P,' ^d their
at
fix)
0.
r COSi
0.
The values of the second
= --
When X >
Assume
<
I/tt,/'
the zeros
0,
From
a[ix
r,)(x
fix) =
a[ix
r,)
a[6x
2(ri
Consequently, fix)
2(''i
''2
Lety = ax^
cos
\xl
\x
- =
are equal
V ./^
T
x'
\xj
X-
of/ and P2
^(J..)
sm \x.
fix)
-^ cos
so the graph
of/ are
distinct zeros of/.
\\
i ^'"(i
derivatives
0.
n
sm -
n\ +
--cos X
\xl
sin
\x
79. True.
as
= X sin
x^
jc
derivatives are equal at
first
fix)
fix)
= -|
P.'U)
j:
s^.
-i-
/>.'(.)
+ (-|)u-o) =
^N
= -
fix)
77.
/(O)
/U) = Vl -X,
/'W = -
75.
all real.
is
concave downward.
Then express
- r^ +
ix
r,)(jf
+ ix-r,J + ix-
=
'"3)
bx^
the function
as/W =
a(x
r^)ix
the Product Rule for a function involving three factors,
rj
rj)].
'"1
'"'
r,)
r^)
(x
+
-
(x
r^)
rîx
(x
r-îx
we have
r^)]
r^)
(x
r^)]
if
and the concavity changes
'"3
ex
d.
= 0.
at this point.
(Average of
Then y" =
r,, r,,
6(Xt
ad
2fe
rj).
when x= - ib/3a)
r^)
where
r^, r^,
and
rj are
the
Section 3.5
81. False.
83. False. Concavity
fix)
3 sin
fix)
3 cos
3 cos
2 cos
j:
2 sin X
sin
3 cos
j:
= 2
Jt
.V
Critical
number: x
/(tan"'
2)
3.60555
f(x)
the
maximum
value of .v.
Matches
fix)
lim fix)
vertical
Matches
No
asymptotes
2.26
102
2.025
103
lO-*
10^
10^
2.0025
2.0003
-6x
9. fix)
V4? +
10"
10'
10-
103
10"
10-^
10
fix)
-2
-2.98
-2.9998
-3
-3
-3
-3
10-
lim/W = -3
11. fix)
.V2+
10"
10'
fix)
4.5
4.99
lim fix)
4.9999
103
4.999999
j:
vertical
10*
10^
10^
asymptotes
Horizontal asymptotes: y
Matches
(d)
10'
4sin
fix)
X-
10
5.
Horizontal asymptote: y
(f)
+
2x-
No
asymptotes
4x
X-
Horizontal asymptote: v
'(2)
3. fix.
vertical
7. f(x)
/ \-^l
tan.r
tan
is
sin
3x2
.t2
No
determined by /".
Limits at Infinity
Section 3.5
1.
is
Limits at Infinity
(b)
129
Chapters
130
13. (a)
Applications of Dijferentiation
Mx) =
-r-
lim h(x)
5a
00
^2
15. (a)
x^
x^
x-^
lim
...
v^
JrôoX"
I
^2
(Limit does not exist)
00
lim
(b)
-r
J:~*o:
Jr'-oo
X^
f{x)
lim h(x)
+
X
lim
5
(b)
2x3^2
,
2L
lim
lim
>oD X~
10
19.
r
lim
_ _2
- 4
-2x^/2
= 00
r^=
X
lim
_o
(1A2)
Iim
2x +
,
*-=<=
3x
23.
lim
-1
x^-xî -d/x)
..
lim
^ô
<
,.
lim
,.
< lim
X -*oo
< lim
^^^^
Jr-oo
Vx +
sin(2x)
X -*oc
0.
Therefore, lim
(1/x)
-^
(2/x)
5x
lim
x'-X-a=
exist.
we have x = J]?)
= -1
(for
sin(2x)
<
lim
x->c^
X <
0,
= - 7?)
.Jx^
(sin(2x))/x
<
= = 2
O/x)
(1/x) for
have by the Squeeze Theorem,
X -*co
forx <
lim
Jr->-oo /
lim
2
1
Vx2
29. Since (- 1/x)
5x2
lim
j:->-oo ^x'^
27.
00
lA
lim
1
^-
Limit does not
25.
iQ
i-^00
3x-4
2t3/2
lim
3x3/2
(c)
3;c^+ 10
lim /lU)
17. (a)
5x3
lim
x^
(c)
0.
1
^
< ,.
lim X -*oo X
all
=5^
0,
we
3L
lim
X ->oo
2x
sin
(3/x)
2-0r = 2
3+0 r3
Section 3.5
33. (a) fix)
x+
.^M
V
+
lim
x->aoX
lim
= -1
>x+
Therefore, y
,,
35.
lim
(Let
37.
.1
,.
jr
xâc
a:
lim
and y
smt =
,.
sm =
lim
(-0*
s)
are both horizontal asymptotes.
1/r.)
(a:
V;c=
lim
lim
^--=a:
39.
lim {x
- Vat +
x)
lim
JC
/w
lim (x
a:
+X
V-t-
+ Vx^ +
+ Vl +
103
10^
10^
10
0.513
0.501
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
lim
lim
(lA)
102
-1
lim
X-.00
10'
1))
Va:2
10"
^x(x -
vVT:
v? +
=
41.
Limits at Infinity
Vj^ X
x+
V-t-
v^
^=x + Vx^ - X
'
^=
<
+ Vl - 7r
1
(1/x
43.
10
10'
10-
10-'
10^
10^
10*
0.479
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
X
/(x)
Letx =
1/f.
lim X sin r-
,.
sin(f/2)
lim
,
-,0*
= hm
1
^0* 2
= -2
sin(f/2)
7-
f/2
ri^/::
131
Chapters
132
45. (a)
(b)
(c)
49.
>-
lim fix)
lim f'(x)
Since lim f{x)
horizontal line,
lim f'{x)
+x
-;c
3,
6U -
47. Yes. For example, let/(x)
j(x -
the graph approaches that of a
0.
(-2,0), (0,2)
Intercepts:
Symmetry: none
2+ X
lim
-oo
Discontinuity: x
x^
since
lim
X ->oo \
(Vertical asymptote)
53.
- 4
x^
Intercept: (0,0)
Intercept:
Symmetry: origin
Symmetry: y-axis
Vertical asymptote:
(0,0)
= +2
=
lim
Relative
minimum:
3-2
1
(0, 0)
4-
lim
since
21
2)2
+ r
Limits at Infinity
Section 3.5
55.
2x2
57. xy-
= 4
Domain:
Intercept:
a:
>
(0,0)
Intercepts:
none
Symmetry: y-axis
2
= 2
Vertical asymptote:
Symmetry: x-axis
lim
-^
lim
since
Vx-
Discontinuity: x
59. V
61. V
Intercept:
Intercepts:
(0, 0)
2r
1-
urn
2x
,.
lim
lim (2
x->-ooV
Discontinuity:
l--i
+ X
Intercept:
O)
since
.r->oo
Discontinuity: x
= 2
= 2. =
j:--oo I
(v'^.
Symmetry: y-axis
Symmetry: none
2x
=
1
63. V
^- =
XX
2
Symmetry: none
Vertical asymptote:
.,.-|-|o
.r
4j
X-/
2 since
lim (2
xôo\
- V\X-j
133
Chapters
134
65. y
67.
Domain: (00, 2),

none
Intercepts:
= ^^^
A
Xx'-
Domain: ( 00,
00)
(2,
/W
f'(x)
0), (0,
00)
3 => No relative extrema
Symmetry: origin
''"'"^ =
/"W
Horizontal asymptote: none
= 2
Vertical asymptotes:
(discontinuities)
---J =i.
No
Vertical asymptote:
;c
-
I
I
16
12
11/
|y = 5|
-5-4-3-2-1
A
69.
f{x)
V
r~
= o|
-12
-16--20--
=
x^
- ^
U^ - 4) - ;t(2jc)
/'W =
{x^ - 4)2
-U2-H4)
{x^ - 4)2
/"U)
(;c2
4)2(-2;c)
(a:2
Since/"(;c)
+ 12)
=
- 4)3
>
.X
/U)
;c2
^
^
(x2
2(^3
4jc
(x2
Since/"U) >
-t-
0.
<
-F
4x
Vertical asymptote:
(;c
4x
15x
(1, 2)
Horizontal asymptote:
=
>>
3)
2)(2;c
1)(a:
on
4)
3)2
3)2(-2x +
6^2
on
3)
(x2
(x2
4)(2;c)
(0, 2),
then
a point of inflection.
(0, 0) is
= Q
U-
^""^
/"W
x-2
4x
4)(2)(x2
4]
^"
= 2
4;c
r^-'?! -^
domain of/.
4)2
0) and/"(;:)
71.
in the
when ;t =
on (-2,
(;c2
(x^
(x^
lx{x^
for any
=i^
4)
14)
^ -x^ -h 4j: - 5
(x2 - 4x + 3)2
"^
- (-^2 + 4x - 5)(2)(j:2 (jc2 - Ax + 3)*
when x =
i^^
"
4x
"^
+
3)(2x
4)
1.
3)3
and/"U) <
l,x
on
(2, 3),
then
(2, 0) is
^Mi^
Section 3.5
73.
3;c
/W
jAx'^
(4x2
fix) =
fix)
1)3/2
=> No relative extrema
-36x
(4^2
when jc =
1)V2
75.
asymptotes
vertical
g(x)
'^
nS
0.
Point of inflection: (0,0)
No
Limits at Infinity
sin
< X < oo
X-
fT?T-')
/
-2 cos
g\x)
X-
maximum:
vertical
'
'
'
'
77
277
77- 2
5.5039
asymptotes
3x-
x(x
x^
No
1 )
'
Relative
r^^
V = sm(
- 2?
(^
77. /(x)
2
^(x)
+
x(x
3)
(a)
3)
(c)
M
/=
(b) /(x)
3x-
x(x
t^
xKx -
3)
3)
x(x
0.5x
2
x(x
+ 500
0.5
500
X
lim 10.5
3)
g{x)
3)
C=^
C=
The graph appears
x(x
C=
= X +
79.
+
3)
500
0.5
as the slant
asymptote v
x.
135
Chapters
136
-y + 4 -
81. line: inx
83. (a) TiU)
-0.003/2
o.677;
26.564
(b)
12
(c)
(a)
|Ati
B,vi
C\
\m{3)
1(1)
Vm2 +
4|
|3m + 3
V"r + 1
r,
+
+
1451
58
86r
/
(b)
(d)
r,(0)
26.6
TjCO)
25.0
86
(e)
(c)
lim (f(m)
The
line
lim
85.
Answers wiU
vary.
5.
Hence, the
/'
is
negative for
/'
is
positive for
(f)
87. False.
,t
of
limiting temperature
3.
Let/U) =
86.
(See Exercise 2.)
Vx^ + 2
The slope
is
periodic,
(c) /' is increasing
< 2 (decreasing
x > 2 and x <
is
no horizontal asymptote.
Curve Sketching
Matches (D)
and^;
2 <
The
r, has
slof>e.
= OfoTx = -2
fix)
0.
See page 195.
/has constant negative
(a)
3.
A Summary
Section 3.6
1.
dim)
approaches the vertical Une x
distance approaches
86
lim r.
and zero
on
(0, oo).
at
j:
(/"
0.
>
Matches (A)
0)
function).
(increasing function).
n?)
fix)
at
(Inflection point).
(d) /'(x) is
X =
/"is positive for x >
(Concave upwards).
/" is negative
(Concave downward).
for
X <
minimum
is
at
0.
less than the rate
values of x.
The
rate
of change of/ at
of change of /for
all
other
Section 3.6
7.
X-
6x
{x^
when x =
when x = 1
-oo <
x=
X <
-\
-I
Decreasing, concave up
Relative
Increasing, concave
minimum
up
Point of inflection
Increasing, concave
:j
down
Point of inflection
down
11.
Conclusion
Decreasing, concave
< X < oo
y"
x=
9.
v'
< X <
ih-x
-1 < X <
x
0.
3)2
- .Q
=
18(1
when x ^
<
U-
X-
-2ix-
1)
< Oifxifc 1.
2)
4x(x-
3)
2)3
No relative extrema,
no points of
inflection
Inflection point:
Intercept:
Intercepts:
2.
Ix
(-, o),
(0,
0)
(0, 0)
(o,-y
Vertical asymptote: a
Vertical asymptote:
= 1
1
= 3
Symmetry with
respect to the origin
137
Chapters
138
13.
g(;c)=.,
(0.1292. 4.064)
.V2+
g'(x)
{x^
,
W
,
8(3x2
= (^
+
1)2
1)
{X^
(-1.3788.
0, therefore,
(0.1292, 4.064)
is
relative
^"(1.6085)
>
0, therefore,
(1.6085, 2.724)
is
a relative
(0,4),
^^ =
-r
maximum.
minimum.
0)
= x
+-
.r
/'(x)
f-<4
,2.423j,(^^, 3.577
(- 1.3788,
Slant asymptote: y
/(x)
when x = 1.
(1,2)
x^
fix)
17.
-4
=4^0
x'
maximum; (1, 2)
Relative
minimum: (1,2)
x
Slant asymptote:
=x
y'=
x2
6x
'
Vertical asymptote:
-2
(-1.-2)
Relative
2,423)
(1.6085. 2.724)
V3
<
Intercepts:
15.
(-f
g"(0.1292)
0.1292, 1.6085
1)2
when X =
1)3
Owhenx =
12
=X
x-4
x-4
4
1
{x
(x
ix
(6.6)
2)(x
4)2
6)
when x =
A'
2, 6.
7^
4)2
(0,-3)
J,
(2,-2)
y
ix
j" <
when x =
Therefore,
y" >
4)3
(2,
2)
when x =
Therefore,
2.
is
a relative
maximum.
6.
(6, 6) is
a relative minimum.
Vertical asymptote:
Slant asymptote:
= x -
4
2
h-^'
10
'
Section 3.6
19.
= xjx -
.y
4,
Domain; (-oo,
y
'
Bx
- 16
M =
x)^'^
16
not in the domain.
is
y"
Increasing, concave
Relative
Decreasing, concave
Undefined
Undefined
8
-oo < X < -
16
"=3
21.
hix)
/!
'(x)
h"{x)
= xV9 -
2x-
V9 -
= 1^'
(9 -
Domain:
x=
Relative
..^?
minimum:
(0, 0),
3x2/3
y'
2x-'/3
down
Endpoint
372
72
3V^
'2
372
9
'
2;
(3, 0)
maximum
when x =
down
x2)3/:
23.
< X <
X'
maximum:
Intercepts:
when x =
Relative
Conclusion
3V3
8
< X < 4
4.
4.
when x = ^- and undefined when x =
;->
4(4
Note: X
when x = - and undefined when x =
.,.
4]
(0,
to the origin
0)
2x
when x =
2(1
x'/3)
_l/3
and undefined when x
0.
-2
<
when x ^
0.
3x^/3
y'
y"
Conclusion
-oo < X <

X =
Undefined
Undefined
< X <
Increasing, concave
Relative
Decreasing, concave
X
1
< X < oo
Decreasing, concave
Relative
down
minimum
down
maximum
down
139
'
Chapters
140
25.
= x^-3x- +
y
'
y"
3x6j:
6x
3x{x
6(a-
2)
1)
y
-CXD <
;c
<
.T
x=
=
y'
y"
;c
-1
l- X-
Q,
(-0.879, 0)
Conclusion
Increasing, concave
down
Relative
Decreasing, concave
(2,
-1)
-(1.347.0)
maximum
down
Point of inflection
< 2
1 < X < CO
27.
when x
<
when x =
< X <
Relative
Increasing, concave
y"
minimum
up
x^
y'= -\-3x'^
No
y"
critical
numbers
= 6x =
when x =
Q.
-oo < X < Q

= Q
29.
< oo
f{x)
3.r3
9;c
fix)
9;c2
f"{x)
\%x
<
Jf
;t
9(;c2
=
<
i)
down
= o whenx = 1
/"(-t)
Increasing, concave
Relative
Decreasing, concave
<
-5
< oo
Conclusion
fXx)
.)C
< X <
X
Decreasing, concave
= Owhenjc =
.X
-1 <
x = Q
fix)
-oo <
= -1
Point of inflection
j:
0<
Conclusion
down
maximum
(0.112,0)
down
Point of inflection
Relative
Increasing, concave
minimum
up
'
Section 3.6
31.
= 3y +
4^3
12r^
llx'
y"=
36x2
24.t
y'
=
=
\2x-(x
12.t(3.r
- OO <
-1
< -
.V
x=
2)
16
21
= -f
fix)
x^
fix)
4.r3
whenx =
4x3
12t2
-1 <
x =
<
< X <
16
x5
Relative
Increasing, concave up
minimum
Point of inflection
Increasing, concave
Increasing, concave
4(x
2)
l)(x
2)=
when x =
down
5x*
up
whenx = 0,
l,x
Conclusion
Relative
Increasing, concave
(-1.679. 0)
minimum
up
Point of inflection
20x3
Six*
Increasing, concave
down
Point of inflection
1)
Increasing, concave
up
when x =
X <
-1
whenx = 1.
0.
y'
y"
Increasing, concave
Relative
Decreasing, concave
< X <
=
< X <
< X < OO
-4
+
2.
2.
5x
16
fix)
-11
x=
-f.
Conclusion
-OO <
x= -1
x
1.
y"
/'W
-
y'=
jr
= -
2 < X < OO
0,
jc
16x
/(-v)
- OO < X < x= -1
0,
fix) = \Zx- - 24x = 12r{x -
Point of inflection
< X < OO
y"
when.r
-| < X <
35.
33.
1)
-1
-1 < X < -f
X
Conclusion
down
ma.ximum
down
Point of inflection
Relative
Increasing, concave
minimum
up
141
Chapters
142
37.
\lx
3|
2(2x
3)
.
t;
TT undefined aXx =
\lx - 3|
y
^
-.
)>"=
y'
-OO < X <
<
39.
>>
,,
>>
Conclusion
Decreasing
Undefined
< OO
.V
sin
COS x
18
sin
j:
+ - sin
.
Increasing
3x
77
3-77
when x = , -^.
.
when a: =
^
0,
maximum
Relative
minimum:
2
y
^
'
y"
2x
tan
.r,
-^,
- j,
TT
<
j:
^,
6'9^
<
sec-
Relative
Relative
Itt
IItt
-,
(tt,
when x =
when j: =
\4' 2
,1
minimum:
\
4'
(0, 0)
= +
6'
_4\
/JJjr
6
9M
_4
9
43.
y
y
4
::
0),
TT
maximum: \,
Inflection point:
7tt
),
= 2sec^ j: tan
tt,
18
6'9/'V
_,^
-,
6
_29
'
4\ /Stt 4
TT
Inflection points:
Stt
\2'18/
377
41.
TT
6
Relative
minimum
Q < x < 2tt
'ix,
,
-1 COS 3j:
=
= - sm
Relative
0.
'
2(cscjc
2(sec
tan
Relative
j:
<
jr
<
esc
x cot
a:)
A^Jl
sect),
j:
minimum:
x2
x =
0,
=>
jc
7r/4
Section 3.6
__
45.
g{x)
W=
.
<
377
x\.znx,
+ smx cos X
2Qx
377
^ <
47. f(x)
;c2
1
1
\9x^
x{x-
+ 1)
1
when x =
,
cos^x
2(cosa:
g"W
jr
sin;c)
BtT
= -
2
Intercepts:
(-
77,
0), (0, 0), (77, 0)

Increasing
on
0,
it
'
to y-axis.
and
TT
2' 2'
377
vertical
horizontal asymptote
asymptote
Minimum: (-1.10, -9.05)
Maximum:
(1.10,9.05)
Points of inflection: (-1.84, -7.86). (1.84, 7.86)

Points of inflection: (2.80, 0)
49.
y
Vjc2
51. /is cubic.
7
/'
is
quadratic,
/"is linear.
^^^^
(0, 0)
point of inflection
= 1
horizontal asymptotes
S3.
(any vertical translate of/ will do)
143
Chapters
144
55.
(any vertical translate
of/ will do)
1)2
4jt
4{x
57. Since the slope
is
negative, the function
is
decreasing on
59. fix
and hence/(3) > /(5).
(2, 8),
jc2
none
Vertical asymptote:
= 4
^
The graph
crosses the horizontal asymptote
function has a vertical asymptote six
would not cross
61. h(x)
2(3
The
2x
63. fix)
3 - X
-x)
2,
-X
Undefined,
rational function
is
if
jc
if
a:
^
=
j;2
it
^^^
=
3r
>
4. If
the graph
undefined.
is
-X+1 +
x-2
not reduced to lowest terms.
The graph appears

y
65. fix)
x-2
hole
since /(c)
c,
= -.V+
to
approach the slant asymptote
1.
at (3, 2)
(0,
vGc^+T'
4)
W _-
,,
(t>)
(a)
'J\/x ^^
>
Critical
\.
The
cos
(0,
4) there
seem
to
be 7
critical
0.5, 1.0, 1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5
numbers:
(^2 _^
numbers
critical
be integers
On
Tr<:(xcos TTX
lirix^
l)sin ttx)
jp/2
_
- "
^, 0.97, |, 1.98. |, 2.98, |.
numbers where maxima occur appear

in part (a), but
to
approximating them using
/' shows that they are not integers.
Section 3.7
67. Vertical asymptote:
Slant asymptote: y
3jc
y = z
71. fix)
The graph has a

a >
0, the
vertical
approaches
=
.r^
(a)
3y
+
asymptote
at
b. If
graph approaches oo as x-^b.\i a <
the graph approaches
73. fix)
3x
2
3x~
x-5
13x
X-
- bV
(.V
(a)
oo
vertical
its
>
as x
Z?.
(b)
The graph
asymptote faster as
\a\
As b
asymptote
varies, the position of the vertical
changes: x
0,
minimum
[a
b.
>
Also, the coordinates of the
0) or
maximum
[a
<
0) are changed.
>0.
For n even, /is symmetric about the y-axis. For n odd,
(d)
There
is
a slant asymptote y
3j: if
/is symmetric about the origin.

3;c^
(b)
The
A-axis will be the horizontal asymptote
degree of the numerator
(c)
75. (a)
= 4
is
less than 4.
That
if
the
X*
(e)
gives
3 as the horizontal asymptote.
2750
MlO) = 2434
(b)
When t=
(c)
N is a maximum
(d)
N%t)
(e)
lim Nit)
(-oo
10,
for
(a)
First
when
bacteria.
7.2 (seventh day).
3.2
13 250
=
-^
1892.86
Number, x
Second Number
Product,
10(110-
10)
1000
20)
1800
10
110
20
110-20
20(110
30
110- 30
30(110 - 30)
40
10
- 40
40(110
40)
= 2800
50
10
- 50
50(110
50)
= 3000
60
110-60
60(110 - 60)
= 3000
CONTINUED
10
3.r
3.r
X*
is,
1,2,3.
0,
Section 3.7
1.
145
= 2400
5:
Chapters
146
1.
CONTEWED
(b)
First
Second Number
Number, x
110
20
110
- 20
30
110- 30
30(110
40
110-40
40(110-40) = 2800
50
110- 50
50(110-
50)
60
110- 60
60(110
60)
= 3000
70
110- 70
70(110
70)
= 2800
80
10
80
80(110
80)
= 2400
90
10
90
90(110-
90)
100
110
The maximum
(d)
10
100
(c)
Product,
P = 41 10 -
attained near jc
is
x)
llOx
10)
1000
20(110-
20)
1800
30)
= 2400
10(110
10
100(110
100)
3000
1800
1000
= 50 and 60.
;c^
MOO
(e)
^=
10
2;c
when x =
55.
ax
= -2 <
dx'-
P
The
3.
solution appears to be
55.
Let X and y be two positive numbers such that xy
x+y = x-\
192
dx
d^S
384
dx~
x^
>
is
maximum when x =
The two numbers
192.
5.
7.
is
jf
55.
-r-
+-
= Owhen.1 = V192.
dx
whenx =
when x=
-pr = -J >
when x = V192.
1.
x'-
dx-
\.
j^
is
minimum when jc =
and
l/;t
1.
minimum when x = y = Vl92.
lx
+ ly=
y
100
9.
Let x be the length and y the width of the rectangle,
xy
= 64
= 50 - X
A =
xy =
64
^- = 50 -
.)c(50
dA
2a:
x)
when x =
25.
P=
Zx
2y
2x
dx
d^-A
/P
= -2 < Owhen^; =
- =
25.
dx^
is
10
Let X be the length and y the width of the rectaiigle.
and 55.
Let X be a positive number.
The sum
5
are 55
maximum when
j:
_y
25 meters.
dx
128
+ 2(^) =
^
when
x =
X-
d^P
256
dx'^
x3
>
when x =
P is minimum when x =
2>
8.
feet.
8.
2x
Section 3.7
11.
d = J{X -
^
Since
is
+ (v^ -
4)2
7x+
when
-lx+
fix)
fix)
= 2x-l =
3^
the expression inside the radical

critical
numbers of
Since d
is
f'(x)
By
(1/2)P
(17/4)
when
you need only
=x^-4x +
f{x)
7772).
Ax
[x-^
smallest
is
smallest,
is
\6.
the First Derivative Test, the point nearest to (4, 0)
(7/2,
d = V(x - If +
= Jx* -
you need only find the
smallest,
By
13.
16
smallest
is
0)2
4;c3
find the critical
numbers of
T-
- 4 =
the First Derivative Test, the point nearest to (2. ^)
(1, 1).
y
4
3te^/x)
(4,0)
15.
^=
-x) = kQoK -
fcr((2o
17. xy
kx^
d^Q
-^ = fcgo -
180,000 (see figure)
S = X + 2y = \x
2kx
360.000 \
where 5
is
the length
of fence needed.
k{Qo
2x)
when
;c
dS
360,000
dQ/dx
is
< Owhen.r =
%
2
maximum when x =
when x =
dx
^=-2k
dx>
600.
X-
d-S
720.000
dx-
x^
when x =
>
600.
Qq/2.
is
minimum when .r = 600
meters and v
= 300
meters.
19. (a)
(c)
A =
(a)
A =
4(3)(11)
(b)
A =
4(5)(5)
(c)
A =
4(3.25)(6)
+ 2(areaofTop)
4(area of side)
Axy
Zx'
+
+
2(3)(3)
2(5)(5)
2(6)(6)
(b)
V=
(length)(width)(height)
(a)
V =
(3)(3)(I1)
150 square inches
(b)
V=
(5)(5)(5)
(c)
V=
(6)(6)(3.25)
150 square inches
150 square inches
150
150:
V=
x-y
4 \5Q-2x^ \ =
x'\
r
By
4.x:
75
^r A' ~
2
=
=
99 cubic inches
125 cubic inches
117 cubic inches
\^\
,'
y^
2x2
4x
,^
1
,
:t '^
= y-|.r2 = 0^.r = 5
.r
5 yields the
maximum
147
volume. Dimensions: 5 x 5 x
5.
(A cube!)
is
Chapters
148
V =
21. (a)
x{s
dV
Ixf, Q < X <
ItU - 2x)(-l) + {s- 2xY
'
dx
(s
2x)(s
= Q when x = ,-
6x)
{s/2
not in the domain).
is
2 6
d'^V
24x
85
dir
when x =
-^ <
dx-
2s^
V =
maximum when x =
is
27
V=
(b) If the length is doubled,
23.
16
12
2y
;c
Ay
2x
TTX
Zl
-'
Ix
TTX
8(575').
Volume
is
increased by a factor of
8.
'(f)
(32
t^l x\2
A=^+2U
2x
TTX
\x
^r*
;;:::;::;:;::;::;:;:;;f:dii
32
xll.f
when x
^ = 8-x-f;c + ^;c = 8ctc
27 (25)'
(77/4)
77'
_=_^l+_j<Owhenx = ^^
_
32
2[32/(4
tt)]
77(32/(4
16
tt)]
The area
y
25. (a)
is
2
1
maximum when
.r
_^
L=
16
4+77
;
-:;
feet
and x
TT
32
4+77
;
feet.
2
1
x-
Jx^ +
y2
/^+
+
;c
Z, is
;c^
CONTINUED-
+ 4 +
X -
(x
;,
1)
X >
minimum when x
2.587 and
== 4.162.
Section
25.
Area
A{x)
U - 1)2 =
X- =
0,
2 (select x
Then y = 4 and A =
Vertices:
A =
=
By
2x>'
21
2)
4.
x^
\/ 572
'
/'V~
= 30 =^ y =
A =
(see figure)
whenx =
,
572 = ...
^-
3.54.
maximum
area has vertices
5^
{x
+ 2)[ +
(x
-W\
+
+ 2)1-^1
v2
^=V30
730
l]
dx
(see figure)
/30
I +
2)
= ^^^^^-T-^ = 0whenx = 730.
the First Derivative Test, the dimensions (x
7.411).
V=
/5
By
^^; Length: 572
Width:
the First Derivative Test, the inscribed rectangle of
dA
2r- \
,572
29. xy
(0, 0), (2, 0), (0, 4)
= 2xV25 -
J 25
-^
;c
= -xy = -x\l + ^
31.
CONTINUED
(c)
27.
3.
2)
by
{y
2) are (2
These dimensions yield a minimum area
Trr^h
22 cubic inches or h
22
(a)
Surface Area
Height
Radius, r
22
0.2
2-7HO.2) .^^
77(0.2)2
" .Ha2) J
01
22
f\
2t7(0.4) _-'
1
0.4
tHO.4)-
7t{0.6)-
L-^
'
27t(0.8)
CONTINUED
111.0
L-^
'
75.6
59.0
77<0.6)2.
11
22
7T<0.8)2
->0
277<0.6)
0.8
220.3
M0.4)=J
'
22
0.6
7710.8)
30) by (2
+ 730)
(approximately 7.477 by
149
Chapters
150
31.
CONTINUED
(b)
Surface Area
Height
Radius, r
22
0.2
277(0.2)[0.2
22
n^
0.4
277(0.4) -^
7T<0.4)2
277(0.6)[0.6
J^^ J
22
==
220.3
111.0
77{0.6)2
-75.6
^2^2^^,
The minimum seems

(e)
22
0.8
277(0.8)[0.8
77(0.8)2
^^^^,
59.0
(K
=
dr
h=
22
1.0
77(1.0)2
277(1.0) 'lO
.'
41.2)2
277(1.2) ['2
22
"
'
77(1.4)2
277(1.4) ['4
50.3
^77(0)2]
^77(14)2]
-45.7
-43.7
22
1.6
277(1.6)
[^^^77(iy-43.6
277(1.8)
b'uf.^K
77(1.6)2
22
1.8
77(1.8)2
22
2.0
77(2.0)2
The minimum seems
to
27K2.0)
44.8
=
b-' ^ 4?0)2_
47.1
be about 43.6 for r
33. Let X be the sides of the square ends and
P=
V =
dV
1.6.
y the length of the package.
+ y = 108 ^. .V = 108 - 4x
;c2y = ;c2(108 - 4a:) = 108^2 - 4x^
4;c
216.x
12a:2
dx
12a:(18
d^V
216
x)
2Ax
= Owhenx =
18.
= -216 < Owhenx =
18.
dx"-
The volume
is
maximum when x =
44
47rr
to
be 43.46 for r
1.52.
AA
^=
when
= yil/77
= 1.52 in.
r^
22
3.04
in.
Note: Notice that
77(1.0)2_
22
1.4
7rr2
22
1.2
,
^
277r2
77(0.4)2]
'
22
0.6
=
+ 22]
r
18 inches and y
108
4(18)
= 36
inches.
22
22
77r2
77(11/77)2/3
= ^|i^)-^'.
Vir'
Section 3.7
35.
V=
-TTX^h
+ Vr^ -
-Trx^{r
151
(see figure)
x^}
3''
cix~
+ 2rVr2 -
2r^
x^
2rV/-2
3;c2
;c2
By
3x^
2r^
9x^
8x-r2
0,^-
and h =
maximum volume
Thus, the
-Hm
37. No, there
The area
V=
A{x)
is
maximum when
4/-
x~
is
3277r3
cubic units.
81
no minimum
is
is
jc(10
area. If the sides are
x)
\Qx
x^.
x and
y,
This can be
+ nr-h
12 =-T7-7-3
Sr^)
..-V7^)
-.
+ Vr2 -
= x\9x^ -
2V2r
the First Derivative Test, the volume
39.
(O.r)
then Ix
made
2y
20
=>
arbitrarily small
41. Let
10
.x.
by selecting x
0.
X be the length of a side of the square and y
the length
of a side of the triangle.
12
{4/3)T7r3
7rr-
S = Atrr-
12
lirrh
3>'
10
Airr^
4x
- -r
Trr'^
(^
12
IttA
\Trr~
+ -y\y
AA = x'-2^1
4
z;r
(10
24
8
-TTr~
- =
-irr
dr
when
24
IJÎtt
.;
-TT
dr-
r >
when
9y
</9/Trcm.
30
r"
surface area
+ 4y3y =
^
/!
V3
+
0.
The
is
minimum when
resulting solid
is
"
1/9/tt cm
d-A
a sphere of radius
1.42 cm.
+ 4v^
+ 4^3
+ 4V3
dy~
^",
| = i(io_3v)(-3)+^yÔ
1.42 cm.
-30
and
3v)'
16
r-^
-r =
The
is
minimum when
30
7=
+ 473
and
.r
~.
>
Chapters
152
43. Let
5 be
Given
the strength and k the constant of proportionality.
+ w- = 24^
/z^
h^
24^
45.
R =
dS
dw
kw(576
k(576
= k(576w -
w^)
3w^)
w^)
when w = 8^3,
/i
when
-^sin 29
<
tt
dd^
= 8V6.
when
= ^.
4
the
Second Derivative
TiTT
r4
Test,
is
maximum
when 8 = n/A.
= -6kw < Owhenw = SVS.
dw^
2d
By
d'-S
sin
dR
2v^
= ^cos 29 =
kwh^
dd
w^,
These values yield a maximum.
a = - =>
47. sin
sm a
tano =
< a <
h
^
-=>
= 2tana=>i
=
,
2 tan a
= 4ksmaa = -4k sm a
k sin a
;:;
sec
s-
-r-
da
T[sin
-rcos
a(2
2 sec
sm a
cos-
sin
a cos
afcosâ - 2
a)
cos- a(cos a)]
sin- a]
==
Since
cos a[l
3 sin^ a]
377
IT
when a = , -r-,
2' 2'
,
is
acute,
we
V3
2 tan
73
Since (cm)/{doP)
have
sm a
when sm a = 7=
,
or
a = 2 -7=
\^l
-
{k/4) sin a(9 sinâ
?-
49.
ne
= v^ feet.
7)
<
Jx'^
+ 4,L = 7i +
y.x-2
+ 4
Vx'~
;c-
- 6;c -^
4(^2 - 6a
9
x^
A^
6^3
You need
-t-
9x2
8a
4
12
minimum
this yields
maximum.
.v)2
-I-
3
ii:;t^
6a-
10
x^
10)
to find the roots of this equation in the interval [0, 3].
that this equation has only
the
a = 1/V3,
10
-1-
4Vx- -
2Vx2 + 4
dx
(3
- 6x
sin
dT
jc2
when
one root
time. Thus, the
man
in this interval (a
should row to a point
1).
1
By
using a computer or graphics calculator, you can determine
Testing at this value and at the endpoints, you see that
mile from the nearest point on the coast.
yields
Section 3.7
51
7-
= v^tM^ ^
V.r"
6;c
10
I
0^
+ 4
ViV;c2
v.Va:^
6j:
10
t
*
Since
X
sin 0,
V^^ + 4
and
Vj:2
= sin
+
6x
10
we have
sin 9^
sin 62
Vi
V2
sin 6,
sin 62
Since
d^T
this
53.
/W
v,U2
a[i2
4)3/2
condition yields a
^,^(^2
minimum
5^
>
10)3/:
time.
- 2sinx
(a)
(b)
Distance from origin to y-intercept
is 2.
Distance from origin to j:-intercept
is
d:
ix-
I--
'x-
(2
tt/2
1.57.
sin x)-
(0.7967. 0.9795)
Minimum
(c)
distance
Let/U) = d\x) =
f\x)
2a:
Setting/'W
2(2
corresponds to
55.
Fcose= k(W-
Fsine)
kW
^
cos 6
k sin 6
dF _ -kW{k cose- sine)

de
(cos e + k sin 6)k cos
e=sinfl=>A: = tane=>0 =
arctan ^
Since
cos
the
fl
k-
1
^-
minimum
= Jk~ +
sin
Jk^+
force
is
kW
cos e
/t
v//t=
ftW
sine
Vit^
1'
1,
-J
0,
=
;c=
0.9795
(2
0.7967.
2 sin.r)-.
2sin;c)(-2cos.r)
you obtain
d =
at.v
0.9795.
.v
==
0.7967, which
153
Chapters
154
57. (a)
Base
Base 2
(b)
Area
Altitude
Base
Base 2
Altitude
8 sin 10
-22.1
16 cos 10
8 sin 10
22.1
8 sin 20
42.5
16 cos 20
8 sin 20
42.5
16 cos 30
8 sin 30
59.7
16 cos 30
8 sin 30
59.7
16 cos 40
8 sin 40
72.7
16 cos 40
8 sin 40
72.7
16 cos 50
8 sin 50
80.5
16 cos 50
8 sin 50
80.5
8+16 cos 60
8 sin 60
83.1
16 cos 60
8 sin 60
83.1
8+16 cos 70
8 sin 70
80.7
16 cos 80
8 sin 80
74.0
16 cos 90
8 sin 90
64.0
8+16 cos
8+16 cos 20
10
The maximum
cross-sectional area
is
approximately
83.1 square feet.
(c)
A =
{a
b)-
[8
(d)
(8
64(1
8 sin e
16 cos e)]-
cos e)sin
e,
dA
=
du
64(1
cos e)cos e
64(cos e
64(2cos2e
64(2
+ (-64
cos^ d
e-
cos
sitP- 6)
1)
< 9 < 90
cose- l)(cose+
when e = 60M80,
200
C=
1001
C'=
100'
5,
dS__
dm
{Am -
30
(x
30
1)2
= 2(4m -
< X
400
Approximation: x
61.
30)2
40.45 units, or 4045 units
+ (5m -
1)(4)
6)^
+ (10m -
+ 2(5m -
3)^
+ 2(10m -
6)(5)
3)(10)
= 282m -
128
0.3.
64
Line: y
i4r
/^
\141
256
320
^,
|4m
,
11
'
Vm2+
Using a graphing
Line: y
^3
64
|5m '
61
'
Vm2+
utility,
10
141
640
858
141
141
6.1
141
141
63. 5,
1)
300.
The maximum occurs when 6
59.
sin e)sin 6
100
(e)
Area
mi
10m - 3
m2+
you can see
that the
minimum
occurs
when x
0.3jc
|4(0.3)
1|
|5(0.3)
7(0.3)2
6|
10(0.3)
3|
4.5 mi.
whenm = -^.
60.
Section 3.8
Newton's Method
Section 3.8
1.
fix)
=x^-3
fix)
2x
X,
1.7
sinj;
f'(x)
COS.X
;cj
5.
+x-
1.7000
-0.1100
3.4000
-0.0324
1.7324
1.7324
0.0012
3.4648
0.0003
1.7321
3.0000
0.1411
-0.9900
-0.1425
3.1425
3.1425
-0.0009
-1.0000
0.0009
3.1416
Xn
^^'"^
X
"
f'(-\)
0.5000
-0.3750
1.7500
-0.2143
0.7143
0.7143
0.0788
2.5307
0.0311
0.6832
0.6832
0.0021
2.4003
0.0009
0.6823
/UJ
n\)
Similarly, the other zero
/W
A^
fix)
3.t2
is
.r
/UJ
^^-'"^
X
"
x'
3x'
1.2000
0.1416
2.3541
0.0602
1.1398
1.1398
-0.0181
3.0118
-0.0060
1.1458
1.1458
-0.0003
2.9284
-0.0001
1.1459
fi^J
n^n)
3.9^2
7.8x
4.79x
4.79
1.442.
/UJ
/'UJ
-1.5000
-0.3750
6.7500
-0.0556
-1.4444
-1.4444
-0.0134
6.2589
-0.0021
-1.4423
-1.4423
-0.0003
6.2407
-0.0001
-1.4422
/UJ
/UJ
/'UJ
0.5000
-0.3360
1.6400
-0.2049
0.7049
0.7049
-0.0921
0.7824
-0.1177
0.8226
0.8226
-0.0231
0.4037
-0.0573
0.8799
0.8799
-0.0045
0.2495
-0.0181
0.8980
0.8980
-0.0004
0.2048
-0.0020
0.9000
0.9000
0.0000
0.2000
0.0000
0.9000
Approximation of the zero of/ is 0.900.
'"
1.881
/'UJ
/UJ
/'UJ
^n
-CONTINUED
/'UJ
approximately 7.854.
Approximation of the zero of/ is
,fUJ
2v^
/'W =
n\)
fi^n)
11. fix)
/'UJ
"
/'UJ
n^n)
Xn
/'U)
nx)
"
= 3x2+1
/U) = 3Vx
f^'^y
f'ixj
fiXn)
f{x)=x^
fix)
f'W)
3. f(x)
Newton's Method
"
/'UJ
155
Chapters
156
11.
CONTINUED
1.1
nx)
no
/'UJ
0.0000
-0.1600
f^'"^
X
"
/'UJ
-0.0000
nx)
1.1000
nxj
/'UJ
0.0000
0.8000
Xn
1.9
"
/'UJ
0.0000
/'UJ
1.9000
13.
/W
f'(x)
=
=
.r
sin(.x
1)
cos(;c
h(x)
h'(x)
= fix) =
g(x)
2;c
- ^x +
17.
/zU)
h'{x)
Ijx +
-0.5000
-0.0206
1.8776
-0.0110
-0.4890
-0.4890
0.0000
1.8723
0.0000
-0.4890
g(x)
jc
tan
hXx^)
0.6000
0.0552
1.7669
0.0313
0.5687
0.5687
-0.0001
1.7661
0.0000
0.5687
h(xj
k'(x)
- a =
x^
fix)
2x
4.493.
v2
Xr,
2x,.^
of/ and g occurs
Xl
76"
x,^
Xj^
2Xi
x,-
2x:
1.5000
1.5694
1.5651
1.565
"
4
1.5651
^^'"^
h'ixj
4.5000
-0.1373
-21.5048
0.0064
4.4936
4.4936
-0.0039
-20.2271
0.0002
4.4934
2x,
3.,^
hix,}
h'ixj
X!
^^'"^
h{x)
sec-^jc
19. f(x)
23 ,
fixj
"
0.569.
Point of intersection of the graphs
when X
^^'"^
fixj
= /(j:) =
/'UJ
Point of intersection of the graphs of /and g occurs
when X
nxj
1)
Approximation of the zero of/ is -0.489.
15.
nx,}
^.
77 =
2.0000
2.7500
2.6477
2.6458
2.6458
2.646
Newton's Method
Section 3.8
25. fix)
f'(x)
cos X
n
= -sinx
Approximation of the zero: 3.141
27.
157
2jc3
6x2
6;c
y'
6x^
12x
6 =f'{x)
x,
fix)
0; tlierefore, the
Xn
/UJ
^n
/UJ
/'UJ
-0.0709
3.0709
fixJ
3.0000
0.0100
-0.1411
3.0709
0.0025
-0.0706
-0.0354
3.1063
3.1063
0.0006
-0.0353
-0.0176
3.1239
3.1239
0.0002
-0.0177
-0.0088
3.1327
3.1327
0.0000
-0.0089
-0.0044
3.1371
3.1371
0.0000
-0.0045
-0.0022
3.1393
3.1393
0.0000
-0.0023
-0.0011
3.1404
3.1404
0.0000
-0.0012
-0.0006
3.1410
= f(^^)
29.
= -x^ +
6x2
y'= -3x2 +
method
"
fails.
^1
Xj
X3
X4
lit
10^
= /(x)
10 =/'(x)
/'UJ
and so on
Fails to converge
31.
Answers
will vary.
See page 222.
Newton's Method uses tangent

First,
estimate an
initial x,
Then determine Xj by Xj =
/u.
this process until \x
Let x +
be the
33. Let g(x)
= fix)
=
-
fix,)
Xj
x +
approximation of
cos x
is
within the desired accuracy.
c.
S^x)
n
g 'ix)
The
= sin X
fixed point
is
W)
0.
fW
x.
Continue
final
close to c (see graph).
Calculate a third estimate by Xj
approximate c such that /(c)
lines to
8ix)
sXx)
approximately 0.74.
g\x)
"
S\x)
1.0000
-0.4597
-1.8415
0.2496
0.7504
0.7504
-0.0190
-1.6819
0.0113
0.7391
0.7391
0.0000
-1.6736
0.0000
0.7391
Chapters
158
35. fix)
jc3
3;t2
3,
f'{x)
3;c2
6x
(a)
(b) X,
#4
1.333
f(Xl)
Continuing, the zero
is
1.347.
(d)
(c)
=
.î
Continuing, the zero

(e) If the initial
guess
jc,
is
2.532.
is
not "close to" the desired zero
of the function, the x-intercept of the tangent line
may
approximate another zero of the function.
The j:-intercepts correspond

from the
37.
first iteration
/U) = - - a =
X
fix)
-3
2"
= x+
x'^[y
a]=x+x'
x/a = 2x- xâ =
_^l"/^
39. fix)
fix)
X cos
X,
(0, tt)
= X sin x +
Letting F{x)
[F'{x)
cos X
= fix), we
= 2
sin
=
can use Newton's Method as follows.
+ X cos x]
nx)
Fix)
Xn
F(x)
0.9000
-0.0834
-2.1261
0.0392
0.8608
0.8608
-0.0010
-2.0778
0.0005
0.8603
Approximation to the
critical
Fix,)
number: 0.860
"
F\x)
x{2
- oxj
to the values resulting
of Newton's Method.
Section 3.8
41.
>'=/U) = 4-^2,
7U -iy +
d^li is
(y-
g'ix)
= D' =
=
VU
0)2
D=
x*
(4
x-r-
17
is
a minimum.
Zx
= ^x*-lx--2x +
1.939.0.240)
sK)
2.0000
2.0000
34.0000
0.0588
1.9412
1.9412
0.0830
31.2191
0.0027
1.9385
1.9385
-0.0012
31.0934
0.0000
1.9385
x-
17
14
gix)
'^n
7x-
- D' +
- Hx - 2
4x^
12r=
159
(1,0)
minimized when
gix)
Newton's Method
1.939
Point closest to
(1. 0) is
, ,.
(1.939, 0.240).
Minimize:
43.
^=
T
Distance
rowed
z
Rate rowed
vU2 + 4
Distance walked
1-
Rate walked
V.T-
6.x:
10
x-3
4jx- - 6x +
3jx- + 4
4xjx- - 6x +
10
10)
16x2(^2
7.r^
421^
Let /(a)
43a"
7x*
3)7.^2
= 9U - 3Hx^ +
+ 4
4)
- 324 =
216a-
41v3
6x
= -3U -
10
43^2
216x
324 and /'(a)
28.r3
126^2
86.1;
solution is in the interval (1, 2).
Xn
/(vj
n^)
fi^n)
/K)
,
"
/'(-^J
1.7000
19.5887
135.6240
0.1444
1.5556
-1.0480
150.2780
-0.0070
1.5626
1.5626
0.0014
0.0000
1.5626
Approximation: x
49.5591
== 1.563
miles
2,500,000
45.
76x^
16x^
f'(x)
ll%x~
-76.x^
4830.x~
320,000
- 4S30x- + 2,820,000 =
Let/(x)
From
1.5556
4830.r2
2,820,000
40.
966aT.
the graph, choose
.t,
/UJ
/UJ
^n
/(.vj
40.0000
-44000.0000
-21600.0000
2.0370
37.9630
37.9630
17157.6209
-38131.4039
-0.4500
38.4130
38.4130
780.0914
-34642.2263
-0.0225
38.4355
38.4355
2.6308
-34465.3435
-0.0001
38.4356
/'(v
"
The zero occurs when x
==
38.4356 which corresponds to $384,356.
/'UJ
216. Since /(I)
= -
100 and/(2)
56, the
Chapters
160
Let/W =
47. False.
fix)
(jr
pix)/qix)
\)/{x
1).
.r
is
a discontinuity.
not a zero oif{x). This statement would be true
It is
if
given in reduced form.
is
49. True
2
v^
1= 3
fix)
Let
=\^
51. fix)
.:[
6x
\x
12.
-^.
/UJ
fK)
/'UJ
"
12.0000
7.0000
36.7500
0.1905
11.8095
11.8095
0.2151
34.4912
0.0062
11.8033
11.8033
0.0015
34.4186
0.0000
11.8033
a;
Section 3.9
fix)
fix)
11.803
Differentials
=X'
fix)
2x
Tangent line
at (2, 4):
- /(2) = /'(2)(x -
>-
- 4 = 4ix-
3. fix)
;c=
fix)
5x^
Tangent
4x
rU) =
X-
4a:
= 80U =
>>
fix)
s\nx
fix)
cos X
80.x
^
80.x:
128
4.4100
4.0400
4.4000
sin
2)
(cos 2)(x
2)
l.y=fix) = Wj'ix
Ay=fix +
1 j:
sin
31.2080
32
32.8080
40.8410
24.0000
31.2000
32
32.8000
40.0000
sin
a:
(cos 2)(.x
--
2)
sin
1.9
1.99
2.01
2.1
0.9463
0.9134
0.9093
0.9051
0.8632
0.9509
0.9135
0.9093
0.9051
0.8677
2,Ax = dx =
0.1
^x) -fix,
flfy=/'(.x)a!x
= /(2.1)-/(2)
2.1
128
Tix)
(cos 2)ix
2.01
24.7610
y-/(2)=/'(2)(;c-2)
3;
1.99
2)
at (2, sin 2):
4.0401
1.9
rU) =
2)
fix)
Tangent line
3.9600
- /(2) = f'il)ix 32
3.9601
3.6000
2)
/U) =
2.1
3.6100
.r
2.01
1.99
2)
line at (2, 32):
1.9
-.
5.
/'UJ
Approximation:
1.
3.t2
= /'(2)(0.1)
0.6305
6(0.1)
0.6
Section 3.9
9.
= fix) =
x^
\,f'{x)
Ay = f(x + Ax)-
= 4x\ x= -
1,
A = 0.01
Ax =
dy
f(x)
= /(-0.99)-/(-l)
=
11.
3x^
dy
6.t
[(-0.99)"
1]
= f'(x) dx
=/'(-l)(0.01)
[(- ir
1]
-0.0394
13.
dy
,o
19.
dy
17.
.v2
Zx-
+ Vl -
= \x
vr
-v-
dx
--
(2;c--l)^'^
2x~
cot-x
dy----(2
2 cot X csc-
==
2 cot
.t)di:
iv
vT^^
(2
;c
2 cot^.x)dx
/ 677nr-C0s(-^1
= IT sin
21. (a)/(1.9)
^7:
tic
=/(2 -
0.1)
-/(2) +/'(2)(-0.1)
=
=/(2 +
(b) /(2.04)
25. (a) g(2.93)
(b) g(3.1)
^(3
^(3
0.04)
0.07)
0.1)
A=xx=\l
Ax =
29.
2x-
dx
= xj\ -
>'
dy--
15.
= -0.04
(-4)(0.01)
.r
Differentials
dx
(1)(-0.1)
^(3)
g(3)
(1)(0.04)
^'(3)(-0.07)
g'{3){0.\)
(-5)(0.1)
27. (a) ^(2.93)
8.035
AA - (M =
(b) g{2.\)
square inches
^(3
g{3
0.1)
A =
7rr2
+ (-jK-O.l) =
^(3)
0{-0.07)
^(3)
g'(3)(0.1)
14
dA = iTTr dr =
777 square inches
(-5)(0.04)
7r(28)(5)
0.98
^'(3)(-0.07)
0(0.1)
Ar = dr = \
-^
1.05
/(2) +/'(2)(0.04)
0.07)
7.95
AA
2(12)(^)
0.04)
r=
=
=/(2 +
(b) /(2.04)
1.04
+ (-5)(-0.07) =
/(2) +/'(2)(-0.1)
0.1)
/(2) +/'(2)(0.04)
==
=/(2 -
0.9
31.
dA = Ixdx
= f
23. (a) /(1.9)
161
Chapters
162
33. (a)
35.
15 centimeter
Ax =
dx
Ar =
0.05 centimeters
6 inches
= 0.02
dr
A=x^
inclies
dA = 2xdx = 2{15)(0.05)
= 1.5
dV =
square centimeters
(b)
Percentage error:
T = Bi =
0.025
<
X '
477<6)2(0.02)
87rrrfr= 8i7<6)(0.02)
= ;'
dV ^
y ~
=
= 1.25%
0.0125
dS
TTrVi
AV
rfV
T=
39. (a)
407rr2, r
SOTrrrfr
3dr
^
~
7(0.02)
5 cm,
/z
= 40 cm,
80tt<5)(0.2)
dr
0.2
Sirrdr
0.01
= 1%
2dr
Airr^
0.000666
cm
= SOwcm^
Ittjm
(b) (0.0025)(3600)(24)
= 216
=
ai
2.887r cubic inches
0.967r square inches
Airr^ dr
2(0.02)
V =
(4/T,)Trr^
Relative error:
37.
0.025
x^
(c) Relative error:
W'^-^--^
A
dx
5 = 4irr2
dS
"'
Anr'^dr
seconds
3.6 minutes
/Ug
Relative error:
dT
T
(ndD/i gjL/g)
27rv'L/g
dL
IL
= (relative error in L)
=
-(0.005)
0.0025
jnn
Percentage error:
41.
e =
--
(100) = 0.25% = -%
2645'= 26.75
de = 15' = 0.25
h
(a)
dh
= -9.5
^=
h
dh
9.5 CSC 6
(b)
Odd
CSC e cot
-cotede
0.02
de ^ 0.02
~ e(cot0)
d
0.02 tan e
de
_^
0.02 tan 26.75
_ 0.02 tan
26.75
0.4669
0.4669
(cot 26.75)(0.25)
Converting to radians, (cot 0.4669)(0.0044)

==
= cotede <
0.0087
= 0.87%
(in radians).
0.0216
= 2.16%
(in radians)
43.
= ^(sin2e)
= 2200
Vo
45. Let/(;c)
fix
ft/sec
^,x=
+ Ax)^fix)+f'{x)dx
= Vx
changes from 10 to 11
dr
I00,dx= -0.6.
(2200)2
fix
{cos 28) d6
Ax)
-pdx
l-fx
= 7995
16
= VTOO +
='(il
Tso
Using a calculator:
de={\\ -
^(-0.6) =
2V100
7994 =
9.97
9.96995
10)
180
(2200)2
/'20irV
16
'^Tl80/Vl80
4961
47. Let/(x)
fix
4961
feet
feet
fix
it
ifx,x
dx=
625,
At) -/(x)
-\.
+ f'(x) dx=
49. Let/(x)
i/i
A.r)
t/624
= ^625 +
Using a
5-- =
when Ax -^
51. In general,
0,
j(-l)
74^02
- V4 + ^^(0.02) =
4.9980.
dy approaches Ay.
53. True
55. True

1.
A number c
is
in the
undefined
domain of/ is a
critical
number
if /'(c)
or/'
at c.
/'Wis
undefined.
3.
g(x)
^'(.r)
2x
5 cos X. [0,
18
2-77]
16.28.
=
Critical
5 sin
numbers: x
Left endpoint:
17j7y
when sinx =
|.
== 0.41,
2.73
(0, 5)
Critical
number: (0.41,5.41)
Critical
number: (2.73, 0.88)
Right endpoint: (277,17.57)
Minimum
Maximum
l/(2v^).
/(4.02)-/(4)+/'(4)di
4.998
^624 =
calculator,
dx
4(4/625}
0.02,/'(x)
Thffli
+
A-'J?
= Vx,x = 4.ir =
_^.73, 0.881/
3..
/V)=o
'
^(0.02).
163
164
Chapters
0.
on ( 3,
2).
/(- 3) = /(2)
5. Yes.
differentiable
f'(x)
+ 3)0x -
(x
1)
satisfies /'(c)
for
3, 2],
|.
0.
/(l)=/(7) =
(b) /is not differentiable
/(x)
9.
/'W =
= |c-/3 =
/(x)
/'(x)
/(fc)-/(a)
fc-a
I
2744
/l(x/
A(xi
2Ac
A(xj
S(x3
l)2(x
/'(x)
(x
1)2(1)
(x
l)(3x
A(xi
Xj)
3)
(x
3)(2)(x
7)
and x
x3/2
Critical
sin c
of [x,, XjJ
-00
1)
~<
Sx'/^
number: x
2v^
1
< X <
1)
< X < 00
fix) >
fix) <
fix) >
Conclusion:
Increasing
Decreasing
Increasing
< X <
Interval:
'(x):
Conclusion:
3(x
Sign oif'(x):
00)
V2(^
X <
;!'(x)=|xl/2-|x-'/2
3
(-77/2)
Xj)
Sign of h
2"^
+B
3)
numbers: x
= v^(x -
-(-77/2)
(77/2)
sinx
(77/2)
X,)
Interval:
(0,
< X <
X2
(x
Domain:
'2
X,
+ S
Xj)
+ = Midpoint
Xj
17. h{x)
COS
^^^,
x,2)
= 2Ac + B =
15. /(x)
Critical
+B
2Ax:
/'(c)
4.
= Ar2 + Sx + C
- /(x,)
/'(c)
/'(x)
'14\3
/(xj)
/(x)
V /
J
11.
4- _3
8-1 7
b-
13.
|x-'/3
/(fc)-/(a)
/'(c)
< X <
x2/3, 1
atx
h'{x)
<
Decreasing
< X < 00
h'{x)
>
Increasing
19.
i,4
h{t)
inch and v
-4sin(12f)
3cos(12r)
= Owhen
'^,y
>>
'
<
Decreasing
<
'(t)
< oo
>
Increasing
4 inches/second.
3
= - and cos(12i) =
sm(12r)
TTTTT
cos(12r)
4
-.
= -7 =>
,,^,
tan(12r)
3
= --.
The maximum displacement
is
77/6
f{x)
f\x)
f"{x)
= - cos
77
< X <
cosx, G
2tt
<
Sign of /"(.v):
f"{x)
.V
<
.r
when x
g(x)
2x2(1
g'ix)
-4x{2x^
77
377
<
-t
<
f"(x)
>
3-
Conclusion:
<
Concave downward
<
377
77
Test Interval:
sin.r
Pomts of mflection:
25.
I)-K-|)=^'"^*^
Frequency:
^.
< 2
^=f
(c) Period:
h'(t)
Conclusion:
'z
12)
- 3cos(120
Therefore, sin(12r)
23.
Signof/j'W:
When
(b) y'
2.
oo <
sin(12/)
-4sin(12f)
77
(2,
- -
cos(12r)
= y'=
(a)
when t =
minimum:
Relative
= -
Test Interval
h'[t)
21. y
8f
165
377
Concave upward
.r
<
277
fix) <
Concave downward
(tT 77\ /377 377

I
I,
x^)
1)
Critical
numbers: x
0,
V2
g"(x)
= 4 -
g"(0)
g'i
4 >
+/=
24x2
Relative
= 8 <
V2;
minimum
Relative
at (0. 0)
maximums
at
27.
^7=,
V^
29.
The
first
negative.
(5.^5))
derivative
The graph
is
positive and the second derivative
is
increasing and
is
concave down.
is
166
Chapter 3
31. (a)
D=
0.0034r*
0.2352/3
4.9423/2
20.8641/
94.4025
39
(b)
(c)
Maximum
at (21.9, 319.5)
Minimum
at (2.6, 69.6)
(=1992)
( 1972)
(= 1979)
(d) Outlays increasing at greatest rate at the point of inflection (9.8, 173.7)
2r2
33.
lim
37.
/!(x)
lim
JT
2x
5 cos X
X ->oo 3jc2
X-
2x
,
lim
-oo
41. fix)
35.
5/x^
+ 3
4
.CO
lim
2|
minimum:
Relative
maximum: (3,
108)
108)
=
3;
= 2
3x^
Relative
minimum: (-0.155,-1.077)
Relative
maximum:
(2.155, 0.077)
200
xi4
Vertical asymptote:
45. fix)
= 4x-x'^ =
Domain: (-00,
fix)
fix) =
2x
00);
x)
Range: (-00,4)
0when;<:
2.
-2
Therefore,
Intercepts:
(2, 4) is
a relative
(0, 0), (4, 0)
maximum.
5.
=
1
Relative
<
= -2
43. fix)
j-l
Vertical asymptote:
243
(3,
Joo \X
{4/x
cos
Discontinuity:
=
nmlm
-
0, since |5
39. f(x)
= 4
asymptote: y =
=x^ +
lim
JTÔO
Vertical asymptote:
Horizontal
Discontinuity: x
.X
-o=i
47.
f(x)
= xVl6 -
Domain: [-4,
x2.
4],
Range: [-8,8]
.
hVz
i)
Domain: [-4,4]; Range: [-8,8]
f'(x)
1^^
when x = 2 V2 and undefined when x
Vie -X-
2x{x^
f"i
(16
(-4.0)
4.
2V1, -8
(-2^2, 8)
is
a relative minimum.
/"(272) <
[2^,
Therefore,
8) is
(-4,
Intercepts:
Symmetry with
(0, 0)
respect to origin
Domain: (00,
3)2
Range:
00);
- iy{x -
f'(x)
(x
f"{x)
4(x
a relative maximum.
0), (0, 0), (4, 0)
= U - DÛ -
49. fix)
l)(5x2
00,00)
3)(5x
22.x
11)
whenjt
= Owhen.r =
23)
11
1,
y,
3.
ii+ye
1,
>
/"(3)
Therefore,
(3, 0) is
Therefore,
a relative minimum.
<"
4t)
(
Pomts of inflection:
is
a relative
(1, 0),
' ^
maximum.
~ ^^
,
0.60
), (
" t
0.46
Intercepts: (0, -9), (1, 0), (3, 0)
51. fix)
.r'/5(.v
Domain: (00,
/W
3)2/3
00); Range:
x+
=
(X
-2
+
By
(00, 00
when x = I and undefined when x = 3,0.
3)'/3;c2/3
x^'Hx
is
3)^/3
undefined when .x
the First Derivative Test (-3, 0)
a relative minimum.
Intercepts:
(0, 0) is
(-3,0), (0,0)
is
= 0,-3.
a relative
maximum and (-
1.
v'^)
is
(0.
0)
^\
i
1(4.0)
t -2
I
24)
x=p/2
/'(-2V2) >
Therefore,
-6
H^-t
167
Chapters
168
53. fix)
x+
Domain: (-oo,
fix)
= -r^- <
f'Xx)
Range: (-oo,
oo);
1), (1,
if j:
1), (1,
oo)
1.
- ly
ix
Vertical asymptote: x = I
Intercepts: (- 1, 0), (0, - 1)
55. fix)
x^
Domain: (-oo,
fix)
oo); Range: (0, 4]
-8x
(1
/W=
when jc =
=Owhen. =
(i+,2)3
Tlierefore, (0, 4)
is
a relative
Intercept:
(0,
Symmetric
maximum.
(V3/3,
3)
4)
to the y-axis
<
/"(O)
57. fix)
'
0.
x^-y-
>>
+x +-
x^
Domain: ( oo,
.
/ ix) =
^
ix-
Therefore, (-
Therefore,
Range: ( oo,
3xf*
x^
- 4
6],
^
1,
7t
3
-6)
is
a relative
maximum.
>
(I, 6) is
Vertical asymptote:
a relative minimum.
[6,
oo)
when x = \.
(1.6)
(-I.-6)
r\\
6;c^
<
1)
/"(I)
+1
fix) = 6x +
/"(-
0), (0, oo);
to origin
=\x^-9\
59. fix)
Domain: (-00,
f'(x)
--
= p^
9)
-j
2(x^
fix) = -r^
Range:
oo);
2x(jip-
9)
TTT is
9|
oo)
[0,
when jc =
undefined
at
and
is
undefined
when x = 3.
3.
<
/"(O)
Therefore,
9)
(0,
is
maximum.
a relative
Relative minima: (+3, 0)
Points of inflection: (3,0)

Intercepts:
(3,
Symmetric
to the )'-axis
=X +
61. fix)
Domain:
cos
0), (0, 9)
JC
(2ir, 2ir
Range:
[0, lir];
[1,
sin.T
>
0,
/is increasing.
l).
Z''
2tt]
"
fix)
2ir-
(f.f)/
</
= - cos
fix)
\ J
j:
when x = ,
2'
-r-.
(0,
^f)
t)'
2
1
>
TT 1
Intercept:
63. x-
(.x:=
'
"
21
(0, 1)
+ 4r -
(a)
^;~' ~;~
\2 2/
'
2v
2jc
16v
1)
13
4(v=
4>'
+ 4) = - 2)2 = 4
13
16
- 1)2 + 4Cy
(y-2)2
ix - 1)2
ix
The graph
is
an
ellipse:
Maximum:
(1,3)
Minimum:
(1, 1)
(b) X'
+ 4f
2;c
-Ix-
16y
= o
i4
dx
8v
dx
î%y -
The
critical
Hence, the
13
numbers are
maximum
.r
is (1,
16)
dl_
dx
8y
=
3)
2x
- 2jc
- 16
4v
-X
-
and y = 2. These correspond

and the minimum is (1, 1).
to the points (1, 1), (1. 3), (2,
1),
and
(2, 3).
169
170
Chapters
65. Let
noon.
at
(100-12(.0)
(0,0)
L =
rf-
(100
^ = -2400 +
12/)2
488f
(-
lOt)-
when
^-
dt
Ship
67.
We
Ship
at (40.98, 0);
10,000
4098.36 when
64
and
64x
7
1)'
A =
X-
4.92 hr.
(0,
4:55
p.m..
(1, 8).
64]
Thus,
Sx
X-
128'
X -
U-1)
U - 1)2
when jc =
0,
5 (minimum).
(0, 0), (5, 0), (0, 10)
+ ^^35^ +
2sx
-x\
(.see
dA_}_
71.
is
(Average of bases)(Height)
-
|V3i^ +
iigurej
dx
-100
= 2x+
TTT
Vertices of triangle:
69.
'''^'
4j3s^ +
l{ls-x)(s +
,
2sx
x^
x^
x)
2sx
+ 73.2 +
""'
; ,
V3s2 + 2sx -
when x =
,
2s.
X-
m aximum when x
2s.
You can form a right triangle with vertices (0, 0), {x, 0) and (0,
Assume that the hypotenuse of length L passes through (4, 6).
m =
Let/(x)
6
7
0-4
=
l2
Jc2
6-0
A+
6x
or J
-:
f'(x)
-x
>>2
;c2
- 4
6.t
,x- 4
X
= 2x + 12
\x
jr[(j:
(100,0)
8.t
x-
f\x)
4.92
(0, v), {x, 0),
= L^ =
x\(x
^'-4
244?^
244t^
-49.18)
at (0,
2400f
- 8
0-8
m = y0-1 = - 7 or y'
X
Jf
2400t
km
have points
Let/(j:)
61
d^
10,000
4)3
144]
==
4/
ix
when .t = 0or;c =
14.05 feet
=
4)2
4+
^144.
y).
2j:
10
73.
or
i-,
CSC e
=6 CSC
L,
(see figure)
csci
= -ôtU =
^-0j
9 csc(y
X
Xe
UyC \
/{e
171
'
(!-)
L =
L,
L,
6 CSC e
-6csc ecot e
9 CSC
6 CSC e
9 sec e
9 sec dlan 6
cf0
= - =>
tan'
j/2
tan
1/2
seed =
Vl +
CSC 6
tan= 6
(32/3
22^^ +
(Cost
f)er
/v2
77. fix)
From
.v3
when
22/3)'/^
3(32/3
22/3)3/2
ft ==
hour) (Number of hours)
llv
550
= ^3000 = 10^30 =
when
= lOv^
54.8 mph.
so this value yields a
minimum.
3x
3.x2
you can see
that/(.r) has three real zeros.
-1.5000
0.1250
3.7500
0.0333
-1.5333
-1.5333
-0.0049
4.0530
-0.0012
-1.5321
^n
/(^J
/(^)
/'(^J
/(-T)
^^'"^
/'(-^J
"
f'ix)
-0.5000
0.3750
-2.2500
-0.1667
-0.3333
-0.3333
-0.0371
-2.6667
0.0139
-0.3472
-0.3472
-0.0003
-2.6384
0.0001
-0.3473
Xn
fix)
/'(vj
-1.9000
0.1590
7.8300
0,0203
1.8797
1.8797
0.0024
7.5998
0.0003
1.8794
The
21.07
v3
the graph
f\x)
>
dv-
22/3
550 ^ llv- - 33,000

60vV'
60
3'/3
31/3
^VllO\
^=ii_
~
dv
V32/3
2\2/3
2-'/3
(32/3
9-
21/3
75. Total cost
2'/3
tan e
Z.
V3-/3
= ,/
three real zeros of/(j:) are
.r
= -
1.532,
-0.347, and x
1.879.
ft
(Compare
to Exercise
72 using a
9 and
fc
6.;
Chapters
172
79. Find the zeros of/(;c)
fix)
From
[2,
in
two
real zeros.
l].
1.2000
0.2736
-7.9120
-0.0346
-1.1654
-1.1654
0.0100
-7.3312
-0.0014
-1.1640
On the
that/(j:) has
f'iXn)
Xn
3.
/UJ
you can see
the graph
/changes sign
[-2,
interval
/changes sign
-l]:x~
-1.164.
in [1, 2].
/UJ
1.5000
0.5625
12.5000
0.0450
1.4550
1.4550
0.0268
11.3211
0.0024
1.4526
1.4526
-0.0003
11.2602
0.0000
1.4526
On the
81.
4;t^
X*
interval [1, 2];
x{\
j:
cos
= x -
j:)
sin^:
/'UJ
1.453.
j:
cos
83.
j:
47rrl
rfr
= Ar = 0.025
dS = S'nrdr= 877(9)(0.025)
cos;c
= 1. 8 TT square cm
die
dy
(1
;c
sin
j:
cos x) dx
f(100) =
^(100)
47rr
= ^(100)
2(0.025)
(100)
0.56%
dV =
=
f'><> =
4Trr2 dr
8.1
77
47r(9)2(+0.025)
cubic
cm
iJ^
3(0.025)
(100)

1.
Assume y^ < d < y^. Let g{x) = f{x) (/(jc a), g is continuous on [a, b] and therefore
has a minimum (c, g(c)) on [a, b]. The point c cannot be an endpoint of [a, b] because
g'{a)=f'(a}
g'ib) =f'{b)
-d = y^-d<Q
-d = y^~d>Q
Hence, a < c 
f'{c)
d.
3dr
(100)
rO.83%
For a
= 3,
For a
(b) p'{x)
Aax'
p"{x)
\2ax-
For x
3. (a)
(c) If
a >
2, \,0, p has a
1, 2, 3,
0,
3)
12
12(a.v2
1)
12(
relative
minima.
0.
12
=> p
24 >
\a
on y
and 2
at (0, 0).
are the remaining critical numbers.
at (0, 0)
at (0, 0).
-12<0=>phasa relative maximum
has relative minima for a
>
0.
-Ix-.
^3
Let.t
Ax{ax^
(d) (0, 0) lies
p"(Q)
0..r
maximum
has a relative
\lx
maximum
relative
Then
^(^)="(!r-'=
5. p{x)
(a)
x"^
p '(x) =
+
+
4:^
I6;c=
For a >
lax
0, there
is
(c)
For a <
0, there are
(d)
There are either
relative
a relative
two
-3j:-
is
satisfied
by
minimum
maximum
relative
minima
at (0, 0).
at (0, 1).
at
.v
The above
analysis
be exactly two relative extrema.
.r2
2j:
X-
/"W =
=>
-^
x-
2v
0,f{x)
If
>
0,
x-'^
3/
has a relative
is
a relative
minimum,
but
no
relative
minimum, because/"!
maximum.
-V -
>
J
<
0,
Answer:
|+2
If
If c
the relative extrema of p.
all
a)
or 3 critical points.
that there cannot
fix)
2x(2.c-
one
0, there is
=- +
+ 2a
For a <
f(x}
(b)
shows
7.
ax^
p"(x)
.V
c
..^V
all c.
is
a relative
minimum
too.
0.
173
Chapters
174
9.
s./^'^-f^f-f'lf'-^^
- ay
(b
= f{x) - f(a) - f'{a)ix -
Define F{x)
F{a)
0,
on
There
exists c,,
a <
fW
= fix) f'ia)
There
exists Cj,
2kix
= fix) -
^,,
J,
^^"^^^
0.1
(1
=>
(1
=*
10 sec-
0.1 tan
=>
10
=>
10 tan^
tan
(^
2 tan
(^ sec-^ <^
(^
<^= 10
2 tan
-I/4
=^^^-
2 tan
2/jTr,
(^
+ 400
-(-
[a, c,]:
0.
(^
<f>
10
2ir,
sec^
100 tan
100 tan
^ ft
\(u
+ -f
(c,)!^ -
__
tan-
<^
(^
<^)
secsec*
0.90499,
0.7356, or 42.14.
n an mteger
a)^
10tan</)
- 2tan<^sec2<^) - (lOtan
(1 + 10 tan 4.)
= -2400irsine
Theorem on
implies that
</>
v'= -2400iTCOse =
t*
0.
tan-
Using the positive value,
13.
ft \ j_ t'( \(u
= f'jc^
7^ _^ffu\
=^fib) = fia) +fia)ib -
a)
=
-
10 tan
(/))
tan(/)
2 tan
F"ic2)
Ik and F'Xcj)
lOtan (^)(10sec2<^
a)^
a) satisfies the hypothesis of RoUe's
c, satisfying
10 tan (^)(10 sec(/)
kib
0.
a < C2 <
tan 4>i\
af.
(a, b).
satisfying F'(c,)
fc,
fia)ib = /(fe) - fia) _ .^
;
Ti,o
Thus, k
^'^'
<
c,
kix
[a, b]
0, F'(ci)
Finally, F"ix)
a)
= fib) - f(a) - f'{a){b -a)-
F{b)
F is continuous
F'ia)
k.
1.10499
( 1
(^
</>
tan
<^
10 tan^
- tan2(^)lOsec-0
=
- 20 tan^
-
(^
tan- <^)10 sec^
</>
<^
sec-
<^
sec-
<^
\2
a)^.
X
15.
The
T + T =
line has equation
= --x +
or y
4.
Rectangle:
Area
= A =
A '{x) =
xy =
-|.r
4J
0=>|x =
4 =
~:;x-
4x.
Calculus was helpful.
x 2
Dimensions:
--x +
x[
The distance from the
Circle:
fn-
12
/l
5r
=^
12|
7r-
(r, r)
to the line
or r
^
"
(1
j:')-'
(1
x-y-
2(3a-^
/':
lies
on the
'
^ must be
6.
line
T + T =
= . No
^=l=>^r=l
Thusf +
|7r- 12
12
The center
Semicircle:
>>
=1.
Clearly, r
17.
V
"*"
12
|7r
center
1)
^^
satisfies
r.
calculus necessary.
^V3
^1
h-
V3 -
73
The tangent
line has greatest slope at
and
least slope at
3
,
19. (a)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1.0
0.09983
0.19867
0.29552
0.38942
0.47943
0.84147
.V
sinj:
sinj:
<
.r
(b) Let f(x)
sin x.
Then
f'(x)
cos x and on
by the Mean Value Theorem,

.
f,,
f(c)
= fix)
-no)
^_o
'
<
c <.v
cos(c)
X
sin.r
Hence,
|cos(c)|
|sinA:|
sin.v
<
<
.V
|jc|
<
[0, x]
you have
r.
175
CHAPTER
Integration
Section 4.1
Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration
177
Section 4.2
Area
182
Section 4.3
Riemann Sums and
Section 4.4
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
192
Section 4.5
Integration
by Substitution
197
Section 4.6
Numerical Integration
Definite Integrals
188
204
Review Exercises
209
Problem Solving
214
CHAPTER
Integration
Section 4.1
Solutions to
1.
Ml Â=
Aj-x^-i
^r\^=
M.^^^j^^^^"^^^
5.f
dt
3r^
fi
_Q.-4
-^'"
-9
n-x3
3.
^1
7.$; =
+ C
3'
Check: -^^^
C]
4x
+ C] =
X-
- 4 =
{x
2)ix
2)
x3/2
= \x?n + C
3/2
at
Check:
Given
Rewrite
Inteerate
Ir^/^
+ C =
;^/2
Simplify
_^4/3
9.
x"^ dx
3/âL^:
-^dx
11.
x-^'^-dx
xwx
13./i<i.
15.
{x
ip"^
3)dx
y+
3;t
- + 3. +
Check:
dx
19.
(x'
/<
I
2) (ir
Check: jijx*
23.
\l/^dx=
-r''
2.x
+ C
C =
2jr
~i*"
^S)-
-i(Zr
17.
.v
21.
.v^
j.r
25.
.x^/s
l/^-
(x3/2
/'
I
Check:
jc^'''
3.r-)ciT:
Check: [;<:--
+ C
+ C| =
Check: 4(|^-'^' + C) =
^-
3 ^^
Check:
2x
-^^^
.r^
^^
dx\
Ix^
x-
^(--i^ +
C]
1) a[r
M^''
x'
2x
t^v^''^
3.v=
,.;
+^+ ^
+ c\ =
3T + C
x^'-
-^ +
Iv
C=^
j
.r"
177
178
Chapter 4
27.
{^^^j^dx
Integration
(;c3/2
x'/'-
x-'/2) dx
'^x?'^
|jc3/2
+ C=
2x'/2
Check: -f fl-^'' + 1^^'

dx\5
3
'/ U +
29.
l)(3x
2) dlx
+ c) =
2x"'
(3x2
^3
;c
-x2
2
5x
+ C
15)
x'/^
;c-'/2
""' "^
^^
2)
31.
+ C
2x
'
^^"^
y^
J/vS^y =
dj2yin
Check:
= -yin + C
//2 dy
J;
+ cj = //2 =
y2^
dy
- 2x + C] =
~:^
i^'^
/<
=
Check: 4-\^
-^;c'/2(3x2
15
+x -
3x^
dx\
= ix+
33.
Uf =
\dx = x +
(1
2)
35.
OK
CSC
(x
C)
(2 sin
3 cos x) dx
cot i)dt
Check: -7-( 2 cos x

ox
esc
-\-
+ C
Check: it
esc
+ \)dy =
(tan-y
(tany
C)
\.sec' >>
Check: (tan y + C)
dy
dy
sec-
esc
(sec^ e
39.
= 2 cos x +
3 sin
sin 0)
dS =
3 sin x
tan e
C)
cos e
+ C
2 sin x
3 cos
+ C
41.
1.
Check:
37.
l)(3x
tan y
cot
Check: (tan e
dv
+ C
tan- y
43. /(x)
cos 6
C)
sec^
sin
cos X
C = -2
45. /'(x)
/(x)
2x
49.
= 2x ^
dx
+ C
f(x)
It
-$Ix -
>>
/W
Answers
(1, 1)
1,
Tx
will vary.
Answers
will vary.
= (1)2=
x^
$dx
(1)
-1-
-t-
= x^-x + C
C =>
C=
Section 4.]
51.
V- = cos
(0,
= smO +
cos X dx
sin.ic
179
Indefinite Integration
will vary.
4)
^h
I
Answers
53. (a)
X,
dx
and
Antiderivatives
s'mx
C=> C
+ C
= 4
+ 4
4 -1,(4,2)
=
(b)J
dx
y=--x+C
2
42
-4 +
55. fix)
f(x)
y{0)
/(;c)
2;c2
59. f"{x)
4x,f(0)
4r
^ = 2i2 +
2(0)2
57. h'{t)
;i(f)
+ c => C =
/!(?)
=-4
=
x-3/2
/'(4)
/(2)
10
/(O)
/W
/'(2)
2j:
Ci
/'(;t)
2x
=5=>C,
C,
/(x)
jr
63. (a)
h(t)
h{0)
/!(;)
(b) ;!(6)
Q=
+
+
=
=
=
= -- +
/'(x)
5f
+ C
-11
11
-2r-i/2
/'(4)
C^C =
2r*
C,
C,
C,
= --%r +
C,
fix)= \{2x+ l)dx =

/(2)
\x~^/-dx
fix
5)dt
5f
61. f"(x)
2 dx
2f^
= -4
5, /!(])
(8r3
/'(2)
8f3
/!(1)
= C
.r
=^
10
x-
x+
Cj
Q=4
-^ +
(-2r-'/2
/(;c)
3)
iv
-4.v"-
+ 4
{l.5t
= 0.75r +
5)dt
C=12=i.C=12
5t
/
+
= 0.75r +
5f
0.75(6)2
+ C
12
5(6)
12
69
cm
/(O)
fix)
-4x^'-
C,
3.T
0=*
C,
= -4^^ +
3.V
3.r
C,
Chapter 4
180
Integration
= - 4. Graph
65. /(O)
of/'
given.
is
(a)/'(4)-1.0
(f)
/"is a
minimum
at
3.
No. The slopes of the tangent lines are greater than 2
(b)
(g)
on
[0, 2].
on
[0, 4].
Therefore, /must increase
more than 4
(c)
No,/(5) < /(4) because /is decreasing on
(d)
/is an
the
(e)
maximum
first
(5,
3.5 because /'(3. 5)
and
increasing on (-oo, 1)
is
oo)./is concave downward on
of inflection
at
j:
(1, 5).
Points
1,5.
= -32ft/sec2
67. ait)
v(f)
v(0)
-32
dt
C,
60
=
6
69.
= -32t+
From Exercise
sit)
-16r2
68,
we have:
V(,f
Ci
'(f) = - 32f + Vji =
maximum height.
(-32f
5(0)
5(r)
[4, 5].
derivative test.
/is concave upward when/'
and
s{t)
at
units
60)dt
= -
\6t-
60f
when
= time
to reach
C^
it2)''[f2r'it2)^'''
C.
= -16r^ +
60f
''
6 Position function
64
maximim
The
ball reaches its
v(t)
= -32r + 60 =
^=
32
550
when
height
35,200
187.617 ft/sec
= 60
32?
'
seconds
15
o
15
161
asy
v(r)
v(0)
/(/)
+601
(f
62.26 feet
= -9.8
71. a(f)
75.
-^
'
73.
C,
(-9.8r
5o
v(f)
Vo) dt
fit)
=
=
Exercise 71, /(f)

