fr

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

A. V. Astin, Director

Handbook of Mathematical Functions

With
Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables

Edited by
Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stesrun

National Bureau of Standards

Applied Mathematics Series

55

Issued June, 1964

Fop sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402

Price $6.50

fefionsl Bnre;u o< Standards

JUN 1

? J964

.Ur

Library of Congress Catalog card number; 64-60036

Preface
The present volume

is

an outgrowth of a Conference on Mathematical Tables

held at Cambridge, Mass., on September 15-16, 1954, under the auspices of the
National Science Foundation and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The

purpose of the meeting was to evaluate the need for mathematical tables in the light
It was the consensus of
of the availability of large scale computing machines.
opinion that in spite of the increasing use of the new machines the basic need for

would continue to exist.

Numerical tables of mathematical functions are in continual demand by scientists and engineers.
A greater variety of functions and higher accuracy of tabulation are now required as a result of scientific advances and, especially, of the increasing use of automatic computers.
In the latter connection, the tables serve
mainly for preliminary surveys of problems before programming for machine operation.
For those without easy access to machines, such tables are, of course, indispensable.
Consequently, the Conference recognized that there was a pressing need for a
modernized version of the classical tables of functions of Jahnke-Emde. To implement the project, the National Science Foundation requested the National Bureau
of Standards to prepare such a volume and established an Ad Hoc Advisory Committee, with Professor Philip M. Morse of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
as chairman, to advise the staff of the National Bureau of Standards during the
course of its preparation. In addition to the Chairman, the Committee consisted
of A. Erdelyi, M. C. Gray, N. Metropolis, J. B. Rosser, H. C. Thacher, Jr., John
Todd, C. B. Tompkins, and J. W. Tukey.
The primary aim has been to include a maximum of useful information within
the limits of a moderately large volume, with particular attention to the needs of
An attempt has been made to cover the entire field of special
scientists in all fields.
functions.
To carry out the goal set forth by the Ad Hoc Committee, it has been
necessary to supplement the tables by including the mathematical properties that
are important in computation work, as well as by providing numerical methods
which demonstrate the use and extension of the tables.
The Handbook was prepared under the direction of the late Milton Abramowitz,
and Irene A. Stegun. Its success has depended greatly upon the cooperation of
many mathematicians. Their efforts together with the cooperation of the Ad Hoc
Committee are greatly appreciated. The particular contributions of these and
other individuals are acknowledged at appropriate places in the text. The sponsorship of the National Science Foundation for the preparation of the material is
tables

gratefully recognized.
It is
will in

hoped that

many

this

volume

will

not only meet the needs of

cases acquaint its users with

new

all

table users but

functions.

Allen V. Astin,

Director.

Washington, D.C.

Foreword
This volume
of organizations.

is

the result of the cooperative effort of

The National Bureau

of

many persons and

number

Standards has long been turning out

mathematical tables and has had under consideration, for at least 10 years, the
production of a compendium like the present one. During a Conference on Tables,
called by the NBS Applied Mathematics Division on May 15, 1952, Dr. Abramowitz of that Division mentioned preliminary plans for such an undertaking, but
indicated the need for technical advice and financial support.
The Mathematics Division of the National Research Council has also had an
active interest in tables; since 1943 it has published the quarterly journal, "Mathematical Tables and Aids to Computation" (MTAC), editorial supervision being
exercised

by a Committee

of the Division.

Subsequent to the NBS Conference on Tables in 1952 the attention of the

National Science Foundation was drawn to the desirability of financing activity in
table production.
With its support a 2-day Conference on Tables was called at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology on September 15-16, 1954, to discuss the
needs for tables of various kinds. Twenty-eight persons attended, representing
scientists and engineers using tables as well as table producers.
This conference
reached consensus on several conclusions and recommendations, which were set
There was general agreement,
forth in tbe published Report of the Conference.
for example, "that the advent of high-speed computing equipment changed the
task of table making but definitely did not remove the need for tables". It was
also agreed that "an outstanding need is for a Handbook of Tables for the Occasional
Computer, with tables of usually encountered functions and a set of formulas and
tables for interpolation and other techniques useful to the occasional computer".
The Report suggested that the NBS undertake the production of such a Handbook
and that the NSF contribute financial assistance. The Conference elected, from its
participants, the following Committee: P. M. Morse (Chairman), M. Abramowitz,
J. H. Curtiss, R. W. Hamming, D. H. Lehmer, C. B. Tompkins, J. W. Tukey, to
help implement these and other recommendations.
The Bureau of Standards undertook to produce the recommended tables and the
National Science Foundation made funds available. To provide technical guidance
to the Mathematics Division of the Bureau, which carried out the work, and to provide the NSF with independent judgments on grants for the work, the Conference
Committee was reconstituted as the Committee on Revision of Mathematical
Tables of the Mathematics Division of the National Research Council. This, after
some changes of membership, became the Committee which is signing this Foreword.
The present volume is evidence that Conferences can sometimes reach conclusions
and that their recommendations sometimes get acted on.

FOREWORD

VI

Active work was started at the Bureau in 1956. The overall plan, the selection
and the enthusiasm required to begin the task
were contributions of Dr. Abramowitz. Since his untimely death, the effort has
continued under the general direction of Irene A. Stegun. The workers at the
of authors for the various chapters,

Bureau and the members of the Committee have had many discussions about
Though many details have had to be argued out as they
content, style and layout.
came up, the basic specifications of the volume have remained the same as were
outlined by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Conference of 1954.
The Committee wishes here to register its commendation of the magnitude and
quality of the task carried out by the staff of the NBS Computing Section and their
expert collaborators in planning, collecting and editing these Tables, and its appreciation of the willingness with which its various suggestions were incorporated into
the plans. We hope this resulting volume will be judged by its users to be a worthy
memorial to the vision and industry of its chief architect, Milton Abramowitz.

We regret

he did not live to see

its

publication.
P.

M. Morse, Chairman.

A.

Erdelyi

M.

C.

Gray

N. C. Metropolis
J.

B.

Rosser

H. C. Thacher,

John Todd
C. B. Tompkins
J. W. Tukey.

Jr.

List of Errata

To Accompany

NBS

the First, Second, and Third Printings of

Applied Mathematics Series

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Handbook

55

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

A. V. Aatin, Director

of Mathematical Functions
With

Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables

Edited by
Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun

National Bureau of Standards

Applied Mathematics Series

55

Issued June 1964

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing

[April, 1966]

Office,

Washington, D.C., 20402

- Price $6.50

List of Errata
The

following

contains

list

various printings of the

all

errata that have

NBS Handbook

of

come

to our attention thus far in the

Mathematical Functions.

Many

of these

errata have already been corrected in printings subsequent to the one in which they were

discovered; and

when

this is the case, it is indicated in the

next to the corrected entry.

On page

2 of the

but

was corrected

this

first

asterisk adjacent to

Consider, for example, the

Handbook by an

first

erratum in the

asterisk (*)
list

below:

printing the digits 88926 were erroneously given instead of 88924;

in the

second and later printings, where 88924 appears with an

it.

Note that the various printings are

corrections of individual errata.

and content, except for the

printing can be identified by the bare indication

identical in pagination

The first

The second printing has, in addition, "Second Printing, November 1964, with corrections."
The third and fourth
printings are identified in a similar manner: "Third Printing, March 1965, with correc"Issued June, 1964" at the bottom of the

title

page.

tions", etc.

The

below contains the following information: Columns 1, 2, and 3 specify the

by page, column, and line. Column 4 identifies the immediate
context of the error.
Column 5 shows how that context should read. Column 6 indicates
the number of the printing in which the error was first corrected.
Thus, if you have the first printing of the Handbook, then all of the errata here listed
should be noted and corrected at the appropriate places in your copy. If you have the
second printing, you can disregard all errata that have a "2" in the last column of the listing
below. But all other errata should be noted and corrected at the appropriate locations
in your copy.
If you have the third printing, you can disregard all errata that have a
"2" or a "3" in the last column below. But all other errata should be noted and corrected
at the appropriate locations in your copy.
And so forth, for later printings. The general rule is If you have the nth. printing,
you can disregard all those errata for which the number in column 6 is less than or equal
to" n.
But all other errata (if any remain) should be noted and corrected at the appropriate locations in your copy.
Purchasers of earlier printings of the Handbook can obtain copies of this list of errata
on request to: Office of Technical Information and Publications, National Bureau of
Standards, Washington, D.C., 20234.
Revised lists of errata will be issued to accompany
the successive printings of the Handbook; and copies of the revised fists will also be available to owners of earlier printings on request to the NBS Office of Technical Information
and Publications.
list

location of each error

It is practically inevitable, in a

from time to time.

If those

who

of the Editor, the information will

and a

work

of this sort, that further errata will

discover additional errata will call

them

be incorporated in the next revision

service thereby performed for

all

users of the

be found

to the attention

of the list of errata

The address for sending

Handbook of Mathematical

Handbook.

such information is: Miss Irene A. Stegun, Editor, NBS

Functions, Applied Mathematics Division, National Bureau of Standards, Washington,
D.C., 20234.

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GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1966

:

792-282

Contents
Page

in

Preface

Foreword

ix

Introduction
1.

Mathematical Constants

David
2.

Liepman

Physical Constants and Conversion Factors

A. G.
3.

S.

McNish

Elementary Analytical Methods

Milton Abramowitz
4.

Elementary Transcendental Functions

,.

65

Logarithmic, Exponential, Circular and Hyperbolic Functions

Ruth Zucker
5.

Exponential Integral and Related Functions

Walter Gautschi and William

6.

7.

F.

227

Cahill

Gamma

Function and Related Functions

Philip J. Davis
Error Function and Fresnel Integrals

253
295

Walter Gautschi
8.

Legendre Functions

331

Irene A. Stegun
9.

Bessel Functions of Integer Order

F.

10. Bessel

W.

J.

355

Olver
435

Functions of Fractional Order

H. A. Antosiewicz
11. Integrals of Bessel

Yudell
12.

L.

479

Functions

Luke

Struve Functions and Related Functions

495

Milton Abramowitz
13.

Confluent Hypergeometric Functions

503

Lucy Joan Slater

14.

Coulomb Wave Functions

Milton Abramowitz

537

15.

Hypergeometric Functions
Fritz Oberhettinger
Jacobian Elliptic Functions and Theta Functions

555

16.

L.

567

M. Milne-Thomson
587

17. Elliptic Integrals

L.
18.

19.

M. Milne-Thomson

Weiers trass Elliptic and Related Functions

Thomas H. Southard
Parabolic Cylinder Functions
J.

C. P.

627

685

Miller
vn

Contents
Page

in

Preface

Foreword

ix

Introduction
1.

Mathematical Constants

David
2.

Liepman

Physical Constants and Conversion Factors

A. G.
3.

S.

McNish

Elementary Analytical Methods

Milton Abramowitz
4.

Elementary Transcendental Functions

,.

65

Logarithmic, Exponential, Circular and Hyperbolic Functions

Ruth Zucker
5.

6.

7.

8.

Exponential Integral and Related Functions

Walter Gatjtschi and William F. Cahill
Gamma Function and Related Functions
Philip J. Davis
Error Function and Fresnel Integrals
Walter Gatjtschi
Legendre Functions

227

253
295
331

Irene A. Stegun
9.

Bessel Functions of Integer Order

F.

10. Bessel

W.

J.

355

Olver
435

Functions of Fractional Order

H. A. Antosiewicz
11. Integrals of Bessel

Yudell
12.

L.

479

Functions

Luke
495

Struve Functions and Related Functions

Milton Abramowitz
13.

Confluent Hypergeometric Functions

503

Lucy Joan Slater

14.

Coulomb Wave Functions

Milton Abramowitz

537

15.

Hypergeometric Functions
Fritz Oberhettinger
Jacobian Elliptic Functions and Theta Functions

555

16.

L.

567

M. Milne-Thomson
587

17. Elliptic Integrals

L.
18.

M. Milne-Thomson

Weierstrass Elliptic and Related Functions

627

Thomas H. Southard
19. Parabolic
J.

685

Cylinder Functions

C. P.

Miller
TO

CONTENTS

VIII

20.

Page
721

Mathieu Functions

Gertrude Blanch
21. Spheroidal

Wave

Functions

751

Arnold N. Lowan
22.

Orthogonal Polynomials

771

Urs W. Hochstrasser
and Euler Polynomials, Kiemann Zeta Function
Emilie V. Haynsworth and Karl Goldberg

23. Bernoulli

24.

Combinatorial Analysis
K. Goldberg, M.

....

803
821

Newman

25.

and E. Haynsworth
Numerical Interpolation, Differentiation and Integration
Philip J. Davis and Ivan Polonsky

875

26.

Probability Functions

925

Marvin Zelen and Norman

27. Miscellaneous

Functions

C.

Severo
997

Irene A. Stegun
28. Scales of
S.

29.

Notation

Peavy and

Laplace Transforms

1011
A. Schopf

1019

Subject Index

1031

Index of Notations

1044

Handbook of Mathematical Functions

with

Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables

Edited by Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun

1.

