Active and Reactive Power Control of an Alternator

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to express our deep respect to Dr. Prof. Prithwiraj Purkrait, Professor of Electrical Engineering, HIT, Haldia, West Bengal for his generous guidance, help, continuous encouragement and supervision throughout the course of the project work entitled "Active and Reactive Power Control of an Alternator".

We are also thankful to Mr. Indrayudh Bandopadhay, Associate Professor, and Mr. Padma Palash Das, JRF in the Department of Electrical Engineering, HIT, Haldia, West Bengal, for theirs guidance, support and cooperation with us for completion of our project. We also like to express our Gratitude to Dr. Santanu Das, Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering, HIT Haldia for his kind permission to carry out our worjk at different laboratories of the department. Sincere thanks are also due for Mr. Utpal K. Maity, Mr. Anup K. Sahoo. Mr. Sandip Jana, Mr. Debesh K. Ponda and Mr. Swarup K. Roy, laboratory instructors in the Department of Electrical Engineering, HIT Haldia for their support during carrying out the experimental works. We are extremely thankful to Prof. Ajoy K. Dey, Director, HIT, Haldia, for providing us infrastructural facilities to work in, without which this work would not have been possible. Lastly we acknowledge the contribution of each and every person who are directly or indirectly associated with this project.

Signatures of Students
Puja Roy (10301610009) Anish Nandy (10301610030) Manojeet Chakraborti (10301610058) Akanksha (10304010052) Sagnik Basu Mallik (10301610003) Aritra Mukherjee (10301610045)

Active and Reactive Power Control of an Alternator

The Head Department of Electrical Engineering Haldia Institute of Technology HIT/ICARE Complex PO-Hatiberia,Haldia Midnapore (E),West Bengal-721 657 Respected Sir, In accordance with the requirements of the degree of bachelor of Technology, we hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the B.Tech. Project Report entitled Active and
Reactive Power Control of an Alternator", in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award

of the Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering and submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering of Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal is an authentic record of our own work carried out during a period from July 2013 to November 2013( 7th semester) under the supervision of Engineering. Dr. Prithwiraj Purkrait, Professor , Electrical

We declare that the work submitted in this thesis is our own except as acknowledge in the text and references, and has not been previously submitted for a degree at the Institute or any other Institution. Yours Sincerely,

Signature of Students
Puja Roy (10301610009) Anish Nandy (10301610030) Manojeet Chakraborti (10301610058) Akanksha (10304010052) Sagnik Basu Mallik (10301610003) Aritra Mukherjee (10301610045)

Active and Reactive Power Control of an Alternator

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled Active and Reactive Power Control of an Alternator", is a bona fide work carried by the students Puja Roy, Anish Nandy, Manojeet Chakraborti, Akanksha, Sagnik Basu Mallik and Aritra Mukherjee in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING under my supervision during the academic year 2013-2014 & this has not been submitted elsewhere for a similar degree.

Date:

Signature of Supervisor (Prof. P. Purkait) Dean, School of Engineering

Countersigned By: Dr. Santanu Das (Head, Department of Electrical Engineering)

Active and Reactive Power Control of an Alternator TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO.

Chapter 1

Chapter 2 Chapter 3

Introduction 1.1 Basic Introduction 1.2 Objective of the project Literature Survey Basic Theory 3.1 3.2 Alternators Where are they located in the Power System? 3.3 Types of Alternators 3.3.1 Turbo-Generators 3.3.2 Hydro-Generators 3.3.3 Engine Driven Generators 3.4 Construction 3.5 Principle of Operation 3.6 Active and Reactive Power 3.7 Active Power Control 3.7.1 Why do we need Active Power? 3.7.2 Why do we need to control Active Power? 3.7.3 How do we control the Active Power delivered by an Alternator? 3.8 Reactive Power Control 3.8.1 Why do we need Reactive Power? 3.8.2 Why do we need to control Reactive Power? 3.8.3 How do we control the Reactive Power delivered by an Alternator? Experimental Setup 4.1 How to control the Active Power? 4.2 How to control the Reactive Power? 4.3 Experiment 4.3.1 Circuit Diagram 4.3.2 Procedure 4.3.3 Active Power Control

1 1 1 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 11 11 11 11 13 13 14 15 15 16 16

Chapter 4

Active and Reactive Power Control of an Alternator 4.3.4 Reactive Power Control 4.3.5 Observation Tables 4.3.6 Plots 4.3.7 Observations Feedback Circuit 5.1 Functional Block Diagram 5.2 Step Down Circuit 5.3 Rectifier Circuit 5.4 Zero Crossing Detector 5.5 Components List Microcontroller (PIC16F876) 6.1 Architecture 6.2 28-Pin Layout 6.3 Ports used 6.4 Circuit Diagram 6.5 Apparatus/Items/Components Required 6.6 Program 6.7 Observations 6.8 Advantages of PIC16F876 Conclusion & Future scope References 20 21 22 24 25 26 26 28 29 31 32 32 34 34 35 36 36 40 40 42 43

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Active and Reactive Power Control of an Alternator

ABSTRACT
In earlier days, active and reactive power control was done manually or with the help of analog. But these controls were not so efficient for the power system which is continuously changing with respect to load and voltage. Because to measure this continuous variation a continuous monitoring is needed which has to be efficient, economical and flexible to system variations. This is not possible without the digital control of active and reactive power. Thats why in this project a digital control of alternator speed and field excitation is going to be generated which will control the active and reactive power of the alternator digitally. Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) and Automatic Load Frequency Control are the schemes by which these active and reactive controls will be done in this project.