(f)
-9.8f
9.8f
10
-9.8 ^f= -9.8<+ C,

Vq
From
-9.8r
-4.9t^
-4.9f2
vo
v^t
v^t
+
+
10
9.8
C^
So
/I
= -1.6
=
v(f)
sit)
(-1.6f)rff
j(20)
1.6
(if
=>
.6f
Vq
1.6f,
-0.8f2
5o
-0.8(20)2
So
5o
= 320
Thus, the height of the
cliff is
v(f)=-1.6f
v(20)
= -32 m/sec
320 meters.
since the stone
was dropped,
Vq
0.
7.1m
10
=
=
-4.9t^
lOf
(Maximum
2.
height
when
= 0.)
77. x{t)
(a)
r3
6f2
vW =
x'(t)
3(r=
9f
= 3f2-
4f
<
2
12r
3)
= v'W = 6f-
12
(b) v(f)
>
(c) a(t)
a(t)
v(2)
81. (a)
when
2)
3(f
79.
25 km/hr
25
= -^ =
xit)
2.
<
5.
j^ = m/sec
= 4 =
x{\)
= 80km/hr =
a(f)
v{t)
=at+C
= 250
v(0)
80-|^
v(r)
a(r)
= - r'
At
250
36
13a
s{t)
30f (Let 5(0)
13a
(a)
36
550
^W = aY +
(3600sec/hr)
,^^
Wo) =
6f (Let v(0)
5(f)
3/2 (Let s(<S)
where
0.)
0.)
the automobile overtakes the truck:
3r=
30r
3r(r
10)
when
6(10)
= 60
10 sec.
ft
ft/sec
41
mph
250
22
"
"'^^'^
15
(b)
10
15
20
25
30
V, (ft/sec)
3.67
10.27
23.47
42.53
66
95.33
V,(ft/sec)
30.8
55.73
74.8
88
93.87
95.33
,c)5,(,)./v,(,).,.5Jp^-!if^^ +
0.1208r3
6.7991/2
0,3679,
0.0707/
V,(f) dt
[In both cases, the constant
v(/)
o)
5,(30)
(a)
=
=
a{t)
410) = 3(10)- = 300
(b) v(10)
275
^f
(lmi/hr)(5280 ft/mi)
5,(f)
0.)
= 468=l3i'='-''^'"/^^'^"
275 (13)-
acceleration
= 3r =
**^-
= TI72
36
550
(b)
^^^
30
the point
2 position function
250
36
''
C=
v{t)
30f
800
v(13)
'(r)
+ C
+ C =>
2t'^'
Automobile:
2f'/=
83. Truck:
^m/sec
2(1)
(constant acceleration)
(3
>
jc(r)
v(13)
r'/2
/.(f) dt
3)
2)
<
l)(f
or 3
when
v{t)
Indefinite Integration
= 6(r-
<
= -3
3(l)(-l)
v(0)
6(r
<
<
and
Antiderivatives
Section 4.1
of integration
is
because 5,(0)
953.5 feet
52(30) = 1970.3 feet
The second car was gomg
faster than the first until the end.
Sjfi)
0]
V(f)
0.1068/2
VjCr)
-0.1208/2
0.0416/
4.
6.7991/
0.3679
0.0707
181
Chapter 4
182
87. a(t)
v{t)
kt
s(t)
= ^P
At
Integration
since v(0)
s(0)
the time of lift-off, kt
0.
160 and {k/2)f
0.7.
Since {k/l)fi
0.7,
-V=
1602
\Ak = 1602
1.4
18,285.714 mi/hr2
7.45 ft/sec^.
89. True
91. True
Ix-xdxi' Ixdx-
93. False. For example,
1,
95. fix)
3x,
.t
<
<
.r
.x:
+ C
^t
(
y+
C,
jfy + Cj
< 2
< 5
<
Ci,
X dx because
I.
< 2
.r
"^ ''2'
ll"
=
/(I)
is
=^
Ci
<
2,
-2,
fix)
The
left
3a:2
and
right
2
2:
1)
< 2
2<x<5
hand derivatives
at
.t
2 do not agree. Hence
is
not differentiable at
2.
= 2^/
+^1= 2(1
i=\
'
;r
Area
^(2/ +
+ C2=>C2 = -2
Section 4.2
3 =i> C,
continuous; Values must agree ?& x
fjc
1.
-1 +
"
'
+2 +
5)
35
i=\
+
^
1+1
5
10
+
+
158
17
85
5.
^c =
4c
'2.
15.f2,
1=1
2f,^2M=420
/=i
-i
-iiK-fn
20
17.
19
;^(i-i)2=2r1=1
>=i
'19(2())(39)
L
2470
J
2
2
'(/-
= !:''-
1)^
21 ''
;=1
sum
21.
seqUB 2 +
^ \5\\6Y _
12,040
[3
+ 4 +
[1
J^
- ^)
= 2930
(n-S2)
= 20i2oiM20LLi)^3,2o,
3)
(20)(21)(41)
2.480
120
f=
16.5
f](l)
=f =
12.5
25. 5
.y
M)
Vf (^
-G)* VKa - VK^
'<^.
20, 1)
1,
5](1)
;c,
i=l
14,400
2(r- +
15(16)
. 15(16)(31)
3,
i=l
20
23.
Area
15
15
19.
Section 4.2
[3
5](1)
[2
3](1)
+ 72+^/3
11
'^-^;-^^^ = -
4^ =
3/l\
0.518
4V4
M-M4
i.l.i.i.io..
31.
8lV^(+lFl
lim
~r
/j''/
18VH" +
35.
;îi4^ = -L2(2< +
5(10)
^=
5(100)
1.02
5(1000)
1.002
5(10,000)
1.0002
^6k(k -
37-1
n-
18,.
lim
n>oo
i)
2n3
>-7
n-
>
n{n
.
2
= 9
1)
1-
2-
+ 3n +
5(10)
1.98
5(100)
1.9998
5(1000)
1.999998
5(10,000)
1.99999998
hm
n-><x>
v^/16'\
l^^\
=
-T
n'- 1
-Sin)
n{n
1)(2
,.
lim
16 ^.
V/ =
n->oo n-
fr'^
,.
lim
n->Qo
16/r7(
+ D'
-\ =
P-r2
n-\
n{n
1)
[2n-
39.
1.2
6 ^
^^(k^-k)
1)
n"*
hm
1)
33.
81.
= ~r lim
4n-oo
2]
Urn
1)
5(n)
8 lim
n^ôoV
+/I/
60
= 2930
183
Chapter 4
184
41.
>
lim
Integration
-t(i
1)^
lim
n->co
43.
y{\+
lim
^>
i^
lim -^\
-[y + i
OL
-\{-\ = 2 lim
n-'ooL
il
OV
2 lim
l/n(n+l)
(e)
(f)
2-0
Ax
[1+4:^
2n^
10
50
100
s{n)
1.6
1.8
1.96
1.98
S{n)
2,4
2.2
2.04
2.02
lim
(<
1)
^^= iim^|;a-i)
nôo n^
4r(+_i)
..
= hm
n->OG
Endpoints:
o<,g)<.g)<.^.<-g)<g)
Since
>>
j:
is
= /U,._ J on
increasing, /(m,)
n\
"
x,].
4 \(n
(2\
1)
(d)/(W,)=/(j:,-)on[A:,-_x,]
*.=|/-=,|/(!M,[.M!)
= -2x +
3 on [0,
(Note:
1].
\x = ^-^^ = -
Area
49.
3^
^2
lim s{n)
on
lE' =
2(n
l)n
22
(Note:
[0, 1].
Ax = -
-"Hm-t
+
[il'
+
n(n
-5^
1)(2
7^\
6n^
+1)^
,^
3
_
,
-2++ +2
n
n6\
1
.
Area
1)
lim
= lim2iî) =
'
(<
>>
''J
= .
[;c,-_ ,,
lim S{n)
n-oo
=
3
]
J
= J/U,_,)Ax
^(n)
47.
r^(^lil - i] = 2
lim
/!->00
(c)
211+2
2 lim
i-oo L
45. (a)
(b)
-î
Section 4.2
51. y
16
on
A-2
(.)^|/(.
9
[l, 3].
-!)
4r
"
= -
Note: Ax
16
(>;
,!
4i'
15
4 n{n
\t>n
l)(2;i
1)
l)(2n
1)
^()
64
on
.x^
1)
/!
Ax
(Note:
[1, 4].
64 -
|/ii+7n /\n
-(/I
6/r
1)
30 - -^(/!
53.
"
27r
27i-'
>;(>;
3(
9i
63
''
i=
+ lY
27 n^n
63n
55. y
-t^
lim s{n)
n
->ao
x3
on [-
Again, T{n)
9 n(n
1)
4n-
1)(2k
1)'
l)-fi,(n.l)(2..1)-?î^
6/!-
= 189-fi(.+
Area
27
27
513
= - =
^4 - 27 - -^
2
4
81
189
/!
128.25
l-(-l)
Note:
1. 1].
A.^
neither an upper nor a lower sum,
is
2i\/2
7;\3'
1+^
1 +
=1
1=1
1
=
=
-- +
4/-
n~
20/
2
i=l
4,
4(
20
n[n
n-
+1)
2
12/2
n-
4-10|l+iUi^2
n-
20A
n("
+1)
lH2'!
7
6
41
lim
n>cc
T{ii)
4-
10
32
2
=^-4
3
3
16
T
;;*
+ - +
;;
Area
16^
32,^
+^ +
8,-3
4^
32
+ -J
If'
-Si-Î'^Î^^-^Z''
n
n
n
nl
n'
6i
sii
H-
26i:
/I
-(")
1 +
II-
^!-(/i
+
;
1)-
Area
185
Chapter 4
186
57. /( v)
Integration
<
3y,
< 2
.V
Note:
2-0
^y =
.=i/w.,=|/(f)e)=|3(f)e
=
Area
/12\
lim S{n)
<y
<
=r,
59. /(y)
A.
12
711'= -Ilim
n(n
n-oo
gW
4y2
\){2n
y3,
<
<
l 2n-
nA
2^
în
^27
2n
2n2
+ -^ = 9
^
2^/
2
3-12
= Notc: Ay =
)
/
3.
2i\/2
sw
1)
3-0
^
"
1)
'i-oo V
S(!)B=5i.nj \ni
n
lim
6(n
Area = lim S{n)
61.
1)
(Note: Ay
")vS/(!B
^ Tl
" 3
n(n
+- =
+
-^
n /\n
2[
1
+ -)1-
r,
2
API
r,
4i
12r
-y41+
+ -1+ + z- + r
n
n^
n
nn
"
8/3
6(
r-
1 1^1 L
2^r3,M^4._8.1
=
Area = lim 5(n)
63.
/W
Let
=
c,.
cc
a:2
6+
10
10 n{n
--4
< X <
'
'
2,
1)
4 n{n
+1)
l)(2n
n\n + IP]
44
3
3,
= 4
65.
/W
tan
'
<
;c,
X,.
;c
< -. n = 4
JC,._
Letc,
Ax =
-, c,
=c
4' 2
/f<^3
4
4-^4
.77
Ax =
Ci
77
C2
377
TT,
c,
777
577
T:r, c^
AreaX/('^,)Ax=2t,' + 3]^
Area
- 2/(0 ^=E(tanc,)h^
I
/=1
1=1
^')-(^-)-(i-)-(^-
77/
= v^ on
[0, 4].
Approximate area
(Exact value
is
16/3)
377
tan :7:r
32
69
67. /(xj
77
I tan +
12
16
20
5.3838
5.3523
5.3439
5.3403
5.3384
577
tan
+
XT
32
777
tan-:;:^!
32
0.345
Area
Section 4.2
69./(;c)
= tan(^)on[l,3].
4
12
16
20
2.2223
2.2387
2.2418
2.2430
2.2435
n
Approximate area
71.
We
187
can use the
line
The sum of the
x bounded by x
a and x
areas of these inscribed rectangles
b.
the
is
The sum of
the areas of these circumscribed rectangles
is
the
upper sum.
lower sum.
We
can see that the rectangles do not contain
the
first
graph and the rectangles
more than
The
73. (a)
in the
all
of the area
in
second graph cover
the area of the region.
exact value of the area lies between these
two sums.
(b)
8-6-
^^^
/^^
4-
'
_i
>
.i
.If.
}...
'
Lower sum:
5(4)
+4 +
55+6=15|=f
Upper sum:
S(A) = 4 + 5| + 6
15.333
(c)
(d) In
each case, A.x
points,
(i
{i)(A/n).
6f
21I7
^ 21.733
The lower sum uses left endThe upper sum uses right endpoints,
A/n.
l)(4//i).
The Midpoint Rule uses midpoints,
(/
;)(4/n).
Midpoint Rule:
M(4)
(e)
2f
45
5f
6f
= fij -
19.403
20
s{n)
15.333
17.368
18.459
18.995
19.06
S{n)
21.733
20.568
19.739
19.251
19.188
M{n)
19.403
19.201
19.137
19.125
19.125
(f) s(n)
increases because the lower
100
sum approaches
200
the exact value as n increases. S(n) decreases because the upper
approaches the exact value as n increases. Because of the shape of the graph, the lower
exact value, whereas the upper
sum
is
always
larger.
sum
is
sum
always smaller than the
Chapter 4
188
Differentiation
75.
(Theorem 4.2
77. True.
b.
A =
>
4i
6 square units
79. f(x)
sin
Let A,
bounded by f(x)
area
angle bounded by
whose area
is
sin x, the x-axis,
=
Thus, Aj =
and x
tt/I.
Let Aj
fW = sm(xy^
area of the rect-
It is
keeping track of
how many
of these points, N,,
represented by Aj. Since the points are randomly generated,
lie in
/^/,
0.5-
/./,:/
025-
that
'
/
Z.
N.
N.,
larger Afj
the better the approximation to A,.
is
81. Suppose there are n rows in the figure.
n{n
I) stars in total,
2[1
1
83. (a) y
(c)
+
+
The
stars
on the
left total 1
, as
do the
on the
stars
hence
(-4.09 x
n{n
1)
\(ri){n
\Q-'^)x'
0.016.x2
I).
2.67x
(b)
Using the integration capability of a graphing
452.9
utility,
you obtain
76,897.5
ft^.
Riemann Sums and
Section 4.3
Definite Integrals
-5 .->
1. f{x)
= ^x.y =
0,a:
= 0,x =
3, c,
^
n^
3(i
lim J;/(c,)Ax,
3^ _
JL
A,.
A,
The
:,'
"
the region
we assume
(f'l)
0.75-
= L y = 0, = 0, and x = Tr/2.
(7r/2)(l) = L570796.
computer is generating N^ pairs of random points in the rectangle whose
represented by Aj.
is
=
.:
.v
In this program, the
area
(2))
n ->oc /s'l
1) ^
lim
"
% JK\{2i
v n~ n^
1 ->oc ,^|
D
'
lim
lim
^2(2'^-')
3V3
n{n
l)(2n
1)
n{n
1)
-i'^j^K^^'^^-'-m
= 373 ;i-o]. 2v^ =
3.464
3(2)'
..
'
.., 1
3(>.-l)^
> '
right.
There are
Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals
Section 4.3
3. V
6 on
(Note:
[4, 10].
Ax =
-.
-*
||A||
as n
^ oo
|/w--|/(-!)(M<M:?-'
6dx=
f
5.
= jc3on[-l,
36
Note:
A.T
lim 36
1].
^ = -
||A||^0 as
h-oo
1 +
,
n^^,
n^
n^
.4',
)^
7.
>'
x2
dx
lim
6(l+iU4(2+^ + AU4fl+^ + ^^
lim
on the
(3c,.
interval
-idx
13.
Jo
19.
8/3"
^
n'
n^
+ -I +
nôo
/2
ê'l
2/
+ +
"/
6\
/!
n-l
n-
6??-
2/!
10
}T^[-j^2;t^^-)=
10) At,
>0 as
/\/i
10
9.
n-,-^,
2-1
Note: At
= i:/
^^'^'^'^ =
n-
- =
on [1,2].
2/(c,)A^.
12/-
.4',
6/
(3;c
10)
11.
dx
lim
ti!-.o
on
1, S].
-f
smxdx
(4
v^
dy
Lxl)
dx
y 7c,-
+ 4 At, =
Jx^ + 4-dr
,-e,
the interval [0, 3].
17.
(4
r-)
dx
23. Rectangle
Jo
A =
W;
3(4)
Adx =
12
Jo
^^vsxx
-.N
sN
^^ Rectangle
^^f^
189
Chapter 4
190
Integration
25. Triangle
27. Trapezoid
A = ^bh =
-i
A =
^4)(4)
xdx=%
b,
b.
/5
^h
{2x
+ 5)dx=
^4M
''yj&i Trapezoid
14
^
^
31. Semicircle
29. Triangle
4-
^M
A =
(1
A =
^(2)(1)
- \x\)dx=
ri
r4
x^dx
In Exercises 33-39,
37.
L<:dc= -
U-
8) iic
;c
ate
dx
6,
/U) dx =
fix)
Semicircle
.[4.^
35,
d:^
8(2)
= - 10
(ix3
39.
=
4/;
xdx =
- 3x +
2J^
A{6)
=
=
41. (a)
|77<3)2
/4
60, Lcrfjc
= 6
jfiix
^TTr^
=
V9^Â ^
/:
33.
dx+
/(;c) etc
10
13
43. (a)
[fix)
gix)'\
= 24
x^dc
-(60)
xdr +
3(6)
dx= \fix)dx+
2(2)
gix)
16
dx
=
/(;c)dx=
(b)
/(;c)<ic=
-j
-10
10
+ (-2) =
(b)
3/(x)
(d)
otc
Jo
/(jc) (it
3(10)
30
47,
jitt^ =
Sum
(e)
Sum of absolute
(f)
Answer
left
5(4)(2)
of parts (b) and
(c):
(1
>
- yix) dx
10
= -12
2\ gix)dx=^ 2(-2)
= -4
3/(x)
dx^sl
fix)dx
3(10)
30
= tt
20: (3
- 5^2)^ = -(1 +
-2(2)(1)
27r)
(c):
(1
2ir)
values of (b) and
to (d) plus 2(10)
-^tKX)^
27r)
27r
27r)
+ 20 =
23
endpoint approximation will be greater than the
actual area:
dx
Semicircle below x-axis:
(d)
The
gix)
45. (a) Quarter circle below X-axis:
Igix) dx
(c)
(d)
(c) Triangle
- fix)] dx=\
= -2 Jo
(b) Triangle: ^_bh
[gix)
\f{x)dx = Q
(c)
2ir
2ir
49. Because the curve
is
concave upward, the midpoint
approximation will be less than the actual area: <
dx

Section 4.3
51.
/W
Riemann Sums and
Definite Integrals
x-4
not integrable on the interval [3, 5] and /has a
is
discontinuity at
;c
4.
:^
a.
A =
^'
5 square units
55.
r-t-T'
IsmiTxdx'-
d.
2^1)(2)
Jo
xjl - xdx
57.
12
16
20
L{n)
3.6830
3.9956
4.0707
4.1016
4.1177
M(n)
4.3082
4.2076
4.1838
4.1740
4.1690
R{n)
3.6830
3.9956
4.0707
4.1016
4.1177
12
16
20
L(n)
0.5890
0.6872
0.7199
0.7363
0.7461
M{n)
0.7854
0.7854
0.7854
0.7854
0.7854
R{n)
0.9817
0.8836
0.8508
0.8345
0.8247
59.
sin^
X dx
Jo
61. True
63. True
65. False
Jo
67. fix)
jô
0,
Ax,
c,
,v'
1,
,i:,
1,
1,
Ar,
Cj
X/(c,)
1
3,T, [0,
X2
2.
2, Cj
A.t
8]
3,
Axj
-Xj
.r4
4, zLv4
5, c^
= /(I)
7,
A.V,
8
1
+ /(2)
Axj
(10)(2)
+ /(5) ^x, + /(8)
!^x^
(4)(1)
(40)(4)
(88)(1)
= 272
(-x)x =
191
Chapter 4
192
1,
jc is
rational
0,
irrational
69. f(x)
is
Differentiation
is
not integrable on the interval
number of both
are an infinite
71. Let/(x)
x~,0 < X <
1 r,-,
n->co
\2
1,
and
Ajc,
||A||
and
1/n.
or/(c,)
numbers
in
any
in
each subinterval since there
no matter how small.
interval,
The appropriate Riemann Sum
-,1
n{2n
n->oc n'
rj'
,.
= hm
is
l)(n
1)
22
3w
/I
,.
= hm {- +
T-^
+ 2)4
1
Section 4.4
1. fix)
> 0, /(c,) =
irrational
in
07
r,^
As
[0, l].
rational
3.
fix)
= xjx~ +
xVjc^
7.
f,
ilt-
(4f--4f +
\Ydt=
1)
rf/
rr^
rf/
(r'/3-f2/3)rf,=
1,4/3
lf5/3
|2j:|2j:
=
A:=
3| (ir
Jo
(3
2x)
Jo
Ix
4-2+1=1
'-l-aUM-D-l
l-"-îr(l
23.
2f2
,3/2
21.
2) (ic
"
U-
Jo
"/>'
>(i-)-(4Jo
1 cic
1-0=1
11.
d:x
lic
]>
(:
(2j;
'
= -4
= if 1 -
J_
3\2
18
3\
_27
5)
20
3)
a!^;
split
up the
integral at the zero
J3/2
3/2
3x[
x^
+ (9-9)-f^-?U2f|-Ûl
_3.];^.f?-2)-0
4
4
4/
2
\2
2/
3/2
\2
/I
Section 4.4
25.
|.r2
4| <ir
(4
x'-)
dx
-I
(.t^
4)
193
dx
f-1
-|8-;U(9-12)-
^3
23
3
27.
(1
sinx}dx
= X
cos X
(tT
1)
(0
1)
TT
Jo
-77/6
77/6
29.
sec-
.t
dx =
r'7/3
4 sec 6
.
273
v^\
-,7/6
.-77/6
31.
73
tan.x
de
tan
T^/^
4 sec e
4(2)
4(2)
-V3
-77/3
^1
'
33.
10.
10.000(r
- 6)di = 10,000
5135,000
6t
35.
A =
(.v
dx
x-)
Jo
37.
A =
(3
.v)7â[t
Jo
(3.t'/2
A =
.rV2) j^.
2^-3/2
2,.5/2
-(10
1273
2v)
Jo
77/2
77/2
39.
cos X dx
I
I
>
41. Since y
sin.x
A =
43. Since y
>
on
45.
[0, 2],
(x
on
[0. 2],
{3x-
1)
27^)rf.v
dx
4^3/2-
X^
.2
A =
(.t^
Jo
x"
x)
dx
x'-
4^2
6.
/(c)(2
0)
- 27c =
c-2V^+
{Vc-l
,2
./^-1 =
- 8^2
- 4.-2
.^"
- 4^'2
/6
- 4x
*V^]
c
0.4380 ore
872
1.7908
10.
^
Chapter 4
194
Integration
Tr/4
47.
2 sec^
xdx =
- 2(-l) =
f)]
2 sec- c
= -
sec c
= arcsec(
2(1)
J-7r/4
fic]
49.
2tanx
JTTj/4
- (-2) '"-" )&
arccos
- 0.4817
4;t
(-!)
-j:^
(^-f)
Average value
jc-
= r when jc- =
4--orx
sin
= +
273
+ 1.155.
x ate
53.
If/
is
continuous on
[a,
F'U) = f{x) on
b] and
77
Average value
F(b)
F{a).
(0.690, 1)
TT
sinx
fix) dx
then
77
55.
f{x)dx
0.690, 2.451
= - (area of region A) = -1.5
57.
Jo
/6
59.
[2
I
\fix)\
dx
+ /(jc)] dx=
= -Ifix) dx +
Jo
Jo
Ifix) dx
Jl
(-6
2dx+
f(x)dx
Jo
61. (a) F{x)
12
3.5
15.5
ksec-^x
500 sec- xdx =
(b)
1^/3
F(0)
Fix)
= 500sec2x
A:
1500r
l'^/^
[tanx]^^'
-oJo
= 500
1500,
(v^-O)
77
=
~
(0.1729r
63.
-oJo
0.
1552^2
0.0374^3) dt '^
0.08645r2
0.05073?^
0.00935?^
0.5318
826.99 newtons
827 newtons
liter
[a,
fc],
Section 4.4
65. (a)
The area above
67. (a) V
= -8.61
is
0.208r
-8.61 X
lO-V
69. F(x)
0.208^2
0.0782r3
0.0952f
2476 meters
0^v = lOv-.V=^];
71.FW =
5r
Jo
i+ 10=10 1-1
F(2)=--5(2)= -8
X
F{2)
F(8)=y-5(8)=-8
f(5)
= 10^-j =
F(8)
F{.x)
F{2)
sin 2
sin
= 0.0678
F(5)
sin 5
sin
-=
f(8)
sin 8
sinl
cos
I
ddd =
4f^/3
F(x)
F'(x)
=1
=
x^
(f-
'
sin
sin
75. (a)
10(^-j
7\
35
101
{t
+ 2)dt=
[l
2t
X-
Zx
1.8004
=0.1479
3
-,4/3
12
-2x
sin 6
f(5)=^-5(5)=-^
77. (a)
81.
g.
0.0952
(c)
(b)
be
(b)
73.
to
zero.
10"^ + 0.0782^ -
The average value of S appears
below the
the j:-axis equals the area
Thus, the average value
jf-axis.
2t) dt
|(.^4/3
4
rl/3
16)
,/3
j2
79. (a)
3/
(b)
83..
sec^
F{x)
F'(.v)
Vr
= Vx^+
+
1
df
[tan.t
tan
IJ
tan
.t
Ax'A
J.r/4
sec-.r
85.
FU) =
=
F'{x)
1' cos tdt

I
.TCOSX
195
196
87.
Chapter 4
Integration
Fix)
{4t
\)dt
Alternate solution:
Fix)
(4f+
l)rff
rx
ro
F'(x)
[2(.r
8.V
2)2
(x
2)]
[2x2
x]
+ 1)
\)dt+
rff +
(4r
i4t
1) rff
10
(4f+ 1)A +
(4f
F'ix)
+ 1)A
Jo
= -i4x +
1)
4(x
2)
rsi
89.
fU) =
23/2
Jtdt
F'W =
(sin j:)'/2cosx
f(sinx)V2
cos-tv/sinx
Jo
91.
Fix)
sin
f 2 rff
Jo
F'ix)
sin(x3)2
3^2
3x^ sin x^
Alternate solution
^tdt
Fix)
Jo
F'ix)
93.
= Vsin JT -p (sin x) = Vsin j:(cos x)

ax
g{x)= \fit)dt
95. (a) Cix)
50001
25
3(25
+
.
5000 25
5000(25
+ y^'") =
Jo
giO)
0,
gH)
^, g(2)
1,
gi3)
^, g(4)
(b)
g has a
relative
maximum
at
C(l)
C(5)
C(10)
f''"'
3/;,
dt
[4Ij5/4
1000(125
12(1))
1000(125
12(5)5/4)
1000(125
12(10)5/")
99. False
x-^dx =
x-^dx
J
$214,721
$338,394
x-2atc
I
Each of these integrals is infinite. /(x) = x

has a nonremovable discontinuity at x = 0.
the
f'ix)
Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we have

1
(l/x)2
Since fix)
'
1\
X2
=
4-^^
x2 +
'
1
lU
xV
X2
0.
0,/(x) must be constant.
12x5/")
$137,000
2.
97. True
By
1000(125
Section 4.5
103. x{t)
x'{t)
t^
6t^
3f2
3(f2
3(r
I2t
4/
3)
3)(t
Total distance
9t
1)
|j:'(')|rf'
Jo
= \'3\{t-3){t-l)\dt
Jo
(i-
4t
3)dt
(f2
4r
+ 3)A +
(t^
4t
105. Total distance
28 units
+ 20
\x'{t)\dt
Ht)\dt
2(2
1)
Integration by Substitution
Section 4.5
u =g{x)
f{g{x))g'{x)dx
{5x^
1.
I
2 units
\Y{\Qx) dx
5x-
x'+
7.
tan-
X sec- x dx
1(1 +2.t)-'2d:t=
/'
Check:
(9
(1
^'
x2)'/2(-lv) dx
g'{x)dx
XQx dx
2x dx
sec^
tanjc
X dx
\^^' + C
+ C] =
^^
,
2(1
+ ixy
= ^(9 J'^' + c
^
3
.v-)3/-
+ C
3/2
Check: -^[|(9 dxi3
du
.r^)^/:
+ c
3 (9_^)i/:(_2^)=
y9-.r=(-lT)
3)dr
197
Chapter 4
198
11.
f.r3(.x^
.r3(.x^
Integration
= ^f( +
+ 3P<ic
3Ydx^^\(x'
Check:
13.
:^
(x^
Check:
1)
5(.r3
+ C
= ^ r(r^ +
I
"(r2
Check:
(^ +
3)V)
-]
1)^(3x2)
2)3^
lY'^lt) dt
12
15
x2(x3
I)'*
15
15
rVFT2 *
dt
15.
Cv^
+ C
.t
w-m^c = ^^^^^^c
dx
Ij-'CSx^)
|J(.
^^'
^"^
+ C=
[^^ + c]=^^^(4x3) =
.r2(x3 - 1)" A =
|.rV-l)Â
^^'
= - ^"^ t
ir
3)2(4x3)
3/2(f2
+ C
\^^^^ + C= ^^^ + c
2)'/'(2f)
(?2
2)'/2t
dt
17.
Check:
4[-^l
x^)''/^
15
+ c
--^
J(]-f]^^
Check:
-k
^+ c
^3)2<i^
= jjd +
1
Check:
dx L
3(1
^')-'(3^-)
0^^
x2)i/3(-2x)
(1
x^
(1
x^.
3(1
x3)
x^)'/^
C]
= --(1 -
dx
x2)-'/2(-2x)
[1
25.
[1
+ (lA)?
l.-J.
+ C
(2x)
^^/;fc^=iK"^^4[
Check:
^V2i
dj:'-
C]
C=
yn^
+ iUt)V
+ C
IV/
vs
C=
+ C
+ C
x3)
1\
1/.
03
V2x + C
x2
+ c
5xyr^
x-:
- Vl -
-y^==
1/2-
1/2 J
^(2x)-'/2(2)
x2)V3
1/2
4(4)i+7jl-^j = ?l'^7
dr
^Y:^
Check:
x2)i/3
+ c
-1
/^%-=-i/<'[-(1 -
15
-yd
^^-:^
,<i,--jJ(l-x")-'(-2)i<.-iiL_i!
Check:
5x(l
4(1
2-1
23.
+ C^
-i(-i)(i+x3)-w) =
+ C
+ C=
^^3^
= i(-2)(l-xr'(-2x) =
- x^Y
_ y2W3
(1
= -||(1 - x')-\-2x)dx= -
.4(1
-^
4,
^1 -
19-
^=
[5x(l-x2)'/3d^c=-|J(l-x^;)>/3(-2x)
+ C
Section 4.5
29.
^W^r- +
Check;:
31.
r^ff
7)
Check:
2;c3/2
(''
*=
2;)
-t"
t^
14.'/=
+ C =
f3
+ cl =
|f4
2f
r-
[(9
y)^dy =
Check:
[(Qy'/^
7^/^(15
y)
^^^=/h^7ife]
v/l6~- x^
y/z)
rfy
+ C
= f-U -
+ c
9^|y3/2
6^/2 _ 1^/2
|v5/2
+ c=
+ c =
|v3/2(15
9v'/2
- y/2 =
^^^ =
tic
(16
2x2
J(.v2
(9
- y)v^
lx-3P^
x2)i/2
{x-
+ C
+ C
>')
= 4lxdx- lliie- x-)-^'H-2x)dx
-(f)-
+ C
:nÎ
dt
33.
35)
2.x
2.x
3)-2(2x
3)-
dx
2)
+ C
1/2
_ 4716 -
X-
+ C
2(.x2
(b)
39. (a)
2x
dv
= .xV4^^,
^
dx
c
3)
(2, 2)
-/xv^4^^dx = -^
(4
.x2)i''-(-2xdx)
^/'
= -i
(2, 2):
41.
77 si
sin
TTxdx
= cos
ttx
+ C
43.
45.j^_coslde=-jcos\[-j,)de
sin
I
-sin6
+ C
^(4
.r2)V2
+ c = -{(4 -
x-)^'-
= -^(4 - l-y- + C => C =

= -^(4 -
Iv ix
= -
.x2)3/2
(sin 2jc)(2;t)
I
+ c
dx
= -- cos
Ix
+ C
199
200
47..
Chapter 4
Integration
\smlxcos.2xdx-=^\
sin 2x cos 2j; A; =
I
sin
2x cos 2x dx
2x)(2 cos 2x) dx
(sin
(si
= -
= - iîH^L + C = - sin^ 2x + C
(cos 2j:)(-2 sin 2x) dx
\^^^ + C, = -\cos^lx +
i|22xc.s2.<*:.i|:
sin 2x cos 2xdx = rr
/si.2.cos2,A
2 sin 2x cos Ixdx = ir sin 4j: A - cos 4j: +
I
49.
tan"*
.v
sec-
51.
dx = CSC^
^^ + C = -
xdx =
cot'
xdx =
C-,
+ C
tan^jc
(esc-
j:
1)
^
2 cot^ X
A=
+ C = )-tm^x + C =
2
- cot .r -
jc
+ C
i(sec2;c
55. /(x)
1)
/(;c)
2,
~ 2,dx =
\xjx + 2dx =
du
- 2)^du
\(u
3/2
/"
= |V2 _
X,
l3/2
+ c
^(3
^x + 2)3/2[3(x + 2) -
= ^jc +
59. u
2l/2)
u,
dx
jjcVl -Xtic = -
10)
2)3/2(3;c
+ C
+ C
10]
+ C
4)
= du
1(1
- Mfv^ du
I
= -
2m3/2
5/2) ^j,
J(>/2
= -(|m3/2-1V2 +
23/2^
(35
|7/2)
+ c
15m2)
+ C
- 42m +
105
-r^(\ -
xy/^[35
-j|^(l -
x)3/2(15a:-
42(1
12x
x)
8)
15(1
+ C
x)^]
+C
+ C=
cos
Since /(O)
51. u
OR
(cot j:)"3(-csc2.r) otc
-i5L^ + c =
C,
53.
OR
|sec2;c
^ (it =
3
2 sin
2 sin
= 2sin| +
3.
C,
^ + C
C,
C=
3.
Thus,
Section 4.5
61. M
= 2x-
l,x
J2x -
r{
l),dx
V"
-zdu
!<3/2
2ttl/2
|(|m5/2
|3/2
3-l/2) ^
+ c
61/2J
1/2
= ^(3m= +
10
+ C
45)
60
V2x-
{?>(2x
1)'
\Q{2x
1)
60
-^Jlx -
\{\2x-
^V2jc -
1(3^2
at
+ C
52)
60
63.
a:
1,
.X
I.
dx
V.V
1)
;=^
du
13)
+ c
du
oLv
/ (X +
2;^
- V
+ 1)(7^7ii(v- l)
(y;i
(1
= -( +
1)
rf
+-i/2)rfu
2'/2)
+ C
= -M - 2V + C
=
-(.r
-.r
-(.v
x~
x(.r2
I,
du
1)3
2v
dr
67. Let H
.v'
1, rf"
Ix-J^P^Tldx =
3.r-
+ iJTTl) +
=
(;c2
+ m2x)
dx
Cr'
+ C
+ C
c,
dx
Ls
iVxTl
dx.
^1
- 2V-r +
1)
where Cj
65. Let u
3/2
l)/-(3.r2)a^t
J,
= ^[27-2./2]=12-V2
U- +
1)^
45]
+ C
201
Chapter 4
202
69. Let M
Integration
2jc
Jm
2 dx.
dx
]-\
1,
r4
^
ji^n
Jo
71. Let
tt
+ v^, du =
{lx+ \)-"\2)dx =
Jl.;x
i[
=V9-VT = 2
2jo
-p dx.
Ijx
1
2v^/^=rTT7^Ji-~2+'-2
73. H
j:, j:
Whenx = \,u=
['(;C
M,
Whenx =
\.
- 1)72"^ A =
r/2
77.
cosl-jf)(ic
u=x+\,x = u
When .t =
0,
\.
xi/x
Area
["
0.
[(2
2,
V2
sin -X
.
75.
du
(ic=
- iJv^dM =
m)
3/73\
f (3/2
l/2)
|,,5/2
15
3v^
\,dx
= du
When x =
7,
+ ldx=
8.
{u
\)l/u ^M
{u"'^
m'/^)
384
-uy^ - -u^l^
du
A =
(2 sin
jc
2
2
cos *
81.
Area
dx^
,
Jo
2a;
Jlx +
,,,
3.333
,
10
85.
xjx - 3dx'=
144
28.8
87.
f
Jo
I
|0
+
J
r^
.
89.
j(2x\{2x-
\y-dx
\r~dx
= ]A(
^\{2x- \yidx = h2x -
\{2x- \)-dx =
They
28
^:Mf)-->(f)-[--(c:-(^-')
Jc
83.
+ r cos
1209
3\
4/
=
-
sin It)
2;c) ate
12
'.
_4_
V3
79.
= _ r| _ |1 =
|3/2l
differ
(4;c--4x+
1)
C,
by a constant: Cj
i&
=
1
6'
x^
1)^
2jc
|x3
+ X +
C2
C,
2^:^
.r
- ^ +
C,
cos^lrfe
7.377
Section 4.5
= x\x^ +
91. fix)
x\x^
ir
1)
93. fix)
even.
1) is
[x"
x'-)dx
x'x
95.
32
272
15
the function x^
is
x{x'^
xix-
"^
T+
1)3 is
iv
1)3
odd.
an even function.
Jo
(a)
(b)
(c)
x2iT =
3^:^
(d)
97.
U' +
99.
Answers
101. fix)
6x-
-2x-2)dx=
will vary.
xix-
ix^
2x) dx
(6.r-
3)
rf.t
2j>dLr =
^-
x'-
i6x-
dx=
- 3)dx =
2 2x'
1)2 is
odd. Hence j^xix^

,
+ D- dx =
dV
^
103.
0.
dt
it
V(0)
-A:
V'(l)
-i't
Solving
C=
When
74.50
,
74.50/
(a)- ,,
262.5
Trt
cos
262.5
^^^
^
4, V'(4)
102.352 thousand units
223.5
102.352 thousand units
77
'-
894
12\
1
262.5
77
262. 5\
1
77
500,000
system yields
77
^'447
+ C = 400,000
tTt
cos
77
1/
= - 223.5 + -
3\
777
cos
77
262.5
^
^^
74.50/
a
262.5
74.50/
''62 5
77
'''T2
T7T
cos
74.50/
dt
77
(b)
^6
43.75 sin
this
+ C =
A'
= 200.000 and
300,000. Thus,
V(r)
232
1)2
3.x
See "Guidelines for Making a Change of Variables" on page 292.
Vit
105.
74.5 thousand units
+
=
300.000.
$340,000.
203
Chapter 4
204
107.
Integration
[2 sm(607rf)
-S:
cos(1207r;)
(b)
(1/240)
cos(6077-f)
12U
-- sin(120-7rf) i'/^'"'
1
3077
+ -
12077
60[(^ +
- OL -^7
3077
(1/30)
cos(6077t)
sin(12077.)];^
^^
- 272) ^
-
12077/
1.382
(-i)]
amps
amps
109. False
|(2x+ \f-dx = ]A{2x+ \f2dx =
hlx+
If
+ C
111. True
rio
rio
(ax'
bx-
ex
dx
d)
J-10
rio
{ax^
ex)
dc
{bx^
d) dx
= Q +
J-10
J-10
Odd
(toJ-10
Even
113. True
4
4-
sin
a:
cos
115. Let
j:
= cos
xdx
lic = 2
l\%\n2xdx
s
j:
/i,
then du
rb +
J-fc
f(x
a,
ft.
When x =
h.
f{u) du
fix) dx.
Ja + h
^=
Exact:
JJ,.
Simpson's:
x^
[i^]^
2.,
;.6667
^ - ^[o + 2^)' + 2(1)= + ll^J +
jcôtc
ifo + 4^^)^ +
(2)A
= ~- =
= |-
3. Exact:
2.7500
2(1)^
+ 4(|j' +
(2)^1
+ 2(^)\
2(1)3
2(1)'
(2)3
4.2500
+ 4(|y +
2(1)3
4(1]'
(2)3
^ = 4.0000
2.6667
4.000
Trapezoidal
Simpson's
b,
rb + h
Ja + h
Section 4.6
Trapezoidal:
When j: =
+ h)dx=-
I.
<ic.
+ C
2jc
x^dx^
17
1.273
'
30V2ir
'{[)
[~^^]
'
240
L
I2O77
sin(120Trt)
TT
o)
Jo
-(5
(c)
1*
cos(60iTf)
jOtt
a\_
-^cos(60..) + Tisi(12O.0]7 =
(1/60)
-ttt-
(a)
dt
Thus,
+ d)dx
3077,
amps
Section 4.6
5. Exact:
Trapezoidal:
Sip.V
dx
}?
x' oLr
\KA
~-
o-iy-(!r-er-)-er-(!r-er^
[^ * . ^[O + 4(i)'
1^
/:
,37
^dx =
Trapezoidal
1U
/2
4^/? +
;(ix
^^
'
(x
2(f)'
+ 4(^)' +
4.0000
3
^
V2T +
/47
/26
V8
4,/^
Ill
= 7=
9. Exact:
+ 4(5)' +
/57
\'4
/31
/67
VS
V4
+ VJT +
4^/? +
= -T +
3
:;
+ V26 +
4^/"
0.1667
'
. 2f.....l-Û 2(
^((5/4) + \r-j
A((3/2) +
'
l)-y
n((7/4)
1)-]
9J
KMf-l^f^^-Simpson's:
J,
^.41
ix
U+
1)=
"V((5/4)
+ If)
2
-V((3/2)
+ 1)V
41
\((7/4)
p)4]
1)^
î^lMiî^fî)-11. Trapezoidal:
Vl +
a^
x"
dx
Graphing
f Vl
|
dx
-[1
+ 2^1 +
(1/8)
+ ijl + 2j\ +
(27/8)
3]
3.283
+ 4Vl +
(1/8)
+ ijl + AJ\ +
(27/8)
3]
3.240
3.241
utility:
Jxi\ -
JxJ\ - xdx=
13.
^[l
Jo
Simpson's:
Jo
x)
dx
Jo
Trapezoidal
x)
dx
x)
dx
-!
0.342
Jo
Simpson's:
Graphing
^x(l
utility:
0.393
12.6640
Vx dx
2(,).
4.0625
= ^.12.6667
Simpson's:
. 2g)' . 4g)' .
^18_
:,j/2
-Jxdx
7. Exact:
Trapezoidal:
4.0000
,.
0+4î._i, vf4)-VlH)
0.372
12.6667
205

Chapter 4
206
Integration
t/2
15. Trapezoidal:
cos(x^)
dx
J'ttFI
-
+2 cos ^V2V
..Y 3VV2 V +
+ ^2 cosI
cos
+ 4 cost
V\ +
cosI
"
cos
+ 2
cos
+ 4 cosI
"
2 sin(1.025)2
cosi
..
/:
Simpson's:
cos(a:^)
r
|
dx
==
0.957
rr
2cos(
== 0.978
Graphing
utility:
0.977
Yl. Trapezoidal:
sin
jc^
\:
^mx^dx'^
utility:
-sTrCsinll)
Simpson's:
Graphing
^ ^ 80
"^
4sin(1.025)2
2 sin(1.05)2
2 sin(1.05)2
2 sin(1.075P
4sin(1.075)2
sin(l.l)2] -= 0.089
sin(l.l)2] == 0.089
Tio'-^'"^^^
0.089
r/4
16
\^\ tanxdx^ ^[o
Simpson's:
utility:
^^"(5)^2(7!)^ Û2f^ltani
'16
16
21
32
/:
Graphing
X tan X dx
19. Trapezoidal:
+ 4(^)
tan(:^)
f)n]-- 194
)
) +
4(^] tan(ff ) + j]
2(ff tan(ff
0.186
0.186
21. (a)
fix)
x^
fix)
3x^
fix)
6x
23.
fix) = 6
f'Kx) =
Error
(a) Trapezoidal:
The Trapezoidal Rule overestimates

of the integrand
is
<
(2
0)3
concave up.
/"W
is
maximum
in [0, 2]
(2
Error
/^W
0.
= în[l,3].
\f"{x)\ is
maximum whence =
and
|/"(1)|
2.
2'
Trapezoidal: Error
< 7^(2) < 0.00001,
n^
>
133,333.33, n
>
365.15; let
366.
25.56; letn
26.
/W'(;c)=în[l,3]
(b)
\p'*>{x)\ is
maximum when jc =
and
[/"'(l)!
24.
2'
Simpson's: Error < 75777(24)
0.5 since
< 0.00001,
> 426,666.67, >
when jc =
- 0)^
{0)
180(4")
(a)
the area if the graph
(b) Simpson's:
25./"(x)
(12)
,^.
2.
since
Section 4.6
ym
27. f(x)
(a) f"(x)
4(1
x)V2
maximum when.t =
\f"{x)\ is
/(*>W
16(1
xy/^
-.
let
130.
in [0, 2]
maximum when a: =
and
< 7^77(77
I0O/2 \16
Simpson's: Error
fix)
|/'(0)|
-15
|/('*>(jc)| is
29.
and
< Ty^lj) < 0.00001, n- > 16,666.67, > 129.10;
Trapezoidal; Error
(b)
in [0, 2].
<
\f'^\Qi)\
=
16'
> 16,666.67, n >
0.00001,/?''
11.36;
let
12.
tan(jc2)
(a) f"(x)
2 stc\x-)[\
maximum when
\f"(x)\ is
<
Trapezoidal: Error
(b) /'"'(x)
Ax- tan(x2)] in
.7
8 sec2(jt2)[12T:2
\f''\x)\ is
.r
and
[0, 1].
|/"(1)|
49.5305.
(49.5305) < 0.00001, n-
+ 32^)
(3
maximum whenx =
and
tan(x2)
36x-
|/'"(1)|
"
9184.4734.
tan2(.:c2)
0-0)5,
Simpson's: Error <
> 412.754.17. n >
-(9184.4734) < 0.00001,
''
>
642.46;
= Ar* + Bx- + Cx +
Simpson's: Error
<
D. Then/'^H^)
(0)
5,102,485.22, n
>
47.53:
0.
180/2
Therefore, Simpson's Rule
Example:
This
33. f(x)
is
x^dx =
is
exact
when approximating
/iv
0+4^
12^
r
L
+1
the integral of a cubic polynomial.
the exact value of the integral.
= 72 +
3.t-
on
[0. 4].
LM
M{n)
R(n)
Jin)
Sin)
12.7771
15.3965
18.4340
15.6055
15.4845
14.0868
15.4480
16.9152
15.5010
15.4662
10
14.3569
15.4544
16.6197
15.4883
15.4658
12
14.5386
15.4578
16.4242
15.4814
15.4657
16
14.7674
15.4613
16.1816
15.4745
15.4657
20
14.9056
15.4628
16.0370
15.4713
15.4657
643.
A^x^" tanî^?)] in [0, 1]
180W'
31. Let/(x)
let
let
48.
IQTI
Chapter 4
208
35. fix)
sinvôn[0,4].
37.
Integration
Lin)
Min)
Rin)
Tin)
Sin)
2.8163
3.5456
3.7256
3.2709
3.3996
3.1809
3.5053
3.6356
3.4083
3.4541
10
3.2478
3.4990
3.6115
3.4296
3.4624
12
3.2909
3.4952
3.5940
3.4425
3.4674
16
3.3431
3.4910
3.5704
3.4568
3.4730
20
3.3734
3.4888
3.5552
3.4643
3.4759
ix COS X dx
Jo
Simpson's Rule:
14
r,r/2
V,cos.:.fa==-|^70cos0 +
4^-cos- + 2^-cos- + 4^-cos-
'
TT
TT cos
7T\
2
0.701
39.
W=
100xVl25 - x^dx
Jo
Simpson's Rule:
12
-^ -'^)v--(^r-ov (f
100xVl25 -x^dx'^
3(12)
Jo
'^^(u)-\^~^
:dx
41.
Simpson's Rule, n
[nf
O]
10,233.58
ft
lb
-0
Jr "^
[6
^,^.
4(6.0209)
2(6.0851)
4(6.1968)
2(6.3640)
4(6.6002)
6.9282]
:^[113.098] 3.1416
36
43. Area
1000
2(125)
^(J^^25
45.
s\n^dx =
2,
2(120)
10
Jo
By
trial
and
error,
we
obtain
2.477.
2(112)
2(90)
2(90)
2(95)
2(88)
2(75)
2(35)]
89,250
sqm

1.
\{2x'^ +
./,
/^-/
r;\dx
X-)
x2
9./'U)= -2x, (-1,1)
/W
C=
13. a(t)
= v(f)
16r=
(d)
2x-
3 cos
v(0)
v(f)
s{t)
=
-\'ar rfr = -r +
96
when
rfr
ar
Ci
ft
96
when
= -16(|j + 96(|j=
3
= -
108
ft
sec.
C,
when C, =
0.
at
s(G)
i(f)
2''
5(30)
-(30)-
v(30)
= 3600 or
8(30)
2(2'-
8ft/sec^.
= 240
1)
S/'
2(4' +
C;
when C. =
C,
10
3 sec.
i=l
= - 32f + 96 =
(1)
dx
(b)
96f
= - 144 + 288 = 144
5I
3 sin x)
(c)
(c) v(t)
^rx^
96
= - 32f +
(b) 5(3)
v(f)
15. (a)
s(r)
^}?
= -32
= -32f +
^2
v(r)
(a)
C=
- X + C
dx
a(r)
-1:
>-= -1
11.
-Ixdx = -x^ + C
Whenx =
J(4x-
\)
3.
2)
ft/sec
0.
+ C
209
Chapter 4
210
17.
= ^rT,
X- + 1
S{n)
Integration
-,
/J
^r^
5(4)
Aat
10
+
.J^
+
(1/2)2
2\_ 1
(1)2
10
(3/2)2
i_
13.0385
10
s{n)
^h
s{A)
-^+
+
+1
_(l/2)2
10
10
(3/2)2
22+1
+1
9.0385
9.0385 < Area of Region < 13.0385
19.
Area
jc,
21. y
V f{ci) Ax
- 6n
4 n{n
lim
x^,
1)1
24-8 ^^-^ =
lim
-, right endpoints
lim
n-*oo
Ax =
24
16
Ax = n
Area
lim
V /(') Ajc
lim
lim^2ri+i^-^l
-2
+1)
= hm -3r n + 12(n
,.
n->oo n\_
lim[3 +
18
- r,
< y <
lim
lim
Area
Sy
lim
->
1>
1)(2m
1)
1)
'
12
5,
Ay = n
(-f)-(-f]
2 No+*^'
n
1
9 (n
n-
18^^-?(^lil%^^l
n^-oo L
23. X
12'-
9(^"
6+^-^1
lim
18
- ^"" +
3 n(n
--9
27
2
1)
9 (
n
l)(2n
y {lei
lim
25.
3)
=
-f
^xi
(2x-'i)dx
$5-\x-5\dx=
(5-{5-x))dx=
I
(triangle)
[/W + gW] d.x=
29. (a)
fix) dx
\ g{x) dx
10
13
(b)
(c)
33.
5/(^)
(^ +
{1
- SgW]
[2/(;c)
= 5\
dx
l)
x)dx
dx
/W dx-\
g{x)dx=\Q-3 =
^ = 2 J/Wd:x-3[ gW ^ = 2(10)
(d)
31.
[/W - gW] ^ =
f{x)dx
5(10)
2x
]-[l
;cvâ^r
J4
f ;t3'2^
J4
35.
'/: (4r3
P'r/4
39.
sindde =
= Hr^^'T = Jlv^)' - (74)'] =

5
l5
J4
3 17/4
-cos
f)+l
2
41.
(2v-
l)at(
\x
11
(0
Jo
37.
73
1
.^-u
3(3)
= 50
4(16)
211
^(243
32)
r -
2t) dt
t-
l+^ = ^^
2
2
\(x--9)dx=
-9x1'
= (y-36)-(9-27)
64
3
54
3
W
3
xdx = ^-
212
Chapter 4
Integration
{x- x^)dx =
45.
f pdx
49.
=1-1 = 1
'
Jo
= -ijx p =
ri
2
t(3
47. Area
2)
:dx
=r ^x
4;c'/2
L(l/2)Ji
2
= - Average value
Vx
10
25
51.
55.
F'W = ;cVl +
1)3
+ \f
f (;c2
I
57. M
a:^
3^
/'
I
59. M
65.
^^
\{x^
JC
3;c2, /m
= 6j; (&
"" ^
J\ - cos
dx
tan";x sec^
tan"
xdx
'/'(1 +
69.
j'xix^
dx
$
;c^
J + -x^
x^
3x
+ C
(1
sin'' jt
= tI(-^ +
3)-'/2 3jc2d:^
Ix-'Yi-exdx)
= -^(1 -
3;c2)5
+ Zf- + C
+ C = ^(3;c2 -
1)^
+ C
+ C
- cose)-'/2sin0de =
(1
|(;c3
3J
41 - ix-'Ydx= -|
X cos xdx = -
l,x^
3)-'/2;c2^
|(x3
J
att
;c2
3;t:2
2(1
cos e)'/^
+ C =
2^/1
cos e
+ C
tan"
^^
67.
ix^
Jx" +
61.
1. /si
I sin'
63.
die
dx
F'W =
53.
;c3
sec TTxf- sec
-4)dx =
Tr;c
^j
X +
'
C,ni^ -\
tan 7rx<36c
y-
4)(2.)
(1
i/<
|
sec Trj:)-(7rsec Tr;ctan nx)
^ = I^^^Y^]'
=
_
^[0
9]
dx
= (1 +
sec ttxY
+ C
8(3
1)
16
'
71.
Ti. u
[2(1
0,
2tt\ {y
1.
y,
xY'^
u)
4-2
Jo
->c
Whenv =
+ x)-"^dx=
(1
VI +
Jo
dx
= du
dy
u,
Wheny =
1,
0.
+ l)Vl -ydy =
2tt\
-[(1
27r|
(m3/2
+ \]V^du
2M'/2)d
2T7r|^''2
- |
28t7
15
75.
77. u
cos(f ) dx
2|^ cos(f )
x,x =
When x =
a,
Pa,b=
^=
[2 sin(f
a[r= du
When x =
a.
^x^/V^~xdx =
213
fe,
/).
-i\-u)Judu
i-fc
23/2
3/2
(3m
l-a
(1
xy/^
{3x
5)
15
2)
l-a
"^3/2
'0.50. 0.75
~{3x
(3j: +
2
2
2)
I
I
0.353
*_
(1
fc)^/^
(b) P,
(1
fe
79.
= 35.3%
Jo.50
(3Zj
fc)3/2(3fc
0.586
p =
1.20
15.000
2)
2)
0.5
= 58.6%
0.04r
,
c = ri-\f'"'Pds
(a)
2000 corresponds
to
C = -^f"[l.20 +
^
~
1.20r
utility:
4):
24,300
10
-p^^ |[y^ +
=
4):
J_
Simpson's Rule (n
"
0.02f'
dx
"
~r7:\~r
1'
(',25)3
(1.25)3
to
15.
"^
1.20r
0.02r^
_
~
27,300
15
TtW ^
+ -4^ +
+
+
(1 5)3
15,000
C=
0.04r]dr
81. Trapezoidal Rule (
Graphing
2005 corresponds
Jio
i5,ooo r
(b)
10.
(^75)3
TT2^
'^
0.254
(J
75)3
0.257
0.254
83. Trapezoidal Rule (,
4):
COS
xdx ~
0.637
SS.
(a.)
R <
< T < L
Jo
Simpson's Rule (n
Graphing
Utility:
4):
0.685
(b) S(4)
= ^^[/(O) +
4/(1)
2(1)
2/(2)
4/(3) +/(4)]
0.704
4(2)
+ 4i^] + i
5.417
Chapter 4
214
Integration
Problem Solving
1.
(a)
Chapter 4
for
=IV-
L(l)
(b)
L '{x) = - by
the
Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
L\\) =
To
first
-rfrfor;c
dt
f
We
=
-^n^
(c) L{x)
(d)
see this,
(Note: The exact value of x
0.999896
show
let
that
2.718
P'l
-dt =
Then
P'l
-dt=
t
dt.
X^
1
= f - du = f
(x,
du)
JiA.î
i-(x,x-,)
JiA,"
=1
Pmdu\/ using = f\
-dt =
t
Ji
3. 5(;c)
"
Ji
-du+
"
LUi)
Xi/
Pn
P'l
Ji
JiA,
Ji/x,
-dt.
JlA.f
\
/jTAj
Now,
the base of the natural logarithm function.)
-dt.
and du =
Xy
is e,
P^l
-du
Ji
LUj).
^ Uf
IH't
I
sini
(a)
(b)
-2--
The
zeros of y
V? vS-y7 2Vl3
V2
V5
sin
^r correspond
extrema of S{x).
(c)
5'W = sin-^ =
= mr =^
Relative
maximum
at
Relative
minimum
at
jc
~Jl
2 and x
X'
1.4142 and x
,/8
=> X =
2n
= V6
V22. n integer.
2.4495
2.8284
.2
(d)5"(x)
= cos(^)(7rx) =
Points of inflection at x
=
1,
AjTT
V3, Js, and ^7.
=>
x^
+ 2n => X = Vl +
2n, integer
to the relative
(b)
5. (a)
(c) f(x)
Hx)
<
-X,
.r
6 <
1,
~2
;c
F"{x)=f\x) =
< 8
-4
~2
<
Jt
< 2
1,
2 <
.r
< 6
J.,
6 <
j:
<
f-l,
(d)
ij:
-2
"2
< 2
2<x<6
4,
(8,3)
6
7
215
-2
F(x]
/(f) dt
(.x:V2)
decreasing on
Therefore, the
maximum
7. (a)
3 at
is
.r
cos.ric
cosi
cos
sin
a:
4x
L(l/4):r2_ ^
= f(x). F is
(4, 8).
+
_
'''
F'(x)
At
4,
2<A<6
(/is not continuous
^ < x < "
-r
dx:
minimum
is
a point of inflection, whereas
at
j:
ex
x = 6
is
not.
6.)
and increasing on
(0, 4)
is
<
......
< 2
[(-^72),
.,
at
.r
4,
and the
8.
^1 +
-i=
cosi
cos'
?=
2 sin(l)
2 cosi
1.6758
1.6829
Error. 11.6829
1
(b)
r.i
dx
1.6758
+A-2
0.0071
1
1
(Note: exact answer
(1/3)
is
7r/2 ==
(c)
(1/3)
Let p(x)
ax^
bx-
d.
2
b.^
cx+ - +
.5708)
<ir
lb
= =r + Id
3
'^--ir'\ji .,|..).g..).|..
9.
Consider
Hv) =
[fix)]-
=> F\x) =
2f{x)f\x).'\\ms,
11. Consider
x^
dx
Jo
\f{x)f\x)dx=
Ja
\\ F'(x)dx
Si"'
Fix)
The corresponding Riemann Sum using
right endpoints
Jo ^
^[F(b)
'
= \[l^ +
25
1^
n5]
F(a)]
= pibT- - f(ar-]
Thus, lim S{n)
1^
lim
25
6'
is
Chapter 4
216
13.
By Theorem
Integration
<
4.8,
/W
<
=>
<
f{x) dx
< f(x) => m{b
a)
a)
<
f{x) dx
< M{b -
a).
cb
mdx <
Ja
Thus, m{b
Ja
rb
Similarly,
M dx = M(b
Ja
a).
f(x) dx.
Ja
On
the interval [0,
1], 1
<
JT^H?
<
V2
and
fo
Ja
Thus,
15.
<
J\ + x^dx < 72.
Since-|/W| <
f{x)
<
(Note:
rb
J'b \f{x)\dx< \f{x)dx<
Ja
\f{x)\dx
1.0894J
+ sm
l-nit
r
36.5
60)1
rb
rb
f{x)dx
<\
Ja
Jo
100,000
yr+~?c&=
\f{x)\,
rb
'\dt =
_,
100,000
t
365
\f{x)\dx.
Jo
365
- ^r-COS
2lT
l-nitt
365
60)
T' ^
Jo
100,000
lbs.
1.
CHAPTER
Logarithmic, Exponential,
and Other Transcendental Functions
.... 218
Section 5.1
The Natural Logarithmic Function:
Differentiation
Section 5.2
Integration
Section 5.3
Inverse Functions
Section 5.4
Exponential Functions: Differentiation and Integration
Section 5.5
Bases Other than e and Applications
Section 5.6
Differential Equations:
Growth and Decay
246
Sections.?
Separation of Variables
251
Section 5.8
Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation
259
Section 5.9
Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration
263
Section 5.10
Hyperbolic Functions
267
223
227
.
233
240
Review Exercises
272
Problem Solving
278
CHAPTER
Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

Section 5.1
Solutions to
1.
Simpson's Rule:
/j
10
1.5
2.5
3.5
0.4055
0.6932
0.9163
1.0987
1.2529
1.3865
0.5
-0.6932
'
Jl
Note:
dt
t
Jl
3. (a) In
(b)
7. f{x)
45
Jos
ri-dt ==
3.8067
\y
(b)
9. fix)
upward
13. fix)
;c
In
(b)
Inf
In2
(c)
In 81
218
In
In
73 =
In
Domain:
17. (a) In 6
21. In
-dt
-0.2231
-0.:
-0.2231
In
U-
1)
1.7917
(a)
2x
jc
unit to the right
15. fix)
>
In(x
Domain: x >
19.
In
7a2+
Inf
1)
In 3
- ln3 = -0.4055
3''
= 4
in 3'''2
In 3
==
Matches
(b)
3 in
Horizontal shift
Domain: x >
(d) In
Jl
= \nx +
5. (a) In 0.8
ro.8
Matches
3.8067
11. f{x)
Differentiation
In
in 3
|n 3
In z
4.3944
0.5493
23. In
ln(a2
i)i/3
= -
in(a2
1)
The Natural Logarithmic Function: Differentiation
Sections.]
25. Inf^^-T-^V
3[ln(;c2
3[lnU-
1)
27. In z(z
In.r^]
1)2
In z
ln(z
In z
2 ln(z
1)^
x'
29.
ln(;c
31. -[21ii(a:
33
,x
3)
+ InU -
1)
In
1)
In
+
= -1 In -tU
^^, _
,
- lnVx= +
3)-
In
35.
Vj;'
In
/x(x
'^^
+ 3)2
_ ^
37.
lim ln(x
j-3*
lim ln[x2(3
X
x)]
In
1.3863
41.
In
j:^
At(l,0),v'
>'
In
JT'
In
45.
;c
g(x)
= Inx- =
3)
= -oo
3 In
.r
43.
1)
39.
3 In.x]
.\T
1)]
1
Inx - InU^ ,
1)
x-2
2)
- - \n(x- +
2 In 3
- InU +
2)
3.
21nA;
47.
(ln;c)''
= 4(lnx)3(i)=^(ill^
^
ax
\x/
X
At(l,0),v'=
49.
In
2.
xjx^ -
^ = i + V ^
X
dc
53.
g{t)
2\x2
In
_
1/
.X
+ - In(x2 -
2.r2
xU'
1)
55.
- 2t\nt
- 2Inr
dy
dx
yj^ = f[ln(x+l)-ln(x-l)]
^ J_r_l
2Lx +
1_1 ^
- ij ~
In^
.v
In.T
x(x^
-x2
fix)
1)
1)
In(Inx-)
(In.r2)
In x^ a[r
J4
(^^'/-^^
x^
-ln(4
In
x^
x(x~
=
x
In x-
'
In(.r-
l-x-
2x
r+
x^
^ = -!-
59. f(x)
djc
\n
w=x
Int
t-(l/t)
/W
,
1)
g'it)
57.
51.
4)
x^)
In x-
Inx
In
219
61.
v^c^+T
+ Jx- +
ln(;c
dl^ -x[x/Jx- + l) +
dx~
y/jC^
1
1
In sin
dx
+
V;c2
/ V
1
x^JlFTl
65.
.r|
dV
67.
-Jx-
JWT\j \ J^T\
\x +
x^J^^^Tx
J^fT\+
63.
Chapter 5
220
+
+
cos.T
cotx
In
=
dy
ln|
+ sin x
+ sinx
1 +
cos X
1 +
dx
>-
sinx|
j:
Inlcosxl
dy
_ sinx _
dx
cos X
69. fix)
sin
fix)
(2 sin
Inlcosj:
-sin
cos X
2x
sin
l)(sinx
2)
= 3x2-
a:
tan.r +
I
2 sin 2x
In
2x)(-J
+ 4 cos
2x
in
In x^
When X =
1,
= - (sin 2x +
2x cos 2x
= ^sin 2x +
(13)
X cos 2x
(b)
v" =
5.
dx
line:
73.
x2
31n>' -l-y^
y dx
5(x
1)
5x
- 2
5x
3^
10
75.
dx
-le-'
dy
dx
77. y
_
"
2x
i-i/y)
2x3;
-ly~ l-ly^
j-Inx
Domain: x >
>>
=x
(x
l)(x
minimum:
1)
when x =
/'=l+^>0
Relative
In x)
In X,
dy
= 6x
dx
Tangent
ll
cos x
.t
3 cos
(sinx
ln|2
sin
71. (a)
sin xl
v^2~rT
COSJC
In
COS
sinjc
>>
1 + x^-J^FTx
7]?TT
( 1
2)
2(lnx)
In x^)
sin
cosj:
Section 5.]
221
= xlnx
79. y
Domain:
y'
;c
>
= xl-] +
\nx
In
when x = e~K
.r
(f-'.-f-')
y"=-
>
Relative
minimum:
(e
',
')
81. V
Injc
<
jc
<
(in;c)(l)
(x){l/x)
Domain:
,
>
l,.x
_ In-r-
(ln;c)^(lA)
when x =
(Inx
l)(2/;c) In
a:
{\nxr
Relative
minimum:
fix)
{e~,
/(I)
ln;c,
\nx
whenx =
e^.
x(\nx)^
(e, e)
83.
e.
(Inx)'
(ln;c)2
e^/2)
The values of/, Pj, Pj, and their first derivatives agree at
= 1. The values of the second derivatives of/ and P,
/'(1)=1
/'W=^,
/"W = -A,
/"(i)
agree
1)
= X -
/'2W =/(l) +f'Wix -
1)
+ |/"(1)U - IP
U-l)-^(x-
P,'(.r)
1,
P/W
M;c)=
P/(l)=
(x
1)
P,(l)
1,
P,(1)
1)%
P.'(l}
.r,
P/i;i)= -1
-1,
85. Find.x such that In.r
fix)
j:
= -i
=/(l) +/'(1)U -
PiW
at
87.
a:.
= ilnx)+x =
y
Inr
= x^x^ =
In.v
;c2
|ln(.t=
1)
fix)
=- +
fix J
"
-''
y\dxj
^.
/UJ
-0.1931
Approximate
root:
0.5644
0.5671
-0.0076
-0.0001
0.5
0.567
+.v
dt
M
ln,T
\xix^ -
1)J
^/p^H"
Chapter 5
222
89.
]ny
1)3/2
91.
V7+T
2 ln;c
-ln(3;c
lfÛ2^
y\dx)
2(3a-
3x^
dx
2{x
93.
Answers
2 In^
3
= \nx + - InU -
Iny
1)
3/
2)
\5x
2xOx 3x!^
2)
dy
+
-
y\dxj
2\x 1/
1)
2\x +
dy
2){x
2Lx
dx
1).
- 15;>:^ + 8jc
- iyj3x - 2
will vary. See
- - ln(;t +
1)
y^ 4x^ + \x21 xix''- 1)
Theorems
5.1
and
95. In e'
5.2.
because f{x)
;c
In
{2x^
x and
+ 2x- \)Jx{x + 1)3/2
g(x)
e^
are inverse functions.
97. (a) /(l) 9^/(3)
99.
/3
10
(b)
log,,
10\
= 7^[ln
j8(10"')
10-'
{In/
VIO
In 10
16 In 10]
In 10
101. (a)
You
for
get an error message because In
/z
10
llnf
10-16
In
+ 161n
exist
(d) If p
0.75, h == 2.72
13
0.
0.8627
6.4474
In p.
[Note: Fit a line to the data

(C)
If
(x,
/!
2.
+ lOlogig/
160
(f)
10]
Reversing the data, you obtain
forA:
16 In 10]
(e)
(b)
- - =
10
10 In 10
7^[m 10
h does not
fix)
In
7^[6
In 10
km, p
0.8627
10]
60 decibels
km.
0.15 atmosphere.
- 6.4474
In/?
'
y)
= -6.4474--^
(Inp, h).]
(implicit differentiation)
p dh
25
dp
dh
p
-6.4474
For A
5,
For h
2Q),p
p = 0.5264 and dp/dh = -0.0816 atmos/km.
= 0.0514 and dp/dh = -0.0080
atmos/km.
As
the altitude increases, the rate of
change of pressure
decreases.
103. (a) fix)
In x, gix)
J'x
{h)
fix)
^'"4-'î^
For X >
'X, g 'ix)
> fix), g is increasing
than/for "large" values of z.
fix)^\nx,gix)=ifx
at
a faster rate
For X > 256, g Xx) > fix), g is increasing at a faster rate

than/for ;arge" values of .v./(.v) = In x increases very
'
slowly for "large" values of x
Section 5.2
The Natural Logarithmic Function: Integration
105. False
In
j:
In
25
ln(25x)
ln(;t
25)
Section 5.2
BH
-dx = 5\n
+ C
\x\
3.
.r
J.r
5.
2x,
du
= 2dx
7. u
1, rf
dx
dx = InLc
+ C
x^
I,
du
2x dx
dJc=-l-\^{-2)dx
2j3 -2x
Js-Zx'^
^
In 3
2x\
+ C
-ln{x2+
InV.r^
/^-/h!
11. M
ott
+ C
4ln|;c|
.r^
.t-
J x3
3x-
+ 2x +
+ 3jc- +
9x,
+ C
+ C
du
^
"
3
9.t:
1)
3(x~
Zx
f 3{x^
2j:
3J
.r^
+
+
ln|x3
+ 61nU +
1|
|ln(;c2
2)
+ C
"/^^:^*^/(''--?tiK
y-2;c +
19. M
a;
I,
du
lvlTT* =
Ux+
l)-'/2(ic
l<
2{x
2V.r
1)1/2
+ C
in X,
{\nxf
+ C
= dx
dx
+ 3)
+ 9.r
+ 9x\+ C
du
Y+
51n|;c
3|
+ C
= - dx
X
21. H
3x^
3)
-/^4^-/('-7^)-
..j^f^.-j{.-^^jh].
4x
3a2
2r
dx
1_.,3
_
= -(ln.r)'
+ C
3
flv
=/n--/u^-
+ C
= 21nU -
1|
(.V
+ C
1)
223
Chapter 5
224
25. M
+ Jlx, du = -^= dx =^
Jlx
ln|M|
= V^ -
Cj
C,
+ 72I) -
(l
= Jlx-
C=
du
"
J/
27.
- \)du = dx
du
}\ + Jlx
V2jc
where
{u
ln(l
+ JYx\ +
Injl
v^) + C
3, rfw
-pdx
=>
2(m
3)
2j^. = l\^^^^^du = 2j( .

+
6m + 91ni|
33.
;:+
6V5 + IBlnlv^ -
sin Q,
\^Jx -
C,
C,
3|
+ C where C =
181n|M|
C,
27.
31.
CSC
2j:
Inll
sinil
,_
+ C
secxtanx
35.
2- Xdx
r dx
39. i
(1.0)^
-dx
:^
x-2
-31n|;f
2|
+ C
= -31n|l -
(1,0):
= -3
2|
+ C
==*
dx
(esc
(
dx
2.i;)(2)
Inlsec
cot 2x\
tan(2e) rf0
+ C
+ ,"
C
,
(0.2),
tan(2e)(2rf0)
^1'
?V:^
-ln|cos2e| +
C=
= --
ln|cos (0)|
1n|;<;- 2\
X + 2
= --ln|cos2e| +
(0,1)
(b)
(a)
>.(0)
X + 2
1=^*
Hence, y
^
=
rfx
ln|x
=
+
ln|x
In 2
2|
2|
+ C
+ C
C
In 2
in 2
X + 2
In
A I I A
41,
(0, 2):
^=-
Inlcsc 2j:
|:
= -3
=
3!
18
12
f).
37.. =
du = cos 6 dS)
df =
f-^^^
+ sin
3)
M^
+C
P^rfe=ln|sine|
f sin 6
=
Ci
= [Jx - 3f + 12(v^ -
(m
= dx
du
ijx
\-^^dx =
29.
Ci
=J.
C=
Section 5.2
43.
45. M
fl^'^^tf'^l^^^'ll
= -In
-x^- X-
+ \nxY
\n X,
du
= dx
X
4.275
-ff^-/>
(1
13
dx
f-
49.
\n\x+
ln|e
rfe
+ C =
+ C =
in
sin e\
sin
2
In
1
51. -Inlcosjcl
+ln.r)3
cos 6
-In 3
1|
= ^1
dx
sin 2
sin
1.929
+ C
Inlsecr
cos.r
53. Inlsec^c
tan.r
+ C=
2(1
tan .r)(sec
(sec X
In
sec
â!j; =
(sec
In
+ v^) -
X - tan x
21n(l
j:
tan
jc)
+ C =
tan x)
+ C = Inlsecr
v^x)
tan
secx -
sec'.t
In
j:
tan-^.x:
+ C
tanj:
+ C
C,
= 2[Vx -
cos(l
57.
- x)dx =
-sin(l
p/2
59.
ln(l
+ Jx)] + C where C =
.t)
sinjf)fl[x
V2
ln|cscjc +
cot.i:|
= ln(V2 +
cosj:
Jtt/A
2.
+ C
(cscr
C,
Note: In Exercises 61 and 63, you can use the Second Fundamental
61.
F(x)
F'ix)
1)
72
- -^
0.174
ir/4
62.fix) =
=B-dt
\
= i
F'ix)
[\dt
Theorem of Calculus or
['\dt-[\dt
integrate the function.
65.
f-i=
3a'
.V
A =
1.25
Matches
67.
A =
'^^^-^dx =
I
(x
+ -]dx
'\^ +
'
In
.r
(8
+ 41n4)-^
*^
15
8 In 2
13.045 square units
(d)
225
Chapter 5
226
Jo
ttxXtt
-r
r2sec^d^ =
69.
ttJo
12
In
tan
6 Jo
11 In sec + tan
3
77
12
+ 73) -
ln(2
71.
ln|l
0|
77
5.03041
Power Rule
73. Substitution: (m
j:^
75. Divide the polynomials:
4)
and Log Rule
x+
77. Average value
pg
("4
~dx =
r-
4 - 2J2 X-
Inx
79. Average value
x'''^dx
^tI'
J2
dx
81.
Pit)
P(0)
=
=
C=
r fo25/
'
12,000 ln|l
"
0.25(0)1
0.25f|
12,000 ln|l
P{3)
1000[12(ln 1.75)
85. (a)
0.25r|
0.291
+ C
+ C=
1000
1000
50
/I
1V2
(3000)(4)J
P(t)
83.
In |1
\_nxir
"p^-^g/? = 12,000
-4i
-M
j:
+
1]
1000
1000[121n|l
y^
^2
2x2
y,
= V2x2-
:y2
= - V2x2-
0.25f|
1]
7715
^r3Sfi-=HH~ +
2x--
3x\
_
$168.27
40
Let/:
= 4andgraphr.^
^ I - if^)
\ ^
/ '\
2^^
(c) In part (a),
4jc
2yy
'
In part (b),
y^
4j:
'
=
2yy'
=-=
=
2x
,'_-^ _ ~2y _ -2y _ -y

yx^
Using a graphing
utility
the graphs intersect at (2.214, 1.344).
The
y'^ x'^
4x
2x'
slopes are 3.295 and
-0.304 = (- l)/3.295,
respectively.
Inverse Functions
Section 5.3
89. True
87. False
I
(lnx)
"l
ln(;c'^2)^(,n^)i/2
dx
= InU +
C,
ln|C|
il
(a)
f(x)
/(gW)
giifU))
3. (a)
5;c
ln|C;c|,
=/(^) = 5(^1
=
Inverse Functions
Section 5.3
1.
ln|x|
g(5x
fix)
g(x)
= ^x
1)
= ^^""^P
l=x
'
=X
x'
(b)
f{g{x))=f[ifx) = {irxy
g(/W) = g(:^)=
= x
I
_2--3
5. (a)
fix)
vT^^
gU) = x= +
(b)
12--
4,
.V
>
10-
/(gW)=/U- + 4)
= VU^ + 4)-4=v^ =
;c
4
2
-\
7. (a)
(y;c
-4)2 + 4 =
x-4
10
fix)
g{x)
= -
(b)
H
f(g{x))
g(/W) =
9.
Matches
(c)
l--J
12
Y/^
tV
l/x
=^
=^
11.
Matches
(a)
1*--'
C ^0
227
Chapter 5
228
13. fix)
ja:
15. f{e)
/W
17. h(s)
sin d
Not one-to-one; does not have an
One-to-one; has an inverse
19.
21. g(x)
\nx
U+
s-2
5)3
-2
23. f(x)
f'(x)
+ af +
--
{x
3(;c
>
a)2
25.
for all x.
/W
^-
2x^
f'ix)=x?-4x =
/is increasing on ( oo, oo). Therefore, /is
when ;c =
0, 2,
-2.
strictly
/is not
monotonic and has an inverse.
strictly
monotonic on ( oo,
oo). Therefore,
not have an inverse.
27. /(x)
fXx)
= -
- X 1
;c3
3;c2
<
for
all x.
/is decreasing on ( oo, oo). Therefore, / is
29.
fix)
= lx--b=y
'-^
2
/-'W =
-.
strictly
31.
monotonic and has an
/W
x=
= y
33.
/(;c)
= v^ =
y^
y= Vx
x'-
/-'(x)
x5
4/y
inverse.
5/^
x'/5
f-\x) =
jc2,
jc
>
/does
35.
<x <2
Vx-
fix)
x= JA -y^
jc
y3
= JV^J^
x^
/-'W =x3+
fix)
f-\x) =
JA-
V4 -
x'^
y,
<
x\
;c
37.
< 2
=y
r ^'r
The graphs of /and/"'
4- ^
39.
fix)
x^l^
y3/2
.V,
;(
>
41.
229
Inverse Functions
Section 5.3
are
reflections of each other
across the line y
x.
/(x)=^#= = y
Jly
77;c
f'\x)
=;c3/2,
-^-yr^
>
;c
/The graphs of/and/"'

across the line y
<
<
;<:
are
The graphs of/ and/
x.
'
are
f::^
across the line v
x.
-^z
43.
45. (a) Let
x be
the
number of pounds of the commodity
costing 1.25 per pound. Since there are 50 pounds
f-\x)
total,
The
(b)
We
1.25.r
-0.35a:
(c)
1.60(50
x)
<
80
-0.35;c
0.35a:
80
(80
Domain of
.r
<
50.
+ 80
>>
y)
= -^(80 -
x)
f (80
.x).
represents cost and y represents poimds.

inverse
is
62.5
<
.v
<
80.
= 73 in the inverse function.

= -^(80 - 73) = -x = 20 pounds.
(d) If .t
is
find the inverse of the original function:
Inverse:
.r
amount of the second commodity
the
total cost is
50
Chapter 5
230
47. fix)
(x
= 2U -
f'(x)
on
4)2
>
4)
/is increasing on
oo)
[4,
on
[4, oo).
(4,
49. f(x)
-^ on
(0,
fix)
< Oon(0,
oo)
oo)
inverse.
/is decreasing on
(0, oo).
51. f(x)
f'(x)
cos X on
on
/is decreasing on
x^y
^
""'
(0, it)
[0, it].
fix)
Therefore, /is strictly monotonic and has an inverse.
yon (-2,
x^--4
4y
4>'
X^y
= 1,
y,
+ Vl -
all
-2 <
Range:
y < 2

c
= 4y
^
4(y)(-4v)
Vl +
- WTj6?)/2x,
0,
ifx
if
57.
55. (a), (b)
are
16>-2
2>
f(l
y=r'ix)
Domain:
2)
2y
Therefore, /is strictly
inverse.
[0, tt]
= sin x <
53.
oo)
x'
Therefore, /is strictly
across the line
>>
x.
(a), (b)
/-'
/ -^
-fl
(c) Yes,
/is one-to-one and has an inverse. The inverse
relation is
59.
Jx -
/U) =
g is not one-to-one and does not have an inverse.

The inverse relation is not an inverse function.
(c)
an inverse function.
Domain:
2,
x>2
61. fix)
= |x-
2|,x
< 2
= -(x-2)
fix)
2yr^
> OfoTx >
2.
/is one-to-one; has an inverse
Jx -
x-2=f
f
y =
x^
x^
2,x >
f'îx)
63. fix)
=
(x
ix
3)2
is
3)2
is
>>
f~\x) = 2 -
one-to-one for x
>
3.
65. /(x)
=
X
>-
|x
-I-
= v^
x= Vy +
y=Vx
-I-
3,
/-'(x)
(Answer
-X
not unique)
-I-
=y
y = X
(Answer
is
X >
one-to-one forx > -3.
/-H3c)
X >
3| is
X,
3,
X >
not unique)
Inverse Functions
Section 5.3
volume
67. Yes, the
one-to-one.
The
an increasing function, and hence
is
inverse function gives the time
corresponding to the volume
71.
fix)
:c^
fix)
3.r2
2x
one
is
not one-to-one because long distance costs are
step functions.
V.
/(I)
1,
69. No, C{t)
= a
73.
A call
lasting 2.1
if-r{2)-j;rj^
/'(/-'(2))
/W
= sin;t,/(|)=| =
fix)
3(iP
/'(I)
cos
.r
fix)
3.r=
/(2)
77. (a)
(b)
yo)
f'(
_ 2V3
3
f~^((i\\
f'(i\
/'(2)
/'(/-H6))
Domain/ = Domain/
'
3(2)2
= (00,00)
Range/= Range/"' = (00,00)
(4/22)
13
79. (a)
(b)
Domain/ =
Range/ =
[4, 00),
[0, 00),
Domain /^^ =
Range/"'
(c)
(c)
3-1-
//
(d)
/(.)
= ^,
(|,^
(d)
fix)
TT^,
Ax) =
10
12
2jx -
(5, 1)
/I
/u
'X
/-H;c)
(/-')'(.r)
1^1
/'(5)
/"'(x)
X-
(/")'(.r)
2x
(/-')'(1)
=
</.t-
(/-
cos(7r/6)
(J
/V/6)
/'(/-'(1/2))
1
(/-
73/2
/W
2/
75.
minutes costs the same as
lasting 2.2 minutes.
2
1
231
4,
(1,5)
[4,
[0.
00)
oc)
81.
Chapter 5
232
.r
V+
y3
^d\
dv
liy-
14v'
let /(a)
x^
3-14
'
Alternate solution;
Then/'(jc)
'
Mi-4A),^
"ate
'
dx
dy
Ix^
11
2.
- 14Aand/'(l) = -11.
Sjc^
In Exercises 83 and 85, use the following.