Introduction

The present Handbook has been designed to

provide scientific investigators with a comprehensive and self-contained summary of the mathematical functions that arise in physical and engineering problems.
The well-known Tables of
Functions by E. Jahnke and F. Emde has been
invaluable to workers in these fields in its many
during the past half -century.
The
editions
present volume extends the work of these authors
by giving more extensive and more accurate
numerical tables, and by giving larger collections
of mathematical properties of the tabulated
The number of functions covered has
functions.
also been increased.
The classification of functions and organization
of the chapters in this Handbook is similar to
that of An Index of Mathematical Tables by
A. Fletcher, J. C. P. Miller, and L. Rosenhead. 2
In general, the chapters contain numerical tables,
graphs, polynomial or rational approximations
for automatic computers, and statements of the
principal mathematical properties of the tabulated functions, particularly those of computa1

2.

importance.

Many

numerical

examples

are given to illustrate the use of the tables and

also the computation of function values which lie
outside their range. At the end of the text in
each chapter there is a short bibliography giving
books and papers in which proofs of the mathematical properties stated in the chapter may be
found. Also listed in the bibliographies are the

more important numerical

tables.
sive lists of tables are given in the

ComprehenIndex men-

tioned above, and current information on new

tables is to be found in the National Research
Council quarterly Mathematics of Computation
(formerly Mathematical Tables and Other Aids
to

Computation).

The mathematical notations used in this Handbook are those commonly adopted in standard
texts, particularly Higher Transcendental Functions, Volumes 1-3, by A. Erdelyi, W. Magnus,

F. Oberhettinger and F. G. Tricomi (McGrawSome alternative notations have

Hill, 1953-55).
The introduction of new symbols
also been listed.
has been kept to a minimum, and an effort has
been made to avoid the use of conflicting notation.

Accuracy of the Tables

The number of significant figures given in each

table has depended to some extent on the number
available in existing tabulations.
There has been
no attempt to make it uniform throughout the
Handbook, which would ha"ve been a costly and
laborious undertaking.
In most tables at least
five significant figures have been provided, and
the tabular intervals have generally been chosen
to ensure that linear interpolation will yield fouror five-figure accuracy, which suffices in most
physical applications.
Users requiring higher
The most recent, the sixth, with F. Loesch added as eo-author, was
published in 1960 by McGraw-Hill, U.S.A., and Teubner, Germany.
2 The second edition, with L.
J. Comrie added as co-author, was published
in two volumes in 1962 by Addison-Wesley, U.S.A., and Scientific Computing Service Ltd., Great Britain.
1

tional

precision in their interpolates may obtain them

of higher-order interpolation procedures,
described below.
In certain tables many-figured function values
are given at irregular intervals in the argument.

by use

An

example is provided by Table 9.4. The purpose of these tables is to furnish "key values" for
the checking of programs for automatic computers;
no question of interpolation arises.
The maximum end-figure error, or "tolerance"
in the tables in this Handbook is % of 1 unit
everywhere in the case of the elementary functions, and 1 unit in the case of the higher functions
except in a few cases where it has been permitted
to rise to 2 units.
IX

INTRODUCTION

Auxiliary Functions and Arguments

3.

One of the objects of this Handbook is to provide tables or computing methods which enable
the user to evaluate the tabulated functions over
complete ranges of real values of their parameters.
In order to achieve this object, frequent use has
been made of auxiliary functions to remove the
infinite part of the original functions at their
singularities, and auxiliary arguments to cope with
infinite ranges.
example will make the procedure clear.

An

is

The exponential integral of positive argument

given by
Ei(x )

-du

=7+ln x +YT\ + %2\ +

^+!+!+

W+

logarithmic singularity precludes direct interpolation near x=0. The functions Ei(x) In x
and x _1 [Ei(x) In xy], however, are wellbehaved and readily interpolable in this region.
Either will do as an auxiliary function; the latter
was in fact selected as it yields slightly higher
accuracy when Ei(x) is recovered. The function
_1
a;
|Ei(x)
In xy] has been tabulated to nine
decimals for the range 0<x<J. For \<x<2,
Ei(x) is sufficiently well-behaved to admit direct
tabulation, but for larger values of x, its exponential character predominates.
A smoother and
more readily interpolable function for large x is
xe~z~Ei(x); this has been tabulated for 2<x<10.
Finally, the range 10 <x< is covered by use of
_1
Twenty-one entries of
the inverse argument x
_1
_:r
.l(
xe Ei(x), corresponding to x
.005)0, suffice to produce an interpolable table.

Interpolation

The tables in this Handbook are not provided

with differences or other aids to interpolation, because it was felt that the space they require could
be better employed by the tabulation of additional
functions.
Admittedly aids could have been given
without consuming extra space by increasing the
intervals of tabulation, but this would have conflicted with the requirement that linear interpolaaccurate to four or five figures.
in which linear interpolation
is
insufficiently accurate it is intended that
Lagrange's formula or Aitken's method of iterative linear interpolation 3 be used.
To help the
user, there is a statement at the foot of most tables
of the maximum error in a linear interpolate,
and the number of function values needed in
Lagrange's formula or Aitken's method to interpolate to full tabular accuracy.
As an example, consider the following extract

Let us suppose that we wish to compute the

value of xe x Ei(x) for x=7.9527 from this table.
We describe in turn the application of the methods
of linear interpolation, Lagrange and Aitken, and
of alternative

methods based on

differences

and

Taylor's series.
(1.)

Linear interpolation.
is given by

The formula

for this

process

is

For applications

from Table

./,=

7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

(!

p=(x
and jp the required
instance, we have

89268
89384
89497
89608
.89717
.

7854
6312
9666
8737
4302
(

[
The numbers

8. 1

8.3
8.4

/,

In the present

89823 7113

^ = .527

xe x Ei{x)

X
8.0
8.

)/(x 1

interpolate,

5.1.
xe x Ei(x)

~p)fo+pfi

where J j\ are consecutive tabular values of the

function, corresponding to arguments x
%i, respectively; p is the given fraction of the argument
interval

/o=-89717 4302
X
7.5

89823
89927
90029
90129
.90227
.

7113
7888
7306

The most convenient way to evaluate the formula

on a desk calculating machine is to set f and ji
in turn on the keyboard, and carry out the multiplications by 1 p and p cumulatively; a partial

eo^
4695

check is then provided by the multiplier dial

reading unity. We obtain

T]

in the square brackets

mean

that

maximum error in a linear interpolate is

3X10 -6 and that to interpolate to the full tabular

the

accuracy five points must be used in Lagrange's

and Aitken's methods.
A. C. Aitken, On interpolation by iteration of proportional parts, without the use of differences, Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. 3, 56-76 (1932).
3

]\{X>oo)
4.

tion

The

/ 627 =(1-. 527) (.89717 4302) + .527(.89823

= .89773

7113)

4403.

Since it is known that there is a possible error

10~ 6 in the linear formula, we round off this
of
result to .89773. The maximum possible error in
this answer is composed of the error committed

3X

INTRODUCTION

XI

The numbers

rounding, that is, .4403 X10~ 5 plus

-5
so certainly cannot exceed .8X10
In this example, the
(2) Lagrange's formula.
relevant formula is the 5-point one, given by

in the third and fourth columns are

differences of the values of
x
xe
(see below); the smallness of the second
x {x)
difference provides a check on the three interpola-

f=A- 2 (p)f-. +A_ (p)f-i+A (i>)fo+Mp)f

linear interpolation

by the

last

3X10 -6 and

first

+A

and second

The required value

tions.

the

now

is

(p)f2

Tables of the coefficients A k (p) are given in chapter

25 for the range p=0(.01)l. We evaluate the
formula for p=.52, .53 and .54 in turn. Again,
in each evaluation we accumulate the
k (p) in the

fp =

3 (.89772 9757)

+ .7(.89774

0379)

= .89773

multiplier register since their sum

now have the following subtable.

is

unity.

In cases where the correct order of the Lagrange

polynomial is not known, one of the preliminary
interpolations may have to be performed with
polynomials of two or more different orders as a
check on their adequacy.

xe Ei (x)

.89772 9757

7.953

.89774 0379

7.954

.89775 0999

10622

(3) Aitken's method of iterative linear interpolation.

The scheme for carrying out this process
in the present example is as follows

10620

y=xe x E

8.

7.9

8. 1

7.8

8.

7.7

89823
89717
89927
89608
90029
89497

(x)

7113
4302
7888
8737
7306
9666

2/0,

2/o,i,

2/0, 1,2,

2/0, n

2/0.1,

=
xn
n=

Xa\y n
2/0,1

XnXl

2/0,

2/0, 1,2, 3,

0473
-. 0527
.

89773 44034
89774 48264
2 90220
4 98773
2 35221

89773 71499
2394
1216
2706

89773 71930
30

16
43

x
xn x

zo

/o

Xi

/i

1473

-. 1527
2473
-. 2527

89773 71938

Here
j/o

7192.

We

7.952

by

obtained

8/l/2

S 2/i
8 3/3 /2

8/3/2

x2

Xi X

8 2/2

ft

8*/2
3

/6/2

8/s/2

Xn X

S 2/3

Xs

8/7/2
2/0.1,

, m l,m

2/o,i.

2/0.1,

m\,n

Xi

Xn

Here

and x m x are used as

multipliers when forming the cross-product on a
desk machine, their accumulation (x n x) (x m x)
If the quantities

xn

8/1/2 /1 /oj 8/3/2-/2-/1,

example

fr>=(l-p)f + E2 (p)b*f

extra

was
The

,,

1/2

values

six values were used, even though it

in advance that five would suffice.

3/2

in the multiplier register is the divisor to be used

at that stage.
An extra decimal place is usually
carried in the intermediate interpolates to safeguard against accumulation of rounding errors.
The order in which the tabular values are used
is immaterial to some extent, but to achieve the
maximum rate of convergence and at the same
time minimize accumulation of rounding errors,
we begin, as in this example, with the tabular
argument nearest to the given argument, then
take the nearest of the remaining tabular arguments, and so on.
The number of tabular values required to
achieve a given precision emerges naturally in
the course of the iterations. Thus in the present

known

= 8/ - 8/ =/ - 2/, +/
8 /3/2 = 82/ -S2/ =/ -3/ + 3/ -/o
8 / = h% n - 8 /3/2 =/ - 4/ + 6/ - 4/, +/
8 2/i

and so on.
In the present example the relevant part of the
difference table is as follows, the differences being
written in units of the last decimal place of the
function, as is customary.
The smallness of the
high differences provides a check on the function
X
7.9
8.0

xe x Ei(x)
.

89717 4302
89823 7113

-2
-2

/
2754
2036

8 4/

-34
-39

Applying, for example, Everett's interpolation

formula

+E (p)8*fo+
i

+ pf! + F

(p)5^ + Fi (p)S%+

row confirms the convergence and provides

a valuable check.
(4) Difference formulas.
We use the central
difference notation (chapter 25),

and taking the numerical values

tion

coefficients

from Table

25.1,

E (p),
2

we

Ei(p),
find that

of the interpola-

F (p)
2

and

F (p)
t

INTRODUCTION

XII

10 9/.52?= .473(89717 4302) + .061196(2 2754) -.012(34)

.063439(2 2036) -.012(39)
.527(89823 7113)
89773 7193.

We may

notice

passing

in

Everett's

that

formula shows that the error in a linear interpolate

is approximately

^(pWo+ftfrWi i[E

maximum

In the present example,

+ F,(p)][8/ +8/i]

(p)

that fc,-L|/,-/1 -/o+/_ 1 |.

JqWo+Wi],

In cases where the succes(5) Taylor's series.

sive derivatives of the tabulated function can be

computed
f(x) =/(x)

fairly easily, Taylor's

f
)*
+ (x-xo) f-^+(x-x
1!

we have

f(x)=xe*Ei(x)

value of
2 (p) -\-F2 (p)\ in the
range 0<^<1 is %, the maximum error in a linear
interpolate is approximately
Since the

We

first compute as many of the

derivatives f (n) (xo) as are significant, and then
evaluate the series for the given value of x.
An advisable check on the computed values of the
derivatives is to reproduce the adjacent tabular
values by evaluating the series for xx- x and x x

can be used.

/'(x)

f"{x)
/"'(*)

= (l+x-i)/(z)-l
= (l+i-i)f'(i) -ar*f(z)
= (l+x-i)/"(z) -&-/' (x) +2ar-/(i).

Withx =7.9 and xx =. 0527 our computations

are as follows; an extra decimal has been retained
in the values of the terms in the series to safeguard
against accumulation of rounding errors.
/<*>(s

expansion

)/fc!