/(x)
|a:
r\x) =
3 andg(x)
%{x
x^
and g-\x)
3)
= i^
=/-'(g-Hl)) =/-'(!) = 32
83. (/-' "g-')(l)
85. (/-'
r')(6) =/-'(/-'(6)) =/-'(72)
600
f(x)
4 and gix)
r'W=x-4andg-'W
87. (g-'
2*
./-i)W = r'(/-'W)
= g-'U ^ (x-
4)
89.
(/g)(x)=/(gW)
= /(2x-5)
4)
(Zx
5)
x+
= 2x-
Hence, (/"g)-'U)
(Note: (/-g)-'
91.
Answers
will vary.
See page 335 and Example
95. /is not one-to-one because

the
many
3.
93. y
different x- values yield
x-^
= X +
=g-'"/-')
on { CO, ca) does not have an
97. Let if'gjix)
y then x
inverse.
(/= g)^'(y). Also,
same >'-value.
{f'g)ix)=y
Example: /(O)
= /(tt) =
figix))
(2rt
Not contmuous
IItt
at
where n
is
an mteger
Since/and g
(/5)-'
graphs of gix) and h{x) contain the point

Therefore, the inverse of/(x)
is
unique.
(b, a).
Then
g(x)=r'(y)
X
99. Suppose g(x) and h{x) are both inverses of/(x).
g-'{f-'(y))
ig-' 'f-')(y)
are one-to-one functions,
= g^'r'-
the graph of/(x) contains the point {a, b)
if
and only
Since the graphs of g{x) and h(x) are the same, g{x)
h{x).
if
the
Section 5.4
103. True
101. False
Let/W = x\
dt
105. Not true
107.
71 +
<
X,
Let/W
<
;c
;,
/(2)
1
1
jc,
/is one-to-one, but not
< X < 2
strictly
ym^
fix)
monotonic.
= yi7
(/-')'(o)
i/yi?
/'(2)
Section 5.4
1.
Inl
7. e'
JC
3.
In 12
19. V
5. e'"-'
=2
13. In
2?*
=
7
e'
.r
e=
= 4
2^^=
.r
7.3891
In
-4
X
0.6931
2.485
= 30
InU -
9.
12
-X =
15.
In 2
g0.6931.
11. 50e-^
3)
e-
.t
0.511
17.
ln7x + 2 =
Jx +
e'
e-
jt
e^
e2 == 10.389
21.
>
5.389
e-"^
to the .%-axis
233
Chapter 5
234
23. (a)
(c)
(b)
/f
25.
Horizontal shift 2 units to the
right
vertical shrink
Ce'"
Matches
and a reflection
27. y
C(l
31. f(x)
e^"
g(x)
-<")
C units
33.
35.
(a)
= e--l
=
ln{x
1)
1.000,000
2.718280469
1,000,000
^
g
e = 2.718281828
>
1,000,000
As
j:
> oo,
the graph of /approaches the graph of g.
lim (1
X oo
37. (a)
^r
e^^
(b)
y
y'
At(0, l),y'=
39. f{x)
f'(x)
45.
g(i)
41. /(jc)
= 2e^
g'W =
(e-'
e-2'+^'
f-"
+
3(e-'
e')^
+ e')V-e-')
e-
= -Ze-^"
At(0,
3.
= e^
47.
>'
In<r''
l),.v'
-J
43.
dy _
dx
Ij-x
Ik-
49.
ln(l
2e^
di_
dx
+ e^)
e^
upward
in the y-axis
Reflection in both the x- and y-axes
(c)
= InV^ = -\nx
g(x)
Vertical shift
Matches
29. f(x)
reflection in the jc-axis and a
Section 5.4
51.
dy
dx
2{e^
e'
= -lie' + e-'Yê' -
-2(e^
{e'
55. /(;c)
Z'U)
53.
e-")'^
^=
e'")
57.
j:
- =
In^J
xey
- mx +
-
ey
10
dx
dy
J!
>>'
=
=
e{(l
fix)
^-^-^
8'{x)
sin x)
e^(2 cos
j:)
= \0-
3)
/W
ey
- gy
xey + 3
_
"
V2cos
+ V2)cos
V2;>:)
(l
2)
2)
= .tV
^(.v
^x +
(-
(l
Vli:
2v/2)cos y2.v
when x =
5)e-^'
3(6;c
(l
e-^fcosVlv
sin
2)cos J2x]
e^[(\
72)sin Vlr]
3e{cosV2.i:
+ 272)sin Vlx] = -y"
2.v'
3.v
0.
0.
3)g-(-2'V2
;=
1
2,
(2,
0.399)
'Z7T
1
1,
^r-
(l
+ 2V2)cos V2a]
v/2^
maximum:
+ V2)cos72Jc +
- 2)g-(-2)V2
cos xSie' )
le-^"
6e-3x
v^)
(0, 1)
l)(.r
>/5)sin>/2:]
+ (^2 -
2)sin v/2x
- 2V2)sin
6x){-3e-^')
>
= -^(.t -
Relative
2x
sinv/2Jc)
^x +
= (-7 -
V2Tr
g"(x)
at
6A;)e-3^
10
(sin
= (-7 -
= -^,-U-2)V2
=
eîx^
- 2x +
le' cos
2x)(-3e-3')
minimum;
"
.^
(3
e-
f'(x)
gW
-2e-'f(l
67.
eîcQis
fix)
+ 72)cosV2x +
ej{l
65. f(x)
Relative
cos x)
=
3^
dx
-2y' + 3y = -y" => y" -
e'ix^
2x)e-^'
e^{cosV2jc
= e{(-
e^
e'isin x
>>"= ej_-{j2
Therefore,
2)
(3
= e^(- V2sin
3v
e^(2x
dx
61. fix)
dy
-2>''
le'
3.V
(xey
dx
63.
dx
Ixe'
e'')
= e'4-] - e-'\BX = e~4- -
xey^-
e-^)2
e-' In
59.
xê^
e-
,.-1/:
==
(1,0.242), (3,0.242)
sin
Tlr]
- v^sin Vlt]
235
69.
Chapter 5
236
fix)
x-e-'^
+ 2x6''^ = xe'îl - x) =
fix) = -e''i2x - x^) + e-^(2 - 2x)
fix)
-jcê---
e-îx^
- 4x +
2)
when;c
when jc =
0, 2.
V2.
(2V2,(64V2)c-"*^')
Relative
minimum:
Relative
maximum: i2,4e~^)
l Jl
(2
(0, 0)
v^2^-(2>^
Points of inflection: (3.414, 0.384), (0.586, 0.191)
71.
g{i)
g'ii)
(1
g"(i)
te''
(2
t)e-'
{-\.\*e)
^0.3)
t)e-'
maximum: (1,1 +
Relative
73.
A =
dA
(0, 3)
(base)(height)
-Axê''^
2e-^(l
dx
(-1,3.718)
e)
Ixe'"'
+ le-^
Ix^)
= Owhenx = 72
A = J2e~''^
75.
=
1
,a>0,b>0,L>0
ae-''"'
.A-i'
=
y
+
(1
at
-x/b
ae-^lY
(1
,-xlb
ae-Î^Y
y"=
(1
(1
Lae-^"'[ae-''/'>
(1
y"=
ae-''"'Y
+ ae-'/>')\~e-''^\ + 2(y <?--/* V^g-V*
(1
ae-'/^f
Olfae-"'"
yib In a)
ae-'''>'f
1]
fc2
rb
In
- =>
j:
fo
In
\aj
=
1
+ae-(i'in)/*
+a(l/a)
Therefore, the y-coordinate of the inflection point
is
L/2.
Section 5.4
77,
= X =^
e"^
fix)
X,
fix)
X-
Exponential Functions: Dijferentiation and Integration
e'"
79. (a)
e"^
(b)
X2
= x,- |r4 =
When
and
0.5379
at
'
+
=
f'(x2)
- TTfH "
/U3)
*3
We approximate
81.
es
0-5671
.1:
1.
As
j:
Thus,
0.567.
10
15
20
5.583
2,376
1,240
517
]nP
9.243
8.627
7.773
7.123
6.248
12
(b) In
9.3018
right,
l/x
the
right
P =
ah
P =
pnh + b
P=
is
zero from the
left,
l/x approach2.
limit does not exist since the left limit does not
For our
-0.1499/!
approaches
has a horizontal asymptote
approaches zero, and/(.r) approaches
e'/^
Therefore,
limit.
is
gOh
P = Ce^, C =
Therefore, f(x)
nonremovable discontinuity.
10,332
1.
/(.r)
approaches zero from the
As x approaches
equal
(a)
1.
00,
The
the root of /to be
approaches
1)
approaches co, e^^' approaches 00 and/(.r) approaches

zero.
x increases without bound, l/x approaches zero,
e'''-'
2/(1
0.5670
^4
237
data,
e"
= -0.1499
and
C=
e"0'8
10.957.7
10,957.7e-o'''99''
the regression
line for data (h. In P).
(c)
(d)
12.000
^=
(10,957.71)(-0.1499)e-''"'9'"
all
= - 1642.56e-o ''
For/i
83.
fix)
fix)
= e'^fio) =
fix) = iw^/"(0) =
= 18,^
all
jf^'^
+ 2(^-0)=:^+
/!
= i
\e^'\fXQ)
-776.3. For
P:
P,(;f)
=
5,^
ah
l.PilO)
P,'W=|,P/(0)=|
P2W =
P/W
\, Pz'tO)
The values
agree
at
|(-v
.v
of/,
0.
,,
0)
|(.x-
0)^-
I+^+
1,
P,(0)
Pj and
their first derivatives agree at
0.
The
values of the second derivatives
of/ and P;
-110.6.
y
Chapter 5
238
85. (a)
e^
Qo)
^2
^
=
(c)
e'
x^
e ' 5dx
du
'bx,
x^
>
87. Let u
89. Let u
5 dx.
= -2x,du = -2dx.
ju^=4|U(-2)^=[4.-
= e^ + C
e^
91.
Jxe-^dx=-|J,e-'^{-2x)dx = -|e"^ + C
e"-',
du
dx
97. Let u
e"^
3
-,
du
= - \-^-^dx =
J I + e-'
=
-ln(l
^
e-^)'
+ C =
ln(
\e^+
99.
:;dx.
-igSAl
'I
/ e*
a:
ln(e^
1)
+ C
Letu=
e^,du
= -e'dx.
X-
le'JT^^dx = -
/:f-4H-i)-
101. Let
+ C=
1/
-e""^dj:
"^
^dx = 2 e^(-^ W = 2e-^ +
93.
I
95. Let H
e^
-iic
e"-', <û
In
{e^
e"^
(e^
e"^
7^^ =
= -^(1 -
103.
e-'^)dx.
r J" dx=
+ C
_Lsin,rx(^ COS
rtSin
7j:r
+ c
- e'y'-(-e')dx
e'f'^
+ C
1)
\5e-^dx- \e-^dx
= -T^"^ +
Lsinm^Qs
(1
T7;c) lie
107.
Ye-^Xw.(e-^)dx=
I
e"-*
+ C
[tan(e~^)](-e-"^)att
ln|cos(e-^)|
+ C
Section 5.4
109. Let u
du
ax^,
lax
dx.
(Assume a
i=
0)
= \xe^(
xe"^' dx
e'^(2ax) dx
e^
2a
"l
113. (a)
^{e'
/:
/(O)
f(x}
= -(C +
Cj
e-')dx
=>
e'^)
C,
-(e^
e"^)
C^
Co
e-')
^ = 2e-^/%
(b)
C,
/w
+ C
]-(e-
/i
/'(O)
2a
= \^(e' + e-^)dx =
111. fix)
239
(0, 1)
= \2e-''^dx=
>-=
\le-''^dx= -4
-A\e-''^\--dx
e
(0,
d;
= -4e-^/2 + c
C=
= -4e +
(0, 1):
-4 + C => C =
t
76
^dA:=e'
115.
=e5-l =
147.413
117.
xe-'^^'^dx
.lp-^/4
47.727c
-le-^l^-
1.554
(-6
119. (a) /(m
v)
e"-"
e"
(")(-")
_ /()
e-o.oi39Cr-48)^^,
121. 0.0665
J48
(b) /(fcjc)
123.
e'dt
e^-
>
Jo
(e')^
= [/W?.
\dt
Graphing
125.
Jo
/(.v)
e".
127. Yes. fix)
0.4772
Domain
is
(00. 00) and range
is (0.
oc).
/is continuous, increasing, one-to-one. and concave
upwards on
its
lim
= Q
a - 00
e^-\>x^!-e^>\+
Utility:
e''
entire
domain.
and lim
e''
j:>oo
X for.v >
= Ce^.Ca constant.
129. e
'
e'^dx >
>
Jo
0.
00.
Chapter 5
240
\nx
131. fix)
(a) f'(x)
On
(0, e),f'{x)
On
{e, oo),/'(jc)
For e <
(b)
In
when x =
=>
>
/is increasing.
=>
<
/is decreasing.
InS
InA^ >
A >
Since e <
A\nB
InS''
B^.
tt,
from part
(b)
-(r
=
fo
7. log,
6,
we have
e'^
>
Bases Other than
Section 5.5
At
e.
< S, we have:
/4
B\t\A >
(c)
'
_
~
(if
tt"".
and Applications
-^(r
log^l
log2 2-3
At
4
fo
9. (a)
10,
23
11. (a) logioO.Ol
log28
10-2
(b)
3-'=^
l0g3T=-l
X
y
= -2
=
3^
15. v
-2
-1
17. h{x)
-2
-1
0.01
logo^8= -3
%-' =
0.5-3
0.3715
'
(b)
13. y
10/7
5.
5^-2
JC
-1
125
X
25
i
5
/
4-
/
3-
/
\
2-
1
1-
>-
w.
1
*
3
Bases Other than
Section 5.5
1000
19. (a) logio
= X
W=
.t
-f
=x
(b) logioO.l
i(y
=x
3-'
(b) log2J:
2-"
0.1
= -4
=
X
1
JC= -1
x^-
23. (a)
X-
+ 1)U -
log;
2)
32^
75
2jcln 3
In
25
logj 5-
= -10R;c =
25.
- X =
- X -
;c2
(x
(b)
3a;
log2 64
3jc
log2 2*
3.r
23--'
27.
75
(3
.r)ln
= 625
=
- x =
In
625
In
625
In 3
In 2
In
625
-6.288
In
|l+ff^3
29.
31. logjU
.r
2^
.r
33
1)
+~) = ln3
12rln|l
= 1'"^5^,Q..
32
2)
In 3
==
12
/,
12.253
0.09
T+I2=
33. logj x~
;c2
.t
35.
=
=
4.5
3^-5
v^^ 11.845
gU) = 6(2'--)-25
Zero:
x=
-1.059
(-1.059.0)
^X.^
/
and Applications
-1
21. (a) log3;c=
1000
37. /lU)
Zero: 5
32 logioU
2.340
15
241
Chapter 5
242
39. f(x)
4^
-2
g{x)
log4;c
fix)
16
16
-2
-1
gW
41.
/U) =
/'(x)
-1
4^
43.
i
2
>-
5^-2
45.
(ln4)4-
g{t)
g'it)
ax
47.
/i(e)
h'ie)
2-9cos ttO
49.
= 2-s(-7rsin
ttO)
= -2-^(In 2)
51. fix)
=
=
log.
10S2
- (ln2)2-cos
cos -770+ TTSin
trd
Trd]
logj ix
logj
^ = 12'
1)
dx
/'W
xln 2
(;t-l)ln2
X-
lOlog^r
10 /In
57.
ln4V
10 rr(lA)
In
4L
In
;Mn2
(1
(x
V^^^^ = I log; ix^ 2;c
[x-
= - In j:
61.j3^^ =
l)ln(x
2)
Kl)=<-u-. + InU
+
^ X-^
+ Hx -
2)
= U -
t\n2)
l)ln5
^
~
1)
U^-
l)ln5
X './x
-Inf)
y=ix-2Y*^
=
-'^
^ = ^(1
Iny
2'ti2
2)
.1
/2ln4'-
59.
r,
Inrl
f'
10
r2'(rln2
1)
git)
8 'it)
(2t)2'
(In 2)a:(jc
55.
= tHln2)2' +
xln3
2 log2 x
t^2'
53.
logs
2)
2)--
i^
+ InU -
2)
Inx)
|^ + C
2x(2/-'-2(l
ln;c)
Bases Other than
Section 5.5
5./.5-=^=-l|5
\x5'''~ dx= -]r\5
65.
2j
and Applications
'\-2x)dx
1\52 L
In
+ C
\ll In 5
-1
2 In 2
(5-^'-)
In
+ C
2 In 5
3^
:
+3-
67.
69.
In 3
=
^
dx
0.4^/3^ (0,
_,_
3 In 2.5(0.4)^/3
0.4^3)
(;
73.
Answers
3(in 2.5)(0.4K3
+ _ _
+ ^
3 ] 2.5
In 2.5
71.
(b)
= 3[o.4'/'(| dx
In 0.4
ln(l+3^) + C
In 3
(a)
0.4^/3
3(1
3)3^ dx
\
2
2(ln
d[x
Jo.4^^^^.
.V
3-', c/m
In 3)3-
d[;,
will vary.
Example: Growth and decay problems.
(a)
is
an exponential function of -v: False
(b)
is
a logarithmic function of .r: True; v
(c)
is
an exponential function of
(d)
is
a linear function of x: False
(8,3)
v:
(2.1)
(1,0)
--\
2
75./(.^)
log,x
x'
six.
=^
[Note: Let y
1-
f'(x)
g'(x)
g(x).
77. C{t)
xln2
x^(l
Then:
In.x)
In
y =
(a)
In
A'
a-"^
h In
y(l
P(1.05)'
C(10)
= x In .r
24.95(1.05)'
-$40.64
.V
(b)
.V
y'
^=
P{\n 1.05)(1.05)'
at
In.v)
Whenf =
y'
^(a)
.ir
=>
2'
'(.t)
2x
A''(.v)
(In 2)2^
x'^(l
+lnA) =
1:
j^ =
0.051P
dt
g'(j:).]
When
8:
0.072P
dt
Ma) =
From
greatest to smallest rate of growth:
gix), k{x),
(c)
^=
h{x)J(x)
=
The
is
(In 1.05)[P(1.05)']
(In 1.05)C(r)
constant of proportionality
hi 1.05.
True, 2*
log^.v
=x
243
79.
81.
Chapter 5
244
P =
= 35% =
$1000, r
A=
lOOofl
A =
1000e<oo35)(>o)
P =
$1000, r
10
+^^)
A =
lOOOeCo^'ô
12
365
Continuous
1410.60
1414.78
1416.91
1418.34
1419.04
1419.07
12
365
Continuous
4321.94
4399.79
4440.21
4467.74
4481.23
4481.69
1419.07
0.05,
30
0.05 yo"
10001
= 5% =
A =
035\"'"
83. 100,000
0.035,
P^-ooî
4481.69
=> p =
lOO.OOOe^
85. 100,000
= P
OOSV^'
P =
100,000
20
30
40
50
95,122.94
60,653.07
36,787.94
22,313.02
13,583.53
8208.50
12
10
20
30
40
50
95,132.82
60,716.10
36,864.45
22,382.66
13,589.88
8251.24
87. (a)
10
0.05 V'^
12
A =
20,000(
(b)
A =
(c)
A = 8000
06V365)(8)
^j
$32,320.21
89. (a)
$30,000
0.06V,(365)(8)
0.06Y36s)(4)
$12,928.09
6.7 million
ft^
-(48.1)A
365/
25,424.48
V'(60)
0.040 million ftVyr
$38,352.57
(365)(8)
e.le"
V"(20) == 0.073 million ftVyr
20,0001
365/
322.27
V-
(b)
lim 6.7e<-*8'>/'
r-oo
0.06 V(365){4)
365/
$34,985.11
Take option
(c).
300
91. y
(a)
ne'0.062Sjc
'<
(c) If y
(d)
,_
^
(b) If ;c
= 2 (2000 egg
masses), y
16.67 ==
16.'
66.67%, then x
300(3
38.8 or 38,800 egg masses.
ne-oos^ô:)-!
318.756-^^^
(3
17e-oo625x)2
19.921875e-'"^^^(17g-'^^^
(3
17^-0.0625^
3)
17e-0"625^)3
=>
;c
27.8 or 27,800 egg masses.
Bases Other than
Section 5.5
B =
93. (a)
4.7539(6.7744)''
4.7539e''32^
5 '(0.8)
'20
(b)
SV) =
(c)
f(t) dt
5.67
g{t) dt
5.67
(c)
The
and Applications
245
9.0952e''3M
==
42.03 tons/inch
5 '(1.5) =
95. (a)
160.38 tons/inch
functions appear to be equal: fit)
git)
hit)
Jo
Analytically,
/3\2r/3
/W=4|
Jo
h(t) dt
5.67
Jo
=4
;i(t)
4^-0.653886,
(f)
41
(b)
4(^)' =
4|-g-0.653886J,
97.
IQQOe-"'^' dt
4(0.52002)'
when
720
432
259.20
155.52
2000
,1
1200
10
interval
may be
the functions are not equal.
99.
Jo
4(0.52002)'
^9i/3Y
No. The definite integrals over a given

equal
^(0
.-0.06
y
=s;
Cik!)
$15,039.61
When
y
0.
720
is
an irrational number.
432
figix))
g{f{x))
-^-
720
Let k
0.6.
1200(0.6)'
103. True.
1200.
1200(/f
1200
101. False, e
=> C =
1200
259.20
-^'
432
155.52
=
" "^- 259.20
105. True.
e'-'f^-^
.r
ln(2
In e^
M = .ând[e-1==
X
e'
e-
=X
e'" when
.v
ie){-e-)
= -1
0.
0.6
Chapter 5
246
=^
f=^>(! -)-()
^'^^=idt^'~
25
-y]
5
y[{5/4)
/(r(vi7^)'^^^B*
lny-ln(|-y)=|f+C
g(2/5)t
(5/4)
y{0)
=^
= Q
g(2/5)(
C,
= 4 =
4e'^5>'
(5/4)
4g(2/5)/5
^\
(.X
2^(2/5),
4g(2/5);y
+1
g-0.4/
(4e(2/*
0.256-"
Growth and Decay
=. + 2
?
dx
3.
abc
>>
2)dx
X?-
y + 2x +
dy
jj^ = A
)jh'^y = j'^
+
Injy
>-
,_5jc
7.
= 5x
i,2 = |,2^C,
,2
5,3
= c
y'
2|
jc
e^**^'
>>
Ce^
= V^
Ci
);
\yy'dx= ISxdx
lydy=\5xdx
l)y
1.25
J
Section 5.6
l.^ =
5e(2/5>'
4^(2/5)t
\dx= iVxdx
j^^}^'^
ln, =
f.3/2
=
=
C,
^'^^^'"'"'^gC,
g(2/3);(5/^
Cr'
9.
(I
x^)y'
2xy
dQ^k
dN
t'
+.t2
=rds
13.
11.
dt
Growth and Decay
Section 5.6
k{250
If-/
dt
k{250
247
s)
s)ds
2x
dQ= --
x^
dN = -x(250 -
+ C
jjdx = jj^^dx
5)2
+ C
= -t(250 - ip + C
A'
t
(dv^
2x
- dx
Ji+x'
Inv
ln(l
X-)
Ci
\ny
ln(l
x^)
In
Iny
= lnC(l +
C(l
x'^)
x^)
di
dx
(b)
15. (a)
x(6->),
(0,0)
_dy_
y-6
Inb >-
e--""/2
.V
(0, 0):
17.
^4,.
/-/
19.
(0.10,
-r^
10
-(0)2
|=_i,,
+ C
In V
C=
+ c
c,e-'^/2
C.g-'^'/^
=^
Ci
Ci
= -6
Cg-r/2
6e-^/2
(0,10)
e-(r/2)
Ci
+ C,
== gC,
g-,/2
10
10
/f^H\dt
rrfr
^- +
6|
= -r2+10
23.
= Ce :^ C =
=
10
lOe-'/^
^ = kV
dt
Ce'-''
(0, 4):
(3,10):
=
10
When x =
V=Ce*'
(Theorem 5.16)
Ce"
= C
4e3* =4.
(,,y
/t
= | ln[|
Ae^'^ ^^(^nm
4^^(5/2)^
(Theorem 5.16)
(0,
20,000):
C=
(4,
12.500):
12,500
When r =
6,
20,000
= 20.000e*
<'
V = 20,000e '-""'' *^'*' =
20,000(|j
"
= ^ ln(|
20,O0Oe^^5/8)'
9882.118
Chapter 5
248
25.
^ =
,
C<^\
-1,
0,
(5,
Ce^, (1,1), (5,5)
Ce*
Ce5*
5Ce*
Ce5*
Set
g5.
6^"
/t
^-
27.
5)
-^
= 2^*
= i g(ta 10/5), =
10
In
l(10'/5} or
3^
Ce-*'2'"
CfiO'Wî
ieO.4605,
C
y
29.
0.4024
A differential
rfy
equation
x and y
in
an equation that
is
31.
-dx
0.6687
(C
5-1'"')
0.6687e0-^24,
= -2^
involves x, y and derivatives oiy.
dy
>
33. Since the
initial
>'
10,000,
35. Since
>-
37. Since the
^g âve
we have y =
1000,
initial
quantity
is
1000,>'
Whenf=
10,000,
v= 1.49
0.5
iOeIi"(i/2)/i62o],_
^^hen
Cet'"('/2Vi620]Cio,ooo)
we have y =
552 grams. When
==^
c=
36.07.
23.51 grams.
5.0e['"*'''^'^^'^*.
ky.
g.
ê have
2.1
2.16e['"('/2'/2*]''0')
dy
Ce'" or y
Cet"'"/2/24.360](iooo)
==>
c=
2.16. Thus, the initial quantity
is
2.16 grams.
When
1.63 grams.
43. Since
yê'".
2000
yoe
and in.
4.43 g.
Ce^îUD/i'i.im
Since =
7% =
iQ^îUD/iiiojvxa)
''
10,000,
1000, y
Quadrants
0.14 gram.
Ce[i"(i/2)/i62o](iooo)
5 grams,
0.
36.07 grams.
When? =
39. Since y
41.
10 grams, y
is
iOe['"<i/2Vi620](io,ooo)
c^^Û2)/\(,io],^
Initial quantity:
When t =
quantity
when xy >
1620*
In
-In 2
A = 1000e^', the time to

= 1000e'5' and we have
2
gO.oer
0.06f
double
is
given by
1620
'
g-'ln2)//I620_
When t=
100, y
Therefore, 95.81
yê''^^"
2)/i6.2
Amount
^^(0.9581).
of the present amount
still
exists.
= o:o6'"-^^y'''''after 10 years:
A =
1000e*'<''
$1822.12
Section 5.6
45. Since
A =
A =
750e" and
1500 when
7.75,
we have
1500
750s''"'-
= 0.0894 =
:^
7.75
A =
10 years:
after
47. Since
A =
500e" and/4
Growth and Decay
1292.85 when
10,
1292.85
SOOe'O'-
ln(1292.85/500)
'
8.94%
750eO"89''(io)
$1833.67
0.0950
= 9.50%
lo
The time
to
double
1000
500e'"5o,
In 2
given by
is
7.30 years.
0.095
0^yi2K35)
075\<i2)(20)
49. 500,000
P|
P=
^^
500,000
12
0.075 Vz-w
= P
51. 500,000
0.08
P=
500,000
12
53. (a)
2000
12
$112,087.09
1000(1
$30,688.87
0.07)
(c)
ln2 =
t
1.07'
0.07
r
2000
Y'
365/
In 1.07
In 2
=
10.24 years
In
In 1.07
(b)
1000(
0.07 V^'
f
2=1
=
3651n(ll"(0.07/365))^^-^y^^
0.007
(d)
12
ln2 = 12fln
2000
In 2
'
0.07
12
(0.07/12))
0.085)'
2000
1000(1
1.085'
O.Olt
In
9.93 years
121n(l
lOOOeCO""'
gO.cni
In:
55. (a)
0.07 V*"
2000
(c)
2000 = 1000
ln2 = rlnl.085
In
9.90 years
0.085 V"'
365
0.085 y*"
365
-,..
ln2 = 365rln(
,
8.50 years
-,
2000 = 1000(
0.085
t
(l
365
365
12
ln2
12rln
(d)
lOOOfOO*"
2000
,0.085;
0.085
e'
12
hi 2
Inh +
0.085\'2'
0.085\
"ttt"
ln2
12
In 1.085
(b)
0.085f
In 2
8.18 years
12
1
(i
^0-085\
'
_ ln2 =
~ 0.085
8.15 years
^ ,^
249
we have
the following.
the following.
Amount
57.
Chapter 5
250
P=
= Ce-oow
Ce*'
P(-l) =
P=
If
fc
= Ce-o"<-"
8.2
C=
<
^ >
7.43
P=
0,
7,430,000 people
or
in
2010
Ce'"
4.6
19
30(1
30e20t
11
MM_0.0502
760e'^
ln(672.7 1/760)
760e-0'0'22x
25
(b)
- 0.0502/
30(1
5 =
mm Hg.
e-oo502
=_
= ^0050^"'^'^^^^
e-00502,)
oo
when
(b)
(C)
= C=
lim Ce'/'
r
30e*
A:
Ing
30e-'i8'''
V(r)e-o'0'
When
5,
20.9646 which
is
20,965
units.
30
30
-1.791S
100,000e^-ê'-''""
- O.loV"'^''""" =
^ = 100,OOof^
\Jt
dt
100,0006"^-^^""
when
16.
The timber should be harvested in the year 2014, (1998 +

and find the maximum of A(r). Use the viewing rectangle
71. ;8(/)=
101og,of/o=
10
Note: You could also use a graphing

< x < 30 and Q < y < 600,000.
73.
R = '"/.
In
10"
= lOlogjorrr;^ = 20 decibels
(a) /3(10-"')
(a)
8.3
=
=
/3(10-")
/SdO-")
lOlogioTT^TTi
10-
ein
10
graph A{t)
io
10
= In/In
(b) )3(10-9)
utility to
16).
/n
(d)
30(1
527.06
= Ce*
(c)
P=
3000,
Ce*/'
(a)
69. Ait)
e^"*)
nmmo-7
-0000122
loOO
-In 6
N^
=
4.7686
760), (1000, 672.71)
(0,
When X =
=> c =
6,830,000 people in 2010
or
6.83
P=
67.
Cg0036(-i)
C = 760
the population increases.
P = Ce^
63.
672.71
65. (a)
Cgoo^^'
4.7686eO'>36'
/'(lO)
population decreases.
0, the
P=
P{-\) =
8.1265
8.1265e-o9'
P( 10)
61. If
59.
10
1083
199,526,231.5
= 70 decibels
10""
lOlog.o-y^TT^
10"
= lOlog.o-Y^ =
10-
95 decibels
g2Rln 10
gifln
10
Increases by a factor of
120 decibels
^
dR
rf/
/ In
10
/^Slu 10)2
e^ "^ ' or
10'*.
(10" )2
Differential Equations: Separation of Variables
Section 5.7
75. False. \iy
Ce^, y
equation: y'
1, Differential
Solution: y
^Ce^''
>"
5.
y
y'
= cos
y"
Cj
y'
= Cj
sin
y"
= C^
= Ci
-t
^y
4v
C, cos x
Check:
y"
Ce''"^
3. Differential equation:
Solution:
Injsec
=
sin
sec
Cj cos x
cos x
C, sin x
cos X
Cj
or
tan
=
y"=
jc
{secx
tan
JT
Cj cos
j:
+ C2
sin
sin
Injsec.x
j:
sec'j:)
sin
tanj:
j:
tanjcj
secj:)
In
seer
tan
a:
;c
ln|sec
-t
tan.ic
(sinx)
sect
JT
;c
secx)(tan.t
tan
sin
sin
j:
cos X
j:
j:
= (cos a:)
sec
77. True
constant.
i-
Section 5.7
Check: y'
= Cke^
'
(sec.r
(sinx)(secjt)
tan.t
sec^x)
+ cosxln|secx +
tan.r|
tan.r
cosxln|secj:
tanx|
Substituting,
y"
(sin x) (sec x)
tanx.
+ cosxln|secx +
In Exercises 7-11, the differential equation
is
tanjc|
j'''*'
16y
cos
j:
ln|secx
tanx|
0.
y = 3 cos X
yW -
i6y
= -45C0SJC ^
v(4)
0,
No.
Yes.
11.
yW Yes.
Cifi^
C,)?--"^
C3 sin 2x
y*"'
= 16Cie^ + leCjg-^ +
16y
0,
I6C3
+ C4 cos
sin Ix:
2x
+ 16Q cos
2x
16y
= 16e-^ - \6e-^ =
0,
251
Chapter 5
252
In 13-17, the differential equation
13.
X'^,
y'
-2y =
xy'
is
xy
'
2>
xê'.
2x
15.
x{2x)
2(;c2)
xy
19.
dy
lnx,3''
'
xV)
y'
e^),
2y
21. y-
Cx^ passes through
16
C(64)
= x[xV +
Ixe'
4x]
2x(2
e^)
- 2[xV +
2x^]
2y
Ce*^
Cke'^
=X
2 In X
No.
xê^.
=> C =
(4, 4)
dx
Particular solution: y^
Since dy/dx
Thus,
/t
we have
O.OTy,
Cke'^'
General solution: 4y~
^"**^*>^-.
'
0,
Two
General Solution: y
c = ~\
^v
'
2>'
C = -4
.^
"-H^,^
^^*T'
'
'
= Ce~^
= C(-2)e-^ + 2{Ce-^) =
condition: y(0)
Particular solution:
General solution: y
y'
y"
= - 9C,
y"
3C| cos 3x
9y
4, Hyperbolas
p^
25. Differential equation: y
Initial
x^
\. .^
^^
intersecting lines
C=
1,
"^^--^
2y
= C
x-
C=
C=
Particular solutions:
j x^ or 4^^
O.OTCe*".
0.07.
23. Differential equation: 4yy
y'
Yes.
No.
17.
= xH2 +
xy'
xê'
sin
3,
Ce
= C
= 3e~^
y"
9y
C, sin
3C2
3a:
Initial
+ Cj cos
sin
3;c
- 9C2
C cos 3x)
cos 3x)
'
9(C, sin 3x
y(-) =
2, y'(
3x
C|
3C] cos 3x
sin(
sin 3x,
3x - QC, cos 3x
= (-9C,
conditions:
= 3C,
^ +
cos(
Co cosi
30,
sin
3x
- 3C2 sin(
-|
= -3C,
C.
C,
2 sin 3x
- cos 3x
= xV,
Section 5.7
29. Differential equation: x^y"
General solution: y
y'
C,
2C2x'^,y"
C,x
3xy'
Cjx'
By
3{C,x
3x(C,
C^x^)
+ 8C2
2C,
+ 4C2 =
+ I2C2 = 4
C,
Q =2-
Particular solution: y
33.
dx
$=
tic
3x^dx = x^ +
^^^=1-2
dy
dx
2 InUI
= xjx -
+C = x-\nx~ +
Let u
xjx -3dx=
uy
Al.^ =
Km" +
3M2)rf
=
2^
xe^
x'^,
du
d:t
^ln(l
x^)
+ C
.t2
du
x^,
2x dx)
sin 2j:
3,
then x
u-
3 and
dx
=
^/^sin
{u
= 2x,du =
2x
(ic
= - cos
2x
+ C
2dx)
= 2u du.
3)(M)(2M)rfM
J + M^j
+ C =
{x
3)'/-
2(x
3y'-
+ C
dy
dx
43.
-'[xe^dx = -e^ + C
=
Vj:
(2
dx
(m
= 2jr + jc^
(tc
--Idlx
/[-!]
jc
39. -;-
dy
31. -r-
j:
= -2
Ci
+;c2
C
(m
or
= 4
y '(2)
BQjc^)
C,
35.^ =
0,
= 6C2X
xy- 3xy' + 3y = xîec^x)
conditions: y(2)
Initial
lydy = Ixdx
2xd!.t)
^'
y2-;c2 = C
45.
= O.OSr
^
as
47. (2 +:t)y'
j^ = j 0.05 ds
In
|r|
0.05i
J 2
i y
In
3y
= C(x +
3 ln{2
(ir
.r
.t)
2)3
In
C=
In
C(2
.r)^
253
Chapter 5
254
yy'
49.
sin
^=
51.
jc
sin
s
yr^"4?
dy
=X
^
dx
dx:
;c
dy
=T-
= - cos
y^
= -Icosx + C
JC
dx
VT-4?
C,
\-'U
dx
4x^
4/<.= -i(l -
53.
_y
In
j:
xy'
55. yy'
lf = /
(fa
du =
In X,
e^
jydy =
e^dx
j,
liiy
-(ln;c)2
g(l/2)(bu:F
+ C,
C,
y2
(^g(lnx)V2
2e^
+ C
I)
y'
59. ^(1
/?-/'
Iny
+x^)^ =
^
Initial condition:
^(-l) =
Particular solution: v
1,
Ce-'^^
e[i-(A:+i/2
C=
e^^^
g-(.r^+2r)/2
- =
61.
Mv sm V-
63.
= T
l+x^
+;t2)
x^)
+y^=
C{1
x^)
3,2
4(1
;y2
14
C,
C,
C=
In
C=
ln[C(l
C^C = 4
;r2)
4;t2
dP - kPdt =
|3V
=
J
"
V sin v^
/f =
dv
J
In P =
Ihm
= -cos
v^
condition: u(Q)
Particular solution: u
C,
Ci
Initial
Initial
f
to
=
=
1,
C=
e(i-':osv^)/2
-1/2
^1/2
condition: ^(0)
Particular solution;
14
dx
ln(l
y2)
+y^)
xil
=73:1+3
.v(0)
le'
ln(l
16
4,
y^
+y2) = ^ln(l
iln(l
C,
dy
+>'-'
yiO)
>'(x
+ C
4;c2)'/2
Initial condition:
57.
4x^)-'^H-Sxdx)
P=
Pg,
Pg
Pê'^
Ce
= C
x^)]
'
Section 5.7
dy
65.
dx
_ -9x
" 16y
m _
67.
-y
dy
\\6ydy= - \9xdx
(x
tc
- X
2)
/f=H
-9
By 2
= -^x2 + C
y(l)=
condition:
Initial
Iny
8= --9 +
1,
-9
=
^2
Particular solution: 8y-
69.
=;c3
/(.r,^)
f(tx,ty)
^t-jc^
16y2
y3
4x>'2
9x^
C,
C=
25
= -2"^ +
=
Ce-^/^
25
^r.
2
25
i'.c^
4rjcf'y^
rÛ^
4x>'2
t^
xY
71. f{x,y)
C,
y^
fx'Y
fitx, ty)
+ y)
Homogeneous of degree
Homogeneous of degree 3
73.
f{x. y)
2 In
/(rx, /y)
2 In txty
21nr2j:j,
xy
75.
2(ln
>-'
=x+
'
dv
-ln(l
v)2
= 21n = 21ny
X
79.
vx
- V
- y
+y
dv
= X
XV
'Tx
+ XV
+ rdv ^
V dx
v+1
In
C=
2v
1|
c
+ 2v- ^1=:;^
|v^
[1
\CX\
(y/x)]
(x
V-
_ V
+ 2- -
X-
- y?
\x\
c
1
.T
x-
\Cx\
|y-
C(x
y)2
-ln|.v|
\Cx\
v2)
^dx
{dx
= vx
ln|Cx|
-ln|v2
(1
'
\_
1
'dx
ln|;c|
In
ty
dv
xy)
= X + vx
X
dx
Ix
xY
t=-
Homogeneous degree
2x
V
f(x, y)
/(a,ry)
In
Not homogeneous
77.
--
2v>'-.T-|
=C
In
C,
in
255
Chapter 5
256
81.
xy
^-
x-^
y-
= vx
xdy ~
83.
x{vdx
V
dx
.2
x^
x dv
1
^22
xf-v
ln|v|
je^'dv
e''
In C,;c'
>/'
In
eÂ
= C +
-dx
/^-/^
-y-j -
X dv)
{2x6'"
InC, =
\n\x\
ln|Ci.r|
C,
In
lnx^
Particular solution: e^^'

=
ln|Ci;cv|
ln|C,);|
0, 1
2y'==
ce-'^'^y'
+ y]dx - xdy =
\x sec-
85.
xv)dx
xiv dx
(sec v
f cos V ,
dv
sin V
0,y
=
87.^
dx
vx
+ x dv)
v)dx
= vdx + xdv
(^
In
In
C,
A:(ic
condition: ^(l)
0, 1
Ce
-j;-
= C
+ C
e*'"'^/-^*
rfy
89.| = 4-y
In \4
y\
= -X +
Ci
4-y
y
91.
^=
x2
-x^
Initial
vxjdx
dx
condition: y(l)
Initial
-1
jl
2v2
[x sec V
+ y)dx = Q,y = vx
dv
dx
V
{Ixe'yl^
O.Sy.yCO)
= 4 +
Ce"-'
93.
^=
O.Olj'llO
j), y(0)
12
I
If t
Ifi
^
yyyy ^ yyyyyy
/ y / / y
y J ^ / / /
1(
yyyy
yyy y
'///////
///////
//////////
,'/
^y y y y y y y y y y
= C
In
x^
Section 5.7
95.
^ = ky,y = C^
97.
^ = kiv -
4)
(fa
dt
Initial conditions:
>'(0)
y^
The
direction field satisfies (dy/dx)
not along y
Matches
0.
along >
(a).
>'(1620)
C =
Jo
^-0
^-ofi'"*
2
ln(l/2)
1620
When
99.
The
;yQe-'(iii2)/i62o
25, v = 0.989yo. y
^ = ky(y-
= 98.9%
of yo-
4)
direction field satisfies {dy/dx)
^=
101.
/t(1200
along y
Q and y
w)
A.
Matches
(c).
f---"
103. (a)
dt
J 1200
- w
-
ln|1200
1200
= -fa +
- w _
=
w =
1200
-ln|W-
C,
^-fa+C,
e
60
1200
w=
1200
1140e-*'
Ce"*'
v|
/tr
W-
Ce-
- C =* C =
^(0)
(a)
J IV
M'l
C,
Ce^*'
Initial conditions:
1200
- 60 =
W=
140
20, V
when
when
and
0.
C = 20,k= - ln(3/4)
1400
(b)
(b)
0.8:
1.31 years
0.9:
1.16 years
k=
(c)
1.0:
t=
1.05 years
Maximum weight
lim
/-oo
w =
257
1200
1200 pounds
.?
20(1
ei"'3/4).)
20(1
e-0.2877,)
120(1
20[?
20(
e-o-28^')(/f
3.476 l<'-o-S'''
C - 69.5
Since j(0)
j20/ +
69.5(e--2"''
0.
and we have
1).
4; but
258
Chapter 5
105. Given family (circles):
x'^
2x
y"^
2yy'
= C
107. Given family (parabolas): x^
= Cy
2x
Cy'
2x _
C
Orthogonal trajectory
(lines):
y'
'
_2y
2x
x^/y
(ellipses):
^y
dx
lly dy
If'f x
Iny
y
\nx
\n
= \xdx
= Kx
x^
2y^
= K
\ 4(
p
109. Given family:
y'^
2yy'
Cx^
111.
general solution of order n has n arbitrary constants
while
= 3Cx^
in
a particular solution
initial
conditions are given
in order to solve for all these constants.
_ 3Cx^ _
3x2 /y2\
2y
2y \x? /
(ellipses):
3y
2x
2x
dy 2\xdx
3\y
3Jydy^-2Jx
3y2
-x^
33,2
2x2
117. False
f(tx,ty)
tV
t^-xy
*t2f(x,y)
Ki
= K
+ N{x, y)dy = 0, where and A'

homogeneous functions of the same degree.
113. M{x, y)dx
are
115. False. Consider
xy
'
3y
Example
= Q,h\Ay =
x^
v = ^c^ is a solution to
+ Ws not a solution.
2.
Section 5.8
Section 5.8
1.
>>
arcsinjt
(a)
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-1.571
-0.927
-0.644
-0.412
-0.201
0.201
0.412
0.644
0.927
1.571
(d)
(c)
Symmetric about
Intercept:
.
5. arcsin
.
3. False.
arccos -
since the range
7. arccos t^
11.
- =
77
origin:
= arcsinx
arcsin( or)
(0, 0)
TT
T
is [0, tt].
-n-
9. arctan
73 ^
3
arccsc(-72)
13. arccos(-0.8)
TT
2.50
15. arcsec(1.269)
arccos 7-77\ 1.269
0.66
17. (a) sin( arctan 4)
(b) sec( arcsin 5;

5
-^
19. (a) cot
5
3
(b) CSC arctan!
11
5
21. y
cos(arcsin 2t)
arcsin 2x
cos
= J\ -
23. V
sin(arcsec
arcsec
sinO
.r)
x,Q < 6 <
n. 6
i^
4a-
The absolute value bars on x are necessary because of

< 6 < tt. 6 ^ tt/1. and sin 6 for this
the restriction
domain must always be nonnegative.
259
'
Chapter 5
260
25. y
X
tanf arcsec
arcsec
tan 6
27. y
arctan
CSC
cscl arctan
72
Jx^'^
I
2x
29. sin(arctan 2r)
31. arcsin(3x
yrT4?
3jc
tt)
77
sin^j)
5[sin(5)
77]
1.207
/=
= \
Asymptotes: y
arctan
lie
VT+T?
tan e
sin
33. arcsinV2x
arccos
Ir
2x
vT+4j?
v^ =
Jx
sin(arccos ~Jx)
Jlx = Vl
2x=
3a:
-^
<
a:
<
>
-;c
35. (a) arccscx
Let y
arcsin-
-77
arccsc
|jc|
Then
x.
(b) arctan
Lety =
for
arctan X
and Q < y < ,
tan V
1
csc>'
;c
=>
siny
Therefore, arccsc
j:
= \/x. Thus, y =
= arcsin(l/j:).
f(x)
arcsin(x
39.
1)
n-
f-
siny
77
/(x)
is
'2'
/(2-f)
("-f)
77
x >
arctan(l/jr).
Then,
tan[arctan(l/x)]
tan(arctanx) tan[arctan(l/x)]
+ (lA)
- x(iA)
(1/x)
(which
is
77/2. Therefore, arctan
undefined).
arctan(l/x)
arcsec 2x
= secy
1
= sec y
-It'
î-ol
Domain: (-.
-|]. [|.
the graph of arcsin
shifted
-1
Domain: [0,2]
Range:
fix)
2x
>
sin>'
77
arcsin(l/j:)
Thus,
37.
-1 =
tan(arctanx)
77
< y <
arctan
unit to the right.
Range:
[0,f),(f,77]
77/2.
Section 5.8
41. f(x)
fix)
2 arcsinU
43.
1)
g{x)
g'ix)
3 arccos
(jt
- If
V2x-x^
Ma
+ UVa")
g(x)
x2
sin(arccos
= Vl -
t)
//'=|(l-^2)-'/^(-2f) =
2
53.
= - - In
=
dy
57.
j:
T[ln(jr
1/
dx
2\2
1)
arctan
ln(.t
1
1
j:
51.
-==
Vl - r
- yi -
55.
arccos
arccos x
dx
(1
arctan
.t
x^)
X-
3'
=
(1
(1
x^
X-)
(1
X-)
(1
X-
+x'-
(1
Vl6 -
x2
(1
+ x^r
= -
x2)3/2
1\
1\
+/'!
77
6^
1
2V3/
3
,,/l
-^f/lfH-
""2
I\-
TT
2v/3/
^('4J
x(lt)
x^y-
x^)
x=)=
X-
x^
A-
x^)-/2(-2x)
2V16 -
.,,,., (l).,.(i)(,_i).
^2W=/U
-.r2)-i/2(-2A:)
x-
arcsin
yr
fix) =
(1
"VVT
Vl6^^
arcsin x, a
fix)
f(16
4
x2
2V16 -
61. /(x)
''
U/4)-
(16
-t-
x^
59.
16
'hx
3.t
x^
x^
1^ - ^^\
Vl6 -
arcsin
arcsin
= X arcsin x + Vl
Vl -
VT^
+ - arctan jc
1/2
ArVl6
1)]
8 arcsin
y'=2-
9j:-
Vl -
y = X arccos j: -
>>
^yr)
4\j;
t-
x\hl J\
g'W
3;c
/!(/)
V^^^
U-V4)
arcsin 3x
47.
arctan
-3(1/2)
Vl -
'
^'^""^
49.
Vl -
45. /(jc)
VT^
261
Chapter 5
262
63.
fix)
fix)
X*
Jf
67.
f{x)
arctanx
\x\V^^^l
1)
x^
65.
arctan(j:
4)
= Owhen
jc2(;c2
- x
arcsec x
\x\^x'^
1.
.^2
when
x'^
x^
(;c
-8jc
+ U -
4)^
4)2
16
or
By the First
maximum.
/ + Vs " 1-272
Derivative Test, (2, 2.214)
is
a relative
Relative
maximum: (1.272,-0.606)
Relative
minimum: (-
1.272, 3.747)
The trigonometric functions are not one-to-one on

( oo, oo), sot their domains must be restricted to
intervals on which they are one-to-one.
69.
arccot
cot V
x,Q < y <
tt
=1
tany
X
So, graph the function
arctani
for
;c
>
and y
arctan
ioxx <
0.
\
de
=-
71. (a) cot
dt
arccoti
73. (a)
(b)
161^
-I-
tane
256
-\(,t'
when
+ 256
t
= 4 sec.
-16f2 4-256
500
500
arctan
-8t/125
1
dx
+ (l\
^'
-5
-h
^'
""
dx
25
h(t)
de
dt
(b)
[(4/125)(-/2
lOOOf
+ 16)P
15,625
When
1,
de/dt
-0.0520
rad/sec.
When
2,
rf^M -0.11 16
rad/sec.
-^
16(16
t-Y
If
^=
-400 and
If
=
^
dt
-400 and ;c =
a:
10,
3,
^=
16 rad/hr.
^ = 58.824
dt
rad/hr.
Section 5.9
75. tan(arctan x
tan(arctan x)
arctan y)
-;
tan(arctan y)
;
-,
-,
tan(arctan x) tan(arctan y)
+y
xy
x
-;
xy
i=
263
Therefore,
arctan
arctan
arctanl
\
Let X
2 3rid
/1\
arctan^-j
(1/2)
arctan^-j
arctan
77. f(x)
be
fix)
+ cosx > QfoTk >
f'(x)
(t
1.
xyj
(A =
],xy'
^^j^^)
(1/3)
.
cos
<
;c
for
fcc
< -
A:
sin
jc
is strictly
monotonic and has an inverse for k <
dr
-,
jcj
3x,
du
yr=^?
3 dx.
dx
= ^\
for
V3/2
Zx,
du
xV4x2 -
x^
;'
13.
VI -
arctanl
dr
; =
tan-x
sec^x
; =
sec-x
+ C
-I +
(3x
S 3)
-'
dx
- arcsin(3x)
"Ts
fr
X
rV3/2
[^"'
t1
oLv-
-,
v^/2
2xV(2x)=
^=a[v =
(x
sec^;c
2 dx.
r^'^=_i
all x.
vi -
3jo
Jt^* = I
Let u
,T
>
X-
]
/ 79^^ dx = 5 arcsinKi)
1.
Section 5.9
3. Let u
d^
H arctan(tan x)\
dx
dx
11.
loTk >
81. True
-j arctan
=TT
arctanl
79. True
7.
5/6
=arctan3^ =
l-(l/6)
sin.ic
Therefore, /(x)
Jo
5/6
= ^'^'^
(1/3)]
tZv
arcsec|2x|
2L
+ C
arcsin(x
- arctan(2x)
1)
civ
+ C
- -if
it
,
civ
ii
-x^
- - ln(x^ +
15. Let
i<
1)
t-.du
+ C
(Use long division.)
2tdt.
1)2
J v'l
-t'
2j
, '1
- (r
(2r) dt
= - arcsin(f =) + C
Chapter 5
264
17. Let u
arcsin x,
du
yr^
19. Let
dx.
dx
J-I/2VI
32
x^,
= -Ixdx.
du
X
-j===dx=M
0.308
-X2
Vl
>
'o
X^
{\-x')-'l\-lx)dx
^J-\/2
21.
LetM = e'^,du = le^ dx.

,,,,
2J4 + {e^f
,
j4 +
e^-
dx
= -s'mxdx.
cosj:, /m
dx
cos^j:
dLr.
f
J v^ -Jl
MVl -
^, X
u^,
{2udu)
du
l\
M-
2 arcsin u
:d:x:
(jc
3)2
(x
3)2
= - 79 -
= - J6x -
x^
33.
Ix^ +
Jo
lUn"^ =
=
,c
35.
1
,
7-.r2 _
37. Let M
+ {x- \f
InU^
4;^
= -x2 -
4x,
2a:- 3
dx
dx
- 3
+ 1
^
etc
= -1
2j;
-z
2] X-
+ C
\n(x^
6jj
1
,
(x
d = (-2x -
-||(-x2 -
i3|
_,
dx
79 - U /x- 3
/:
J
. f
r dx
1)
dx
1
-z
] X\
_,
3 arctan;c
+ C
8 arcsin(
--
arctan(ji:
-^
:d[:
3)
+ C
+ C
'M
%^ + L+X3'^ = \x^ + 6x1x3"^ " 4^
\x^ + 6x1x3'^
= dx = r74 -
j^^^==dx =
"I
8 arcsini
2x
.)c^
Vx + C
2 arcsin
U-3)
arcsin
2)2
{.X
-dx
3)2
+ C
3 arctan
2\
(x +
2 ;
V
4) dx.
4x)^'/2(-2x
- 4)afe - 7-x2 -
4x
+ C
74 -
-274x-x2 + arcsinf^^j
= 4 - 273 +
-|
L059
Jt/2
-J7?mw-'i V9 -
}qX-
fj:
'
27.
= 2u du
dx
- arctan(cos x)\
L
25.
-1/2
-0.134
1
e^
= arctan -r- + C
2e^
23. Let M
73 -2
-vr^
(x
dx
2)
Section 5.9
41. Let M
;c2
l,du
Jx' +
43. Let M
= Ve' -
2xdx.
2x
if
2j(x^+ 1)2 +
lx^
Then
3.
u^
e',
^=
lu du
2 arctan(;c2
e' dt,
- 2v^ arctan -^ + C = 2Ve' -
2m
+ C
1)
2m du
"" =
and
"-,
M-
265
dr.
/e'
- 2^3
arctan
+ C
V3
45.
f)erfect
square trinomial
is
(x
Example: x^
47. (a)
(c)
dx
arcsin
49. (a)
6x
xj\x
V.v-
3)-
C, m
(b)
;<:
dt cannot be evaluated using the basic integration
I\Jx-\dx
(b) Let M
an expression in x with three terms that factor as a perfect square.
= ^x -
Then
1.
IxV^rn' (& =
(m2
1)3/2
c, M
m^
.r
and dx
1)(m)(2)
dM = 2
(c)
Let M
= Vx -
1.
|-;r4=^dx =
Then x =
m^
5)
j^^^-i-^(2) dM
(m-*
l)V2[3(x
= 2m dM.
1)
dM
Note: In
(b)
and
u- )dM
and dx
(m2
(c),
substitution
= - Vl -^2 +
C, M
x^
l{x
2)
rules.
= 2m du.
+ C = Y^x-
ate
:^^(32
yr^^
= 2(y +
j) + C
1)
= 2[y +
Mj
was necessary before the basic
5]
+ C=
:^(x
+ C = !("- +
3)
l)3/2(3x
2)
+ C
+ C = jVx -
+ C
integration rules could be used.
dv
51. (a)
dr
+T'
(0,0)
-/Tf;^^ 3 arctan x +
(0, 0):
3 arctan(O)
+ C
C=
3z
2
y =
(0,0)
,.v(3)
3 arctan
55.
= [^ arctanf^^^^ j
= ^ arctan(l) =
y 0.3927
57.
Chapter 5
266
Area
Matches
(c)
59. (a)
Let
(b) Let
(1)(1)
dtc
4 arctan x
~4
arcsin - + c]
C
I[arcsinQ
(b)
\aj
4(0)
(1/36)
"
^""â
\
Thus,
- arcsec
dx a
,.
Thus,
v(t)
(1/9)
(1/4)
(4/9)
(25/36)
3.1415918
m'
a'^
{u/a)A
dx
_
'
u'
ai{a^-
u^)/aî
a^
u^
1
u
^
= - arctan - + C.
w^
u^
C.
u'/a
If
-^
Ja^ -
0.
\-
mV2 -
1^"
=
a^
= -32f + 500
u'/a
a {u/aU(u/af -
arcsini
\~ aV\+
Assume h >
d_
Vl -
4- /"I
du
J a~
^^,
{u^/a~)\al
[___du__ ^
^,
63. (a)
4(
3.1415927
Thus^
(c)
4 arctan
6.
61.
1. (a)
:dx
(c)
4 arctan
,1
=
uju^ '
dx
uûr
a^
arsec
ii
-"-J-
i]
The case <
u^w-
a^)/a^
a^
lar
is
handled in a simi-
manner.
+ C.
(b)
5(f)
^v{t)dt
(-32r+
500) d;
^
= 5(0)
5(f)
16f=
500f
= - 16(0) +
= -16f- +
+ C
500(0)
0^
C=
500f
When the object reaches

v(f)
+ C=
its
maximum height,
0.
v(f)
= -32f +
500
-32f = -500
f
5(15.625)
= -
CONTINUED-
15.625
16(15.625)2
3906.25
ft
500(15.625)
(Maximum
height)
Section 5.10
63.
CONTINUEDdt
\l^-'"=-\
kv
(c)
\V
Vi2k
arctani
'
32
'
-. /
/32<:f
v'
tan(c
+ C
Vyzici
^k tan(CWhen
0,
C=
500,
V32kt)
arctan(500VA:/32), and
we
have
/^
v(f)
(d)
When
v(r)
-- tan
= ^ //32
k
t^
500,
= 732,000 tan[arctan(500V0.00003125) - VO.032
0.001, v(r)
when
arctani
6.86 sec.
/6.86
(e)
/!
t\
'
732,000 tan[arctan(500V0.00003125) - 70.032
r]
dt
Jo
Simpson's Rule: n
(f)
(a)
10;
Air resistance lowers the
sinh 3
/j
1088 feet
maximum
height.
Section 5.10
1.
3. (a)
10.018
csch(ln2)
^ln2
sinh(-2)
(b)
tanh(-2)
cosh( 2)
e~e^'
e-
^-lii2
cosh(ln 5)
gins
sinh(ln 5)
^ln5
(b) coth(ln5)
-0.964
e-
5
5
5. (a)
cosh- '(2)
ln(2
(b)sech-.(|) =
v^s)
1.317
04/9)
ln(J^4PÛ
2/3
0.962
7. tanh^
j:
sech- x
/e^
I
e'
e~'\g--r
''
'
e'
îr
(e'
+ e"^ +
+ e-'Y
e^ +
e^ +
2
2
+ e'-"
+ e~^
+
-
+
_
(1/2)
g-lnS
g-]n5
(1/5)
13
(1/5)
12
267
Chapter 5
268
9. sinh
X cosh y
cosh x sinh y
e'
e^^Xfey
II
+ e'A
:
(e^
e"^
sinh(A:
e~^\( e^
= ^{e^y -
11. 3 sinh
+ 4 sinh' .t =
a:
sinh;c(3
4sinh^j:)
e-(^+>')]
3+41
e'
T]
g-x
,[3
-[e'Jt
sinh
13.
cosh^ ^
~
(
a:
tanh;ic
=^
cosh^ jc
19.
-3/2 -3
sechjc
coth X
sinhd
y'
-2j:cosh(l
e'
+ e"^] =
1
,
cosh x
x~)
ln(sinh;c)
/'W =
sech^f^
\2
sinh^
cosh'
sinh(3;c)
17. f{x)
h{x)
^-r(cosh;c)
cothx
--=
1
-cosh(2A:)
hsty
g{x).
|
cosh(2j:)
^-r^
csch;c
25.
ycosh X
\ny
cosh a:
\(dy\
coshj:
t)
sech
sinh(2;c)
h'{x)
,/
sinh
2 sinh(x/2) cosh(./2)
t)
(cosh
e'"]
1)
cosh
+ e'^ +
1
1
e-')(e^
x^)
arctan(sinh
e'^"
-(e^
f'(t)
2jU
^ = rr
sinh
e^
21.
'/2
fit)
=>
In tanh
tanh(V2)
23.
CSCh.
e'"
e^^
3/2
= ;= = 3V13
,,
13
713/2
3/713
15.
.v)
e'
2
gX
y\dx
-ax
In
-[cosh X
X
j:
sinh
;c
In
;c
;c(sinh x) In x\
{cosh X
x(sinh x) In x]
sinh^j:
Section 5.10
27.
y
y
'
x -
(cosh
2(cosh X
sinh x)^
sinh x)(sinh
= 2(cosh X
x cosh jc
+ cos x sinh x
/'(jc)
sin
2 sin x cosh x
Relative maxima: (
tt,
31. g(x)
.r
cosh x)
X sinh x
Relative
sinh xY = 2e"^
29. /(x)
sin
cos x cosh
4 <
x,
when x =
cosh
j:
< 4
f-ff,
i5f;r. coshff)
cos x sinh x
0,
coshff)
sin
x cosh jc
tt.
tt)
minimum: (0,-1)
sech x
a sinh x
y'
a cosh x
33.
=
coshx
y" = a
(1.20.0.66)
>^
(-1.20.-0.66)
'"
sinhx
a cosh x
Therefore, y'"
y'
0.
-1
Relative
maximum:
Relative
minimum: (-
(1.20,0.66)
1.20,
-0.66)
35. /(x)
tanh x
/(I)
/'(x)
sech-x
/'(I)
tanh(l)
1
0.7616
0.4200
cosh-(l)
fU) = -2
sech^x
/',(^)
=/(l)
P.^{x)
37. (a) y
tanhx
1)
0.42(x
1)
+/'(1)(a-
0.7616
/tl)
=10+15 cosh
0.7616
==
0.42(x
0.6397
-{x
-15 <
p./
-0.6397
1)
\r-
x < 15
(b)
Atx = 15. y =
= 0,y
At X
(c)
y'
sinh
10
15cosh(l)
=10+15 cosh(l) =
-j-r.
Atx =
15,
y'
33.146.
25.
sinh(l)
1.175
20
10
39. Let M
sinh(l
Zx,
du = -2dx.
2x) dx
= -^
sinh(l
41. Let u
2r)(-2) dx
--cosh(l -
2x)
+ C
cosh(x
cosh'(x
I'
1)
1),
sinh(x
du
sinh(x
1) dx.
- Otiv = -cosh^(x -
1)
+ C
269
Chapter 5
270
43. Let u
Tcosh
sinh x,
du = cosh x dx.
.V
dx =
+ C
In sinh.V
iinhx
47. Let u
csch(l/A-)coth(l/A-)
dx
csch
25 -A-^
2x,
10
du
- A~"
Ax^
du
x^,
2x
x\
y'
dx
i"
+ X
- X
= 5'"^
o^m'"^
dx
=(2)
arcsin(2x)
[2xf
55.
2a
cscb- +
x
x^
dx.
(a^)2
+1
dx
cosh '(3a)
V9a2 -
2Asinh-'(2A)
y'
2a-
- Vl +
sin^
2a
(2 cos 2a)
4x^
^=^ =
4x
tanh-'(sm2A)
|secA|
Vl +
59.
(sec^x)
,\
^
= -1 arctan(A^j
+ C
sinh~'(tanA)
Vtan-^ A
61.
1015 +,t'
VI -
Jo
J?TT* = i/:
y
2 sinh" '(2a)
Vl +
4x-
2 sinh" '(2a)
4a2
63. See page 395.
65. y
a sech
'
Va^
a-,
a >
^^_
dx
67.
-1
(x/a)Vl
:d^
Vl + e^
69. Let
iY
-cothy + C
rV2/4
-dx
VI -
53. Let
\xdx =
2 dx.
r^/2/A
Jo
x]dx =
- coth -
dx + -\
49.
csch^
x'^
57.
P-f-l
rctc.
51. Let u
xdx.
du
= ,du =
45. Let u
""
:a[x
:Â=
/:v^v^l^^
e^
J
= Va, du =
^^/i^^^
Vfl"
(aVq^)
aVg^ -
a2
+
A^
-csch-'(e')
'
a2
Va^ -
+ C =
^2
aVq^ -
a^
+ Vl +
-Inl
- V^5^^
a^
+ C
e'Vl + (e>p
2jx
tt
^)
J(7
dx.
rfA
2 sinh
'
v/J:
+ C =
ln(^ + Vl +
2Va/
Vl + (v^)^V2^
-^jr^^'^ = 4ln
(a
(a
2)
2)
A-
2
2
= 5'"
+ C
a)
+ C
2 sec 2a
Section 5.10
^^'
Jl-J-2x^'^'^ -
J 3
-1
2^6
=
4jc
1,
l)^'^
Jj[72U
^{x + 1) - 73
+ c
vÛ +0 + 73
In
75. Let M
2(1
''' y
v/2(;c
276
72(jt
.
4j:
4J 781 -
ldt=
-.20,
+ -^ In
A = 2
- If
{Ax
dx
+ 73
+ C
- 73
1)
1)
/4;c
= - arcsin
4
UU-
2)
2)
1\
^
+ C
'
81.
dx
+ g-xn
^/2
l^dt =
J 16
3fa^
16
0, n X.x+3
:dv
27r == 5.207
dx
-^
]x- - lit + 32
r
(^_-^r3^<i^ =
0:
16
^^
20:
(.V
(.V
6)
6)
+ C = - In
4
--ln(2)
t=
1:
30A-
^'"
C=
When;c =
7l?FTT
dx
= - ln(4 + 717) =
4.V
|ln(x-+ ./^^TT)
-dx
8 arctan(e-)
When
^ = -X
+ C
2jo
8 arctan(e^/2)
.t
ix
Jo ie^^'r
When
^C=-f-4. + fln X-
sechâtc
Jo
83.
+
+
/sT^'^ = /(- - ^ ^ jrf^)^ = /(- -'^'^^ -/f^17^
^'
79.
- (73)^"^
In
8^
\)Y
= 4 <&.
^k
780 +
10
_
~ 4
1
In
-3
-4'"(2)=-ln(-
^'"6
a(^)-eh4'"^
- 8
2x - 8
49
.V
36
eix=
104
a:
104
52
-
^^^
1.677 kg
.T
- 8
+ C
- 4
5.237
5
1
+ C
271
85.
87.
Chapter 5
272
As k
increases, the time required for the object to reach the
= coshx
e^
ground increases.
e'"
89.
cosh y
e^
e~
sinhjc
(sinh3')(y')
cosh
'
=X
=
91.
= sechx
e"
y'
Vcosh^ y -
^x^ -
e^-'
e^
+ e"^)-V -
-2(e'^
=:?
smhy
e'")
e'
^l\e'
e
e
sech X tanh x
"

1.
/(x)
ln;c

Vertical asymptote:
upward
x = Q
12
V^
3- 'n
5.
In 3
= 1'"
+ ^ ln(4 -
^^"
x^)
In
J/+V^'
jc
In 3
7.
InVx +
= 2
Vjc+
e2
e"*
e"
11.
/w
= if'"^^ "
In 3/4
x^
^^
"
- Inx =
'"^2"
ln(
V
^^
'"(^"'
^^^
^^^
X
9.
= InVx =2'"^
g(x)
^'=t
-
53.598
= xTinI
13.
>-
75| ln(a
bx)
+
a
^ ^ r^
j= + V =
1
/;
In
dx
1
15.
bx
ab
<L
bx
(a
to)" J
(a
+ bxY
+ 21nx
2vlnx
if\_a
7=^
2vlnx
17. u
Ix
2,du = Idx
dy
a[)c
1/
fc
aVa + bx
xj
x{a
bx)
J 7x
7j
Ix-T
'
'
'
sin
19.
.t
dx= -\r
,
cos X
j;
~s
-dx
+ COS X
-ln|l
cosjtl
-r^-K-i)-
Inlxl
3)
1)=
+ C
t/3
23.
secede =
ln|sec e
tan
e|
ln(2
+ 73)
Jo
25. (a)
/W
it
>
2-t
2(y
+ 3)=x
2(x
+ 3)=y
r\x) =
(b)
-,
^
^
>
'/
2x
6
(c)
/-'(/W) =/-'(it /(/-'W) =/(2;c +
/U) = v'TTT
27. (a)
y= Jx+
y
x-
f-'(x)
=x^-
'
\,x >
=Vx+
3^-
=x
=y
x'
3/.V
6)
/-'(/W) =/-'(7^TT) = VCr -
;c
j:
1)
JT
= J{x- for
-V
>
1)
= X
0.
(b)
f-
(c)
/-(/W) =/-'(4/^^^) = (^^n^)' /(/-'U))
/U) =y? ^-1
r\x) = U -
33.
= /(x^ -
/(.r)
2)>/3
/^\ ^
tan
|u-2)-V3
f\x)
35/3
1)
^(.T^
.r
73
-Ûy
(/-')'W =
"^^ y
/->W=x3-
31.
^(2x
'
/(/-W) = /(.t^ = v^? =
/(x)
l{{x
y
(c)
29. (a)
(b)
1=0:
6)
3)
sec-.r
Û/
\ 3 y
/'(7r/6)
0.160
'
1)
= X
-r
TTi
ln4
Chapter 5
274
35. (a)
f{x)
In
ln>/t
v^
(b)
V /'V
^
= v^
ey
= X
e'^y
e^ = y
/-'W =
37. y
(c)
e^
/''(/W) =/"'(ln >A) = eî"-^ =

/(/~'W) = Ae^) =
39. f{x)
e-^/2
45.
g(f)
iê'
g\x)
t-e'
43.
2te'
te'(t
2)
y
y'
8ix)=~
- JcV
x{2
=X
-jc^
= Ve^' + e"^
= f(e^ +
I
e-^-)-/2(2e^
y(ln x)
47.
e^{2x)
In e^
jf
= -lx
fix)
41.
ln(e-^)
7^ =
In
giBA:
- 2e-^) =
y^
+ e
^ e" ^
'
x)
g'ix)
dy_
x(2y
(ic
49. Let M
= 3x^,
^m
= 6x dx.
51.
fa:= -7 e-3j:^(-6x)dx=
J^-3.^=_i|
Sfa
^^
In x)
(e3^-e^ + e-^)dx
-re"'^ + C
g3jr
^_
3e^ -
AT
^ ^
+ C
3e^
53.
/-*.-ip.-(-2.,^
xe'-âtc
55. Let u
e^
e^
-/'^
57.
'
+ C
1 e^-
Wa cos 3x +
b sin
e't- 3a sin 3x
= e^{-3a +
y"
y"
2y '
lOy
e^{[(-6a
3b cos
cos
3jc
sin
3x
8fc)
l,du
e' dx.
Ine' -
+ C
3x
3b) cos 3x]
2{a
3jc)
b) sin 3x
= K3(- 3a + b)
= s^[(-6a - %b)
dx
3j:)
{a
3(a
e*(a cos
fo
sin 3x)
3b) cos Sx]
3b) sin 3x]
+ (-8a +
- 2(-3a +
3j:
b)
6fe)
e'[(-3a
b) sin
(a
cos 3x\
\Qb] sin 3x
+ [(-8a +
(,b)
3b)
10a] cos
3a;}
2.
'^
59. Area
61.
xe-'^dx
[-f^'^]
-!("'*
33/2
65. fix)
3^-'
1)
0.500
logjCj:
67.
x2^-''
Iny
(2x
y'
Ix
= logjVl -
g{x)
= -
log3(l
71.
x)
1)
+ \)\nx
l\r\x
69.
63. y
= 3--'ln3
/'U)
3'
\{x
(Zx+
>'
= ^
2(1
73. (a)
y
y
x"
ax"
l)5(-+'rfr
2{x
(b)
'
a-
(In a)<3-'
(c)
In
P =
PefooTXis)
CeOO'S'
JT
In
81.
I-
ln2
0.015r
In--
y'
y(l
y'
x'(l
P(/i)
0.015
2 In
46.21 years
a"
'
In.v)
In.r)
= 30e^
=
30e''--
ln(l/2)
_ -ln2
18,000
18,000
15
30e-<'" ->/'
/'(35,000)
30e-(35.oooin2)/i8,ooo
J = îl
X
h-~l
(1) In.v
Pih)
y
t
,r
ttc
eOO'5'
'(
= 1 As'-*"' + C
2 In 5
(d)
P(18,000)
$3499.38
;c^*
j:
77.
10,000
x^
79.
l)ln3
y-
.X
-;c)ln3
v' = X
75. 10,000
2 In
g'ix)
275
x^-Ux
y+
ln|.r|
+ C
7 79 inches
.t
Chapter 5
276
83. y'
-2xy =
dv
2xy
dx
\-dy= llxdx
=
\n\y\
x^
y=Ce^
85.
dy =
-^
v^
dx
(x^
Let y
(x-
~t~
V*"
^2xy
y^)
(homogeneous
dy
vx,
2xy dy
= x dv +
v dx.
dx
2x{vx){x dv
vV
2x^v^)
+ vV)
(x^
dx
differential equation)
+ vdx) =
dx-2x>vdv =
(x^
xhP) dx =
2a^v dv
i\-v'^)dx = 2x dv
(dx^ r_2v_
] X
ln|jc|
v2
-ln|l
dv
v^l
C^x
y'
Cj
y"
= 6C2X
x^y"
= 2,y =
= ~2x +
9.f(x)
X
or
-y2
Sy
X'iec^x)
ec^x^
0:
A:
2C,
+ 8C2 =>
= (-4C2) +
-x^
2 arctan(ar
3)
Zx{C^
- 3C,x -
C,
Cj
SCjX^)
QCoX^
^'"x^
iCyX
3CiX
C.x^)
SCjX^
= -4C2
llCj
'
I2C2
= 8C2 = C2 =
|, Ci
v^l
Cx^
X- -
{y/xY
SCjJC'
3xy'
C
V-
-ln|l
+ C^^
2,y'
Cx
=
x^
87.
C,
= -2
-f
In
Let
91. (a)
arcsin
= -
-I = cos 6 = -r~.
cosi arcsin
>
sin
93.
sm6 =
-I =
Let 6
(b)
arcsin
sin 6
sinl arcsin
277
tan(arcsin
j:)
= x arcsec x
95.
vr
arcsec
j:
|x|v^^^^
97.
.t(arcsin x)^
2x arcsin x
vr^
99. Let M
e^,
X-,
du
2 Vl
(arcsin
j:)^
.r-
\y^
dx
arctan
;c
2VTZ
2j:
:
yr
l/yrrU^^^.-)
arcsin
t-
I.
<i"
A = arcsin x^ + C
":
^ <if
arctan '-]
111. Let u
x^.
when
^\
>-
=A
0,
>-
<^
C=
you have
sin(
dx
^
,
du = 2xdx.
+ C
^/
0.
Thus,
du = 2x dx.
''
\
X-.
,^
jjeT^'^^ljleh^^^^'-'-b^^''
109.
m' +
16
-w
V
x^
4\
Since y
.t)^
+ C
103. Let M
\2/
\Ai
\A/
(arcsin
^ = \ arctan(.-)
2xdx.
(2r)
105. Let u
arcsin
= 2e^ dx.
(iu
J-TTT^ '^
101. Let
2r
={2x)dx
\\n{x^
V?~^)
+ C
It
coshv^x
= 2-^(sinhV^) =
sinhv'x
2-^-^
x^)
+ C
Problem Solving
1- tan 01
Chapter 5
for
tan e,
-X
10
f{x)
Chapter 5
278
0,
^2
arctan(-J
arctanl
+4
36
'
x)
x2
(10
- xf
(10
- xf +
(10
100
;c2
= - 10 + v^TS -
4.7648
1.7263
e^)
Endpoints; a
0:
10:
77
(0,
Maximum
3. f{x)
(a)
1.7263
2(x2
36
2jc2
20x - 118
x2
9)
18
-20 V202 -4(-118)

= - 10
/2T8
f(a) =- 1.4153
98.9
or
1.0304
1.2793
= -
or
(0,
oo)
=*
In
at
- xY + 36
+ 7211
10
4.7648.
sin(lnj:)
Domain: x > Q
(b) /(x)
(c)
is
(10
36
20;c
sin(in x)
Two
values are
f(x)
= -1 =
Two
values are x
jt
e'^''^,
;c
y+
ln.t
e""''^,
and
(c)
show
[T
2^77.
lim f(x) seems to be --. (This in incorrect.)

2
e^''''^.
Jr-0*
(d) Since the range of the sine function is
parts (b)
2ît.
g(7r/2)+27r_
sin(lnj:)
(f)
that the range
1, 1],
of/is [
(g)
1,
For the points x
1.
For the points x
we have
= -cos(lnx)
(e) f'(x)
fix)
cos(!n x)
=^ \nx =
ktr =i
we have
That
is,
f(x)
f{x)
/(I)
f(x)
e"''/^, e"^'"!'^, e~^'"'\
as j:Ô"^, there
1,
l.Thus lim
is
an infinite number of
and an
sin(ln
Maximum
is 1
atx
e^^^
4.8105
You can
verifiy this
infinite
a:)
number where
does not
exist.
by graphing f{x) on small
intervals close to the origin.
/(lO)
e"'''/^,
= -1
points where f{x)

fie-"'")
g-^Vz^
e'"!'^,
1].
0.7440
>
Area sector
Area
sector
Itt
circle
AreaAOP =
rcosh
-{base)(height)
Vjt -
sinh
sinh-
i\
- Vcosh^
rCcosh-
sinh-
1]
[cosh-
sinh-
t]
= -
In
= C=
But, A(Q)
-f
or
sinh^
dx
\dx
-[cosh-
Thus, A(f)
7.
A '(f) =
= -t+C.
A(f)
rcosh
= - cosh t
'^(f)
Itt
(b)
t
t
= r (tt) = -
= T => Area
7r-
5. (a)
sinh
O^C =
2 A(/).
9.
jr
Let u
dx
=
+ Vx,
= (2m 2)Jm.
I
].x
u^
Area =
>>
fe
1,
-(.r
279
dx
]-,Jx + x
(-!) +
2u
t("-
\,
2u
du
1)
a)
= X +
Tangent
u-
line
lix
Q,c
Thus, b
1.
{b
\)
\.
2 In
"I
2 In 3
2 In 2
Ini
(!)
0.8109
11. (a)
,,1-01
(b)
jy-""*'=
|y-*-'rf>-= r
^ = kt+C,
\dt
-0,01
"-l
1
+ C
-O.Olr
y0.01
(C
.v(0)=.Vo
--
^=>C-4
O.Olr
Hence, v
1
y
(c =
l:
C=l
(1
T=
O.Olr)"
100, lim v
r-r-
O.Olr)"*
=^=^
Hence, y
For
eitr)'/^
yO.OI
v(0)
oo.
For r
-)'
V>cx;,
^r
Chapter 5
280
13. Since
^=
/t(v
20),
dt
dy= \kdt
/t^^-/
\n{y
= kt+ C
20)
>>
When
When f =
=
.V
Thus,
When
Ce*'
20.
0,
72. Therefore,
1,
48. Therefore, 48
52ti*''/'3'>
5.
>-
C=
52.
Sle"
20, e*
(28/52)
(7/13), and
A:
52e5M7/i3)
+ 20
22.35.
JO
15. (a)
= k^S{L -
S)
(b)
^=
In
is
a solution because
Ce-
-'-
^= -L(l
m
/4
rf25
ln(7/13).
20.
5(100
S)
5|-f) +
= '"19
(100-S)''^
dr
rfr
^lng)(100-25)f
Ce-'')-2(-C/te-*')
dt
LCke(1
= OwhenS = 50or^ =
fM
Ul
Ce-'^-'
Choosing S
CLe+ Ce-*'
Ce-
k^S{L
S),
where
A:,
+ Ce-
100
9ei"M/9)'
2=1+
9eln(4/9)r
ln(l/9)
have:
L -
we
50,
50 =
U/
(k\
0.
dt
Ce-'')2
2.7
ln(4/9)
L = 100. Also, S = 10 when f =

^.
S = 20 when t= \ =* fc = -ln(4/9).
C=
9.
And,
months
(d)
100
Particular Solution.
S
J
9gln(4/9)f
4.
9g-0.8109
100
(C)
125
(e) Sales will
decrease toward the line S
L.
PART
II
CHAPTER
Section P.l
Graphs and Models
282
Section P.2
287
Section P.3
292
Section P.4
Fitting
Models
to
Data
296
Review Exercises
297
Problem Solving
300
CHAPTER

Graphs and Models
Section P.l
Solutions to
2.
y= V9
Even-Numbered Exercises
x^
(-3,0), (3,0)
x-intercepts:
y-intercept:
-1
10
-2
-1
-1
=
X
-2
12.
-3
10. y
x'
(x
(0, 0),
-2
(-
1, 0), (1,
0)
(0, 0)
(c)
3)2
= Jx +
-1
V2
282
a:
Matches graph
(d)
8.
-2
y-intercept:
2x
x-intercepts:
(0, 3)
Matches graph
6.
4.
10
15
20
14
Graphs and Models
Section P.l
14.
16.
Xmin =
-30
Xmax = 30
Xscl = 5
j\
Ymm = -10
Ymax =
Yscl
Note
18.
y'^
50
=5
that
:?
3;
(fi
0; (0, 0)
x'
x^
[3x
y^
{x,
2){x
(0, 0),
-4) = (-
y={x-
[3(0)
(3x
x{x
(3x
0,
- 1)V0^ +
(0
-1;(0, -1)
>-
2x
- Jx^ +
y
1)V?+T
{x
1;(1,0)
2(0)
- VO^ +
>.= -1;(0,-1)
+ 1?
x-intercepts:
++-
x^
7;
(1,
3(0)
0; (0, 0)
x-intercepts:
-4) =
(2, 0)
y-intercept:
y-intercept: y
(x,
x=
24.
-4) and
1.65,
1)7^2 +
2)
+ Zx
+ \Y
0^
(-0.5,2.47)
x-intercepts:
4;c
2;
(b)
>-)
y=
= x{x0,
(-0.5,
y-intercept:
4(0)
(a)
10.
20.
jc-intercepts:
Ooxx=
Ax
^'-intercept:
22.
when x =
10
2x= Vx^ +
7)x
1
+ 3)
+ \y
-3;(0,
Vx^ +
2x
0),
4x2
x2
3x2
x^
(-3,0)
=3
73
' =
#(#
Note: X
26.
>>
x^
-X
No symmetry
28.
with respect to either axis or the origin.
= V3/3
is
an extraneous solution.

i-y)
(-x)3
to the origin since
+ (-x)
y = x^ X
y
30. Symmetric with respect to the x-axis since
x(-yY =
xy2
= _
10.
32.
}?
X.
(-x)(-^)
- V4 xy
to the origin since
(-x)-
- V4--x2 =
0.
-4)
283
Chapter
284
34. V
a:2
is
symmetric with respect to the v-axis
36.
I);]
x =
since \y\
38.. =
symmetric with respect to the x-axis
is
{-xY +
?>
x^
i-xYsince
.^2
-2+2
\y\-x =
+ r
40.
3;
f;c
3.
42. y
Intercepts:
x^
Intercept:
(0, 3)
Intercepts:
(0,1),
(4,0), (0,2)
Symmetry: none
44.
2x2
+X=
)'-axis
Symmetry: none
^(2;f 4. 1)
Intercepts:
(0,0),
Symmetry:
(-1,0)
46. y
x^
4x
48. y
Intercepts:
(-io)
= V9 -x2
Intercepts:
(0,0), (2,0),
(-3,0), (3,0), (0,3)
(-2,0)
Symmetry: none
Symmetry: y-axis
Symmetry: origin
Domain: [3,
50. X
y2
10
- 4
52. y
x^+
54.
|6
x|
Intercepts:
Intercepts:
Intercepts:
(0,2), (0,-2),
.V
3]
(0, 10)
(-4,0)
(0, 6), (6, 0)
Symmetry: y-wdi
Symmetry: x-axis
Symmetry: none
(-4, Oj
-6-4-2
Section
56.
x'^
Ay-
VaÎ?
= '^^>y =
58.
3;c
4y2
Af =
Intercepts:
(-2,0),(2,0),(0, -1),(0,
y
Intercept:
60.
(x
J\x-2
Is-
Symmetry:
<-.o^
8
-ix
1)
Symmetry: origin and both axes
Domain: [2,
Graphs and Models
p. 1
0/
jc-axis
2]
(y^^
(0,1)
'^~^-(0,-1)
+ jjU -
2)(j:
j) (other
answers possible)
62.
Some
possible equations:
y^
x=\y\
;c
>^
25
5x
ey
jc^
AX
5x
jy
3y
2;c- 13
Lj=f y
66.
= l=>y =
-7a:
- 5x
3
13
7.t
14
=>
3y
= -18
5x
14.r
isy
-3.
^y =
7a:-
J8
18
27
9a:
a:
--
36
The corresponding
y- value
- 5x
The corresponding
_5x -
Ta
2x-
5a:
2x-
v- value is
1.
Point of intersection: (3,1)
Point of intersection: (2,--3)
x =
68.
3-f=>f = 3-x
=X
-A =
U-
A-
.r^
- A -
X =
x2
2x
70.
1)2
2i:
or X
The corresponding
(x
l)(x
y2
(-
1,
-2),
= -2
(2, 1)
and y
25
>-
= 25 -
= 10=s.y =
10
.r=
2x
x=
(10
25
X-
100
- 40x +
4x-
5.v^
- 40x +
75
3 or
y- values are
25
2)
2r)=
The corresponding
5(x
3)(x
5)
y-values are y
(3. 4). (5, 0)
4 and y
0.
285
Chapter P
286
72, y
4x
y=-{x +
-
{x
2)
x^
x2
x^
2x2
x2
x^
2)
x2(x
or
2)
3x
\Y{x
x=l
74.
- Ax= - (x +
)?
.r^
= 2
= - 1,
The corresponding y-values

are
= 3
>>
and y
0.
2x2
x2
l)(x
1)
0, 1
(-1,0), (0,1), (1,0)
-3), (-2, 0)
(1,
(0.1)/
"Â
(-1.0)/"
76.
Use
y
fcc
5 matches
(1, 7):
x^
A;
Use
xy
fcc^''2
Use
matches
(1, 3):
fc
matches
(1, 36):
(1)^
y
(c)
80. (a) If
fc
2, thus,
^k=^k=
=^
kiXf''^
(1)(36)
-0.1283t2
3,
thus.y
it
=>
utility,
A:
5.
thus,
);
x-
10.
3x^/2.
36, thus, xy
36.
you obtain
11.0988f
(b)
500
207.1116
54 and
y)
is
on the graph, then so
has origin symmetry but
Assume
-y)
( x,
is
is
on
is
y)
by y-axis symmetry. Since ( x,
symmetric with respect to the
origin.
y)
is
on the graph, then so
The converse
is
is
( x, y) by
not true. For example, y
x^
not symmetric with respect to either the x-axis or the y-axis.
that the graph has x-axis

is
the graph, then so
respect to the y-axis.
82. True
2x
432.3 acres per farm.
(x,
(x,
X-axis symmetry. Hence, the graph
(b)
-10,
'
(c).
For the year 2004,
=>
(a).
(d).
-9 =
Use(l, -9):
(b).
k{\)
matches
Yi.o)
is
and origin symmetry.
The argument
is
If (x, y) is
on the graph, so
is (x,
- (-y)) =
y)
by x-axis symmetry. Since

is symmetric with
(-x, y) by origin symmetry. Therefore, the graph

similar for y-axis and origin symmetry.
(-x,
84. True; the x-intercept
is
Section P.2
Linear Models and Rates of Cliange
Section P.2
2.
m =
287
= -
4. OT
10.
6.
m =
12.
m=
4-2
-2 -
40
-T
-2 -(-2)
41
;
_2
3
J.-2. 4)
l--i
(3,-2) (4,-2i
14.
(3/4)
(7/8)
-(-1/4)
- (5/4)
8
-3/8
16. Since the slope
(-3,
18.
undefined, the line
is
and (-3,
3),
The equation of this hne

y
2(.v
2j:
is
vertical
and
equation
is
3. Therefore, three additional points
is
2)
2,
Therefore, three additional points are (-3, -4), (-
20. (a) Slope
its
5).
1,
0),
and
(0, 2).
^
= 1
Ax ~
3
By
22. (a)
m =
400
by 400
in
one day.
(b)
m =
100 indicates that the revenues increase by 100
in
one day.
(c)
m =
indicates that the revenues increase
indicates that the revenues
do not change from one day
the
Pythagorean Theorem.
.r=
30^
.t
31.623
to the next.
10^
feet.
1000
are
(3.
2),
Chapter
288
24.
6;c
Sy
-,
The
Therefore, the slope

(0,
= -
26. y
15
6
is
m=
line is horizontal. Therefore, the slope is wz
the y-intercept
j
and the y-intercept
is (0,
is
-3).
28.
x+
jc
= -
=0
30.
5y
- 4 = -f (x + 2)
- 20 = -Ix - 6
5y
32.
3;c
-3
-2
- 4 =
y - 4
(-4)
2(;c
42.
m =
Zx
Ix
- y +
(3/4)
(7/8)
6-2
1)
-4 -3
-(-1/4)
- (5/4)
44.
-3/8
1
12
-I
I-
12y
32;c
(1,
-2)
(3.
-2)
12y
~x
+ 4
3
37
3V-
4/
-32jc
+ 40
a
12
-2-1
y=-2
+
-1
38. /n
14
(0,4)
(-1,2)
40. wi
- 1).
a
b
and
Section P.2
^ + ^ =
Zx
~1
lx
3x
-3+1 =
+ y= -1
+y +
]_
=>
X = 4
50.
52.
;c-4 =
54.
3(;c
>>
3;c
+
+
4)
56.
.t
:y
;c
2v
~ ~2^ "
13
= \x-\
y
3>'
.r
58.
y
/\
/
The
lines
do not appear perpendicular.
The lines are perpendicular because their slopes 2 and -5 are

You must use a square setting in order for perpendicular lines
The
lines
appear peqjendicular.
negative reciprocals of each other.

to appear perpendicular.
289
Chapter
290
60. X
= -x +
62. Ix
m=
=0
= lU +
x-y
64. (a) y
;c
4y
66.
slope
The
= -5600f +
1)
= !u +
36
3y
slope
Hence,
-5600. Hence, V = -5600(f -
is
2 =
12
is
V =
The
6)
= -3;c - 18
16
3y4x-
= -|(x +
y-A
(b)
(b);c=-l=>.:c+l=0
68.
3x + 4^
y-4
(a)
3)
m~
-\
(b)
= -!.+
+y +
Ay
y-2=-lU + 3)
y-l= -x-l
(a)
4jc
6)
+ 24
4.50.
4.5(?
4.5r
1)
156
151.5
245,000
250,600
70.
fV'3-0'
1\
l\
You can use

X-
the graphing utility to determine that the points of intersection are (0, 3)
- Ax +
2jc'
6jr
2x(x
3)
;c
The
-6
72. /Kl
7
11
mj
-5
#
The
^
^
2x
slope of the line joining
>-- 3
m,
= -x^ +
= -1(a:-
0)
= -x +
3.
- 4
10
--
7
5
/Wj
points are not coUinear.
and
(3, 0).
Analytically,
=>
(0, 3)
(3, 0).
(0, 3)
and
(3, 0) is
m=
(0
3)/(3
0)
1.
Hence, an equation of the line
is
Section P.2
291
74. Equations of medians:
= -x
3a
a)
b
(-a.O)
c
'
(x
(0.0)
(a.O)
(x-a)
-3a +
Solving simultaneously, the point of intersection
is
m76.
(b c\
The
slope of the line segment fi-om
[(g^
b'-)/c\
-,
(3a"
(c/3)
a^
to
lP-\
fc,
3fc^
is:
3a'
c^)/(3c)
3b^
cr
2bc
{2b)/3
(b/3)
b c
The
slope of the line segment from
-,
to
0,
2c
[(-g"
fc-
"^
c^)/(2c)]
_ (-3a" +
(c/3)
31^
0-(V3)
3c-
3a'
lc')/{bc)
3b'
c'
3.97(17)
2bc
-bl3
Therefore, the points are collinear.
78.
C=
0.34x
150. If .r
137,
C=
0.34(137)
150
$196.58
80. (a) Depreciation per year:
^ = $175
>-
875
175a:
< x <
where
db)
875
5.
175(2)
$525
(c)
82. (a) V
18.91
(x
3.97.i:
quiz score,
>>
test score)
"M
(b)
200
875
175;c
675
3.86 years
175x
(c)
]fx
(d)
The slope shows
17,y
18.91
86.4.
exam
the average increase in
score
for each unit increase in quiz score.

(e)
The points would shift vertically upward 4 units. The

new regression line would have a y-intercept 4 greater
than before: v
84.
88.
4.1
3y
10
=>
|4(2)
c/
A point on the line 3x 1-3
4-
10|
3(3)
10|
Va^TY-
4.v
=
9
is
(-
1,
1).
_
~
The
7
5
M.
x+ \=Q^>d =
distance from the point (-
1,
22.91
|1(6)
1) to 3.v
3.97.r.
+ (0)(2) +
^1- + 0"
4v
10
1|
is

Chapter P
292
90. y
+ 4=>mx + (-\)y +
ntx
|Aci
gy,
C\
+ (-
\m3
1)(1)
4|
^ |3m + 3|
Vm^ + 1
The
distance
92. For simplicity,
w = 1.
wlien
is
let
In this case, the line
= x + 4
contains the point (3,
1).
the vertices of the quadrilateral be
and
(0, 0), (a, 0), (b, c),
(d, e), as
shown
in the figure.
The
(^^)
midpoints of the sides are
+ bc\lb +
dc +
Îd
e\
l
The slope of the opposite
c
ffZi
-1
+d
1
Therefore, the figure
94. If
+d
111
sides are equal:
is
a paralleogram.
l/m,, then mjOTj
= ~ 1-
Let Lj be a line with
if
m,
^(4)
96. False;
is
positive, then
m^= - l/m^
mj that is perpendicular to Ly Then miWij = 1.

Hence, m2 = m-^=^ L^ and Lj are parallel. Therefore, Lj
slope
and
Z,j
are also perpendicular.
Section P.3
2. (a)
f(-l) =
V-2 +
(b) /(6)
V6T3
(c) /(c)
v^n
(d) /(jc
siniT
(lTr\
(Of
/(;c)
= yr =
= 79 =
3;c
(3
=
\
1)
3(;c
1)
= 3,x^
=
X
x[x
\),x
i=
(c) gic)
=
+
c^{c
4)
t)
4)
= (im -
(d) g(t
73
(Itt
4^(4
(b) ^(1)
(b)/l
8.
10.
ns
-/(I)
4. (a)
= Jx + Kx +
Ax)
6. (a) /(tt)
45
4)
A)
!(-!)
c^
Ac^
+ 4-4)
(r
4)2(f
(r
A)h =
fi
+ %t^+\6t
v^
^^l' 4
is
negative.
Section
=x^-5
12. gix)
14. h{t)
P.
cot
Domain: ( oo, oo)
Domain:
Range: [-5, oo)
Range: (-00,00)
16. g{.
Range: (-00,
x'^
2jf2
+
+
2,x <
;c>
Vx +
20. fix)
2,
/(-3) =
(a)
02
(b) /(O)
(c) /(I)
1^
(c)
/(5)
(d) f{s^
2)
2(52
(d)
/(lO)
>
for
2)2
2j^
8^2
10
X > 5
V-3 +
VoT^
5)2
ym
(10
= yr =
25
Range:
[0,
;x3
00)
00)
24. fix)
= -
22. g(x)
4,x < 5
5)2,
Domain: [-4, 00)
all s)
Domain: (00, 00)

[2,
(x
Range:
k an integer
00)
0), (0,
(b) /(O)
(Note: j2
i^ k-rr,
00)
1), (1,
/(-2) = (-2)= + 2 = 6
(a)
Domain: (-00,
18. f(x)
all
Domain: (00, 00)

Domain: (-00,
0). (0,
00)
Range: (00, 00)

Range: (- 00,
0), (0,
00)
=x+ y4-x2
26. fix)
Domain: [2,
28.
2]
Me) = -5cos^
Domain: (-00, 00)
(-v/2.0>
Range:
Range: [-5,5]
[-2,272] ==[-2,2.83]
y-intercept: (0, 2)
x-intercept:
30.
7x2-4
y
is
at
- V2,
o)
V^
0:
32. x2
v2
a function of x. Vertical lines intersect the graph
most once.
is
= 4
=
74 -
X-
not a function of x.
Some
vertical lines intersect
the graph twice.
34. x2
= 4 => y = 4
36. xh-
.r2
.r2
4v
.r2
y is a function of x since there

each X.
is
one value of y for
is
a function of x since there
eachx
+
is
4
one value of y for
293
Chapter
294
38. Piix)
x'
- X +
has one zero. /JjW
x^
- x has
three zeros. Every cubic polynomial has at least one zero.
Given p(x) = Ax^ + Sx^ + Cx + D, we have p -> - oo

x-^ oo andp>oo asx>oo if i4 > 0. Furthermore,
p>oo asx> oo and/3> oo as X>oo if A
<
as
r^
0.
Since the graph has no breaks, the graph must cross the
X-axis at least one time.
40.
The function
equation, c
is/(x)
2
44.
The
cx.
Since
1/4. Thus,/(x)
student travels
(1, 1/4) satisfies the
(l/4)x.
1
= - mi/min
42.
The function
equation, c
during the
first
h(x)
3.
c-y\x\. Since (1, 3) satisfies the
Thus, h(x)
3 V]x[.
46. (a)
,.
^
^
X V
500-
4 minutes. The student
is
is
stationary for the following
6-2
400-
2 minutes. Finally, the student travels
mi/min
300-
10
200' f'
during the final 4 minutes.
100-
20
10
48. (a)
g(x)=/(x-4)
g(6)=/(2) =
==
30
40
50
345 acres/farm
(b)
A(15)
(b)
g(x)=/(x +
2)
Shift/left 2 units
g(0)=/{-4) = -3
Shift /right
(c)
units
g(x)=/(x)+4
Vertical shift
(d)
upwards
g(x)=/(x)Vertical shift
down
unit
units
(e) g{x)
2/(x)
g{2)
2/(2)
g(-4)
(0
gW
g(2)
= 2/(-4) =
= 5/W
=
g(-4)
^/(2)
= i/{-4) =
(-4.-6)
50. (a) h(x)

fb) h(x)
sin(x
-I-
(n/l))
= - sin(x -
1) is
1 is
a horizontal
a horizontal shift
shift ir/2 units to the left,
imit to the right followed
followed by a vertical
shift 1 unit
by a reflection about the
x-axis.
upwards.
Section
52.
(a)/(^(l))=/(0) =
(b) g(f(\))
g(l)
g{fm
g{Q)
= -
(c)
(f)
gifbc))
g{J~x)
).,g(x)
\)
cosj:
=/(cos.v)
cos^v
Domain: (00,00)
{g'f){x)=g{x^-
J^^X
= {J~xf -
=f{V^T2) =
56. (/og)(A)
X'
{f'g){x)=Mx))
(d)/(5(-4))=/(15)= 715
(e)/(^W)=/(x2-
54. fix)
P. 3
Domain:
.X
{x
>
00,
NoJ'g^
0)
l)
= cos(x2-
1)
ca)
g'f.
-^1=
~Jx
+ 2
Domain: (2, 00)
.^=7^
=/)W
You can
-2
58. (a)
domain of g /by determining
find the
-1 _i
Domain:
2x
(1
2x) and
are both positive, or both negative.
00, jj,
where
the intervals
(0,
00)
25
60.
f(-x)
= If^ = -
l/^
-fix)
Odd
(b) H'
0.0021
1.6
=
62.
/(-a) =
0.000781 25a- 2
sin^(-.v)
Even
^)- + 0.005(^
>
+ 0.003125a -
sin(-A) sin(-.t)
0.029
(-sin.r)(-sin a)
sinÂ
64. (a) If/ is even, then (-4, 9)
66.
0.029
is
on the graph.
/(-a) = a,(-Af " + a2_2(-AP"-^ +
(b)
^.(-a-)^
a^
= /(-v)
Even
68. Let F(a)
= /(.v)g(.v) where/is
even and g
is
F(-a) =/(-.v)g(-A) =/(A)[-g(A)] =

Thus, Fix)
is
odd.
odd.
Then
~fix)g(x)
= -Fix).
If/ is odd, then (-4, -9)
is
on
the graph.
295
2
3
Chapter P
296
70. (a) Let F{x)
= fix)
Thus, F{x)
(b)
LetFW
Let
FW
By
is
is
where/and g
g{x)
^W where fandg are odd. Then, F(-x)

gix)
y-2
0-3
where
let/W =
-v/jc^
x^.
Section P.4
f is
odd and g
is
even. Then,
0X-
= f{- x) g(- x) =
x-2,
Ix
+ 2 =
Then/(3x)
Fitting
ilxf = 9x^ and
Models
3/W =
3;^^.
No, the relationship does not appear
Quiz scores are dependent on

change from one quiz
10. (a) Linear model:
to
be
No
relationship
9.1t
several variables such as
= -0.3323/ + 612.9333
The model
very good,
12. (a)
(c)
500,
612.9333
446.78.
well,
fits
may
(b)
0.4
45
(c) If
to the next.
-0.3323(500)
linear.
600
gix).
Data
to
study time, class attendance, etc. These variables
-F{x).
^ /(3x).
Thus, 3/U)
(b)
\2
8. (a) s
g{x)
X-2,
20
When
^'
(a)
(cj
-f(x)
2x
X-
6.
fit is
F(x).
4.
The
Trigonometric function
(b)
g(x)
F(-x) = fi-x) gi-x) = -fix)
2.
(b)
74. True
X-
76. False;
f{x)
odd nor even.
neither
y-2
y^
F{-x) = f(~x) g{-x) =
odd.
equating slopes.
= Jx^ +
are even. Then,
even.
= fix)
Thus, Fix)
72.
is
=fix)
Thus, F{x)
(c)
2.5, s
180.89jc2
24.65 meters/second.
205.79;c
272
2 5000
When x =
2,
583.98 pounds.
14. (a)
(b)
0.0027 1^2
0.05295
16. (a)
T=
(b)
350
20.
(c)
For
0.183
(d)
The model
2.671
21
(c)
The curve
(d)
levels off for s
0.002^2
0.0346i
<
lO'V^ _
2.9856 x
T=
300F,
is
0.0641
/j^
5.2826p
18. (a) H{t)
84.4
One model
C{t)
(b)
better for
is
based on data up to 100 pounds per
low speeds.
4.28 sinf
^+
3.86
(C)
100
is
TTt
+ 27sin( +
58
4.1
100
(d)
The average
in
Honolulu
The average
in
Chicago
(e)
The period
(f)
Chicago has greater
is
is
84.4.
58.
12 months (1 year).
is
variability (27
20. Answers will vary.

2.
4.
;r
;y
XV
(.t
^
^
l)(.t
3)
(0
1)(0
3)
U-
l)(x
3)
=>
.V
3
.V
^
=
(0, 3)
1,
=>
v-intercept
(1, 0), (3, 0)
= 4
and y
A-intercepts
6.
are both impossible.
No
intercepts.

y
(-x)-*
x"
x~
68.29 pounds per square inch.
square inch.
The model
297
(-x)-
3.
to
-v'-axis
since
>
4.28).
143.1
Chapter P
298
8.
-2y =
4x
10. 0.02X
2x
2x
0.25
15y
25
-i5-
0.15y
Slope: 2
y-intercept:
Slope:
12.
= x{6-
x)
-fj
y-intercept: j
14.
|;c
4|
16.
= Si/x
Xmin =
18.
(x+
;t
-x^ =
I)
-40
Xmax = 40
Xscl = 10
Ymin = -40
Ymax = 40
Yscl = 10
20. y
(a)
x'-
= kilf =^k = 4andy =

= M0)3 =>
any
A-
Jt
4x^
will do!
= k(-2y
(d)
-I = k{-iy=^k= l=^y =
-3
12-
(7, 12)
-3-f
8-S-
4-
2--
345
12
line
is
h-
h--'
(7,-1)
vertical
and has no slope.
-^ andy = -jx^
3-6
3-(-l)
10-
=^k=
(b)
24.
22.
a:
4-
No real solution
No points of intersection
and
The graphs of y =
y = x^ + 7 do not intersect.
kx^
(c)
The
-H
-3
-3
-11
-44 =
-53 =
3r
-^
3r
x^
-I-
26.
J,
- 6 = OU y
28.
(-2))
is
undefined. Line
299
is vertical.
x = 5
6 Horizontal line
6-(-2,6)
-4-2
I
>
Sy
2x
3y
-H
r(-t
1 1
-2;c
= lU -
Q= X-
(b)
(d)
y34. X-
36,500
22.75f
30f
30r
22.75r
7.25r
36,000
5034.48 hours to break even.
36,500
/?
(c)
36,500
l(x
= x +
X- y +
1)
36.
is
/(-4) = (-4)2 + 2 =
(c)/(l)=
13.50f
is 1.
(b) /(O)
9.25r
Function of x since there
38. (a)
C=
1)
4-3
(c)
32. (a)
1)
(b) Slope of perpendicular line
>-
-2--
y-3
30. (a)
(5.4)
|0
|1
-2| =
2|
2
1
one value
18
for v for each x.
(because
-4
<
0)
Not a function of x since there are two values of y

some x.
40. f(x)
(a) f[x)
.r=
gix)
(b) f(x)g{x)
(c) g{f{x))
and g{x)
=
=
=
(1
^(1
(1
Iv
.r^)
(2r
.v-)(2v
1)
.X-)
2(1
for
\)
= -x~ -
= -It^ -
.v^)
Ix
.r=
Ir
li-
-I-
Chapter P
300
42. f(x)
(a)
x^ -3.xP-
44, (a) fix)
The graph of g
down
gix)
is
= -[/W -
The graph of g
upwards of
a vertical shift
is
company
shift
of 2 to the
right.
3(x
= xÛ -
-2)2+1
For the second company
off.
and then rose again
profit dropped,
(b),
^-r
48. (a) y
= -
1.204.t
Let y
= mx +
The data
irrfi
+ imx+
\)x'^
+ l)^=
+ 4mx +
from the point
4ac equal
Setting the discriminant b^
16m^ -
line to the circle
+ iy+l)^=l
x^
x^
Chapter P
be a tangent
\6m-
- I2m^ =
12
4m^ =
12
1)(3)
to zero,
=0
Airrr
m = y3
Tangent
lines:
= V^x +
and v
10
64.2667
70
(b)
2.
later.
Without
for
the
(c)
Problem Solving
6)3
200
(a) the profit rose rapidly for the first year,
and then leveled
6)2
46. For
Ai
(c) hix)
2)3
Jt3(x
obtained from /by a vertical shift
g(x)=f{x-2) +
= (x-
300
and a horizontal
(b) gix)
in the jc-axis:
1]
= -x^ + 3x^+
(b)
from/by
obtained
followed by a reflection
unit,
= x^x - 6f
= - V^x +
1.
(0, 1).
Then
point (27, 44)
this point, the
-1.4344JC
is
probably an
new model
66.4387.
is
error.
4. (a)
/(x
(b) f(x)
1)
(d)
(c) lf{x)
(e)
-/W
f{-x)
(0 i/wi
4-
:Y^^y:
(g)
6. (a)
/(ki)
4y
Aix)
3;c
=
/-,
x(2y)
Domain:
300 -
300 => v
3a-
(b)
/'300
xl^
3.x\
-3.V-
+ 300x
< x < 100
25
50
75
100
Maximum of 3750 ft"

(c)
A(x)
= --{x- -
IOOa)
= --(x^ -
lOOx
= --(x A(50)
50)=
2500)
+ 3750
+ 3750
= 3750 square feet is the maximum

= 50 ft and v = 37.5 ft.
where x
area,
at
= 50 ft,
>-
37.5
ft.
301
Chapter P
302
8.
Let
d be
the distance from the starting point to the beach,
Average velocity
distance
time
2d
12
120
60
120
60
80 km/hr
Slope
3-21
= - Slope
(b) Slope
2-11
= - Slope of
tangent line
Slope
^,
or tangent
(d) Slope
(a)
, ,
(c)
2.1
(4
10
Slope
V4 +
/!
^,
= V4 +
/!
- 2
is less
,.
Ime
is
than -.
10
^
greater than
(4
//(V4
V4 +
/;)
/I
/!
JA +
+ + 2
V4==
/!
/!
As
greater than
is
+ ;,)_4
vm(e)
of tangent line
2)
hi-Q
2
gets closer to 0, the slope gets closer to
The
.
slope
is
at the
point
(4, 2).
kl
12. (a)
U-4)2+/ = feV + )^)

- ly + {k^ - l)f + &x
(A:2
If
then
1,
V
4
U + t;
k^x
(c)
14. fix)
fc2
k^-
^)"
(F -
all
-t
all
t^
Then
Circle
(!)'
is
near
(0, 0),
and the radius becomes smaller.
t^^
=/l
- x
Domain:
all
f{f{f{x)))=f\
Domain:
all
The graph
is
x)
.V
- X
i^ 0, 1
(x-
(d)
= 0.
1)2
(c)
Domain:
(b) fifix))
Ak
/c'
16
assume
So,
line.
the center of the circle
k,
=y =
Range:
- 16
3, (;t
(a)
For large
a vertical
is
+y^ =
+
=
A:2-
(b) Ift
;c
16
(x-
t^ 0, 1
not a line.
-^
It
has holes at
(0, 0)
and
(1, 1).
- X
X
x-\
X
303
CHAPTER
Section 1.1
A Preview of Calculus
305
Section 1.2
305
Section 1.3
309
Section 1.4
315
Section 1.5
Infinite Limits
320
Review Exercises
324
Problem Solving
327
CHAPTER
Section 1.1
Solutions to
2.
Calculus: velocity
Distance
(b)
is
You could improve
8. Precalculus:
the approximation
2.001
2.01
2.1
fix)
0.2564
0.2506
0.2501
0.2499
0.2494
0.2439
(Actual limit
0.25
-3.1
-3.01
-3.001
-2.999
-2.99
-2.9
fix)
-0.2485
-0.2498
-0.2500
-0.2500
-0.2502
-0.2516
lim
.T
:;
-0.25
(Actual limit
is
7r(3)-6
54tt
-j)
3.9
3.99
3.999
4.001
4.01
4.1
fix)
0.0408
0.0401
0.0400
0.0400
0.0399
0.0392
^^
j:->4
-0.01
0.0500
cos X
'
lim
- 4
-0.1
.C-.0
Volume =
fix)
0.08
is 3.)
1.999
lim
slope
by using more rectangles.
1.99
->-3
10.417
1.9
lim
change
= 300 feet
x-^2
6.
4. Precalculus: rate of
tt[J2)'
"5+- + - + -
Area
Section 1.2
4.
not constant
(20 ft/sec)(15 seconds)
Area
6. Precalculus;
10. (a)
Preview of Calculus
0.0050
0.0000
0.04
(Actual limit
-0.001
0.0005
(Actual limit
is
^.)
0.001
0.01
-0.0005
-0.0050
is
0.)
(Make
sure
0.1
-0.0500
vou use radian mode.)
305
306
10. lim
Chapter
(;c^
2)
12. lim/(x)
lim
(;c^
2)
jr-l
14. lim
3 a:
does not exist since the
16. lim sec
X =
18. lim sin(7rx)
function increases and decreases
without bound as x approaches
20. C{t)
0.35
0.121- (f-
3.
1)
(a)
(b)
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
0.59
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
C{t)
CW =
lim
0.71
(c)
2.5
2.9
3.1
3.5
0.47
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.71
0.71
0.71
C{t)
lim C{t) does not exist.
The values of
C jump from 0.59
to 0.71 at
3.
f*3.5
22.
You need
[fix)
1^2
-0.2 <
x2
3|
<
S such that
to find
3|
|x
1^2
2|
4|
<
< 4 +
3.8
<
x^
<
4.2
JJI
Vl8 - 2
<
<
JA2
V4I -
< X - 2 <
ThenO <
2|
< 8
-{742 -
2)
< X - 2 <
742 -
742 -
2.
Using the
|/(x)
first series
3|
|x2
'-2
<
0.01
<
0.01
<
0.01
0.0494.
<
implies
2 <
IT.
-f
742 -
2 < X
2^-
is,
0.2
So take S =
73^ -
That
-f
x^
|x
0.2.
4 < 0.2
4 - 0.2 <
< 5 implies
Hence,
(.
|x
if
4)
< 0.02 = 5
4|
<
\U
|x
4|
< 8 =
4)
<
0.01
-f
<
0.01
<
0.01
-L\<
0.01
of equivalent inequalities, you obtain
4|
<
0.2.
|/(x)
0.02,
you have
Section 1.2
26. lim (x^
4)
4)
29|
<
0.01
|a:2
25|
<
0.01
5)1
<
0.01
<
\(x^
|(x
5){x
29
28.
lim
(2;c
a:>-3
Given e >
|(2r
If
we assume 4 <
x <
6,
+ 5)-(-l)| <
|2x
6|
<
2\x
3|
<
|;t
3|
<|=6
3|
< 5 =
then 5
if0<|jr-5|<6 =
Hence,
0:
0.01
U+
= -
5)
rr-,
0.01/11
0.0009.
Hence,
let
Hence,
if
e/2.
you have
<
|jr
-,
you have
(0.01)
|.x-
(x^
5||a;
%x +
0.01
25|
<
0.01
4)
29|
<
0.01
9)
|(2x
1^
31
<
i2x
6|
<
+ 5)-(-l)| <
5(1)
32.
>
0:
|V3^
9j
- y| <
lim(-l) = -1
JC^2
0:
|-1 - (-1)| <
<
Hence, any 5 >
i|x-l|<e
let
Hence,
if
=
<
\x
|(|j:
34. lim
l/W -
\\
<
+ 9)-f| <
l/W - L| <
v^ = 74 =
< S =
je,
you have
0,
<e
|{-l)-(-l)|
(3/2)e.
|j:
will work.
Hence, for any 5 >
k-l|<56
Hence,
-L\<e
l/W
< 0.01
L\
Given e >
Given
<
|;c2
|/(x)
30. lim
5|
<
i|
you have
e
6
=0
36. lim |.v- 3|
Jr>4
Given e >
0:
|V5 -
2|
|V^ -
2|
|v^
2I
|x
Assuming
<
< \x-
a-
A\
<
9,
-I-
4|
<
<
e|
=>
|.r
V^ +
< e|7c
you can choose 5
< 5 = 3e =>
Given
ITx-
4|
=
<
2I
3e.
e|
<
|(.r
2I
>
2I
Hence,
Then,
Va +
e.
2I
Hence
let
0:
0|
<
|.T- 3|
<
e=
3)
for
|.v
||..-3|
|/(.t)
e.
<
|.r
3|
-0|
<
<6
-L\<e
< 6 =
e.
you have
307
Chapter
308
38.
lim {x^
3x)
Given e >
\{^
40.
3x) - 0|
-
3)1
<
<
k-^-3| <
<
for
\x
3\
The domain is all x i= 1,

show the hole at (3, 5).
42. fix)
<-e
<
0|
<
l/W -
L|
<
3;t
<
then 5
t.
44. (a) No.
The
fact that/(2)
tence of the limit of

9
value of /at
3.
The graphing
utility
4 has no bearing on the
4 has no bearing on
48.
0.002
14.7 lb/in2
Using the zoom and trace
<
50. True
52. False;
Ix
21
<
feature, 5
0.001,
x-2
0.001. That
- 4 <
0.001.
let
f{x)
Ax,
4a;)
+ A
10,
lim/(x)
j:-4
J:->4
the
2.
(in feet).
lim p(x)
54. lim
exis-
does not
46. Let p(x) be the atmospheric pressure in a plane at
/W as x approaches 2.
No. The fact that lim/(x)
(b)
'
j:3
altitude
does not
you have
The domain is all a: #

show the hole at (3, g).
utility
e/4.
Mm fix) = -
The graphing
\x\
V4
x'^
3.
i-j-e
3)1
\x{x
l,
( 3)| <
|j:
'
|x2
Ax
lim/W = -
we assume - 4 < x < 2,
Hence
x^
0:
\x{x^
If
x-Z
/W
\2
X - a
[0.1]"
/(4
[0.1]")
lim
(x2
jr->4
[0.1]"
/(4
[0.1]")
4.1
7.1
3.9
6.9
4.01
7.01
3.99
6.99
4.001
7.001
3.999
6.999
4.0001
7.0001
3.9999
6.9999
and/(4)
10
^t
is,
for

Section 1.3
= mx +
56. fix)
b,
Qhe
Q.l^X e >
i^
given.
Take 5
-j
r.
= L,L >
58. lim g{x)
<
such that
< 8 =
c\
77, then
\m.\\x
\mx
\{mx
jL.
There
exists
5 >
mc\ < e
\l <
<
b)\
Hence
= mc +
b)
for
< 8
0|
implies \g{x)
L\
<
- L <
gix)
< jL
gix)
{l
in the interval ic
S,
S),
= c,
Section 1.3
10
(a)
(b)
lim gix)
(a) lim/(f)
2.4
/->4
limÛ) = 4
(b)
lim /(f)
= -5
x*0
W
6.
4|
lim (3x
2)
\._a
.t-9
lim x3
(-2)3
8.
3(-3)
= -7
x--3
a:--2
10.
fk
/(r)
lim(-r^+
1)
= -(1)^+
12. lim
(3.^3
2r=
4)
3(1)^
2(1)"
X-*l
2
14.
lim
-2
-3 +
3X + 2
:t-^3
V^^^
V3 + : = -z
3-4
1
ifi
18. IImi
a:->3
= -2,
22. lim i2x
- ly =
[2(0)
;c
20. lim4/;c
+ 4 = ^4 +
1]'
= -1
lim fix)
24. (a)
4^
lim gifix))
x*-3
2(4^)
= (-3) +
lim gix)
(c)
x->4
(b)
26. (a) lim/(jc)
3(4)
21
28. lim tan X
tan
77
16
16
^(4)
x-*ir
(b)
(c)
lim gix)
= ^21
+6 =
\\mgifix))
gi2l)
x-*4
30. lim
sm ^: = sm =
j:-1
34.
lim
j->57r/3
cos X
>\l>Q.
gix)
b.
|a:
is,
-5L <
<
c\
(mx
that lim
That
- (mc +
b)
which shows
2.
\m\
<\x-
IfO
Let e
0.
309
32. lim cos 3x
cos Stt
= -
x*lr
cos ^;r
3
=X
2
,.
/tT.xA
- =
36. lim sec

j-7
sec
777
-2v^
- =
:;
+ 4 =
jL.
Chapter
310
Limits
= 4 [4/W] = 41im/(;c)
j:
38. (a) lim
x^c
+ g{x)] =
lim/(x)
x^c
lim g{x)
x-*c
j:-+c
= riim/Wiriim g{x)\
lim \S{x)g{x)-\
40. (a) XxmlfJQ)
\=2
L
=^+
L
/W
j:
lim h{x)
(a)
X^
[/W]2 =
lim
(c)
IB=!
Zx
agree except at
lim f{x)
jr->-2
(b)
3 and h{x)
j:
= -5
- X -
^ 729
(27)2/3
x'-
agree except at
and g{x)
lim g{x)
lim
x^2
2x
3 agree except at
+ and
1
JC^
48. /(j:)
j?
lim g(x)
g{x)
-\-
agree except at
-1.
= -5
lim f{x)
JT -
-V
JlVx-Ji =
2)
,.
hm
^**"
v7TT-2
;
X
x-î
_J
.
58.
,.
hm
xô
60.
,.
hm
Aar-Ô
-^
,.
,.
lim
V2 +
a;
lim
I'l"
Ax
x2
J7)x
-^;:
Vx +
Vx+
,.
+ 4)
+ 4)'
= hm
rr
2)
72
ijl
lim
J2 +
++
+ J2
A-
=
-
,.
T^
11111 ,
-.-^3
= -
hm
TTr
- Z\jx
+
;
(x
TT
lim
11111
:c^3
2]
^^
,.
,.
= hm
Ax->0
x^
-7
-1+-
x->o 4(x
4)
(Ax)2 - x2 =
+ 2xAx +
Ax
vTTT +
16
,.
hm
Ax-0
Zb;(2x
^^-r
Ax
Ax)
,.
= hm
AiÔ
,,
(2x
Ax)
2x
1)
-(
2)
= ~ = x
+ v^
^
+ J2
,.
^-^0
lim 7
x-4
U+
4)(;c
-(7
4)(;c
(x
4(x
x-^0
Ax)2
-^
;=A
X+
= hm
,.
;t
Jl +
2+X-2
,
Vx +
4 -
V2 +
,
lim 7
,.
- V2
xî
(x
=
~
j_
+ 4
(x = hm 7
- 8
xÂ [x -
5;c
2x
^-o(V2 +
,,
x->4 x2
x-^
56.
;c-
,.
52.
lim
j:->2
^^0
2)(a:
hm -
^^
(a:
-1
,. ,.
54. lim
-{x- 2)
0.
JC-Ô
/[
1- X
exist.
-:;
j;
-1
lim/(;c)=
(b)
J* -
;c-*2;c2-4
;c
-;
,. ,.
50. lim
jr-l
x=
lim f{x)
(27)2
riin,/(;c)]2/3
and/U) =
[lim/(x)l2
lim/(x) does not
(a)
jc-*-2
2;t2
44. g{x)
lim/iW = lim/W = -3
46. /(x)
Jf-C
(d) lim[/(;c)]2/3
42.
= l/in =
3/lim/(x)
\Z/
*c
(b) lim [fix)
(c)
T"
Section 1.3
62.
U+
,.
lim
Ajc)3
x3
+ 3x'\x + 3x{Axy + (Axf -
x^
,.
-.
Ax->o
lim
jc'
Ax
'^->0
Ajc
+ 3xAx +
Ax{3x^
,.
hm
^^
(Ax)^)
^^
Aar-0
,,
,.
hm
,
+ 3xAx
+
.
(3r=
,.
,,,
(Ax)^)
3x^
Ax->0
A.V
A- Jx
64. fix)
16
15.9
15.99
15.999
16
16.001
16.01
16.1
/w
-.1252
-.125
-.125
-.125
-.125
-.1248
(4-v^
lim
Analytically,
.r-16
16
x^\(,[J~y_
lim
-'-'IS
F
=
Jx-v A
appears that the limit
4)
--.
8
^ = 80
66. lim
X L
j:->2
72.39
79.20
.r5
,.
Analytically,
lim
^
x^2 X
-^
1.9999
1.999
1.99
1.9
fix)
It
+ 4)(^ _
79.92
32
79.99
ix
,.
2)(.x^
2x3
lim
2x'
32.)
lim (x"
4x2
X
4x^
8x
(3)(0)
2.001
80.08
80.01
x^2
2.0001
2.0
8x
2.01
2.1
80.80
88.41
16)
16)
80.
j-2
Use long division
(Hint:
68. lim
_^
,.
3(1 =^
cos.x)
^^^^^
tan"x
Jr->0
-.
76.
,.
-:
lim
Jr-.7r/4
sin
[sf^-^^^)] =
sinx
^ = lim
X cos' X
(1)(0)
tanx
lim
sin-x
,.
= hm
72. lim
x->0
to factor x^
cosx
lim
v/4
sinx
X cos X
lim
x->it/4
COS" X
(sinx
cos.v)
cos x(sin X cos x)
x-ît/4 Sin
lim
cosx
(-secx)
.rnr/4
= -72
78.
2x
,.
sin
x-iO
sm 3x
hm
.,
= hm
-t-o
Vsinlv
-r
2
L
'-'"\]m-M>-\
Iv
cose tan
,.
= hm
8->0
B->0
cos- X J
= hm
,.
70. lim
74.
.t->0
,.
cos X
sin
lim
(^
sec
(^
tt(
1)
sm
; =
= tt
is
-0.125.
311
Chapter
312
SO.fih)
+cos2/!)
(1
-0.001
-0.01
-0.1
1.9998
1.98
Analytically, lim (1
cos 2h)
r\/\r\
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.9998
1.98
=1 + 1=2.
cos(O)
The
limit appear to equal 2.
The
limit appear to equal 0.
82. f(x)
-0.1
-0.01
0.0464
0.215
fix)
-0.001
0.01
lim^ = j-jO
lim^f^^^)
X
Analytically,
0.001
0.01
0.1
0.01
0.0464
0.215
(0)(1)
0.
,.
fix
84. lim
+ h)- fix)
=
;
/i->o
lim
Jx + h-
J~x
lim
fix
86. hm-^^
h)
r
fix)
=^-^
h->o
,.
88. iim [b
- \x-
a|]
<
+ Jx
+ Jx
h)-
+ Jx)
4(x
'"^0
h)
Jx +
ix^
-Ax)
^^
hilx
-^^
lim/(jc)
/i
4)
< lim
[b
,.
= hm
\x
,^
(2x
a|]
/z
,,
4)
ijx
J~x
'
A->o
,.
lim
h[Jx +
ix
= hm -^^
= hm
^x +
Jx +
/i->o
lim
''-*o
Jx + h
..
h->o
x^
,.
2xh
\x\
cos X
^
2jc
90. fix)
|.rsinji:|
b.
94. hix)
= X cos
X
Iim X cos X
4x
h
lim brsin;c
92. fix)
A-o
b < Wmfix) 0
lim
x-*0 \
X cos X
4h
x^
Ax
Section 1.3
96. fix)
x^
except
100. fix)
.X
1
j-
and g(x)
= x +
agree
1.
X>c,
x, gix)
sm'-
= -
16r2
and
gix),
fi
then Vim fix) exists
and g have the same

and equals L.
sin^ X, hix)
When you
A
y
sit)
< fix) <
h{x)
the magnitude of
are "close to"
of/ and
is
"smaller"
magnitude of g is
approaching zero "faster" than the magnitude of/.
than the magnitude
o^Tn
102.
98. If a function /is squeezed between two functions h and
points
at all
~ Owhen
Thus, |g|/|/|
1000
when
J^
jc is
the
"close to"
^^^ seconds
16
'^^
'i
..
lim
j
-p=
0-(-16r2+
,.
5V10 _
t^sVToh
lim
1000)
-/==
5V10 _
(-5yio/2
J.
125
16
16
f-
^Y. - ^)
2
lim
5yio/2
104. -4.9f-
150
when
lim
r^5yio/2
/l50
SyiO _
velocity at time
,.
sia)
lim
I-n
sit)
if
(-4.9a^
,.
150)
lim
lim -4.9(a
t)
V 1500/49, the velocity
5V10
r->5yio/2
^^^j = -SOyiO ft/sec =
-253
ft/sec
5.53 seconds.
49
a\s
r-n
=
Hence,
/ l500
^
~
4.9
The
lim
leff
is
- (-4.9r +
t
-2a(4.9)
150)
,.
r->n
= -9.8a
- f)(a +
- t
r)
m/sec.
-9.8V1500/49
-4.9(a
= lim-
-54.2 m/sec.
106. Suppose, on the contrary, that lim gix) exists. Then, since Vim fix) exists, so would lim [fix)
.r*c
x*c
.x*c
contradiction. Hence, lim ^(jc) does not exist.

x-*c
108. Given /(.x)
limx"
x", n is a positive integer, then
limCxx""')
110. Given lim/(x)
[limJflimx""']
c[lim
c(c)lim (xa:""')
ixx"-^ =
c[lim.x][limx"--]
c".
0|
0:
x*c
For every e >
Now
|/(x)
0, there exists
0|
|/U)|
S >
||/(.r)|
such that |/(x)
0|
< 6
313
for |x
< ewheneverO <

c|
<
5.
|x
Therefore, lim
c|
|/(.t)|
<
6.
0.
gix)],
which
is
limit
g,
as
314
Chapter
112. (a) If lim \f{x)\
0,
then lim [- |/(x)|]
-\f{x)\ <f{x) <
0.
l/WI
lim[-|/U)|] < lim/W < lim|/W|
< Urn fix) <

x>c
Therefore, lim/(jc)
(b)
Given \imf{x)
0.
L:
x*c
For every e >

Since
114. True, lim
jc'
0, there exists
\\f(x)\
\L\\
<
\f{x)
8 >
such that \f{x)
- L\<
e for
\x
c\
L\
<
8,
<e whenever
then lim
(P
<
|/(;c)|
\x
<
c\
S.
\L\.
= X x
116. False. Let f{x)
x->0
Then \imf(x) =
i'
x=
but /(I)
1.
X>1
118. False. Let/{x)

for all
;c
0.
{x'^
But lim/(jc)
J*0
Then/W <
= lim gix) = 0.
and g{x)
x^.
.-g{x)
,.
COS
a:
120. lim
j:-*0
cosx
,.
= hm
lim
i->o;c(l
sin
=
cosj:)
sin
lim
j->0
;c
COS
JT
x-0
(1)(0)
lim
.t"-5bj;(l
cosjc)
cosj:
lim
+
lim
cosx
x-Ô
secx
+
+
j:-0
jr-0 1
cos l]
122. fix)
(a)
The domain of/ is
(b)
all
t^ 0,
ir/l
(c)
lini/W = -
mr.
sec x
sec x
sec
j:
sec
a;
(d)
^J
x^
tan^
;c^(secAr+
sec
The domain
is
not obvious.
The hole
at
.jc
;c
Hence, lim
is
not
apparent.
124. The calculator was set in degree mode, instead of radian mode.
'o
x^
+
+
1)
1
j:^(secA: + 1)
sec^j:
fsin-x\
cos^j:\
1
x-^0 cos^
/ sinÂ: \
x\ 7?
/secj:+
x^
/sec X
Section 1.4
Section 1.4
/W
= -2
4, (a)
lim f(x)
= -2
(b)
lim
2. (a)
(b)
lim
(c)
j:--2
x=
lim^/U) = 2
lini
l->-2"
= -2
/W
The function
315
continuous
The function
at
x=
-2.
2-^
ii,u
.'ilV - 4 -
NOT continuous
jr
2-
The function
at
-2.
n,
iii?*
is
,n
10.
hm
1-
j:->4-
v^- 2 =
4
/U) does
lim
(c)
j:^-2
is
/U) = 2
lim
(b)
Jc-l
lim fix)
(c)
fix)
lim fix)
6. (a)
is
not exist.
NOT continuous
at
= -1.
Ji-2 Ji+2
,.
lim
^+
Jc-4
"-
X-
lim
U-4)(y; +
2)
lim
'-**'
,12.
,.
lim
k-
, ^
14.
-^
2
'
jr->2*
(x
,.
- 2
=
2
,.
lim
x-2*
Ax)2
(a:
lim
Ax)
(x^
x)
x~
,.
2a;(Ax)
=
=
lim fix)
lim (-x^
j->2*
lim fix)
lim (x^
4x
4x
6)
2)
lim
2x
i^xf- -^x
l^-x^-x
Ax
2x(Ax)
lim
lim
x->2*
(Ax)-
+ Ax
Ax
Aj->0*
16.
J~x
(2x
+ Ax +
1)
0+l=2x+l
18.
lim fix)
22.
lim^ ilx
lim
(1
x)
x-2"
a:->2"
lim/(x)
j->2
20.
lim
sec
x does not
exist since
j:>Tr/2
lim
sec
x and
x->(,r/2)*
24. lim
- W) =
sec x do not exist.
lim
= !-(-!) =
28./(x)=
X <
2,
2x
-2
Ar-.(Tr/2)"
26. fix)
X +
has a discontinuity
30. /(f)
2(2)
1,
- V9 -
X >
f^ is
has discontinuity atx
since /(I)
2+
lim/(x)
at
= 1
is
continuous on [
since /(- 1)
is
not defined.
1.
continuous on [-
3, 3].
32.
^2)
is
not defined,
1, 2).
316
Chapter
34. fix)
x^
38. fix)
j:*-
40. fix)
atx
X
^
continuous for
is
- 3
_
x - 1
+
U 2)U -
= 2
does not
<
x >
at
a:
1,
3.
^2
_'/!
_(_
T'*\
3 since Vim fix)
^^
j:
3)
lim/U) =
therefore, / is continuous for all real x.
.-V
."^
^^
o
^
^ possible discontinuity at
j:
2.
= -2(2) = -4
lirn
lim fix)
'
^
lim
= -4
i-2x)
(jc^
x^y^
4;c
1)'
iini/(;c)
does not
|;:-3|
<2
U-
> 2
exist.
= -3j
-^
2.
< X <
has possible discontinuities

31
= csc|=2
lim/W =
/(I)
j:
X < 2
\-2x,
1
x^2*-'
2.
at
exist.
l./(l)
3|
and has a removable discontinu-
;c
/W
exist.
since lim fix) does not exist, and has a removable discontinuity
since
Therefore, /has a nonremovable discontinuity atx
/W
lim fix) do not
x->-l
= lim/W
50.
all real x.
jc- 3
has a nonremovable discontinuity
exist,
3,
/is continuous
lim
since Vim fix) and
\x-
= AT- (-2x +
= lim x^ = 1
lim fix)
/(2)
continuous for
44. fix)
lim
= 12=
2. A?--^^-*^
1.
is
-.
has a possible discontinuity at
1)
x\
48. fix)
= I
since
-2x +
46. fix)
3. /(I)
and x
cos
3 since
lim/(;c)
l./(l)
has a nonremovable discontinuity at x
lim fix) does not

j:
jr-l
has a nonremovable discontinuity atx
ity at
36. fix)
has nonremovable discontinuities atx
lim/U) = lim
42. fix)
all real x.
X <
/(5)
= csc^ =
lim/W =
= lim/U)
/(5)
x-*\
/is continuous dXx
or
j:
>
lim/(x)
x-*5
and
jc
5,
therefore,/is continuous for
all
real x.
at
\,x
5.
Section 1.4
52. fix)
2k
56.
nonremovable discontinuities
tan -r- has

/:
7>
integer
54. fix)
each
at
-\x\ has nonremovable
,.
lim/W =
hm
58.
,.4 sin
= hm
g(x)
l-0"
/ is
at x = 4
not continuous
60. lim gix)
lim
(a:
a)
lim (a
2x)
x->0'
4.
2a
at
Jx -
Because/ - g
64. figix))
Let a
x'-a^
lim
J:->n
such that 2a
62. figix))
lim gix)
x-tO*
=>
Fbd a
AT
x-0"
jr-0"
lim j{x)
discontinuities at each
an integer.
is
is
4.
j:
not defined for x
<
1.
Continuous for
1, it is
all .t
>
better to say that/
1.
discontinuous from the right
66. hix)
sin.r2
Continuous for
is
all real
at
x =
1.
U+
l)(x
2)
at
and x
2.
m
f cos .V
68. fix)
X <
X
\
x>
[Sx.
/(O)
1-
hm
5(0)
ft \
/(x)
j:->0-
^r^
'^-^,
=
(cosx
1-
lim
1)
-^
.t->0-
lim /(x)
a:->0*
lim (5x)
jr->0*
Therefore, lim/(x)
= /(O) and/ is
continuous on the entire real
line, (x
was the only possible
x*0
70. fix)
= xVx +
72./U) =
VX
Continuous on [-3, oo]

Continuous on
(0,
oc)
317
discontinuity.)
Chapter
318
74. f(x)
76. fix)
x-1
x^
3a:
continuous on
is
/(0)= -2and/(l) =
By
The graph appears
to
[4,
Since /(2)
is
4].
a discontinuity
so
it
78. f(x)
we know
This discontinuity
2.
that/has
is
removable
TTX
1-
tan
continuous on
is
80. /(x)
[1, 3].
= -4 +
tan
fo
<
and /(3)
= -^ +
tan
Theorem, /(I)
and
fix)
>
0.
hie)=
for at least
MO) =
>
and /id)
that d
By
-2.67
and
1.
find that
<
/(O)
0.
= Q for
Using a graphing
at least
utility,
we
0.4503.
8 and/(3)
1, lies
8
[0, 3].
= -
2)(x
4)
6x
2 or X
2 (x
= 4
is
[j. 4|.
The nonremovable
applies.
= 4
not in the interval.)
0.
x^
+ X
x2
5x
3)
2 or X
applies.
discontinuity,
outside the interval.
35
20
. ,,..
-and/(4)=y
/
35
<
x2
^
20
(x
2)(x
3 (x
Thus,/(3)
is
6.
6x
for at least
Using a graphing
/is continuous on
X =
1.
Thus,/(2)
and
0.5961.
6x
-1 <
x2
ix
x'-
[0, 1].
the Intermediate Value Theorem, /(x)
^2
continuous on
is
/is continuous on
the Intermediate Value Theorem, hid)
86. fix)
3x
/(0)= -2and/(l) = 2
84. fix)
[0, 1].
one value 6 between
fmd
x3
3.
+ e-zxaae
continuous on
is
By
we
for at least
1.
be continuous on the interval

not defined,
%2.
Theorem, fix)
and
does not show up on the graph.
/(I)
By
at
[0, 1].
not in the interval.)
utility,
Section 1.4
88.
A discontinuity
at
j:
removable
is
(or redefine) the function at
new
function
continuous
is
j:
at
if
you can define
way that the

Answers will vary.
;c
c.
(a) fix)
X-
sin(x
(b) f(x)
90. If/ and
are continuous for all real x, then so is/
+
+
1.04
if-2 < X < 2
1,
ifx
0,
ifx
= -2
< -2
2)
= xandg(x) =
<
>
>
1.04,
C=
0,
X + 2
For example, let/(x)
92.
ifx
(c) fix)
|x-2|
> 2
1,
c in such a
319
[l.04
0.36[[r
0.36(f
ll,
2),
x^
1.
g (Theorem
Then/and g
You can
< 2
2, r is
not an integer
2, f is
an integer
is
1.04,
if
g(x)
not continuous atx
0.
1.
C as
also write
1.04
2.
but//g
all real x,
each integer greater than
at
However, //g might not be continuous
1.11, part 2).
are continuous for
0.36[2
r],
< r <
> 2
c
.1
4-
3--
2-
i4>
94. Let
sit)
be the position function for the run up

Let
to campsite)).
When
Whenr =
10(8:10
<
rit)
a.m.),
/(O)
/(lO)
and /( 10) >

0,
down
96. Suppose there exists x,
5(0)
- KO) =
>
5(10)
r(IO)
/t
<
sit)
rit).
Therefore, at
m [a, b] such that/(xi)
is
a contradiction. Therefore,
0,
then/(0)
at
f,
>
and there
and Vim fix)
/(.r)
0.
>
for
all
exists x, in [a, b]
in [x,, .r,] (or [x,.
in [a, b] or fix)
continuous for
all
= K
Hff)
r(\Q)
0.
Let/(r)
k (distance
such that /(f)
<
Hence,/is
<
xj
such that/Cx,) <
if
for
x,
all
0. If/(r)
0,
kx
i=
0.
r(t).
then
x,).
[a, b].
0.
Then by
the Intermediate
Thus, /would have a zero
<
100. True
for
rational,
/(c)
= L
whereas
2. lim /(x)
sit)
10, the position functions for the
x->0
t*x
lim kt
<
where
0.
If X T^ 0, then lim/(f)
corresponds to 8:00 a.m., 5(20)
in the interval [0, 10]
some time
1.
lim/(f)
are equal.
which
contmuous
(f
0.
Value Theorem, /(x) must equal zero for some value of x
98. Ifx
0.
then there must be a value
0,
which gives us
run up and the run
to the campsite. 5(0)
be the position function for the run back down the mountain:
(8:00 a.m.),
Since /(O)
sit)
rit)
for
irrational.
Hence, /is not
is
defined.
= L
exists.
Jr-*c
3. fie)
lim/(.v)
All of the conditions for continuits- are met.
in [a. b],
Chapter
320
Limits
102. False; a rational function can be written as P(x)/Q{x}
where
and
respectively.
Q
It
are polynomials of degree
can have,
and
104. (a)
n,
most, n discontinuities.
at
10
(b)
0,
is air
resistance.
O.lfy >
since the tangent function increases without
continuous on
is
108.
similar
/(c)
2.
hm/{A:)
is
a:
<
and
>
0.
defined.
1.
[Let
[0, .ô]
y <
if
lim /(c
+ Ax
+ Ax) = /(c)
As;ic>c, A;c-^0]
Therefore, /is continuous at
= /^(.t) fîx).
110. Define /(jc)
f(a)
By
=Ua)
-f,{a) >
/(c)
= Mc) - /,(c) =
lim
x--2* X
lim
2-;c
JT
c.
Since /i and/, are continuous on
and
= fp) - Mb) <
f{b)
Theorem, there
=>
/,(c)
exists c in
[a, b]
[a, b],
so is/
0.
such that /(c)
/2(c)
oo
4.
lim
sec
lim
- = oo
4
x->-2+
sec
x-*-2-
6.
0.
Infinite Limits
Section 1.5
2.
exists.
lim/(x)=/(c).
3.
- = oo
4
fix
X
fix)
-3.5
-3.1
-3.01
-3.001
-2.999
-2.99
-2.9
-2.5
-1.077
-5.082
-50.08
-500.1
499.9
49.92
4.915
0.9091
\im fix)
= oo
lim fix)
= oo
30
= tan Xq > y (this is possible

< Xg < 7r/2 such that
0, then let
bound on [0, 77-/2)). By the Intermediate Value Theorem, /(x) = tan x is
< M, which implies that there exists x between and Xq such that tan ;c = y. The argument
then x
25
There appears to be a limiting speed and a possible

cause
106. Let V be a real number. If >
20
IS
Section 1.5
8.
/W
sec-
-3.5
-3.1
-3.01
-3.001
-2.999
-2.99
-2.9
-2.5
-3.864
-19.11
-191.0
-1910
1910
191.0
19.11
3.864
X
fix)
\\m f(x)
= -oo
lim fix)
= oo
jr-*
3'*'
,^
10.
lim
.'-^r (x
lim
x-^2- ix
12.
2)5
rrr
= oo
hm
2+j:
=
- x)
2+x
hm
Therefore,
.r
is
Therefore, x
2)3
-:n/-î-;c2(l
2+.X
r
asymptote since the denominator
is
never zero.
16.
lim
is
= -5
Therefore, s
lim his)
= 00
s^5
sec TTt
20. gix)
at
3x-
n any
integer.
4(.r-
Ix'
.t
Vertical asymptotes at
24. hix)
4U +
6)
9x
xix
18)
3)(.t
2){x~
and
+ 2)(.t - 2)
+
U 2)(.t2 + 1)
.v
.r
3.
2)
9)
The graph has
xix
2x-
.r
lim hix)
a vertical asymptote,
and lim* his)
is
00.
.t-
6.t
4.t
24
_
~
1 a:(.v-
j:-
- 2x - 8)
2jc - 8
lim
x-,-2X-
= -r.
1
The graph has holes
asymptotes.
at
T,xi= -3.2
holes at
jt
= -3
and x
2.
2)(r
f(f-2)
'
(f
2)it-
has no vertical asymptote since
x--2
00.
3)'
(x
=
;c3
his)
-2,4
No vertical
and x = 4.
is
lim
5>-5*
-JC,
;c?t
.r(x3
and
-,
22. fix]
.r
(l/2).t3
cos TTX
s*5
Therefore,
18. fix)
oo
= 00
his)
J*-5
oo
x)
00
Therefore, x
vertical
x)
V
iim -57;
No
lim
x-ô* x-i\
is
2+x
,.
-r-
x->o- ;t-(l
,.
14.
321
Infinite Limits
4)
(r
= 2. The
2)(f-
f =t
4)'
graph has a hole
at
Chapter
322
,.
28. g(0)
tan
sin S
(2m
There
is
at
30.
no
1)77
vertical
tan e
hm
^V^
=
+
6 cos 6
lim
jt->-l
77
nv, n any
asymptote
at
lim
Ar--l
U-
7)
x =
= -8
integer.
since
1.
e->o
Removable
,,
32.
++^ =
sm(:ic
,.
lim
1)
jr->-l
Removable
x=
34.
hm
discontinuity at
= -00
x->l* I
discontinuity at
,3
-1
6jc2
36.
lim
x-*4- x~
44.
\6
x->-(i/2)*
42.
lim
lim
xô-
46. lim
lim
x-tMl)-^ cos
48.
^-T^ = \
40. lim
lim
38.
x^ tan
ttj:
lim
Therefore,
= 00 and
lim
x^ tan
ttj:
50.
x^ tan ttx does not exist.
lim
a:->(l/2)
x-*l
52. fix)
sec
54.
The
X^
2x
lim [(x
2)tan
;c]
x-0
X^- 1
+X +
/U) =
line
U-
lim
x*l
approaches
lim fix)
3jclim
j->-(i/2)+
cot
/U) =
+ ;c - 1
- 4x - i
- - = 00
iî^
;t->0
j:
x^
Ax^
is
1)
a vertical asymptote
co asx
approaches
if
the graph
of/
c.
= 00
I J.
Pi in
56. No. For example, fix)
has no
58.
vertical asymptote.
lim
V-.0*
=
V
fe(oo)
00 (Tn
this case
we know that k >
0.)
Section 1.5
60. (a) r
(b) r
=
=
IOOtt
- = -^
ft/sec
,77
SOtt sec6
50-n- sec^
lim
(c)
200-77 ft/sec
50
(vVc^)
^^
Total time
30
40
50
60
2d
150
66.667
50
42.857
lim
= co
Total distance
(b)
(d/y)
(c)
2xy
=
y
50}-
Vl -
lim
id/x)
50
m=
m=
[5077 sec- 6]
64. (a) Average speed
62.
323
Infinite Limits
lim
x^25*
= oo
.X
25
As X
f 50^
2xy
50,v
2xy
50.r
= 2yU -
gets close to
25 mph, y becomes larger and
larger.
SOy
25)
25;t
25
Domain: X > 25
66. (a)
A=^bh
-' = ^(10)(10tar
50 tan e
(b)
- 50
fie)
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
0.47
4.21
18.0
68.6
1.5
630.1
Domain:
(c)
(d)
A =
lim
oo
e->-ir/2"
68. False; for instance,
x^f(x)
70. True
let
1
\
The graph of/has a hole
at (1, 2),
not a vertical
asymptote.
72. Let/(.r)
"J and gix)
-j,
and c =
74. Given lim f{x)
0.
by Theorem
lim -^
= oo and
x-)0 AT
lim 7
x->0
jt->o v.-r
j:^/
00, but
i(^) =
j-o
X -tr
-00
^t 0.
00. let ?
(.v)
?{v)
1
then lim
.1
1.15.
^^-r->c J{X)
324
Chapter
Review Exercises
-0.1
-0.01
Urn fix)
(3
1)^ == 8.25
-0.001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.414
1.414
1.413
1.397
1.416
1.432
fix)
Chapter
for
L = J{9 - If +
2. Precalculus.
4.
Limits
1.414
2x
6.
8.
six
lim
lim gix) does not
(a)
x-2
(b)
exist.
7^ = 79 =
=0
lim^W
x*0
jr-2
Assuming 4 < x <
3.
16,
you can choose 6 =
5e.
jr->9
Let 6 >
V5
We
be given.
<
3|
=>
\~/x
3||
VJ "
3|
<
9\
< e\Vx +
\x
e|
V5 +
3\
Um
9.
Let e >
<
number. Hence, for

|9
9|
< e
\f(x)
L|
< e
14. lim
l->3
=
3
lim
(r
|j:
3)
<
5,
< S =
9|
5e,
9|
< 56 < \Vx +
V5 -
3|
<
12. Iim3|>'
be given. 5 can be any positive
|j^
|;c
l/W
10.
<
Hence, for
need
you have
3|e
-L\<e
= 3|4-
ll
ll
you have
,^
,.
16. lim
r-3
V4 +
j:-o
;c
^4 +
,.
lim
X
1
lim
(i/Vi + s)-
^ Um
,.^ [ (i/Vi +5)
j->0
[1/(1
lim
x^-2
(i/Vi +
.)]
a:-'
(;t
lim
(x
lim
,
x-.-2X^
4_
12
5[(i/v'T+7)+
2)ix
2)(a:'-
x-2
--,
2x
+ 4
2;c
2)
j)
(l/Vl + s)+
^^^^
^-^0
20.
1]
V4
I.
-1
+4(i/yrT7)+
22.
4)
^.^^^
^(i
um
j>-^(jr/4)
1]
4x
tanx
=
4(7r/4)
;
= -
^^0
18. lim-
^4 +
^4 +
,
jô
j:
TT
+ X +
;f
X + 2

Review Exercises for Chapter
cos(7r
24.
lim
Ax)
cos
TT
Ax - D]

Ax
J
lim
Ax-fO
= -0 -
28. f(x)
(a)
2g{x)]
X-
= -I +
2(f)
-0.3228
-0.333
=>
-0.3332
(Actual limit
-p
(x
+ 200 =
-4.9r-
IJ
-|.)
l)[l
3/^
4/1
(i/x}^
+ (^']
is
^/5
+ (^'
=>
f=
40.816
6.39 sec
approximately
r)
t*a
X*4
is
-0.3333
lim
6.39, the velocity
lim^^^^-=^ = lim-4.9(^ +
t-*a
l+V^+ilGf
Jy
'*
sinAx]
:
Ax
1.0001
1.001
1-3/^
X -
,.
lim
x-,V
at
17
^_
-0.3322
-*
|.ic
sm
1-3/J
,
lim
x-,r X - 1
32. lim
,.
lim
Ax-.0|_
(0)(1)
1.01
1.1
1*
When
(b)
lim
j(f)
fix)
30.
sin TT sin Ajc
Ax
(cos
26. lim [/(x)
COS Ajf
lim
Ax
A:t->0
does not
lim
exist.
-4.9(6.39
6.39)
= -62.6m/sec.
The graph jumps from 2
to 3
34.
lim g{x)
=1 + 1=2.
4.
"ix-
36.
lim f{s)
38. fix)
x
-
X
lo,
lim/(.x)
.t-l
lim
3r^
.t-l
=
Removable
lim (3x
x=
- t - 2',
X
2)
discontinuity at
Continuous on (-co,
1)
(1, cx>)
325
Chapter
326
40. fix)
- X,
- 3,
lim (5
lim
jc)
<2
X > 2
2jc
^/l + - =
lim
n
(2a:
3)
- 1],
Domain: (-oo,
Nonremovable discontinuity at x = 2
Continuous on (- oo, 2) U (2, oo)
x+
44. f{x)
2x
:r-.-l
Removable
46. fix)
at
1] U
(0,
oo)
tan 2x
Nonremovable
+ 1
2{X +1)
oo)
lim
(0,
Continuous on ( oo,
oo
discontinuities
when
(2n
= I
U (- 1, oo)
l)7r
discontinuity atx
Continuous on ( oo,
1)
Continuous on
/ (2w
l)7r (2n
+ Dtt
'
'
for all integers n.
48.
lim (x
1)
lim (x
1)
jr-3"
Find
ii
and c so
Consequently
that lim (x^
we
get
Solving simultaneously,
50.
to
9.80
+ 2.50[-[-xI -
9.80
1],
^,
lim
2x
x^
,.
hm
,,
,.
lim
JT-'O*
and
3i
+ to +
+
c)
4.
4.
4.
each
integer.
2 and x
(b)
lim_/(x)
(c)
lim^/(x)
60.
2x
00
[1,
oo)
CSC TTX
Vertical asymptote at every integer k
= 2
64.
lim
-J
-"1x"
=
"
1
lim
^l/^F^Â
secx
= 00
X
l)x
Domain: (-00, 0]u
(a)
1]
at
= V(x -
52. fix)
56. fix)
j:--1*
66.
and 9
x >
4-x2
(1/2)*
62.
2 and lim (x^
4x
Vertical asymptotes at
58.
= -3
C has a nonremovable discontinuity
54. hix)
c)
Z?
C=
2.50DI-xl
68.
lim
j:-0"
lim
x^-\- i^
l)(x
-=~
1)
-i
4
70. f(x)
327
tanlr
(a)
tan
, .
hm
2;c
2.0000
2.0003
2.0271
fix)
-0.001
-0.01
-0.1
0.001
0.01
0.1
2.0000
2.0003
2.0271
Ji-0
(b) Yes, define

rtai
tan
2x
i'
/(.
Now/(x)
continuous
is
Problem Solving
2. (a)
Area
APBO =
Area
^,
APAO =
^bh = |(1)W =
^bh =
|(1)().)
a:72
7
APAO
Area
'
0.
Chapter
for
= Area APBO
, . ^ =
(b) a(x)
atjc
4. (a)
Area
APAO
Area
APBO
=
f
lim
0.1
0.01
1/2
1/20
1/200
T
"
1/2
1/200
1/20,000
e=
Let
y)
725 -
.t^
X,.
m^ = lim
lim
This
- J3
bx
Va +
to
- V3
Va +
Va +
(a
A:(Va
Letting a
to)
to
+ V3
+ V3
to
to
8.
is
lim fix)
x-tO-
x^
4)
V25 ,
lim (a=
o-t
lim
2)
4)
.x:
to
=
,.
lim /
-<ô.v(V3
.
to-
a~T^r
+ 73)
{a
a-2
+0
2)ia
a=
*o
Setting
>/3,
73 + V3
3 and
ii
V3 +
you obtain b
to-
6.
v/3'
x)
.r=
-6 _ 3
7
4
+ 4
a=
2
tan
because lim
a
V
Thus,
vT+to- V3
x^
3 simplifies the numerator.

a-
"^ô
-(3+.T)
.t-i-o*tanj:
j:->o'
v^
x)(3
- 3)(V25 -
(.V
.r->0-
Thus,
Thus,
.r=
16
.v=
the slope of the tangent line at P.
lim fix)
(3
^^3
lim
+ 4
+ 4
jr->0*
,,,
Mm
,.
.r-
- 3)(V25 -
(x
V25
.V
lim
3
x^)
-X--4
V25
r
V25
,.
25
- 4
25
3)
_j^3
-^
V25 -
(.v,
1/100
1/10
(x,
-'^3
Ja
3
= ^x
a:
-4^ +
=
lim a(x)
l->0*
line:
= X
.t_>3
(c)
Tangent
.x:/2
^ 4
~ 3
-0
3
= --
Slope
(b)
(d)
a{x)
4-0
(c)
Slope
-1.2
.>->o
.V
Chapter
328
10.
(a) /(i)
W=4
0>
(b)
/{3)
/(I)
= lU =
lim fix)
(c)
= -oo
lim/(jc)
/is continuous for

real
/W
lim
1
0,l,
ii.
x*0~
lim fix)
-
oo
-2--
V-
12. (a)
192.000
.-
14. Let
192,000
Let 8
v2
Vq^
48
and
T^
such that
let
<
if
l;c
>
be given. There
0|
<
S,
<
5J\a\. Then for
then \fix)
|x
0|
exists 8,
i|
lim r
Vq-
lax
1920
(b)
l/M
Vf,^
Vq^
Vo^
vô
Let Vq
vo^
2.17
Then Wmfix) =
2.17
2.17
- v^
= V2.17
mi/sec
(=
1.47 mi/sec).
10,600
Vo2
Since this
the mass
= V6.99 =
is
6.99
10,600
6.99
Let Vq
2.64 mi/sec.
smaller than the escape velocity for earth,
is less.
L|
<
6.
As a counterexample,
1920
--z
2.17
(c)
lim r
8,
feet/ sec.
1920
hm
but \m\fiax)
1920
v2
<
= V48 = 4 V3
48
192,000
48
v->o
Let Vq
let
/U) =
L,
liin/(0)
2.
<
>
e.
< S = 8J\a\,
you have
192,000
'"
all
numbers except
X7t
x
0'
CHAPTER
Differentiation
Section 2.1
The Derivative and
Section 2.2
Section 2.3
The Product and Quotient Rules and
the Tangent Line
Problem
330
338
Higher-Order Derivatives
344
Section 2.4
The Chain Rule
350
Section 2.5
356
Section 2.6
Related Rates
361
Review Exercises
367
Problem Solving
373
CHAPTER
Differentiation
Section 2.1
Solutions to
2. (a)
(b)
m=
/(4)-/(3)
(b)
The
/(4)-/(l)
Th..e
^"-
4.75
0.25
4-3
4-1
/(4)-/(3)
4-3
>
slope of the tangent line at (1, 2) equals /'(I).
This slope
through
is
steeper than the slope of the line
and
(1, 2)
(4, 5).
Thus,
^<;'
-('</(.).
6.
g{x)
= -x+
IS
SL
line.
=-
Slope
Slop. .,0.1). lim

Aaô
8.
* + '^'-'<
Aj:
,.
= hm
(2
+ Axy -
,.
- 4 -
10.
Slope
at
^;)-'^(--2)
2,7)-lim'^^-2 +
=
B
=
=
,.
(-2 +
,.
At)2
lim
ArO
- _7
^' =
4(Ar)
lim
.Af
(-4 +
Ar)
(Ar)2
- 4
3a:
= -4
16
/'W=lim^(^^t^)-^
Ar-0
Ax
-
'^^'^
lim
+ ^) +
ArÔ
,.
330
3Ax
Ax
lim 3
AX-.0
fix)
[3x
Ajc)
= -4
Ax
lim
-^ =
Ax
|;c
Ax->0
2]
[9
,.^^^
^)-/
Ax
- (1/2)U +
-- = --
lim
Acô
Ax)]
Ax
At-0
=
3
lim (-4
AxÔ
/'(x)=lim^(^ +
^
AjC
lim -;
Ai->0
2]
= lim-^-/-^)
Ar->0
il5o^^^^^^
Ai:->0
14. fix)
(Ax)'
Ax
= -5
Af
Ar->0
lim
12. 8(x}
4(Ax)
lim
Ai->0
Ax
Ajr-0
2/
[9
(l/2);c]

Section
18. fix)
^(^^
=l-x^
=
=
nx +
^x)-f{x)
K^
i,'?o
[1
,.
{x
lim
Axn -
,.
x"]
- IxAx - [Axf -
x^
lim
}?
Aa:->o
= hm
[1
Ax
Aj-o
20. f{x)
2. 1
Hoc
-2xAx -
iiyx)'
,.
lim
.X =
2x Ajc)
2x
=x^ +x^
'
Ax
Ai-0
,.
lim
[U +
A.t)3
{x
Ax)2]
[x^
.t2]
.^
Ax
Ai-0
T^
3.TÂ.x
3x(Ax)-
(A-x)^
ltA.r
x-'
x^
24. /(x)
-^
(A.x)-
lim
Ax
S.xÂ-x
,.
3x(Ax)2
lim
22. fix)
fix)
(A.x)'
+ IxAx +
(A.x)-
-.
Ax
A^-0
lim (3x^
+ 3xAx +
(Ax)^
Ix
(Ax))
3x^
Zx
vx
/(x
+ Ax)-/(x)
lim
/'(x)
= hm
lim
+ Axf
X-
,.
lim
-:
(x
^xô Ax{x
-2xA.x
lim
A^ô
x"
Ax
A;[->0
A.x(x
A.x)
- /(x)
Ax-
(x
/(x
Ax0
A.X
Jx +
lim
Ax)^
.,
-,
Ax) XT
(Ax)^
+ Ax)V
lim
^-^0
A.X
J~x
Ax
Ax-0
4^ - 4Vx +
AxVxVx +
A.X
A.V
Jx + Jx + Ax
Vv'x + Jx + Ax
Ax - 4(x + A-x)
= lim
A^ô Axv^Vx + A.x(v''x + Vx +
A.x)
-2x - Ax
,.
lim 7
tix-ô (x
-Ix
X*
_2_
x3
+
,
\->
>
Ax)-x"
-^ô
VxVx +
A.x(^/x
-4
v/xVx(Vx +
+ Vx +
_ -2
v'x)
xvx
Axr)
331
332
Chapter 2
26. (a) /(*)
f{x)
Differentiation
^2
(b)
+ ^x)-fix)
f{x
lim
2;c
(-3,4rt
/
+
[{x
,.
Ax)^
2{x
l]-W
Ax)
+ 2x+
I]
jjjj,
Ax
ArÔ
+ (Axf + 2Ax
2xAx
lim
Ax
Ax-0
lim
(2;c
A;c
2)
2;c
Aji->0
At (-3,
4), the
4=
= -Ax -
28. (a) fix)
x3
f'(x)
2(- 3) + 2
4.
line is
3)
8.
(b)
fix
Ax) -fix)
Ax
lim
Ai-Ô
[U + AxY + 1] Ax
jc^
3j:^(A;c)
(;c3
3.t(Aj:)^
lim
w=
lim
-4(x +
is
1)
x^
3(1)^
3.
(Ax)^
Ax
+ 3^(^) +
lim [3x2
(^)2]
3^2
is
m=
Ar-0
At
(1, 2),

:y
30. (a) fix)
3(x
3x
Ax
Vx + Ax -
,.
iim
lim
Ax
(x + Ax Ax(Vx + Ax
1)
1)
2V5 -
l)
1
+ Vx -
1
.

y
(x
+ Vx -
-(x
5)
line is
Vx + Vx -
Vx + Ax --= +
\Jx + Ax
-T
Vx + Ax -
(5, 2),
til
Aat^
At
- Vx -
1
:
t^ô
'^ô
1.
Ax->0
1)
(b)
= Vx -
'
line is
2Vx is
Section
32. (a)
/W
^^
f'{x)
lim
M-/U)
(0.
Ax
X
+ Ax +
lim
(x
1)
lim
Ax-Ô
Aiô Ax(x
-t
(x
zlx
+ Ax +
(x
+ Ax +
l)(x +
l)(x
1)
1)
1)
line
is
is
= x +
34. Using the limit definition of derivative, /'(x)

the slope of the given line
is 3,
1.
3x'. Since
36. Using the limit defmition of derivative, fix)
Since the slope of the given line
and (-
(1, 3)
- y - 4 =
3x
0.
1,
1)
the tangent
These
lines
2(x
3(x
3x
and y
1)
3(x
3x
+ 4
At the point
2y
1)
= 4 because
hX-\) =
the tangent line passes through
6-4
3-(-l)
42. /' does not exist at x
0.
Matches
(c)
(x
D^^^'
=> X
1)
y-l
h(-
--, we have
have
38.
is
-1
- D''^-
l)'-^
equations
.V
2(x
1.
Therefore, at the points

lines are parallel to
we have
= l=>x =
x2
"^
(0, 1),
3x-
rp
Ax
Ax-Ô
At
333
(b)
/(;c
2. 1
(-
1,
4)
40. /(x)
44.
x-
(2, 1),
0.
the tangent line
is
parallel to
line
is
= --ix-2)
= -^x +
=>
/'(x)
2x
(d)
Answers
will var>'.
Sample answer: y
Chapter 2
334
Differentiation
+ 2Ax)-f(x)
=
r--
fix
4^ .(a)^ Yes. lim
r
46.
(b)
f(x
..
lim
2Dx
AxÔ
+ ^x)-f{x) =
/ (x)
-.
Ax
Ax->0
No. The numerator does not approach zero.
+ Ax)-f{x-Ax)
f(x
lim
(c) Yes.
lim
fix
Ax)
- fix)- fix -
Aiô
2Aa;
aj:-o
M+
fix)
2Aj:
fix
lim
Ax) -fix)
Al->0
-Ax) -fix)
fix
2i-Ax)
lAoi
= \rix)+\f'ix)=f'ix)
^^^-^y-^^^^
(d)Yes. lim
AX-.0
48. Let
be a point of tangency on the graph of/. By the
(jcq, >(,)
through
- 3) and
(1,
(xg, yg)
3)(A;g
1)
(1
fix)
The slope of the
2x.
JCo)2xo
^r
^^0
2Xg
;cq"-
2xo
limit definition for the derivative,
equals the derivative of /at x^:
2Xn
-Jo =
-3
(Xg
^/'M
AjC
=>
Xg
Therefore, the points of tangency are
3,
-1
(3, 9)
and (-
1, 1),
- 2. The
and the corresponding slopes are 6 and
equations of
the tangent lines are
= 6U -
50. (a) fix)
6x
= -2(x -
y = 2x
1)
x2
(b) g'ix)
lim
fix)
1)
fix
g(x
ix
Ax)^
lim
(x
Ax)^
lim
2xiAx)
iAx)^
Ar(2jc
At X
= - !,/'(-
Ax)
3x(Ax)^
(Ax)^
x^
Ax(3x^
3x(Ax)
(Ax)^)
Ax
lim (3x2
2xiAx)
(Ax)^)
3x^
Ax->0
Ax)
1)
= 2 and
At X = -
2x
1,
g'i
1)
At X
+ 1 = 3(x +
= 0, g'iO) =
At X
y
the tangent line
is
= -2(x +1)
or
y = -2.x - 1.
= 0,/'(0) = and the tangent line is y = 0.
Atx =
Ax
lim
Aj->0
At X
3x^(Ax)
Ax->0
Ax
lim (2x
x^
lim
x^
Ax
lim
x'
Ai->0
lim
Aj:-0
Ax
x^
Ajr->0
Ax
x^
g(x)
Ax
AxÔ
Ax)
lim
Ax) -fix)
Ax
Ax-fO
=
1)
and the tangent

y
or
and the tangent
3x
line is
line is
2.
0.
1,/'{1)
2 and the tangent line
is
2x
1,
g'il)
3(x
3 and the tangent line

1)
or
3x
is
2.
\/
\
\
For
this function, the slopes
of the tangent lines are
always distinct for different values of x.
For
this function, the slopes
sometimes the same.
of the tangent lines are
line
Section
52. fix)
By
kx^
the limit definition of the derivative
-2
fix)
-2
fix
54. g(x)
2. J
-1
-1.5
1.125
x.
0.5
0.125
-1
havsf'ix)
-0.5
0.5
-1.5
we
-0.5
1.5
0.125
0.5
1.125
0.5
1.5
+ Om)-f(x)
= ^23) =
56. /(2)
2,/(2.1)
2.31525
0.01
= {3Vx +
0.01
- 3v/3)lOO
/'(2)
The graph of g(x)
= --l>x and/'U) =
60. fix)
/(2
+ Ax)-/(2)
M-
2(2
(a)Ajt=
Ar =
1:
0.5:
5^,
,x
(1)
=
=
3.1525 [Exact:/'(2)
(2
U-
2)
2)
+-5
2
7(x
2)
A^)+^^^
+ /(2) =
-^
''2
+ 3)
+ Av)
(2A.X
ix
2(2
.rCt
,.
lim
six)
lim X
x^
g(l)
.t,
:.v
lim
.t-.l
+-
'2
,
.t
,.
lim
v-:
.v(x
1)
?).
X
)^/r\
X-
,.
2)
the line approaches the tangent line to/at (2.
1)
=
+
6" -"6
= -J:
16,
5
~~
2^
41^
= 0.1:5^ = -(.v-2) + - ^
=
~ -.
+ 42
21-^ "^42
2
J:->1
+ 2-5(2 +
+ Ax) A.X
= -(jf-
5^ =
As Aat>0,
62. ^(.r)
-x~
^^
2(2
(b)
;c
/Vx
"'f^
approximately the graph of/'(x)-
is
58. fix)
5a^
3]
335
Chapter 2
336
64. f(x)
r,.
/ (1) =
66. f(x)
+ Zx,c=
j^
/(-t)-/(l)
lim ~
,.
x-,\
-, c
x^
,.
lim
x->\
jr->3
+ 2x-Z
=
X - \
(x
,.
1)U^
lim
+^ +
3)
J->1
.2^
+
,.
lim (x^
,.
?>)
jr-l
x->3
68.
Differentiation
gW
(x
g'(-3)
Does not
70. f(x)
^,(4)
3)'''3,c=
jc
j:->3
3a:
1>
-r-3
3;c/
-3
^W^/ll^=
lim
^-^^n' =
lim
^^
exist.
|j;
= 4
4|, c
^^^
,im^W^=
lim ^^1^ = lim
xî
x^4 X - 4
X - A
X 4
^4
Does not
exist.
72. /(.t)
is
differentiable
everywhere except
3. (Sharp turns
74. f{x)
is
differentiable
everywhere except atx
1.
(Discontinuity)
76. fix)
is
differentiable
everywhere except
at
0.
(Sharp turn in the graph)
78. fix)
is
differentiable
everywhere except
at
jc
2. (Discontinuities)
80. fix)
is
differentiable
everywhere except
at
1.
82. fix)
The
lim
X,
,,
,.
lim
\
I
from the
from the
fix)
These one-sided
x-1
,.
lim
x^\~ X
right
-/(I)
1
,.
lim
x->i-
Vl -x2
1
Vl -;c2
=
VI - Jc^
.
j:
jt
>
1.
,.
lim
-t^'^
,.
lim
xî-
1.
is
,.
jc^
lim
Jr-1*
1
I
,.
lim ix
,,
\)
2.
Ar-r
limits are not equal. Therefore,
/ is
1 + r
= oo.
J\ x?,
Therefore,/is not differentiable
left is
f!^ =
-^-^-^^
x2
X -
does not exist since/is undefined for
right
/U)-/(l) =
^
;c 1
hm =
jr-r
lim
x->i-
X >
derivative
Vl -
,.
X <
derivative
x->i'
The
(Discontinuity)
does not exist because
from the
x^,
The
left
limit
/U)
from the
/W-/(l) =
,.
x-î'
84.
in the graph.)
yp^
derivative
The
at
j:
1.
.,,
(Vertical tangent)
at
1.
Section!.]
86. Note that/
The
continuous
derivative
derivative
lim
right
,.
lim
x->2^
1-
88. (a) fix)
(c)
The
(d)
If/W =
derivative
iiJ?*
X > 2
x-y2-
is
v/5-2
7= +
72^
X -2
J2x +
2.V-4
(.-2)(72^ +
2ix - 2)
2
1
= .'i'?M.-2)(72^ + 2)=
ii-^^T^T^ = i
2)
differentiable at
is
j:
2.
2x
A then/'U) =
=
U+
,.
Imi
5)
;c'
and g'U)
less than the original function. If hix)
A.r)-*
x", then
3.r^
/('(.t)
nx"
'.
;c^
Ax
.r*
4.r3(Aj:)
6xHAx)-
lim
4.T(A.r)^
(A.r)^
x*
Xx
Ax->0
Ax(4.t3
ex'jAx)
4x(A.r)^
(Ax)^)
lim
Ax-*0
^ - /^
^^ +
lim
Aj->o
(/'(2)
(b) gix)
a polynomial of degree
is
< 2
1, .r
V^,
limits are equal. Therefore, /
x^ and/'U)
3*
2.f(x)
x->2-
The one-sided
lim
2
x-2
x-^2*
at
left is
from the
fix)
,.
from the
r-2-
The
is
337
A.V
lim (4x3
6.i2(A.x)
4.r(Ax)=
(Ax)^)
4x^
Ajt-0
Hence, if/(x)
x^, then/'(x)
4x3 which
is
verify the conjecture for all integer values of
90. False,
92. True
|x
2| is
see Theorem
continuous
at
2,
but
is
consistent with the conjecture. However, this
n,n>
is
not a proof, since
2.
x =
2.
(Sharp turn in the graph)
2.
94.
As you zoom
J":
kl
in,
the graph of v,
x-
always has a sharp comer
appears to be locally the graph of a horizontal
at (0, 1). v, is not differentiable at (0, 1).
line,
whereas the graph of
you must
Chapter 2
338
Differentiation
Section 2.2
2. (a)
= -2
12.
20.
6.
gW
3;c
g'(x)
g(r)
IT
14.
cos
22.
= -TTsinf
g'{t)
-AT
>'
>-'=
fix)
y'=
! = .-
y'
Sx"
2?
y'
2f
16.
y
y'
24.
sinx
''
M +
2 cos X
= 4^ =
=
x^'
-X-3/'*
18. fix)
2x3
fix)
6x2
= -3x2
2 COS X
|(-3)x-"^
2 sin X
Derivative
Simplifv
r--\.-'
y--'-r-'
y'=\2-
y'
2 -22
= JX
>.
V'
COSJC
Rewrite
= 3^
:y
-*^
(2x)3
y'
Function
10.
= 8-x3
x-2
y'W = -2
8;c''
r^
y'= -2x-3
= -1
8.
;c
>''
(d)
x-'/2
y'=-!^- 5/2
^-'d)
.v
(c)
y'W=-i
y'W = -5
fix)
X-'
y'--hr 3/2
4.
(b)
jc-'/2
-J
2 sin X
4
3x3
27r
^'yîZy
= ^3
30. .
/W
32.
4;c3
34.
3-|.(f,2)
m-h
.
==
3x3-6,
9x3
122
3(5
x)\
3x2
30;t
fix)
6x
/'(5)
36. /(x)
(2, 18)
y'- 9x--
3''(2) ==
36
- 30
/'(M
38.
g{i)
3 cos
(rr.
f,
-1)
40.
g'W = -3sinf
fix)
gV) =
44.
hix)
2x2
3^
/U) =
2x
X-'
x^-3x-
3x-2
2x
2X-3+4
X?
6x-3
46.
/'(x)
ft
(x)
= 2x2-
X^
48. fix)
=Vx+Vx
= X + x-2
=
2x-3
--?
y
y'
42. fix)
3x(6x
= 36x -
5x2)
ig^2
15^^
45x2
x2
xi/3
xi/5
/'W4x-2/3+ix-/3._l_^_^
50.
fit)
/W
r2/3
+ 4
ri/3
3^
3^
3,1/3
3^/3
(5, 0)
75
^
4xV4
Section 2.2
52. fix)
= ^7= +
3 cos
/'W =
Jc""*/^
3 sm;c
-2
^^ -
3 sinjc
x>
y'
3jc2
At
(-1,-2): y'= 3{-\Y +1=4.
56. (a)
y'
(b)
line:
(x2
x?
Zx-
+
+
4jc
2x)(;c
2,x-
line:
= 4U +
2x
6x
At (1,6): y'
Tangent
(b)
3{\)-
;y'=
;<^
3;c2
6(1)
ll(.x
+
-
T^^
11.
1)
\\x- y -
60.
.X
>
for
'J
/i
1)
1)
0=
=
all x.
;c-
>>'
Iv
At;c
Therefore, there are no horizontal tangents.
=>
= O.y =
.I
1.
Horizontal tangent:
62.
JTix
y'
^-
2 cos
At
:ic
TT
At
j:
>>
Q < x < Itt
2tT
yor-
j:
+ 4
X-
= 4jc +
TT
Equate functions
Hence,
a:
Equate derivatives
anclA:-4=-8 + 7=>it =
TT
66. kjl(.
(0. 1)
2r= 4
= 2v^Tr
^
64.
= 73Tr+
277
,
at,
ls\r\x
J3
339
Jt
Tangent
3 cos
54. (a)
58.
2jt-'/5
3
.
JItt + 3\ /27T 2x/3Tr -
'
3"
Equate functions
68.
Equate derivatives
The graph of a function/

such that/' >
for all x and
the rate of change the function
2j~x
is
= 2>/x and
(27x)v^ = x + 4^>lt =
decreasing (i.e./"
would,
Hence, k
.r
+ 4=>.v =
4=i.fc
graph
in general,
<
0)
look like the
at the right.
-X^
yi
7
(P?^
Chapter 2
340
70.
gix)
Differentiation
=>
-5fix)
g'ix)
72.
-Sf'ix)
If/ is quadratic, then
74. m,
is
The
the slope of the line tangent to
y'
=> m^ =
points of intersection
jc
>>
mj
x.
is
ofy = x and y = l/x
1
=
derivative
fix)
ay?-
bx
fix)
2ax
the slope of the line tangent
andy =
its
toy
is
a linear function.
l/x. Since
=1^
are
\.
X
Atjc
l,m2=
76. fix)
-, (5, 0)
1.
= \/m^,
these tangent lines are perpendicular at the points intersection.
78.
/'(4)
_1_
fix)
x^
x^
- 10 +
2x
= -x^y
10
2x
= -X-.V2
10
2x
= -2x
4x
10
-^,y
The
Since wij
point (j, j)
is
on the graph of/. The slope of the
tangent line is/'^j)
Tangent
dy/dx=l
-js-
line:
8x
~ 1
'25 ^
25y
- 20 = -8x + 20
25>'
- 40 =
Section 2.2
Secant
line:
1.0073138
3.022(x
1)
3x^
= 3{x-
Tix)
(Answers
<;c-l)
- 1
1.0221024
fix)
(b)
80. (a) Nearby point: (1.0073138, 1.0221024)
I)
=2x -2
(c)
341
at
you move away from
(1, 1).
/"
will vary.)
/(l.l)
'f
f
(d)
Ax
-3
-2
fix)
-8
-1
T{x)
-8
-5
-1
0.125
-2
-0.5
The accuracy decreases more
82. True.
If/W =
86. False. If f{x)
88. f(t)
fit)
= f =
g{x)
-0.1
-0.5
c,
0.5
then f'{x)
0.729
1.331
3.375
27
64
0.7
1.3
2.5
10
rapidly than in Exercise 59 because y
then/'W = gXx) +
= x'",
0.1
-njc""-'
g'{x).
x^
is less
84. True. If y
"linear" than
= x/n =
(I/tt)
.x,
x''^.
then rfy/otc
-^
3, [2, 2.1]
90. fix)
sin
fix)
cos;c
2t
[!]
j:,
(2, 1)
=>
/'(2)
(2.1, 1.41)
=>
/'(2.1)
2(2)
= 4
(0, 0)
77 2.
Average
rate of change:
2.1
Average
4.1
73
/'
rate
of change;
0.1
/(7r/6)-/(0) _ (1/2)
(77/6)
92.
s(t)
= -
v(f)
= -32r-
v(3)
s(t)
22/
108
-2(/ - 2)(8/
27)
22r
220
s(t)
22
22f
5o
+ 220
112 (height after fallmg 108
= -32(2) - 22
= - 86
94.
ft/sec
= - 16f2 -
v(2)
16/2
= -118
=
- 16/2 -
0.866
6'
1.41-1
/(2.1)-/(2)
/'(O)
4.2
ft/ sec
ft)
(7r/6)
-4.9/2
-4.9/2
4.9/2
v'(,/
5o
TT
5o
4.9(6.8)2
when
226.6
6.8.
(l/7r)(l)
I/tt.
Chapter 2
342
Differentiation
96.
98. This graph corresponds with Exercise 75.
Time
(in
10
minutes)
(0,0)
Time
10
(in minutes)
(The velocity has been converted to miles per hour)
100.
s{t)
= --at^ +
c and
5(fo
Average velocity:
s'{t)
-at.
+ M) + Af) -
5(^0
(ro
- ^t) _
- Af)
[-(l/2)a(fo
+ M)^ + c\-
[-(l/2)a(fo
Af)^
c)]
2Af
-{\/2)a%^ +
2foAf
(Af)^)
(l/2)a(fo^
IfpAf
(Af)^)
2Ar
-
2afoAr
2Af
-ato
s
102.
V = j^
dV
'(tg)
Instantaneous velocity
at f
r,,
3j2
as
dV
When 5 = 4 cm, - = A% cm^.
ds
104.
C=
(gallons of fuel used)(cost per gallon)
15,000\,
dC^
x^
10
15
1250
1875
dC
18,750
18,750
dx
-83.333
-187.5
20
25
750
537.5
-30
-46.875
30
625
-20.833
35
40
535.71
468.75
-15.306
-11.719
dx
The
The
106.
driver
who
rate of
gets 15 miles per gallon
change
^=K(T-
TJ
is
larger
when x =
would benefit more from a
15.
mile per gallon increase in fuel efficiency.
Section 2.2
108.
>>
-,
343
>
;c
At
(a, b),
the equation of the tangent line
-a)
t(x
is
OT
a^
The j:-intercept
is
(2a, 0).
The y-intercept
is
1
(1
-(2a) I
\a
The
area of the triangle
is
A = -bh =
2
110.
x^
y'
2x
(a)

y
X-
- a =
2x(x
2x~
V a
The
(0, a):
0)
= X
pwints of tangency are (
^--a. - a). At
V-a, - a)
the slope
is
y '( -J a)
v a. At
-a.
- a)
the slope
>''(-y^^ = -2^-0.
Tangent
lines:
jy
= 2V a(A- -J a)
and
_y
= 2V a(.v + v a)
'
'
= 2^ ax +
V=-2,
y
-ax + a
Restriction: a must be negative,