.89717 4302
.01074 0669

"^

-.00113 7621
.00012 1987

+ <L).qp>+

With linear interpolation there is no difference

in principle between direct and inverse interpolation.
In cases where the linear formula provides
an insufficiently accurate answer, two methods are
available.
may interpolate directly, for
example, by Lagrange's formula to prepare a new
table at a fine interval in the neighborhood of the

We

value, and then apply accurate

inverse linear interpolation to the subtabulated
values.
Alternatively, we may use Aitken's
method or even possibly the Taylor's series

approximate

roles of function

.89773 7194

Inverse Interpolation

5.

method, with the

and argument

interchanged.
It is important to realize that the accuracy of
an inverse interpolate may be very different from
that of a direct interpolate. This is particularly

The

desired x

which A/

in

is

To estimate the possible error in

we recall that the maximum error of

(i)

for

xe

57

this answer,
direct linear
-6

An
interpolation in this table is A/=3X10
approximate value for df/dx is the ratio of the
first difference to the argument interval (chapter
25), in this case .010. Hence the maximum error
_6
in x is approximately 3X10 /(.010), that is, .0003.
method.
To improve the
(ii) Sub tabulation
approximate value of x just obtained, we interpolate directly for 2? =.70, .71 and .72 with the aid
of Lagrange's 5-point formula,
.

xe x Ei(x)

X
170

89999 3683

171

90000 3834

172

52

0151

0149

90001 3983

new

table

gives

possible error in the

function values.

Example. Given
table on page X.

therefore

Inverse linear interpolation in the

dx

maximum

the

is

x=x +p(x,-x =8.1 + .708357(.l) =8.17083

true in regions where the function is slowly

varying, for example, near a maximum or minimum. The maximum precision attainable in an
inverse interpolate can be estimated with the aid of
the formula

Ax A//

(x-xo)*/^^)/*;!
4302
6033 3
3159 5
0017 9

.89717
.00056
.00000
.00000

E (x) = .9
1

>

find x

Inverse linear interpolation.

from the

.9-. 89999 3683

-=.6223
.00001 0151

Hence x=8. 17062

An

The formula

23.

estimate of the

maximum

error in this result

is

is

9
df_ ixio-

P=(/P -/oWi-/o).
In the present example,
.9

.90029

we have

-.89927 7888

72 2112

7306- 89927 7888

101 9418

Jl

(hi)

=.708357.

dx~

.010

This is carried out in the

as in direct interpolation.

Aitken's method.

same manner

=1X10"

xm

INTRODUCTION
n

yn
.

= xe x Ei(x)

90029
89927
90129
89823
90227
89717

7306
7888
6033
7113
4695
4302

xn
2

Zo,n

Xo.l.n

Xo,l,2,n

y n y

(),l,2,3,ti

00029
-. 00072
00129
-. 00176
00227
-. 00282

8.

8. 1

8.

8.

8.
8.
8.
7.

8.

4
9

8.

8.

17083
17023
17113
16992
17144

5712
1505
8043
9437
0382

8.

17061 9521
2 5948
1 7335
2 8142

The estimate of the maximum error in this

is the same as in the subtabulation method.
An indication of the error is also provided by the
result

8.

17062 2244
415
231

17062 2318
265

8.

7306
2112
6033
2887
4695
5C98

discrepancy in the highest interpolates, in this

case Xo,i,2,3.4. and Xo,i,2, 3 ,5.

6. Bivariate Interpolation
Bivariate interpolation is generally most simply
performed as a sequence of univariate interpolations.
We carry out the interpolation in one
direction, by one of the methods already described,
for several tabular values of the second argument
The
in the neighborhood of its given value.
interpolates

are

differenced

7.

as

check,

and

interpolation

then carried out in the second

is

direction.

An

alternative procedure in the case of functions

is to use the Taylor's series
expansion, provided that successive derivatives
of the function can be computed without much
of a

complex variable

difficulty.

Generation of Functions from Recurrence Relations

Many of the special mathematical functions

which depend on a parameter, called their index,

(hi)

the direction in which the recurrence

applied.

Examples are

order or degree, satisfy a linear difference equaStability

tion (or recurrence relation) with respect to this

Pn (x),

parameter. Examples are furnished by the Legendre function Pn (x), the Bessel function Jn {x)
and the exponential integral n (x), for which we

being

increasing n

P;(x)

Qn(x), Q?(l)

is

as follows.

Yn (x),

(l<l)

Kn (x)

have the respective recurrence relations

E n (x) (n<x)

(n+ l)P+i- (2n+ DxPn + nPn-^0

Jn+l

i/n+</n-l

Pn (x),P;(x)

nE+1 +xEn =e-*.

puting

tool.

Qn(x), QZ(X)

an important and powerful com-

If the

values of

Pn {x)

or

Jn {x)

applications of the relation.

Jn+x(x), I+m(x)

En (x)

are

known for two consecutive values of n, or En (x)

is known for one value of n, then the function may
be computed for other values of n by successive
Since generation

is

rounded values, it is
vital to know how errors may be propagated in
the recurrence process.
If the errors do not grow
relative to the size of the wanted function, the
process is said to be stable.
If, however, the
relative errors grow and will eventually overwhelm the wanted function, the process is unstable.
It is important to realize that stability may
depend on (i) the particular solution of the difference equation being computed; (ii) the values of
x or other parameters in the difference equation;
carried out perforce with

(x<i)

Jn(x), In(x)

Particularly for automatic work, recurrence relations provide

decreasing n

Stability

Fn (v,

(n>x)
p)

(Coulomb wave function)

Illustrations of the generation of functions

from

their recurrence relations are given in the pertinent

It is also shown that even in cases
chapters.

where the recurrence process is unstable, it may

still be used when the starting values are known
to sufficient accuracy.

Mention must also be made here of a refinement,

due to J. C. P. Miller, which enables a recurrence
process which is stable for decreasing n to be
applied without any knowledge of starting values
Miller's algorithm, which is wellfor large n.
suited to automatic work,

Example

1.

is

described in 19.28,

INTRODUCTION

XIV
8.

Acknowledgments

The production of this volume has been the

result of the unrelenting efforts of many persons,
all of whose contributions have been instrumental
The Editor expresses
in accomplishing the task.
his thanks to each and every one.

The Ad Hoc Advisory Committee individually

and together were instrumental in establishing
the basic tenets that served as a guide in the formaIn particular, special
tion of the entire work.
thanks are due to Professor Philip M. Morse for
his
continuous encouragement and support.
Professors J. Todd and A. Erdelyi, panel members
of the Conferences on Tables and members of the

Advisory Committee have maintained an undiminished interest, offered many suggestions and
carefully read

all the chapters.

Irene A. Stegun has served effectively as associate
editor, sharing in each stage of the planning of
the volume. Without her untiring efforts, com-

would never have been possible.

Appreciation is expressed for the generous
cooperation of publishers and authors in granting
permission for the use of their source material.
Acknowledgments for tabular material taken
wholly or in part from published works are given
on the first page of each table. Myrtle R. Kellington corresponded with authors and publishers
to obtain formal permission for including their
material, maintained uniformity throughout the
pletion

bibliographic references and assisted in preparing

the introductory material.
Valuable assistance in the preparation, checking
and editing of the tabular material was received
from Ruth E. Capuano, Elizabeth F. Godefroy,
David S. Liepman, Kermit Nelson, Bertha H.
Walter and Ruth Zucker.
Equally important has been the untiring
cooperation, assistance, and patience of the
members of the NBS staff in handling the myriad
of detail necessarily attending the publication
of a volume of this magnitude.
Especially
appreciated have been the helpful discussions and
services from the members of the Office of Technical Information in the areas of editorial format,
graphic art layout, printing detail, preprinting
reproduction needs, as well as attention to promotional detail and financial support. In addition,
the clerical and typing staff of the Applied Mathematics Division merit commendation for their
efficient and patient production of manuscript
copy involving complicated technical notation.
Finally, the continued support of Dr. E. W.
Cannon, chief of the Applied Mathematics
Division, and the advice of Dr. F. L. Alt, assistant
chief, as well as of the many mathematicians in
the Division, is gratefully acknowledged.

M. Abramowitz.

Mathematical Constants

1.

David

S.

Liepman

Contents
Table

Vro,

roots of

In

to,

In

7r,

n In
tot,

2
2

7r,

w= 1(1)9,

to=1(1)9,

Fractions of

7,

x,

logio

1"

e,

<100,

26,

25S

2
3
3

25S

25S

powers and roots involving

in radians,

ir,

25S

26S

3
3

24D

24D

rft), 1/T(i),

15D

r^),i/r(x),lnr(x),x-4,if,!,^f,*,i,

25S

25S

radian in degrees,

In 7,

20S

lnV27r, logio

1, 1',

20S

log 10 n, to=2(1)10, primes

^",71=1(1)10,

e,

20S

10,

1000,

25S

==*, TC =1(1)10,

2, 3, 5, 10, 100,

e*", to=1(1)10,

20S

prime <100,

to

Some

Page
2

Mathematical Constants

1.1.

National Bureau of Standards.

15D

MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS

TABLE

1. 1.

MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS

\n

n (prime)

3.

4142
7320
2360
6457
3166
6055

4.

1231

4.

3588
7958
3851
5677
0827
4031
5574
8556
2801
6811
8102
1853
4261
5440
8881
1104
4339
8488

13562
50807
67977
51311
24790
51275
05625
98943
31523
64807
64362
62530
24237
38524
54600
09889
45747
49675
52771
49773
03745
94417
33579
81132
57801

7182
3890
0085
4598
4841
0342
0966
9809
1030
2026

81828
56098
53692
15003
31591
87934
33158
57987
83927
46579

45904
93065
31876
31442
02576
92735
42845
04172
57538
48067

52353
02272
67740
39078
60342
12260
85992
82747
40077
16516

3140
3549
2391
8675
6356
5355
5533
2226
9027
4031

69263
16555
64780
13131
23999
29353
21280
31558
73895
50586

27792
24764
79166
36653
34113
95446
84704
55949
29216
06320

69006
73650
97482
29975
42333
69392
43597
95275
12917
29011

5154
7810

26224
72417

14792
99019

64190
79852

6931
0986
3862
6094
7917
9459
0794
1972
3025
3978
5649
8332
9444
1354
3672
4339
6109
7135
7612

47180
12288
94361
37912
59469
10149
41541
24577
85092
95272
49357
13344
38979
94215
95829
87204
17912
72066
00115

In n
55994
66810
11989
43410
22805
05531
67983
33621
99404
79837
46153
05621
16644
92914
98647
48514
64422
70430
69356

53094
96913
06188
03746
50008
33051
59282
93827
56840
05440
67360
60802
04600
96908
40271
62459
44443
78038
24234

1.

1.

2.

7
11

2.
3.

13
17
19
23
29
31

4.
5.
5.

37

6.

41

6.

43
47
53
59

6.

61

7.

67

8.

6.
7.

7.

71
73
79
83
89
97

8.

8.
8.
9.

9.
9.

37309
56887
49978
06459
35539
46398
61766
54067
31271
13450
83002
29821
43284
30200
40104
28051
86860
90665
87244
17635
31753
31558
14429
05660
79610

50488
72935
96964
05905
98491
92931
05498
35522
95416
40313
19221
96890
86865
06523
41249
82711
81758
43941
99700
86306
11679
88501
88819
38113
47217

IO1/2
101/3

2.

2
3
4

7.
(
(

5
6

7
8

(
(

10

1)
1)

2.

2)
2)
3)
3)
3)
4)

1.

1)
2)

4)
5)
6)

8)

e->

8104
1932
0787
5593
6487
0653
3956
1653

77380
80050
95763
81277
21270
06597
12425
13105

96535
73801
50761
65996
70012
12633
08608
73789

16555
54566
90855
23677
81468
42360
95286
25043

6787
3533
9787
8315
7379
4787
1188
3546
2340
5399

94411
52832
06836
63888
46999
52176
19655
26279
98040
92976

3213
8674
0699
4873
5070
5124
8142
2161
2554
2711

91826
42731
51757
42356
17275
12136
68457
55670
85176
01068

37722
70798
03045
20899
39006
07990
48555
94093
00644
32409

49774
88144
99239
54918
46107
07282
27211
08397
85552
38387

5988
6145

03584
94835

53125
66885

37077
16982

0102
4. 7712
6. 0205
6. 9897
7. 7815
8. 4509
9. 0308
9. 5424
1. 0000
1. 0413
1. 1139
1. 2304
1. 2787
1.3617
1. 4623
1. 4913
1. 5682
1. 6127
1. 6334

99956
12547
99913
00043
12503
80400
99869
25094
00000
92685
43352
48921
53600
27836
97997
61693
01724
83856
68455

1.

IOO1/ 3
1 00i/ s

4.
2.

10001/4

5.

10001/5

3.

2i/3

1.

31/3

1.

21/ 4

1.

31/4

1.

2-1/2
(

3-1/2
(

5-1/2
(

1)
1)
1)

pT/2

2.

(-

(-

1)
1)

4.

1)

6.

1)

7.

1)
1)

3.

2)
2)
3)
3)
4)
4)
4)

4.

5)

4.

2)
3)
5)
6)
7)
9)

4.

l/2

e-1/2

2.

1.

gl/3

e-i/3

5.

4.

4.

e*/4

e-T/2
g-T/4

7.

1.

5.

4.
1.

2.
8.
2.

60287
30427
92853
11026
11156
83872
63720
43592
09997
95790

e~
(

2
3
4
5
6
7

(
(

(
(
(
(

8
9
10

(
(
(

1.

1.

6.
2.
9.
3.
1.

e"

93320
37219
28012
34853
88926
01112
08040
25081
31648
83823
10667
24612
52440
76451
93928

1.

101/5

8
9
10

16837
03188
03892
46111
61277
50958
90349
53497
89487
30740
00272
95249
86547
89625
99957

3
4

77660
34690
79410
93192
88833
86431
13251
71705
21049
49570
07115
74012
67811
02691
35954

2.

101/4

1622
1544
7782
5848
6415
5118
6234
9810
2599
4422
1892
3160
0710
7735
4721

3.

(
(

9)
(10)
(12)
(13)
(

1)

2.
5.
1.

2.

1.

6.

3.

8.
1.

4.

1.
1.

n
2

0.

1.

4
5
6

1.

1.

8
9

2.

10

2.

11

2.

13
17
19

2.

23
29
31
37
41
43

3.

1.
1.

2.

2.

2.

3.
3.

3.
3.
3.

(
(
(

(
(

e~
e-y

-10)
-11)
-13)
-14)

8
9
10

1.

8.

3.
1.

6.
2.
1.

5.

2.

2)

6.

1)

5.

n
2
3

4
5

6
7
8

9
10
11

13
17

19
23
29
31
37
41

43

71442
36612
78639
87341
08546
66635
54516
02511
86679
24848

32159
69189
42979
80293
70966
84230
20800
83882
54949
51535

55238
39995
34242
71802
36048
45167
31361
13891
76367
59152

e~ nir

4
5
6

172321
952452
344642
007593
124774
053527
516964
904905
179915
619436
534874
495346
090274
067528
832720
291643
680957
667634
728425

"71

log io n

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

3.

63981
19662
27962
36018
83643
14256
91943
39324
00000
15822
306S3
37827
95282
01759
S9895
83427
06699
71973
57958

19521
43729
39042
80478
63250
83071
58564
87459
00000
50407
67692
39285
89615
28788
60873
26796
49968
54945
65264

37389
50279
74778
62611
87668
22163
12167
00558
00000
50200
06505
40170
36333
67777
32847
66704
08451
09412
05088

MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS

TABLE
n
47
53
59

3.
3.
4.

61
67
71
73

4.
4.
4.
4.

79
83
89
97

4.

4.
4.
4.

lllTT

W2iT

1.

-1)

9.

8501
9702
0775
1108
2046
2626
2904
3694
4188
4886
5747

47601
91913
37443
73864
92619
79877
59441
47852
40607
36369
10978

In n
71005
55212
90571
17331
39096
04131
14839
46702
79659
73213
50338

1447
1893

29885
85332

84940
04672

3025
6051
9077
2103
1512
3815
6118
8420
0723

85092
70185
55278
40371
92546
51055
09565
68074
26583

1415
8696
1006
7409
0601
6138
0202
4885
9809
3648

92653
04401
27668
09103
96847
91935
93227
31016
09933
04747

5707
0471
8539
7724
4645
3313
1450
3597
5683
2459
5066
2533
2214

MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS Continued

n
85868
18341
94506
12487
60596
54213
11290
14941
79234
98383
28221

209507
444691
160504
513891
700720
294545
921089
729455
754722
178155
167216

01741
74178

43427
03296

56840
13680
70520
27360
28420
74104
19788
65472
11156

17991
35983
53974
71966
08996
10795
12594
14393
16192

58979
08935
02998
40024
85281
75304
77679
07057
34462
60830

32384
86188
20175
37236
45326
43703
20675
40071
11666
20973

62643
34491
47632
44033
27413
02194
14206
28576
50940
71669

96326
97551
81633
53850
91887
35363
29397
30492
27996
15771
28274
14137
41469

79489
19659
97448
90551
56152
80038
11102
41469
83170
83610
63100
31550
07918

66192
77461
30961
60272
32630
97127
56000
68875
78452
45473
05024
02512
31235

31322
54214
56608
98167
20143
97535
77444
78474
84818
42715
15765
07883
07940

3tt/2
4tt/3

n
2.

4.

6.

9.

1)
1)
1)
1)
1)

(
(
(

1.
1.
1.
1.

2.

7T

3.

2
3

9.
(

5
6
7

10

1)
1)

3.

2)
2)
3)
3)
4)
4)

3.

9.

9.
3.
9.
2.

9.

7T/2

1.

tt/3

1.

(" -1)

t/4

99404
98809
98213
97618
49702
79642
09583
39523
69464

7.

jrl/2

1.

frl/3

1.

,,.1/4

1.

^2/3

2.

^3/4

2.

7T5/2

5.

1)

2.

(2tt)i/ 2

2.

(tt/2)1/2

1.

7T(2)->/2

2.

lopIio

47
53
59

1.
1.

1.

61
67
71

1.
1.
1.

73
79
83
89
97

1.
1.

1.
1.
1.

(-D

lOgloT

(-1]

logioe

4.
4.

97857
75869
52011
29835
74802
58348
22860
27091
78092
90006
71734

93571
60078
64214
01076
70082
71907
12045
29044
37607
64491
26624

74644
90456
41902
70338
64341
52860
59010
14279
39038
27847
48517

14219
32992
60656
85749
49132
92829
74387
94821
32760
23543
84362

9714
3429

98726
44819

94133
03251

85435
82765

12683
11289

1415
2831
4247
2566
5707
8849
1991
5132
8274

92653
85307
77960
37061
96326
55592
14857
74122
33388

58979
17958
76937
43591
79489
15387
51285
87183
23081

32384
64769
97153
72953
66192
59430
52669
45907
39146

62643
25287
87930
85057
31322
77586
23850
70115
16379

mr

3.

2
3

6.
9.

1)
i!

5
6
7

1.
1.

1.

1)
i;

2.

(
(

i;

2.

8
9

2.

n
1

2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9

10

7r(2)'/ 2
T-l/2
jr-i/a

X-!/ 4
,--2/3

X-3 /4
x -3/2
7I-

(27T)-'/2
(2/tt)'/ 2
21/ 2 /tt

6720
7242
7708
7853
8260
8512
8633
8976
9190
9493
9867

win 10

5
6
7

1.1.

71

-i)
( -i)
( -2)
( -2)
( -3)
( -3)
( -4)
( -4)
( -5)
( -5)
(

3.
1.

3.
1.

3.
1.

3.
1.

3.
1.

4.
4.

4.

-1)
( -1)
( -1)
( -1)
( -1)
( -1)
( -2)
-1)
-1)
-1)
(

5.
6.

7.
4.
4.
1.

4.

3.

7.

4.

1830
0132
2251
0265
2677
0401
3109
0539
3546
0678

98861
11836
53443
98225
63643
61473
36801
03916
80357
27922

83790
42337
31994
46843
05338
29585
77566
53493
20886
68615

67153
77144
89184
35189
54726
22960
76432
66633
91287
33662

77675
38795
42205
15278
28250
89838
59528
17287
39854
04078

7123
1887
4428
6418
8278
5112
6619
2377
7958
4525
9894
9788
5015

88980
90204
82938
95835
40632
55444
40770
72081
71221
26726
22804
45608
81580

38468
78639
15836
47756
55295
64942
35411
23757
25166
69229
01432
02865
78553

98576
09846
62471
28694
68146
48285
61438
59679
56168
06151
67793
35587
03477

93965
16858
24085
80795
70208
87030
19885
10077
90820
35273
99461
98921
75996

lr

57.

79513
53292

08232
51994

08767
32957

98155
69237r

0.

0.

2957
0174

1'

1"

0.

0002
0000

90888
04848

20866
13681

57215
10953

96154r
59936r

0.

5772

15664

90153

28606

06512

In y

-0.

5495

39312

98164

48223

37662

7724
6789
3541
6256
2254
8929
9027
9064
9190
9854
3031
2880
2032

53850
38534
17939
09908
16702
79511
45292
02477
62526
20646
50275
22524
80951

905516
707748
426400
221908
465178
569249
950934
055477
848883
9277G7
147523
698077
431296

0.

5641
3732
7384
2758
8160
1198
1077
1032
0880
1131
1023
0982
0844

89583
82173
88111
15662
48939
46521
32167
62651
65252
91641
14832
71836
01121

547756
907395
621648
830209
098263
722186
432472
320837
131017
740343
960640
421813
020486

r(i/2)
r(i/3)
r(2/3)
r(i/4)
r(3/4)
r(4/3)
r(5/3)
r(5/4)
r(7/4)
In r(l/3)
In r(2/3)
In r(l/4)
In r(3/4)

716-654

1.

2.
1.

3.
1.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
1.

0.

64

- 2

i/r(i/2)
l/r(l/3)
l/r(2/3)
i/r(i/4)
i/r(3/4)
i/r(4/3)
i/r(5/3)
i/r(5/4)
i/r(7/4)
In T(4/3)
In r(5/3)
In T(5/4)
in r(7/4)

0.
0.
0.
0.
1.

1.
1.
1.

- -0.
-0.

-0.
-0.

2c Physical

Constants and Conversion Factors

A. G.

McNish

Contents
Page

Table
Table

2.1.

Common

2.2.

Names

Table
Table
Table

2.3.

Table

2.6.

2.4.
2.5.

Units and Conversion Factors

and Conversion Factors for Electric and Magnetic

Units
Adjusted Values of Constants
Miscellaneous Conversion Factors
Conversion Factors for Customary U.S. Units to Metric
Units
Geodetic Constants

National Bureau of Standards.

8
8

2.

The

Physical Constants and Conversion Factors

some of the
more commonly needed physical constants and

Table

tables in this chapter supply

Common

Units
Factors

2.1.

conversion factors.

measurements are based upon four

international arbitrarily adopted units, the magnitudes of which are fixed by four agreed on stand-

Quantity
Force, F

All scientific

ards:

Length

Energy,
Power, P

the meterfixed by the vacuum wave-

The

length of radiation corresponding to the transition

2P 5A of krypton 86

MKS

CGS

MKS unit/

name
newton

name

CGS

dyne

joule

erg

by the

infinitely

10 7

10 7

MKSA,

electrical units are

between two

force per unit length

long

unit

10 5

watt

practical, or

defined

and Conversion

filamentary

parallel

conductors

10

carrying current

the equation T m IiI2 /4:ir=2F.

If F
newtons and Y m has the numerical value
-7
then I and I2 are measured in terms of
4:rX10
the practical unit, the ampere. The customary
equations of the rationalized MKSA system then
define the other electric and magnetic units.
The force between electric charges in a vacuum
in this system is given by QiQ2 /4:TT e r 2 =F, T e
having the numerical value 10 7 /47rc 2 where c is
in

is

Mass

the kilogram fixed by the international

kilogram at Sevres, France.

Time the second fixed

as

of the tropical year 1900 at 12

unit distance apart in a

vacuum by

meter= 1650763. 73X)

(1

when

1/31,556,925.9747

ephemeris time.

Temperature the degree fixed on a thermodynamic basis by taking the temperature for the
triple point of natural water as 273.16 K.
(The
Celsius scale is obtained by adding 273.15 to

the speed of light in meters per second

the Kelvin scale.)

The CGS

All other units are defined in terms of

(r e

8.854X10~ 12).
is obtained by
denominators in these equations
and expressing F in dynes and r in centimeters
Setting T m equal to unity defines the CGS unrationalized
electromagnetic system
(emu),
Te
Setting T e
taking the numerical value of 1/c 2

them by

deleting

assigning the value unity to the proportionality

constant in each defining equation, the system so
derived being called the
system. Taking
the 1/100 part of the meter as the unit of length

MKS

4t

unrationalized system

in the

and the 1/1000 part of the kilogram as the unit of

equal to unity defines the CGS unrationalized
mass similarly giv^es rise to the CGS system,
electrostatic system (esu) T m takingthe numerical
often used in physics and chemistry. The more
value of 1/c 2
common named units and their conversion factors
The Lorentz-Heaviside system involves a difare given in Table 2.1.
ferent process of rationalization.
Table 2.2. Names and Conversion Factors for Electric and Magnetic Units
,

MKS

Quantity

emu
name

name
Current
Charge

esu

MKS

name

emu

ampere
coulomb

abampere
abcoulomb

statampere
statcoulomb

Potential

volt

abvolt

statvolt

10 8

Resistance

ohm

abohm

statohm

IO 9

Inductance
Capacitance
Magnetizing force

henry

centimeter

MKS

unit/

esu unit

~3X10
~3X10

~(1/3)X10-2
~(1/9)X10-"
~(l/9)X10-

10 s

oersted

4irX10- 3 *

~9X10
~3X10 *

gilbert

47tX10-*

~3/10*

maxwell

10 8

~(1/3)X10-2
~(l/3)X10-

centimeter

farad

amp. turns/

ioio-

unit/
unit

io-

meter

Magnetomotive force
Magnetic flux
Magnetic flux density

amp. turns
weber

10
10-5*

gauss

tesla

Electric displacement

Example:

Divide
6

If

this

the value assigned to a current

is

number by 4x

MKS

if

unrationalized

100 amperes

system

is

its

value in abamperes

is

~3X10

100X10 _1 = 10.

involved; other numbers are unchanged.