(b)
7?
The
2x(a:
2x^
jr
(a, 0):
a)
2mx
2ajc
x(x
2a)
points of tangency are (0, 0) and (2a, 4a-). At
Tangent
lines:
=
>>
0(.r
and
0)
(0, 0)
4a-
the slope
4a(.r
4a.r
is
.v
'(0)
0.
At
(2a, ^<^) the slope is
2a)
4fl-
Restriction: None, a can be any real number.
112.
/i(j:)
/2(jc)
Isinjcl is differentiable for all
sin|x| is differentiable for all
You can
x
.r
i=
mr, n an
integer.
i= 0.
verify this by graphing/, and/j
and observing the locations of the sharp
turns.
> '(2a)
4<3.
is
Chapter 2
344
Differentiation
Section 2.3
2.
f{x)
(6x
5)(x5
fix)
(6.
5)(3.^)
18x3
15a:2
+ 6x3-12
24x3
15^2
2)
4. g{s)
(^
2)(6)
^,^^^
= JKa -
5^)
^ ^^^^^_^^ ^
4-
s''\A
^^
- P)
^,^1^_,,,
_^^3,,
^ l-_^^
552
12
25'/2
6.
g(x)
-<"=g^
= Vx sin X
g '(x) =
Vx cos X +
sin x(
-7=
J
= Vx cos x +
^ sinx
2Vx
(2f
,, .
12.f(t)
h{s)
/s-
(V^ -
.(|.-'/2J
VW
V^ -
v
2^"
(x2
- 2x +
l)(x3
^-(,)
(,.
i)(3x^)
3x2(x
= (x/'(I)
1)2
1)2(5x2
t)
cos t{Zt^)
(^3)2
16. fix)
1)
(x3
l)(2x
J^
2)
^_^
2(x
l)2(x2
2X
2)
1)(1)
^^'''
(x-
1)
(X
(.
1)^
X- 1)2
2
{X
1)2
^'(2)=
(2-1)
/(x)=^
18.
(x)(cosx)
,
/w,
X cos X
(sinx)(l)
sin
r2
(7r/6)(V3/2)
/7r\
Û/
(1/2)
TJ-2/36
37377-
18
772
3(7377-6)
772
Function
20. y
5x2-3
^
(2f
V;-2
14. /(x)
DenVarive
Rewrite
y-
^x^-
10
2f _
2)(2)
2(7^ - if
[Js-\f
2,
14; _ 4
- If
y
t\- sm
,.
.w
1)(1)
(r2
{2t-ir-
10.
7)(2f)
'^'^-
Simplifv
5x
-2
1)(1)
sin
3 cos
Section 2.3
22- y
= L^
24..= ^^^-^
26. f{x)
w-
.t*
/'W =
mx^
6x2
^(v^
3)
/W
=7^
5x3
fix)
-^
x+
x>/3(x'/2
!/'>
+
.
x^'H-^x'^^^j
2)(2x)
(x
ix
- (x + \r
- 2
1)
x^
1)^
:"
2x^
U+
ij
2x3
ij
[x
1)1
(.
3)
+ 3x +
(x3
-3
_ 4^
- D+
7X-'/6
6
U^ -
_1/-|\
{x-
30. fix)
6x
28.
(.x=
= --r-3
= |.-
Simplify
Derivative
Rewrite
Function
jx
3)1
/i(x)
(x^
1)=
x^
/i'{x)
4x3
4x
4x(x2
32.
3)
_ 2/3
n\l
U>/2
2x2
1)
x-2/3
+^
'
^2/3
6x1/6
Alternate solution:
/(X)= 3/^(v/^ +
/'(x)
x5/6
fx-'/6
3)
3x1/3
X-2/3
+^
(Û6
^2/3
34.
g{x)=xiX
(x
g'W
2x
- x^d) _
l)2x
U+
36. /(x)
(x2
x)(x2
fix)
[Ix
1)(X-
(2x
l)(x'*
2x5
x''
6x5
4x3
(c2+.r2)(-2v)-(c2-x2)(2v)
38. /(x)
+
-
+ 1) U + 1)^
2(x2
1-c
1)2
l)(x2
l)(x2
.v3
3x3
3_^2
+X _
2x2
1
x2
2x
x2
It
(X
1)2
(x2
1)
1)
(x2
1)
2x-5
2x2
X)(2x)(x2
(x2
x)(2r3
2x^
x'*
l)
2x2
2x)
.t3
x2
40. fie)
4xc2
+ x2)2
(C^
l)(2x
l)
x2
x)(2t3
2v
1)
ic~
(x2
- X
fie)
fix)
x)(x2
X2)2
= (e+ i)cos0
= ie+
i)(-sin
e)
1) sin
COS e
(e
(cos e)(i)
(4.r3)
1
345
Chapter 2
346
42. fix)
Differentiation
cotx
y'
csc^jc
44.
X COS X
sin
-cot^;c
;i:
f'(x)
46.
/z(j')
h '(s)
sec
10 CSC
48.
10 CSC 5 cot
a:
j'
X sec X tan j:
sec.t(xtanx
50.
x sin x
cos x
y'
x cos
sin
;c
52. /(j:)
;c
sin
/'W =
cos x
jt
54.
h{e)
h'{e)
= Sdstcd + dime
= SOsec
etan
56. fix)
5 sec e
Ssec^ 9
sin 6
1
cos
62.
(1
(form of answer
may
vary)
fix)
sin x(sin
fix)
sin j:(cos
cos x)
jt
sin
cos x
sin^
sin
j:
sin
2x
77
64. (a) fix)
\)ix-^
/'(O)
sin;c(-sinj:)
1)(2a:)
line:
;c
(sin
sin
cos 2x
(^VfT^)^^'
= 2
60. f{x)
fix)
/'(I)
;f5
tan
_|_
^,(2,|
ix
1)(1)
(;c
;c
x cos x
cot
2;c2
2 j^ \\2
cos^ x
ix^
(b)
2)(1)
Zx^
2x
- 2
= -2x => y = -2x +
(b)
(x
1)(1)
1)2
^
ix
___
1)2
=
I
Tangent
2;i^
"^
cos x)cos x
(0, 2)
2),
cos;c(cosx)
slope at (0,2).
/'(2)
= -2 =
x cos x
"
= ix-
sin
cos 2x
fix)
66.(a)/(.)
;c)
= ix-
Tangent
1)
cos 9)2
lir\
cos d
cos
/'(e)
sec
tan e
f'(x)
58. /(e)
72
line:
slope at (2,
12
,.
- - = -ix -
2) =!>
2
1
= -x - -
^^
(form of answer
may
vary)
Section 2.3
fix)
sec;c,
fix)
sec
68. (a)
(b)
\^-,2
tan
jt
jf
V.
^^
= 2y3 = slopeat^|,2J.
/||j
Tangent
x^+
_ U^ +
72.
,-,/
(x)
= xizosx
l)(2x)
Ix
(x^)(2x)
when x =
,,
g U)
1)2
0.
gix)
Horizontal tangent
_.
.,
/'(x)
= cosx =
(sinj:
3a:)(1)
= xcosx^
sinx
2x)(l)
= xcosx
sinx
^3
x(cosx
2)
(sinx
;
sin
2x
sin
3x
4-
5x
,,
= fix) +
is at (0, 0).
/ and g differ by
74. fix)
3)
(.V-
fix)
6- 1^-n =
-.-.
.,,
/^
line:
673x -3y +
70. fix)
347
"
76.
cos X
V=
7rr2/i=
a constant.
-rrit
+ 2)(^Jt
X"
= x~"
sinx
MX"""' cosx
|(r3/2
2ri/2)^
= x"''"H^sinx + ncosx)
X
sin
V"(f)
X + cos X
x"
fix)
X
= -
sin
1:
When n =
X
= -
sin
2: /'(x)
-(-
cos X
78.
P=-
2 cos x
x3
When
3: /'(x)
/I
When
+ 4 cos x
4:
X sin X
fix)
^,/
>
For general njix)
80.
sec
fix)
sec
^(x)
CSC
X,
fix)
g'ix)
X tan X
sin
sin
-^
3 cos
n cos x
.
1^7:^
[0, 27r)
= esc x cot x =>
sec
X tan X
CSC
X cot X
sinx
cosx
cosx
cos X
sin
sin^x
= - 1 =*
cos^x
317 Itt
^tI:^''^'
2\2
When/! =
tan^
= - 1 =*
tan
= -
sm X
-1
t"'''-
W = -7-775-77 cubic inches/sec

4ri
Chapter 2
348
82. (a)n(f)
Differentiation
-9.6643r2
-276.4643r2
90.7414f
77.5029
84.
v(f)
vW ^
^
,/
86.
+ 2987.69f + 1809.97
+ 90.74f + 77.50
fix)
,^2
ix'
x-^
192
2j:
2.09;c
^ 3^^
17.83)
g Q2)2
2-i
88.
/W
= secx
fix)
/"W =
=
/' =
90.
2x-2
=4 -
96. fix)
secjctanx
sec jc(sec^ jc)
sec ;c(sec^ x
+
+
tan A;(sec
j:
tan
;c)
tan^ x)
-^
fix) = 2 - 2x-'
/'"(x)
64
1
fix)
= 1+-,
fix)
1000 motor homes.
40A6{x^
(t)
fix)
=x\^
x'-
represents the average retail value (in millions of
dollars) per
fix)
1809.9714
-9.66/2
(f)
(c)
2987.6929/
-276.46f-
-*
92. /<''W
hix)
fix)
-h'ix)
/'(2)
-;!'(2)
/'='W
/fe)W
2;c
94.
differentiable func-
tion/such that/ >

2
for
all real
and/' <
numbers x would
g(;c)/r(jc)
/'(;t)
gix)h'ix)
/'(2)
gi2)h'i2)
+ hiDg'H)
(3)(4)
14
100.
hix)g'ix)
+ (-l)(-2)
It
appears that/ is quadratic; so/'
would be
linear
and /"would be
constant.
102.
sit)
-8.25/2
v(/)
= -
16.50/
ait)
= -
16.50
+
+
Average velocity on:
66/
66
/(sec)
sit)
(ft)
v(/)
a(/)
v'it) (ft/sec2)
'(/)
(ft/sec)
66
-16.5
57.75
99
123.75
49.5
33
16.5
-16.5
-16.5
in
general look like the graph below.
98. fix)
= -4
The graph of a
-16.5
[0, 1] is
^^j^=
[1,2]
2^-15^.4,25.
is
57.75.
132
[2,3]isi^Ml_99^24^3
-16.5
M32-
123.75
4-3
^g^3_
Section 2.3
104. (a)
f(x)
(x)
x"
n(n
(b)
l)(n
2)
(2)(1)
f(x)
= -
n\
("jfr^ =
/'"'W
(-l)"(n)(n-
!)(
2)
(2)(1)
(-!)"!
106.
n(n
[xf{x)]'
xf'ix)
[xfix)]"
xf"{x)
[xfix)]'"
xf"'ix)
Note:
n\
f(x)
/'(;c)
f"ix)
(a)
sin
(read "n factorial.")
+f(x)
+f'{x) +f'{x)
+f"{x)
In general, [xf{x)}"^
108.
-3
I)
2f"(x)
xf^"Kx)
4f)
xf"'ix)
3/"U)
=^
= -smx
/"(jj^"^
a)
2f'{x)
fU
/'"-"U)-
= cosx
FlU) =r{a)ix
xf"{x)
+ f{a) =
0[j:
- -1 +
(b)
(?')
/'2W
^/"(fl)U
- ar +f'(a)(x -
l/
2\
Po
(d)
110. True, y
+ f(a) = -(- 1)U -
IT
/"'N
is
as
you move
farther
away from x
112. True
a fourth-degree
114. True. If
polynomial.
a(t)
d"y
when n>A.
dx"
116. (a) (fg
'
- f'g) '=fg" + f'g'- f'g '-f'g

= fg"-f"g
(b)
a better approximation than P,.
(c)
is
a)
True
(fg)"={fg'+f'g)'
= fg" + f'g' + f'g' + f'g

= fg"+2f'g'+f"g
=^fg"
+ f"g
False
v(f)
v'(r)
c then
0.
349
Chapter 2
350
Differentiation
The Chain Rule
Section 2.4
y=figix))
= X +
4.
3 tan(T7x^)
6.
cos
= {2^+ \Y
8.
y'
3x
12. /(f)
(9f
/^(.)
|(9.
16.
g(x)
^'(^)
M-'/2
Jitanu
cos M
= nx\2>? +
1)
2)2/3
-lx+
V;c2
1,
1,
3(4
y'
15(4
14. g(x)
X >
<
JC
^^
2)-./3(9)
= J{x -
1)2
|x
18.
1|
;2
40 =
j'(0
(;2
3f
= V5 -3x =
fix)
= -3(2 -
1)-'
\)-\it
i)
y'
.w=vS
g(f)
g'it)
(f2
-^(/2
3)3
= -5{t +
\5{t
3)-3
15
3)-'' =
(,2
28.
y'
= 42V16 -
-^
2yi6"
x{-ix
/'(x)
x[3(3x
(3x
Wl6
x^
x(16
h'it)
x*
x2
f2
2(
3
f3
\/ (f3
2/1
2)(2f)
(f3
2)2
3)2(4x
3a:
f2(3f2) \
4)1/2(1)
9)3(1)
9]
3)
1,
- x^(x^+
x*+
=
?3
9)2[9x
4)-'/2(4x3)
32)
\2
,2
hit)
+ Ox -
9)2(3)]
Tzn
(x4+
x2)i/2
-xQx^ 2Vl6 -
+ 4 - 2x''
+ 4)3/2
(jc"
32.
3)^
9)3
= H{x -
30.
x2)-'/2(-2x)
2)3/2
z2
= |^'(|(16 -
26. /(x)
2)-3/2(2f)
^^^
(f
,,
1/2
= -|(2-9.)-3/^(-9)=^(^^
;'
2)-'/2
3;c)
9x)V4
-(2f+3)
(f2 + 3f - 1)2
24.
(5
x'^Y
-3V2 -9x
(f
+ 3f-
-l(f2
= -3044 -
x'^)\-2x)
22.
3f
f{x)
s{t)
^2)5
.w4(5-3.)-(-3)
/'(.)
20.
10.
l)(6;c2)
3x
2(2^'
y=fiu)
gix)
2g2(4f
(f3
f^)
2)3
2r3(4
(r3
;3)
2)3
4
(^4
- jc"
+ 4)3/2
The Chain Rule
Section 2.4
351
- = (f^)'
-
J 3x^ 2 \V (2x
W = Î^TTTT)
+
3(3;c2
2)2(6.t'
(2a:
3)(6x)
{3x^
2)i2) \
?^7TTu
(2;t + 3)2
2;c
18a:
4)
6(3jc2
3)''
2)-(3x2
(2a:
9a:
2)
3)''
2x
36.
38. f(x)
^/x+
/V) =
72^(X +
zeros.
'
(;c
a:)2
2)(5;c
2)
2v^
1)3/2
The
y has no
= 7^(2 -
zeros of/' correspond to the points on the graph of
/ where
the tangent lines are horizontal.
y
W
40,
y=
,
it-- 9)Vr
+ 8r 2jt + 2
5t^
'
where the tangent
44.
dy
on
the graph of y
V.v
2Vx -
g has no
V.r
2jx +
zeros.
'
line is horizontal.
//
tan
^
2a:
tan
-\
X
,1
sec-X
zeros of y ' correspond to the points on the graph of
y where the tangent
46. (a)
to the point
-r =
The
a:^
g{x)
g'(x)
42.
sin 3a:
y'
3 cos
y'(0)
3 cycles in
lines are horizontal.
(b)
y =
sin!
3a:
;)cos(
[0, 2Tr]
y'(0)
HaIfcyclein[0.
The
27r]
slope of sin ax
at
the origin
is a.
Chapter 2
352
48.
dy
-f-
=
=
Differentiation
sin TTx
50.
sccix'^)
'(x)
2x secU^) tan{x^)
g(t)
5 cos^
g'(f)
10 cos 7rf( sin
h{x)
h
COS
TT
TT
dx
52.
(1
= -sin
y'
54.
cos
(1
2a;)2
cos
2xY(2(\
((1
g{e)
secf êj
g'ie)
sec(|ej sec2(|ej|
2x)^)
2x)(-2))
4(1
2x) sin(l
- 2xY
tm[^9
tan(|ej sec(|0J tan(^0j^
4secge[sec^|eUtanîe
-,
56.
g(v)
= cosy =
cos V
sm
CSC V
g '(v)
58.
y
y
'
COS v(cos
2 tan^ x
6 tan^ x
v)
sin
v( sin
v)
cos^ v
sin^ v
cos 2v
60.
sec^
irr
= 10iT(sin
62.
66.
h(t)
2cot2(7r/
/;'()
4cot(7rr
-ATTCOtiTTt
.V
sin;c'/3
y'
cos
;c'/'(
+
+
64.
2)
2)(-csc2(T7r
2) csc2(Trf
2)(7r))
2)
(sinx)'/^
-x~^/^
cosx'/^
68.
(sin a:)~^/' cos x
COSJf
"^
;c2/3
(^^ = (.-
fix)
-2(x2
3x)-3(2x
5 cos(7rj:)^
3;i:
5 cos(7r^;t2)
5sin(ir2x2)(2i72x)
10tt2;c sin(i7:t)2
>-
(3x3
>''
|(3x^
TA
74.
^ Vcos
1
I-
X,
h
\2
1
-f2
2 Vcos X
y'i'jT/2) is undefined.
2
IT.
4^)i/5_
(2,
= Sirsinlirf
2)
4x)-''/5(9x2
4)
+ 4
+ 4jj)4/5
9x-
3x)-
72.
(4,^
-2(2x -
3)
/(x)=^^,
2x- 3'
(2x
3)
fix)
(2,3)
3)(1)
(2x
3x)3
/'(2)
= -32
5(3x3
(x2
^'(^)
-n-t)(cos TTf)
Trt)i'7r)
3x
(sin;c)2/3j
/W
5 (cos Trrp
y(2)
70.
= -5
- (x +
- 3)2
1)(2)
(2x
3)2
Section 2.4
= |Wx2 +
76. (a) fix)
fix)
^;c
(x2
5,
78. (a)
(2, 2)
+ Û^ +
5)-'/2(2jc)
f(x)
tan^x,
/'(x)
2 tan X sec^ x
2(1)(2)
3V^?T5
Tangent
>
Tangent
line:
y-i=4U--
4x
(1
tt)
(b)
line:
/'(2)^^4(3)
353
5)'/2
/'(l)
+ ^Jx' +
i^,
The Chain Rule
(x
=>
2)
13x
Q)'
(b)
IZ
^
80.
/W
= (x-2)-'
1
/'W = -(x-2)-2 =
fix) =
82.
2U -
U-
2)^
2)-3
(x
2)3
/(x)
sec^ TTX
fix)
2 sec 7rx(ir sec ttx tan
2ir sec^ ttx tan i7x
277 sec^ 7rx(sec^ 7rx)(7T)
2ir^
sec''
2-77^
sec^ TTx(sec- ttx
Itr-
sec'^ '77x(3
/"(x)
ttx
ttx)
27rtan 7rx(2Trsec' ttx tan ttx)
47r^ sec^ ttx tan^ ttx
sec' t7x
2 tan^ vx)
2)
84.
86.
/is decreasing on ( oo,

there.
/is increasing on
1)
(1,
so/' must be negative
oo) so/' must be postive
there.
88.
g(x)=/(x2)
g'(x) =/'(x-)(2x)
=>
g'(.v)
2X-/V-)
The zeros of/' correspond to

of/has horizontal tangents.
the points
where
the graph
r
Chapter 2
354
90. (a)
(b)
Differentiation
g{x)
sin2;c
g '(x)
2 sin
tan^x
j:
cos^;^
cos x
=A
(a)
2 tan X
= |[-
>-'
When
\ cos 12f
= -4
t
5 sin 12r
12 sin 12f]
- \[U cos
sin lit
3 cos 12f
77/8,
0.25 feet and v
12r]
= 4 feet
per second.
sides,
sec x tan x and

which are the same.
2 sec x
sec* x,
sec^.n:
Equivalently,/'(x)
>
x( sin x) =
2 cos
Taking derivatives of both
94.
92.
+ l^f(x)
g{x)
g '(x)
^> g'W =
cos wt
y
r.
J
in
Penod:
10
3.5
A=
Amplitude:
-r-
1.75 cos
77
>>'= 1.75
wr
.75 cos
277
=> w = =
(b) V
1.75
= -0.35
irf
77f
77 sin
TT
utility,
or by
trial
and
error,
you
(c)
rW
= -22.15 cos(y+l)(|
obtain a model of the form

TTt
T{t)
64.18
= -11.60 cost +
(TTt
22.15
sini
(b)
(d)
The temperature changes most

(April)
and
changes most slowly

(January) and
98. (a) g{x)
=f{x)-2^g '{x) = f'(x)

X
(b) h{x)
= lf{x)=^h\x) =
2f\x)
/'W
(c)
Ax) =f{-3x)=>r'{x) =f'i-3x){-3)
= -3/'(-3x)
g'ix)
Hence, you need to know/'(-3j:).

r'(0)
= -3/'(0) = (-3)(-|) =
h'{x)
-2
4
4
r\x)
r'(-l)
(d) six)
-3/'(3)
= f(x +
2)
= (-3)(-4)=
s'ix)
= fix +
Hence, you need to know/'(A:
s'{-2)=fX0)
-3. etc.
12
2)
2).
s'ix)
when
(T'(t)
~3
12
-1
-2
-1
-2
-4
-1
-2
-4
-2
-4
-8
-4
The temf>erature
0) when r = 1.1
7.1 (July).
-1
rapidly
10.1 (October).
4.1
The Chain Rule
Section 2.4
100. fix
+p)= fix) for all x.

+
(a) Yes,/'(j:
p)
102. \ffi-x)
= fix), which shows
that/'
Since/'
is
-/(x), then
is
[/(-^)] =
periodic as well.
(b) Yes, let gix)
= filx),
so g'ix)
periodic, so
is
/'(-x)(-l)
2/'(2x).
[-/W]
-/'(x)
g'.
/'(-x)=/'(x).
Thus,/'(x)
is
even.
104.
|[||] =
106. /{x)
j^[J^] = |m-'/^(20 =
|x2
= '^. ^
4|
108. fix)
|sinx|
/'(x)
cos x(
'
110. (a)
fix)
sec(2x)
/'(x)
2(sec2x)(tan2x)
fix) = 2[2(sec
7-;
sinx
],x'klT
'
(b)
2x)(tan 2x)] tan 2x
4[(sec 2x)(tan- 2x)
sec-*
2(sec 2x)(sec2 2x)(2)
2x]
4f)=K?
/"(
Ij
4[2(3)
P,(x)
= 4V3(x -
P^Cx)
|(56)(x
281
P2
is
2^]
-f j
56
- 1)' + 4^3 (x +
f)
TT\2
-^
6y
(c)
=4V3
2sec|f tanf
il
+ 4V^( X -
a better approximation than
P^
(d)

from X
112. False. If/(x)
sin^ It, then/'(x)
114. False. First apply the Product Rule.
2(sin lx)(2 cos Ix).
ir/6.
as
you move away
355
Chapter 2
356
Dijferentiation
Implicit Differentiations
Section 2.5
x^-f=\e
2.
2x
lyy'
jc'
3;c2
/=
3y2y'
x'y
6.
x^' + 2xy +
y^
(xy)'/2
lyxy'
{x^
= -2
y^x
\{xy)-'l\xy'
2xy)>''= -{y^
Iry)
-^y' +
+ 2t)
+ 2y)
2v^
-y(y
;c(;c
xy'
y)
- X +
-
-^
2^
+2>''=0
ijxy
2)-'
- ijxy + 4v^>'' =
2V^-y
4vxy + X
2 sin X cos y
cosy(cosx)]
10.
2[sinx{-siny)y'
=
=
14.
( csc^y)y'
y'
cot
y'
2(sin TTX
cos Try)^
7r(siniTy)y']
cos TTX
TT^sin '77y)y
77
X sm y
cot
X cot y
y'
= =^ sec-1 tan -1
sec-
csc^y
-y2cos(^)cot(^)
sec(l/y) tan(l/y)
-tan-^y
-cot-y
18. (a) (x2
- 4x +
4)
(x
+
-
= -9 +
(y2
6y
2)2
(y
3)2
= 4
(Circle)
(y
3)2
9)
(x
(b)
2)2
= -3V4 -
(x
2)2
(c) Explicitly:
= ^[4-(x-2)2]-i/2(-2)(x-2)
^
ax
2
^(x -2)
(74-
(;c
(d) Implicitly:
2)2
2x
+ 2yy'- 4 + 6y'=
-(^ -2)
(2y
V4-
(;c
6)y'
-(;c-2)
y
= -2(x -
2)
2)2
-(;c-2)
-3 74 -
(x
2)2
'
sin
16.
= 2
C0S7ry)[Tr cos ttx
cos X cos y
^
1
1
(sin TTx
12.
-{x-D
COS TTX
Sin Try
Section 2.5
20. (a) 9y'^
y^
x^
(b)
^+l
x^
Jx^ +
4^'^'r^''^'^^
,., ^y
.^p
(0 ExpLctly: - =
= j^^=== =
(d) Implicitly: Qy^
x^
ISyy'
2x
^(^ = ^
18>7'=2x
22.
2i
2x
a:
ISy
9y
24.
(x
- 3y^' =
=
x^
}^
x^
y^
3ry2
xy^
-(y^
2xy)
+
+
2y)
+ 3xf +
3;c^
3x^ +
3/
At (1,1): y'
+ yy =
x^y
x^' +
-.
2xy
2xyy'
y^
+ 2xy)y'=
{x-
y(y
"jc(.t
At(-1,
26.
X3
4ry
= ^xy +
3j;^
3y^y
(3>'^
4x)y '
4>'
y'
-1.
X cos y
28.
3x2
4y
(3y2
At
(2, !),>.'
x[ y'siny] + cosy =
4v
'
'
1):
It)
cos y
sin V
3x2
--
4x)
4-12
=
1
= cot V =
cot V
'
*"^'f>>' = 5^30.
(4
x)y2
(4-x)(2)yO+r(-l) =
y
x3
3x2
32.
x'
3x2
3^^,'
+ y2
2y(4 - x)
3X2
y3
6,rv.'
y'(3>-2
drv
6y
dv)
At
(2, 2):
y'
6y
6v
3^2
2.
M
'^^
8\
\y ir
3.x2
3.t2
dr
- (16/9) ^ 32
40
(64/9) - (8/3)
(16/3)
357
Chapter 2
358
Differentiation
cos y
34.
sin y
'
'
-:
sin
sin^y
cos^y
sin-y
<
TT
cos^y
= Vl
siny
<
3;
= Vl -
cos-^y
x^
-1
<
-1
yn^'
<
;c
xY
36.
2x^' + 2xr jc^yy
'
2x
1=0
xy^
-xy^
->
xy
+
2xyy'
x2(y'P
4xKy'
4-4xy^=^
+ xîy^
-
xy^)^
7-7
(1
,
- 4xY +
1-
xy^
X
4xy^
/=
+ x^" + / =
+ x^" +
2xy2
^.ly^
2xyy'
2,
x'Vy
;t4y3y"
y^2
^2^4
x'^y^y"
= n
= 2xy
2xy~
2xY -2xf-\
A'
38.
xy
xy
X-
y'
40.
>^
2yy'
4
2
y"=-2y-Y
JTT
+
(x^
- U + 1)2
1)(1)
2>y'
{x^
X2+
2x
2y{x2
2x2
(;c2
l)(2x)
2x
1)^
-x2
1)2
1+4-4
"^''^5
Tangent
}"'
line:
>
[(275)/5](4
V5 =
~ ~^
lOVSy X
4^
/'=0
42.
- lOySy +
10
/^
1)2
U-
2)
1075-
= r-2]
LrJ
_ -4
Section 2.5
44.
a:^
y^
(0.31
At
Tangent
line:
Normal
line:
At
46.
A
Vy
(0, 3):
^^
0.
VS):
(2,
Tangent
line:
_2
- Vs = i={x -
Normal
line:
- V5 = -^{x -
/--
=>
2)
2a:
-9
+ VSy
-
2) ==> VSJc
2y
>t'
>i J^
0.
= 4x
>*
2xy'=4
y'
-=
at (1,2)
Equation of normal
a distance of
[x
1)2
from
2(a:
= -\{x
1),
\)-
16
16
x=
- 2V2)
and
(l
- 2^2,
Equations: [x
- ijl)- +
(v
+ ijl]- =
(x
+ ijlf +
(.V
- 272)- =16
8x
lyy'
8x
+
-
4.^,
8x
"
y2
8(1)
y2
4y
(-2)2
4x2
Vertical tangents:
8x
(0,
when x =
4^
y(>'
4)
+
+
.V
- 4x
+ 2
=> y =
0,
-4
-4).
(1, 0), (1,
Vertical tangents occur
4a-
2>'
Horizontal tangents occur

4(1)2
when y = 2:
+ 4(-2) + 4 =
8.T
x.
The
centers of the circles must be
-2),
4x(x
(2,
2)
-2).
=> X =
0,
+ 275)
16
+ 4y'=
ijl.
+ 2^2,
Centers of the circles: (l
48. 4x2
(1,2). Therefore,
-x)- If
[(3
at (1, 2) is
units
on the normal and
at
359
Chapter 2
360
Differentiation
50. Find the points of intersection by letting y^
Ix'^
lx^
and
whenx =
Intersect
3x5
Ix^
x^ in the equation
'bp-
3>'-^
5.
[21^+3/ =5]
/"
1.
Points of intersection: (1,
1)
~>((1.
1)
v^
/ = ^:
2x2
3^2 =
-.
5:
[>=;
2yy'
Ax
3a:2
6yy ' ==
2x
'^-yy
At
the slopes are:
(1, 1),
r-\
At
=-3.
(1,
- 1),
=-2
the slopes are:

3
=3-
52. Rewriting each equation and differentiating,
jc^
>
3(y
xOy -
1)
29)
|jr(3>-29) = 3|,5
-K!-'
3'
^
J
1
jj"'
[x_3=3>.-
For each value of jt, the derivatives are negative reciprocals of each
other.
Thus, the tangent lines are orthogonal
at
both points
of intersection.
X2
54.
2x
+y2=
2yy'
C^
y'
= Kx
c
kX
= K
slopes
is
3xy2
(a) 2;c
intersection
- 3/ -
{x,
1.
The curves
are orthogonal.
6xyy'
*>-f-*'f-'^vf =
+ 3y^' =
3y2
2;c
(2x
y=3/-2.
^
sin
x cos
>>
3y^
sin
x( sin y)y
>"
cos X cos y
'
\dy
4smjc( siny) + 4 cos

at
+ 4 cos x cos y =
dx
sin
- 3/)^ =
{6xy
6xy
(b)
sin
c=
10
i-6xy + 3/)y'=
58. (a)
\^-^
y) the product of the
= (x/Kx){K) =
{xly)(fC)
K = -]
7K'
'^~y
At the point of
56. ^2
cos
JT
cos
y-r =
dt
dx
x
cosy =
at
.-.^dy
sinjcsiny-,
dt
- 3y^^
Section 2.6
60. Given an implicit equation,
with respect to
and
all
x.
Collect
first differentiate
all
other terms to the right. Factor out v ' on the
side. Finally, divide
does not contain y
62.
both sides
terms involving y' on the
77jn
left,
left
both sides by the left-hand factor that
'.
Use
>/x
64.
Related Rates
+ Vv =
starting point B.
v/c
+-^^=0
'
2Vx
iVy'^
V-y
di
dx
Tangent line
at (xq, yg):
Û -
yo
+ v^Vyo> O)
.x-intercept:
[xg
y-intercept:
(o, Vq
Sum
2(x2
(.Vo
v^v^)
-ô
+ 2V^V>\J +
3x)
dt
(a)
4x
(^ +
4.
= (Vc)" =
n/v^)"
.r^
dx
ly di
dt
dt
2x
Tt^^^'-^^t
dx
Jo
c.
Related Rates
Section 2.6
+ V^v5o)
of intercepts:
Uo + V^VS^) +
2.
Xg)
25
dy
di
x^x
6 dt
dt
yldt
When A; = 3and^ = 2,^ =
(b)When.= ,andf=5,f =
[4(3)
6](2)
dx
y\dy_
12
'
dt
^(5) = -f
(a)
When x =
dt
(b)
When .t =
3,
xldt
4,
and dx/dt
8.
3.
and dy/dt
-2.
4
4,
dx
dt
r(-2)
361
Chapter 2
362
Dijferentiation
8.
6.
sinj:
cos
+x2
dx
dt
dy_
dx
-2x
dx
Xr
dt
dt
L(l+x2)2jdr
dt
(a)
Whenx =
dy
-2(-2)(2)
:^
25
dt
(b)
(a)
-2,
When x =
TT^
25
cm/sec,
7r/6,
1(2) =
cos
>/3 cm/sec.
'
(b)
0,
When x =
When x =
cm/ sec.
7r/4,
(cos
= V^ cm/sec.
1(2)
ar
(c)
When x =
dy
(c)
2,
dx
negative
dy
negative
.
==>
dt
(b)
dy
D=
(cos-r-j(2)
cm/ sec.
12.
Answers
See page 145.
will vary.
dt
positive
=>
dx
positive
dt
dt
14.
-j-
cm/sec.
7r/3,
25
25
.
10. (a)
_ -8
-2(2)(2)
dr
When x =
Jx^ +
j^
dt
= - (x^ +
16.
sin^ x)
'/^{2x
dx
2 sin X cos
flf
A =
x)^
dr
trr^
jc
sin
v^ +
j:
cos x dx
sin-
;c
18.
dA
,
= lirr
dt
dt
2 sin
Vx2 +
dr
a;
cos x
sin"^x
dr
dr
= 2
dt
If
dr/dt
is
constant,
dA/dt
is
not constant.
dV
dr
4Trr2
dr
dt
- depends
on r and
-r.
dr
dr
(a)
When
6,
dK
477(6)^(2)
28817 in Vmin.
dt
When
24,
dV
(b) If dr/dt is constant,
20.
K=
4ir(24)2(2)
dV/dt
is
proportional to
;c3
dr
dV
-=
3;c2
dr
(a)
dr
When ;c =
dV
dt
(b)
3(1)2(3)
= 9 cmVsec.
When x =
dV
dr
10,
3(10)2(3)
460877 inVmin.
= 900cmVsec.
r^.
V = ^TTr% =
22.
^TrrK3,r)
Trr^
v=
24.
-.r^;,
-,. ;,3=__,3
r
/
I
dt
dV
similar triangles,
h =>
= h.j
,
dt
dt
When
6,
fify
</?
3-7r(6)2(2)
^^2 ^
^
~
When
dV
^=
21677 inVmin.
dh
144
dt^ dt~
144
dt
(b)
- =
^dr
dt
(a)
By
363
Related Rates
Section 2.6
\25TTh^jdt
\44
24,
377-(24)2(2)
345617-
inVmin.
dt
26.
V=
-foA(12)
6bh = 6^2 (since b
h)
28.
^= nh =
When
/j
and
2,
(b) If
-r =
o in/min
dx
2x
dt
-- =
-r77r(2)
12(1)
ft/min and h
y^
25
dy
dx
y dy
- = ^-f=
dt
X dt
= - ft/min
6
feet,
+ 2y-Y =
dt
When X =
O.lSy
^ smce
dy
-r-
0.15.
dt
2.5,
then
32
af
dt
fi!/
a:^
= yi8J5,^ =
-^41^ 0-15 =
-0.26m/sec
2.5
dt
f = (l^^^) = !^'Vmin.
30. Let
L be the
L2
(a)
length of the rope.
= 144 +
x^
(b)
^.dLdx
2L- = 2x-r
dt
dL
dt
WhenL=
-4, andL
13,
dt
dt
dx = L
If^=
xdx
Ldt
dL
AL
dt
smce
dL
-3-
dt
-4ft/sec.
dt
= ^>-4)
13,
>;4fl/sec
X = JL^ - 144 = Vl69 - 144 =
^ i!|iy
"
dx
4(13)
52
dt
Speed of the boat increases
^Q_
^^--
i^ft''^
10.4 ft/sec.
AsL
as
it
approaches the dock.
12 +
dL
decreases, so
dt
the speed decreases.
Chapter 2
364
+y^ =
x^
32.
^
dx
2x +
Differentiation
5^
ds
2s
dx
dt
dx
X dt
=^=
^ = ^(240)
V
V
25
= V75 =
20
6
-
14y
_
"=
28
16073
When X
277.13 mph.
Home
60,
= V902 +
d^
60
dt
30yi3
602
= 30VT3
56
15.53 ft/sec.
(28)
13
y
y
20^- 20x =
60
ds _ X dx
'
dt ''~s"dt
5 V3
36. (a)
==
x2
dt
When s = \0,x= VlOO -
-r =
ds
dt
dt
dy
since
dt
dt
s^-= 90^
~X
6^
20a:
10
dx_ -5
rfr
10
f>
^(y
38. x{t)
_dy
x)
= - sin
10,
(ic
77?,
dx
x^
y2
-50^,
^,
_-50
._ -50
15
ft/ sec
3
=
enx =
T0'^
277
(a) Period:
35
77
sm
.
(b)
When x =
v-
2 seconds
-y
VHI
77/
10
dx _ 3
77 cos
^ sm
77/
1
1
= - =^' =
6
77/
dt
Lowest
point:
;c2
+ 2>' =
2x
rf/
dy
0^ =
dt
rf/
_ -3/10
3-.
'^"^^ = 15/4'
7Tp-I"'^^'^
5
-977
-97577
2575
Speed
125
= -9V577 =
125
0.5058 m/sec
dt
Related Rates
Section 2.6
40.
-1
J-
R-i
rgtanO =
42.
1=
v^
32r tan
365
v^,
a constant.
is
dR^
dR.
dt
When
R =
and
Likewise,
"^
dr
/?,2
Jf
T?,^
/?2
16r
sec-
= 50
/f ,
dt
dv
1.5
dt
R^'
2v
32rsec20 =
dt
dt
-rrcos-
dt
16r
rff'
75,
30
(30)-|
777^(1)
7:;iT2(l-5)
1(50)2^'^"^
dt
(75)2
0.6 ohms/sec.
44.
sin
fl
^ = (-l)ft/sec
cos
de
-10
dt
X-
dx
d\
dd
'
dt
10 dx
{see e)
X-
dt
dt
= ~'0
25
f
V25- -
25-
tane
46.
- =
10
25572T
10=
^ 2V2T =
25^21
525
0.017 rad/sec
30(2 tt)
= 607Trad/min =
17
rad/sec
dt
secê
^\ ^ Udx
50\ dt
dtj
dx
,
= 50
sec-
Jdd
e\
\dt
dt
^ = ^^
(a)
When
(c)
When
= 70,^ =
30,
ft/sec.
(b)
When
60,
50. (a) dy/dt

fast as
-
y-
^+i ^
.
dt
^=- ^=
ft/sec.
427.43Tr ft/sec.
48. sin 22
= 200Tr
(b)
dt
more
89.9056 mi/hr
means
y changes slowly when

rapidly
interval.
(sin 22)(240)
3(dx/dt)
that
y changes three times as
X changes.
when
.v is
or
.v
L.
y changes
near the middle of the

366
Chapter 2
52. L?
144
Differentiation
of the boat
x^; acceleration
dt^-
dL
dx
dt
dt
^
2L- = 2x-
.
^First denvative:
^r
^dL
L-r-
d-L
, ,
Second denvative: L -pr
.
dx
dt
dt
dL
r
dt^
dL
~r =
'
dt
dt
d^x
dx
^<^tt '^ ~r
dt^
dt
dx
'
~T
dt
d^x
I'f-(f)"-(f
dt""
When L =
13,
j:
dL
dx
-r = -
5,
10.4,
and
dt
g=
|[13(0)
= |[16 -
54.
y(i)
-4.9r2
(see Exercise 30). Since
dt
dL
dt
(-4)2 -(-10.4)2]
= |[-92.16] = -
108.16]
- = 4
18.432 ft/sec2
20
dy
dt
= -4.9 + 20 =
y(\)
= -9.8
y\\)
T,
By
15.1
similar triangles,
20x
Whenjy
20 =
y
X
X \2
- 240 =
15.1, 20;c
xy.
- 240 =
(20
(0.0)1
15.1);c
.x(15.l)
= 240
240
4.9'
20;t
240 = ry
dx
dy
,(&
^"^t^^t^^t
dx
dt
Atr =
dx
x
dy
20 - y dt
240/4.9
1,
dt
20
15.1
I
(-9.8)
-97.96 m/sec.
is
constant,
d^L
-pr =
dt^
0.
367
2. fix)
x+
X-
1
1
+ ^x +
+ Ax -
/'W =
lim
lim
Ax->0
Ax)
-^ -fix)
^-^
= hm
-2Ax
lim
+ Ax- 1)U -
Axix
_ X +
j: -
\
1
=
1)
Ajc
l)(;c
(;c
lim
^"o
Dix
Ajc
1)
1)
4./W = '
M^c +
i^ô
^"o
;c
,.
+ Ax+ l)ix-\) - ix + AxAtU + Aj: - l)(jc - 1)
ix
fix
,.
l)(x
1)
6.
Ai->o
(jc
1)-
/is differentiable for
all
jc
t*
3.
Ajc
+ Ax
X
lim
Ax
Aj:-0
2x:
(2x
AjcU
Aj:-0
2Ax)
Ajc)jC
-2Ax
Ax-^0 Ajc(x
r
lim
iijr->0
(X
Ajc)jc
-2
-2
TT
^
+ Ax)x
X~
4x
2,
_
--^W-jj_4^_^2
,
Jx^
ifx
< -2
if.,
>-2
(a)
(b)
Not
differentiable at
.r
= -2
at
'
.V
10.
= 2.
Using the
limit defmtion,
AtJC=-2,;z'(-2) =
because the function
is
discontinuous there.
12. (a)
Using the
limit definition,
fix)
-2
-tt.
-,
(jc
+ \y
(b)
^
At
>-
jc
0./'(0)
= -2U -
= -Ix +
-2. The tangent
0)
line
is
t^'
^\
you obtain h
'()
|-4(-2) = y.
4.t.
Chapter 2
368
14. /'(2)
lim
Differentiation
/U)-/(2)
lim
x+
16.
JC
-a:- 1
- 2)U + 1)3
3
lim
x->2 (x
-1
lim
18.
y
y'
24.
30.
= -
,N1)3
+
,
x->2 (x
12
gW=xi2
20.
g'W =
-
g(j)
4s^
g'is)
I6s^
5s^
26. /(jc)
\0s
4 cos a
g '(a) = - 4
12x"
;c'/2
/'W =
g{a)
22.
sin
|.-'/^
fit)
;t-
1/2
28.
+ 1.-/^ =
,
32.
g(a)
,.
= - 16f2 +
= |x-2
-4
sing
2a
5cosa
= -40^
h{x)
g (a)
34. 5
/(r)= -8^5
-4
So
First ball:
-16/2+ 100 =
Second
lo
10
= ^^ seconds
4
2.5
ball:
-16r-
f2
Aoo
-^ =
- /
u-
to hit
ground
'
75
=0
ns
573
2.165 seconds to
hit
ground
Since the second ball was released one second after the
the ground 3.165
36.
'
5(f)
16/2
= -
16;^
2.5
14,400
0.665 second
first ball,
the
first ball
will hit the
ground
later.
= 14400
=
30 sec
Since 600
mph =
g mi/sec, in
30 seconds the bomb
will
move
horizontally (gjCSO)
5 miles.
first.
The second
ball will hit
369
38.
32
(a)
32
^x
,,
if r
or X
(b)
v'=
64
-^x
32'
Projectile strikes the
ground when x
Projectile reaches its
maximum
v^jlsl.
height vXx
= v^/M.
(one-half the distance)
(c)
when
-v
32
=x
^.r'
,v
Vq-/32.
range
32
x\\
;.v
(d) Vq
and x
When
the initial velocity
Xq-/32. Therefore, the range

is
is
= 70
ft/sec
Range: x
iW^^
Maximum height:
7^
32
32
or four times the
initial
maximum
maximum
is
height
From part (a), the

when x = Vo^/64. The
range.
height occurs
32 /vo'
64
64
64
Vo-\64
If the initial velocity is
height
doubled, the
64
(C)
(e)
As
128
maximum
0.14;c=
4.43a
>
\128
128
or four times the original
40. (a) y
128
is
(2vo)
ft
is
(2vo)^
y\
153.125
doubled the
maximimi
58.4
height.
(b)
320
(d) If.v
the speed increases, the stopping distance increases at an increasing rate.
65, V
362
feet.
= ^:^ "
38.28
ft
Chapter 2
370
42.
Differentiation
g{x)
(x3
Zx){x
g\x)
(x3
3x)(l)
x^
4.^
Ix
{x
ix^
2)(3;c2
6x^
- 6x-
ex'^
44. /(f)
2)
- 3x-
= t\-smt) +
fit)
3)
t^cost
= f'
sin
cosf(3f2)
3?2 cos t
^^l
46./W = x -
{x-- 1)(1)
f\x)
-(;c
(x--IF
^ {x=
50. fix)
(;c2
9(3^2
2jc
52.
2x)-'
fan
;c2
2x)-2(6x
18(1
2)
(j:2)cosx
- 3x)
- 2xY
sin
1
^^
56.
x^ sec^ x
(sinx)(2x)
x cos jc
2xVwix
,
_
"
(1
2 sin jr
X?
xf>
y'
5)(2x)
ix"
(3a:2
- (6a: + 1)2
+ 5x- ?,x^)
+ 1)2
2(3
1)2
= -9(3x2 _
Z'U)
1)(6)
fix)
-2
54.
(x2
1)(1)
sinx
sin
sinx)
cosx
(1
(1 + sinx)( cosx)
- sinx)2
2cosx
(1
58.
- t\0<
v(/)
36
ait)
v'it)
v(4)
36
< 6
60.
= -2r
Ux^'"'
fix)
3X-3/4
^
a(4)
62.
-9
4 ^
4^7/4
= - 8 m/sec
5 cos
h 'it)
5 sin
h"it)
= -4 sin f +
4 cos
64.
5 cos
xy
'
cos X
sin
xy
(x2
fix)
|(x2
l)'/3
1)-V3(2x)
2x
3(x2
1)2/3
cosx)
y
xy
66. fix)
(10
= 4 sin f
hit)
sinx)2
fix)
= 20 m/sec
16
68. /(x)
'
=
=
xy'
(x2
^)'
10
sin
(sin
>>
>>)
sin
72.
70.
h{e}
- er
(1
{i-ey-e[3(i- en-i)]
- er
(1
COS
2j:
2 cos^ x
= Is'mlx 4 COS jc sin
y'
h'{9)
2[2 sin
j:
- 4
cos x]
j:
sin
x cos x
(1
y
y'
36)
^ 26+ 1
(1 - 6Y
sec^;
CSC 3x
- ef
(1
74.
8)^(1
cot 3x
76.
>
7
CSC
3j:
3 esc- 3x
= -3
CSC 3x(cot 3x
CSC 3x)
cot
3.t
)>
'
sec^ a:(sec
sec^
tan x(sec^
sec^
tan^
cos(x
3x
78. f(x)
80.
Vx=+T
+
3(x2
l)'/2
1,
3x|(x2
x tan x)
.t
x2+
1)
(X^
1)
j:
tan x)
1)
-(x -
1) sin(x
l)-'/2(2x)
1)
cos(x
1)(1)
ly-
1
1
3(x^
sec'' ar(sec
(x
fix)
U-
3x'
[(x
1) sin(x
1)
cos(x
1)]
1)-'
1)3/2
3
(x2
82.
fix)
[(x
fix)
4(x3
4(x
1)3/2
2)(x
+
-
3x2)(x
+ 4)Y =
- 6x -
l)(x
The zeros of/' correspond
84.
^(x)
g'ix)
x(x-
1)1/2
2x2
(x2
2t
8)2
8)
4)
to the points
on the graph of/ where the tangent
86.
has no horizontal tangent
3(x
2)2(7x
2)
273x
VxH^
g' does not equal zero for any value of x. The graph of g
= V3x(x + ly
line is horizontal.
y does not equal zero for any x in the domain.

The graph has no horizontal tangent lines.
'
lines.
371
'
Chapter 2
372
y'
88.
Differentiation
(v^)
2 csc^
Vx
Vxcot
;pcsc^
Jx

'
tangent line
j;-'
y'
x~'^
y"
2x~^
90.
to the
on the graph of 3; where the
point
is
horizontal.
92.
tanjc
sec^jr
sin^
y'
2 sin X cos x
y"
2 cos
sin
,W
94.
;c2+
21
2(-3a:^
2 sec
jc(sec
2 sec^ j: tan
x tan x)
2jc
(x?-
+
+
h{x)
= xjx^ -
;<:
98.
J2^
3)
1)2
(x2
96.
5;c
1)3
= 8v^
72(32);;
2x^-1
Jh
dh
x{2jP(;c2
3)
When /i =
(a)
1)3/2
=^
^
an
9,
ft/sec.
When
(b)
= A, =
ft/sec.
an
100.
x2
2x
9y2
+ ISyy'-
4x
3(6y
3y
Sy'
l)y'
= 4 -
2x
3(6y
2x
(x2
X+
4y)y'
1)
,
cos(x
y)
= X
-(1 +y')sin(x
y)
y'sin(x +
y)
14.
106.
sin(x
y)
-csc(x
1)
y2
2yy'
y)
sin(x
sin(x
x2
2x
j,
dt
12x^ =
dt
12(4.5)(5)
3x2
j,2y
3x2
2xy
_
=
3x2
'
At
(5, 3):
_
+
line:y
length of edge.
= 270cmVsec
-(x
3y
= - r(x 5y
5x
2xy
_ 2xy + y
X + Ay
line:
2y^
x^
= \
y'
xy
y)
dt
^=
x?y
16
3x
6x2,
x3
Normal
=A =
'^y
Tangent
108. Surface area
= x'-x^ + xy-y^
102.
16
5)
- 30 =
5)
xy'
4yy
tan e
110.
;c
r =
rad/min
3(27r)
dx
Jd6\
dx
(tan2
l)(67r)
Gt^jc^
1)
dt
=
<ic
When;c =
-,
/I
= z- km/ mil) =
\4
Problem Solving
IStt,
,\
T +
0771
2 at
,^
,,
450irlcm/hr.
,
Chapter 2
for
Let
{a, a^)
For y
Thus,
and
x^,y'
2a=
tangent line
a"-
- fc- +
{b,
2x and
= x^ + 2x-5,y'= - 2r +
+ 2=*a + i'= l,ora=
-2i)
Ir
- by + b^ -2b +
{\ - b)- b
5)
b-
-2b +
-2b +
for
be the points of tangency.
5)
b.
2.
Furthermore, the slope of the
is
- {-b^ + 2b -
a-
2i>
i\
= -2b +
-2b +
2b
=>2b- - 4b + 6 =
=i' 2b-
-2b-
4b^
- 6b +
4 =
=>/r-fo-2 =
=^(b* =
For b
2,
a=l b=
= -2(x =
For
4. (a)
b=l,a=\b
y
- 4 =
4(x
'
^-,
Tangent
Slope
y - 4
1)
-2r -
4jt
= 4 at
4(x
I, 1), (2,
(2,
4) and
4.
(2, 4).
2)
y = 4x 4
(b)
Slope of normal
Normal
|.
- 4 = -jU
line:
line:
= -4X +
1
y=-\x +
j:
(c)
2,
2)
9
2
x^^4x-+x-\S = 0=^ (4.x
4. Second
Tangent
line:
Normal
line:
.r
CONTINUED
intersection point:
-5). The tangent line has
slof)e
2:
2 and the points of tangency are
^y =
2)
2jc.
line:
and the points of tangency are (
^y =
1)
2,
2)(b
( 3,
ig)
+ 9)^ -
2)
{-
1,
8). The
tangent line has slope 4:
common
373
Chapter 2
374
4.
Differentiation
CONTINUED
^
(d) Let {a, a'),
= - -(x
be a point on the parabola y
0,
a)
cP-.
To
Tangent
x^.
line at {a, a^)
isy
2a{x
a)
a^.
find points of intersection, solve
2a
x^
^x =
x'-
= -^Jc -
-^
a)
a^
+l
2
a^
2a
11,11
~\
4a
X
+ - =
4a
+ ^=>x =
4a
a (Point of tangency)
4a
+ -=\a + --\ =>x = a
4a
4a)
The normal
line intersects a
2a
second time
2a
at
!+
2a
6. f(x)
f'{x)
At
+ b cos ex
= be sin
a
(0, 1):
/77 3\
.
At , I
I:
ex
/c-n-\
b cosi ~r]
iicsLnl
From Equation
\,
From Equation
3,
fc
b.
;^
Equations
r.
eiA
Equation 2 becomes
Equation 2
'^
1=1
\
Equation
{\
Thus
etrX
b)
r-
-,
b cos \~7']~'^^=^~i'
r cos
eiA
b cos
"T = T
r =
2
\4
)
l-cos(f) = icsin(^
Graphing the equation g{c)
= -c
sin
cos
One
answer: e
-
)
13
1,
3
1
= 2,b = -,a = =^f(x) = - - - cos 2x
you see
that
many
values of c will work.
Normal
line at [a, a^)
is
8. (a)
by- =
x3(a
- x);a,b > Q
-^^(0
(b)
x)
a determines the x-intercept on the

ft
affects the height.
b^
Graph
= V^(a
>>!
V;c3(a
x)
x)
and;y2
(c) Differentiating implicitly.
lb'^yy'= -ix-ia
x)
x^
lax- - Ax^
- Ay?) __
\j
2b^
(3ax^
'
iax^
3a
4x3
= 4x
3a
21a^\
-mi' -^)
fc^2
270"
256b-
~^ y =
points:
16fc
10. (a)
3-
x>/3
=>
373a2
^=
W--
1,-=.
373 a
16ft
-)
,dx
dt
dt
U )
16ft
(3a 3 73 a
Two
64
= 1(8)-V3|
dx
'
= 12
cm/sec
dt
(b)
= Vx^
dD
.V'
-{,-. y^){2x
dx
dy\
2v
dt
dt)
dx^
dt
dt
1
.V"
7t= +
8(12)
2(1)
764 +
(c)
tan
= ^ =>
x
.,
sec- 8
de =
-
:;
X-
dt
the trrangle, sec 6
717
^dt~^dt
68
From
cm/sec.
768
dx
dy
^
49
^_ 98
^-
"^"'^^
dd
^=
8(1)
-2(12)
,/68\
64
-16
-4 ,.
'"'^'''
= -68" = "F
right: (a, 0).
2nS
Chapter 2
376
12.
'W =
=
Differentiation
+ ^^ ~
^^'
lim
JE{Ax) Ax
V
^,
,.
hm
A.r->0
lim
A.v->0
Thus, E'{x)
-Âx EM_im .
Ax
(Ax)
,.
(x)
But, '(0)
E(x)E'(Q)
For example: E{x)
14. (a) v(t)
= -
Y'
27
(b) v(f)
27-t + 27 =
(c)
The
,i^
MM^ =
E(x) exists for
1.
Ax
A.t->0
all x.
27 ft/sec
e*.
a(t)
S(5)
E(x){-^
lim
^,
Ejx)
Ax
AxÔ
(x)E(Ax)
lim
A.t-0
^^'
Ax
A.T->0
T- ft/sec^
-^^(5)-
=>
27(5)
27
acceleration due to gravity
= 27 ^>
5 seconds
73.5 feet
on Earth
magnitude than that on the moon.
is
greater in
CHAPTER
Section 3.1
Extrema on an
Section 3.2
Rolle's
Section
33
378
Interval
Theorem and
the
Mean Value Theorem
381
Increasing and Decreasing Functions and

the First Derivative Test
387
.... 394
Section 3.4
Section 3.5
Limits at Infinity
402
Section 3.6
A Summary
410
Section 3.7
419
Section 3.8
Newton's Method
429
Section 3.9
Differentials
434
of Curve Sketching
Review Exercises
437
Problem Solving
445
CHAPTER
Section 3.1
Solutions to
2. fix)
fix)
/'(O)
/'(2)
fix)
= - 3xjx +
fix)
= -3x îx +
cos
+ Jx + l(-3)
1)-'/^
~2^"*Y
3
ix
l)-i/2[;t
-fix +
l)-'/2(3x
2ix
1)]
2)
/t-3 =0
Using the
6.
lim
j-0
lim
x->0+
limit definition of the derivative,
^^
^^
X
\x\)
lim (i-
lim
X =
0:
number: x
0.
;r*
neither
x->o-
8. Critical
\x\)
(^
x-*0*
4
1
/'(O) does not exist, since the one-sided derivatives are
not equal.
10. Critical numbers:
2:
neither
5:
absolute
;c
2,
12.
maximum
gix)
g'ix)
Critical
4x
14. fix)
^'"
x^+
^
Critical
(;c^
x'îx^
4x3
4)
8;c
4^(^2
numbers: x
Q,x
4je
2)
= Jl
16. /(0)
2 sec
/'(e)
2 sec
tan
-I-
sec^ 6
sec 0(2 tan
-1-
sec 0)
tan
< e < 277
e,
1)(4)
ix'-
numbers: x
(4;c)(2x)
1)2
4(1
ix^
;c^)
1)2
= 1
sec 6
2fÛ
\C0S 0/
sec2 0(2 sin
On
COS
0.
-H 1)
Ttt
(0, 2Tr), critical
numbers:
= r,
o
378
IItt
= r-
I
Section 3.1
^^,
18. fix)
[0, 5]
= - => No critical
f'{x)
20. f{x)
x^
+ 2;c-4,
fix)
2x
= 2U +
numbers
Left endpoint:
Left endpoint: (0,-1
Minimum
Right endpoint:
Maximum
=x^ -
22. fix)
fix)
3^2
(5, 5)
12
24.
-iix^
Right endpoint:
\2x, [0, 4]
gix)
VTx,
[-1,
1]
1)
- 5) Minimum
(1,
Maximum
1)
[- 1,1]
4)
Left endpoint: (0,0)
Left endpoint:
number:
Critical
(2,
16)
number (0,0)
Critical
Right endpoint:
(4,
1) Minimum
1,
Minimum
Maximum
16)
Right endpoint: (1,1)
Note: X
26.
From
- -2
is
- |t- 3|,[-1,5]
the graph,
Maximum
not in the interval.
you see
that
28
f
is
critical
hit)
^,
[3, 5]
number.
h'(t)=7:^.
Left endpoint:
(3, 3)
Maximum
Minimum
Right endpoint: (5,-1
Left endpoint:
(-1,-1) Minimum
Right endpoint:
Critical
30.
gix)
(5, 1)
number:
Maximum
(3, 3)
= secx
32.
y^x--l-
cos;c,
[-1.3]
6'
>>'
g'ix)
2a:
sinjT
secttanjc
Left endpoint: (-
Left endpoint:
2.
6'
V3
r,
Critical
34. (a)
t> 2
number: (0,1)
Minimum:
(4, 1)
Maximum:
(1,4)
(b)
Maximum:
(1, 4)
(c)
Minimum:
(d)
No
extrema
(4, 1)
1.5403)
1.1547
Right endpoint:
Critical
Right endpoint:
1,
Maximum
number:
(3,
7.99)
(0,
Maximum
- 3) Minimum
Minimum
36. (a) Minima: (-2. 0) and (2. 0)
Maximum:
(0, 2)
(b)
Minimum: (2.0)
(c)
Maximum:
(0,
(d)
Maximum:
(l.
2)
v^)
379
Chapters
380
2- x\
38. fix
< jc <
< x <
3;c,
(5,
40. fix)
[0, 2)
Maximum
Right endpoint:
Minimum
- 13) Minimum
.""
'
(0.1)
\(3. -')
\(5.-13)
42. (a)
Maximum:
2,
44.
/(x)
x^+
Minimum:
(0, 0), (3, 0)
/W =
3;cV3
X, [0,
3]
/"W =
x(^)(3-x)-i/2(-l) + (3-;c)>/2(l)
fix)
3:
|(3-;c)-'/2(|)[-x
+ 2(3-x)]
[1-
-2x
+ 1) 2
(;c2
- 3x2)
= -2(1
(x2 + 1)3
fix)
(b) fix)
1'
- 24x3
(x2 + !)-
24jc
Setting/'"
if"(l)|
0,
~ 7 is
we have x =
the
maximum
0,
1.
value.
^ 2(6 - 3x) ^ 6(2 - x) ^ 2(2 - j:)

~ 373 - X ~
~
V3 -X
3V3 -X
Critical
number: x
/(O)
Minimum
/(3)
Minimum
/(2)
= !
Maximum:
46.
fix)
x^+
/"'W =
24x
[-1,1]
/'5)(x)
not have a
24x3
2 -L 114
Exercise 44.)
(x^
-240x(3x^
(x2
[/'"'(O)!
= 24 is
1/x. /is continuous
on
(0, 1)
but does not
have a maximum. /is also continuous on (
+ D" (^^^
24(5x^ - lOx^ +
/<%) =
(x2 + 1)5
/
48. Let/(x)
the
endpoints
minimum. This can occur

is
an
1)
- lOx^ +
+ 1)6
maximum
3)
value.
infinite discontinuity.
if
1,
0) but does
one of the
Rolle's
Section 3.2
52. (a)
50.
(b)
v-sin2e
No
Yes
(b)
C=2x
58.
C(l)
IS
the
54. (a)
377
77
Theorem and
Mean
Value Theorem
381
No
Yes
^0^^,l.x<300
300,002
constant.
dt
= 1600
C(300)
(by the Chain Rule)
X-
V- cos
20
\6
tie
In the interval [77/4, 3 77/4], d
minimums
for
(ic/iir.
when 6 =
for dx/dt
and
The
77/2 indicates a
at
critical
300,000
x2
150,000
77/4 and 377/4. Thus, the lawn farthest
= lOOyn
maximum
This implies that the sprinkler waters longest
==
387 > 300 (outside of interval)
C is
minimized when x
Yes,
if
= 300
of/ is undefined
any noninteger
<
<
jr
400, then x
= 387 would minimize
at
every integer and
number. All
real
real
is
numbers
are
numbers.
62. True. This
is
stated in the
Extreme Value Theorem.
64. False. Let/(x)
a;^.
is
a critical number of/.
g(x)=f(x-k)
= (xX
Section 3.2
2. Rolle's
[77,
377]
Rolle's
Theorem and
Theorem does not apply to/(x) =

since/is not continuous
at
the
Mean
cot(x/2) over
i-
is
= -3xVx+
x-intercepts:
4. fix)
x(x
fix)
= -3xi(x +
fix)
= -3(x +
(0, 0)
l)-'/2
l)-'/2(|x
3(x
l)
3)
277.
(-1.0),
number of g.
Value Theorem
f'(x)
/(x)
kV-
critical
x-intercepts:
6.
units.
from
derivative
zero
77/4, 377/4 indicate
the spinkler gets the most water.
60. fix)
2x2
dt
1)'/^
= -3(x +
= Oatx = -|.
l)->/2(|
(x
i:
(0, 0), (3,
-2x-3
0)
= 0atx =
C.
Chapters
382
8. fix)
x^
5x
4,
[1,
10.
4]
/(l)=/(4) =
[1, 4]. /is differentiable
on
fix)
=-
c value:
11. fix)
^>
14.
|;c- 3|,[0, 6]
[0, 6].
/is not differentiable on
since /'(3) does not exist. Rolle's
cos
X,
/(0)=/(27r)
Theorem
fix)
c value:
(0, 6)
Theorem does not
fix)
fix)
1, 3].
3]
/is differentiable on (-
= (x-
3)(2)(;c
= (x+
l)[2x
= (x+
\){ix
5)
+\) + {x+
1, 3).
x+
1)2
\\
r2
,[-1,1]
18.
1, 1]
Theorem does not
Rolle's
fix)
cos
since /(O) does not exist.
apply.
'K'f]
2x.,
2Tr]./is differentiable
[0,
on
(0, 2Tr).
/- 12
applies.
= sinj:
tt
î-S*A?
Theorem does not
Rolle's
20.
1,
applies.
/is not continuous on [
apply.
[0, I-it]
/is continuous on
Rolle's
[-
1)2,
/(-i)=/(i) = o
/is continuous on
c value:
/(0)=/(6) =
16. fix)
Theorem
Rolle's
= 2x-5
i){x
/is continuous on [
(1, 4).
RoUe's Theorem applies.
Ix-
= {x-
/(-l)=/(3) =
/is continuous on
fix)
fix)
secx.
22. fix)
JL 2L
=x- x^l^,
apply.
[0, 1]
"4'4
/(0)=/(1) =
/'
V2
-f\
/is continuous on
[0,
l]./is differentiable on
(Note: /is not differentiable
/is continuous on [- Tr/4, Tr/4]./is differentiable on
7r/4, tt/4). Rolle's
sec
jc
fix)
tan
Theorem
secjctanjc
applies.
applies.
/'W =
7>l/^
=
33/?
1
c value:
27
1
_ 73
27
^=
/3
c value:
0.1925
Ax =
(0, 1).
0.) Rolle's
Theorem
Rolle's
Section 3.2
24.
X(x)
= --sin-
[-1,0]
26.
CW=
Theorem and
/(-l)=/(0) =
(a)
/is continuous on [Rolle's
Theorem
0]./is differentiable on (-
1,
C(3)
Mean
Value Theorem
^^
=
C(6)
1, 0).
applies.
iof-^ô^
^' =
(b)
/(x)
10(-
the
TT
---cos- =
1
TTX
- arccos [Value needed
in
1,
x^
6.x
2x:2
6x
X-
a 08
6d
0).]
-0.5756 radian
673
373
c value: 0.5756
^ "^.^
In the interval (3, 6): c
4.098.
30./(;c)= |.x-3|, [0,6]
28.
/is not differentiable
t'o
32. f{x)
x{x^
differentiable
/(I)
j:
2)
on (
is
continuous on [
1, l]
-/(-I)
34. f{x)
f\x)
1)
(x
l)/.v
is
3.t2
2.t
= -
3.
continuous on [1/2, 2] and
on (1/2,
/(2) -/(1/2)
1
l-(-l)
){x
and
x =
.;
differentiable
1, 1).
at
2).
(3/2)
3/2
(1/2)
/V) =
-^
XT
-1
= -1
383
Chapters
384
36. fix)
j^
is
continuous on
[0, 1]
38. fix)
2 sin X
on
ferentiable
(0, 1).
/(l)-/(0)
-0
1-0
3;c2
fix)
V3
= -
2 cos X
2[cosj:
2(2 cos
In the interval (0,
a:
2 cos
2j:
2cos2j:
1]
l)(cosx
1)
cos X
1
=
cos X
= I
In the interval (0,
= x -
2 sin
on [-
j:
(c)
tt):
TT, ir]
(a)
tangent^
and
Sir
IT
40. fix)
[0, it]
TT
V3
1):
_0-0
TT
continuous on
is
/M-/(0)
fix)
2x
sin
(0, tt).
fix)
cos X
2 cos
jc
^y^^'^canl
'tangent
Airi"'
= -2'
(b) Secant line:
fi2ILlflzAÎJ:J-A=^
,i
( V)
TT
42. /(x)
-jc^
TT
=X
l(x
4x3
Tangent
lines:
-( -2] =
i(j:-
2tT
= X +
tt)
8^2
5^
(0, 5), (5,
80)
80-5
(c) First tangent line:
Second tangent
(b)
Secant
line:
fix)
/(5)-/(l)
5-1
-4c3
12c2
16c
15(x
15x
line:
9.59
15(x
15x
fie)
131.35
c)
0.67)
= mix
=
15(x
15x
0.46
c)
3.79)
0)
>>
= -4x3 +
12x2
16x
_,,
=
15
4c3
0.67 or c
- fie) = m(x -
12c2
16c
3.79
15
>'
74.5
dif-
Section 3.2
44. 5(?)
200( 5
5(12)
(a)
200[5
= 277
= 2V7 -
and /'(c)
fix)
gia)
gib)
fia)
= fix) =*
(c)
gix)
= fikx,
4f )
= ^(f
g'ix)
kf'ikx)
g'{j\
kf'ic)
_ 450
(9/2)]
3.2915 months
where c
is in
the interval (a,

(b)
gia
'(c)
[a, b]
Interval:
Critical
g{x)
g 'ix)
200[5
equal to the average value in April.
= f(b)
(a)
385
S'{t) is
46. f{a)
Value Theorem
28
tY
Mean
450
+ tf
(2
(2
the
12
= 200
S'(t)
(9/14)]
12-0
(b)
Theorem and
r/
5(0)
Rolle's
number of g:
'ic
ii).
gix)
= fix -
k)
k)
g Xx)
= fix -
k)
= /'(c) =
k)
k)
[a
Interval:
Critical
gib
A,
i?
number of g:
= fia)
^]
fia)
a b
Interval:
k' k
Critical
48. Let Tit) be the temperature of the object.
Then
7(0)
1500 and r(5)
390.
number of g:
The average temperature over
the
interval [0, 5] is
390 - 1500
-222F/hr.
5-0
By
the
Mean
3 cos^
Value Theorem, there exists a time
TTXW
'"-^
50. fix)
->
fix)
to,
<
t^
<
5,
such that Ty^)
= 222.
TT
6 cos
2 JJ\2
-37rcos^)
TTX
sin
(b)
(a)
/and/'
are both continuous
U>M \M\ft
nfjm
(c)
Since /(-
[-
1, 1].
1)
=/(l) =
Since /(I)
0,
Rolle's
and/(2)
Theorem does not apply on
Theorem
[1, 2].
applies
on
(d)
lim fix)
-t>3
3,
Rolle's
lim fix)
on
the entire real line.
386
Chapters
52. /is not continuous
Example: f(x)
on [5,
54. False. /must also be continuous
5].
interval.
x^0
=
'l/x,
0,
and differentiable on each
Let
jc
56. True
58. Suppose/(.r)
is
Theorem, there
.
not constant
Suppose/U) has two
that/'(jc)
This contradicts the fact
Let/W =
for
all
that/'(j:)
<
for
b
cos b
\cosb
-fie)
- cos a
= sm
- a
'
cos a
cos a
(-sin c)ib
a)
|-sinc||ii
a\
<
\b
Icos
cos a\
i=
f[x^. Then by the
Mean
Value
a\ since
Mean Value Theorem,
there exists c such that
all x.
fib)-f{a)
cos b
such that/(j:|)
1.
cos x.f'is continuous and differentiable for
in {a, b)
in (a, b).
there exists c in (a, b) such that
b-
^Cj
fixed points c, and Cj. Then, by the
f (c) =
62.
there exists Xi and
such that
This contradicts the fact
Then
(a, b).
f{Xo) - fix,)
= "^^^ ^-^-^ ^0.
f'ic)
60.
on
exists c in {a, b)
sin c\ <
1.
all real
numbers.
By
the
Mean Value Theorem,
for any interval [a,
b\
Section 3.3
Section 3.3
2.
y=-{x+l)^
4. f(x)
-1
Increasing on: (- oo,

(--1,
Decreasing on:
=^-lx-^
Increasing on:
x+1
Critical
numbers: x
Q,
Discontinuity:
Test intervals:
-oo < X < -2
Sign of /'W:
y' > Q
Conclusion:
jc
-2 <x < -\
-1 < X <
<
<
y' <
y'
y'
Decreasing
Decreasing
Increasing
a:
< oo
> Q
Increasing
Increasing on (-oo, -2), (0, oo)
Decreasing on (-2,
8.
h{x)
= 21x-
h'{x)
h\x)
Critical
21
(-
1),
0)
1,
X?
l>x-
numbers: x
3(3
x)(3
Signof;z'(^):
/i'
j:
<
<
-3
<.T <
h'
Decreasing
Conclusion:
x)
= 3
oo <
Test intervals:
>Q
Increasing
<
/i'
< CO
<
Decreasing
Increasing on (3, 3)
Decreasing on ( oo, 3),
10.
;c
(3,
oo)
4
+X
{x
Critical
2){x
numbers:
Test intervals:
Sign of y
= 2
-oo <
Discontinuity:
X <
y' >
':
Conclusion:
Increasing:
2)
jc
(2,
Decreasing: (-2,0), (0,2)
-2
-2 <
y'
Increasing
( oo, 2),
{-
1, 0), (1,
Decreasing on: (-oo,
oo)
x^
387
oo)
.t
<
<
Decreasing
<
.t
<
y' <
Decreasing
<
y'
.r
< oo
>
Increasing
oo)
- 1),
(0, 1)
388
Chapter 3
12, f(x)
x^
+ &C+
fix)
2x
10
fix)
= -4
number: x
Critical
14. fix)
X < oo
<
/'>0
Decreasing
Increasing
/'
Sign of/'U):
Conclusion:
-4 <
-{x^
+ Sx+
= -2x -
Critical
-oo < X < -4
Test intervals:
( 4, oo)
Decreasing on: ( oo,
-oo < X < -4
Sign of /'(x):
/'>0
/'<0
Increasing
Decreasing
16. f{x)
jc^
fix)
3x^
Critical
6*2
numbers:
Conclusion:
(0,
Decreasing
Increasing
0), (4,
minimum:
(4,
Ixix
Critical
mx +
oo)
4)
Relative
fix)
< oo
Increasing
(0, 15)
a:
/'>0
maximum:
ix
4 <
/'<o
Relative
Q < X < 4
/'>0
on ( oo,
18. fix)
4)
x = Q,4
Sign of /'(jc):
Decreasing on
3x(x
-oo < X <
Test intervals:
Increasing
Relative
15
\2x
17)
1)
2)
numbers: x
= 2,0
Test intervals:
-oo < x < -2
Sign of /'(x):
f'>0
/'<0
/'>0
Increasing
Decreasing
Increasing
Conclusion:
Increasing on:
( oo, 2),
(0,
Decreasing on: (2,0)

Relative
maximum: (-2,0)
Relative
minimum:
(0,
( oo,
4)
Decreasing on: (-4, oo)
minimum: (4,-6)
Relative
= 4
Test intervals:
Increasing on:
4)
number: x
Conclusion:
Increasing on;
12)
- 4)
oo)
-2
<;c <
<
;t
< oo
maximum: (-4,4)
-4 <
;c
< oo
Section 3.3
20. f(x)
fix)
- 32r + 4
= Ax^-7>2 =
22. f(x)
4(jr3
x^'^
8)
r-'/3
3"
/'W
number:
Critical
x =
3jc'''3
number:
Critical
-oo < X <
Test intervals:
- 4
Sign of/'(x):
/'<o
Conclusion:
Decreasing
2 < X
j;
< CO
oo <
Test intervals:
/'>
Increasing
(2,
minimum:
(2,
Increasing on:
- 44)
= {x-
(0,
3{x
26. /(x)
l)'/3
Critical
Decreasing
Increasing
oo)
minimum:
|x
3|
- 4)
(0,
-3
1)V3
F +
=
number: x
Critical
-oo <
Test intervals:
<
Conclusion:
<
.v
< oo
/'>o
/'>
Sign of/'U):
Increasing
of/'(.r):
Conclusion:
^W%.1
^^^'^
(x
Discontinuity:
Sign
(;c)(l)
x = -1
-00 < x < -\
of/'(.r):
Increasing on: (-00,

relative
+ \y
{x
Conclusion:
No
1)^
Test intervals:
extrema
j:
<
.t
< 00
/'>0
/'>0
Increasing
Increasing
1),
1,
00)
-3
= 3
-00 < X < -3
-3 <
.r
< 00
/'<0
/'>0
Decreasing
Increasing
Decreasing on: (00, 3)

Relative
number:
X <
No relative extrema
^^
[-1,
3|
Test intervals:
Sign
Increasing
(00,00)
Increasing on:
fix)
^^^^
< oo
/'>o
fix)
JT
Decreasing on: (- oo, 0)

Relative
24. fix)
<
oo)
Decreasing on: (-oo, 2)

Relative
<
/'<o
Signof/'U):
Conclusion:
Increasing on:
JC
minimum: (3,
1)
389

Chapters
390
30
/w
=x+
+
x
x^
x^
x"
Critical
+ 3.
-{x
fix)
x'
number: x
= -6
Discontinuity: X
-oo <
Test intervals:
j:
-6 <
Sign off'ix):
/'<o
Decreasing
Increasing
- 6,
minimum:
Relative
X(x
/'W =
(0,
oo)
6,
Discontinuity: x
3)
jx^
-3x-
x^
4)(1)
2)2
-oo < X <
2 < X
< oo
Sign of/'W:
/'>o
/'>0
Conclusion:
Increasing
Increasing
34. fix)
sin
Critical
( oo,
2), (2,
oo)
extrema
X cos x
cos 2x
fix)
+ 10
- 2Y
4a:
(x
Test intervals:
relative
Decreasing
0)
(^
No
< oo
2)(2x
Increasing on:
JC
/'<0
-4
3;c
/W
<
X <
Conclusion:
Decreasing on: ( oo, 6),
< -6
/'>0
Increasing on:
32.
= - sin 2x,
< x <
27r
numbers: x
77 377 5t7 777

-, -,
0<x<^4
Test intervals:
77
377
377
577
577
777
- <
X < 277
Sign of/'(x):
/'>0
/'<0
/'>0
/'<0
/'>o
Conclusion:
Increasing
Decreasing
Increasing
Decreasing
Increasing
Increasing on: (o,
Jj,
Decreasing
(^, ^j, (^,
/77 377\
on:
/577 777
[-^,^)\-J,-^
77
1 \
/577
Relative maxima:
4'2/'V4'2
377
Relative minima:
1\ /777
2/'\4'
277)
Section 3.3
36.
f{x)
.,,
(1
Test intervals:
sinlt)
Sign of /'W:
cos-x)^
Conclusion:
Critical
Decreasing on:
38. f(x)
(a)
10(5
377
2'
vv
Critical
3)
3,t
/'>o
/'<o
/'>0
Increasing
Decreasing
Increasing
Relative
maximum:
Relative
minimum:
-r-.
3)
3.V
16), [0, 5]
(b)
16
(d) Intervals:
16
number:
(!)
(I-)
fix) >
fix) <
Increasing
Decreasing
-v
when/'
40./(a-)=^ +
277
377
- 3x +
v^
5(2;c
(c)
77
5(2x
/'W =
<
),(, 277
Jx'-
j:
Increasing on: (0,
377
numbers: x
<
377
0<x<^ y<x<Y
TT
Itt
cos-'j:
cos x{2
< X <
;-,
is
is
positive and decreasing
negative.
cos ^,[0,477]
(a)/'W=|-|sm^
2ji
sm
(c)
4ji
(d) Intervals:
2
(0, 77)
sm
(77.
477)
2
.V
fix) >
77
Increasing
f\x) >
Increasing

Critical
number:
.v
77
is positive.
391
Chapters
392
42. /(f)
cos^t
= -4 sin
fit)
= -2
sin^r
cos
maximum:
Relative
minimum:
= 3f(x)-3
g'(-5)
3/'(-5)
(5,/(5))
60.
C=
is
is
a line of slope
a cubic polynomial.
on (-oo, -4),/'(x) <

52.
48.
on (-4,
g(x)
-f{x)
g'ix)
-fix)
g'(0)
-f'(0)
=>/'W =
2.
positive slope
and/'(x) >
(6,
oo).
g{x)
g'ix)
>
^ f{x -
\0)
10)
=f'{x
g'(8)=/'(-2) <
s{t)
v(r)
4.9(sin e)!^
decreasing atx
4.
(a)
increasing at
6.
(b) If 6
j:
on
54.
58.
=>/is
6)
/has
a relative minimum.
3f
27
is
>0
= -2.5 =>/is
/'(6)
=>/'
..
56. Critical number:

/'(4)
44. f(x)
.i.if.-.
..
= 3/'W
g'(x)
< 2
(0, 1)
In Exercises 50-54,/'(ar) >
to y-axis
46. /is a 4" degree polynomial
g{x)
-2 <
g{t),
Relative
50.
= -2 sin 2f
/symmetric with respect

zeros off.
sin^f
speed
9.8(sin e)r
Tr/2, the
v(f)
speed
is
|9.8 (sin e)t\
maximum,
9.8 1.
>
f3'
(a)
f
C{t)
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.055
0.107
0.148
0.171
0.176
0.167
The concentration seems
(b)
greater near
2.5 hours.
, ,
025
^^
(27
(27
3(27
(27
C=
The concentration
is
greatest
when
2.38 hours.
By
f3)(3)
when
(3f)(3r^)
f3)2
- 2f^)
+ ;3)2
=
3/ 4/2
2.38 hours.
the First Derivative Test, this
is
maximum.
Section 3.3
62.
X'
P = IMx
<
5000,
;c
< 35,000
Test intervals:
<
JC
< 24,400
24,400 < X < 35,000
20,000
Sign of/":
P' >
P' < Q
P' = 2.44
10,000
24,400
Increasing
when
<
< 24,400 hamburgers.
jc
Decreasing when 24,400 <
M.
R=
(a)
-47+100
VO.OOIT''
R' =
< 35,000 hamburgers.
j:
0.0047-3
IJO.OOIT* - 47-+ 100
(b)
7=10,/? = 8.3666n
The minimum resistance

/? 8.37a at r= 10.
66. f(x)
value of/occurs
(b)
fix)
a-jX^
3ayX^
(0, 0):
(4,
solution
f/\ =
fix)
(d)
is
0.
For instance, /'(0. 154)
a^.
a^
ao
(/(O)
0)
a,
(/'(0)
0)
(/(4)
1000)
(/'(4)
0)
Qq
64^3
Sa.
48a3
a,
lO.O)
\6a,
375
0,
^2
-125,, 375,
f-x^ + X'-(4, laxi)
a^x
+ 2a2X +
1000
1000):
The
a^x'
=
(c)
approximately 4 All. You could use calculus by finding /'(x) and then observing that the
is
a point where /'(jf)
at
Use a cubic polynomial

fix)
approximately
+ 4 cos(3a:)
sin(3.i:)
The maximum value
68. (a)
is
125
0,
and/(0.154)
4.472.
maximum
393
Chapters
394
70. (a)
Use
(b)
f\x)
= 4a^ +
2
(1, 2):
1,4):
3a^x^
a^
4a^
(34
a^
3a3
03
= 4a4 +
4
(3, 4):
(c)
The
solution
/W
is
a2
laj
Oj
a^
fli
y+
(/'(I)
0)
o)
(/(3)
4)
(/'(3)
0)
6^2
flo
a,
5, Oj
\x^
2)
(/'(-i)
3a,
4)
(/(I)
Qqj
= T, a, =
a^x
(/(-I)
a^
Oq
27^3
27a3
a^x'^
Oi
Qj
108^4
a^x^
Oq
2a2
Aq.
fl;
81^4
a^x^
Sflj
= -ix^ +
2a.^
/W
a fourth degree polynomial
2'
,
"4
23
(d)
(3.4)
(-1.4)
(1.2)
\
\
74. True
72. False
= /UJgU)
Let h{x)
h{x)
X-
is
where/(x)
decreasing on (00,
g(x)
;c.
Then
76. False.
The
1.
function might not be continuous.
f'{x)
<
/on
(a,
for all X in
i>)
-x^ + 3x^
By Theorem 3.5, /is

relative maximum of/.
(c, b).
and thus, a
c.
Then
there exists a
and b'ml such that/'W >
increasing on (a, c) and decreasing on
(c, fc).
2,
y"
Concave upward: ( oo,
-6;c
4.
1)
/U) =
2x+
1'-^
{2a:
Concave upward: (-ido,
1)3
j)
Concave downward: (l,oo)

Concave downward: ( 5, oo)
6.y
{-3x^
40.j;3
135x), y"
270
Concave upward: (-00, -2),

Concave downward: (-2,
= -^ x(x -
2)(x
2)
8.
h(x)
5x
h'(x)
= 5x^-5
h'\x)
(0, 2)
0), (2,
20^3
00)
Concave upward:
(0,
for
all
Therefore, /(c)
Section 3.4
y=
78. Suppose /'(jc) changes from positive to negative at
2.
an th-degree polynomial, then the degree of
If /(x) is
/'(x)isn
0).
00)
Concave downward: (-00,
0)
j:
in {a, c)
is
and
maximum
of
Section 3.4
10.
=X +
2 CSC
X,
y'
2 CSC
;c
y"
= 2cscx(-csc^j:) =
2(csc-'jc
(cot
12.
77, ir)
a:
2 cot a:(-csc jrcot^)
cscj:cot^x)
Concave upward:
-Zx- -
f{x)
fix)
= (>x^-6x-
2x^
f"(x)
=\lx-(i
f"{x)
12j:
f'(x)
2x^
n
=
Test interval
-oo < x <
Sign of /"W
fix) <
8x
<
.r
< oo
0)
fix) >
Concave downward
= Owhen.r
Conclusion
f(x}
(0, it)
Concave downward: (-tt,
14.
\lx
395
(5.
Concave upward
~t)
= 8x^-8
fix) = 24x- = Owhenx

However,
0.
not a point of inflection since /"(jc)
(0, 3) is
>
for all x.
Concave upward on (-00, 00)
16.
fix)
.rÛ
fix)
x>
x'[x
fix) =
fix)
4x^
4)
3.r2(x
+
+
3(x
Mx
= 12xU -
2)
4)
4)]
3)
= 4xHx -
when jr =
Sign of /"W
fix)
1,
+
WÛ
I
6VxTT
fix)
/"(x)
(3x
+
X
2)
0, 2.
< X < 2
<
.V
< 00
fix) >
Concave downward
Concave upward
16)
1,
00)
V7TT =
:^j=
2vx +
+ l)ix +
+1)
1)-'/^
+ 4
+ 1)3/2
3x
4(x
on the entire domain of/ (except forx
= -
1,
for
which /"(x)
is
undefined).
inflection.
Concave upward on (
12a:{x
There are no points of
20. fix)
fix) <
Domain: [
1)-'/^
4(x
>
3)]
fix) >
Points of inflection: (0, 0), (2,
= x^x +
Concave upward
Conclusion
fix)
3)
2ix
-00 < X <
Test interval
18.
4x[x
1,
00)
7=-
Domain:
jc
>
Test intervals
fix)
nx) =
X-
Sign of /"(.r)
<
-v
<
/" >
<
< oc
f<
2x^/2
Conclusion
^
4./3
V3
Concave upward
Concave dow nw ard
Chapter 3
396
22.
f(x)
,,/
fix)
f"(.x)
2 CSC
3x
< X <
3;c
3;c
,
= -3cscycoty
9/
= -|
csc^
3x
Concave upward:
).
cot'^
3x\
~^.
2'7t
T^
for any
in the
domain
of/.
f(x)
sin
fix)
cos-t
24.
~^
0.
3x
CSC
Concave downward:
No
2tt
jc
cos
sinx
fix) = sinjc
f"{x)
<
j:,
jc
<
27r
cosj:
377 Ttt
= Owhen;c
'
777
3-77
3-n-
77r
-
<
Test interval:
fix) <
Sign of/"U):
26.
/W
f'{x)
;c
2 cos
2 sin X
X,
/"(x)
= 2
/"(x)'
= Owhenx =
'
"Z- ^ )'
^,^
2 2
2x
/"(x)
Critical
+
+
2<^<T
77\
3x
2' 2
Concave upward
377
<^<
/"<
Concave downward
(377 377
'
30.
/(x)= -(x-5)2
fix)
number: x
3l7
/">o
Concave downward
77
377
77
/"<
/'(x)
0<x<f
Conclusion:
x2
"4^'
<
Concave downward
cos X
Sign of/"(x):
/"W
>
Concave upward
[0, 27r]
Test intervals:
28. /(x)
/"W
Concave downward
Conclusion:
X < 277
= -2(x -
5)
/"W = -2
= -5
number: x
/"(5)
/"(-!) >
Therefore, (-|, -7-)
Critical
is
a relative minimum.
<
Therefore,
(5, 0) is
a relative maximum.

Section 3.4
32.
f(x)
=x^ -9x- + llx
fix)
3;c2
f"{x)
6(x
18x
34.
= 3U "
27
g{x)
= -$x + 2)Hx -
3)-
-(x-4)(x-
,,
=
g U)
,
Critical
3)
number: x
3
g"{x)
However, /"(3)
Test./'(x)
relative
>
we must
0, so
for all
x and,
$ix
2)
3x - 1^2
use the First Derivative
therefore, there are
no
Critical
extrema
0)
is
^"(1)
(1,
^"(4)
1,
= -9 <
a relative
maximum.
= 9/2 >
10.125)
(4, 0) is
= 2,
numbers: x
g"(-2)
(- 2,
36. f(x)
4)2
is
a relative minimum.
= -9 <
a relative
maximum.
= Jx- +
38. f(x)
-1
+
VjcCritical
fix)
number:
j:
U-
There are no
/"W =
/"(O)
Therefore,
40.
(^2
critical
numbers and x
domain. There are no relative extrema.
1)3/2
>
2 sin.r
f'(x)
2 cos
- 2
;t
minimum.
a relative
(0, 1) is
f(x)
f"(x)
1)^
<
cos 2v,
sin
It
.v
<
27r
2 cos x
- 4
sin
jt
cos x
2 cos
.t:(l
2 sin x)
when x = ,, -,
o
= -2
sinx
- 4 cos
2x
r(f)>o
/<t)
<
r(f )
>
Relalive maxima:
Relative minima:
(f.5).(^.|)
(
T-
).
(
^. ~ 3
-r-.
is
not in the
397
Chapters
398
42. f(x)
= x^Ve^^-, [- V6, V6]

x^)
(c)
V6 -
f'(x)
3x(4
/U) =
(a)
AT-
when ;c =
0,
a:
2.
- 9x2 + 12)
- x2)3/2
6(x*
^"^""^
(6
/"(x)
when x
(b) /"(O)
>
=>
(0, 0) is
/"(2) <
h-
a relative
4V2)
(2,
733
minimum.
are relative
The graph of/ is increasing when/' >

and
decreasing when/' < O./is concave upward when
/" >
and concave downward when/" < 0.
maxima.
Points of inflection: (1.2758, 3.4035)
44. fix)
VS sin
(a) /'(x)
x/2x cos X
Critical
/"(x)
X, [0, 27r]
numbers: x
(c)
1.84, 4.82
= -VSsinx +
2cosx
(4x^
72x
cosx
cosx
smx
V2x
v2x
2xV2x
l)sinx
2x72^
_ 4xcosx
(4x2
l)sinx
/is increasing when/' >
2x>/2x
and decreasing when
< O./is concave upward when/" >

concave downward when/" < 0.
/'
(b) Relative
Relative
maximum:
(1.84, 1.85)
and
minimum: (4.82,-3.09)
Points of inflection: (0.75, 0.83), (3.42, -0.72)
/'
46. (a)
<
means/
(b)
decreasing
/' decreasing
The
rate of
change of
sales
is
increasing.
means
The
rate of
S'
(c)
The
>
rate
0,
change of sales
is
decreasing.
is
constant.
S" <
of change of sales
S'= C,S"=
(d) Sales are steady.
5=
(e)
= 0,5"=0
Sales are declining, but at a lower rate.
S'
(f)
C,S'
<
0.
5">
Sales have bottomed out and have started to
S'
>
means/
/' decreasing
rise.
means
concave downward
50.
S" >
(b)
>
increasing
concave downward
48. (a)
/'
Section 3.4
52.
399
54.
56.
(b) Since the depth

relative
(c)
The
is
always increasing, there are no
extrema./'U) >
rate of
change of d
is
decreasing until you reach
the widest point of the jug, then the rate increases

until
you reach
the narrowest part of the jug's neck,
then the rate decreases until you reach the top of the
jug-
f(x)
= Vx
fix)
= |x-V3
60. (a)
fix) = -ix-V3
Inflection point: (0, 0)
(b)
/"W
62. f(x)
does not exist
ax^
bx-
Relative
maximum:
Relative
minimum:
at
0.
+ d
ex
4)
(2,
(4, 2)
(3, 3)
= 6ax + 2b
2ax'
/(4)
=
=
+ Ab + 2c + d = A
64a + 16Z? + 4c + rf =
/'(2)
\2a
f'(x)
/(2)
fix)
+ 2bx +
c,/"(.v)
ia
+ Ab +
28a
6fc
= -
12a
4fc
\6a
2b
^,
tX
=-\
= T,
c=
ix~
0.
12,
IZt
56a
12fc
/'(4)
18a
= 48a + 8t +
2fc
\6a
+ 2b= -\
2a
=1
d = 6
2c
= -2 => 28a +
6fc
2fo
2
c
0,
/"(3)
18a
= -
Chapters
400
64. (a) lineOA:
= -0.06x
3'
CB: y
line
f(x)
ax^
0.04;t
+ bx- +
-0.06
slope:
50
CX
slope: 0.04
+ d
(1000.90)
fix)
+ 2bx +
3ax2
(- 1000,
60
60):
(-1000. 60)
= (-
1000)3a
(1000)2fc
-0.06 = (1000)2 3a _ 2000fc

90
(1000)^0
0.04
(1000)2 3a
(1000, 90):
The
66.
= - 1.25
(b)
(d)
The
solution to this system of
10-V +
8.52ir2
10^
ID'S
6%
0.654r
10^
==
+ 2OOO6 +
4 equations
is
The maximum occurs when T
(a)
(1000)^^
0.000025^2
steepest part of the road
5.75573
is
1000c
(0.
+ d
50)
+ d
= - 1.25
x 10"^ b
+ 50
0.000025, c
0.0275, and
rf
50.
(c)
point A.
< r < 25
0.99987,
4 and
1000c
o.0275.)t
at the
0.999999.
(c) 5(20)
0.9982
(b)
68.
C=
2x
10
15
20
By
30
300,000
C = 2 - ^^^ =
X
25
70.S^^^,t>0
when x = 100715
387
387
C is minimized when
units.
13,000f
(b) S'it)
(65
^''
_
~
f2)2
13,000(65
(65
3r2)
5 is concave upwards on (0,

downwards on (4.65, 30).
(c)
5 '(f) > Oforf >
As
"
4.65
t^y
4.65),
0.
increases, the speed increases,
but at a slower rate.
concave
Section 3.4
cosx),
/(O)
/'W = 2(cosx-
sinx),
/'(O)
= 2
/W
72.
2(sinx
f%x)
/'iW = 2
P/W
2(-sinA:
2(jc
0)
0)
+ 5(-2)U -
P2W =
+ 2U -
Pj'U)
2(1
y\
x)
0)2
401
= -2
/"(O)
cosx),
2x
- x2
2x
P^'W = -2
The values of/, P,, Pj- and their first derivatives are equal at x = 0. The values of the second
at X = 0. The approximations worsen as you move away from x = 0.
/(x)
74.
2v^(x -
4.r3/2(x
p
P2
,,
are equal
of/ and P;
are equal
372
272
-^
1)3
^-^
872
16
572
X +
372
2)
+ K)<= = ^ ^ û - ^ û - 2,
-^
(->-)|(x
2)
3^^2372
; +
(x
2)
= 72 +
of/ and P2
372
(x)
/'(2)
372 V (x
,, = /-^(
72 +
P,(x)
P,(x)
= 72
1)='
^""^
Pi Xx)
/(2)
-(x+l)
Ax) =
1'
derivatives
,^
16
2372
P2't^)
The
at
76.
16
values of/, P,, P; and their
2.
first
derivatives are equal at x
/(x)
x(x
/'(x)
3x-
- 24x +
f"(x)
6x
6)-
=x^ '
- 24 =
36
6(x
12x-
36x
3(x
2)(x
as
4)
6)
2.

2.
Relative extrema: {2, 32) and (6, 0)
Point of inflection
(4,
16)
is
midway between
the relative extrema of/.
derivatives
Chapters
402
p(x)
ax^
p'{x)
3ax^
p'U)
6ax
78.
6ax
2b
bx^
2bx
+ d
ex
c
+ 2b
'^'Ta
The
sign
ofpXx) changes
at
= b/3a.
Therefore, {-b/3a, p{b/3a))
M_/_ÛJÛcf-AU.
27aV
\9aV
3a)
"V
Whenp(x) =x^ -
-(-3)
"=
Xn
+ 2,a= \,b= -3,
0,
3a
andd = 2
3(1)
^0
The
3x^
'" --T^
'^ + d
27a^
3aj
is
2(-3P
(-3)(0)
27(1P
3(1)
point of inflection of p(jc)
80. False. /(x)
2= -2-0
x^
1/x has a discontinuity
3jr^
at
is (xq,
y^)
(1, 0).
0.
82. True
sin(to)
Slope: y'
b cos{bx)
-b <
y' 
84. False. For example,
f{x)
{x
2Y.
2x
4. f(x)
v^?T2
No vertical
No
asymptotes
Matches
8. fix)
Limits at Infinity
Section 3.5
2. fix)
let
0)
= 2
x^+
6. fix)
Matches
(c)
X
fix)
lim fix)
10
= CO
10'
18.18
102
198.02
103
1998.02
(Limit does not exist.)
10*
19,998
105
199,998
106
1,999,998
3x
x'^+
asymptotes
Matches
(a)
2x^
2x^
No vertical
asymptotes
vertical
(e)
Section 3.5
8x
10. f[x)
Limits at Infinity
JjF-1,
X
fix)
lim f{x)
12.
10'
102
103
10^
10
10^
8.12
8.001
103
10*
10^
10^
4.0
4.0
= 4 +
f{x)
x^
14. (a)
102
lO"
10'
4.03
fix)
lim f{x)
/iW =
4.0003
'-^-^
lim h(x)
5.r
+ -
CO
16. (a)
lim
-^1
.? ,
3.r3

(b)
x*oo
lira
Ix
ix -
fix)
(b) h(x)
(c)
fix)
/jU)
lim
18. (a)
lim
3.r
3
- - +
X-
Zx
lim h(x)
5x-
- 3x +
5x-
X^
X^
x^
.t^
2;c-
ftW =
xô= 4^2
+
,
in
20.
r
lim
x-âo
3.r3 + 2
T-^;
9x3-2x2 +
= -3 = 1
--,
5x3/2
(b)
lim
xôo
4.v3/2
5.r3/2
(c)
22.
=c4yx +
+- =
lim
jr-cxi
oo
lim
= 4
lim
=
,
lim
x-.a=
26.
24.
Xj
lim
(for
-1
t->-=
Vx +
(l/x)
x <
0,
= - v/?)
/l
4\
\2
X-J
-X
= - oo
403
Chapters
404
^|^=
lim
28.
x^-oc
30.
,.
hm
COS
j:
Jl->co
,.
lim
lim
Vl +
cos
(1
^ Owphavp-.
(f, ^
(1/x)
a:
32.
x-tao V
lim cos
- =
cos
\X/
x->oo
=1-0=1
Note:
cos X
lim
_1
a:
'^0^^
<-
by the Squeeze Theorem since
^ i
~ X
3x
_,
34. /u:
lim
36.
,.
lim X tan
X ->oo
/(jc)
lim
-1 =
X
tanr
,.
lim
I
->o*
->o*
(1)(1)
/U) = -3
(Letjf
3 and
= -3
1/r.)
are both
horizontal asymptotes.
38.
40.
lim {2x
lim
X> oo
- V4x^ +
(3;c
lim
+ J^x^ -
{2x
X oo
;c)
lim
- J\x^ +
2x
Ij
+ jAx' +
V4a;2 +
2x+
lim
JT
ôo 2x
(-^^^'1^^^
/
-o 3;c
- V9x^T X
lim
(for
79?
JC
<
we have x = V?
10
- ^x~
42.
j:
/W
lim
x^-^l + V9 -
(l/jc)
IQO
10'
103
lo-*
10^
1.0
5.1
50.1
500.1
5000.1
50,000.1
- xjx^ X
x^
lim
1
Limit does not
x'
exist.
+ xVx
+ xV^^ X
x^
lim
'
-oo
X'
+ x^fx
500,000.1
V4;c2
=
+
lim
t
Therefore, y
s'mt
cos
Section 3.5
Limits at Infinity
44.
10"
10'
102
103
10*
10^
106
2.000
0.348
0.101
0.032
0.010
0.003
0.001
X
fix)
lim
^-"^ x~Jx
46.
jc
is
critical
number.
48. (a)
The function
is
even:
lim f(x)
j:>-oo
f\x)
< Oforx <
fix) >
lim
for
>
;c
f{x)
2.
(b)
/W
lim
odd:
lim f{x)
0.lU-2)2+
6.
52.
Intercepts:
is
2.
For example, let/U)
50.
The function
(3, 0),
0,
y^
2x
9-x^
Intercept:
(0,
0)
Symmetry: origin
Symmetry: none
Vertical asymptote:
lim
Discontinuity: x
54. y
x^
lim
J:-oo
2 (Vertical asymptote)
-9
Intercept:
(0,0)
Symmetry: y-axis
x"
lim
Discontinuities:
Relative
,x^-9
x
'
= 3
maximum:
since
lim
x-Xiox^-9'
(Vertical asymptotes)
(0, 0)
since
;c
= 3
405
Chapters
406
56. v
2x2
x^
58.
+ 4
x^ =
4
none
Intercepts:
Intercept: (0,0)
Symmetry: y-axis
Symmetry: y-axis
4
Relative
minimum:
lim
(0, 0)
2x
y =
62, y
since
lim
.2-
x->ooX'
:->-<x>X
Discontinuity: x
60,
Intercept:
Symmetry: origin
Symmetry: none
2x
lim
1
= 4n -
Intercepts:
-X2
Discontinuities:
64.
(-1,0)
Intercept: (0, 0)
= 1
2x
(Vertical asymptotes)
lim
(l
JT>-oo\
+-) =
=
=4
lim (l
+-
->oc \
=
(2,
oo)
none
Intercepts:
since
j:
Domain: (-oo, -2),
Symmetry: y-axis
x/
Discontinuity: x
66. y
(1,0)
lim
Vertical asymptote:
since
Symmetry: origin
lim
X
->tx.
1,
.
^x- - 4
,
L
I
J-L J-4_t
lim
= 2
>
= 1
since
-1.
(discontinuities)
Section 3.5
68.
fix)
..
(;c^
\){2x)
(^,2
;c^(2r)
l)-(-2)
(x^
<
0,
then
^ when.t
,
.:l
= ^
0.
(^2
'
Since /"(O)
-2x
_ 1)2 =
1)2
lr(2)U^
l)(2;c)
- D"
(0, 0) is
2(3.t--
(x^
a relative
E^r
1)
1)3
maximum. Since /"(jt) ^
nor
0,
is it
undefined
in the
domain
of/, there are
no points
of inflection.
,i:
= 1
70.
f(x)
- x -
x.,,
/W
-{2x-
{x
1)
+
^
l)(.r
2)2
(x^
-x-
2P(-2) +
(2t
(a-2
;c
2)
_,_
6(;c^
when. = -.
(,2
/"W =
l)(2)(;c^
-x-
2)(2x
1)
X-2Y
1)
{x--x- ly
<
Since /"(t)
0,
then
(5,
5)
is
a relative
maximum. Since /"(x)
=?^
0,
nor
is it
undefined
in the
domain
of/, there are
points of inflection.
Vertical asymptotes: x
= \,x =
(-0.6527,0.4491)
2
2(x5
fix) = ^-.
ix-
+ 3jc' - \)
,J =
+ X + \y
when.
(0J321. 0.8440)
0.5321, -0.6527, -2.8794.

(-2.8794.-0.2931)
/"(o)
<
Therefore,
(0, 1) is
a relative
maximum.
f"i-2) >
Therefore,
-2,-r
is
407
EH^^[^
W = U^
.,,
Limits at Infinity
a relative
minimum.
Points of inflection: (0.5321, 0.8440), (-0.6527, 0.4491) and (-2.8794, -0.2931)
no
Chapters
408
74.
2x
g(x)
(3;c2
No
1)3/2
-18;c
g'U)
^^
g'U)
(3x2
1)5/2
T,
vertical
76. fix)
= +i=
asymptotes
liE^
(0, 0).
Honzontal asymptotes: v
No
of inflection:
relative extrema. Point
4x cos
Hole
2j:
at (0, 4)
2 sin 2x
fix)
There are an
(-277,
2Tr),
infinite
number of
relative extrema. In the interval
you obtain the following.
Relative minima: (2.25, -0.869), (5.45, -0.365)

Relative maxima: (3.87,0.513)
No
vertical
asymptotes
(c)
x^
-2^2 +
The graph appears
(b) fix)
as the slant asymptote
2jc2
J^_2x^
2^2
80.
lim
V,/V2
->00
100
2x2
_2_
2xi
gix)
^-Kfe]
>o*-o]-
100%
82.
>-
(a)
3.351f2
42.46 U
f
5
(b) Yes. lim
3.351
543.730
= j-^ +
1-
Section 3.5
J^,t>0
S4.S =
(b) Yes. lim
86.
Limits at Infinity
lim
4^ =
lim
^Sf "17^1"
Divide p{x) and q{x) by
Case
Case
1:
Hn
< m:
m=
2: If
n:
100
.t".
lim^-rrxa= q{x)
lim
'r-r
a.
lim
Case
3: If
n > m: lim '-rr
+
+
lim
X-
fffl
lim
fc
+
+
+
+
=
b
yffl
A_ + ^
+
+
+
+
b +
bo
''o
'1
fc
= oo.
xT-
= v^TT,
88. False. Let y^
then Vi(0)
1.
Thus,
v,
'
1/(2 V.t
l) and v,
'(0)
1/2. Finally,
3'/'=-^(7TTF5and.v,'t0)=4.
ht\.
p = or- + bx +
1,
thenp(O)
= l.Thus,p'=
lax
+ bandp'(O) =
Therefore,
(-l/Sy + (l/2)x+
1,
.r
<
;c
>
and/(0)
.VxTT,
f(l/2)
/'W =
l/(2v^^rT),
/"(a:)
<
L-i/(4(x+
1/4
and/'(0)
/"W =
x <<d
(I/4).r,
.V
\y/~),
>
;c
-,
and
<
x>
and/'tO)
for all real x, but/(jr) increases without bound.
1,
^>
fc
5. Finally,
p"=
laandpTÔ) =
409
Chapters
410
A Summary
Section 3.6
2.
The slope of/ approaches oo
coasx^0*.
6. (a)
as j:>0
of
Curve Sketching
4.
and approaches
The
Xq,X2,x^
(b) X2,X3
(d)
(c) Xi
(e) X2,Xj
8.
x^
1 - JC2
(x2 + 1)2
(1
x){x
1)2
{x^
>'''=-^^ = 0when;.
< -
.r
73
73
x=-73
-73
x=
y'
y"
1.
Conclusion
Decreasing, concave
down
Point of inflection
Relative
Increasing, concave
minimum
2
a:
<
+
j:
<
;c=
= 0,73.
< x < -\
=
<
when.x
-\
-1 <
;c
1)
=
y
- oo <
up
Point of inflection
Increasing, concave
Relative
Decreasing, concave
down
maximum
2
1
<
a;
<
73 <
73
x=73
X < oo
slope
73
is
Matches (B)
Matches (C)
down
Point of inflection
j:,
positive
up
to approximately
1.5.
Section 3.6
10.
x^
x^
+ 1
- 9
12.
- IQx
{x^ _9)2
y
60( x2
U^ -
/(,)=^2^,^2
when x =
3)
f'(x)
'
-2
^r
x~
fix) =
when x =
<
^1
0,
a relative
is
when x
<
(-2,0)
maximum.
x
Vertical asymptote:
Intercept:
(0,
--
j:
i- Q.
J^
9)3
Intercept:
Therefore,
= 3
5
4
\
3--
Symmetric about y-axis

H
14. fix)
=x +
^.
/ (;c) =
.
fix) =
,,
16.
64
" ~J =
^
192
>
(x
(4. 6) is
Intercept;
(-2
4)(x^
4j:
~3
16)
= ^ when x =
4.
/'(x)
?^ 0.
a relative minimum.
4/4, o)
('^)
x3
,,
/ x) =
''"^r
"7"^
(x-
Intercept:
!--
= X +
-T
4
X
(x-
if
Therefore,
~,!?^
when X =
4)-
7u~ =
- 4)3
when x =
(0. 0)
Relative
maximum: (-2v^, -3v^)

minimum: (2^3,3^3)
Vertical asymptote:
x =
Relative
Slant asymptote:
= x
Inflection point: (0, 0)
4x
-^
Slant asymptote: y
x = 2
= x
0.
2V3
411
Chapters
412
18.
y'
x-2
- 2Y
{x
(x
x-2
5
when x =
4+ V6
kzu
fi+v? .-1.899)
H
-8
2)3
U-Jl
maximum:
Relative
2x2-8^ +
(x - 2)2
2-
2x
1-^
-4
-4
/'
1.8990
4+76
minimum:
Relative
7.8990
j
Intercept:
(0,
-5/2)
Vertical asymptote: x
Slant asymptote: y
20.
gU) =
xV9 3(6
2jc
Domain:
< 9
;t
x)
whenj:
&\x)
2V9
22.
4(9^ _ ^)3/2
<
Relative
maximum:
(6,
whenx = 6
>"
6V3)
(0, 0), (9, 0)
Concave downward on (- oo,
-;c
^"W =
Intercepts:
xJXfs
2(8 716"
2x{x-^
(16
x2)
Domain:
x^
24)
when;:
maximum: (272,
Relative
minimum: (-272,-8)
(0, 0),
x < 4
whenx = 272
^2)3/2
-4 <
Relative
Intercepts:
9)
8)
(4, 0)
Symmetric with respect to the origin

1
(6.
6V3
24.
y'
3(x
1)2/3
(^
1)2
^^"^
"
^^
2
(x
l)'/3
"
(y 'undefined for X
2(;c
(^
l)''/3
1)1/3
1)
^"=3(7^^^"^^^'^"''^^
Concave downward on (-oo,
Relative
maximum:
Relative
minimum: (1,0)
Intercepts:
1)
and
(1,
oo)
(0, 2), (2, 2)
(0, 2), (1, 0),
(-
1.280, 0), (3.280, 0)
whenx = 0,2
(0, 0)
Section 3.6
26.
= -jU^ -3^ +
y'
x^-\-
of Curve Sketching
2)
=0 when x
A Summary
= \
y"= -2x = Owhenx =

y
-oo < x < -\

-t
28.
<
j:
fix)
Increasing, concave
1)2
2(;c
= Owhenjc =
1)
-oo < X <

= 1
j:
when a; =
3(x2
Relative
Decreasing, concave
6(.r
l)(.r
4;t
2)
j:
x:
Intercepts:
.T
2)(;c
2)
1)
Increasing, concave
ix
+ 1)U whenjc
when x =
Increasing, concave
5)
ix
< 2
2)ix
(2-^.6v^)
5)
Conclusion
fix)
fix)
Increasing, concave
Relative
Decreasing, concave
VI
-673
+
1,
2.
< oo
up
= 2 VJ.
673
(-
down
5)
- yi
(0, 10),
down
Point of inflection
+ 73
+ 73 <
maximum
Conclusion
< 2 +
down
1.
2 - V3 <
X = 2
a;
fix)
< oo
-oo < .X < 2

jc = 2 - 73
<
Increasing, concave
1.
fix)
= ix+
up
Point of inflection
fix)
= ix+ \)ix-
minimum
fix)
< oo
= ix-
fix)
Relative
fix)
fix)
fix)
30.
Conclusion
"3
= iU - D' +
<
* <
fix)
< X <
x=
y"
= -1
-1 <
y'
0), (2, 0), (5, 0)
C+v^.-fr/J)
down
maximum
down
Point of inflection
Relative
Increasing, concave
minimum
up
413
Chapters
414
32.
3.t^
6x^
>>'= 12x3
12x
y"=
12
36*2
12x(x2
12(3x2
1)
-oo < X < -1
x=
-1
V3
Relative
Increasing, concave
Conclusion
minimum
up
Point of inflection
+
5/3
V3
Increasing, concave
Relative
Decreasing, concave
down
maximum
down
Point of inflection
f <X<1
34.
/3
^.
y"
+1.
y'
0<x<f
x=
0,jc
^-
whenx =
-f <x<0
x
-4/3
-l<x<-f
'-
= Owhenx =
1)
-4/3
< X < oo
/(x)
X*
fix)
4x3
/"(x)
12x2
8x3
+ ig^ _
i6x
Relative
Increasing, concave
4(x
minimum
up
24x2
36x
_ 4g^ + 36 =
fix)
-oo < X <
16
I2(x
3)(x
fix)
fix)
4)(x
1)
1)^
when x =
whenx =
3,
1,
4.
1(0.
5)
(I.O)
1(5.0)
1.
Conclusion
(4.
x=
1
< X <
x=
Point of inflection
< X < 4
4 < X < oo
-16
Decreasing, concave
down
Point of inflection
+
+
Relative
-27
minimum
Increasing, concave
up
-27)
Section 3.6
36.
y=(x-
ly
y'= 5{x-
= Owhen;c=
!)'
y"= 20U-
1)3
38.
<
y"
j:
< oo
2(x\x^
6a:
6x
when jc =
x=
5)
40.
.V
.v
2(x
5|
3 and undefined
- 6x + 5) _
- 6x + 5|
<
Ijx
|(.r
<
y'
y"
= cos
when x =
- cos
;c
j:
sin 2j:
1, .r
2 cos 2x
cos
j:
/^ 3\
I
minimum:
Inflection points:
T' 7
undefined when.x
1, .r
5.
12
Relative
Decreasing, concave
Undefined
Undefined
Relative
Relative
minimum,
point of inflection
down
maximum
minimum,
Increasing, concave
down
point of inflection
up
Itt
2 cos x)
2(2 cos-;r
1
when
cos
.r
when x =
77 Stt
0.
tt,
"
1)
V33
=
0.8431, -0.5931.
2.2057 or 4.0775.
/57r 3\
)> 1
~T''
Conclusion
Increasing, concave
0.5678 or 5.7154, x
Relative maxima:
5.
Undefined
= -cos x +
1)
1)1
y"
= sin .r(l
< x <
2x,
5){x
Undefined
4 cos^ X
Relative
5){x
< oo
cos X
up
Therefore, x
T,
y'
= sin
3)(x
j:
- 5)(.r - 1
- 5)(;c - 1)
< X <
<
.T
down
Increasing, concave
\(x
<
Increasing, concave
-OO <
5|
3)(x^
\x^
Conclusion
Point of inflection
,^ 2{x-
y'
y=\x^-6x +
^
1.
(1.0)
<
.I
1.
= Owhenx=
>-
-oo <
tt.
(0.5678, 0.6323), (2:2057, -0.4449), (5.7154, 0.6323), (4.0775, -0.4449)
415
Chapter 3
416
42.
2(x
y"
2 csc^ X cot
2)
csc^ X
Relative
minimum:
sec^l
77
T'
":7
77
2 tan
/377 377
maximum:
<
when x =
.T
Relative
;c
Q when x
44.
<
cot X,
Q, tt
(f)
1,
-3 <
* < 3
'-^-<f)'"(f)(f)-^-'(f)(f)^--^
minimum:
Relative
(2,
-5-4-3-2-1
1)
(2.-1)
46.
g(;c)
ATCOtX,
sin
x cos
277 <
JC
JC
< 277
j:
g'W
sin^j:
p'(0) does not exist.
But lim x cot j:
lim
^-o tan
jr->o
1.
277, 77
-"pK-T-4(-f-MI''MT-
Decreasing on
48. fix)
(0, 77)
to y-axis.
and
(77,
277)
Ax
X - 4
+
h)
50. fix)
Jx^ +
52. /"is constant.
15
/'
is linear.
/ is
/h
X
= - 2, 4
vertical
asymptote
= 4
horizontal asymptote
(0,
horizontal asymptotes
0) point of inflection
quadratic.
Section 3.6
54.
(any vertical translate
of/ will do)
56.
XA
(any vertical translate of the 3 segments
58.
If/'(jc)
f{x)
2 in [-5,
4.t
3^ 60.
g{.x)
x^
5x
5], then/(.r)
3 and/(2)
is
1 1
2x
of/ will do)
3 and/(2)
is
the least possible value of/(2).
2,
62. g{x)
none
64. g(x)
=
X
since /(c)
2.V
is
c,
3. If
the graph
undefined.
X-
]{
The graph appears

y
2x
l.
to
in
[-5,
5],
then
x-2
-
2)(jc
1)
_ \x +
2.
[Undefined,
if
.r
if.r
^
=
1
1
crosses the horizontal asymptote v
it
+
x
X -
function has a vertical asymptote at x
would not cross
x^
{x
The
The graph
Vertical asymptote:
If/'(.r)
the greatest possible value of /(2).
approach the slant asymptote
rational function
a
hole
at
(1,3)
is
not reduced to lowest terms.
417
Chapters
418
66. f(x)
tan(sin ttx)
3_
(a)
(t>)
fix) = tan{sm(-
= tan(sin
Symmetry with
(d)
On (
and a
(c) Periodic with period

(e)
On
the graph
(0, 1),
72.
a relative
is
mmimum at

Slant asymptote:
x^
f{x)
maximum
(5, -tan
at [\,
tan l)
l).
of/ is concave downward.
Horizontal asymptote: none
irx)
x = 3
ttx)
tan(-sin
repect to the origin
there
1, 1),
relative
ttx))
= X +
y
1
= x
\
x^
fix)
|M2 -
f'(x)
a^x
f"{x)
^{ax)(ax
when x =
(ax)
a(ax
1)
2),
#
.
a
a^
>
Oforall;c.
(a) Intercepts:
(0,0),
(-0
(~
Relative minimimi:
(b)
~t
Points of inflection: none
74. Tangent line at P: y

(a) Let>'
0:
- yQ= f'(xQ){x - x^
-Jq =
f'(Xf)x
f'{xQ){x
(c)
Normal
line:
x^)
= xJXxq) -
=
_
(b)
Letx
0:
>>
""^
f'ixo)
yo =/'fa)(~-*o)
3'
.Vo
-^^ = x -^^
x-mtercept: \Xg
>"
fix,)
>'o
ô/'fa)
= /fa) -
J- intercept: (0,/fa)
-To/'fa)
xj'ix,))
fM
jy-^n.
fW
(d) Let
- yo= ~j;7~\ix "
j:
0:
j-q
^0)
>'
= 7^("-*o)
>'o
+
/'fa)
Let y
0:
-^q
y-intercept:
Z'Uo)
-ô/'W = -x +
x
;t-intercept:
(e)
\BC\
(xq
yof'ixo)
= Xo+ fixo)f'{xo)
\AB\
|a:o
- fa
t^J
|pc|2-,2 + /'/falU/fa)irfa)i+/(xa)!
[ffa)Vl + \fix,)f
iPCp =
0)
/'fa)
fix.)
(h)
fix,)
(g)
Xq
+ /(xo)/'^.
/fa)
Xq
^0, y,
+/fa)/'fa))|
|/fa)/'fa)|
|APp=/fa)V'fa)- +
\AP\
= |/fa)|Vl +
[/'fa)]2
Section
Let X and y be two positive numbers such that x
P=
xy
= S -
-r-
x(S
Ix
when x =
when Jc =
dx^
6.
100.
P=
xy
2v
100
d^P
y(100
4y
dy
= -4 <
2y)
Let
-t
when
lOOy
If-
25.
25.
25.
be the length and y the width of the rectangle.
2y
= P
P-2x
A =
= x\- -
xy
dA
P
-
=
dx
xj
= X -
when x =
2r =
x-
d-A
P
^
^ ,
rr = 2 < when x = .
4
dx-
is
maximum when x =
= P/4 units. (A
X be the length and y the width of the
10. Let
xy
square!)
rectangle.
=A
P=
dP
-
=
lx
is
(A
2y
2A
d\
;-
2x
+ 2[- j =
^
rwhen
x = VA.
AT
d^P
AA
dx^
x^
>
whenx = Va.
minimum when x = y = ^/a
square!)
2x
centimeters.
is
2,y
192
y-
d^S
dy
-rrr
S/1.
positive
dS
X and y be two
S
maximum when x = 50 and y =
2;c
4. Let
-.
= Owheny =
dy^
is
S.
-.
maximum when x y =
dP
x^
Let X and y be two positive numbers such that

j:
8.
-r^ = - 2 <
is
= Sx-
x)
dx
419
Section 3.7
2.
3.
384
5-
>
192
^-
numbers such
7,y
when y =
when y =
minimum when y =
8.
8.
8 and x
24.
that
xy
192.
Chapters
420
12.
Jx-
fix)
From
the graph,
the graph
of/ to
is
it
= ix+
14. fix)
8, (2, 0)
clear that (8, 0)
is
the closest point
d= VU-
on
(2, 0).
dF
22
''
dv
(22
=
By
18.
1)2
3]2
2x
2)2
4;c3
8x
25
(;c2
v^-
lOx
25
y*
Vx* +
4^3
^2
4jc
when
smallest
is
you need
smallest,
By
g'ix)
Ax^
12x2
2(;c
l)(2x2
x2
3^
4)
29
18;c
+ 2x8;c

(1,
;c^
4a^
numbers of
to find the critical
18x
gix)
Hence,
22
[ix
lOx
is
5)2
= ^jr--
Since
16.
1)2, (5, 3)
29
18
9)
\
yields a
minimum.
closest to (5, 3).
is
= 200
is
the perimeter, (see figure)
, /200
2x(
^
0.02v2
- 0.02v2
+ 0.02v2)2
when
A =
:
= yiToO -
lxy
4^ = I (50 dx
3
33.166.
the First Derivative Test, the flow rate
maximized when v
on the road
2a:)
8 ,^
- x^)
= -(50x
4;c\
1
when.t
25.
is
dÂ
33 mph.
16
<
when x =
25.
dx^
20. (a)
Height, X
dV
(c)
&
Length
Volume
Width
24
2(1)
1[24
2(1 )]2
= 484
24
2(2)
2[24
2(2)]2
24
2(3)
3[24
2(3)]2
= 972
24
2(4)
24
2(5)
5[24
2(5)]2
= 980
24
2(6)
6[24
2(6)]2
= 864
2jc)2
(24
2x)(24
2xi24
2jc)(-2)
12(12
x)i4
12(2jc
16)
4[24
(24
2(4)]2
is
maximum when jc = 25
(b)
V=
(d)
1200
d^V
x)
when a; =
dx^
d^V
<
when x =
4.
dx^
When X = 4,V = 1024
is
maximum.
12,
4 (12
2;c)2,
<
;c
<
and
>"
100
"3" feet.
12
800
1024
The maximum volume seems
6x)
dx
;c(24
feet
is
not in the domain).
to
be 1024.
Section 3.7
22, (a)
P=
2x
2x
2x
2irr
>>
2^1)
= 200
Try
2
= 200 -2x = (100
-
X)
(b)
Length, x
Area, ry
Width, y
-(100 -
10
(10)- (100 -
10)
-(100 -
20
TT
-(100 -
(30)- (100- 30)- 1337
30)
TT
TT
(40)-(100 - 40)
-(100-40)
40
-(100 -
(50)-(100 - 50)
50)
IT
= x-(100 -
;c)
rectangle
-(100;c
approximately
592 m^
jc^)
2000
Maximum
area
1591.55
24.
is
TT
TT
(e)
1592
TT
The maximum area of the
A= xy
(60)-(100 - 60) = 1528
60)
TT
(c)
1528
TT
-(100 -
60
TT
TT
50
573
(20)- (100 - 20)= 1019
20)
TT
30
10) ==
TT
77
m2
You can see from
A =
is
(jc
approximately
= 50 m).
the figure that
A =
x(^] = |(6;c -
dA
dx
(6
<
2j:)
xy and y
6-x
x').
when x =
3.
= -
when x =
3.
dx"
is
maximum when x =
3 and
3/2.
421
Chapters
422
26. (a)
A = - base x
height
= ^{2Vir=i5)(4 +
= Vl6 -
=^ =
ah
4(16
h^{4
h)
h)
- h'')-"\-2h){A +
(16
(16
h)
- h^y^
(16
- h'^Y^'\-h(A +
+ 2/! Vl6 - h^
-2(h^
dA
- =
when h =
2,
h)
-2{h +
8)
4)ih
Vl6 which
is
h^)]
2)
h^
maximum by
the First Derivative Test.
ah
Hence, the sides are
(b) cos
tan
/i^
= 4V3,
an equilateral triangle. Area
= 12V3
sq. units.
j4~Th
V8
V8V4 +
Vie
a =
4
Area
/i
= 2(|j(v'l6 - ^^{4 +
-
{4
64 cos" a tan a
A '{a) =
2Vl6
cos"
+ hYtana
64[cos''
h)
sec-
sec^
a = 4
a + 4
cos'
cos'
sin
( sin a)tan a]
a tan a
1=4 cos a sin a tan a

1
sin
a = => a = 30 and A = 12 V3.
(c) Equilateral triangle
28.
A =
dA
2ry
2{r^
=
-
2x^r'^
2x^)
x^
(see figure)
72r
when x
dx
U 7:317
.^/P^]
By the First Derivative Test, A

V2rby(72r)/2.
is
maximum when
the rectangle has dimensions
(-r. 0)
(r.O)
Section
30. xy
{x
36
3)(v
3)
3^
= 36 => y =
A =
3.
U+
3)1
36
-108
dA
V=
Trr-^/i
=>
Vq cubic units or
5 = 2wr- + lirrh =
=
^
dr
h
^^
\
V =
units.
Voi^nT-''
2Vo 1/3
77^/3
(2^)1/3
2r
the First Derivative Test, this will yield the
+ 2TTr=
.V
2ir
yV2^)2
V =
6,
r=
when
Vn
34.
/i
r~ I
=> X =
108
+ -^
2( Ttr^
- -^) =
lilirr
77{
By
3j:2
9x9
Dimensions:
32.
minimum
surface area.
Trr^x
108
108
27rr
27rr)
77<108r-
Gvr-)
6Trr(36
=> X =
7rr-(108
dV
7r(216r
(see figure)
- 2m^)
irr)
dr
when
and x =
36.
i2t/
-r
77(216
<
127rr)
when
dr-
Volume
36.
V=
TT
is
maximum when x = 36
TTX^h
f =4"'
'TTx-\2^/r
i)(r-
K2r2
when x -
inches and r
2a-
Vr- -
and x-
--
the First Derivative Test, the
= -^ and
Thus, the
;=.
73
maximum volume
is
4Trr^
'--{Hih
73/
x~
1.459 inches.
(see figure)
UT^^l
x^
3;c2)
=> x = r
By
= 36/ tt =
= 2itx-Jr~
jr)
- x^y-(-2x) +
2ttx
"Si*
373'
volume
3
is
maximum when
U-V^.
423
424
Chapters
38. No.
The volume
40.
V = 3000 =
change because the shape of the container changes when squeezed.
will
-Txr'
3000
T -
7rr'
Let k
2k(4Trr^)
^TTr dr
the
4
T'"
cost per square foot of the surface area of the sides, then 2k
C=
By
irr-h
^^1
.3
r^
Second Derivative
32
^r-T
dr^
kilirrh)
k\
Strr^
when
cost per square foot of the hemispherical ends.
16
6000
]-[ 3
V^/-^ - 5.636
feet
and
/i
22.545
feet.
2iT
Test,
we
>
-,
3000
l-rrr
Trr'
12,000
have
when
= î
'1125
277
Therefore, these dimensions will produce a
minimum
cost.
42. (a) Let x be the side of the triangle and y the side of the
(b) Let
X be the side of the square and y the side of the pen-
tagon.
square.
A = tIcoI^W^ + -lcot^Mwhere4;c +
A = -(cot^W2 + -|cot-jj>'-
where 3x
4y
^,.W5-U;o...^.
f'-(-J')H)=
feet are
hexagon.
1.72047741 4
- 4
\2
-^j
2.75276384(4
< x <
^.x]
5.
2.62
used on the pentagon.
(d) Let
X be the side of the hexagon and r the radius of the
circle.
jfcot
^|;i:2
(cot
^\y^ where 5x + 6y = 20
5UÛ,2(^)
is
Let X be the side of the pentagon and y the side of the
A =
20
When x = 0,A = 25, when x = 60/(473 + 9),

A 10.847, and when x = 20/3, A == 19.245. Area
maximum when all 20 feet are used on the square.
(c)
When.1 = 0,A = 27.528, when.x = 2.62, A = 13.102,

and when x = 5.A ~ 25. Area is maximum when all 20
60
4V3 +
x^
A'=2xX
A' =
5>'
=20
20
- 5xV
A =
-I cot'?)^
1x2
+ nr~ where 6x +
3v^
AO
2'nr
= 20
10
3x\2
0< x<A.
'4'
|(cot|)j:
^(-1
20
5x
A'=3v^-6fi-^)
77
77/
x
;c
When j; =
2.0475
1.748
0,-4
and when x
28.868, when x - 2.0475,
when ;c = 4, -4 = 27.528. Area
maximum when all 20 feet are used on the hexagon
When
/4
is
;c
0,
A =
all
20
feet are
31.831, when;c
10/3,
A =
used on the
A = 15.138,
maximum when
1.748,
28.868. Area
is
circle.
14.091, and
In general, using all of the wire for the figure with
sides will enclose the
most
area.
more
Section 3.7
44. Let
be the amount of the power
h-y
A =
=
dÂ
> ^^tor 'V =
2;c2
T^;
{x-
;tt7;
+ ffl^
The amount of power
46. fix)
when y
j^r+
=
T^
dy-
(a)
V3-
?=.
(-;t,
i^;c^
\x^ on
j:/
[0, 4]
(c)
-^
rfU)
d'{x)
= f(x) -
g(x)
g'{x)
[j^x*
= 2x-\x^ = Q=^?,x =
is
F be
(in [0,4])
d = 4 when x = 2 V2.
the illumination at point
X-
x)
= 2V2X -
which
is
imits
Tangent
X,
4)
id
dF
-2W,
dx
x'
line at
(2V2,
/^..
i/K~
d-x
Vfi = X
2U2
id
- xy
when
r'
= ijlx -
8.
lines are parallel
The tangent
lines will
the point
be
f'(x)
and 4
x where the distance
is
1.
id- xy
VQ
di/T,
This
is
the
6W,
dx^
x^
minimum
5o.(a)r=-^^ +
6W0
id
- xY
>
when x
dl/T,
l/T,+
l/T.
point.
i^
dT =
(b)
:7r
.t
\_
v^?Tl~
Z\~
x^
7T2)
CONTINUED
- - =
2jx~ + 4
dx
2
.r=
+ 4
= 4
= f(x)
=
g'(x) implies that/'(x)
l/T,+ k/L2
d^F
vertical units apart.
parallel. \i dix)
l/T,
dVT,=x{i/T,+
o) is
= (i(2v^)3 - 2ji){x - 272)
-xT-
is
4.
The tangent
then d'{x)
from source
\ic'
[ijl,
- 2V2)
272(;c
at
U-,
F=
id
Tangent line
at
48. Let
T'
(d)
distance
X,
y-Q
- \x^) = x^- YiX'^
= 0,272
=>;c
The maximum
fix)
5X^
0)
(.t.
73
(b)
0)
73
minimum when y =
line is
^W
|;c2
line.
+ Ijx- +
dy
425
= V2 + ^ hours
maximum.
g{x),
g'(x)
Chapters
426
50.
CONTDWED
Jx^ + A
r=
(c)
= Jx^ + 4
(d) Cost
(3
(3
x)
C,
x)C2
^2
dT_
7FT4
dx
^X^ + 4
V,
V2
From
Vx2 + 4
(I/C2)
(1/C,)
above, sin 9
1/Ci
i/Q
Q
c,
V2
sine =
V2
only.
d depends on
52.
Jx^ + d ll+V^r
^)^
54.
dT
VjVrf,^
rfi2
v,Vx2 +
dx
CW
C'W =
(a
=
x)-
2x
Since
Jx^ +
= Ikjx^ +
A:(4
x)
V2
^1
and
sin S]
= - sin
Jdi + {a- xY
rfi^
e.
A:
Vx2 + 4
= V^^ +
4;c2
3x2
= 4
jc2
we
have
73
sin 01
sin St
V,
V,
=>
sin 6,
sin
0-,
-.
Or, use Exercise 50(d): sin
V,
V,
Since
Thus, X
d^T _
dx^
V,(;c2
V=
];TTr^h
3
minimum
= ^nr^JXAA -
Area of circle: A =
r^
7r(12)2
14477
= 4^6
= 4V3.
= 'n{A^)J{A^Y + (473)^ =
Or^
48>/6i7
= 128
- 48n/677
277/
f-:\
-^ = -(3
- V6)
"
^
72
and h
14477
- 48^677 = -
14477
+ 2rVl44 - rA
V is maximum when
Lateral surface area of cone:
sector:
(^
time.
r2)-'/2(-2r)
Area of
_ ^)2]3/;->
= |Jr2[|](144 -
By
vld.2
rf,2)3/2
this condition yields
56.
d^
d{^
'^
, ^,
1.153 radians or 66
,
73-
=-
30
Section 3.7
d be
58. Let
amount deposited
the
P=
(0.12)rf
d =
ki^ (since
p=
(o.i2)(w2)
^=
T^
be the
interest rate paid
by the bank, and
P be
the profit.
proportional to i^)
is
i(ki^)
2i^)
= kio.m^ when
(3)
0.08.
di
d^P
id
A:(0.24i
in the bank,
k(0.24
di)
<
when
>
0.08 (Note: k
0).
di
The
maximum when
profit is a
P = -s^ +
60.
dP
= -
(a)
ds
di^
d^-P
I2s
-3 j(5 - 40) =
=^
-p;-(40)
ds-
<
=>
= 40 yields
The maximum
(b)~=
ds^
The
profit occurs
when
when
40,
^2
which corresponds
to
$40,000 {P
1|
$3,600,000).
+ \5m utility,
6|
|10m
you can see
when
20,
which corresonds
1|
|5(0.3)
that the
6|
to
3|
minimum
occurs
when
0.3^:
|4(0.3)
20.
Using a graphing
40.
maximum.
point of diminishing returns occurs
Line ^
minimum.
yields a
-Is +12 =
= |4m -
0, i
>
d-P
when a: =
10
(0)
_,
62. 5,
10
d-P ^
= 8%.
+ 400
6s'
J=
10(0.3)
3|
4.7 mi.
m=
0.3.
$20,000 being spent on advertising.
427
Chapter 3
428
64. (a) Label the figure so that r^
Then, the area A
x^
Co)
h^.
that sin
- = - and
8 times the area of the region
is
cross equals the
OPQR:
given by
Note
the
common
fi
cos
- =
2
sum of two
X
-.
The area A of the
large rectangles
square in the middle.
A =
y^^NV
wryiWv":
if
:;
VV^ m y^%
ii
ii
2(2x){2^)
4^12
%xh
4h^
8/^ sin
- cos -
2
:ii^
8 he-
(jc
h)h
4r2 sin
sin2
A'(d)
4r2(cos e
COS
sin
= ^\(r^ -
x")
= &xVr^ -
x^
+ [x- >/;^^^)vr2rrpj
+
A '(x) =
8^2
Vr^
4x2
^2
/^
= xVr^ -
x~
4jc^
- 4xV +
A^
5x^
r^
5x^r^
x^(r^
7^
+ 8Vr2 -
8x
= xVr^ -
2^2
8^2
8vV 12
8x
sin
-cos
2 sin
tane
arctan(2)
1.10715
or
x^
(r2
x2)
x^)
Quadratic in x^.
725/ -
_ r^t
- lO"inP
20/^
10
r^-i
^5J-
Take positive value.
/TTT! = 0.85065r
Critical
number
-2
(c)
Note
that x^
A(x)
= 8x7^2 -
(s
+ Vs)
x2
and
r^
v2
x^
(s
Vs).
_ 4^
4x2
= 8[^(5 + 75)^(5 - 75)]"' + 4^(5 + 75) '''2
= iro^^'^]
= 1^75 -
2r2
2.2
2r^
^^
5^--f
2.2(75 -
Using the angle approach, note
Thus, A(e)
4.21 sin
V75
^
4^^ -
that tan
1)
2, sin
sin2:
A*
1)
4;-
2 r+ -75r2 _ 4^
V5
,^(^ _
^)
^ and sin2| - = (1 1
cos
- cos - =
2
4r2
x'^
Sf-
4r^ sin^
6)
= -\\
J.
75
63.4
minus
Newton's Method
Section 3.8
Newton's Method
Section 3.8
2.
/U) = 2x2-3
n
fix)
x,
/uj
^n
-1
4. /(x)
tanjc
fix)
sec-j:
jci
6.
/K)
"
0.1
/W
fix)
= 5.^+\
x5
;c
f'ix)
0.125
^^'"^
4x
0.025
5.0
1.225
/u)
/'UJ
1.0101
0.0993
0.0007
1.0000
0.0007
0.0000
0.1000
0.1003
0.0007
0.0007
"
/'UJ
l^n
/UJ
/'UJ
"
fiXn)
0.5000
-0.4688
1.3125
-0.3571
0.8571
0.8571
0.3196
3.6983
0.0864
0.7707
0.7707
0.0426
2.7641
0.0154
0.7553
0.7553
0.0011
2.6272
0,0004
0.7549
8. fix)
= x- 2jx +
/'W =
/(^J
/'(xj
0.1010
0.5918
0.1707
4.8293
4.8293
0.0005
0.5858
.00085
4.8284
^.
/'UJ
Vx+
1
1
10. fix)
=1-2x3
/'W = -&r2
n-\)
/U)
/'UJ
-1
-6
0.1667
0.8333
fK)
"
/'UJ
0.8333
-0.1573
-4.1663
0.0378
0.7955
0.7955
-0.0068
-3.7969
0.0018
0.7937
0.7937
0.0000
-3.7798
0.0000
0.7937
429
Chapters
430
12. fix)
= ^x'
3x
n
/U)
nx)
fix,)
fix)
2jc3
3
1
-1
0.5
-0.9
0.0281
-0.8937
0.0001
-5
-^^^"^
X
"
f'(x)
f'ixj
-0.1
-0.9
-4.458
-0.0063
-0.8937
-4.4276
0.0000
-0.8937
Approximation of the zero of/ is -0.8937.
fixj
J^.
x^
fix)
3x^
16.
-0.0769
2.0769
2.0769
0.0725
14.9175
0.0049
2.0720
2.0720
-0.0003
14.7910
0.0000
2.0720
(x^
3-x- x^+
18.
hix)
h'ix)
0.0334
0.8666
0.8666
0.0034
3.0151
0.001
0.8655
0.8655
0.0001
3.0087
0.0000
0.8655
hix,)
x.
hix,)
h'ix,)
h'ix
^^^"^
X
"
h'ix,)
2.9000
-0.0063
-0.9345
0.0067
2.8933
2.8933
0.0000
-0.9341
0.0000
2.8933
X,
1)2
2x
gix)
g occurs
cosx
x^
h'ix,)
h'ix,)
~ 0.824.
fix)=x"-a =
nx"-^
X,."
hix,)
hix,)
sin;ic
of intersection occurs when x
fix,)
3.2133
both symmetric with respect to the y-axis, the other point
fix)
"
0.1074
One point of intersection of the graphs of/ and g occurs

when X ~ 0.824. Since /U) = x^ and gix) = cos x are
20.
^^^"^
2.893.
= fix) =
fix,)
0.9000
Point of intersection of the graphs of /and
whenx
fix,)
Ix
1 +
h'ix)
fix,)
Xn
fix,)
h{x)=f{x)-g{x) =
"
13
slnjc
^^'"^
fix,)
-1
cos X
fix,)
f'ixJ
14. f{x)
fK)
- xn + a _
in
l)x,"
0.8000
-0.0567
0.8245
0.0009
2311
2.3832
"""
'"^"""'^
h'ix,)
-0.0245
0.8245
0.0004
0.8241
Newton's Method
Section 3.8
_xlJ_
2x:,3
24.
j:,,,=-^
431
15
3.r,'
2.0000
2.2500
2.2361
2.2361
Xi
75 =
=
26. /(jc)
tan
y'=
2.4667
2.4662
- 24x +
12x-
3.
142
3.0000
-0.1425
1.0203
-0.1397
3.1397
3.1397
-0.0019
1.0000
-0.0019
3.1416
3.1416
0.0000
1.0000
0.0000
3.1416
30. f{x)
2 sin
fix)
2 cos X
= /'(x)
12
method
0; therefore, the
/UJ
^^
/'UJ
/'UJ
"
32. Newton's
34. Let g{x)

g'ix)
cos 2x
2 sin 2x
fail if f'{c)
= /U) - X =
cot
= -csc^x -
1.
is
sin X, f'(x)
(a)
0.
/'UJ
377
.r
0, or if the initial value x^ is far
from
c.
jc
approximately 0.86.
Method could
fixed point
/UJ
/'UJ
36. f(x)
;c
Fails because/'(.x,)
fails.
3
1
The
f'ixj
377
n\)
fiXn)
/'Uj)
2.4662
2.466
sec^jc
4x^-\2x^+l2x-3= f{x)
y =
2.5000
;c
Approximation of the zero:
28.
Vl5 =
/'W =
.r,
2.236
8{x)
H.vJ
g'ix)
^'U)
1
1.0000
ÛJ
,
"
^'UJ
-0.3579
-2.4123
0.1484
0.8516
-0.0087
0.8603
0.0000
0.8603
0.8516
0.0240
-2.7668
0.8603
0.0001
-2.7403
cos x
(d)
2-
(1.8.
>OL
.
0.974)
(3,0.141)
/'^Vy...^,_^l6.086.
0)
/ 'f'/V^
V-^
-1-
(b)
.t,
1.8
x.
X,
A-,
-2-
^r4 =
6.086
The .r-intercepts correspond

from the
/Ui)
(c)
(3.143. 01
first iteration
(e) If the Initial
guess
.v,
is
to the values resulting
of Newton's Method.
not "close to" the desired zero
of the function, the .v-intercept of the tangent line

X,
X,
^7^ -
/U,)
3.143
approximate another zero of the function.
may
Chapter 3
432
38.
(s0x,,=x{2-2x)
(
^,
0.3000
0.3300
0.3333
;c
f'(x)
x cos X
sin
Letting F{x)
\F'{x)
42.
î
sin
= /'(x), we can
2 cos
JC
0.1000
0.0900
0.0909
0.0909
0.091
sin x\
a:
^^'"^
nxr)
F{x^)
"
F'{x)
0.0770
-2.6509
-0.0290
2.0290
2.0290
-2.7044
0.0002
2.0288
to the critical
y=f{x)=x\
(4,-3)
-AY +
{y
minimum when
g'ix)
use Newton's Method as follows.
-0.0007
g{x)
llxj
jc
2.0000
J{x
=xll-
(0, it)
jt,
Approximation
rf is
0.3333
n=
^n
d=
xî
0.333
40. f(x)
(h)
3)2
D=
= D'= 4x3 +
= 12x2 + 14
number: 2.029
= V(x -
x^
Ix^
14a:
4)2
8x
(jc^
25
is
3)2
Jx!^
7x^
8x
25
minimum.
(4,
J^.
gixj
^'UJ
H^)
^(^^^
0.5000
-0.5000
17.0000
-0.0294
0.5294
0.5294
0.0051
17.3632
0.0003
0.5291
0.5291
-0.0001
17.3594
0.0000
0.5291
-3).
0.529
Point closest to
44. Maximize:
(4,
- 3)
3f2
50
approximately (0.529, 0.280).
+
+ t^
t
-2t*
C' =
is
n
2f3
(50
Let/(x)
3/^
fix)
12r3
Since /(4)
23
6f2
+ 300r+
+ r3)2
300;
4.486 hours
is
^^'"^
f'ixj
f'ixj
"
f'W)
4.5000
12.4375
915.0000
0.0136
4.4864
4.4864
0.0658
904.3822
0.0001
4.4863
300.
575, the solution
fix
- 50
= -354 and/(5) =
Approximation:
50
in the mterval (4, 5).
Section 3.8
46.
170
Let/W =
fix) =
From
- n.974x^ +
O.SO&c^
0.808;c3
17.974jc2
2.424x2
35,948;(
the graph, choose x^
71.248;c
110.843,
71.248;c
<
jc
<
59.157
71.248.
and
Jt,
3.5.
Apply Newton's Method.
/UJ
/'UJ
no
"
/'UJ
1.0000
-5.0750
37.7240
-0.1345
1.1345
1.1345
-0.2805
33.5849
-0.0084
1.1429
1.1429
0.0006
33.3293
0.0000
1.1429
Xn
/UJ
f'U)
-^^'"^
fUn)
3.5000
4.6725
-24.8760
-0.1878
3.6878
3.6878
-0.3286
-28.3550
0.01 16
3.6762
3.6762
-0.0009
-28.1450
0.0000
3.6762
The zeros occur when x

3676 rev/min.
1.
1429 and x
3.6762. These approximately correspond to engine speeds of
50. True
48. True
52. f{x)
'
JA
x^
Domain: [-2,
x
= -1
fix)
Let
;c,
JA
= -
2)
2]
and x
sin(jc
2 are both zeros.

x-
cosU -
2)
V4 -
= sin(jr
2)
X-
1.
/'UJ
Xn
/(.vj
-1.0000
-0.2444
-1.7962
0.1361
-1.1361
-1.1361
-0.0090
-1.6498
0.0055
-1.1416
-1.1416
0.0000
0,0000
-1.1416
Zeros:
= 2,x= -1.142
Newton's Method
1.6422
"
/'UJ
143 rev/min and
433
Chapters
434
Section 3.9
2. fix)
= -
fix)
Tangent
Differentials
1.9
1.99
2.01
2.1
1.6620
1.5151
1.5
1.4851
1.3605
1.65
1.515
1.5
1.485
1.35
6x-^
12
f{x)
T{x)
\lx-^
3
-f
line at
-12
-f (.
-"
2)
= ^x
4. fix)
fix)
1.9
1.99
2.01
2.1
f{x) =-Ji
1.3784
1.4107
1.4142
1.4177
1.4491
1.3789
1.4107
1.4142
1.4177
1.4496
lj~x
1
T{x)Tangent line
Jl):
at (2,
- fi2) = f'i2)ix -
2)
72
2^ U-2)
^
272
6. fix)
CSC
fix)
-cscjTCOtj:
v^
;c
Tangent line
at (2,
- /(2) = /'(2)(;c -
esc 2):
CSC
2 = (esc 2
>;
cot 2)(x
2)(.x;
= fix) =
Ax)
esc 2
2)
2)
CSC 2
2.01
2.1
1.1585
1.1501
1.0567
1.0948
1,0998
1.1049
1.0494
1.0947
1.0998
1.1048
= -Ax,x = Q,Lx =
2x\f'ix)
Ay = fix +
2)
1.99
1.9
fix) = cscx
r(;c) = (-csc2cot2)(x--
2)
(-CSC 2 cot
8.
->.^ 72
dx
-0.1
- fix)
dy=f'ix)dx
= /(-0.1)-/(0)
=
10.
[1
= /'(0)(-0.1)
-
2(-0.1)2]
y=fix) = 2x+
\J'ix)
Ay = fix + Ax)-
[1
2(0)2]
= _o.02
= 2,x = 2,Ax = dx =
fix)
[2(2.01)
4-
1]
(0)(-0.1)
0.01
dy
= /(2.01)-/(2)
=
= fix)
dx
=/'(2)(0.01)
[2(2)
1]
0.02
2(0.01)
0.02
Section 3.9
12.
3jc2/'
dy
Ix'^'^dx
14.
-jj^dx
V9^^
tfy
Differentials
-{9 - jc2)-'/2(-2x)<ic
Z^
V9
16.
= v^ +
-^
20.
'iv^
^^
18.
v^
sec-j:(jr^tan
sec^j:(2j:)1
U cos +
=/(2 -
j:
0.1)
= /(2 +
(b) /(2.04)
28. (a) g(2.93)
tan
x)1
l^x
(a)
^(3
g(3
0.04)
0.07)
0.1)
=/(2 +
g(3)
5(-0.07)
g(3)
g'(3)(0.1)
0(0.04)
8.5
^(3
g(3)
(3)(-0.07)
g(3)
g'(3)(0.1)
0.07)
g(3
0.1)
7.65
30.
A =
\bh,
i)
36,
/!
(-1)(0.04)
0.96
5'(3)(-0.07)
(3)(0.1)
7.79
8.3
50
oW =
^fc d/z
Â^dA
rfi
3(36)(0.25)
3(50)(0.25)
10.75 square centimeters
C=
56 centimeters
rfC
= 1 .2
centimeters
C=
2n-r
A =
Trr*
3x'dx = 3(12)2(0.03)
inches
= M::
47r
77/
(b)
1.1
db = dh = 0.25
AC =
x^
(b) g(3.1)
g'(3)(-0.07)
5(0.1)
inch
= 12.96 cubic
5 =
+(-l)(-0.1)=
=/(2) +/'(2)(0.04)
0.04)
/(2) + /'(2)(0.04)
+
26. (a) 5(2.93)
34. (a)
= dx = 0.03
dV=
-/(2) +/'(2)(-0.1)
0.1)
O(-O.l)
2 inches
V =
(it
j:)
J^
=
=
=/(2 -
(b) /(2.04)
/(2) +/'(2)(-0.1)
j:
sin
;c
J^
U^TTp
32.
a:
x^f-^.
(b) g(3.1)
sin
IxJ'x'^
1)2 sec^jftanx
24. (a) /(1.9)
dy
j:
rU^ +
[2
22. (a) /(1. 9)
^^+
=
IxJ'x)''^
^t
-;c2
6x2
dS= \2xdx=
= 4.32
dA = -^CrfC = -^(56)(1.2) =
277
12(12)(0.03)
square inches
277
dA
33.6/77
[1/(477)1(56)-
77
=^
dA
^^T-
(\/27T)CdC
(1/477)C=
^ , 0^ =
0.042857
2dC
= 4.2857%
--^^0.03
0.015
= 1.5%
435
Chapter 3
436
36.
P =
dP =
38.
(500.x
x^)
-2x-
(500
- llx +
i^-x^
ll)dx
3000], x changes from
(577
'ix)
Approximate percentage change:
(100) =
V=
cm
f 777^, r
AV = dV =
100 cm, dr
Airr^dr =
0.2
dx
[577
15 to 120
3(115)](120
(100)
1160
2.7%
E=
40.
= SOOOTrcm^
4-77(100)2(0.2)
115)
IR
^ E
_
dR =
-~dl
-{E/ndi
dl
E/I
R
dR =
dl
42. See Exercise 41.
A =
44.
|(base)(height)
|(9.5cot e)(9.5)
csc^ e
50 tan 9
71.5
0.0044
46. Let/(;c)
fix
A;c)
= 1.09%
^,x =
=-
Using a
48. Let fix)
(in radians)
21,dx= -
- fix) + /'(x)dc =
^^ ^7
calculator,
^ + 3^
+ 3-i^(,^26
1)
etc
^ - 2.9630
x'
+ 3x^dx
2.9625
=x^,x = 3,dx= -0.01.
fix
Ax) '-fix) +f'ix) dx
fix
Ax)
33
Using a calculator: (2.99)^
26.7309
(2.99)3
dd
de <
0.06
de <
0.06
\de\
(sin 0.4669)(cos 0.4669)
0.0109
9.9316
(sin 26.75)(cos 26.75)
sec^ d
2.9886
025^
= 50
50tan(1.2479)
sin 6 cos 6
1.2479 radians
50 sec2(1.2479)
de
cot 6
45.125 cot 6
cscêrffii
de
dl
I
/z
dh
dA = -45.125
3(3)2(-0.01)
= 27 -
0.27
26.73
<
0.018
50. Let/(jt)
tanjc,;c
^ = 0.05,/'(x) = sec^x
0,
52. Propagated error
Then
= f{x +
relative error
437
- f(x).
Aa:)
X 100.
and the percent error
/(0.05)/(0)+/'(0)<it
tan 0.05 = tan
54.True,^ =
Ax
sec^ 0(0.05)
1(0.05).
56. False
= a
^
dx
Let/(j;)
-/x, X
\,
and Ax
aLc
3.
Then
^y =f(x + Ax) -f(x) =/(4) -/(I) =
and
..=/W^ = ^(3)
> Ay
Thus, dy
Review Exercises
for
f.
example.
Chapter 3
= -/(-4) = -3
2. (a) /(4)
in this
(b)/(-3)= -/(3)= -(-4) = 4
(c)
= /(
/(I)
exists at least
1)
one value c
in
(2.
No, lim/(x)
exists
1)
At
least six critical
numbers on ( 6,
because /is continuous
fix)
6.
= X
(x2
differentiable at
2.
6).
^fi^)-^^,^^^^-\
No. /is not differentiable
at
.t
2.
l)-'/2
(x2
1)3/2
No critical numbers
Left endpoint:
(0, 0)
Minimum
Right endpoint: (2,2/^5)
8.
No; the function
10.
/(x)
=-
fix)
= --,
4-1
/'(c)
= -i
at
.r
which
< X < 4
f(b)-f(a) _ {\/A)b
Maximum
discontinuous
is
in the interval
[2,
1].
12.
_ -3/4
3
is
"4
f(x)
= Vx -
fix)
-6-0
4-0
no
2r.
2J-.-'
-/()
--
^
1
= -1.
j:-0
(0 Yes, /is
there
such that
-2-1
+2
/(l)-/(-2)
1 - (-2)
f\c)
(e)
= -/(2) = -(-1) = 1 and

= 2, the Mean Value says that
Since/ (-2)
(d) Yes.
< X < 4
at (0, 0).
Chapter 3
438
fix)
= lx^-2,x+
fix)
14.
Ax-3
f(b)-f(a) _ 2\ b
16.
g(x)
4-0
- a
f\c)
4c
(x
Midpoint of [0,4]
1)3
-oo < x < -\
Interval
g'U) = 3U +
Critical
18. f(x)
1)2
number: x
sinj:
cos
<
cosjc,
gix)
sin
g'(x)
Conclusion
Increasing
;c
<
2ir
>
g'{x)
= ,x
5lT
= ^sm(f-l],
[0,4]
Test Interval
Increasing
0<x<^4
j:
numbers: x
Critical
20.
j:
>
Signofg'U)
X < CO
= \
Interval
/'U)
-\ <
Sign of fix)
fix) >
Conclusion
Increasing
< X <
+-
TT
Sir
<X<
fix) >
/'W <
Decreasing
l+-<x<3+-
Increasing
77
^'U)
-1
|(f cos(f
when x =
-, 3
TT
Relative
maximum:
Relative
minimum:
y'
Increasing
Decreasing
+ Bcos{Vk/mt)
(b) Period:
= A ^/kjm cosy Jkjmt) - B^/kJmsiny^/kJmt)
iTT/Vk/m
277
/k/m
Frequency:
s'm^k/mt
when
zosjkjmt
A
B
i
rr- \
tan(VfeAwr)
A
= -.
Therefore,
sin(
Vfc/m t)
cosy
Vk/mt) =
When
y
=A
'
B
JA^ +
B^'
0,
>1
vM^+S2
VA^ + 52
VA2 +
52
>
Increasing
27r
sin(Vfc7^f)
/I
< X < 4
g'ix)
TT
Conclusion
<
22. (a)
g'ix)
3 H
g'W >
IT
(1 H
+TT
Signofg'W
27r
24.
fix)
(x
fix)
3;c2
fix) =
2)Hx
= Owhen^ =
6x
h(t)
x3
lit
16
Test Interval
-OO <
AT
Sign of /"(or)
f"(x)
<
<
<
a:
< OO
12
26.
4)
439
0.
fix) >
Concave downward
Conclusion
Concave upward
- 16)
(0,
4jt+l
Domain: [-l,oo)
28.
h'{t)=l
Vr +
=>
h"(t)
(/
30.
12
/i"(3)
1)3/2
>
5)
(3,
is
a relative
32. (a)
C=()..(f),
-0.1222f3
1.3655f-
0.9052r
4.8429
35
fb)
x^
minimum.
(c) S'{t)
when
3.7.
This
is
maximum by
the
First Derivative Test.
(d)
34.
hm
Iv
-
.,
,
2/v
lim
_^ ^
36.
No, because the
lim
.,"
,
ar->oo
Vx^ + 4
t^
coefficient term
lim
Jr-.oo
is
= =
Vl +
negative.
4/.t-
3x
38. g{x)
x=
40. f(x)
5.t=
lim
.t
ôc X^
=
2
lim
;t
-.OO
=
(2/x2)
lim
^-o
= hm
.,
VAT +
.,
'-OO Vx-
lim
^-^0
Vl +
^x^ +
(2/.v=)
3x/x
3j:
lim
j:--oo
2/vj:
x--oc
lim
X-----V1
Horizontal asymptotes: v
= 3
^ = -3
+(2/.r^)
Chapters
440
42. fix)
\x^
3.r2
2x|
\x{x
l)ix
44. g{x)
2)|
Relative minima: (0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0)
4x^
xf
Domain: (oo,
fix)
f'U)
= 2Ax -
12.x:2
xî'i
4x^
( oo, 27)
\2x-
4;c2(3
x)
12t(2
when x =
when.x:
;c)
<
/"(3)
Therefore,
27)
(3,
a relative
is
maximum.
(0, 0), (2, 16)
Intercepts: (0, 0), (4, 0)
48. fix)
(x2
4)2
Domain: (-oo,
Range:
oo);
[0,
oo)
Axix-
4)
when a- =
fix) =
4(3.t-
4)
when;c
fix)
/"(O)
0,
2.
^.
<
Therefore,
a relative
(0, 16) is
maximum.
/"(2) >
Therefore, (2, 0) are relative minima.
(273/3, 64/9)
Intercepts:
(-2,
Symmetry with
50. fix)
= ix-
0), (0, 16), (2, 0)
respect to y-axis
3)(;c
Domain: (-cx),
fix)
= ix-
2)3
Range: [-^^6^,oo)
oo);
3)(3)(;c
(4a;
l)ix
fix) = iAx
l)i2)ix
6(2;c
\)ix
2)2
2se~)
2)
2)
16,875
Therefore,
2)2
is
ix
(x
(-2,
0), (0,
= -2,\.
2)2(4)
= 0when;c =
-2,\.
a relative minimum.
Points of inflection: (-2, 0), (5,

Intercepts:
+ If
when;c
-24),
m5\
(3, 0)
4 cos X
Relative maxima: {(2k
x)
oo); Range:
cos 2x
Relative minima: {Itrk, 0.29) where k
Relative maxima: (1.577, 0.38), (0.423, 0.38)
46. fix)
16)
0, 3.
0, 2.
1)tt,
8.29)
is
any
where k
integer.
is
any
integer.
= (x- ly^^x +
52. f(x)
Graph of Exercise 39
(
0)
1,
(l,
(2,
0)
l/i)
is
is
j:
2).
(-1,0), (2,0)
+x'-
2(1
,.
oo); Range:
x)il +
+ x-y
x)
-^.^
(1
= ~,^^^ ~.f =
(1 + x-y
*
f"(x)
by
a relative minimum.
Domain: (oo,
,
units to the right (x replaces
2x
.,,
/ (x) =
Intercepts:
54. fix)
translated
maximum,
a relative
is
1)2/3
[1,1]
_^,1.
= ^ when ;c =
.
when x =
0,
+ ^.
<
/"(I)
Therefore.
a relative
(1, 1) is
maximum.
/"(-I) >
Therefore,
1,
(-^3, -^3/2),
Intercept:
(0,
a relative minimum.
1) is
(0, 0),
(73, 73/2)
0)
Symmetric with respect to the origin

56. f(x)
Domain: ( oo,
W=
,,.
(1
(1
oo);
Range:
X*){2x)
"{
- xMx>)
=
^x{l
(TTTP
+ x^yq -
10:c^)
-{2x-
+ x){\ +
(TTl^p
x)(l
2r^)(2)(l
X-)
.x^Âx^)
=
2(1
when.v
12v^
=
+
0.
1.
3.t^)
/"(1) <
Therefore,
/"(O)
Therefore.
1, -
are relative
maxima
>
a relative minimum.
(0, 0) is
.(.7^,o.4(.^ 733
Points of inflection
Intercept:
(0,0)
Symmetric to the
>'-axis
-I
0.40
fNtH
(->
733
441
Chapters
442
58. fix)
+ - = ^^^^
.r2
Domain: (-00,
/ U) =
2x
/"W =
60. /(jc)
X
0), (0, oo);
^=
|;c-
1|
Domain: (-00,00)
when a; =
= ^^^^^^ =
Range:
^.
= - 1.
when;c
[2,
Intercept:
00)
(0,4)
4 1[ (0, 4)
Therefore,
3-
>
Airi^
2-
3 \
;=,
p^
is
h-H
1
Vertical asymptote:
= (2
sin
Domain: [-
f"(x)
ttj:
By
= -2(2 cos im +
cos Itm)
Numbers: x
= +-,
2it( sin
TTx
2 sin 277x)
277 sin 77x(
is
l)(cos Trt
4 cos
1)
nx)
whenx =
-373^
3'
a relative minimum.
277
3V3
is
v3'
a relative
maximum.
277
Points of inflection: (-0.420, -0.462), (0.420, 0.462), (1, 0), (0, 0)

Intercepts:
(-
1, 0), (0, 0), (1,
x",
(a)/'(x)
The
is
0)
to the origin
a positive
integer.
/j^-'
function has a relative
(b) f"{x)
^^
277
'
-373 373
the First Derivative Test:
64. f{x)
sin l-nx)
Range:
1, 1];
2(cos TTx
277
Critical
(-1,0)
Intercept:
1-
a relative minimum.
Point of inflection: (-1,0)
f\x)
62. f(x)
|;c- 3|
Range: (-00,00)
^;
= nin-
minimum
at (0, 0)
when n
is
even,
when n
is
odd and n >
\)x"-^
The function has
a point of inflection at (0, 0)
3.
0,
1, 0.420.

f =
+ fz
frr
144
16
66. Ellipse:
A =
41"
144
68.
We have
X-
= ^;cVl44 -
+ yi44
2jc^
and
[x, 0),
y- 5 5-0
or
m = 0-47 =
A- x V
Let/U) = l2 =
:i(x
L =
(x,
[c/(b
2;c
50|
X-
4)2
a)]ix
a).
(x
J{x -
4Y-
3/lOO.
yiOO + 4
7100-/3 +
yioo
25
25
12.7 feet
(x,
and {b, c). The equations of the sides of the triangle are y = (c/b)x and
vertex
of the inscribed rectangle. The coordinates of the upper left vertex are
be
a
0)
right vertex of the rectangle
is
{c/b)x. Solving for the .t-coordinate
(b.c)
^l.x-a)
a)x
bijc
b-
lower right vertex
a-b X.
(0.0)
is
(.1,0)
/
(o-ilf*..0)
x x
Width of rectangle: a
Height of rectangle: -rx

b
A =
dA
(see figure)
(Width)(Height)
\c
= [a- ^-j^x -
{"
a\
-Ix^V-'bTb^^^'
Al)
x of the
you get
a-(x-a)
Finally, the
X
=
- 4Y ]
X - 4
X-
(0, 0), (a, 0),
Let
rectangle's upper right vertex,
- 4
The y-coordinate of the upper
{c/b)x).
(b
25.r=
Thus,
(4, 5).
= Owhen.r = Oor^: = 4 +
70. Label triangle with vertices
y =
= 4^2.
4)3
100]
(x
72
= n
-;t
U-
V^
= -Vl44
\2
100^
by y
X - 4
-,
4)3
= 12^2
5x
5x
;c2
fix)
^]
the rectangle are Ix
points (0, y),
x'^
= Owhenx= 772 = 672.
3Lvi44-x-
The dimensions of
jc^
=
-a:-
3LVl44
_
~
= tV144 -
>"
|Vl44 -
(It)!
dA ^41"
dx
1'
bl
;cj(^.v]
ac
lac
kr
(a
T^x = when
- ^xj^x
.r
b
=
2
\%%% = (f)(f) = r^ = %'''] = |(Area of
triangle)
(aO)
443
Chapters
444
72.
You can form a
right triangle with vertices (0, y), (0, 0),
(assuming the triangle
Let fix)
b-0
L^
x^
y^
x^
21
-bx
X
(a2/3
i/^Y +
3a''''3&2/3
{b
.r-r^
</ab^.
l/a^b.
i/^y
+
L2
we have
7^2/3
</a/b, sec 6
L^
-ab 1
- xy\
ijiyr-
^2/3)3/2 meters
^r-rr
3^2/3^4/3
74. Using Exercise 73 as a guide
tan 6
Choosing the nonzero value, we have y
(a^
L,
^2/3
b sec 6
^ sec
Then dL/dd
(a2/3
(Cost per hour)(Number of hours)

'2
^/110\
llv
825
50
^^^^/Vv
dT^
~
dv
11^_ 825
50
v2
11 v^
when
dv^
78. fix)
=x^ + lx+
From
41,250
50v2
when v = V3750 = 25 V^
1650
d'^T
^
~
25 V6 so
61.2 mph.
this
value yields a minimum.
the graph, you can see that/(x) has one real zero.
fix)
3^2
/changes sign
+
in
1, 0].
fi^n)
Xn
/UJ
/'UJ
-0.5000
-0.1250
2.7500
-0.0455
-0.4545
-0.4545
-0.0029
2.6197
-0.0011
-0.4534
On
the interval [-1,0]:
;c
==
-0.453.
col
^2/3)1/2
/,l/3
This matches the result of Exercise 72.
a esc
and
j,2/3)l/2
d.
^2/3
,1/3
(a2/3
7^2/3
esc 6
1-775
^1/3
a CSC d
a esc 9 and Lj
a'/3
76. Total cost
on the hypotenuse
a - X
when x = 0,a +
xy
{a, b)
-bx \2
-^-:
L = J{a +
Choosing a point
2x
2x[{a - xy + ab^]
^=^
=
(a
(x, 0).
-bx
fix)
and
in the first quadrant), the slope is
is
(^2/3
^2/3)3/2^
b sec Oiaa
Q when
= smirx + x
80. Find the zeros of/(jc)

f'(x)
ITX
From
the graph
/U)
/'UJ
0.2000
-0.2122
3.5416
-0.0599
0.2599
0.2599
-0.0113
3.1513
-0.0036
0.2635
0.2635
0.0000
3.1253
0.0000
0.2635
/UJ
/'U)
1.0000
0.0000
-2.1416
you can see that/U) has three
fix
-"^n
real zeros.
^^'"^
/'UJ
/V)
"
f'UJ
1.0000
0.0000
nx)
/'UJ
fix J
"
1.8000
0.2122
3.5416
0.0599
1.7401
1.7401
0.0113
3.1513
0.0036
1.7365
1.7365
0.0000
3.1253
0.0000
1.7365
The
82,
TTCOS
\.
three real zeros of/(.r) are
= V36 -
dx
afy
a:
0.264, x
1,
and x
1.737.
84.
x-
p = 75 - jx
4
736
2^
Ap =
-:<^
;7(8)
p(7)
^5-Ul75
v'^
=5 (it
[Ap =
Problem Solving
2.
dV =
(a)
3x2a[x:
AV =
AV-
(x
for
Chapter 3
= 3x2Ax
Ax)3
;c^
3.t2AA:
3.r(A.t)=
dV = 3x{Axy + (AxY = [3xAx +
(Ax)2]Ax
=
(b) Let
fi
eAjt,
where e >
Av
= -^ - /'(x). Then
Furthermore,
as
Ax ) 0.
eÔ as Ax->0.
Ay dy = Ay - f'ix)dx = eAx.
(Ax)'
o'p
because p
is
linear]
445
446
4.
Chapter 3
Let h{x)
the
fix), which
g{x)
on
differentiable
By
Mean
continuous on
is
h(a)
[a, b).
and h{b)
Value Theorem, there exists c
[a, b]
gib)
and
- fib).
in ia, b)
such that
hib)
h'ic)
Since h '(c)
gib)
b,f"
lax
(b) /'
3ax^
/'(c) >
g '(c)
>0
kyiL
y)
y"
kLy'
2kyy'
, then y"
and b
'
- a >
0,
gib) >fib).
2a
- 2bx +
y'
If
- fib)
a
gib)
-fib)
6. (a) /'
(c)
hja)
c,f"
=6ax +
kLy
No points
i= 0.
= 0=>
One
2y)
this is
a point of inflection because of the analysis below.
++++++
1-
.V":
d =
Let
JWn?,
A
sin d
-.
be the amount of illumination
of the comers, as indicated

kl
(13^
(x2
A'W =
kl
=^
(x^
x^
at
one
in the figure.
Then
klx
sin
(132
x")
169)3/2(1)
.r
+
I
;c2)3/2
I(x2
3xHx^
169
3x^
2x2
169
169)'/2
13
9.19 feet
72
By
the First Derivative Test, this
is
"^
169)'/2(2x)
^^^^,
169)3/2
point of inflection.
3a
IqP-
ky'iL
and
2i
of inflection.
maximum.