5*

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

The adjusted values of constants given in Table 2.3 are those recommended by the National Academy of Sciences-National
Research Council Committee on Fundamental Constants in 1963. The error limits are three times the standard errors estimated
from the experimental data included in the adjustment. Values, where pertinent, are based on the unified scale of atomic masses
in which the atomic mass unit () is defined at 1/12 of the mass of the atom of the 12 C nuclide.

Table

2.3 Adjusted values of constants

Symbol

Constant

Vali

Unit

Est. J
error
limit

Sysleme

International

Centimeter-gram-second

(MKSA)

Avogadro constant

NA

997925
1.60210
4. 80298
6. 02252

Electron rest mass.

9.

Speed of light in vacuum.

Elementary charge

2.

1091

48597
1. 67252
1. 00727663
1. 67482
1.0086654
9. 64870
2. 89261
6. 6256
1. 05450
7. 29720
1. 370388
1. 161385
5. 32492
1. 758796
5. 27274
4. 13556
1. 37947
2. 42621
3. 86144
1. 32140
2. 10307
1. 0973731
5. 29167
2. 81777
7. 9398
6. 6516
2. 67519
4. 25770
2.67512
4. 25759
9. 2732
5. 0505
1. 41049
2. 79276
2. 79268
5.

Proton

rest

Neutron

mass

rest

mass.

Faraday constant
h

Planck constant

H
a

Fine structure constant.

I Ice

a/2ir

c?

Charge to mass

e/m e

ratio for electron

Quantum-charge

h/e

ratio

Compton wavelength of electron.

Xc
Xc/2*-

Compton wavelength

of proton.

Xc, v

Xc. ,/2

Rm

Rydberg constant
Bohr radius
Electron radius

Thomson

cross section

Gyromagnetic

ratio of proton

7
7/2ir

(uncorrected

y'

diamagnetism,

for

0)

7'/2ir

Bohr magneton
Nuclear magneton
Proton

Ms
M.V

moment

Mp
M p /m^

(uncorrected for diamagnetism,

Anomalous electron moment

Zeeman splitting constant
Gas constant
Normal volume perfect gas
Boltzmann constant

0)

corrn.

h'pIpn

159615
4. 66858
8.3143
2. 24136
1. 38054
3. 7405
1. 43879
2. 8978
5. 6697
6.670
1.

(m/mo)-

VB/hc

R
'
A:

First radiation constant (27r/ic 2 )

Cl

Second radiation constant

Wien displacement constant

Stefan-Boltzmann constant
Gravitational constant

JBased on 3

std. dev>

coulomb

applied to
J

joule

20
28

10-19

X10

(CGS)
X10'

IO-20
lO-io

10 23

mol
kg
u
kg
u
kg
u
C mol-

4
9

10-31

10-"

24
8

10-"

13

10

16

10"

10-"

10

1Q-34

IO" 34
io- 3
IO 2
10" 3

10
19

16
14
19

IO" 5
10 11

IO" 4
10" 24
10
10-24

10

Js
Js

io- 27

erg

10-27

erg

io- 3
10" 5

Ckg-i

10 7
10 17
10" 7

Js

4
6
9

10" !2

io- 15

m
m
m
m

C->

10" 17

10-16

3
7

10 7
io- u

11

io- 15

10-30

10-29

10 8
10 7
10 8

lO-io

10" 11
io- 13
10- 14

m-

m
m
m
m

IO 5

io-
10-1 3
2

10-26

10- 25

rad s-'T"

10

6
4

io- 24
10" 27

13

1Q-26

rad s-'G"
s-'G-'

J T->

T->
J T-'

IO" 24
10" 23

erg G-i

erg G-i

r _1

10

10

10

10

10" 3

10'

m-'T-'

12

10

K-
3

10- 3
10- 5

moF

30

io- 2

18

10-23

J K-i

lQ-16

Wm

19

10" 2

10^ 3

29

IO" 8

W m"

15

io-

Nm

kg-

11

103
10" 21

_1

15

104

HzT-i

mol -1

IO" 16
10- 5

K
K
2

10 7
10 4

10

10-1

K"

10- 5
10- 8

4-

rad s-'G-'

rad

cm l/2g-l/2 *
cm 3/2g-I/2 s -l
cm3/2gl/2g-I *
cm I/2gl/2
cm
cm
cm
cm
cm-1
cm
cm
cm
cm

104
103

HzT-i

IO 2

io- 15

cm l/2gl/2 mo l-l *
cm 3/2 g l/2 s -l mol-l

10" 3

12

10"

IO3

io-

4-

mol -1

10-28

5
5

cml/2gl/S *
cm3/2 g l/2 s -l

1023

'

preceding column.
*Electromagnetic system.
hertz
watt
N- newton
T tesla

last digits in

Hz

s^G"

erg

G"

cm-'G"
erg

K _1 mol -1

cm 3 mol -1
erg K">

cm
cm K
cm K
erg

erg

cm"

dyn cm

_1

_1

K -4

-2

fElectrostatic system.

G gauss

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Table
Standard gravity g
Standard atmospheric pressure
1

Thermodynamic

calorie

calorie

2.4.

=9.80665 m sec" 2
= 1.013250X10 S newtons m~ 2
-2
10 6 dynes cm
=4.1840 joules
=4.1868 joules

cal c

calj,

= 000028 X10- m
= 10- m
= 10 -5 newtons m

1 liter 1

Angstrom unit
Bar

1.

Miscellaneous Conversion Factors

10

10

-6

dynes

cm

Gal

Astronomical unit
Light year
Parsec

Curie, the quantity of radioactive material undergoing

Roentgen, the exposure of x-

cm

sec

= 1.495X10" m

a.u.

=9.46X10 15
=3.08X10 16
=3.26

m
m

light years
-1

3.700X10 10 disintegrations sec

or gamma radiation which produces together with its secondaries

2.082 X10 9 electron-ion pairs in 0.001293

gm

air.

Formula for index of refraction of atmosphere for radio waves (/<3X10 10)(n l)10 6 =(77.6/T)(p+
48l0e/T), where n is refractive index; T temperature K; p total pressure in millibars, e water vapor
partial pressure in millibars.

Factors for converting the customary United

States units to units of the metric system are given
in

Table

Table

2.5.

Factors for Converting Customary

U.S. Units to Metric Units

2.5.

Geodetic constants for the international (Hayspheroid are given in Table 2.6.
The
gravity values are on the basis of the old Potsdam
value and have not been corrected for more
recent determinations. They are probably about
ford)

They
by

13 parts per million too great.

lated for the surface of the geoid

1

yard

0.9144 meter

foot

0.3048 meter

inch

0.0254 meter

statute mile

nautical mile (inter-

1609.3472 meters
1852 meters

Table

pound (avdp.)
oz. (avdp.)

pound

0.4535937 kilogram
0.0283496 kilogram
4.44823 newtons
14.5939 kilograms
0.138255 newtons
1.35582 joules

force

slug

poundal

foot

pound

Temperature

32+ (9/5)

(Fahrenheit)
1

British thermal unit

2
3
4

none

2.6.

Geodetic Constants

a=6,378,388 m;/=l/297; 6=6,356,912

Latitude

the inter-

national formula.

national)

are calcu-

Length

Length

of 1' of parallel

Meters

0
15

30
45
60
75
90

temperature

1,855.398
1, 792. 580

1,

1, 608. 174
1,314. 175

1,

930. 047
481. 725

of

1'

of

meridian

1,

Meters
842. 925
844. 170

msec-2
Meters
9.

9.

847. 580
1,852.256
1,856.951

9.

860. 401

9.

1,861.666

9.

1,

9.

9.

780490
783940
793378
806294
819239
828734
832213

Celsius
4

1055 joules

Used principally by chemists.

Used principally by engineers.
Various definitions are given for the British thermal unit.
of the more important definitions by more than 3 in 10 4
.

This represents a rounded

mean value

differing

from

3.

Elementary Analytical Methods

Milton Abramowitz

Contents
Page

Elementary Analytical Methods

3.1. Binomial Theorem and Binomial

10

and
Geometric Progressions; Arithmetic, Geometric, Harmonic
and Generalized Means
Coefficients; Arithmetic

3.3.

Rules for Differentiation and Integration

11

Maxima and Minima

13

Absolute and Relative Errors

14

3.4. Limits,
3.5.

10
10

3.2. Inequalities

14

3.6. Infinite Series

3.7.

Complex Numbers and Functions

3.8.

Algebraic Equations

17

Approximation Methods
Theorems on Continued Fractions

18

16

3.9. Successive

3.10.

19

Numerical Methods
3.11. Use and Extension of the Tables
3.12. Computing Techniques

19

References

23

Table

3.1.

19
19

Powers and Roots

nk Ar=l(l)10, 24, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4,

n = 2(l)999, Exact or 10S
,

24
1/5

The author acknowledges the assistance of Peter J. O'Hara and Kermit C. Nelson in
the preparation and checking of the table of powers and roots.

National Bureau of Standards. (Deceased.)

Elementary Analytical Methods

3.

Binomial Theorem and Binomial Coeffiand Geometric Progressions; Arithmetic, Geometric, Harmonic and

3.1.9

Generalized Means

a+(a+d) + (a+2d) +

3.1.

cients; Arithmetic

Sum

Terms

of Arithmetic Progression to n
.

+( +( l)d)

Binomial Theorem

=7ia+^n(nl)d=^ (a+l),

3.1.1
last

Sum
-3

... +6"

term

of Geometric Progression to n

s n =a-rar-\-ar

nCn1)

chapter 24)

(n fc+1

Arithmetic

).!

r)

s n =a!(l

lim

3.1.2

/n\

a(l-r n -)

n _ x*=--

-\-ar n
.

(see

Terms

3.1.10

(n a positive integer)

Binomial Coefficients

series=Z=a+(n l)d

in

Mean

of n Quantities

(n-k)lk\

a 1 -\-a 2 -\r

3.1.11

(-11)

+a n

3.1.3

Geometric Mean of n Quantities G

3.1.12

3.1.4

G=--(a 1 a 2 ...a n ) lln

(a*>0,fr=l,2, ...,)

Harmonic Mean of n Quantities

3.1.13

OK:)-

3.1.5

1_

HH(o^+---+>

(*>0,*=1,2, -.,)

3.1.6

Generalized

3.1.7

M(0=(iZX)

3.1.14

M(<)=0(<0, some

3.1.15

Table of Binomial Coefficients

Mean

o* zero)

3.1.16

lim M(t)=va&x.

(ai,a 2

.,a)=max.a

.,a)=min. a

<->oo

3.1.8

3.1.17

V
It

limM(0=niin.

(ai,a2

-> oo

10

11

12

lim

3.1.18

M (0 =

6?

t->o

2__

2
3

3
4

4
5
6

5
6

7
8

3
6

10
15
21

28
9 36
10 45
11 55
12 66

8
9
10
11

12

4
10

20

5
15

M(1)=A

3.1.20

M(-1)=H

35
56
84
120
165
220

35
70
126
210
330
495

21
1
7
1
56 28
8
126 84 36
1
9
252 210 120 45 10
462 462 330 165 55
792 924 792 495 220

3.2.

Inequalities

Relation Between Arithmetic, Geometric, Harmonic

and Generalized Means
3.2.1

11

66

12

For a more extensive table see chapter

10

3.1.19
1

24.

A> G>H,
3.2.2

equality

min.

if

and only

if

a 1 =a 2

a<M(0<max.

=a n

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

min.

3.2.3

a<(?<max.

Minkowski's Inequality for

ak are equal, or
and an ak is zero

equality holds

if all

M(t)<CM(s)

3.2.4

s<0 and an

or

If

<0

ak

is

\a < |<Zi+<z <

IflJ

ft=l

a 1 >a2 >a 3 >

bi>b 2 >h>

^= ^> '>
1

+ <Kx)|^J <(j

|/(*) !"<**)
a

/
equality holds

and only

if

stant>0).

p = q=2 we

If

(c

= con-

(Z)|6*l

/)

Rules for Differentiation and Integration

Derivatives

/)

\i=l

d
du
~r (cu)=c -j->
dx
dx
,

and only

if

= cj(x)

\fc=l

equality holds

g(x)

if

stant>0).

Z>A|<(SM
ft=l

(c=con-

i/p

3.3.

3.2.8

+ (Jj <7(x)|W)

Sums

Holder's Inequality for

If

= ca

/ \t=i

\ft=i

fc=i

bk

if

3.2.13

[/(*)

\ /

/ n

and only

if

3.2.7

\l/z>

Itp>l,

>a n
>b n

/ n

Minkowski's Inequality for Integrals

fc=i

\Up

Chebyshev's Inequality
If

stant>0).

<Ski

3.2.6

\l/p

equality holds

+k

|i|

b k ^>0 for all k,

zero.