T be
10. Let
Let
the intersection of
TM =
X and
TN =
MR
SN
b
- X
- X
SQ =
PQ and RS.
MN be the perf>endicular to SQ and PR passing through T.
Let
X.
SN = -
-MR
X
^^^{MR + PM)
^^^d
= Area = i^. + {(' " 'd)ib -
AW
'x(4x
A'U)=^d
2b)
^^d[x
- 2bx +
[Ix-
4^2
- Ixb =
^'
'
""^'^
2x2
_ 2bx +
tr)'
x^
A \x) =
.)
-2bx +
2x-
2x^
IP-
b7=
Ir
v/2
Hence, we have
SQ =
Using the Second Derivative
12. (a) Let
d =
7=
b/j2
Test, this is a
'-d
= v2
minimum. There
\)d.
is
no maximum.
>
N=
be given. Take
^/m. Then whenever x >
N = Jm,
you have
f(x)
(b) Let
> M.
x~
8 >
be given. Let
Then whenever x >
L\
you have
(c)
.r'
Let E
>
Let 6
If
[fix)
<
be given. There exists
Let x =
-.
N.
< S =
L\
then
- <
X
/(;)-^
=>
>
.v
such that
>
Af
and
|/(.r)
< e whenever
.v
> N.
b-
447
Chapters
448
= J^^Tl? + 7(4 - xY +
14. Distance
-X
V(4 x)2 + 42
= U - 4)742 + ;c2
4
X
f'(x)
x2[16
= f(x)
4^
74^ +
xV(4 -
x)2
8a:
32x2
8^3
x^
42
16]
(x2
j;"
x''
128x
256
+
+
The bug should head towards
fo
16)(16
8;c3
32;c2
;c2)
- 128x + 256
the midpoint of the opposite side.
Without Calculus; Imagine opening up the cube:
The
shortest distance
the line
is
PQ, passing through
the midpoint.
v^^lOOO-^
16. (a) s
hr
km
(b)
18
sec
3600
The distance between
hr
stopping distance.
40
20
60
80
5.56
11.11
16.67
22.22
27.78
5.1
13.7
27.2
44.2
66.4
0.071^2
(c)
0.389i
first
vehicle
the safe
vehicle passes the given
more seconds. Hence,
The
first
is d{t),
point in 5.5/ s seconds, and the second vehicle takes
100
d(s)/s
d{t}
the back of the
and the front of the second vehicle
0.727
(d)
d{s)
5.5
T(s)
0.0715
T'{s)
0.071
0.389
6.227
6.227
r(9.365)
T=
-(O.O7I52
0.3895
0.727)
is
attained
when
9.365 m/sec
9.365 m/sec.
(e)
49.365)
18. (a)
71 +x
f(h) Let f(x}
1.2247
1.4142
1.7321
1.25
1.5
= 71 +
there exists
Ac) =
0.5
271 +
71 +
Using the Mean Value Theorem on the
X.
c,0 < c <
interval [0, x],
x, satisfying
/U)-/(0) _
X +
271 +
<
7m^-
1-1 (because
7l +
>
1).
^^ = 3.37 km/hr
10.597
6.227
0.071
1.719 seconds
The minimum
Thus
9.365 m/sec
CHAPTER
Integration
Section 4.1
450
Section 4.2
Area
456
Section 4.3
Riemann Sums and
Section 4.4
466
Section 4.5
Integration
by Substitution
472
Section 4.6
Definite Integrals
462
479
Review Exercises
483
Problem Solving
488
CHAPTER
Integration
Section 4.1
Solutions to
dx\
XT
dx\
37^
dx\3
4.
=
8.?
ax
'^'
r=
-nG^
C
;>'
Check:
[ttO
C]
10.
12.
J^^
L(a:2
3)
Integrate
]X
-1
^cbc
(jc3
16.
(5
/'
Check:
20.
(x3
/<
-^dx
if
- x)^ =
5x
9V-1
y+
4x
2)rfx
x^
^^
"
-2 + C = r +
+ C =
^x^
2
x'/2
+ C
18.
(4x3
6^2
2x2
Check: -f[x"
ax
_ 1)^ =
+
2x3
+ 2x + C
C =
x3
4x
+ c) =
I
x'/^
2x-
+ C
^) ^ = /(^"^ " r'') "^-Iti^ iQ ^ ^ - '' - ^"' ^ ^
Check: -^f |x3/2 +

dx\Z
450
jx''
9x
- 2x2 + 2x +
Check: 4"
dx 4
22./
+ C
^5^-Y + C'=5-a:
+ C
I/JC"
"J(3^
= x^
Simplify
j + sfyj + C
3x) die
^-3/2
77
Rewrite
2;c-3
Check:
Given
tA/2
ix-'/2
2
= v^ +
-^
2Vx
^4
- x +
2x3
C]
-X+ C
4x3
+6x2-1
Section
24.
i.
(i/x^
Uv^
I
+ l)dx=
i)dx=
(jc^/"
(.
= V/t
dx
1)
+X+
26.
Check: ^f^^^''''
28.
r'"^y
-dx
+ c) =
;c
= 1^-2 +
-1
.x^/"
2x-3
2x~2
"Ir-J
-1
-2
-3
-+
x'^
(2/2
1)^ dt
(4r'
4?^
Check: ^(1,5
2x'^
1)
rfr
4
f3
+ C
2x'
4.
x-2
30.
451
"A + c) = ^
Check: "rl
+C
1^- = /;c-''dx =
dt\5
Check:
dx
3x-'')d:x
X~'
V?
4. 1
1,3
r^
+ C
+ c =
4r*
4/2
(2/2
1)2
3x-'*
jc"
x^
+ 2x-2
X*
32.
1(1
3f)r2d;
j(;2
3/3)
rfr
+ C
|/3
34.
A=
3/
+ C
I''
Check: ^(j/'
36.
sin
Check:
(f2
I
/)
dt
-/^
+ C) =
sec ^(tan
3/'
(1
Check: (3/
3/)/2
=
+
-/^
cos
cos
+ C
+ C =
/2
sec2 e) (ie
= -e^ +
sin
Check:
(-e^ +
tan 6
(e-
tan e
+ c] =
+ c
6-
sec y) dy
(sec
tan
sec2 y)
dy
42.
f-^^?iViv=
-;-(sec
tan y
sec y
C)
tan y
cos-x
+ C
fîT= ff-^yîx
\sin.x/Vsin.x/
J sin-.x
sec y tan v
sec2y
sec y(tan y
sec y)
_,
li r
Check: -H -esc x
esc X cot X
^T
CI
d.x
= - CSC X + C
esc x cot x
dx
cosx
= Jx
46. /'(x)
fU)
cos2x
48. fix)
+ C
cos X
1
+
sin
44. f(x)
sec2 e
dy
C)
38.
Check:
dt
dt\3
40.
/2
I/-*
Sin
Chapter 4
452
50.
= 2U ^
ax
Integration
1)
2x
\2{x
(3)2
= x^-2x-l
l)dx
dy
2,
x^
-x-2-
(1,3)
dx
-2x+ C
+ C => C = -
2(3)
52.
(3, 2)
54. (a)
1.
/- ;c-2cic
= - + C
Y+C=>
C=
=-+
2,
x>0
Ss\ /(2)
(-1,3)
x"
y=j-x+C
3=^-(-l) + C
3
--+
+ C
C=
56. g'(^)
= 6x2,g(0)= -1
g(0)
= -1 =
^(;c)
= 2^3-1
+ C =* C
6s
fis)
\{6s
/(2)
/(i)
= 3*2- 2*^+23
sinx
/'(O)
/(O)
x^
/'(O)
/(O)
= h^ +
x^dx
|.
/'(O)
/'(;c)
= 3^ +
Ci
6^
Ci
Ci
/(;c)
=
\{-x^ + 6]dx = x" +
=10'
/(O)
fix)
x"
Q=3
6j:
C2
6x
+ C2
3^2
2(2)t
2j''
C=
X &
= cos X + C
/'(O)
=-l+Ci
= l=>Ci =
/'(x)
= cos X +
(^)
fix)
/'W =
=
8s^)ds
3(2)2
62. fix)
60. /"(x)
/'W =
2(0)3
58. f'is)
sin
+ C
12-
32
C^C = 23
(- COS X
2)dx
= sinx + 2x+
/(O)
fix)
= -sinx +
C2
2x
=>
Q=6
C2
Section 4.1
64.
^ = k^t,
<
< 10
66. Since/"
dt
Pit)
P(0)
PW
t/c
Pit)
T{150)f3/2
P(7)
100(7)3/2
68. /'to
ait)
ffa'/2A
+ C =
rfa3/2
+ C
500 =>
C=
+ 500 = 600 =>
+ 500 =
0).
on
oo)./' has a relative
i00r3/2
/(0)
ô
(a)
fit)
v(r)
/'(O)
32d?= -32r +
vo
/'(f)
vo
fit)
(-32r +
Since/'
is
oo).
16 ft/sec
= 64
ft
= -16f'+
j(f)
vof
+ 64 =
16f
-I6(t^- f-4) =
yi7
C,
Choosing the positive value,
+ Cj =
= - 16r- +
/(r)
increasing
C,
vo)
dt= -
16f2
VqI
is
at (0, 0).
on (-oo, oo),/is increasing on (-oo,
= -32f +
70. Vo
ig
/(O)
minimum
+ 500 = 2352 bacteria
Wo
co),/'
+ 500
j(0
decreasing on
is
(0,
= 150
-32ft/sec2
C,
Since/' is positive on
500
/'(O)
(0,
positive
A:
negative on (-co, 0),/'
is
(-00,
453
=*
io
Q=
5o
(b)
+ yr?
v{t)
Jo
2.562 seconds.
= -32r+
s'it)
16
+ yn
+
-32^^1
<^)
2
16
-16yi7 = -65.970 ft/ sec
72.
From
Exercise 7 l,/(r)
canyon floor as position
-4.9?^
1600. (Using the
74.
From Exercise
0.)
/(f)
fit)
4.9^2
1600
-4.9f2
200
71, f(t)
= -4.9F +
-4.9f2
vof
2. If
we
solve
Vor
2,
1600
then
-9.8f
Kr)
,
1600
f
7326.53
18.1:
for this
Vo
value. Hence,
=
f
4.9
Vo/9.8 and
-''[ts) ^ "its) ^
(9.8)2
-4.9vo=
+98
= 2o
198
9.8vo2
(9.8)2
198
4.9 vo^
(9.8)2
198
Vo2
3880.8
=>
Vo
= 62.3 m/sec.
454
76.
Chapter 4
V dv
Integration
-GM -dy
r
78. x(t)
R,v--=
GM
-k
GM
7f2
<
3)2
15f
3r2
- Ut +
x'it)
ait)
v'(r)
= 6f-
(b) v(r)
>
(c) a{t)
Vo-
+ C
t^
l)(t
v(r)
(a)
Wheny =
= {t-
when
6t
<
9
15
(3f
5)(r
3)
14
0<r<-and3<?<5.
14
when
-.
GM
GM
^l)-)(l-)-H)-
2^
IGM
=
Vq^
80. (a) a{t)
cos
v{t)
v2
+ 2GM|
e-a
a(t) dt
cos
v(r) rff
sin
dt
sin
/W =
fit)
= - cos
82.
v(0)
-cos(O)
r
sin
(since Vq
0)
+ Cj
sin
45
C,
= - 1 + C2 => C2 = 4
+ 4
f
for
mph = 66
30 mph = 44
ft/ sec
mph = 22
ft/sec
15
= -cos
/(O)
(b) v(r)
f rff
Ci
ait)
= -a
v(l)
= -at +
kir,
0,\,2,.
ft/sec
(a)
66
= 44
22
22
<,6.5)-^3.33ft
66
(b)
y(f)
- 16.5r +
= -|f2 +
66t (Leti(O)
- 16.5r +
66
0.)
22
44
^^^^
v(?)
after car
at + 66 =
moves 132
ft.
.(^) =
66
whenr
2.667
117.33
ft
'
a
(c)
66\ ^
a (66
2\a
661
ait)
= -
v{r)
= - I6.5t +
sit)
?)
33
132 when a
16.5.
73.33
117.33
feet
feet
16.5
-8.25t2
66
66f
It takes 1.333 seconds to reduce the speed from 45 mph to

30 mph, 1.333 seconds to reduce the speed from 30 mph
to 15 mph, and 1.333 seconds to reduce the speed from
15
mph
to
mph. Each time,
less distance
reach the next speed reduction.
is
needed
to
Section
4. 1
/30
84. No, car 2 will be ahead of car
1.
and
If v,(f)
V2(f)
are the respective velocities, then
r30
\v2{t)\dt
>
\v^(t)\dt.
Jo
Jo
86. (a) V
0.6139f3
5.525r"
0.0492f
(Note:
s(6)
88. Let the aircrafts be located 10 and 17 miles
v^(t)
Z:^ r
150
Vg
away from
0.6139?*
,,^
= jvO
v{t)dt =
,,
,^^
(b) i(f)
65.9881
Assume
5.525/^
is initial
(a)
h^ '-
When
aircraft
âUa)
ÂiO =
"A^'-Al
â
?a
150:
lands
150
196.1 feet
the aiiport, as indicated in the figure.
= kgt - 250
Airpon
Sb
time
at
150r.
kg
625
17
aircraft
tg
1 15
SB{tg)=-kgtl-250tg+
'''^
Sît)
= 5,W = ^^t--
150f
10
lands at time tg you have
" 250 = "
U]ti
2Vr
10
i=
" 125-
50
125
= 50(-) = 625 =^
Vgitg)
10
'^
when
250t
you have
r^
125f^
Similarly,
150r^=-10
e-
100
1/50^,
/t^
= ^kg
h-
50
tl
ÎÂ
t'Â 'a
+10
^^,
+ 65.988U
position)
H
Sa(')
0.0492^2
^(0)
455
17
250tg
=>
Ag
135
=
= -
17
365
34
'
135
(b)
20
,.,,/365\
49,275
"
365-
^,,
^,,
49,275,
(c)
.,,
d =
Yes,
90. True
Sgit)
tf
<
92. True
20
s^{t)
3 for
> 0.0505.
3
/
^1
Chapter 4
456
/ has
94. False.
differing
Integration
an
infinite
number of antiderivatives, each
96. j^{s{x)Y
[c{x)i\
2s{x)s'(x)
2c{x)c'{x)
ls{x)c{x)
2c{x)s{x)
by a constant.
=
Thus, \s{x)Y
5(0)
\c{xJY
and c(0)
some constant
k for
1.
c{x)
1, A:
k.
Since,
Therefore,
+ [cixW =
[six)f
[Note that s{x)
sin
1.
x and
cos x satisfy these
properties.]
Area
Section 4.2
2,
^k(k-2) =
3(1)
4(2)
5(3)
6(4)
4.^1=1+1 + 1 = 47
50
^,4y
*=3
60
6.
^[(/ -
I=
1)2
(i
1)3]
(0
8)
(1
27)
(4
64)
(9
125)
238
15
5
10.
l['-(i
"
12.
-y [-(!-')!
18.
2(r-l) = X''-Il
1=1
10
16.
;(2(-3) = 22'-3(15)
15(16)
10
10
/=1
i=l
i=l
45
(=1
rio(ii)(2i)"
195
10
10
10
2*^
1
1)
+ E'
1=1
2^''
1=1
i=l
= 375
10
20.
";sv^
102(11)2
22.
seq(x
03
g(;3 _
r 10(11)
sum
2i)
2x, x,
15, 1)
1,
(15)'('5
14,160
+ ^y _
(71-82)
15 (15
1)
3080
L(15)2(16)2
15(16)
24.
5+4
[5
[4
+4 +
2](1)
16
0](1)
10
26.
2
5+2+1+-+1
55
6
28. 5(8)
+
,
\1
2^. L/l + Û.
5(8)
(0
+ 2)- +
'1
_\1
-a*'Ia*
1+l3
Ul"
2
/!.zU.(yr.z)l
--/^-^
lV2,V3,,,V5,V6,y7
=
+ ^ + ^ + ^+ +-V + -^ + ^+ VIH
4V222
7! 16
222'
v^h
6.038
7 + 2)7 -5.685
4
14
14,160
Section 4.2
3...,5,=.(i)./Tf(i).y
-i
32.
34.
36.
,-
hm
r/64\n(
H^
-r
hm
2^^V^
1)(2
yi6
5(100)
2.05
5(1000)
2.005
5(10,000)
2.0005
3)
79"
4^3
1)
.,
5(10)
1.056
5(100)
1.006566
5(1000)
1.00066567
5(10,000)
1.000066657
lim
y y
n->oo/e^,\
6^
2/1
-^
3/j
5W
n{n
1)2
l)(2n
1)
n4
T-?[33
3
42.
2.5
lim
-(i)
^ 4r ^ + 2- +
" /j4
4
40.
?,n~
3
^
An(n
0.859
\2n^
= -r'
_^
64,.
1)1
^
= -3E(4/- +
1)
_^
=xlim
5(10)
^ APJi-
v^
^ V24 ^
Ifj
-'Di^v-gmi^v-erd
- =
lim
'>iV/2
+\n/
nj
"V
lim
('
Jir[3n'
^Y
(/j
6^2
4/j-
2n^
3n
2]
nA
4 / n(w +
lim
2n-
- 6 -
2]
S{n)
limfl+iU2
n*oo Z\
/I/
2/)-
n->oo /I-",^,
lim
4rn3 + (4)(^?(^^ +
r
2 lim
4(.)(.
2 1
1+2+-2 + -4 + -2 + -^
n->cc L
=21+2+ 4\
/I
26
/I
3n-J
1)(2
+0
Area
457
Chapter 4
458
Integration
2iY
2[i +-)[-] =
2
44.
Urn
2\im -^^{n
nj \nl
2i)
n-oo n^
^
y
2 lim -7
(n^
n->oo n^ i^,
(l+3+-n +
2 1im
n->oo
2 lim
+ 6nH +
+-+
n
10
I2ni^
Si^)
^ + 2+-n + 4
n''
n'-
20
/Ico
46. (a)
Ax =
(b)
3-1
Endpoints:
i<i.iiei<i
(!)
(c)
Since y
is
j:
increasing, /(m,)
1/
= /(j;,_ ,)
i.(.-i)^^
on
[x,^
2g)<..-<,+(,-i)g)<i.g)
,, jc,].
M:[ iM.--i)(^
(d)/(M,.)=/(Ac,)on[;c,_A:,]
(e)
(f)
10
50
100
^W
3.6
3.8
3.96
3.98
5()
4.4
4.2
4.04
4.02
j:
lim
y\\ +0,![-"-
limp
1)
n->oo
,.
= hm
2n
nôo L
lim
^]
nJ
lim
nôo
2/(
1)
")]
\n
^n
n\_
lim [2
+
n
4]
= hm r,4
n\
,.
n-ôa L
21
=4
,
n]
P)^^^l
\n)
2
J
21:^^1=,, [4^21
Section 4.2
48. y
- 4 on
3a;
5W
2/2
Ax =
[Note:
[2, 5].
3A/3
^1-4
3A
27/(/j
3(2
= -
^3(1^2' -12
.18
i=lL
,
Area
SO.
lim S{n)
x^
on
\)n\
27
Note:
[0, 3].
111,
1
,
39
3-0
Ax
*)=i/(?)e)=i,[(!r-B
97
27 n(w
SI. y
1)
x~
on [-
lim S{n)
*oo
l)(2n
w^
Area
-(2)
2/i^
n'^
12
1, 1].
Find area of region over the interval
[0, 1].
Note: A.r
= -
*.=i/e)(M[.-(i)l
=
X(- =
^ ^..
1
n(>z
-1 Area =
lim s(n)
l)(2n
1)
6n^
rv' /e',
- 71/9,3,1
2 + - +
n
n6\
12
- t = -
4
Area
54.
>'
Ix:
x3
on
[0, 1].
[Note: Ax
Since y both increases and decreases on
lV-lv-3 = "(" +
1
Area
lim T(n)
n->oo
4n
=1-74 = 74
4n-
= -j
T(n)
[0, 1],
1)
is
neither an upper nor lower sum.
"Hn +
1)'
-x
Area
459

Chapter 4
460
56. y
)?
Integration
^ oni-
[Note: Aa:
1, 0].
^^ = -j
.)=i/(-.4)(î[(-V-(-i)i
iW^'i^f-'m-^-nrn:'-74;
"*"
In
2
,-
Area
58. gCy)
Sin)
= hm
4n2
=^y,2<y<4.
=
2n
4
7
.
2--5 + --j
= T:r
s{n)
33
(Note:
Ay =
^^^
= -
60. f(y)
2 ^(2
^W
4y-yM <y
Area
/;(
1)
lim S{n)
4.i-
"
2+1=3
=
+
^3n+^^
n\_
n
+
Area
4
/;(>)
<
1, 1
>-
< 2 Note: Ay = I
n'
/^[ \
In
(
,
nKn
+ IP
lim Sin)
n -trjj
+\Y
1
n'^
n24
Area
(n
lim S{n)
1)
l)(2n
(n
3 (
1)
l)(2n
n^
= ^
7+l+|
4
2
4
1)(2
3(n
2/i
1)
1)
^
+
3 n{n
1)
n{n
1)
i = ii
3
")=IX'+^)(i)
12
62.
,.i
12
= -
= E/(i+f)(i
1
<2. f Note: Ay =
l)(2n
1)
Area
Section 4.2
64. fix)
Let
=x^ + 4x,0 <

c,
Xi
X < 4,n
= L
< X < -, n = 4
sin X,
x.
Let
Aj:
66. f{x)
c,
C;
.77
-, c.
Area=|;/(c,)Ax=
^^r
4c,](l)
Area
^-^^'''^
=
i")^(!-)-(f-)^(f-*
^= E
^2+
on
77-/'
[2, 6].
12
16
20
Approximate area
2.3397
2.3755
2.3824
2.3848
2.3860
70. fix)
cosv/x on
12
16
20
1.1041
1.1053
1.1055
1.1056
1.1056
[0, 2].
n
Approximate area
72. See the Definition of Area. Page 259.
74. fix)
=l/x,Q < X <
10
20
50
100
200
sin)
10.998
11.519
11.816
11.910
11.956
Sin)
12.598
12.319
12.136
12.070
12.036
Min)
12.040
12.016
12.005
12.002
12.001
(Note: exact answer
76.
is
12.)
78. True.
a.
A =
3 square units
Vtt
(^'" ^^^
377
77
Stt
53
68. /(x)
Stt
77
(Theorem
4.3)
-577
777\
461
Chapter 4
462
80. (a) d
Integration
lir
=-
(b) sin
A=
(c)
A =
rsin 6
-bh
-r~
n\ -r~
sm
Let.r
2Tr/n.
lim A
r-n
27r\
sin
2it
sin
-nr-^f
lir/n
As > oo, x > 0.

lim Trr-
n-oo
82. (a) J]2i
-i^
= - =
n
-r{r sin 9)
irr^l)
jr->0
= n(n+
1)
The formula
is
true for
Assume
the formula
is
tliat
1:
1(1
true for n
1)
The formula
P(1
k:
true for n
is
+ 1P
4
^2i = k{k+
1).
Assume
k+l
Then we have
^
I
2i
= ^2/ +
k{k
= {k+
Which shows
that the
1)
l)(/t
formula
2(/t
because
that the
formula
e{k +
1)2
k+\
1)
Then we have
2)
true for
is
is
true for
k:
1)
2(A:
_4_
A:
^
i=l
k
i^
= "^P +
k\k +
{k
1)
;=1
1)2
1.
()t
1)3
4
ik
1)2
{k^
^^
ik 4- 1)2
ik
which shows
Section 4.3
2. f(x)
=l^,y =
Riemann Sums and

0,x
= 0,x=l,c^ =
i^
Ax,
/(c,) Ax,
n-.cc ,^j
lim
/;3 r^,-2
^^
T
XV
V n^
n->os ,^j
=
=
3t
^2(3'-'-
lim
n2(
^; 4.
3''
"1
T^
lim
n->oo
3(2
1)3
n-"
lim
Definite Integrals
1)2
6n3
J njn +
l)(2n
1) \
n(n
n
3n*
32
lim
2n^
/Z
3/2"
n^
3n^
+ n
n-
n
]
J
"^
4
lim
1oo
that the
2
2-|
1-3
2
1
1) 1
formula
is
+
+
true
4(k
1)]
2)2
foTn
k+
Section 4.3
4.
>>
on [-2,
JT
Note:
3].
- (-2) _
Ax =
2/W^,= 2/(-2.^B
6.
Ix'^
on
j:a:x=
[l, 3].
(Note: Ajc
n-ôo
-,o.iy,
-,o.f(,.i).î
=2
2n/
- +
lira
nôo \2
as
2U.|)(5)
-,.(|)*fil
3-1
2
>0 as
ôo
2A/2
n i\n
X3
liVIl
n
\n
+1)
4 n(n
8.
3x=
4 (n
::
2 on [-
|/Wi.,
12
_^
12(n
1, 2].
(Note:
Ax
15
27(n
(4
Jo
lim [15
n ->oo
15
,/e,
on the
>oo
^K2
1)
27 n(n
1)(2
1)
3]
1) _^
27
27
(n
27^^^^ +
/I
+ Djln +
1)
'
V6c,(4- qpAt, =
lim
IAI-.0
>0 as
1)
+-1 +2
3(-l
18 n(n
2-(-l)_3
3n
2)..
1)(2
26
4{n
1)
3|l-^
10.
1)
::
|/(-i.f)(2
is
.'"= +
l)(2n
6+12^^ + 4(^îl%l^
3x'dx = lim
"I
^k_feM)l
2
n'
27 = 15
6x(4-x)2dr
12.
on the
interval [0, 4].
2x)
vfAKv,
lim
^dx
Jo
(ic
16.
f'x- dx
Jo
18.
interval [1. 3].
r/4
(it
20.
t:
tan
Jo
X dx
463
Chapter 4
464
Integration
{y-2Ydy
22.
26. Triangle
24. Rectangle
Jo
A =
bh
A=\bh =
2(4)(a)
|(4)(2)
4dx = â
J -a
5-
-S^ Rectangle
24-
":
pmm
f
-a
-.
32. Semicircle
30. Triangle
28. Triangle
A = ^bh =
|(8)(8)
x)dx
A =
32
|m
A =
32
A =
^(2a)a
x\)
^Trr^
fy
A=
dx-- a^
Jo
r^
a,.
- x^dx--
u
Semicircle
*^
jpy^''
'4
r4
x^dx
r4
= 60,\xdx = 6,\dx =
2.
J2
Jz
^3^ =
36.
r4
38.
r4
(a:3
4)a:r
+ 4 Lie = 60 +
4(2)
40.
68
f{x) dx
= \f{x)dx+ \f{x)dx = 4 + (-1) =
Jo
(b)
Jo
f(x)dx= -(-1) =
\f{x)dx=
44. (a)
(b)
= 30
2;i:
jc^)^
=6
fix)
fix)
dx=
dx-
dx
6(2)
21 xdx
2(6)
fix) dx
- i-5) =
-J
(c)
(d)
fix)
dx=0
-5fix)
dx= -5\
(c)
fix)
dx= -5i-l) =
3/(;c)
dx
3fix) dx
(d)
Jo
3j
= 3\
Jo
fix) dx
fix)dx
x^dx
- 60 = -36
f(x)dx- ifix)dx =
r4
r4
/4
(6
42. (a;
15(2)
/4
("4
Legate
15dx=l5\ dx=
3(0)
3(5)
15
0-5
10

Section 4.3
46. (a)
+ 2]dx =
[f(x)
Jo
(c)
48.
fix)
The
f{x) dx
A=2
right endpoint
fix) dx
2dx =
Jo
4+ 10= H
(b)
Jo
2(4)
(/ even)
approximation will be
(d)
less than the
50.
<
actual area:
f(x
J-2
+ 2)dx=
1>
\x\/x
uous on [
is
integrable
There
is
on [
1, l],
but
is
discontinuity atx
not contin-
0.
//
;c
2.)
if odd)
The average of Exercise 39 and Exercise 40

trapezoidal approximation, and
1, 1].
(Let
4-
Jo
fix) dx
area:
52. fix)
f(x) dx
465
is
consists of a
greater than the exact
>
54.
To see
that
dx
bounded by
< 1. You see
integrable, sketch a graph of the region
is
fix)
\x\/x
and the
.t-axis for
<
.x
*-'
that
the integral equals 0.

b.
-i
1^
square units
1-
dx
>
56.
Jo
1:
2'
3:
Area
c.
sin
5!
,r
6:
7:
8;
-1^-
12
16
20
Lin)
7.9224
7.0855
6.8062
6.6662
6.5822
Min)
6.2485
6.2470
7.2460
6.2457
6.2455
Rin)
4.5474
5.3980
5.6812
5.8225
5.9072
60.
A=
27.
dx
Jo
12
16
20
Lin)
2.8186
2.9985
3.0434
3.0631
3.0740
Min)
3.1784
3.1277
3.1185
3.1152
3.1138
Rin)
3.1361
3.1573
3.1493
3.1425
3.1375
64. True
62. False
f..v^ ...(/;...-)(/;
'x
dx
66. False
i:
dx = 6

Chapter 4
466
68. f(x)
Xq
Integration
sin;c, [0, 2Tr]
0, Xy
TT
, Xj
TT
TT
LIT
377
3-M
-3
/(c,) .y.,
1T,X^
2t7
-3.
^2
'2.TT
TT
-'"6'
X2
~r,
/(f)
Ax,
^, +
/(f)
/(l^)
^X,
/(f)
Ax,
=(i)(f)^(f)te)^(f)(f)^(-)(^)-o70.
To
find /o
dx- use a geometric approach.
It
1
Thus,
ldjc= 1(2 -
1)
1.
Jo
The Fundamental Theorem
Section 4.4
2. f{x)
of Calculus
cos X
4. fix)
TT
r2
cosxdx =
Jo
\.v =
[3v];
|V3 + 4)
10.
-I
(3jc2
= .tV2 - X
(fv
+ 5x-
3(7)
A)dx
3(2)
--v^
4v
5x2
x3
fH-20 -(-6 +
3
4x
2
= [i.-f,2];_
-i:('-z^)-[^î:
X dx
15
27
45
12
12.|V-90..
,rV2
38
9\
/I
2/
V4
;=(i-,)-(.-iu-.
8)
-f
1+2-^
is
negative,
-z
Section 4.4
_ (yz3)4] =
v'/3rf, = gv^/3]'^^ = l[(yr3)4]
^dx= J2\
x''/^dx
= [272^1* =
72(2)x'/2l*
- 2v^
^f
20.
(2
- t)Jtdt =
f (2f>/2
U2/3
^,
r3/2)
r|,3/2
467
= [7^(20 -
1^/2!^
<--)=
6r)l^
22.
^^^
J-8
= I
Cix
2^
dx
;c5/3)
2j_8
3
^n
80
;24
24.
{I
- \x-l\)dx=
(6
jc)
= -^(39) + (144) =
80'
'
15;c)
'
+ {x-?,)]dx+
[i
[3
(x
80'
^5^^
80
(&
3)]
cit
.2.
[-f]
/9
I2"4)-
(24-
4+16-18
26.
fV^ -
4;c
ir
\\x^Jo
Jo
[j
3)
dx
- \\x^ -
Ax
I)
dx
+ \\x^ -
.^3
2x2
3;c
3j
(9
18
Ax
3)
*^P'
dx
J3
Ji
Ax
^
~
Zx~
9)
-":
x"
3x
2x-
+ f| -
"P
1-
*e
integral at the zeros
3)
3x
(y -
32
12
(9
18
9)
=T-0+T+T-0=4
3
3
3
7T/4
de=
28.
COS' e
Jo
de =
r-^n
yn
csc^ x) dx
30.
(2
32.
\2. +
34.
P= -
cos
r
I
t)
dt
\2x
[r^
cotxl
sin rj^;;^^
s[nddd =
-- cos e
A =
(1
-;c')atc=
x-
-]7r/2
yi'^
(ir
0)-(f+l)=f-l=^
(f + ^
"
(t
"
'
--(0 =
-
1T
36.
Jo
1)
--
63.7%
38.
A =
\dx = -Ji-t-
40.
A =
(.T
sin x)
dx
\-i
cos
.v
-)
'""""'"'*
"
A-Ji
= -^ +
2
=^
2
Chapter 4
468
42. Since y
>
Integration
on
Area=
[0. 8],
(1
= X +
x^'^)dx
>
44. Since y
-x^l^
on
-(16)
20
Jo
46.
[0, 3],
- x^dx
(3x
y?
3^9
r
I
^=4.?
= 4
2
2
-^dx
2;c2
/(c)(3
1)
= 4
2-
I-I
c
r77-/3
cos
48.
j:
(ic
1.6510
-|7r/3
sin
= V3
j:
50.
3
J-^/3
J-,r/3
= ^1 ---
^d!x
= 2f(l
+x-2)dtc
26
3
cos '^-
373
277
c^ 0.5971
f'^
52.
,v
(it/2)
cos A dx
Ojo
Average value
'2
1"'^
.77
Jo
sinx
2
77
2
77
cos
j:
2
77
0.881
fix)dx
54. (a)
fix) dx
= Sum of the
|(3
1)
areas
|(1
2)
|{2
1)
(3)(1)
(b)
Average value
(c)
A =
= i'
(6)(2)
Average value
= 20
20
"7"
\a.
2.
--
12
12 14
7-1
10
~;~
63
= 2L
Section 4.4
56,
fix) dx
^f
I
f{x) dx
- (-1.5) =
3.5
=
=-
60. Average value
P = 5(7f +
/(x)
U^
1
tic
-(3.5)
62.
0.5833
-2(-1.5)
3.0
ôjy
2\
'^
'-!
"
_
"
2kR3
30'
155
157.071
158.660
160
161.180
162.247
profit
QC4 150
Average
fix) dx
Jo
Jo
- 2fix) dx = -ll
58.
5.0
(a)
fix) dx
Jo
Jo
64.
(area or region B)
7(155
6
157.071
158.660
160
161.180
162.247)
-.
==
159.026
6.5
(b)
(c)
66. (a)
5(7f +
Ij
The
= ^ si^^'- +
30) dt
954.061
30r
159.010
J5.0
definite integral yields a better approximation.
R =
2.33f^
14.67f3
l.61i^
70.67r
Rit) dt
(c)
Jo
2.33f5
14.67;*
3.67f^
70.67f-
100
(b)
181.957
68. (a) histogram
,.
18--
16-14-12
123456789
(b) [6
(c)
12
Using a graphing
Nit)
15
utility,
-0.084175f3
14
2]60
0.63492r2
0.79052
11
(83)60
= 4980 customers
you obtain
4.10317.
(d)
Nit)dt'^ 85.162
(e)
Jo
The estimated number of customers
(f)
Between 3
p.m.
and 7
p.m.,
the
is
(85. 162)(60)
number of customers
is
5110.
approximately
Nit) dtjieO)
Hence, 3017/240
12.6 per minute.
(50.28)(60)
3017.
469
470
Chapter 4
Integration
"
70. F{x)
+ 2t-2)dt =
i^
B-'
J+
2r
_2
;c2
2;c)
(4
+4-
4)
It
F(2)
F(5)
^4 +
;c2
4-4-4 =
2;c
Note: F(2)
25-10-4=
ifi
2) dt
167.25
F(8)
72. Fix)
^4 + 64-16-4=
P-2
-^dt=-
1068
P2t-^dt =
ll
F{1)
44-
F(5)
=^4=-^=--
F(8)
_
~
64
_
^
15
-pr
9^9= -cose
sin
2-
1.4161
cos 5
0.7163
cos 8
1.1455
Fil)
-cos
F(5)
F(8)
tif-
dr
1)
cic
(b)
4_u
P..=
(b)f
t) rfr
1^
1,
x^
_^/2
cos;c
;c
;c(jc2
-x^
2
16
rff
rl/2
x^
=
4^(;c2 +
2)*
1)
80. (a)
f.3/2_|.|,3/2_8)
1x3/^
F(x)
-.X*
82.
(r^
Jo
Jo
78. (a)
= -cos j: + cosO =
Jo
Jo
76. (a)
64
74. Fix)
X^
(b)
84.
Fix)
sec
tan
t (it
Vtrft
[sec X -
s
sec
F'(x)
x2+
ifx
sec X
2]
sec
ir/3
X tan X
86. F(x)
F'(x)
Jv3
V3
sec'
Jo
F'(x)
sec'x
t (if
Section 4.4
,>.,4g>o
n,) =
F\x)
Alternate solution
F{x)
t^dt
t^dt+
= -)
F'(x)
r3.. =
Alternate solution:
91. F{x)
I
I
[^l
F'(.r)
[-^]; =
(x^)~\2x)
fidt+
Jo
90. Fix
.)
471
t^dt
dt
Jo
= -(-xn-l) +
{x^)
^ 4^ F'W = 2.-
2x'
sin d-c
e-dd
Jo
F'ix)
sin (x2)2 (2x)
Zrsinjc"
94. (a)
(b)
gix)
(c)
Minimum
of ^
(d)
Minimum
at (10, 6).
(e)
On
(f)
Zeros of g: x
at (6,
-2
-4
-6
-3
10
- 6).
Relative
maximum
at (2, 2).
12
[6, 10]
96. (a) g{t)
lim
= 4 g(t)
increases at a rate of
i,x
3.
&.
(b) A{x)
4-1).
= 4
4r
r->oo
4>
+- =
4.t
+--
t]\
= 4
4x-
lim A(x)
X>o<:
8.T
+ 4
4(.t
= lim4.r +
x->o<: \
1)-
--8=oo + 0-8
.t
The graph of A(x) does not have a
98. True
oo
horizontal asymptote.
100. Let F{t) be an artiderivative of/(r). Then,

iti
J-i-(-t)
/(f) dt
uW
d^
/(f) dt
dx
Rv(.r))
F{t)
F(,u{x))
4-c)
^f(v(.t))
F'(v(.t))v'(x)
F{u{x))
u(x)
F'(M(:t))'(^)
= f(v(,x))v\x) - f{u{x))u\x).
472
Chapter 4
Integration
f(t)dt ds
102. G{x)
Jo
Jo
G(0)
(a)
ds
fit) dt
(b) Let Fis)
G"(x)
(c)
=X
/(f) dt.
Jo
Jo L Jo
fix)
G(x)
\fit)dt
= 0-/(0)+
(d) G"(0)
F(5) ds
Jo
Jo
fit)dt
= Q
G'(x)
Fix)
G'(0)
o(
Jo
104. xit)
= it-
x'(r)
3f-
Dit
14f
Using a graphing
3)2
r'
7^2
15r
15
utility,
Total distance
\dt
27.37 units
Jo
Section 4.5
\figix))g'ix)dx
2.
+ \dx
|xV;c3
sec
4.
2;c
tan
6.
I^^dx
8.
[u^
Check:
../,(1 -
10.
2;c
^
ax
dx
(x^
9)"
2x2)'/3(-4x)
<fe
||"(x3
|x(4x2
5)''d:t
^[(xL+ili
du = g'ix)dx
gix)
2d:x
15
3)3
(4x2
+
32
dx
5)4(3x2)
+ C
dx
= ^2 - mix)
5(x3
+ c
|(1
2x2)i/3(-4x)
l^^^y^
3
5
5)^(3x2)
5[
+ C =
x3
+ 5)V
3)4-
(1
2x2)i/3(-4x)
"^
^^^-Js^
15
3)4
9)3
2x2)''/3
+ C =
^ = M (4x2 +
Check:
otc
(2x)
^(1
j:
+ C
4(^2
+ C
2x2)4/3
dxl
14.
'
Check: -^ ^(1 -
Check:
2x
../.xÛ' +
COS
9)3(2;c)
=xlfit)dt
Jo
Jo
3)3(8j,)
4(4x2
^=i
+
(4x2
3)3(8;t)
32
.,c =
(^î^ + c
32
x(4x2
3)3
/Wdr =
Section 4.5
16.
ft'VFT5dt
t^VFTldt = ^f{
tI (r +
I
Check:
18.
S.
7(r*
5)3/2
mV^ + 2du
2 ^" = ~\{u^
V3
T ("^ +
'^7)5^ =
'
5)i/2(4f3)
(f
^^'''^ "^
5)'''2(t3)
2)'/2(32)
+ c] =
20.
1 (f* +
+ c
\^^^jp^ '^^^h''^
5)'/2(4r3) dt
rftt
|(3
+C=
^r^'
2)'/2(3=)
(3
+ C =
^J(l+^")-W)^=4(l+^)"'
'
+ C
2)'/2(=)
^^j + c
x^
Check:
dx
2^-
(1
4/('^ -
/(T6^'^ =
^
Check:
dx 3(16
x^
24.
-|[^^^^]
-^)-=(-3-)^v =
(16
1(1+
ym? + c
dx
--(1
2
+ C
3(16 -x3)
x^r-
/I
x^)'/-
v^
1/2
+.v4)-'/2(4.v3)
= --=^==
VTT^
r'26.
/['-i5V]-=/('-H-=f-l(9-=?-^^-- 9x
Check:
<&
Check:
30.
^-r' + C
C]
(i'/2
^[V^ +
y-^-T^'it =
_.
^
2f3/2)
|f3/2
|rV2
+ c=
Check:
Check:
2
f3/2
4
+ 1^/2 + c
;l/2
*i?
2r3/2
+ C
+c]=|(-l)(16-x3)-2(3x2)=
x^)
/^-i/'
Check:
+ x^P
2f2
^^^''-(5
6f)
+ C
+ C
473
474
34.
Chapter 4
2773^(8
Integration
= iTrU^y -
f/^) dy
477 -r.
Check:
14
y3/2)
f'^) dy
d_
+ c
dy
dy
1.
= ItUy^ -
^fA
-^7/2 + C =
277(4/
j;
(277)')(8
y^/z)
4
--dx
Vx^ -
8a:
+ r
y?)-^l\Zx^) dx
_ ior(i+^3)iî
+ C
l-nfl'^
X38.
= y|(l +
\6TTy
dx
^(14 - y^/^)
+ C =
1/2
-8x+
{x^
20
^yrT^
+
l)'/2
+ C
1/2
(b)
40. (a)
V-
M^'^SM
M^?W
V';c2
^ cos
;i:
8;c
+ C
x^, (0, 1)
cos x^ dx
= \
cos(j:2)2x
dx
+ C
sin (x^)
-I--3-
(0, 1):
= - sm(0) + C => C =
= - sinU^) +
42.
46.
5.
I
J
48.
^=
4^:^ sin;i^^
4^3
sin a:^
sin x^ ctr
sec(l
/^
/Vtanlc
50.
52.
^'V
Jcos^x
(sin
x^){2x)
(
x) tan(l
dt
^=
;c
cos 6x
6xdx
dx
= -\
= sin
(cos
{<
6j:)(6) dx
6;t
+ C
x)
dx
= -- cos x^ + C
dx
- [sec(l =
-/'
^^
C=
jc)
;c\/l
dx
2jcsc^
2/V2
tan(l
-(tanx^/^
{cosx)-\-smx)dx = -
54.Jcsc2(f)^ =
44.
= -
sec^
= -cosx^ + C
sin;d(4x3) dx
I)
dx
-sec(l
x)
+ C
+ C
^
-2
= -2 cot - + C
(f)
x)]{-
+ C=
r- +
2cos2x
56. /(j:)
C=
-sccâ:
2
77
+ C
sec 77X tan
nxdx =
sec 77X
-I""
Since /(1/3)
f(x)
sec 77X
=
-
sec(77/3)
1.
C,
+ C
C = - 1.
Thus
5%. u
= 2x+
= -(u-
\,x
xjlx +
dx
1),
]rdu
60. M
dx =
\hu - \)^]-du
\\^{u'''-u''')du
X,
475
Section 4.5
= 2-M, iit= du
\{x+ \)J2 - xdx= -
-m)v^ du
(3
= -
(3u
'
3/2
)rftt
= -(2tt3/2-|5/2)+c
2m3/2
3/2
{5
+ \y'\6x -
2)
+ C
1)
+ C
(2;t
l)V2[3(2x
1)
30
= ^{2x +
62. Let u
= X +
4,
3^(2r
du
4,
l)3/2(3;c
5]
= -|(2 -
64. u
dx.
t^t-
=
dt=
4,
= |(2'/'-7M-'/2)d
|m3/2
14l/2
jm'/2(2
= ->A +
;-VFT4(2x -
x^
x2(x3
66. Let
8, rfM
8)2 ate
68. Let M
70. Let M
.r^,
(x^
^[(64
2x-, c/m
v-m^
4)
13)
+ c
21]
+ C
8)2(3^2) die
8)3
4x
- (-8 +
8)3]
J--
41,472
.t2)'/2(-2v)
cfe
= r-|(l -
.X'V
:>-r;
dx.
^^1 p
'
(1
4jo
(1
rfu
4)m'/3
4)m
;c)3/2(;c
3)
+C
dtt
+4l/3)d
^'/3
=jit-
= ^r -
= -Ixdx.
du
= -||"
rff
iu
x^V^^dx
C
Jo
+C
34/3
+ C
3^/3
3^^ dx.
= ^
=
+ C
4[2(-T
4,
,4/3
+ C
21)
m)
= -j(2-xm5-(2-x)] + C
+C
lx-)-'/-(4.r)d:r
= ^71 +
[i-
li
^-i=l
1)
4)''/3[(r
4)^/3(f
+ C
-
4)
3)
7]
+ C
+ C
Chapter 4
476
72. Let
Integration
du
.x\
2xdx.
xi/4Tl(^
xi/4 + x'^dx
dx =
^\
- L
2x
When ;c =
1,
rfu
dx=\^{4 +
x^y/^{2x)
x^Y'^
A, x = -( +
5,u
v4
J,
^(S''/^
4*/3)
= L When x =
72F^M
Ji
^Jo
74. Let H
(4
i-\
Jo
^[f^(27)
1).
9.
- 3.619
^^
2
4ji
- (I +
2(3))
4LV3
26
3
,6.
;v . cos,)* =
=
78. u
Whenx =
A =
-2, m
(sin
j:
When a: =
0.
si,]:;;
(f
,)
die
6,
dM
2x,
(m
2)2
34rfM =
cos
+ - sin 2x
j:
x^^x +
esc
2(ic
73\) _
517^
f .f
_^
2-73
(m'/3
44/3
4l/3)
,0/3
il7/3
34/3
2Ar
cot 2x dr
=2
p/4
J
= -
esc 2jccot 2jr(2) dx
7.581
86.
^/:
xVx -
1 otc
"1^/4
J
=-
- esc 2;c
L
2J^/i2
Jo
67.505
J,r/12
88.
J-ir/2
si
sin2xatt
= LO
.^
90.
sin
X cos X
ate
otc
(sin x)' (cos
r + Q
x ate)
~
= sinxcosxiic=
sinxcosxdr
(cosx)'( sinxatc)
(1
sin^x)
C,
^sin^_l
(-2
They
differ
by a constant:
2=
C,
4752
35
iic.
J7r/12
84.
rnM
Area
Jo
Jo
cos 2x) dx
'tt^
(g
8.
Jo
82. Let
= du
dx
2,
;C-3/^rT2
(
J-2
Area
80.
2,
[f
Section 4.5
92. f{x)
X cos x
sin^
even.
is
rnn
w/Z
sin^ ^ccos
j:
dx
dx
sin^ j:(cos x)
sin
j:
cos x
odd.
is
rir/2
sin
X cos j: A: =
-ir/2
J-%
Jo
-7r/2
94. /(a:)
fsin^
-0
_2
3
rir/4
96. (a)
s
sin
dtc
since sin x
is
symmetric to the
origin.
J-ir/4
rn/4
J-T/i
j:
xdx = 2\
J-V2
p/2
cos
X cos
sin
tic
.r
Jo
-1^/2
since cos
jr
is
symmetric to the y-axis.
=2
xatc=2sinjc
Jo
= v^
2 sin X
Jo
(d)
-|Tr/4
A=
r-r/2
cos
cos
Jo
r-^/2
(c)
r-w/i
xdx = 2]
COS
(b)
since sin( j:) cos( j:)
= sin
j:
cos x and hence,
is
symmetric
to the origin.
J-Tr/2
98.
(sin
3x
cos 3x) dx
J-w
100. If
sin 3j: lic
cos
/t(100
3xdx =
dx
= "T (5 ^1'
104.
r)^
A:(100
tf dt
(2(100)
<2(r)
Q(0)
= --(100 -
f)'
x2)3(-2x)
R =
A ==
+
3.121
4P
--|3(i.
2.399 sin(0.524f
1.377)
+ C
= C =
= -jdOO -
tf
= -j(100)3 =
Thus, Q{t)
2(100
2,000,000
tf.
=>
When t =
/t
Relative
minimum:
(6.4, 0.7) or
June
Relative
maximum:
(0.4, 5.5) or
January
= -6
50, 2(50)
(b)
$250,000.
R{{) dt
if"
(b)
70
y?(f)
Volume
flow: /?== 61.713 at
[(18.861, 61.178)
is
9.36.
a relative maximum.]
^f
T-(13)
R{i)dtI
Maximum
37.47 inches
Jo
(c)
106. (a)
3x
(a)
Q{t)
= sin
cos 3x
3j; dx
tic
21
Jo
J-TT
- x^,thendu = -2x&and'/'
\x{5 - x^f
^=
102.
J-TT
4.33 inches
1272 (5 thousand of gallons)
477
Chapter 4
478
108. (a)
Integration
"
(b)
is
normegative because the graph of/ is positive
at the
beginning, and generally has more positive sections than

negative ones.
(c)
The
on g
points
that correspond to the
extrema of/ are
(d)
points of inflection of g.
No, some zeros of/,

an extrema of
after
(e)
g.
^^-^
g{t)
is
that of
shifted 2 units
downward.
/U) dx
Jo
dx+
f(x)dx+
fix)
I
Jo
f(x)dx
f
hit).
Jtt/I
110. False
Lix^ +
l)2(fa
11
(;c2
dx
l)(2;c)
îx^
l)^
+ C
112, True
*
sin
j:
dx
cos x\ = - cos
Ja
cos a
= - cos(fe +
2 tt)
cos a
sin
114. False
1
sLn^
2x:cos2xdx
cos 2xdx
= -\
116. Because /is odd, /(-At)

ra
(sin 2x)2(2 cos 2x)

(sin
fix) dx
-/(jc).
fix) dx
= -(
fix) dx
fix)dx+ \fix)dx.
Jo
Let x = u,dx= rfM

0.
+
Jo
Jo
When X = Q,u =
Then
fa
J-a
in the first integral.
When x = -a,u =
a.
fix)dx= - \fi-u)i'du) + \fix)dx

I
J~a
Jo
Jo
= -\ fiu)du+ \fix)dx==0
Jo
r'- + C = -
Jo
(sin2x)'
1
= --
ro
J-a
dx
21
sin^
2x
tt/2,
ir/l because /remains
The graph of h
like
+ C
do not correspond to
The graph of g continues
j:
lie
above the
to increase
j:-axis.
Section 4.6
Section 4.6
2. Exact:
479
f(f
x^
Uc =
1.1667
75
= -1.1719
64
i.4|M:.i).2(M)!,,),4(l.i).g.i
Simpson's:
4. Exact:
1.1667
0.5000
Trapezoidal:
2(i)"
l+4|i)= +
Simpson's:
+ i].0.5004
12.0000
6. Exact:
iG dx =
Trapezoidal:
^[0
.^ otc
Simpson's:
== :^[0
+ 2^2 +
Jo
8. Exact:
2^/2
(4
23/3
Simpson's:
10. Exact:
2
jc2)
12. Trapezoidal:
Simpson's:
dx
(4
x^)dx
^ ^3 +
x^) a[r
=-
2]
11.7296
4,
'
1)3/2
2(0)
2]
11.8632
-0.6667
2 4
1)
iJ]
4(4-f
i(53/2
= -0.7500
-0, 6667
3.393
A =- Ifo + 2(^)^(1/2)-
J-
JoTrn?
1.402
dx
etc
=7
=6L
+ 2(i)yFTT + 2(|)v(3/2)^ +
+ 4[ijV(l/2)2 +
+ 2(l)VPin' + 4f|jV(3/2)- +
+ 2v'2^"+T -
21
\vi +
1
27FTTJ -
^1
xV^lH'aLc =
jov/m?
utility:
2 4
(.^
"3
+ 4(4
x^x^ + \dx = -
xjx- +
Trapezoidal:
Simpson's:
(4
+ 2^5 + 2^6 + 2^7 +
23/4
4^ + 2i/4 + 4^5 + 2i/6 + 4i/l
Trapezoidal:
Jo
Graphing
4(f
-I-
vvi +
=) + 2(^=1=
(1/2)3/
=
(1/2)
vTTTs
\jY+
1
ym3/
1.397
2'
Vl +
+
(3/2)3/
(3/2)3/
\vi +
1.405
3.457
3.39
Chapter 4
480
Integration
^xsmxdx =
14. Trapezoidal:
V'^nw,
16
n/2
f^-iÂ^-, f^-CÂA.-, f^-PA^r.
1.430
"tt
Jx sin xdx'=^ -
Simpson's:
Graphing
utility
24
.12
1.458
1.458
77/4
16. Trapezoidal:
\\J A)
0.271
V^V4
Wv
tanCv2^
Simpson's:
tan
12
tan(^)%
4
/
V
tanf^^)^ .
V
4 tanf^^//^)^
4
y
V
W^V
tanf
4/.
Q.l'il
Graphing
0.256
utility:
J-ir/2
Vl + zos^xdx'- -^v/^ + 2Vl +
cos^dr/S)
+ 2Vl +
cos2(Tr/4)
+ 2Vl +
cos2(37r/8)
l]
1.910
Vl + cos2A:dx:^v/2 +4Vl +
cos2(7r/8)
+2^1 +
cos2(tt/4)
+ 4V1 +
cos2(37r/8)
l]
1.910
16
J-7r/2
24
Graphing
1.910
utility:
r sinj:
.J,
20. Trapezoidal:
^gJM
Simpson's:
ttF,
+
-
2sm(7r/4)
7;^
^^
Jo
Graphing
dx
2 sin(7r/2)
7^^-^
^ iji'Ml) ^ 2sin(^ ^
I2L
7r/2
7^/4
1.852
utility:
22. Trapezoidal: Linear polynomials
Simpson's: Quadratic polynomials
24.
f(x)
fix)
=
X
-1
+ 1)^
(x
2
1)3
-6
f"U) =
ix
{x
/'W =
1)"
24
f'Kx) =
(x
+ ly
(a) Trapezoidal:
Error
<
,.,-^.
1
f"{x)
is
maximum
(h) Simpson's: Error
since /**"(x)
is
<
2(4
(2)
in [0, 1]
=
96
when x =
^^^^(24) =
maximum
in [0, 1]
0.01 since
0.
^^ 0.0005
when x =
0.
2 sm(37r/4)
'
J^
4 sin(3,r/4)
3Tr/4
+
^
1
J
.,^
1.836
Section 4.6
26.
ru
+ xY
(1
(a)
|/'tx)| is
481
in [0, 1].
maximum whenx =
and
|/"(0)|
2.
< 7:^3(2) < 0.00001, n- >
Trapezoidal: Error
16,666.67, n
>
129.10;
let
130.
12/1
24
f'\x)
(b)
in [0, 1]
+ xf
(1
maximum when a: =
\f'^*\x)\ is
Simpson's: Error <
28. fix)
(a)
(x
9{x
is
I
/WW
= -
(a)
maximum when .r =
fix)
= 2[-2x=
/W(x)
sinU-)
[/("'(O)!
must be even.)
122.
< 0.00001,
/i"*
let
12. (In
ol
>
12,290.81, n
cosix^)] in [0.
>
10.53;
Simpson's Rule n must
|/"(1)|
(2.2853)
2.2853.
< 0.00001, n- > 19,044.17, n > 138.00;
48x^ cos(a^) in
maximum when x
==
0.852 and |/<'"(0.852)|
will vary
= Vl -
^'
<
and
1].
12) sin(x2)
(16x^
The program
.r=
on
(1
0)5
-(28.4285)
180''
let/!
139.
[0, 1]
< 0.00001,
==
28.4285.
> 15,793.61, > 11.21;let/i=
depending upon the computer or programmable calculator that you use.
[0, 1].
Un)
Min)
Rin)
7t")
Sin)
0.8739
0.7960
0.6239
0.7489
0.7709
0.8350
0.7892
0.7100
0.7725
0.7803
10
0.8261
0.7881
0.7261
0.7761
0.7818
12
0.8200
0.7875
0.7367
0.7783
0.7826
16
0.8121
0.7867
0.7496
0.7808
0.7836
20
0.8071
0.7864
0.7571
0.7821
0.7841
let
maximum when.r =
Simpson's: Error <
34. fix)
/i
|/'tO)
and
t^^(^]
8
0O/7
<
[/("(x)! is
32.
Simpson's Rule
[0, 2]
l)i/3
Trapezoidal: Error
(b)
12. (In
sin(.t^)
\f"ix)\ is
'
n=
56
81U +
let
< Ty^l^l < 0.00001, w^ > 14,814.81, n > 121.72;
be even.)
fix)
10.75;
Simpson's: Error
30.
> 13,333.33, >
n-*
in [0, 2].
maximum when x = Q and
\f''\x)\ is
24.
l)'*/3
Trapezoidal: Error
(b)
< 0.00001.
^ (24)
|/''"(0)|
1)2/3
/'W =
l/'lt)
and
12.
Chapter 4
482
36.
/W
Integration
on
[1,2].
L{n)
M{n)
R{n)
Tin)
Q.IQIQ
0.6597
0.6103
0.6586
0.6593
0.6833
0.6594
0.6350
0.6592
0.6593
10
0.6786
0.6594
0.6399
0.6592
0.6593
12
0.6754
0.6594
0.6431
0.6593
0.6593
16
0.6714
0.6594
0.6472
0.6593
0.6593
20
0.6690
0.6593
0.6496
0.6593
0.6593
38. Simpson's Rule;
Sin)
^V
l-lsm^dde^'
>yrri^+...+^
+ 4.^/l
4^] -|sin2:^ +
^'"'
sin2
16
2
TT
,
r
sm'^
.
17.476
40. (a) Trapezoidal:
fix)dx^
Wf'^-^^
"^ ^'"^-^^^ "^ ^^"^-^^^ "^ ^^^-"^^^ "^ ^^^-^"^^ "^
^^''^^^
"*"
^(^-^^
"^
^(^-^^^
"^ ^^'']
"
^^-^^^
4(7.25)
2(7.64)
4(8.08)
12.592
Simpson's:
2
fix) dx
- ^[4.32 +
4(4.36)
2(4.58)
4(5.79)
2(6.14)
8.14]
/:
(b)
Using a graphing
V
utility,
= - 1.3727x3 +
4.0092x2
0.6202x
4.2844
ydx'='n. 53
Integrating,
Jo
42. Simpson's Rule: n
77
4
4
Jo
^-
3(6)
44. Area
=
=
46.
The
120
^7J^[75
7435 sq
2(81)
4
.
+
.
..
2
1
.^,...
(2/6)2
2(67)
2(68)
,,x.
(1/6)2
+
.
..,..
(3/6)2
2
.
2(84)
2(76)
2(69)
2(72)
Jl^LJîmhL
(x,
X2)(Xi
...,..
(4/6)2
1"
4
.
+
.
(5/5)2
+2J
3.14159
quadratic polynomial
p(^^
+
.
(^
I
X3)
passes through the three points.
'
(X2
x,)ix
Xi)(x2
- x^)
- X3)
jx
I
(jj^
x,)ix
x^)iXi
- X,)
- Xj)
2(68)
2(56)
2(42)
2(23)
0]
Review Exercises
Chapter 4
for
2.
4.
3x
du
3,dx
/j|-f/
6-
~~^^ = U f
[^^
-j:^
2x
10.
fix)
= 6U -
/'W =
x-2)
8.
I (5
../,
1)
dx
3{x
1)2
45
mph = 66
ft/sec
fix)
fix)
3(.t
Ci
30
mph = 44
ft/sec
at (2, 1) is 3,
when Ci =
it
= -a
follows
at
v(r)
+ 66 since
v(0)
66
ft/sec.
0.
-t~
= 5s\nx-2tanx + C
C,
a(f)
Since the slope of the tangent line

that/'(2)
2 sec^ x)dx
j:
12.
+ C
- - + C
1)
6(;c
cos x
{3jc)-'/3(3)d:t=(3;c)2/3
66r since s{0}
0.
1)2
Solving the system
3U -
/(2)
/W
= U -
\)'dx
+ C2 =
(x
when Cj
1)3
v(f)
= -at +
s(t)
= -^- +
0.
66
= 44
66r
= 264
1)3
we
obtain
-(55/12)f
72
= 24/5
+ 66 =
and a
14. a(t}
= -9.8m/sec2
v(f)
-9.8t
s{t)
-4.9?2
(a)
v(t)
(b) i(4.08)
(c) v(t)
Vq
-9.8r
40t
(5(0)
+ 40 =
81.63
-9.8f
-9.8f
+ 40
=
0)
when
^^
40
+ 40 = 20 when
20
2.04 sec.
9.8
(d) i(2.04)= 61.2
4.08 sec.
55/12.
r
We now
- 264 =
211.2
mph
ft.
solve
72/5. Thus,
mm.eeiii
Stopping distance from 30
475.2
and get
to rest is
"
475.2
ft.
483
Chapter 4
484
16. Xj
Integration
~ 1, ^3 =
2, j:2
mjinf-h-
5, ;c4
l+5
X5
3,
+ 7)--!|
37_
2(2^,=1
(c)
^,')
[2(2)
210
(2)2]
[5
[2(-
- (- 1)2] +
1)
[2(5)
(5)^]
3)
[2(3)
(3)^]
[2(7)
(7)^]
(d)
18.
2(x, -
5(4)
5(4)
x,_,)
= (-1 -
- -x\ Ax =
^(9))
9-^(9)1 +
^(16))
22.5
i(4))
- (-
1)]
(3
5)
(7
= 4
(9
1,
2)
(9
(9
^(16))
|(25))
(9
|(25)]
9)]
== 14.5
20.
X-
3,
Ax = -
right endpoints
Area
lim y* f{ci)
lim
22.
>>
~^H
"4 w(+ 1)(2+
r^
(n+l)(2n+l)
_3
w^
1)
lim
-X?,
^X Ft + 3
lim n>oo n
Ax
8^^
26
3
2
Ax = -
Area = lim
V /(ci) Ax
12
s/n
-^Tn
+ ^ +
y +
n->oc2n-^,L
n
n
24/2
24i
,.
lim
n->oo
"
3 w(
if
1-
nL2
1)
3 n{n
^
l)(2n
n-^co
n jî L
4+1 =
15
1)
w2(n
l)^
"!
n'4j
-56
<.
^ ^
m <m
- (f )(!) ^
"(t)
-(!)(!-
4JU/
m(0)
-i!)(!)
(!)
if <
+
16'(1
3)
'
=
8
0\
wfc^(
1)
2n
lao
=
(c)
Area
2n
fmxdx
ri
1*
-nvxP-
V3c((9 -
lim
26.
c/^)
^^^^n
^?^%1I) =
lim
n->oo
(d)
!"(!) = -er
1)
u,
2n
n-oo
%
1
"""- ^
^
"-^ - ""--^^'
2
^^^^^^^
^ ^ (base) (height)
1
= -wi^
^xi
3;c(9
dx
x^)
28.
Vl6
-jcâtc
x'^^^)-
Stt
r.
/(;c)^
30. (a)
(b)
(c)
f{x) dx
= 4 + (-1) =
\f{x)dx = Q
Pl2
36.
-(-1)=
J/(;c)(&= -J/(x)d:x=
(d)
/(^)dx
dx= -\o\ f(x)dx= - 10(- 1) =
r-67
ri2x-21'
{x!^
\Qf(x)
Ix-
5)
dx
-6
16
10
34.J_V + 2)..= [f.2r];_=f
L
32
-{
16
10
52
15
^-f(i4)'^
rw/4
J-ir/4
/>-^-^-')^ =
r rf/
tan
L
[-^2^
-1^4
sec^
I.
n
J-7r/4
- (-
1)
'
/
1\
1\
-1 + -
8^
2/
(semicircle)
485
Chapter 4
486
42.
+ A)dx =
{x
Integration
V + Ax
10
44.
/>
x^
2)
dx
x^
x^
I)-(i4-)
= 12
3
12
-2-1
V^( \-x)dx^
46.
rV3
(;c'/2
^3/2)
dx
48.
Area
sec^
Jo
2^/2
:r^
x'dx =
x^
;c
3/2
52. F'ix)
Jo
.3
50.
(^
"
;^)
tanjc
54. F'(x)
dx^
(jc2
= V3
15
"
x^
56.
j:
Jo
j;3
;c-2) die
csc2;c
etc
^9
58. u
jc'
du
2,,
dx
2>x^
jx^VJ^TI^ = \U^ +
=
60. M
jr^
6j:
5,
\{x4V-5f
62.
64.
.r
= -\
dx
sin 3x^
M^ît=
sec
2.r
(2x
6)
|(x3
+ c
3)3/2
ij(.2?6x-5P
'i^
Û^ + 6.-5)-'
= -7 cos
(sin 3Ar2)(6.t) iir
(sin;c)-'/2j,os^^
J Vsinjc
66.
(ftt
3)'^' 3j;2alr
3x-
2(sinjc)'/2
C=
2(;,2
^ _ 5)
+ C
^ 3/2I'
+ C
+ c = 27ii^ +
^=-
tan 2r
= - sec Ir + C
(sec 2x tan 2x)(2) (ic
68.
70.
cor'
Jo
72.
a CSC- ada = -
1)3 A =
;cV++ l)3A
;cV
^f
11
-^Jo
(cot a)''(-csc- a)
(x3
I
l)3(3.r:)d:x
da = --cotâ + C
(x3+
1)^1
Jo
=^16-1)
12
f^::#^'^ = C^-^ ~ 8)-./2(2x)^ = [f(^ - 8)-]; = 1(277
74. m
= j:+1,x =
When x= -
m
=
I,
xVa: +
27r|
dx
=
=
1)
rf
When .r =
0.
l,cir
0,
1.
- D^Judu
27r
2tt\
Jq
(tt5/2
23/2
l/2)
27Tf|'/2
l5/2
L'
Jo
,,,,
HE
1U5
r-n/4
sin 2r
It otr
76.
since sin
2a: is
an odd function.
J--7r/4
78.
x,x =
When .X =
a,
^0=
u,
= du
dx
-a. When .v =
fc,
''^155-.v3(l-.)3/2^.=
32
Ja
1155
(9/2
37/2
fc.
l'55'
35/2
3/2)
32 Jl-a
-^
7777(105"' - 385m= + 495 32 L1155
ôj
231)
Jl-n
(lOStt'
385m=
+ 495m -
231)
0.025
no
Tr(105M3 - 385m- + 495m - 231)
L lo
=
Jo.5
0.736
r9/2
-r^(105u3
L lo
16
r,,5/2
(b)
^ = 1122 ^112
32 [11
"10.75
mV2
(a) P,0. 0.25
-m)3m3/2^
(1
32 Jl-n
= 73.6%
385m-
_ ^^,
Jl-n
-i-
495m
231)
Ji-o
487
Chapter 4
488
TTt
80.
f
I
1.75 sin ^;-
Jo
Increase
Integration
1.75 cos
77
1)
--
2.2282
liters
IT
IT
is
_ 5J_^ L9 = 0.6048
--(1.75)(-
f]'
liters.
TT
TT
77
y3/2
&
2(1/4)3/^
J"'
(1/4)2
2(1/2)3/^
4(1/4)V2
Simpson's Rule (n
4):
Jo
Grapliing
2(3/4)3/^
-^
(1/2)2
"^
(3/4)2
4(3/4)V2
2(1/2PA
-^
(1/4)2
(1/2)2
(3/4)2
==
0.172
0.166
2.
2.
0.166
utility:
84. Trapezoidal Rule (n
J\ +
4):
%\v?xdx
3.820
Jo
Simpson's Rule (
Grapliing
4):
3.820
utility:
Problem Solving
2. (a) F(x)
sin
r^
(b) G{x)
dt
-0.8048
x-2i
X
G(x)
limG(x)
(c)F'(2)
Chapter 4
for
X
F(x)
3.820
1.0
1.5
-0.4945
-0.0265
1.9
0.061
3.0
4.0
5.0
-0.0867
-0.3743
-0.0312
-0.0576
-0.2769
1.9
1.95
1.99
2.01
2.05
2.1
-0.6106
-0.6873
-0.7436
-0.7697
-0.8174
-0.8671
-0.75
lim^^W^
X 2
lim
Jr-2X
2.5
sin f2 dt
i-2
2.1
2.0
sin t^ dt
-2J2
lim G{x)
i->2
Since F'{x)
(Note: sin
4=
sinx^, F'{2)
-0.7568)
sin4
lim G(x).
x^2
4.
Let
d be
We
can assume
the distance traversed and
a{t)
= a
v(r)
at
s{t)
-ai^.
s(t)
= d when t =
The
highest speed
The lowest speed

The mean speed
is
is
-(j2ad +
o)
is
0.
f7d
.
at
the
mean speed
is
fid
same
the
Then
0.
to traverse the distance
Jadjl
which
Jlad.
a
a
/2d_
/
is
a be the uniform acceleration.
and s{0)
-./
The time necessary

t
that v(0)
as the time calculated above.
6. (a)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
* <
1.0
(b) V is increasing (positive acceleration)
(c)
Average acceleration
v(0.4)
0.4
(d) This integral
v(i) dt
Jo
(e)
is
-^[0
1"
v(0.9)
v(0)
(0, 0.4)
_ 60 -
and
(0.7, 1.0).
= 150mi/hr-
0.4
the total distance traveled in miles.
2(20)
2(60)
2(40)
2(40)
65]
^
385
10
One approximation
,- -,
on
is
v(0.8)
(other answers possible)
50-40
,^
...2
38.5 miles
489
Chapter 4
490
8.
h
I
mix
Integration
-t)dt=
dt-\
xf{t)
Thus,
f(t)(x
j
tfit) dt
x\
Jo
Jo
fit)
dt-
-t)dt = xfix) +
fit) dt
tfit) dt
Jo
Jo
xfix)
fit) dt
Differentiating the other integral.
Thus, the two original integrals have equal derivatives.
\fit)ix
Letting
Jt
M /(v) dv\dt + C
-')dt=\
0,
we
C=
see that
-x'''^
T=
-.
Jo
Vx dx =
0.
J"'
The corresponding
Riemann Sum usmg right-hand endpoints

5(n)
Thus, lim
12. (a)
Area
is
'1
-^[^^ + 72 +
yi + V2 +
+ v^]
2
>/
3'
-,3/2
(9
2[27
6,
x^)
&=2
9]
(9
jc^) ate
36
Area
= \bh =
|(6)(9)
a^x^, a,
b >
(b)
Base
(c)
Let the parabola be given by y
height
9.
b^
rb/n
rb,
Area
it^-
aV)
dx
Jo
2 b^x
4^
a
Base
2b
a
.
- a^j^^
height
,^
b^
Archimedes Formula: Area
2/'2fo\,,
4fc3
= Hb^) =
3\ a /
36.
0.
-2-1
12
4 5
14. (a) (1
/)'
3r +
(b)
3;
+ 3r + P =>
3(
(;
1)^
(1
i^
= 3P +
i^
3i
(3
+ 3,+ l)= 2[('+iP-'']
J;(3/2
1=1
Hence, (n
(23
- V) +
= J^(3r +
1)3
1)3
(33
23)
[((n
1)3
3)]
3/
1)
1)
i=l
(c)
(n
1)3
3/2 =
A., ^
2(3,-^
1
32
(b)
3n(
23
6-
23
3?!-
+ n
n(/i
l)(2n
1)
w(^;
\)(2n
3Mki)
1)
1)
3/j
3n2
14.4
12
77
7T<r-8)
A.
j\dt =
vit
8)
dt=
12 sin
'J.
12 sin
12
18. (a)
Let
-8)
iT{t-
^
^
3.14
x,
du
14.4
TT
77<f-8)
cos
-V^
$6.03.
x)
= - dx.
f{b-u)
/^-)
/(fc-.x)
^-
Jo/(^--^)+/W
Then,
2A =
fix)
Jo/W + /(i \dx =
x)
^^
"^
f
Jo/(fc
/(fc--v)
b.
Jo
Thus,
A =
-.
(b)
Jo sin(l
j:)
sm.x
.t)
-14.4
(-1 -
1)
^$9.17
12
Jo/U) + f(b -
Let u
,
9.17
cos
fix)
- 2n
14.4/
Savings
-^
/20
C=
23,-2
1=1
,^/
16. (a)
3/
+ fix)
'^
-r
12
^,,
0.6f
Jio
H^
14.4/
10.
73
$3.14
491
CHAPTER
Logarithmic, Exponential,
and Other Transcendental Functions
Section 5.1
Differentiation
Section 5.2
Integration
Section
53
.... 493
498
503
hiverse Functions
Section 5.4
Section 5.5
Section 5.6
Section 5.7
527
Section 5.8
535
Section 5.9
539
Section 5.10
543
Growth and Decay
509
516
522
Review Exercises
548
Problem Solving
554
CHAPTER

Section 5.1
Solutions to
Differentiation
2. (a)
(b)
The graphs
4. (a) In 8.3
8.
2.1163
(b)
-A =
/(.x)=
-Inx
6. (a) In
2.1163
10.
are identical.
0.6= -0.5108
(b)
-df
/W
= -\n(-x)
-0.5108
Reflection in the .i-axis
Reflection in the v-axis and the .v-axis
Matches
Matches
12. /(.v)
(d)
= -2\nx
.ir
>
18. (a) In 0.25
Domain:
(b) In
24
14. fix)
= - 1.3862
In
2 In 2
3 In 2
In 3
3.1779
5(2 In 2
In
(d)
In^ = Inl - (3In2 + 21n3) = -4.2765
In.v
In v
26. In 3e=
In 3
2 In e
Domain:
20.
ln^^=
24. Inv a
In c
i^
In 2'/-
In.T
.r
>
= ?ln2
0.8283
(c)
22. \nxyz
In 3)
16. g(x)
\n\x\
Domain: x
In 5
^12 =
(c)
In 3
28. In
- =
In
ln(a
In e
1)"=
= -
(;) ln(a
1)
493
Chapter 5
494
+ 21ny - 41nz =
Inx
30. 3
32. 2[\nx
ln(jc
1)
\i\x^
Iny^ -
Inz!*
x'y^
ln
- In^ -
1)]
In
{x
34. |[ln(;c2
36.
- InU +
1)
1)
\n(x
X
2
1)]
l){x
= |ln
In
1)
/' t
lim ln(6
38.
W-
,.
;c)
In
V(i^
= oo
40.
a:->6"
In7==
Vx - 4
lim
^-5*
ln5
1.6094
42.
>>
Inx3/2 = -Inx
44.
>-
'
46.
(1, 0),
/iW
y'
_
~
ln(2x2
3
2-
>-
2x
= i
At(l,0),>''
48.
1)
\x
+ r
2x2
50.
2jc2
= lnVx2 - 4 = - InU^ -
;c
In
= 4-) + Inx =
^
dx
\xJ
52. f(x)
4)
2r
1/
2\jc2
a[r
4/
/'(x)
- 4
x^
56.
In
2x
Inx
ln(x
3)
\nt
54.
2x
In
,x
rfy
iln^:
At
lnx'/2
x{x
3)
In(lnx)
h(t)
ti\/t)
-\nt
-Int
dy
_ lA _
lie
\nx
1
a:
In
h'(t)
-.--c
58.
In
= hî^ " D "

3/^
X +
3'-
'
^ ir_!
3U -
!_
1
ln(^
x+
3 ^2
+ D]
60.
3(a:2
/'W =
"
1
/W
1)
+ V4 +
\n{x
-i.^5
x+ V4 + x2 V
x/4T
>
c-Jc-f
1
^^5
x^)
^'
'"
-.;c<ef<
Section
62.
>
^^
4ln(
-lx'^{x/Jx-
dx
4)
Note
+ 4
Va;2
+ -\nx
"
+4
7.x:2
Vxn^J\V^^^T4]
x^
Ixjx^ +
(l/2)(2
V?T4)
4x
'
Vj:'
- Vx- + 4
-;c2
(2
- Jx^ +
Vx^ + 4/
y/jc^
4j:
J_ ^ Jx^ + 4
4j:
.x^
3;
Inlsecx
dy
sec
66.
cot
AT
4x
'
.t^
-T^
4)
-.t2
IxJx^ + 4
ln|csc;<:|
- V.t- +
4;c7;c- +
CSCJ:
Va:=
+
+
y^M^
-1
y;c-
-1
-i-
dx
1/
JJT^)
-\ril
that:
Hence,
>!
^^
4^2 +
64.
4;cV;c^
4x*
5. 1
= -cotx
cscj:
dx
.r
tan
tan.i;|
.r
sec'.r
tan
.i:(sec
sec
tan x
sec
sec
.r
a:
-T
tan x)
secx
/Ihj:
68.
= InVl +
sin^.x:
dy
/'1\2 sin.i:cos;c
dx
\ll
-ln(l
sin
sin-x
70.
^(.r)
3)rff
cos x
j:
sin^x)
sin-.r
[x]
L(ln.r)-
+ 3J (ln.r) =
dx
(Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus)
72. (a)
=4-
x2
Inl
-X +
(0. 4)
),
74.
ln(.xT)
In.T
^=-2;,
(l/2).r
5.r
= 30
5.r
In
+ 5
1^
ydx
V2
1_
= -2jcx
\dy _
y dx
When.x:
0,^=
-\.
dx
Tangent
line:
>
- 4 = - -[x -
y
(b)
30
dx
--.r
0)
dy_
dx
'-
5y
-F^
495
76.
y
y'
(x
1%.
Chapter 5
496
y)
xy'
j:(ln x)
= x\-\ +
Ax
\nx
= X + x\nx
= 3 +
Ax
x(?)
lnj:
\r\x)
= x - \nx
Domain: x > Q
V'
when x =
I.
/'=->
X-
minimum:
Relative
80. v
(1, 1)
Injc
u.-')w.^)
Domain: x > Q
,
-\nx _
x{\lx)
^ ^{-\lx) -
maximum:
Relative
(1
(e,
Inj:
when x =
ln;c)(2x)
2(lnx)
e.
when x =
e^l'^.
e~ ')
Point of inflection: {e'^l^,\e''^l'^
82.
y=
Domain
x^ln -.
j:'I-I
-1 =
21n
2j:ln-
j:
>
jcI
when;c
Relative
+ 2in-l =
4-3/2
+ 21n|
/(I)
f'(x)
fix)
P,W
=/(l) +/'(1)U -
1)
Pîx)
= /(I) + f'{\)(x -
1)
+ |/"(1)U -
/(1)=
+ln;c,
when
x = 4e-i/2
In-
/'=l+21n^ + 2x(y =
y"=
/(x)=xln^
84.
/"(I)
^.
;c
P,(l)
1,
1)^
'
'
= ix-
1)+|U-
1)^
^2(1)
minimum: (4e" '^^, - 8e" ')

/,'
P,'(l)
1,
Point of inflection: (Ae'^^^, -lAe'^)
Fz'W =
+ U -
1)
;c,
PjXl)
4(4f-3'2.-24e-^
The values off, Pj, Pj, and their first derivatives agree at
= 1. The values of the second derivatives of/ and Pj
agree at;c
\P2
1.
Section 5.1
86. Find
x such
fix)
= X +
(In
that In
-3 =
a:)
88.
x.
497
The Natural Logarithmic function: Differentiation
yU
\ny = ^[\n(x
\){x
1)
2)(;c
3)
ln(;c
2)
ln(jc
3j]
1)
i(ûir_L_ + _^ + _L_i
llx -
y\dxl
x-3]
X - 2
^ If 3j:- - 12x + 11 1
2|_U- l)U-2)(x-3)J
n
-0.3069
fUn)
dy
2.2046
2.2079
-0.0049
0.0000
Xn
3x'
90.
lny
X-
root:
- 12x + 11
- 1)U - 2)U -
3x-
92.
\n{x^
+\){x +
2)
ix
2)
^ I
y dx
^
ate
2x
.r=
.v2
(.X^
(x^
96.
ij
iy'~{x-
dx
+
-
(x
1)
ln(.t
XT
ij
1)(.^2
2)
ix
\)ix
+
-
6(x^
l)(x
1)
dy
Hx -
2)
-6x- + 12
^
(x-
2)
U-
D^Ct
-6(x^
2)
ix+
2)
l)(x
DCr^
l){x
]
4)
2)
+ 2)U -
2)
2)2
1/2
natural logarithmic function
ln/(x),/(x)
y\dxj
l)'/-2x
l)'/2(;c2
The base of the
gix)
A^ - 1 r 2x
=
" V.)c2+
iLxÛ" -
94.
2x
1)]
Udy
}_dy
l){x
= InU + D + InU +
Iny
{x
I)
3)
2.208
1^
\r
= ^lnU2-
11
2v
2VU
Approximate
lit
dx
is e.
>
.fix)
g'(x)
fix)
graph of g
(a) Yes. If the
you know that/'U)
fix) >
0.
Therefore, the graph
of/ is
5.315
t
6.7968
(a)
increasing, then ^'(.v)
0,
thus,
98.
is
Since/(x) >
>
g'ix)fix)
0.
(b)
and
No. Let/(.r)
Intxr
1) is
.r-
(positive
and concave up), gix)
not concave up.
increasing
1000 < x
In.v'
50
(d)
^=
dx
-5.315(-6.7968 +
.,,.(1)
5.315
.v(- 6.7968
Whenx =
(b) f(1167.41)
T=
(c) f(1068.45)
T=
ln.v)=
1167.41. dt/dx
-0.0645. When.r
1068.45,
dt/dx=- -0.1585.
20 years
(e)
(1167.41)(20)(12)
$280,178.40
30 years
(1068.45)(30)(12)
There are two obvious benefits
1.
$384,642.00
to paying
payment;
2.
The term is lower

The total amount paid
is
lower.
a higher monthly
Chapter 5
498
,
T (p) =
_,
100. (a)
350
(b)
Jp
34.96 ,3.955
7=^
30
(C)
r'(10)
4.75 deg/lb/in^
r'(70)
0.97 deg/lb/in^
lim r'(p)
102.
>>
lOlnf
(a)
^^"^
^j - VlOO -
^^
x^
10[ln(l0
+ VlOO -
lim
(c)
?2
;c2)
j:->10-
Inx]
- VlOO -
x^
=
^
dX
dy
Vioo - xKio + Vioo -10
+ Vioo -
-a
x^)
Vioo -
-10 +
yioo"
10
yioo"
10+ Vioo -
x'^
Vioo - r
10
Vioo - x^
+ Vioo -
x^
-10
Vioo -
x^.
jc'
x^
10
1
w
x
10
10 + Vioo - x2
;c(lO - VTOO^^ - 10 ^
Jc
When x =
104.
y'
in
dy/dx
5,
Vioo -
= - Vs. When x =
9,
x^
(fy/dc
= - Vl9/9.
106. False
TT is
=- >
for
jc
>
a constant.
0.
d,
[In tt]
Since In x
strictly
is
increasing
its
entire
domain
monotonia function and therefore,
dx=
is
(0, oo),
it is
\o\-dx=
one-to-one.
lOlnj x\
+ C
4. u
=X
1
'x/.
2''
\z^2''
dx
Section 5.2
on
= -2kT2^'^'^
\h
= -In
|3x
2|
+ C
S. u
5,
du
:& =
Inx -
x^,
dx
du
51
+ C
= 3x'^ dx
Js^'^^-l/l^^-^x^)^
--ln|3 -x^\ +
10. M
= 9 - x\du = -2xdx
V9 -
r
J ^
2J
x^
xU + 2)
+ 3x2 -
if
3;c-
6^:
3^2
3J ^
(u=x^ +
dx
^ln|x3 + 3x2-4| +
,^
- 3 ^
7A-3^
-dx =
r2;r
7a-
f /^
I
2x
x^
19
1 1
3x'
4)
x-2)
+ lU + 191nU -
-1^^^"-î^-^K-
/
_,
dx
2|
+ C
fx^
3;c2
4;c
^^n
'^
x'/3
-3
.1:
+
a:-
22. M
du
-3;t
a;2
19;c-
18.
n51nU +
a[t
JxlnCr^)
y + -lnU= +
3)
+ C
3 Jinx
ln|ln|x||
+C
a^
3x2/3
/3)'^
jx2/3(l +x'/3)'^
3jY^(^j^
Y
31n|l +x'''3|
+ c
Inlx
ll
+
2(x
26. M
+ V3x,
rfM
= -A=dx
2v'3x
499
Section 5.2
(&
= -(-
1) rf
l)d
+ V3I
J3
rfM
^M =
1^1
ln|M|]
+ C
+ V3^ -
ln(l
v/3l)]
= |v/3x-|ln(l + V3^) +
+ C
C,
1)
+ c
5|
+C
Chapter 5
500
28. u
-\,du= T-^ dx =>
x'/3
dx
/: 'x-
dx
Z{M
+ Xfdu
2{u+\)^du
^^^(' +
1)
du
M^
^+
= 3rj +
1/3
1)3
3^
9.
30.
\tan5ede
|tan5erfe
3M
rf
lnlM|l
ln|;c'/3
+
+
SU'/J
1)2
3x2/3
=^ +
= Tl^^rffl
cos
+ C
+ -j
3;c'/3
3(;c'/3
+x+
1)
ln|x'/3
32.
sec
- (fe =
cot
t,
rcsc-^ t
cot
sec -(
36. /'(sec
tan
r)
A=
+ C
2x
dx
tan
X
+ C
2
Inlsec
sec
= ln|0-
9|
+4-
+ C
in9
C=
- ln9
ln|tanf
(77,4):
tan
fl
tan
Inlcos
t\
+ C
+ C
ln
t
ln|sec t(sec
tan
r)|
+ C
= f-Jil- dt
+ c
9|
ln|;c2_ 9|
^^
40. ,
J tan
ln|;c2
(0,4):
)'
<ic
cos
h
=
38. y
x
21n sec -
= csc^ f A
= -In
-rf;
f- cot
du
56
= --ln|cos5e| + C
34. M
+ C
l|
1|
+ C
= ln|0+
Inltant
ll
1|
+ C = C = 4
(0,
4)
^
V
w^
<T.'4)'
42.^ = ^,(1,-2)
(a)
2
(In 1)2
Hence, y
2.
+ C
C=
-2
Section 5.2
46. u
^7T3'^=K^2|]-
In 3
In
f^
|-A=
+
Jo
j:
Jo
= dx
In 3
In
x\nx
j^
\lnxjx
InU
= ln2
1^+ |
TT^
Jo ^ +
1
U - 21nl;c +
du
J^
48.
\n X,
ll
2 In 2
-0.2
ro.2
(esc
20 -
cot
ley de =
J0.1
20-2 esc 20 eot 20 +
(csc^
cot^ 20)
dd
Jo.i
-0.2
ro.2
(2 esc220-
2ese20cot20 -
dO
I)
J0.1
52. ln|sinx|
+ C=
54. -Inlesej:
+ C =
In
cotJ:|
-cot 20
+ C = In
esc
-ln|eseA:|
(escj:
20 -
;c
-In
cscx
56.
^dx =
\J
-(l +
Vx
= 4v^ -
dx =
58.
^.
60.
ps
,
sin"^x
-rflnlsec
eos'j:
V^f +
X
Zx
- 4
6(l
ln(l
ian2x\
+ V^) -
+ C = -In
csc-.t
esc
In [esc
41n(l
+ v^) + C
sin 2x]
eot x)
cot x)
+ C=
- eotx
0024
0.1
+ C
cot x)(ese
(esc
where
+ v^) +
C=
C,
cotxl
j:
eot"^.x
eot
+ C
+ C
Ci
5.
+ C
ir/4
,
dx
[ini
secx
tanx
2 sinx
-ir/4
J-7r/4
Inl'^^'l - 2v^ - - 1.066
Note: In Exercises 62 and 64, you can use the Second Fundamental
62.
F{x)
tantdt
64.
Theorem
F{.x)
= tanx
dt
j^^
Jo
F'{x)
of Calculus or integrate the function.
F\x) =
Zx
2
= 4
.r-
.V
501
Chapter 5
502
66.
68.
r^-i
A=
In>.]'
In
4 -
In
8.5452
Matches
70.
{2x
(a)
dx
tan(0.3x))
x'-
10
ln|cos(0.3x)|
I
10,
+ Ylncos(1.2)
16
72. Substitution: (m
76.
Answers
x^
4) and
]-hf
Power Rule
In cos(0.3)
11.7686
74. Substitution: (
tan
;c)
and Log Rule
will vary.
78. Average value
r4(x-+
=
4
1)
TTX
dx
80.
^2
2J2
Average value
2-oJo
sec- dx
6
4.,
J
l/'6
reX + -z\dx
4-;^-
2 ln2
10
82.
r-
I,
In 2
10
ln(r
In
1.
8863
dT
100
= i^[.n200-lnl50] = i^[ln(|;
100)
In 2
dS^k
84.
dt
5(2)
A:
S(4)
= k\n4 + C = 300
Solving
-dt =
+ C = klnt + C since r >
S{t)
In
this
k\n\t\
1.
+ C = 200
system yields k
5W - -!5^ +
100
100/ln 2 and
[^-1
1001
C=
100. Thus,
4.1504 units of time
tan
+ 73) -
= -ln(2+ 73)
+ ^l = ln4 +
-[ln(2
-^ +
L2\Tr,
In
TTJC
In sec
x-^'
TTX
6
ln(l
0)]
Section 5.3
86.
k=
k
A:
I:
0.5:
X-
/iW =
503
Vx-
/0.5W
Inverse Functions
= 2(v^ -
1)
0.5
= io('^-
0.1:/o.,W
1)
0.1
L (x) = \nx
lim
;t-.0*
90. False; the integrand has a nonremovable discontinuity at
88. False
[Inx] = ax
0.
or
Inverse Functions
Section 5.3
2. (a)
f(x)
4a:
(b)
/\..
/(.W)=/f^)-3-4iÛx
'g(/W) =
4. (a)
/W
f(g{x))
g(3
x'
^l
(1
gil
x)
(1
yr^^)
l^ =
.t
- x\ x >
/W
\6
g(x)
716^^
f(x)
JC
;c^)
/(gW) =/(yT6^^) =
8. (a)
x')
= Vi -
g{f(x))
= X
yp^) =
^-"^
= /(
g(/W) =
6. (a)
4x)
16
g(16
;c2)
vj:
JC
+X
(16
x)
(b)
- (VT6^^)2
16
= X
= Vl6 -
(16
x^)
8
.X
>
(b)
g(x)
= ^-^^,
<
.X
<
x
1
-.V
f{g{x))=f
X
gifix))
gl
1
+.r
-Y
_
~
X
1
'
.X-
-V
12
16
20
10.
14.
Chapter 5
504
Matches
12.
(b)
/U) = 5.r-
16.
= 5x^x -
18. git)
+A
fix)
'
inverse
inverse
22. hix)
26. fix)
/'W =
4\
- \x-4\
Not one-to-one; does not have an inverse
3x
22
=\x +
cos-
3
3j:
= sin- =
/is not
Jt^ + l
24. fix)
(d)
=
x^
20. fix)
F(x)
Matches
strictly
j^
3;c2
Itt 4tt
33
0, -r-, ^r-,
monotonic on ( oo,
6^2
when x =
-t-
12t
...
oo). Therefore, /does not
have an inverse.
12x
-K
12
28. fix)
3(;c
2)^
>
for all x.
3),;c
>
fix)
/is increasing on (-oo, oo). Therefore, /is
= ln(x-
strictly
x-3
> OfoTx >
/is increasing on
inverse.
(3, oo).
3.
Therefore, /is strictly monotonic
and has an inverse.
30.
fix)
3x
"I
X
/-w
= y
32.
fix)
=x^ -
34.
fix)
=x^ =
= ^y +
= Vy
= ^x +
= Vx
= ^^TTT
f-'ix)
r'W
y,
< X

Section 5.3
36.
fix)
= Jx^- A =
x>2
y,
38.
fix)
V2x -
^
y
+ 243
.t^
V.r^
4,
>
jc
486
= Jx^ + 4
/-'W =
505
+ 243
y5
= ^y^ + 4
Inverse Functions
486
j^
''43
486
h^
C^
40.
fix)
a:V5
42.
+ 2
^-^
X
fix)
The graphs of/and/~'

are reflections of each
other across the line v
44.
.r
/-'W
=
^5/3
/-'W =
Ar5/3
y-
/^
f
j:
;c
and/"
'
are
/-'W =
reflections of each other across
The graphs of
the line v
x.
are
reflections of each other across

-
46. fix)
48. fix)
=ki2- X=
\x
2|
X?)
is
one-to-one for
all
secjcon
fix)
sec
0.
x.
Since/-'(3)
= -2,/(-2) =
50. fix)
fix)
cot
= ^2 - (-2) -
-t
on
(-2)3)
12A.-
=>
\.
(0, tt)
-csc-.t <
/is decreasing on
strictly
and has an
inverse.
0.-
X tan x >
/is increasing on
Oon
(0, tt)
>0on(-2,oo)
/is increasing on [-2, 00). Therefore, /is
on [-2,00)
/'W=^^l)
X + 2
52. fix)
the line
..
on
[0, it/2).
0,
Therefore, /is strictly monotonic and has an inverse.
{0, tt).
inverse.
Therefore, /is strictly monotonic
Chapter 5
506
54.
/(.r)
2^2
xK2 -
The graphs of/ and/"'
2-^ = yon(0, 10)
across the line y
y.Zy
y)
-V2 ~ y
*V2-.
are

x.
f-'{x)
56.
(a), (b)
58. (a), (b)
/^.
K'
12
(c)
not one-to-one and does not have an inverse.
is
The
inverse relation
is
(c) Yes,
not an inverse function.
= -3
60. /(x)
/is one-to-one and has an inverse. The inverse
relation
62. f{x)
Not one-to-one; does not have an inverse
ax
an inverse function.
is
ax
=y
y-b
X
y
-'-\a^Q
a
f--'W
64. f(x)
16
j:^ is
one-to-one for
j:
>
66.
0.
/w
16-;c^ = y
-y =
16
x^
^:
Vl6 - x =
4/16^
hit,)
two times
y-x +
t^
i=
t-^^
for
which
= ^("243 -
54)
= - 11 =
a.
fix)
= ^5x^ +
(/-')'(-
3,
X >
70. Yes, the area function
The
2x3);/(-3)
-1-
X < \6
h{t^.
= îx? +
3.
=--y
f- Kx)-= X
X,
one-to-one for X >
6x2)
1
1
27
^\_
^
n) 7'(/-'(-ll)) ^
5(-3)^ + 6(-3)2"l7
/'(-3)
is
increasing and hence one-to-one.
inverse function gives the radius r corresponding to
the area A.
72. fix)
==
3| is
f-\x) = yi6 -
68. No, there could be
= 1^x - 3
Inverse Functions
Section 5.3
74.
f{x)
= -2sin2x
f'{x)
^^"'^'^'^
î^ = ^
=
=7lrW) =7W
= v^r^^,/(8) =
/W
76.
cos 2x,/(0)
which
is
undefined.
= a
Z'U)
2jx-
(/-')'(2)
78. (a)
(b)
/'{/- '(2))
1/(278^^)
/'(8)
Domain/ = Domain/
'
= (-00,00)
1/4
(d)
Range/ = Range/"' = (-00,00)
(c)
/(.r)
fix)
= -4
/'(I)
= -4
4x, (1,
f-\x)=^.
1)
(-1,1)
(r')w = -^
(/-')'(-!)
80. (a)
(b)
Domain / =
Range / =
[0, 00),
(0, 4],
Domain /-' =
Range /"'
[0,
(0,
4]
(d)
=4
/w=i',.
00)
~<iX
f'(,A
/(->)
(c)
(^ +
/(I)
rw=7^
9
82.
2 ln{y^
2-
3)
.rfy
^^2^"^
A'^"''^^'^^
dtc
4y
16-
16

fix)
= ix-3aQdg{x) =
J^\x)
S{x
84. (g-' o/-')(-3)
3)
x-^
andg-Hx) =
= r'(/-'(-3) =
g-'(O)
86. (g-' og-')(-4)
= g-'(g-H-4)) = g-il-4)
V^^=
-^4
507
508
Chapter 5

fix)
=X +
J^\x)
4 and g(x)
2x
=x-4 andg-\x) = ^^
=
gifix))
-rm
gix
4)
=^-
2(x
4)
2a:
90. (g "/)(x)
88. if-' 'g-')(x)=f-'(g-'ix))
x-3
x-3
Hence, {g /)"'
(Note:(go/)-'=/-'og-')
92.
The graphs of/ and /

to the line y = x.
'
are mirror images with respect
94.
Theorem
5.9:
Let/be
If/ has an inverse
which
f'(g{x))
g,
0.
differentiable
then g
on an
interval
differentiable at any
/.
for
Moreover,
g\x)
is
f\g{x))
/'(gW)
96. /is not one-to-one because different
j:-
values yield the
98. If/ has an inverse, then /and/
same y- value.
Let
Thus, (/-)-'
Example: /(3)
=/
Not continuous
at
'
are both one-to-one.
(/-')~'W = y then x = r\y) and/W =
y.
=/
2.
100. If/has an inverse and/(xi)
= f(x-^,
then/"'(/Ui)) =/~'(/U2))
=^
î
^2-
Therefore,/is one-to-one.
If/W
is
one-to-
one, then for every value b in the range, there corresponds exactly one value a in the domain. Define g{x) such that the
domain of g equals
the range
of/ and
g(Z?)
a.
By
the reflexive property of inverses,
102. True; if/has ay-intercept.
= /"'.
104. False
Let/U) = xoxg{x) =
106.
From Theorem
,.
5.9,
we
\/x.
have:
,_ fUx)m-f"{g{x))g\x)
ng{x))
[i/r(gU)))]
\f'ig{x)W
figix))
\fUxm
If/is increasing and concave down, then/'
>
and/" <
which implies
that
is
increasing and concave up.
Section 5.4
Section 5.4
lnO.1353.
8.
e-2
2.
4^^
In 0.5
0.1353.
= -2
..
0.6931.
= -0.6931...
10.
83
6.
-6 +
83
3^^
ie'
14
gta2x= 12
2;c
12
e'
= ln(f -
-^
3.033
= ln(^
== 1.540
)
-4c
e~-4i
12. 200e-
^ 4x =
x
16.
ln4x
4a:
14.
15
15
200
40
glO
e' ^148.4132
Hx
2)2
12
(x
IT'
e>2
^2
(i)
i'"(f)'
0.648
18.
e'
In;c2=10
a;
20. V
" 4 -
0.680
22. V
24. (a)
e^ == 405.429
e"^/2
(b)
V.
"^
and y
= 4
509
26.
Chapter 5
510
Ce"""
28. y
+e-
Horizontal asymptote; y
Matches
= c
+ -"
lim
Reflection in the y-axis
jôo
(d)
lim
x-*-ca
-z
e
= C and y =
Matches
30. fix)
e^/3
g(x}
In x^
32./W =
=
3 In
,^,,111
+ l+x + T +
36.
:rT
g(x)
jc
24
120
720
5040
+ ttt + ^rr +
/W
fix)
= -e'--
l+^
24
(h)
a.+
720
5040
= e-^
At (0,1),)''= -2.
2.
42.
>>
= e^-^
44.
e-^'^
48.
>>
+
-
Ini
S^S/r'
fe
ln(l
e'
dy
^=-2x.-^
dr
^~
e'
xê
e'
2xe
>
50.
xe-'{2
Inl
e^
x)
e"
e^,
e')
ln(l
e')
In(e^
dy
+
1
dx
e'
e^
e^
e^ e^ +
e2x
e
54.
xê
dx
2e^
1
52.
e^ for r
y'= -2e-^
e'-^
e-V/^Cer-^)
4.
120
+ ^ + :^ +
g'it)
(-3-=
lim
= 2e^
At(0, l),y'=
g(/J
Inj:
= e^
y
y'
46.
2.718281828
.>l
40.
34. In the same way.
e--'
2.71825396
e ==
38. (a)
(b)
dx
xe^
e'
e'
e'ix
=
-
e'ix
\)
1)
xe^
+ g-^ e
e~1
1
In
>
0.
Section 5.4
= e^\nx
56. f(x)
fix)
58.
\x^ +
X?
10
62.
-ye^'
2y)
2x
,,,
= - 5e'(4 cos
=
Therefore, y"
/'W =
e'
-25e'cos2jc
ly'
2 sin
2j:)
2(-5e')(2
= - Sy => y " -
Se'il sin
sin 2j:
2y
'
5.v
2j:
cos
2;c)
cos Ix)
= - 5e^(5
cos
= -5e*(3cos2x - 4
oX
2j:)
::
sin 2j:)
= -5y
a X
when x =
0.
Point of inflection: (0,0)
68.
g(x)
= ê-(--3)V2
^'W = -^(;c-3>-(-3)V2
^2^
1
5"W
{x
l){x
4)e-(^-3)V2
/27r
Relative
maximum
^
70.
fix)
xe-''
f'(x)
-A:e~-'
f"(x)
-e--^
Relative
('*)
I
e~'
2,
|,
e"^(l -;:)
maximum: (l.e'')
Point of mflection: (2, 2e-2)
x)
0.399)
(3,
^=- '/^
(-e-')(l
e'
,,
h e' In
,
jc
;c2
= - 25^^ cos
(0.0)
e'
e^jlx-l)
0.
^-^ >
/W
xe'
j:
y"
ly'
e* In
Ix)
= eî-6smlx - 8 cos 2x) + f^(3 cos 2x - 4 sin 2x)

= e^{\Qsix\lx - 5 cos Ix) = - 5e'^(2 sin Ix + cos 2x)
-
e'
4xv^
y'
2x
+ e'Xnx
xe^ - ly
- 4 sin
^^(3 cos 2x
-Jx
1
dy
dx
dx
di
(xe^
dx
64.
g{x)
P + +
ly^ =
y\e^ + 2x -
dx
66. f{x)
\ne'
dx
e^ +
y"-
60.
511
4,
e-'ix
L=^-
'/:
when.v
1)
(2,
0.242), (4, 0.242)
(I..--')
1.
= Owhenx =
2.
2x
Chapter 5
512
72. fix)
= -2 +
e3^(4
2x)
fix)
= eH-2) +
3e3^(4
fix)
= e^1-6) +
Se^HlO
maximum:
Relative
74. (a)
= fie +
fie)
lOce"'^
10(c
6x)
e'^ClO
^^(24
6x)
= Owhen;c =
18;c)
f.
= Owhen;c =
f.
96.942)
(5,
(|,
2x)
70.798)
(b)
x)
AW
jcf (c)
e^
10x2
;c)e-<''+^)
e^C_
ce"^"
ic
ce'
ce^
+
+
+
-(V(e'-i)l
10'
(d) c
=
e'-
lim c
lim c
= X
X
(c)
= -J^^/-^*
e^ 1
Aix)
The maximum area
fix)
76. Let
(j;o>
y^)
a:
2.118 and
be the desired point
any =
^.
(Slope of tangent line)

f( 0.4263,
4.591 for
2.547.
-e "
is
-,
e'
(Slope of normal line)
e~'^
e^'ix
x^
We want
(0, 0) to satisfy
XqC^
the equation;
= xê^
-1=0
Solving by Newton's Method or using a computer, the solution

(0.4263, e-o"23)
is
Xq
0.4263.
e^/d-c')
1
x)e''
^-<'")
Section 5.4
V=
78.
<
15,0{)Oe-o286,
< 10
(b)
20.000
(a)
513
dV
=
^
-9429e-o286'
(C)
20.000
at
Whenr
=1,^=
dt
Whenr =
80. 1.56e
utility
''^cos4.9r < 0.25
5,^dt
(3 inches equals one-fourth foot.)
we have
or Newton's Method,
>
-5028.84.
-406.89.
Using a graphing
7.79 seconds.
'O'V
= -1686.79f +
82. (a) V,
(c)
23,181.79
V^
109.52f2
V3
31,450.77(0.8592)'
3220.12t
(b)
The
slope represents the rate of decrease in value of
the car.
28,110.36
31,450.77e^'"5i8t
(d) Horizontal asymptote:
As f > 00,
lim V3(r)
the value of the car approaches 0.
dV,
-r^ = -4774.2e-
(e)
dt
84.
For
5,
dV^
^ = -2235
For
9,
dV,
^=
e--^/2,/(0)
fix)
-xe-^'\f'{Q)
fix)
.tê-^/2
P.W =
'(.v)
0,
Pîx)
P,
0(.t
P,
0)
/"l
-^
=
1,
e-^/2(;c2
Pi(0)
l),/t0)
\^'
= -
=1
=
0)
P^'ix)^ -x,P2'{0)
P.'\x)
e-^/2
0(.r
'(0)
dollars/year.
1218 dollars/year.
fix)
i(.r
0)=
- y,
P^lO)
= -UP, 'to) = -1
The values of/, P,, P2 and

/and P2 agree at jc = 0.
their first derivatives agree at
;c
0.
derivati\es of
Chapter 5
514
86. n* term
88. Let M
x"/n\ in polynomial:
is
x^
r=
;c^
Conjecture: e^
X^
++
-x^, du
>
-e-i
/: e^-'dx
= 1-
92.
-ije
+ C
r^dx=-\\e^'4-^)dx=-\e^'^
J^d.=
"'
+ C
/ '
^
jt
->,'
vj
'
[:t2^/2^ =
96. Let M
\^"'
ll^^^() '^ "
e^JT,
rfw
"^ *^
le^dx.
98. Let u
= ~z~. du = x dx.
r.
rV2
= -
xe-'^^-dx
xe
-''-dx
Jo
= [-^-^2!^-^=
a[x
-e-' =
Jo
100. Let M
%--=/2(-x)
e'
e^
+ e^^ ^m =
dx
ln(e^
(e'
102. Let M
e-^)a[r.
e^
le
e-",
du
108.
alt
=
ln(e2-i)a[x=
\\nie^-'^)dx
e*
{2x
2a:
e"^
(e^
x^
e-'^)dx
106.
e'")
dx
+ C
(sin;c
+ e^
(u
sec
2x,du
\)dx
(e^
= -cosx + ê^ +
-1+1+
/'(O)
f'(x)
= -cosx +
/W
= - sin
=1^
-e^+
cos x
;c
C,
+ -e^ + x +
4
/fO)
= - +
/(x)
==
Q = -^Q =
sinx
+ -e^
4
C,
+ -e^ +
2 sec
= -e'^^ + C
2j:
tan 2x)
e-^Pa[r
+ C
a^
-2
+ C
+ e"
le'^^^seclxtanlxdx
/'
= |e^ -
112. f'{x)
{e^
e'"
e^
104.
+ C
g-^)
]dx
C,'^
94.
-Ax^dx.
^~
c.
90.
3^
"\-Ax^)dx =
v..
JC'
2;c
e^2')a[
- ê~^ + C
eÂ:)
+ c
Section 5.4
114. (a)
(b)
di
515
-0.21^
dx
= \xe-^dx =
-0.2^
\e-^ {-OAx)dx
+ C = -2.5e-
+ C
0.4
-|]:
0,
116.
'
dx
118.
-|=
-2.5e--''
(e-^
-2.5e'>
C=
-2.5
+ C =^
C=l
2)dj:
Jo
Jn
Jxe" dx,n=
120. (a)
12
122.
Jo
0.3-^' dt
Jo
_.
+1=
4.491
Midpoint Rule: 92.1898

Trapezoidal Rule: 93.8371
Simpson's Rule: 92.7385
Graphing
Utility:
92.7437
-0.3 J
=
2
2x6-" dx,n
(b)
12
Jo
/:
-0.3a:
= ln-= -In
Midpoint Rule: 1.1906
ln2
X = I-
Trapezoidal Rule: 1.1827
~ ,,,
2.31 mmutes
.
Simpson's Rule: 1.1880
Graphing
124.
425
240
118
71
36
6.052
5.481
4.771
4.263
3.584
R
In/?
1.18799
Utility:
(a)
InR = -0.6155f + 6.0609
K =
g-0.6155; + 6.0)9
428.78^""*"^'
(b)
R(t)dt
(c)
Jo
J,
428.78 -0.61551 dt
Jo
-.
=
637.2
liters
126.
Chapter 5
516
The graphs of f{x) =

images across the
\n-r
]xie'
Ine""*
130.
line
In
j:
-\ne^ =
and g{x)
e^
(b) Substitution: (m
x^)
Log
128. (a)
e^ are mirror
Rule: (m
x.
a-
- b
Therefore, In -r
In e"
and since y
In
is
one-to-one,
we have -r =
e"
Section 5.5
-=(r
Atro=16,y =
8. log
- =
log
=-
log
= -
6.
Atto
= 2,y=(|)'^'-0.7579
(a)
272/3 =
--
10g27 9
log2,9
(b)
163/"
10gl6 8
3^
16. y
j:
-1
1
12
^=
20. (a) log3
12. (a) logs I
3-2
"
==
(b) logs
81
-4
-=
36
==
6^
=--
36
-=
49'/2
log49 7
= 2^
18.
-2
-1
16
16
= 3-W
1
j:
22. (a) log, 27
If'
11
"
= -2
81
y--
= log2,272/3=|
(b)
14.
1)
b = 3
(b) log, 125
fo3
125
Bases Other than
Section 5.5
24. (a) log3JC
log3(A:-2)
logjW^c
2)]
(b)
logjoU
3)
logioj:
x
logi
;c2
2;t
2)
U + l)(x - 3) =
x= -10Rx =
j:
is
3'
10'
a:
10a:
9jt
the only solution since the
and Applications
'
x(x
domain of the
1
logarithmic function
is
the set of
all
positive real
numbers.
5^ = 8320
26.
6;cln 5
^~^
28.
In
8320
hi
8320
3(5^-')
86
5.-1
86
0.935
In 5
ix
= ln(y)
l)ln 5
^86
Ini
X-
In 5
;c=
3.085
In 5
(-IT
30.
32. log,o(f
f
365r
ln(
|^
=
=
In
3)
2.6
1026
102
401.107
ta2
6.932
365
'"(-I)
34.
logsVx - 4
3.2
53-2
;C
- 4 =
jc
36. /(f)
Zero:
(53.2)2
5*"
300(1.0075'^)
t
10
(10.0)
56.4
29,748.593
735.41
38.
g(x)=
Zeros: x
-21og,o[xU-3)]
-0.826,3.826
517
Chapter 5
518
40. fix)
3^
g(x)
l0g3
-2
-1
fix)
-2
-1
six)
32/
42.
= 2--
gix)
= -i\n2)2-
g'ix)
44.
46. fit)
jcCe-^')
= 4-2(ln6)6-2') + 6-2^
^
dx
= 6-^-2;c(ln6) +
=
48.
gia)
S""/- sin
g'(a)
5-"/2 2 cos
6-2^(1
2;c In
2a
t(2 In 3)
tV^c
/iW =
log3
logj
(jt
1)
logio
h'ix)=^^
jc
In 3
1_
In 3
(jc
x^-
2xix
dx
56. /(f)
r3/2 log,
21n2
y
Iny
jm
I3/2
ln(f
1)
58.
In
|/'/Mn(f
;c^+
^\ 5-^^
)'
InU
1)1
X
xL^c
(1
"
x)^/^
+ C
62.
;c)
zM+
1)J
x'-'
(jc
l)(lnx)
KS=KTi7)--f7
dx
1)
x\
xf'^
-In(l
_
1
loUU^ -
In 10
1) ]
[^rl
(1
lOgioX
2x
rJ:-2 C
ix
60.
10
In loL^c-
In
1)
- l)lnlO
ix^
Iny =
fit)
In
2x
~
=
~
a:
= logloU--
In 3
+ logmX
logi
2{;t
3x-
logj 2
-0
1) In
= logm
(2j:)
;clnlO
(iy
+ -
1)
2a
5) S-"/^ sin
+ - log3
- 3^
3^(2fln3 -
l]
54.
3^
/'(/)
dx
52.
6)
50.
2a - lOn
InU
"_J
x+
+
X
1)
In 5
_
-
64.
+ X In x)
5^)
A=
(27
25) dx
Bases Other than
Section 5.5
2(3
66.
x)!^^'"^'
dx
68.
S.
J(3-.)7'-^>^^=4j7(3 -.P]
2In7
70. (a)
2
2
cos
+ c
In
(b)
2suijr
jc,
du
cos
a;
olx
(;;
"T = e^^-^cosx
(-77,2)
ox
=/'
\nx
72. \og^x
e^""'
/W
If/W <
0,
thenO <
(d)
logioJ:
10>'
a:
(e)/U) +
/-W =10'
=
log.o 1(P
Iog,olO,000
log,o 10*
= 4
.V
log,oJt
log,o(10;c)
<
10,000, then 3
< f{x) <
10glo(^-j
a^
fiu
78. V{t)
v)
20,0001
a" +
''
a"
a''
log,o-^|
in
4.
=f{u)f(v)
(b) f{Zx)
20,0001
1.
log,ol0
log,o-t2
2n
= 10^ =
= a^=
(b)f=20,00o(ln|)(f
<
10.
{a^y
100^.
[f{x)Y
3V
(a)
V{2)
Thus, jtiAj
76. f(x)
3
(f)
1000 <
.t
X must have been increased by a factor of
1000
log,o
If
C=
logioJT
(b)
(c)
logio
Domain: x >
(a)
+ C
logio^t
In
+ C=
(it, 2):
(a)
sin
519
,'-SWs-- v////v\\v.
74.
dx,
jc
and Applications
|r =
$11,250
Whenf =
1:
When f =
4:
(c)
^ -4315.23
^= -
1820.49
As
the car ages,
it
is
'
worth
less
each year and depreciates less

each year, but the value of the
car will never reach $0.
80.
82.
84.
Chapter 5
520
P=
= 6% =
$2500, r
2500(l
A =
2500e('^**^*
P=
$5000, r
= 20
+^^^j
12
365
Continuous
8017.84
8155.09
8226.66
8275.51
8299.47
8300.29
8300.29
0.07,
25
n
12
365
Continuous
27,137.16
27,924.63
28,340.78
28,627.09
28,768.19
28,773.01
10
20
30
40
50
94,176.45
54,881.16
30,119.42
16,529.89
9071.80
4978.71
0.07^25"
50001
A =
5000eO'"<25)
= 7% =
A =
0.06 NÔ"
A =
100,000
0.06,
P =
Pe
100,OOOe-oo'
07\3i
86. 100,000
88.
H)40
50
93,240.01
49,661.86
24,663.01
12,248.11
6082.64
3020.75
<
$100,
A =
A =
A =
A(20)
92. (a)
30
A(20)
(c)
20
A(20)
(b)
,00,0001
10
LetP =
(a)
P =
^1
= P\\+
<
0.86
90. (a)
20.
lim
0.86
or
400
lOOfiOo^r
-0.86(-0.25)(e--^")
(b)
182.21
(1
lOOe""^'
271.83
P'(3)
0.069
F'(IO)
0.016
e-o-zs")
,. ,
(d)
p'tr)
19e-'/5
38,000,
,,,
-r-{e-''^)
=
=
In 19
(b) Limiting size:
10,000 fish
10,000
p\t)
19e-'/5
e-'/i
=
(1
/19
:
19e'/5)2l 5
38,000e-"'5
e-o-25")
332.01
12.000
p(t)
lOOgOo*'
(1
(c)
0.2156-"-^"
(1
(\
19e-'/5)2
p'{\)
113.5 fish/month
p'(10)
403.2 fisii/month
10,000)
5 In 19
14.72
19e-'/^
19e-'/=)3
Bases Other than
Section 5.5
94. (a)
^'i
6.0536;c
97.5571
y^
100.0751
Vj
99.4557(1.0506)^
y^
101.2875xO"'-'i
(c)
The slope of 6.0536

the amount given to
521
the annual rate of change in
philanthropy.
17.8148 In X
(d)
For 1996,
j3'
^3
(b)
is
and Applications
=
is
6 and y,'
6.0536,
>','
2.9691,
6.6015,^4' -3.2321.
increasing at the greatest rate in
996.
150
100
>3 seems best.
98.
96.
A =
S-'dx
= [-^1 =
Jo
-^ - 23.666
10-'
10-2
10-^
io-
2.594
2.705
2.718
2.718
In 3
Lin 3 Jo
(1
x)'"^
100.
f
600
661.50
694.58
729.30
630
ciJd)
When
y
0,
>-
C=
600
600.
600{kf)
630^^05 66yO
600
Let/t
'
661.50
'
05
694.58
1.05.
600(1.05)'
102. True.
/(e" +
^^^
69i58,io5
630
'
106. True.
104. True.
')
-f{e") = Ine"*' -
=
=
In e"
cPy
_
'
Ce'
yforn = 1,2,3,
1
f(x)
g(x)
dx"
g(x)e'
since e'
^
>
for all
.r.
522
Chapter 5
108. y
x^^''
y'
sinx
-t^"-'
'
Tangent
l^\
line:
cos;c
- +
cos
Injc
IIjc
In
y^x
Section 5.6
'^y
Growth and Decay

dy
--
dx
dy
-dx
A-y
/3yy^
'^
,
dv
-/>
ln|4-- y\dy
A - y
y
y'-=
8.
j:(i
-=
x +
-= ->+c,
==
4-
c.
= Ce
xy
f/'
ln(l
100
X dx
xdx
y)
100;c
y'
100;c
+ xy = ^100 -
"^
>
jTo^'^^^r'^"
=f-.
l+y-=
y
y'
y'
Ji+y
_ 4^/2 = c
9y2
;c
+.V
dx-=
--
-ln(100-y)=y +
g(rV2) + C,
= gC,
^/2 _
ln(100
=
C^/2 -
|, /x dx
Ce"^
y'
1
--dx
10.
y)
Jx
C,
y)
-| -
>-
e-0^/2)-c,
-y =
e-c. e-^/2
C,
100
>-
100
100
- Ce-^/^
y)
'
Section 5.6
^=
12.
/t(10
= kx{L
14.
t)
y)
dx'
dt
Growth and Decay
dp ^
-dt
dP--
->
dy
k(\Q - t)dt
==
kx
L - ydx
dt
+ c
-ty-
L-y dx
^>--tY + c
L -
-ln(L
fccdx
rfv
^^'
-y)-
L - y =
e-(*^/2)-c,
-y = -L +
=L -
g-C,
g-tar'/2
Ce-'=^/2
16. (a)
^ = xdx
"^îiii
:oi
inbl
1
'
'
y+c
\ I
= e^/2+c = c,^/2
dy
(0, 10)
20.
15
dt
^- = 4v,
4'
Jtdt
(o, 10)
= -^^1^ + C
10
-|(0)3/2
-2^''''
+ C
In V
C=
10
f=^
N=
(0,
24.^
Ce'^
250):
(1,400):
250
(0,
400
400 = 250e* =^ k = In-^ =
When t = A,N=
250e'"=(8/5'
^25o(8V
Ci
= Ce => C =
=
P =
(Theorem 5.16)
C=
10
'
"^
=7 +
4
22.
(0, 10)
dt
hiy
rfv
Vt,
18.
250e'</5>'
8192
lOe^'/*
^
(Theorem 5.16)
Ce*'
5000):
C=
5000
S
In
(1.4750): 4750
When
10
5.
P=
5000>*
=>
A:
= Inf^j
5000e'"*'9/=o>(5>
= 500o(^j' -
3868.905
v.
523
26.
Chapter 5
524
C=
y
Ce^,
[s,
(0, 4),
C-
28.
(3,1),
(4. 5)
^ = Ce-
4e>'
Ce"*
2Ce =
,
= MiM._o.4159
10^3*
4g -0.41591
|ce'"--
10
e*
fc
In 10
(7^2.3026;
(7^2.3026(4)
Cy
2.3026
0.0005
O.OOOSe^ô^*'
dy
30. y'
ky
dt
-r-
when
>
dx
=
=
34. Since y
When
Cef'^<'/2)/i62o];_
we
10,000,
have
.^^,e
have^'
1.5
Ce['"<'''2)/i62o](iooo)
2.30e['"'<'/2)/i62o](io,ooo)
=> c
==
grams.
38. Since y
Ce^^(U2)/5iio\t^
Initial quantity:
When t =
ê have
3.2
42. Since
Cef'-C/^'/^sojiooo
=^ c =
and
initial
implies that the
we have
>-
fc,
Ce*^ or
>-
yQe^.
0.53 which implies that the
44. Since
0.15>'o
gO.055,
initial
In 2
0.055r
Joe'-""
2/5730),
(In 2)r
A =
5730
57 30
In
In
0.15
15,682.8 years.
In 2
12.6 years.
0.055
Amount
In 0.15
quantity
2.30 grams.
is
quantity
A = 20,0006"^^', the time to double

= 20,000^0 055r ^^ ê have
2
5730
is
6.70
1.08 grams.
^0^""*
In
quantity
initial
40,000
po =
II.
3.61.
= Ce['"<'/2)/24.360],^ ê have 0.4 = Ce^îmviîmm.om) =^ c =

When t = 1000, we have y = o.53ef'<'/^'/^-3'l<"o) = 0.52 gram.
ky,
3.61 grams.
10,000,
dy
Quadrants
0.
2.30 which implies that the
40. Since y
gram.
>
o.03 gram.
= Ce^\^(Ui)/5no\<^ we have 2.0 = Ce['"(i/2)/573o](io,ooo) =^ c = 6.70 which

When t = 1000, we have y = 6.70et'<i/2)/5730]{iooo) ^ 5 94 ^^^^
36. Since y
after
10 years:
20,000e'055'"0'
$34,665.06
is
is
0.53
given by
46. Since
A =
andA = 20,000 when
lO.OOOe"
5,
we
lO.OOOeS-^
In 2
0.1386
Amount
48. Since
A =
10 years:
after
A =
2000e" andA
5436.56 when
t=
5436.56
2000e'O'
ln(5436.56/2000)
'
13.8
lO.OOOet""^'/']"'"
$40,000
The time
0.10
= 10%
To
to double
4000
given by
is
2000e"""
In
'=aTo'^^-^^y"^'-
0.06Y'a(-'o)
= P\l +
50. 500,000
0.09 V '^'<^'
= Pll +
52. 500,000
12
12
P =
500,000(1.005)-''8o
$45,631.04
P=
500,000
0.09
12
==
54. (a)
2000 = 1000(1
1.06'
ln2
rlnl.06
(c)
0.6)'
2000
In 2
In 2
11.90 years
$53,143.92
i'^m
lOOOl
0.06\365'
/,
365r In
0.06
365
In 1.06
In
(b)
2000
1000(
0.06
365
(^
12
11.55 years
0.06
'2'
0.06^
(d)
2000 = lOOOgOo*'
12
ln2 =
12rln
In
g0.06l
0.06r
0.06
In
12
In 2
2
1 1
.58 years
'
= 006="-^^^'^^
^^nfl.^f)
56. (a)
2000
1000(1
1.055'
055\2''''
(c)
0.055)
^j
2000 = 1000(^1 +
0.055
.055 \3'
/,
ln2 = rlnl.055
In 2
In 2
12.95 years
365r
Inl
0.055
365
In 1.055
(b)
2000 = 1000(
2=1
^^j
365
(d)
/,
2000
lOOOeOO"'
0.055
In 2
0.055r
0.055
12
In 2
0.055 y 2'
12
ln2 = 12fln
10.
have the following.
have the following.

20,000
Growth and Decay
Section 5.6
In 2
'H'^'-W)
12.63 years
'^-Me^'--^^^'"^
12.60 years
525
we
58.
Chapter 5
526
P=
Ce'^
P(-\) =
P=
Cgooî'
11.6
60.
CgOo^K-i)
=> c =
P=
16,310,000 people in 2010
or
62. (a)
Af=
100.1596(1.2455)'
(b)
N=
400 when
64.
==
>>
''''''
100.1596(1.2455)'
400
fin 1.2455
3.9936
100.1596
In
3.9936
hi
3.9936
or
Ce'',
(0,
742,000),
(2,
632,000)
742,000
742,000e2*
= iB(63|m2)_oo,o2
742,OOOe-o"802'
4,
>>
$538,372.
6.3 hours.
In 1.2455
20
30(1
30e3o*
10
66. (a)
- e"*)
25
(b)
-ln3_
ln(l/3)
(a)
30(1
25(1
e-00366r)
e") ==>
2i
25
(b)
25,000 units (lim S
(c)
When r =
70. (a)
R =
/
(b)
5,
-0.1385r*
2.1770f3
is
(d)
979.3993eOo^"
9.9755f2
23.8513f
266.4923
2<X
500
e-o-0366,)
R'(t)
-ln6
,^
= ^00366 ^'^'^^y^
-0.1744
Inl
14,545 units.
Rate of growth
(C)
25
25)
14.545 which
979.3993(1.0694)'
30(1
^^,..
^
A?=
3.5856
3,450,000 people in 2010
Whenf =
= Ce-oo*"-" => C =
3.45
C=
6.3 hours (graphing utility)
632,000
3.6
S.SSSee-ooo^'
P(10)
Analytically,
400
= Ce--^'
Ce'^
P{-\) =
11.9652
11.9652e003"
P(10)== 16.31
P=
65.7eOo^"
(d) Pit)
Section 5.7
93
72.
6.7
= lOlog.o^^ =
=
log.o/
=> /=
lOdog.o/
10
/7^* = lkdt
101og,o77^ni=10(log,o/+
-v'-îo10~i6
16)
"/
log,o
80)
-6.7
I
80=
^=%-
Since
74.
16)
1^1=
(
'
ln(y-80) =
IQ-*
When
k(\)
fa
>>
1500. Thus,
\,y
1,
=
=
0,
When
;nfr =
'';;:J" )(100) ==95%
Percentage decrease:
VI
A<
In
C.
C=
In 1420.
1120.
Thus,
120. Thus
1420 = ln(1120- 80)
In
1040-
In
1420
104
In
7^.
142
Thus,
.V
i420e['"<'*'/"2)]'
When t = 5,y-=
76. True
80.
379.2.
78. True
Section 5.7
Ixy
Solution: x^
Check:
2x
lyy'
Cy'
-2x
- C)
_
"
_
- Cy ~
y"
2y '
= C[e~'cosx +
Check:
2y'
Ixy
-~2xy
2>'2
y"+
'
(2y
= Cy
y^
Solution:
= ^-^
- U^ +
2y2
2y
y^)
_ 2xy
" y^ - ^2 -
C-,e~^sinjc
= -(Cj +
y"
2 Cif"^ sin x
2y
2C,<'--"^ sin
Cj)e-^sinA:
a-
+ (-C, + C2)e"^cosx
IC-ê'^ cos
2C2e--' cos
.x
2(-(Ci + C.)e-^^mx+ (-Ci
6.
y
y'
|(e^2A-
_,_
(2C,
- 2Ci - 2C2 +
+ C^-'^cosx) +
2C2)e--'sin.:
+ (-2C2 -
^)
= f(-2e-^ +
e")
y"=f(4e-^ +
e')
Substituting, y"
2y'
J ^2
y'
Ixy
^2
f(4e--t
^t)
+ 2(5)(-2e"^ +
e')
2e^
2(C,e-"^cos.x
2Ci
+ 2C2 +
Qe""^
sin
2Ci)f "'^cos.v
.r)
527
Chapter 5
528
In Exercises 8-12, the differential equation
3 COS Zx
;y(4)
48 COS 2x
8.
is ^'''*
16y
0.
10.
>>
v('')
y(4)
i6y
48 cos It
- 48 cos
2x
= 3e^
5 In
= -:30
Yes.
0,
(4)
12.
I6y
30T- 801n;c^
No.
0,
sin 2jc
yW = 48e^ - Msinlx
yW -
i6>.
- 64
(24e^
sin 2x)
16(3e2
In 14-18, the differentia] equation isxy'
14. V
xy'
18.
xy'
20.
e^(;c2
2x)
2{xê^)
xê^,
2y
x{e^{x^
xV
ix-,y'
= ;cV +
2xe^
-ly =
;c[a:V
+ Ixe -
lOx]
xV + Ixe' =
;cV, y'
= A
siB
2x))
2y
- 4 sin
0,
Yes
xê^.
16.
>>
'
cos
2^
22. 2x^
y^
= C passes
x(cos x)
2[.tV
S.t^]
jtê^,
2(9)
oi/
Aui^
Thus, or
+
+
sin cot
16>'
16A
16 and
oj
we have
O,
sin a)t
= C
General solution: x^
Particular solutions;
C=
0,
C=
1,C =
General solution: 3x^
6x
2(3x
3x
Initial
yd)
-=
+
+
4yy'
2yy')
2yy'
0.
= 4.
24. Differential equation: yy'
y~
3a:
Point
2yy '
2y^
4, Circles
= C
condition:
3:
3fl)2
2(3)^
Particular solution: 3x^
3
2y-
+
=
18
21
2{sin
jc) "
x'e^.
Yes.
-16 =
21
= C
through
(3,
4)
C=^C = 2
Since (d^/dt^)
j:
10a:
-TT
sin X,
xy '
Yes.
(Jit
d^ = ,
Aar sin
2r)
2x'
y^
No.
Section 5.7
28. Differential equation: xy"
General solution:
>>
y'
Initial
+ Cj In j:
C,
conditions: y(2)
C,
C2
0,
>>
= -
'(2)
In 2
y'=C,ny"=-Cn
xy"+y' = x[-C,^] +
C^
=
=
C,
2
30. Differential equation: 9y"
y"= l^^/^ff C, +
3
V3
Q + Iq.t)
12y'
= e\C^ +
=
(1)(C,
e-(4
y(0)
1/:
36.
.x3
0)
+ ^^4C2 =
\eM\c,
(.x3
(u
In
jc
In
2C,
+ \c.x
+
Q + jQa:)
4{e^/3)(C|
+ Qj) =
C,
= 4
= e^l\
-J
34.
4.t)
dr
2x2
~
1
+ C
e'
Jt^ e"
38. -7-
tan- x
dx
sec-
.r
ln(l
e^)
tan
.r
+ C
dx
dx
dx
dv
12(e^''3)(|Ci
"^ =
-
xcosx-
40. -j-
V3
4;c
= In
dx:
C,j:)
4, y(3)
=> C2 =
3C2)
=
^
dx
3C2)
e-^/^(Ci
4>'
= 9(ê^/3 j/|q + IC. + 1^.^] <^"
4y
Initial conditions:
12y'
General solution: y
9y"-
32.
= -In
C,
1,
\x
x~,
cos(.r-)
du
= sin(.r-) + C
= 2xdx)
= xV5 -
dx
X.
Let
=
X
xVS^^dr
= V5 -
(5
x,
x.
dx
= - 2u dw
- u-)u(-2u
(-10=
-j(5
2'')du
- x)V2 +
|{5
x)^/-
+ C
(sec-
1) (ix
.r -1-
529
Chapter 5
530
dy
_ x^ +
dx
2>y^
44.
42.
dx
5e-V2Qrj
'
-i
{x^
2)dx
= - lOe-^/2 + c
^ + 2x +
dy
dr
0.055
46,
'
|3y2rfy
5(-'2)je-
dr
50.
xy'^y
48.
ds
\ny
y
\a
6 cos vx
h^\
If-f X
+ C
0.0255^
dx
dx
0.055 ds
y-r-
\n
C=
\n
Cx
-r
2
77
,dy
V^?^^^
dx
4y^ =
54.
5jc
5;c
/-/ Jx^-
9
2y2
56.
Jx+
Jyy' =
58. Ixy'
Ll/2^y = -
|y3/2
Initial condition:
= 21nx
dx
y'l'^
4,
(1)3/2
x'l'^
-^v1
y(0)
1:
0=-l
= C
'
-y^
yd) = 1:1--=
= )^\^xY-4-
^
+ c
-2s
62.
ds
= \{l-X^)-'^^xdx
-/)l/2= _(1
l<
-(1
ln;c
dy
c,
(lnx)2
yVl -a:^T- =
ox
_y2)-l/2y^y
+ C
\nx^
^(1)
(1
3e^
c
(4)3/2
60.
Ll/2^
= _|^/2 +
y/2 + ^/2 =
3e^
Wydy = pe^dx
dx
-;c2)l/2+
H^l
=
e-2^rf5
= --e"^ + C
-g-''
C=>C=l
yr^= yn^
^(0)
-1 = -| +
0:
C^C=-|
1,1
2
g-r
=i
-2r
+i
2
-r=ln|.- +
i| =
+ e-^ \
lnl
2
r
lnl
+e-
dx
C,
'
smTix + C
TT
52.
TTX
6 sin TTX
= Cx
>^
6 cos
Section 5.7
64.
dT + k(T -
70) dt
66.
ir
3jt
dT
ln(r-
= -kt +
70)
r - 70 =
T(0)
Initial condition:
140
m -
68.
dx
= 140;
- 70 = 70 =
70
Ce"
70e-*',
in x^
In
Initial condition:
= C
T=
- -
Ce-*'
T-
In
Ci
70(1
e~*')
y{S)
Particular solution: Sv^
70.
+ BxV -
y)
.r3
/(rx, ty)
t^x^
/U,
2'
2,
x^,
CCS^),
rV3
2y2
+ Ifx^ - Ifr
dx
n-\
In
>>
= Cx
In
Not homogeneous
JT
Tn
jr
In
C =
In
Cc
xy
/U,y) =
72.
C,
74.
/U,
y)
f(tx, fy)
r;if
= tanU +
=
y)
tan(fx
ty)
tan[f(.x
fy
y)]
Not homogeneous
xy
r-xy
tjx- + y2
7.^2
76.
y2
= tan^
/(.r,y)
f(tx, rv)
tan
ty
= tan -V
tx
+ y-
X78. y
80.
.ty
xy2 dy
2xy
-\-
{:c'
y")
dx
V
x{vxY{x dv
X* v^ dv
xv^ dv
-\-
{x^
dx
x^ dx
(^y
ln|x|
dv
= X' + v-x
dx
2x-
(vxY) dx
v^ x^
2v dx
2x dv
ln(v2-
+ C
ln|.t|
+ C
dx
dx
1:3^-
dx
"l
/i
dx
Jv2.v =
V dx
V dx)
x^ v^
= vx
= X d\)
dy
vx,
+X
v2-
1)
4-1
Xy-
-ir
-/f
= -Inx + lnC=
=
^
X
= Cx
In-
C=
531
Chapter 5
532
dv
2y
y'
82.
-,y
3vx
dx
v|
+ \nC =
\nx^
{x'^
j:U
y) rfy
0,
>>
vx
+ xdv) =
x^v){vdx
3v
/^ If
/if. -If
dx
ln|l
y^ etc +
84.
vx
-x'^v^dx
2x
+ x-r =
3y
= - In
In V
;c
In
Ci
Ci
In
\nx'^C
l+v=x^C
In
^1
XV
X
VX
X
y
Cy?
y
Initial condition:
86. (2jc2
Let y
(2x'
(2^2
(2
y2)
+ xydy =
dx
v;c, ofy
j:
+ vV) dx +
2^2 V 2) dx
+ lv^)dx =
-21nx =
tic.
dv +
x^v dv
V dx)
= Q
rfv
v'
-ln(l
v2)
ln;c-2
ln(l
+ v^y^ +
x-2
C(l
C;
In
v2)'/2
3/2
-=
C(x2
/)l/2
X
y{\)
0:
-=
1
e'~^/^
88- ax
x(vx){x
-j:vrfv
;c
dv
C(l
=> C =
0)
y?T7
= xjx^ +
^2
Ce-y^''
=1,1 =
^(l)
Ce~'
=^ C =
Section 5.7
= 0.25x(4 ^
ax
90.
dy
533
Dijferential Equations: Separation of Variables
y)
025x dx
A-y
25xdx
\^>-h
\jxdx
In
b -
4|
;y
92.
= --x^ +
C,
= 4 + Ce-ûm
= 2-j.,>.(0) = 4
94.
^=
0.2jc(2
y), y(0)
(111
\V\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
NSNV
/./,/./ /././././.
I
^=
96.
Ay,
l\l
:y
98.
Ce*'
dt
Initial conditions:
^(O)
20
Ce
16
20e*
A:
Particular solution; y
When 75%
5
1 =
20, y(l)
16
=
^
dx
The
/t(x
4)
direction field satisfies {dy/dx)
Matches
= C
along x
(b).
= ln|
20e"<''/5'
has been changed:
20e"(^/5'
grln(4/5)
ln(l/4)
6.2 hr
ln(4/5)
=
^
dx
100.
The
102.
ky""
direction field satisfies (dy/dx)
grows more positive as y
increases.
along y
Matches
(d).
0,
and
From
Exercise 101,
w =
1200
- Ce-^
w =
1200
- Ce-'
w{0)
= 1200 - C
w =
1200
H'o
(1200
Wo)e-'
C=
1200
- Ho
4:
534
Chapter 5
104. Let the radio receiver be located
The tangent
and
line
toy = x
at {xq, 0).
joins
j:^
(-
1, 1)
(xq, 0).
of tangency on the
(a) If [x, y) is the point
>>
x^,
(b)
Now
let
then
2x^
2;c
+1
2jc
.r
j:-
It
h _ X- x^
o
'-^
= rrix+1
x-2x^+\-2x
x-x^-h
2x-h-l=0
- 373 + 5
-1 + 1-73
l--to
73 =
(1
Xo){6
- 373
xg(6
6-373
- 373)
1--X0
1.155
/i
h- h-
- 372 +
-72 +
4
/i
72 + /!
+ 4 - 372 +
hjl + h
2h+ A- 372 +
2/!
a vertical asymptote at
x^
/i
Xo+
is
;z
- (372 + h~ h- A)
-1 - (-1 + 72 + /;)
10
There
1))
/;
Then,
2/!
j:
+ 72 +
= 372 +
-73
- 373)
- 373 +
473
= -1 + 73
y = x-x"- = 373 -
Then
(-2 + 74 + Mh +
74 +
-2
1-0
1, h).
= y l_x-x^
x^
a:2
(c)
(-
y-
the transmitter be located at
=5, which
is
the
height of the mountain.
106. Given family (hyperbolas):
x^
Ix
2)r
Ayy'
n-\i
\ny
y
J^
y^
108. Given family (parabolas):
= 2Cx
2yy'=2C
X
'
2y
-ly
y'
Orthogonal trajectory:
= C
= yl(l\=y.
2x\yj
2x
dx
(ellipse):
Jyrfy=-J:2xdx
= -21nA: + \nk
foc-2
2x
= -x^ +
=
2x'^
y^
= K
Ki
Section 5.8
110. Given family (exponential functions): y
Ce^
y'
Ce'
y'
Orthogonal trajectory (parabolas):
535
=y
\ydy= -\dx
The number of
112.
conditions matches the
initial
= -2x +
y-
number of
TWo
114.
families of curves are mutually orthogonal if each
curve in the
constants in the general solution.
first
second family
family intersects each curve in the
at right angles.
116. Tnie
dy
^=U-2)Cv+l)
118. True
X'
y^
x2
y2
= 2Kx
dy
dx
C-
dx
Ky
Kx -x^
Cy y^
2Kx 2Cy
Ix-
K- X
V
ly'^
X-
+y^-
x''-
2x^
2y
y^
x-
= -1
_v'
Section 5.8
2.
dy
= 2Cy
arccos x
(a)
x
y
-1
-0.8
2.499
3.142
-0.6
-0.4
2.214
1.982
-0.2
1.772
1.571
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.369
1.159
0.927
0.634
(d) Intercepts:
(c)
0,
No symmetry
6.
^-f
'
-f)
(-^._). -v^.-f
arcsin
and
(1, 0)
8.
Chapter 5
536
arccos
10. arc cot(-
12.
J3) = -^
6
arccos(^-j =
14. arcsin(-0.39)
^r- j =
18. (a) tanl arccos
20. (a) sec arctani
tanl
-0.40
16. arctan(-3)
5\
12
13/
13
-1.25
(b) cos arcsin
-7)
(b) tan
syiT
arcsinl--
^^
5
-3
vS
22.
sec(arc tan 4x)
arctan 4x
sec e
= Vl +
26. y
sec[arcsin(;c
arcsin(.r
>>
sec 6
24.
cos(arccotx)
arccot
cos 6
(
cosi arcsin
arcsin
cos
I6x^
1)]
28.
vO^+T
1)
X-
X-
h\
I
h
Vr^-U-Zl)^
Jlx -
x^
30.
32. arctan(2x
v^
^,
Asymptote: x
arccos
r =
cos 6
tan e
74^-^
2x
= Vr^ U
5)
/z)-
= -
tan(-l)
-(tan(-l)
1,
5)
1.721
Section 5.8
arccosx
537
arcsecj:
X = cos(arcsec x)
X
x^
V?^\
x
1
^ 1
= arcsin^,
36. (a) arcsm( x)
Let>'
<
\x\
Lety =
arcsin( j:). Then,
^=sin3' => x = siny => x =

Thus,
y = sicsmx =^
= -arcsinx.
= arcsin
j:.
arctan
tanly
tt
arccos
Thus,
Therefore,
TT
40. fix)
arccosl
<
|j:|
1.
= cosv =>
arccos x
Therefore, arccos(-.i:)
x,
arccos(-.r). Then,
X = cosy =^
sin( y).
arcsin(-j:)
38. f(x)
(b) arccos(-.r)
1.
=^
tt
;c
tt
arccos
cos(7r
arccos
y).
x.
x.
cos y
X = A cos y
Domain: ( oo, oo)
Domain: [-4,4]
Range:
(0, tt)
Range:
f(x)
is
the graph of arctan
[0, tt]
x shifted ir/l units upward.
c^^-_
42. f(t)
arcsin t-
44. f(x)
arcsec 2x
o*
^^r /,..-]
<y:f
2t
46.
/W
arctan
fix)
1
50. f(x)
fix)
VT^
f\t)
arcsin
\2x\
Vx
48.
xj\2j'xl
a:
2v/x(l
arccos x
V4x- -
h{x)
x^ arctan x
h \x)
2x arctan x
52.
]n{t-
It
= -
.rV'4
.IT
+ 4
56.
,_(4-^)-./.(-^),VT^,2-;,====
JiT^x
74"
Ja^^- +
'*
2t
vT
.V
r^
arctan Iv
TV
5
2f- 1
r + 4
r ln(l
\yr)
rfv
iv
/i-t^+<i^''7
+x'
+ 4
- - arctan -
4)
f + A
ri
i-C.rc..^7.
1
/'W =
54.
\x\j4x~-
;c)
-V,
+
4.T-
1/
8.V
arctan(lr)
4V
arctan(lv)
4.V-
A/'
'
58.
Chapter 5
538
- - a:V25 -
25 arcsin
j>'=5
-^=i_-
V25 -
x-
arctan
_
"
.r,
/'(;c)
+ S +X
+ 4)2
2x
(1
AW
.2)2
=/(l) +/'(1)(X -
64. /(;c)
4)2
(x^
P,{x)=f{\)+f'{\){x-\) =
P,(X)
(;c2
+.2
^^'''
4)-2(2x)
fXx)
+ 4
jc^
x^
x^-
arctan
-(.2
2
(x/2)2
x^
725 -
2x^
725 -
4)
2x2
62. f(x)
2(^2
721-1^ -.-(25 -.r'/^(-2.)
(25 - x^)
725 - X-
25
60.
x^
arcsin
1)
\{x-\)
|/"(1)(X
1)2
\{X
2x
1)
- ^(X -
66. f(x)
-2 =
7r
^+
when 7l - x^ =
1)2
arcsin
2 arctan x
2
fix)
71^
+.2
= 75
2
1
2.2
;c4
4(J
^2)
X
fix)
(1
;d
.2)3/2
6.2
0.681
/"I'^'l >
Relative
minimum:
By the First Derivative Test, (-0.681, 0.447) is a relative

maximum and (0.681, 0.447) is a relative minimum.
73
^r - 0.68
r(-f)<o
Relative
maximum:
68. arctan
72. (a) cot e
0. tt is
73
r-, 0.68
not in the range of >>
70.
arctan ..
The
derivatives are algebraic. See
74. cos d
arccotl-
dt
-3
arccos
.2
dt
9 dt
If.= 10,^-
11.001 rad/hr.
dt
If.
= 3, =66.667
rad/hr.
dt
de^Mds^^
dx
lower altitude results in a greater rate of change of
6.
5.18.
= 750
(b)^ =
Theorem
ds
dt
-1
~'^^^
(
\
71
(750A)2V s^ I
750
ds
sjs^ - 7502
dt
^
dt
Section 5.9
76. (a) Let y
Then
arcsin u.
smy =
cos y
'
(b)
Lety =
arctan
Then
u.
tt
2
=
sec'y
tany
539
dy
u'
dx
dy _
u'
dr
(c)
Let y
arcsec .
secy
sec > tan
J\ -
cos y
(d) Let
u}
arccos
Then
u.
cosy = u
dy
sin y -
=
.
Note: The absolute value sign

the derivative of arcsec u
is
u'
\u\Ju- - V
secy tan y
dx
u'
dx
u'
sec^y
'
dy
=
ax
dy
dx
Then
dy
u^'
in the
dy
fomiula for
necessary because the
m'
dx
(f )
Let y
sin
arccsc
vr
Then
m.
inverse secant function has a positive slope at every
value in
(e)
Let y
cscy
domain.
its
arccot u.
esc
Then
esc'2 y - =
dv
V cot V
'
cot y
-p = u
dx
dy-_
dy
-cscycoty
dx
||Vm-
dx
Note: The absolute value sign
di
dx
derivative of arccsc u
esc-
m2
sin
g{x)
arcsin(sinx)
in the
formula for the
necessary because the inverse
cosecant function has a negative slope

its
78. f(x)
is
at
every value in
domain.
(a)
The range of y =
(b)
Maximum: v/l
arcsin
is
- it/2 S y ^
tt/I.
Minimum: - n/l
82. False
80. False
The range of y =
arcsin x
^-
VI -
= -\r
4x2
JtT^'^ =
^"/4 +
arcsin^
dx
tt]
arccos-
+ y
|
^1
Section 5.9
[IT
2}
4 r
dx
VI -
4x-
sJlTa?^'^
(.v-l)=''"^
= - arcsin(2jc) + C
r'
4.
4
3
arc.an{3..)
I^^V") + C
+ C
8.
-,dx
I V4
TT
arcsm -
J^^^J-^^t =
t^
TT
=
[l^<^tan-J _
36
^/FTT'^^ = /^--')'^^ =
1-3
i-
- X + C
Chapter 5
540
14. Let M
r^ du
2t
16. Let u
dt.
lAre"' = lJ(ipTW^''^* ârctanf +
x^,du
l^^J^,^
V^^^^^
2x dx.
(2j:)dc
\\
2j xVM^ -
22
^^
1
^
= arcsec y + C
18. Let M
n/V2
arccos x, du
1/72
- arccos^
3,
j:
2x
die.
;dx
1(73)2
Ji
(V3)2 + U -
2)2
dx
= |-ln(l+;c2)
;=
-d:x:
x-2
1=-
7377
73
18
arctan
73
2)2
2L
arctan(sin x)
26.
Sin-;
27^(1 +
dx. u
^Jx,
du
(_du__ _
=
_
-
tt2)
-^J
=
^"Ju+l)2 + 4'^ 2j(.+
= - ln(;c2 +
{^
32.
34.
dx
L.2
/.2?2x +
36.
V-;c2
13
2x
3 arctan m
- - arctan! r + C
L(x
2)2
^r
V4 -
(x2
74
=
f
J
U-
2 arcsin
^*
l)7;c2
2x
(;c
4j:
40.
[3
+ 2\12
=
=^''H~5-JJ_2
/x
^ = l^T^l'^ - ^/ l+U+l)2 '^ =
4;c
3arcsinA:+
ri
a!x
(4
^'^^ll
ln|.2
38. Let
2.
tt
2|
j:2
7 arctan(x
2x,
dw
(2a;
1)
+ C
2) dx.
4)
A
2):
/^ r 2\
=
+
,L=^-
f
Jix1)7U -1)2-1
sec|. -
,|
. C
dx
= ludu
7.x2
+ C
arctanTc
4^
5)
dx
r-
+ 4.+
+ 4^-J(;c+l)2 +
l)2
-1= ate,
j<2
-2x
,r
r 4x + 3
^x f
\-^=J=dx^
{-2)\-j=^=dx
+ i\-j^==dx = -471 -x2 +
2vJc
x)
2m du
2J m(1
-In 2
->/3
3 f
28.
-J2x)dx
2j_^l+.
0.925
7r/2
J-V2
Jm
32
^r
j:^,
J-/3l+^'
-dx
yr^
Jo
Jo
+ U-
ri/72_
arccos x
dx
20. Let M
dx.
yn^
2x
+ C
+ C
Section 5.9
42.
ha u =
x^
du
A,
2x
dx.
2x
\ 79 + 8p^r?
44. Let u
= Jx--1,
:~ dx
u^
X,
2u du
^M
e^
48. (a)
is
(
die
^^^ + C =
;= arctan
du
= l\du
2m
/3\2
The term
= dx
;
V3
46.
4\
')
3J2 +
-r
Jm2 +
J;c+1
/;c2
^w
-.dx
^: x^
3a:
;c2
3;c
6]
2Vj:
9
+^-
arctan
3\^
c/m
'^
- 2 - 2V3
;^
:.
J2 +
= x+ 1
(
+ C
.^
cannot be evaluated using the basic integration rules.
(b)
\xerdx = \e^ + C,u =
^*' ^^^
fl
-re'/^dx
(c)Jp
(c)
dx cannot be evaluated using the basic integration
(b)
,?
yf^ dx = Ij :p^ & =

4^3
(c)
1
^dx = .
+X
i arctan(x^) +
ln(l
x")
C,
C, M
x^
Cm
rules.
x"*
-f = 7>fe-<"^
52. (a)
/ / / / /
^ / / yjf
N N
dy
(b)
= -ei/^+
^ = xyi6^,
dj
arcsinl
(0,
-2)
= xdx
jl =
-2): arcsini
(0,
x'
--1 = C =^ C
(y\
ir
/at
7r\
nT~?J
sin
2L
-^
//III
y
/ / / /
yyyyy
^^ y y y
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ X X
541
56.
Chapter 5
542
A =
74^^ dx
.
Jo
arcsin
arcsin xdtc
58.
0.571
Jo
P*^
60.FW=-|
dt
^+
average value off{x) over the interval
(a) F(a:) represents the
on [
greatest
(b)
2jo
=
-[=arctan
F(x)
5)
[x,
2].
Maximum
at
;c
= 1,
since the graph
is
whenx =
1.
1, 1].
arctan(x
2)
arctan
62.
^'
J
^
Vox
V6x -
x^
X-
x2
(a)
6x
(x
(x2
2)2
(1
F'{x)
x^
x^)
(;c^
(x2
l)(x2
(x
3)^
4x
4x
-4(x+
(x^
5)
l)(x2
1)
4x
5)
dx
'
- 6x +
9)
3)2
dx
J
V6x
(b) u
= Vx,
x^
X-
M~
.
79
J
X,
2u du
(x
arcsin
1
(c)
/x
+ C
dx
2
du
/ti^^'"''"^^/ 76^^
.
2 arcsin p=
+ C=
2 arcsini
(i)
V76,
+ c
The
antiderivatives differ
a constant, 7r/2.
Domain:
64. Let/(x)
arctan X
1
,rY N
1
Since/(0)
arctan
Since g{0)
-x2
+ x^r
+X2
<
for
x >
X*-)
0, arctan
>
for
x >
0.
Thus,
+x2'
arctan
and g
is
increasing for x
Therefore,
2x2
(1
X >
+x2
and/is increasing
Let g{x)
(1
x"'
[0, 6]
arctan
X <
x.
>
0,
arctan
x >
for
x >
0.
Thus, x
>
arctan x.
10
by

Section 5.10
Section 5.10
pO
cosh(0)
2. (a)
cosh 2x
8.
10. 2 sinh
x cosh jc
12. 2 coshi
:H-
(e=^
fe'
cosh(
tanh x
(b) tanh-'(O)
0.481
0.347
e"2x)/2
e~^\le'
-^
g2x
+ e'^
= e"
e~-^\
e^
+ C'^Y
fe'
2[^^^ e-y + e+
=cosh^^
sinh 2x
gU-y)h
cosh X
14.
0.648
"^
Inl
4. (a) siiih-'(O)
coth->(3)=^ln(|j
(b)
csch-'(2)
(b) sech(l)
6. (a)
pO
e""
g-(j:-y)/2"|
e^
e~''
e~y
cosh y
Putting these in order:
=
2
sech^jc
2/
sech^j:
sech^:
73
cosh jt
-î;
csch x
Jl>
sech x
;-
= -r
2
273
cosh X =
= - =>
sinh X
/3/2
1
coth X
tanhj:
coth;c
sinh
=
:f^
X = tanh x cosh j:
1V2V3\
2/V
csch
;c
73/3
16.
coth(3x)
y'
-3csch2(3jc)
20. y
y'
v^
73
g(x)
sinh
X sinh x
cosh x
22.
cosh .r = x
sinh
/i(r)
/(
.v
'(0
In(coshjc)
1
gW
X cosh X
18.
(sinh.v)
tanh.v
cosh X
coth
csch-
coth-
543
24.
Chapter 5
544
g{x)
sech-
= -2 s&Mix)
g'{x)
= -6
30. fix)
fix)
fix)
sech(3j:) tanh(3x)(3)
fix)
j:cosh(x
for
-cosh(-
2 tanh x
1)
- coshU -
1)
1)
+ sinhU -
1)
0.
By
1))
sinh(jr
1)
1.543)
is
>>
(cosh;c)(e=''=^^)
y
y'
= sechU +
'
1) tanh(jc
= a cosh j:
=
a sinh
.t
>>"= a cosh.x
Therefore, y"
maximum:
Relative
minimum: (0.88, 0.53)
0.
(0.88, 0.53)
fix)
cosh a;
/(I)
cosh(O)
fix)
sinhx
/'(I)
sinh(O) ==
fix)
= coshx
/"(I)
cosh(O)
/'i(^)=/(0)+/'(0)(x-0)=
V/
/>,
= 1+5^2
18
25
cosh, -25 < x < 25
(b)
At X
= 25, y =
18
25 cosh(l)
At.t
= 0,y =
25
18
(c)
40. Let u
M
1)
1)
34.
Relative
>-
= sechU +
>-
a relative minimum.
(-0.88,-0.531
38. (a)
28.
the First Derivative

(0,
(0.88. 0.53)
P2(;c)
xcosh(x
36.
= 6"^"
sech^ 3x tanh 3x
X sinhCr
Test,(0,
32. hix)
26. fix)
3j:
= VJ,
Vj:, d =
^.
ijx
42. Let u
7=
dx = l\ cosh V^l ^
y'
^=
(it
2 sinh VA
+ C
'
1
~ sinh.At
cosh
x,
du
.c
j;
a:
X
J cosh-^
sinh(l)
1.175
<
(ic
sinh^
sinh-^
56.577.
43.
25, y'
sinh
j:
x
cosh
+ C
.x
= sechx + C
44. Let u
2x
I,
du
2 dx.
46. Let u
/sech2(2.-l)<i.
sechîlx - l)dx = i/s
\\ sech^dx \
^tanh(2x-
1)
1)(2)
+ C
dx
sech'
/'
sech x, du
X tanh .r dlr =
sech X tanh
jr tic.
sech^ xi - sech
--sech^
JT
+ C
j:
tanh x) dx
1)
'
Section 5.10
5.
,,
+ coshZx
fl
xdx =
,
cosh''
50.
sinhlr]
-jc
+ - sinh 2x + C
dx
54. Let u
cosh
I V9 -
J (2x)Vl
du
^= ate
sinh
a:
/+
4jt2
x,
cosh jt
sinh-jc
56.
arcsin
2j:),
since sin
2xVl -
>
2x:
for
>-
(csch-'A:P
y'
2 csch"
<
.r
cos-
;c
x\
'
< x <
+ InVl -
-x^=)
tanh
^+
a sech"
istance
'
68.
9-X*
2sin2x
sin 2r)
is
2 csch
'
_
'
JC
x^
\x\^l
= x tanh"'
-X
r =
-x2
P=
.r
2 sec 2x,
.V
+ x ln(l -
tanh
'
64. See page 401,
x^)
{xg, yg)
Va- -
Xg^
'-
Va- -
jCn"
+ Va^ -
P lo
Q:
HX -
Xg)
JTn^
a sech~
3-.r
-, 3-.r + c
3+:r
'
d = y/x o^ + (-Va^-.o^r =
"'^
'f
2}9-(x^r-
J.
x^
the point [0, a sech~'(.*o/'')]-
from
4 -
cos 2x
0,
a
Hence,
17/4.
a sech-'
When x =
(;c/2)2V2/
+ C
cos2r|sin2x|
66. Equation of tangent line through
j:|
tanh"' x
2a:
x\jr+7-/
tanh-'l-
<
+ C
cos
62.
'
-1
+ C
= sech^Hcos
4x-
|2x|
(ic.
/sinhjc\
+ Vl +
-W^
(2) aLc
(2;c)2
arcsinl
60.
arcsin
3 Jo
^
,
J xVl +
58.
r V25~
Jo
ir
52.
:dx
4'" 3
+.t2
+ c
Theorem
5.22.
545
546
Chapter 5
70. Let
tt
72.
x^'\ du
= -Jxdx.
]{x+
ate
2)V.t2
4;c
=f.
J
f l)V2? + 4r+8
2)-
+ 4
4-P4?l^'-
74.
U + 2)V(^ +
otc
f
J (x
+ \)j2{x +1)2 +
.^=_J_,fVI+7U+i)i+i^^^
^J U +
(;c
76. Let
tt
2(a:
f
J (x
78. y
^
=
=
1),
^dt
1:1
4x
8x
A =
1"
^^f 2(x J
= \^ ,dx +
- x^
J 4x
(x
- x^ +=T In
(;c
80.
V6
+ IP
\Y + (V3)'
j:
2dx.
- 1)7-4x2 +
}Ax-x?
In
du
\)J(x
1)V(^
2)
2)
3 It
J (jc
2
2
tanh 2x dx
+ C=
73 + 7-4^2 +
(&= - În
2(x - 1)
73
1)V(^^-[2(x-1)?
-'r:^
2)2
8x
- 4-dx
lnl4x
x2|
-4
82.
+ - In
+ C
^(fe
I v4^^^'
3
2 g2x
g2i
_
+
2J0
U ln(x +
(it
2^
[|ln{e2'
|ln(e^
= ln,/
84. (a) v(;)
g-Zx
g-2i
(2)(e2^
e-2^'
e-^) dx
6 ln(5
7x2 _
+ 721) -
4)
6 ln(3
+ Js)
e-2-)|
+ e-*)-|ln2
1.654
= -32r
(b) 5(r)
Jv(f)rff=| (-32f)dr= -16f +

siO)
i(r)
CONTINUED
= - 16(0)2 + C = 400 => C = 400

= -
16r2
+ 400
+ C
Section
84.
5.
dv
-32
732
kv^
7^
The
(e)
J 32
'
fcv2
velocity
is
Since /tanh(cf) dt
verified
by
then du
V,
Vfc
2732
tanh(732ytr)<if
s(t)
V32 - V^v
=
C 0.
0,
= -f + C
ln[cosh(732itr)]
732- Jkv
When
^-2^32*;
6-2^^2* '(732
iln[cosh(732/:r)]
When A: =
7t(e-2>'^'+
'
l)
e-^'
-Jm.
'ilkt
gVJ2A,
v^
J.
Si(f)
sît)
when ; =
Sjit)
g-v^2itf
When
tan
Thus, y
e^
e'
sinh
;c)
88.
y
sech y
:- and
jc).
x.
Therefore,
arcsin(tanh
sech~'
;c).
j:
=X
(sechy)(tanhy)y' =
y
e""^
'
arctan(sinh
arctan(sinh
Then,
e"
tanh x
sinh^'x
sinh y
JC
(cosh y)y'
-1
(sechy)(tanhy)
(sechy)7l - sech-y
coshy
7sinh-y +
Vx- +
t)
400.
when
5 seconds.
8.3 seconds
air resistance is not neglected,
it
takes
approximately 3.3 more seconds to reach the ground.
7fc
0.01,
= - 16t2 +
= -^tanh(732fcf)
(l/k) ln[cosh(732fcf)].
e>/?af
i)
732 zif
sin
C.
izW = 400 - 100 In(cosh7o32
1)
^(e-2v^>_
j:).
= 0,
= C
= 400 => 400 -
- 7tv)
+ 7ite-2v^') = 732(e-2v^' -
arcsin(tanh
+ C
-2V32/tf
732 + 7fcv =
7fc 732fc
5(0)
Lety
7fc
732
V32 + yitv
732 + Jkv -
i'(7t
(1/c) In cosh(cf) (which can be
/32
Vfc dv.
:ln
In
differentiation), then
/
Since v(0)
bounded by - 732/7^-
= V^
Let
J22
Jk'
tanh(732fcr)
lim
(d)
dt
90.
547
CONTINUED
(c)
86.
JO
xVT
Chapter 5
548
Review Exercises
=
2. /(jc)
]n(x
Chapter 5
for
4. \n[{x^
3)
l){x
1)]
lnU2
1)
\n(x
1)
Horizontal shift 3 units to

the right
6. 3[ln;t
8. In
ln(x
\nx{x
3)
3)
3.T
16.
ax
(fa
+ 713
a^
aV
x2/
3-713
only since
2/
= Inx +
In 5^
Inx^
h{x)
\n{x^
1)
In^^^^
- 2
In
25
= Inx +
25xr'
In
]n{x
1)
~\
^.^
ln(x
x2-4x +
3x^ +
2
2x
x'
0.
7x2-6
dy
dx
3x3
2)
fix
14.
18. M
<
|ln(x2
In
-?[ln(a
ax
Vn
1)
.,,,11
=-+
a'
:;
- 6Mx'^ +
h{x)
2x
3\x2
3In;c
2)2/3]
'
10.
2/
1
=-+
f'(x)
In 5
ln[x(x2
12. /(x)
1)]
-2) =
xix
x2
2 InU^
Vertical asymptote:
bx)
a\a +
-jfa
te
fl
ln(a
bx)]
ab
b^\
\,du
x2
bx)
bx
= Ixdx
= ^(^^dx = |lnlx2 S^^dx

2
2j x2 -
Inx]
J x2
11
'
+ C
'
xj
bx
1
ax2
(g
a2Lx(a
bx)
ax\a +
20. M
In X, <iM
bx
bx)
bx)\
ax{a
ax2
x\a +
bx)
= - <fa
2..f^^
/*4/<'""-=>'>'-^
-/Xf
X dx
bx)
77
In COS| "T
"
JC
)ir
= 0-,.|J=)4..2
= f.,.(l)^.[i<,n,p]; = l
2)
26. (a)
fix)
= 5x-
= 5x-
549
(b)
= X
(c)
f-Uy\
/-'(/W) ^f-\5x -
/</-)
28. (a)
fix)
x3
x^
;c
Vy V:c
7)
^^"^
l^^'' = X
=/m-m'
(b)
A ^'r^
-fl
y
(c)
/-'(/W)
=r
'(x^
2)
y(;c3
2)
2=x
/(/-'W) =/{4/^r^^) = {V:^^^f +
30. (a)
5,x>0
=x'^-
fix)
= x^-5
Vy +
= x
Vx +
(b)
/-'W = Vx +
5
(c)
/"'(/W) =/-'(x^ -
5)
= VCr^ -
=/(Vx +
5)
= {Jx + Sf
/{/-'W)
32.
xVx-
fix)
/(4)
= 4
/'W =
(/-')'(4)=^-;^
36. (a)
34.
VT^^ + ^xix
=1 +
/'(4)
3)-'/^
/(.r)
lnx
f-'ix)
e^
(/-')'W
(/-')'(0)
= e=
5)
.r
forx >
-5=x
fix)
e'-
e'"-'
-X
- Inx
/-'(x)
In
=x
(b)
\
\^/
/-'
In
Inx
(c)/-'(/(x)) =/-'('-')
(1
/(/"'W) =/(l -
- He'-')
x)
= X
Inx)
fi-ii-'^-'*
ftox
J.
0.
Chapter 5
550
38. y
4e-
40.
g{x)
gXx)
Inl
1
e'j
In e*
ln(l
e^)
e^
1
\
-5-4-3-2-1
ln(l
e-')
e"
e'
..12345
-3--
-4
-5
42.
h{z)
e-^'^
h\z)
-ze-^'^
cos
48.
n?-
44.
3e^3/r
y'
3e-V'(3r2)
46. f(e) =|e=ta2e
Qp-3/r
50. Let u
xe^'
-2xsmx^ = xey^ +
-,
du
j- dx.
>
dx
di _
~
dx
jc^
- e-^
Je^ + e-^
e'^',
f e^
= (2e^ -
r 2g^
e'^^)
e-^)
56.j^^dx='-j^2e^dx
= - ln(e^ +
1)
d^r.
54. Let M
2g-
2J e^ + e-2
= - \n{e^ +
jc'
+ L
2e^' dx
Jo
62. g{x)
-e'/-^
6(2--^)
Sx^
+ C
alx.
gx=+l(3^2)^
e
^^ + + c
l
+ C
58.
(a), (c)
'oooo
+ C
V=
V'(t)
-i"
1^(2^+1^=
Lv+'aLr = 1
dx
(b)
60. Area
e^
xey
= e^ +
52. Let
dx
2x sin
=005 266^*" 29
/'(e)
< 5
= -4800e-o'
= -2634.3
V'(4)
= -435.4 dollars/year
Jo
<
V'(l)
-2e-
64. y
SOOOe-ofi',
log4j:2
dollars/year
66. fix)
A'e^
fix)
4ê^
70.
/i(jc)
68.
(In 4)4^?^
^ ~
'g5
j:
;c(4-^)
y'
4"-'
logsC^
72.
1)
,18,000
4~'
dt-
2-1 A
+ c
In 5
xix
1).
(c)
18,000
50 log
h)
< h < 18,000
Domain:
In
In
18,000
= 50 log,o!
(a)
In 4)
f2-iA
~rj ^
logs
'''=i;^
74.
= 4V(1 +
>>
551
Hl8,000-/!
8,000
18,000
(b)
100-
18,000 -/!
18,0O0(10-'/5O)
18,000(1
lO-'/ô)
As ;!->l 8,000, t-ôo.

(d)
= 50 logio
18,000
dh
Vertical asymptote:
(In 10)( 18,000
log,(,(18,000
h)
-h)
50
d-'t
- 50
50
dt
18,000
(In 10)(
dh''
No
critical
As
18.000 --h)-
numbers
increases, the rate of chan^ eof
altitude
is
tlie
increasing.
^
76.
2P =
Pe'O'-
e'O'
ln2 =
lOr
78.
In 2
^-(600)
'
^2J
=
^2J
-0.012y,5 > 50
(b)
Speed(s)
^/M-
Miles per Gallon
aoTl'""^'^^'
When s =
y
e'
82.
dx
50, v
28
28e''*-'''^, 5
= Ce-'ônm
> 50
-2r
e"
-2i
e" Zr
r -2e--'^
rfx
"2J
= --
3.868 grams
6.93%
^=
ds
80. (a)
>-
ln(l
e---^)
+ C
+--
otc
C=
2%e^
iy)
50
55
60
65
70
28
26.4
24.8
23.4
22.0
Chapter 5
552
84. V
'
e^'
sin
j:
dy
=
e' sin
dx
e-y dy
sin
si
j:
(it
-e >= - cos x +
Ci
cos
\r
'
(homogeneous
vx,
3ix
= X dv +
dy
vx)dx
{3x
differential
- x(xdv +
vdx)
+ 2vx)dx- x^dv =
+ 2v)dx = xdv
fi
C2(3
;c2
C(3
jr'
= C{3x +
x^
2v
;c
_^
/tv
dv
= - ln|3 +
\n\x\
=
^
dt
equa
V dx.
(3
88.
+ C
-ln|cosx
+ y)dx - xdy =
3{x
Let y
+ C
cosjc
86. -j-
(C= -Q)
+ C
1
j:
+
+
2v|
C,
ln(3
2v)>/2
In
Cj
2v)'/2
2v)
2y)
=
=
c( 3
3C;c
+ 2(^j
+ 2Cy
-3Cx
IC
9.8
(b)
limvW=^
(c)
i(f)
1^7^ =f^
(a)
-ln|/tv
9.8|
ln|fcv
9.8|
fa
(A:vo
9.8)e*']rff
J|[9.8
Ci
Cj
9.8?
|(/fcvo
+ C
9.8)e^
I
Jtv
9.8
e*'+c,
9.8
At
0,
(2^gh
Cjg*'
Vo
-(9.8
C3)
=>
-{9.8
(/b'o
9.8)6'=']
is
moving downward.
C3
fcvo
5(0)
^(fcvo
^(')
;^K
that k
< Q
since the object
9.8)
9.8)e*'
+ C
+ C
-
C=
So
- -^^vo -
^(fcvo
9.8)
9.1
Q Kr
Note
+ -^(H -
9.8)e*'
5o
9.8)
'
90. hix)
-3arcsin(2x)
92. (a) Let e

cot
arccot 2
tan(arccot 2)
(b) Let d
arcsec
sec 6
v/5
slarcsec
94.
arctanlx'
1)
96.
2x
1
98.
100. Let M
1)2
- 4 -
5;c,
du
;c^
2jc2
<
2 arcsec -, 2
(|x|/2)V(a:/2)2-
104.
106. Let u
;=
2U +
e'
e-'V
Vx^'^
V^2T74
X-- 4
\x\V^^^^
\x\J^^^^
arctan
5^3
5x^ + C
V3
^
= arctan
+ C
r cit
a:^
-^
cos 8
5 dx.
1.1
+
< 4
j:
J. 16
Vs =
Jr^'^ = i/(v^)2V(5./^^^
102.
V5
= X arctan e^
V?^^
=
tan 6
2x
+ U- -
V;c2
553
(it
arcsin x,
-7=L= ix:
0^ + :1^
du
(4
x^)-^'-(-2x)dx
= 4arcsin^+ J4 -
x-
+ C
108.
dx.
jr=iârcsin
j:
dx
1,
^^
-(arcsin x)-
+ C
Since the area of region
the shaded area
is
(n
is 11
arcsin.riv
sin.vrf>).
==
0.571.
Jo
110.
xtanh-'2jc
x\
1
4x^/
112. Let
tanh"' It
tt
.r3.
du
?,x^
dx.
2r
=
1
-^ +
4x-
tanh-'
2jt
;r(sech x^)- dx
= ^\
(sech .^)^3jr)
dr
= | tanh .t^ + C
Chapter 5
554
Problem Solving
Chapter 5
for
(b)
2. (a)
-I
It
smx dx =
smxdx =
smxdx
(sin
j:
\*^x
'in
It
In
2)dx
2(2 tt)
= An
Jo
Jo
(d)
arccos
xdx =
2\
tt
is
symmetric with respect to the
(tanx)-^
_J
(tanx)v^
4.
O.S-'
>'
2' does not intersect y
Suppose y
c^
and y
<
6. (a)
e^^'
= /(x) =
sin
>>
to
>>
>>
j:.
x.
o^ at
(x, y).
a= x^l'.
=^
<
(3
intersect
x\s tangent
y'=a'lna=l
For
1.2-'
=s>j:ln
\z=^\'!\x=\=>x =
x^l-
1.445, the curve
arcsin
sin
>>
y = of
intersects
e,a
e^l"
x.
= X
Area A
- 72
= cos y ]"" = _ V2 ^ V3 ^ V3
=
,
rfy
tt/6
J-nl
Jir/fi
^--^^ i)(fh-'^"
72/2
(bj
arcsin jccic
Area(C)
7r\/7^
A - B
("TJ
72
12
^'X-T2J+
CONTINUED
72 - 73 =
2
0.1346
0.1589
^ nl\\ ^77
2\2/
6.
555
CONTINUED
(c)
Area A
e^dy
3
AreaB=
ln;ca[r
3(ln 3)
-A =
3 In 3
ln27
1.2958
= X
isny
(d)
3-1=2
riT/3
Area A
izny dy
Jit/ 4
7r/3
= In
cos
vl
7r/4
ln^
= -In^ +
Area
C=
arctan
x dx
= ln72 = |ln2
=
- - In
(|^j( VI)
- (j
(1)
= ^(4V3-3)-iin20.6818
8.
e'
10. Let u
y'
e^
e"{x
e"x
Ify
0,
e"x
bx
X
c
Thus, a
12. (a)
tan X.
du
sec- x dx
+ 4 cos- X
r'r/4
r-r/A
Area
a)
ae"
Tangent
(it
tan2.r-^4
line
Jo
ae"
sin-
Jo
(b
e")
f=
(a
I)
ln|y|
= a
ln|l
In
y\
\-y
(b)
+ C
e'+c=
-V
V
dy
c,e'
C,e'
-(-
yCê'
y(l
y)
cT-y
+ C.
1
=
1
CONTINUED
.-v-^
C,
=>
...
'
3e-
.,lor v
=
-2
Cê"
-^>
dt-
OifO<
<
ând-^
2
< Oif^ <
dt-
Thus, the rate of growth
is
maximum
<
1.
point of inflection.
Hence, v
^
-pr = V = y 2\T
dt'
C.e'
1
\
dt
C,e'
farctan(|)
= t+ C
V
1
I.
->').v(0)=|
>'(1
= [ârctang
= ab - b
= a I
= a
-
sec-jc
J"ir/4
at
-. the
12.
Ch apter 5
556
CONTINUED
(c)
y'
As
before,
-y),ym-2
y(l
y
1
^(0)
Thus, y
:p^=>Q=4
1
The graph
14. (a) u
+ Ce-
is
985.93
different:
(120,000)(0.095)
985.93
12
The curves
(-^r
(b)
The
larger part goes for interest.
(c)
The
slopes are negatives of each other. Analytically,
m'(15)
(d)
985.93
-v'(15)
-V
du
dv
=>^=-^
-14.06.
12.7 years
Again, the larger part goes for
interest.
intersect
when
27.7 years.
3-3:^S7-^

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Bruce H.

Larson Hostetler Edwards

Calculus with Analytic Geometry, Seventh Edition

Calculus of a Single Variable, Seventh Edition

Digitized by the Internet Archive

2011 with funding from

Preparation for Calculus

Graphs and Models

Linear Models and Rates of Change

Functions and Their Graphs

Preparation for Calculus

Solutions to Odd- Numbered Exercises

Graphs and Models

None, x cannot equal

33. Symmetric with respect to the origin since

to the x-axis since

Symmetric with respect

29. Symmetric with respect to the origin since

25. Symmetric with respect to the y-axis since

with respect to either axis or the origin.

symmetric with respect

Preparation for Calculus

(1,0), (-1,0), (0,1)

(0,6), (-6,0), (6,0)

(0,3),(0, -3), (-9,0)

Graphs and Models

Point of intersection: (1,1)

(-1, -5),(0. -1).(2.

Preparation for Calculus

5.5v^ + 10,000 = 3.29x

2949, does not satisfy the equation

This problem can also be solved by using a graphing

77. (a) Using a graphing

For the year 2004.

Use the Quadratic Formula.

and finding the intersection of the graphs of

doubled, the resistance

changed by approximately a factor of (1/4). For instance, ^(20)

81. False; j:-axis

on the graph, then

83. True; the x-intercepts are

85. Distance to the origin

the equation of a circle!

Linear Models and Rates of Cliange

Linear Models and Rates of Change

15. Since the slope

Therefore, three additional points are

(0, 1), (1, 1),

The equation of this

Therefore, three additional points are (0, 10),

you can use any two

distinct points to calculate

slope. Since a line

straight, the ratio

Preparation for Calculus

slopes of the line segments are

Year (0<- 1990)

The population increased most

Therefore, the slope

and the y-intercept

vertical. Therefore, the slope is

Linear Models and Rates of Change

Preparation for Calculus