Triangle Inequalities
3.2.5

py>l and a k>

Sums

3.2.12

t<Cs unless all ak are equal,

if

11

if

|6 s

= c|o

J'
ft

_1

(c=con-

3.3.1

constant

get

d
dx

3.3.2

Cauchy's Inequality

._dudv

dx

dx

3.2.9
[~

Sa

~~\

*b k

Lk = l
c

<SIS
=
t

6*

(equality for ak =cb k

3.3.3

fc=l

._

dx

dv

du

dx

dx

constant)

If

r 1,p>1

'

d
dx

3.3.4

Holder's Inequality for Integrals

{ulv)

2>1

= vdu/dxudv/dx
*

d
dx

3.3.5

__du

dv_

dv dx

3.2.10

/&

nb

\j{x)g{x)\dx<\

"ii/pr
\j{x)\dx\
j

equality

holds

if

and only

if

-11/

/*

j- (w

3.3.6

|^)|x

dx

\g(x)\=c\f(x)\ p

- -i-+l n
=w \udx
8

^ i" )
dx/

~
Leibniz's

Theorem

for Differentiation of

an Integral

(c=constant>0).
If

p=q=2 we

get

3.3.7

Schwarz's Inequality
b
I

Cf(x)g(x)dxT< ("tfWdx (

f(x,c)dx

dc Ja(c)

3.2.11

[g(x)Ydx

L^

(x '

c)<fa+/(6

'

c)

&" /(o

'

o)

3c

Leibniz's

Theorem

Product

for Differentiation of a

The

_d7u

^'"dx*

n~ x

n~2

ri^>l is

dn

"

'

~T

+
dx
r

+u ddxvn

an integer.

3.3.16

u d Tv

~
+,fn\
\r) dx n

dx

(a x*+bx+c)

(4oc-6 2)*

arctan

(6

d2 x _ d2y (dy\
dx 2 \dx)
dy2

3.3.10

(6

~3

In

-4oc)*

(6

2
3.3.18
d?x
3.3.11

= _mdy_ 3 (dWl(dy\
\_dx 3

xdx
Integration by Parts

3.3.12

udv=uv

Siax2 -\-bx-\-c

==- In
2a

udx

\udx

x-

f-2

Integrals of Rational Algebraic Functions

ad be

3.3.23
" +1

3 * 3,24

J
dx
J,ax-\-b

-In

2b 2

dx

(ad ?* be)

bx

ln|a 2 +6 2x 2

a?-b 2 x 2 ~2ab

a+6x
abx

(n^-1)

f(ax+6)*rfx=
/
f
a(n+l)
J

3.3.15

2
2 2
J;a +b x

(Integration constants are omitted)

dx

In

+W~ab &rCtan

xdx
3.3.22

dx
2a J ax 2 +&:c+c

c+dx
a+6x

dx
3.3.21

(aX

-4ac>0)

-4ac=0)

\ax 2 -\-bx-\-c'

dx

uvdx=(

3.3.20

vdu

i-\-bx)(c-\-dx)
J(aI

-4oc<0)

3.3.19

\dx 2 J J \dx)

dx

(6

2ax+b

2ax+b-(b 2 -4ac)i
2ax+6+(6 2 -4ac)*

3.3.17

3.3.14

2ax+b
(4oc-6 2)*

dx
jdy
=l
dy
dx

3.3.9

3.3.13

a P oly nomial and

is

,(n\ d u dv ,fn\ d u d v
~
\l) dx"' dx + \2/ dx n 2 dx 2

V+

P^

where

(ax 2 +bx+c) n

following formulas are useful for evaluating

JP(x)dx

3.3.8
_

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

12

dx 5

3.3 .25

|ax-(-&|

(x

+a 2= 2a~

arctan

f^

(x

2a2 (x 2 -a2 )

+ 2a

(x

H^m
4a
'

+a

2
)

a-fx

Integrals of Irrational Algebraic Functions

3.3.26

dx
1/2
J [(a + bx)(c+dx))

i-bd)

112

arctan

1
3.3.27

(-bd)

3.3.28

(bd) 1/2

dx
3.3.29

3.3.30

J (a+ix^Cc+dx)

rAUJ-h'A-rw
r -d(a+bx)
-f
L 6(c+dx) J

(6d<0)

/2bdx+adbc'
bc-ad
\
,

(6>0, d<0)

l/2&TCSm

In |[&d(a+&x)] 1/2 +6(c

[a'Ck-ad)]

1'2

[d(ad-bc)} 1/2

arctan

In

+ dx)

raXa+6x)T 2
|_(6c ad)J

1/2

(6d>0)

(d(ad-6c)<0)

|rf(a+Aa;) V2 -[rf(^-6c)]

1/2

\d(a+bxy 2 +[d(ad-bc)] l/2

(d(ad-bc)>0)

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

13

dx

3.3.31

3.3.42

In

x(x2jr a 2 ) i

a+(x 2 +a 2)*

[[(a+bx)(c+dx)] 1/2dx
ax
3.3.43

(ad-bc)+2b(c+dx)

[(a+bx)(c+dx)]

(ad be)'

1/a

arccos x

ax

dx

3.3.32

arj*, arcsin a

3.3.44

1/
J Ka+bx.)(c+dx)}

8bd

x(x 2

(a

3.3.45

x
f(a 2 -x 2 )^x=| (a-z)*+^ arcsm a

3.3.46

f^^=-^ln
a
J x(arx p

/[^T<H

!(a+6x)(c+ fa)r
'

(ad be)
\[(a +

dx
bx)(c+dx)) 1/2

3.3.33

a+(a2 -

3.3.47

dx

-w= arcsin
(2ax-x 2)*

dx

J (ax +bx+c)
2

=a"

1/2

3.3.48

1/2

In \2a

1/2

(ax 2 +bx+c) 1/2 +2ax+b\(a>0)

=a

3.3.34

1/2

(2ax+6)
(4ac-b 2 ) 1/2
(a>0, 4ae>6 2 )

arcsinh

=a- 1/2 ln |2ax+o|(a>0,

3.3.35

=-(-a)

3.3.36

(a<0,

67)

Cu

(2axx 2 )*+-^-

Ob

arcsin

Ox

=4ac)

(ax 2 +6)(cx 2 +d)*

(2ax+6)

1/2

(X

3.3.49

J
.

(2axx 2 )*dx=

arcsm

_ 4ac)1/2

(62

(ad- be)]'

[b

>4ac, |2ax+&|<(6 2 -4ac) 1/2)

x(adbc) i

arctan

(ady>bc)

[6(cx +d)]*

3.3.50

3.3.37

f(ax 2 +6x+c) 1/2

^= 2a4a
^

[&(cx

6
--,-

4ac

2[b(bc-ad)]

8a

In

+d)p+x(6c-ad)*

[6(cx +rf)]* x(bc ad)*

dx

(a:,x

(bc^>ad)

+6x+c) 1/2

3.3.38

ax

3.4.

dt

Jz((ax +bx+c)
2

1/2

"J (a

+ fo+e*

,/2

2
)

Let j(x) and g(x) be differentiable on an

3.4.1

interval

xdx

J (ax +6x+c)
=-

1/2

,2
(ax 2 +6x+c v
1

_b_ C

(x

for

which

g'(x)

^0.

lim/(x)=0 and lim g(x)0

dx

2a J (ax

Jdx
5w=ln |x+(x a
a
t-v-j
2

a<x<Cb

If

+6x+c)

z-6

z->6
1/2

or
3.3.40

Maxima and Minima

Indeterminate Forms (L'Hospital's Rule)

3.3.39

Limits,

where t=l/x

if

lim j(x)

)*|

oo

and lim

g(x)

and

if

^=

3.3.41

lim 4t^=* then lim

x^b- g(x)
^ b -g'(x)

f(x 2 a2)^x=-|

<=

z-6

s->6

'

'

(x 2

2
)

^ln

|x+(x 2 a 2 )*|

Both

and

may

be

finite or infinite.

I.

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

14

Maxima and Minima

3.4.2

if

Approximate Values

If|e|l,MM<0,

Functions of One Variable

(1)

The function y=f(x) has a maximum at x=x

and /"(x X0, and a minimum at
/'(x ) =

x=x

)=0 and /"(x )>0. Points x

)=0 are called stationary points.

which /'(x

Functions oj Two Variables

The function /(x, y) has a maximum or
for those values of (x y ) for which
3.4.3

for

/'(x

if

(a+b) k ~ak +kak

3.5.8
3.5.9

(i

3.5.10

(2)

and

b 2f/dxby
d 2f/<yy 2

which

for

fix, y) has a

(a)

minimum

has a

(b) j{x,y)

d 2f/dx 2
<0;
d 2f/dxdy

Formula

x
then

(1) If
x,

3.5.1

1,71-1

ay

an <*

at (x ,y

^i<0
dy'

),

d2/
b2f
2>0 and dw 2>0 at ( x' y)dx

3.5.2

3.5.3

3.6.2

The

(2)

sum

is

Ax=x

x,

is

Sx=

X ~

(o<e

x2

(i=l,
in /is

numbers

(x)<i)

f^(X+th)dt

of

at

is

the

/(n_1>(a)+

^ = ^T"-/U,(

3.6.5

sum

most equal

Lagrange's Expansion

or
to

(a<|<x)

^)

y=j(x), y =f(x ),f(xo)^0, then

If

3.6.6

If f(xi,

xn

.,

2,

n)

x2

.,

x n)

is

+M: Ax -

The

*
,

x-xp

]k

=\

3.6.7

+s
fc=l

(4)

^ (y-yo)\d
k

g(x)=g(x

a function of

and the absolute error in xt

is Ax i; then the absolute error

-Hl A*+<l^+

ifc!

relative error of the product or

quotient of several factors

sum

Xq

100 times the

is

error

a
3.5.6

of the absolute errors of the individual

(3)
,

f(x)=f(a)+^^f'(a)+K^f''(a)
+
2!
1!

Xi,

^yj\l-t)-

+%^f

numbers.
3.5.5

l?

x.

absolute

difference of several

the

'
;

3.6.3

relative error.

3.5.4

^"

>

3.6.4

the percentage error

(c)

an approximation to the true value

is

the relative error of x

(b)

W^ n

(n-l)\ J

Rn= ^.-fin)(x+eih)= 7n~r^:

(w-l)!

minimum

the correction to

is

the absolute error of x

(a)

for a Single Variable

(n
of

T)

J(x+h)=f(x)+hf'(x)+^f"(x)

Absolute and Relative Errors

3.5.

^1+e

3.6.1

'

d2/
>^2<
dx

lf

3.6. Infinite Series

maximum
if

+ +77

+?? )^i

Taylor's

dy

'

)(i

1+17

dx

~l

is

at

most equal

to the

of the relative errors of the individual factors.

where

<?(x) is

any function

indefinitely differenti-

able.

Binomial Series
3.6.8

3.5.7
(5)

If

y=f(x), the relative error

Av i' (x)
8y=
~-jh\

^x

fr-nHs*

(-i<i<d

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

15

3.6.14

3.6.9

o(a-l)

(l+x) = l+ax-\

x2

2!

+
,

a(g-l )(a-2)

-X

/.
3!

(l+a;)-*=l -

14
35
x 2 -gj X 3 -!
"243

x+-

3.6.10

(!+) i=l-a;+x -a; 3 +a; 4 -

(-1<z<1)

3.6.11

(l+z)= 14-

x2

x3

5x i

8^16

128

7a:

'

21x 6
1024

256

Asymptotic Expansions
,

'2

3x 2

5x 3

16

+ 128

231z

X) %

fe

is

be an asymp-

sa<id to

totic expansion of a function f(x)

63z s

35x 4

series

ft=0

3.6.12

3.6.15

(-l<x<l)
(1+x) -*=1-

(~1<X<1)

+6561

729

256

a*x

/(x)

=0(x

if

asx^oo

fc=0

+ 1024

(-l<x<l)

'
'
'

for

We

everyn=l,2,

write

3.6.13

H^-^ +st^2

81

22

+ 729 x

154
x

6561

12.

/(x)~S

243

fc=0

The

(-1<x<1)

may

series itself

*x

be either convergent or

divergent.

Operations With Series

Let

s1

s2

= l-\-a x- ra2X2jra x -\-a x

= l JrbiX Jrb x2Jrb x3jrb x

i -i

i -l

s z =\-\-CiX Jrc 2 x2jrC z x3jrC i x iJr

Operation

Ol

ai

-2a.

3ai 2a

3.6.16

Sz^sT

3.6.17

s3

= sT

3.6.18

s3

= s?

s3

= s7*

~2

s3

= sl

nai

3.6.19
3.6.20

c2

C\

a2

6aia 2

~8ai

a?_

c4

2aia 2 a 3 a?

c3

a2

2(w-l)ci + na 2

aia2

6aia 3

2aja 3 3a?a 2 a 4

2a 4a?

^fli

ciOj(n

1)

wa

-aia 3

+ c a?(w-D(n-2)

1
1
^aia
- ga,

~2 a3 ~16ai

+ a + a}

+ 3a| 2a 12aia + 5at

2

+ Ygafa2

5 4
j2gflf

35
,3,1 15
+ ^a -a jg a a + j2g a
,

+ Cia

(n

.
i

l) + n(n l)al

+ na

+k(w-1)(w 2)ciaia2

+ 2^(-l)(n-2)(n-3)cio!
3.6.21

S3

= SiS

3.6.22

S3

= Si/s

3.6.23

s3

=exp

s3

=l+ln

3.6.24

(si

1)

ai

+ 6i

b2

cti

6i

a 2 -(bici

a4

+ aib + a
1

J.

Si

a.

+b

a 2 ~ici

6 3 +a.& 2

2)

a3

+ a &. + a
2

-(hc2 + b 2 ci + b 3 )

b4

+ ai6 + a
3

oi

(6iC 3

2 b2

+a

3 &4

+a

+ 6 c + 6 ci + 6
2

4)

a 3 + Oia 2 + -a?

a4

+ aia + 2 a + 2 a2a ^24a

a3-g(a2Ci + 2aic 2 )

a*

7 (3Ci + 2a 2 c + 3a

3 c3)

'

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS,

16

Reversion of Series

Given

3.6.25

Form

Polar

y=ax-\-bx 2Jrcx -\-dx iJrex 5jrfx 6 -\-gx 7 -\-

=r (cos

3.7.2

z =re ie

3.7.3

Modulus:

6-\-i sin 0)

then

x=Ay+By +Oy +Dy +Ey +Fy'+Gy +

l

3.7.4

Real Part:

3.7.6

Imaginary Part:

y=^z=r

sin

=
z = arg

3.7.8

\z\

-28a2 bc 2 -2b 5 -28a 2 b 2 d

arg

3.7.9

a 13 G=8ai bf+8aice+4:aid 2 + I20a2 b 3 d

+ 180a2 b 2c 2 +132b*-a 5g-36a 3 b 2e
3

Rummer's Transformation

If 2i=Xi-\-iyi, z 2

=x

3.7.11

with known

then

2 -\-iy 2 ,

arg

3.7.12

=
= arg

21221

k=o

series

ZiZ2=x 1 X2yiy2+i(x1 y2 +x2yi)

3.7.10

of Series

Let X) * s be a given convergent series and

be a given convergent

\z\

Multiplication and Division

-72a bcd-12a c -330ab i c

=c

cos

z=x iy

3.7.7

+Ub -a e-21ab c
aPF= 7a be+ 7a cd + 8Aab c - a /
a9E=Qa2 bd+3a2c 2

y^, c k

x&z=r

3.7.5

Complex Conjugate of a

a 7D=5abc-a 2 d-5b 3

3.6.26

)*

Argument: arg 2=arctan (yjx) = 6 (other

am z and ph z).

a 5 C=2b 2 -ac

notations for arg z are

where

aA=\
a?B=-b

= (x 2jry = r

\z\

(2i2 2 )

12111221

2x+arg

z2

fe=0

sum

=X?^0.

such that lim

3.7.13

_x X2+y y

z2

Jri(x 2
y1

x y
1

2)

xl+yt

22

Z2

Oft

fc->U)

zi_z

Then
3.7.14
4=0 \

22

Euler's Transformation of Series

3.6.27

If

\\

a/

( l)*a*=flo Oi+02-

is

3.7.15

arg

3.7.16

g=rV"

3.7.17

r n

32

(l> arg 2j arg

z2

a con-

Powers

fc=0

vergent series with

sum

then

s=
*=^!i A*a = (-1)"(*) a
\"l/
&
k=0
m=0

k-

Euler-Maclaurin

cos nd-\-ir n sin

?i0

(=0,1,2,
3.7.18

=x -y
2

...)

+i(2xy)

Summation Formula
3.7.19

3.6.28

g/*=

Vw*-g L/(o)+/()]+^ [/-/'

(o)]

3.7.20
3.7.21

-^[r>)-/'''(o)]+^[/^)-/

(n (o)]

=r -3^
!

=x -6x

2 5 =a;

+'i(3x22/-?/

+y

3
)

+i(4:x3 y-4xy

-10u;Y+5a;?/ 4 +t(5a; 2/-10^V+2/

4

5
)

3.7.22
i

1209600 [/
3.7.

(ra)

(n)-y

^(o)]+

Complex Numbers and Functions

1

Cartesian
3.7.1

Form

z=x-{-iy

+*[(*)- y-(S)*-V+..J,
(71=1,2,...)

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

If

=Un +iVnt

then

&z

where

Solution of Quadratic Equations

Given az2 +bz+c=0,

3.8.1

x iy

3.7.24

x 2 -\-y 2

z\

2l, 2

-(^) ^' 9== ^- 4ac

(z'T

3.7.25

Zi

If

Roots
3.7.26
If

s*=V'g=rM t8 =r*

7r<0<7r

The

is

given

=uiv

the ambiguous sign

be the same as the sign of

3.7.28

The

+a

Given

3.8.2

2=3 aig

2uvy and where

roots.

22

+ai2+a =0,

let

principal

by

z i =[^(r-\-x)] i i[i(rx)] i

3.7.27

JrZ 2 bja, ZiZ =c/a

2

Solution of Cubic Equations

the principal root.

this is

'

2>0, two real roots,

g=0, two equal roots,
g<0, pair of complex conjugate

cos \d-\-ir* sin \6

other root has the opposite sign.

root

Algebraic Equations

3.8.

u n+i=xun yv n v n+1 =xv n +yu n

and Jz n are called harmonic polynomials.

3.7.23
n

= u n+l Jr iv n+l

n+1

17

is

r=^ (a^ 3a ) ^

<;

al-

where
taken to

ii

+r >0,
2

one real root and a pair of complex

conjugate roots,

y.

zi/"= r i/n e il,/n (principal root

,

3
if

Other roots are r ye ue+2 * k),n (=1,2,3,

-7r<0<7r).
.

+r2 =0,

and at

two are

all

roots real

all

roots real (irreducible case).

least

equal,

.,n 1).
3

+r 2 <C0,

Inequalities

Let
3.7.29

Si

<|2i22|<|2i|

22

s1

|z2|

=[r+( 23 +r 2 )^,

S2

=[r-( 23 +r 2 )^

then

Complex Functions, Cauchy-Riemann Equations

2l=(Si+S2 )

g-

f(z)=f(x+iy) =u(x,y)+iv(x,y)whereu(x,y),v(x,y)
:

are real,

analytic at those points z=x-\-iy at

is

= 2

(S1+S2)

*V3
a3"+"2"

23= 2

(S1+S2)

22

(s

i~ *a)

which

bu
bx

3.7.30
If

z=re ie

3.7.31

bv

bu__

by'

by~

bv

bv
bx

bu

br

r bd' r

If z lt z 2

bu_
bd~

br

21

and v(x,y) are

Z\Z 2 Z 3 =Z

called

Given

real root

b 2u

_b 2 v

b 2v

b^by^bx^b^y

br V br) + bd ~
2

'^-

=a

do

+a

3z

3j a z 2 -{-a z+a
r 2
1

=0,

find the

of the cubic equation

)u (af +a a| 4a a2 ) =

and determine the four roots of the quartic as

two quadratic equations

solutions of the

( bv\
br

v?a2 u2jr {a l a3 ^a

Polar Coordinates

3.7.33

(s i

Solution of Quartic Equations

3.8.3

Cartesian Coordinates

3.7.32

ZiZ 2 JrZiZ 3 Jr z 2 z 3

harmonic functions and satisfy Laplace's equation:

b 2u

+ 22 + 2 = a

u(x, y)

are the roots of the cubic equation

z3

bv

Laplace's Equation

The functions

3-

rj

b 2v

'

be

o
+[t<f+---)'> + H(t) --J=

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

18

the cubic equation are real, use the

value of Ui which gives real coefficients in the quad-

Method

If all roots of

ratic equation.

of Iteration (Successive Substitution)

The

3.9.4

x k+l =F(x k )

scheme

iteration

converge to a zero of x=F(x)

will

if

If
z

+a

3j a z 2
r 2

3z

+a z+a =(z
1

^r 1 z Jrg_ 1 )(z 2
p

+p

2 z-

r q 2 ),

then

^l+P2 = 3,Pl^2 + 2l + 22 = a2,Pl22 + ^22i = a l

If

Zi,

z2

z3

Zi

Xz
3.9.

zj

3.9.1

Newton's Rule

Successive Approximation

will

converge quadratically to x:

the condition

(2)

(if

instead of

above),

define

= X n + C nf(x n

(71=1,2,

and

.).

Monotonic

f'(x),

interval (x

/'(x)>0 and the constants c n are

negative and bounded, the sequence x converges
monotonically to the root .
If c n =c = constant<0 and /'(a;)>0, then the
process converges but not necessarily monotoni-

Then,

xk~

^fc+i-

(1)

X n+1

an approximation to the solution

then the sequence

Comments

Let xXi be an approximation to x=

and both xi and are in the interval

We

is

Methods

/()

a<x<b.

x=xk
of f(x)

If
.

x=

General

where

a<x lF( *l~ Xo U b.

3.9.5

= ai,

ZiZ2Z 3 Zi=a

(2)

Newton's Method of Successive Approximations

'Lz i z i z lc

|^'(x)|<g<lfora<z<&,

2l22=0-

are the roots,

22*= a 3

(1)

convergence, /(xo)/"(o)>0
f"{x) do not change sign in the
), or
,

if

Oscillatory

(2)

and

/'(;r),

interval (x

convergence,

/(o)/"(xoXO

f"(x) do not change sign in the

,

Xi),

<%<Xi.

Newton's Method Applied to Real nth Roots

cally.

Degree of Convergence of an Approximation Process

Given x n N,

3.9.6

x=N

1/n

Let x x x 2 x 3

3.9.2

of approximations to a
\z n+1

be an

number

-Z\<A\x n -H\ k

sequence
Then, if
.

x k+l-

an approximation

is

i[^h +{n

- 1)Xk

.)

will

where

xk

infinite

f.

(n=l,2,

if

then the sequence

converge quadratically to

x.

and k are independent of n, the sequence

is said to have convergence of at most the &th
degree (or order or index) to . If k=l and

yl<l the convergence

vergence

is

is

linear;

if

&=2

If

w=2, x*+i=2

If

n=3,

\x~k

+ Xk )'

the con-

quadratic.

xk+1 =-

\jp+2B*y

Regula Falsi (False Position)

Aitken's

Given y=f(x) to find

choose x and x such that
opposite signs and compute

3.9.3

such that

/(a-

and

/()

f(x

5 2 -Process

for Acceleration of

Sequences

= 0,

have

If x k

3.9.7

x k+ i, x k+2 are three successive iterates

an error which is

in a sequence converging with

approximately in geometric progression, then

x o) {
h
(/i-/o)

21

xi

Ji xo~~Jo x i

/,-/.

'

xk

Then continue with

x2 and either of x

which f(x
Regula

of opposite sign to/(x2 ).

polation.

orf(xi)

falsi is

is

or

Xi

{X k
k

X/c_|_i)

A2 xk

Xk Xk + 2

for

equivalent to inverse linear inter-

Xfc+i.

A 2 xk
A 2 x k =xk 2xk+1 +xk+2

an improved estimate of
0(\k )thenx=x+0(\ k ).

is

x.

In fact,

if

x k =x-\-

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Theorems on Continued Fractions

3.10.

Definitions

19

5 n _ -^ ,_

(4)

^l B

(5)

For every

w> 0,

Jn ~

^c

lJ

B ,= (-l)
f

3.10.1
^re

(1)

/=M

Let

bi-\-a 2
62

+ 6 +6 6 +

(6)

+ 3

63+

b1 J

rc

+b

a2

ay.
n

bx

62

63

If the number of terms is finite, / is called a

terminating continued fraction. If the number
of terms is infinite,/ is called an infinite continued

w2
a;

...b n
b3

bn

63+I-

u\

^re-l

+ (- .)" a^a a

a aia2

a x

and the terminating fraction

V<1

X'

&o&i

+l-

Wi

fraction

62

a3

b3

l^TgQ're

+c b +

b2

1-

=6

b2

^a;

o+ Oi x+ a2 x+

'
'

-\-a n

On

Jn
is

~B~ ^h+ +
62

called the n.th convergent off.

(2)

If

tion/

lim

the infinite continued frac-

exists,

said to be convergent.

is

If

Oj=l and the

always convergence.

b { are integers there is

Theorems
If

(1)
J2n.-1

(2)

and

b{

are

positive

then

f2 n <Cf2n+2,

J>j2n+l

If/ =4"'
re

-Ore

An b nAn _

4- a n

n _2

B n =b n B n -i-\-an B n = 1, A =b jB_i=0, 5 =1.

4
A n -i
2

where -4_

.6

Figuee

-^-re-2

(3)

Bn -

L^reJ

.8

1.0

1.4

y=x

3.1.

=0,|,

2_

1.2

|,

1.6

n
.

1, 2, 5.

Numerical Methods
Use and Extension of the Tables

3.11.

Example

Linear

interpolation

Table

in

3.1

gives

(919.826) 1/4 ^5.507144.

Compute

1.

x 19

and

x 47

for

x=29

using Table 3.1.

By Newton's
iV=919.826,

method

919.826

= (1.45071 4598- 10
= 6.10326 1248 10

13
)

ft
U

(4.20707 2333 10 14 )

5.507144)^

for

fourth roots with

5 S07143845
>>
J=

3(5 507144)
-

27

Repetition yields the same result.

x= (x 24

2
)

Thus,

/x

= (1.25184 9008 10
= 5.40388 2547 10

a;i/4=5.50714 3845/10*= 1.74151 1796,

35 2

/29

-w= x i/x=. 18933

05683.

68

3.12.

Example

(9.19826) I/4
716-654

Compute x~ 3/4

2.

64

for

x=9. 19826.

= (919.826/100) = (919.826)
1/4

1/4 /10i

Example
x2

3.

18.2x+.056

Computing Techniques
Solve the quadratic equation
given the coefficients as 18.2.l,

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

20
.056

.001. From

3.8.1 the solution

Example

is

x=i(18.2[(18.2) -4(.056)P)

To

= 4(18.2 [33L016] = Ml8.2 18.1939)

= 18.1969, .003
i

Solve the cubic equations 3

5.

use Newton's

table of f(x) =x 3

method we

smaller root

may be

obtained more accurately

from
.056/18. 1996=. 0031 .0001.

Example

From

Compute (-3 +

4.

0076i)*.

We

( 3+.0076i)*=M+i where

3.7.26,

obtain

by

f{x)

-43.2

.3

72.6

181.5

linear inverse interpolation:

+ 72 .7-7-.3) =5 004
18.1 we get
Using Newton's method, f'{x) =
X ' =5

Thus
2

(.0076) ]*=(9.00005776)*=3.00000 9627

9627- (3)"]*

\r

.0076

~5

a;

(-.07215 9936)

nn
004
.

57.020048

,_.

~5

00526

=5.00526 5097. Dividing

gives x 2 +5.00526 5097a;
f(x)
+ 6.95267 869 the zeros of which are -2.50263 2549
.83036 800i.
a*

by x-5.00526 5097

that the principal square root has been

computed.

Example

)lf (x

Repetition yields

.00219 392926

2(1.73205 2196)

We note

xi~xof(x

1.73205 2196

']

y.
u=^-

.00000
T3.(

2v

2>x

>=[(-3)
1=

form the

first

18.1a- 34.8
x

The

18.1 x

-34.8 = 0.

Solve the quartic equation

6.

-2. 37752 4922x 3 + 6.07350 5741a; 2

-11.17938 023x + 9.05265 5259 = 0.

We

(x 2

+ pix + gi) (x + p x + q
2

seek that value of

#i

which y(q{)=0.

for

Inverse interpolation in y(qi) gives

Resolution Into Quadratic Factors

2i~2.003.

2)

y{q_\)

~0

for

Then,

by Inverse Interpolation
Starting with the trial value q
successively

Pi-

=1

we compute

aia 3 qi P2=a 3 j>\

Q2 Q1

2.

+ ?2 + Pi2>2
2

Pi

?2

Qi

003

4.

-2. 550

520

Z>2

172

2
2.

9.053
4. 526
4. 115

1.

-2.

-3.

093
543
106

I.
.

284
165
729

2.
2.
2.

0041
0042
0043

4.
4.
4.

?i

2.

00420 2152

-2.023

^ = 2.00420
?2

4.

51683 7410

y(qi)

Pi

Pi

51706 7640
51684 2260
51661 6903

Inverse interpolation gives

011

Inverse interpolation between 2 =2.2 and

2.003 gives ft =2.0041, and thus,

383
.032

5.

?2

31

2/(?i)=9i

y(qi)

-2. 55259 257

-2. 55282 851
-2. 55306 447

2152, and

we

17506 765
17530 358
17553 955

00078 552
00001 655
00075 263

get finally,

Pi

Pi

-2. 55283 358

17530 8659

y(ai)

-. 00000 0011

g!

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Double Precision Multiplication and Division on a
Desk Calculator

Example 7. Multiply

M= 20243 97459 71664 32102

by m=69732 82428 43662 95023 on a 10X10X20

desk calculating machine.
=20243 97459,
Let
69732 82428, 7^=43662

M=

95023.

w
)\Q

Then
l

Mm=

#_ # io +#
#=14116

12663 25894
14116 69523 40138 17612
14116 69523 40138 17612 12663 25894 96300 28346

wanted

to 20 digits, only

the result obtained in step 5 need be recorded.

Further, if the allowable error in the 20th place is
a

unit,

When

the

M mi may be omitted.
M or m contains

operation

either of the factors

than 20 digits

numbers

as

if

less

convenient to position the

they both had 20 digits.
This
it

69523, d

do

[_

d=20243 97459 71664 3210

=20243 97459,

(1)

#o^ = 10116 63378 42188 8830

(2)

(#o^)/^o=49973 55504 (quotient

(3)

#-(#0^)^0=14116

(product
(4)

digits

(product dial).
dial).

90164

62106

dial).

[#- (N d
of

69522

3210

)/d ]/d 10

=. 69732 82428 =first 10

dial.
Remainder

quotient in quotient

= r=08839

11654, in positions

to 10 of product

dial.

= .43662 9502-10-

=next9 digits of
N/d=. 69732 82428 43662 9502. This

r/(d 10 9 )

quotient.

10

method may be modified to give the quotient of

20 digit numbers. Method (1) may be extended
to quotients of numbers containing more than 20
digits by employing higher order interpolation.

Example 9. Sum the series Sl i+f

... to 5 D using the Euler transform.
The sum of the first 8 terms is .634524 to 6D.
If u n =l/n we get

may

be extended to any

n
9

uH

Example 8. Divide #=14116 69523 40138 17612

by d=20243 97459 71664 32102.
Method (1) linear interpolation.
AT/20243 97459-10

#/20243 97460-10

10
10

2020

100000

69732 82427 46057 26941

Difference X. 71664 32102=24685 644028-10- 20

(note this is an 11X10 multiplication).

-505

-9091
11

.090909

156

1515

-349

-7576
12

Difference=3 44462 12113.

A%

A?u n

.111111

1166

.083333

=. 69732 82430 90519 39054

A 2u

Au n

11111
10

-6410
13

From

076923
3.6.27

S=. 6345244-

we then

obtain

.111111

(-.011111)

22

002020
23

.000156

(-.000505)

Quotient
(69732 82430 90519

= .69732

39054-246856 44028)- lO" 20

82428 43662 95026

an error of 3 units in the 20th place due

from second differ-

to neglect of the contribution

ences.

is

multiplication process

is

<4io 9

^ = 71664

higher accuracy desired.

There

69523 40138 1761,

#o=14116

(5)

96300 28346

is

d=di +

Here

tained are shown below,

Mm

d 10 9 +di

product

N=N +N W,

digits

M +M

If the

If

96300 28346
96300 28346 appearing in
positions 1 to 10 of the product dial.
(2) Transfer the digits 31290 75681 from positions 11 to 20 of the product dial to positions 1 to
10 of the product dial.
mQ
m +31290
(3) Multiply cumulatively
75681 = 58812 67160 12663 25894 and record the
digits 12663 25894 in positions 1 to 10.
(4) Transfer the digits 58812 67160 from positions 11 to 20 to positions 1 to 10.
w +58812 67160
(5) Multiply cumulatively
= 14116 69523 40138 17612. The results as ob-

and record the

# and d are numbers each not

19 digits let

d 10 9 where
and d Q contain 10 digits and
and di not more than 9 digits. Then

m=

(2)

71664 32102,

M m W+{M m +M m +M m
Multiply M m = 31290 75681
(1)

Method
more than

21

24

"*"

26

= .634524+ .055556+ .002778+ .000253

+ .000032 + .000005
= .693148
(Sf=ln 2 = .693 1472 to 7D).

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

22

Example

10.

Evaluate the integral

(" sin.
I

Jo

4D

=5 to

f" sin

a:

using the Euler transform.

,,i
fc=0
,

=x;<sr 2 +x;(+ior 2
k=l

k=l

sinx

2+

D mk

fc=0 JftT

"
;

(k+l)w

-2^-h^

rfx

Jo

10

s*a=i

dx

3J

+ 720 /o"-

f'sinjfor

dt.

&7T
/C7T+

Jo
,,

Jo

fc=0

Evaluating the integrals in

numerical integration we get

the

klT-\-t

last

sum by

where /(&) = (+ 10) ~ 2

s&k=\

1.54976 7731

Thus,

.1

-.005 +.0001 6 6667 -.00000 0333

C* siiW
rt
Jo kw +

1.

85194

43379

= 1.64493 4065,

dt

compared with =1.64493 4067.

as

Example

25661

arctana;=

18260

5D

to

14180

x2

4x 2 9% 2

1+3+5+7+

'

A*

n>l,
4

Compute

12.

Here a =x, an =(nl) 2x 2 for

=0, b n =2n 1, A_ 1 =l, B- =0, A = 0,

for
6

x=.2.

=l.

-2587
5

11593

Forw>l

799

-321

-1788
6

478

09805

153

l-Bn-i

310

-1000
8

The sum

k=3

A n -iA n -

"2n -1

"

^5=0

B n -\B n -2

A{

07495

to

-168

-1310
08495

2 2
.( -1) 2 _

.2

LBi.

.2

a;

.2

.6

l.5 2 _

.04

3.04

a;

.6

.2

3.032

3.04

.16

15.36

A,

3.032

.6

21.440

Bt

15.36 3.04

.36

108.6144

Bo
4i

is

Applying the

1.49216.

Euler transform to the remainder

we

obtain

b:

.2

4 =. 197368
?

\ (.14180) (- .02587)

+i

-^

(.00799)

(-. 00321) +-1 (.00153)

= .07090 + .00647 + .00100 + .00020

+ .00005
= .07862
We

obtain the value of the integral as 1.57078 as

11.

Sum

the series

Xj k
fc=i

3.6.28

7T

-^- using
6

summation formula.
we have for n= oo

the Euler-Maclaurin

From

3 _i

b;

.197396

197396
4r=-D4

Note that in carrying out the recurrence method

computing continued fractions the numerators
A n and the denominators Bn must be used as
The numerators and deoriginally computed.
nominators obtained by reducing A n jBn to lower
terms must not be used.
for

compared with 1.57080.

Example

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

23

References
Texts

[3.18]

H.

Mineur,
(Librairie

[3.1]

[3.2]

R. A. Buckingham, Numerical methods (Pitman

Publishing Corp., New York, N.Y., 1957).
T. Fort, Finite differences (Clarendon Press, Oxford,

[3.19]

England, 1948).
[3.3]

of mathematical
Mathematical Tables, vol. 1, National
Physical Laboratory (Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, London, England, 1956).
G. H. Hardy, A course of pure mathematics, 9th
ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
and The Macmillan Co., New York, N.Y., 1947).
D. R. Hartree, Numerical analysis (Clarendon

L. Fox,

[3.4]

[3.5]

Press, Oxford, England, 1952).

[3.6] F.

1957).

Inc.,

Research

NBS

46, 56-64

ysis,

Md.;

3d ed. (The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore,

Oxford Univ. Press, London, England,

1955).
[3.22] J. F. Steffensen, Interpolation

New
New

(Chelsea Publishing
York, N.Y., 1950).
H. S. Wall, Analytic theory of continued fractions
(D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.,
Co.,

York, N.Y.,

New

1948).

York, N.Y.,

Whittaker and G. Robinson, The calculus of

4th ed. (Blackie and Son, Ltd.,
London, England, 1944).

[3.24] E. T.

1953).
[3.8]

J.

B. Scarborough, Numerical mathematical anal-

[3.21] J.

A. S. Householder, Principles of numerical analysis

Inc.,

series,

(1951).

[3.23]

(McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

Rosser, Transformations to speed the con-

vergence of

B. Hildebrand, Introduction to numerical analysis

(McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

B.

[3.20] J.

1956).
[3.7]

France, 1952).
National Physical Laboratory, Modern computing
methods, Notes on Applied Science No. 16 (Her
Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England,

The use and construction

tables,

Techniques de calcul numerique

Polytechnique Ch. Beranger, Paris,

L. V. Kantorowitsch and V. I. Krylow, Naherungsmethoden der Hoheren Analysis (VEB Deutscher

Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Germany,
1956; translated from Russian, Moscow, U.S.S.R.,

observations,

[3.25]

R.

Zurmuhl,

Praktische

Verlag, Berlin,

Germany,

Mathematik

(Springer-

1953).

1952).

K. Knopp, Theory and application of infinite series

(Blackie and Son, Ltd., London, England, 1951).
Z. Kopal, Numerical analysis (John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York, N.Y., 1955).
G. Kowalewski, Interpolation und genaherte Quadratur (B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, Germany, 1932).
K. S. Kunz, Numerical analysis (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1957).
C. Lanczos, Applied analysis (Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
I.

Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1956).

M. Longman, Note on a method
infinite

integrals

Cambridge

for

computing

of oscillatory functions,

[3.26] E. P.

and
[3.27] L.

M. Milne-Thomson, The

calculus of finite differ-

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1957).

J. Comrie, Barlow's tables of squares, cubes,
square roots, cube roots and reciprocals of all
integers up to 12,500 (Chemical Publishing Co.,
Inc., New York, N.Y., 1954).

H. B. Dwight, Tables of integrals and other mathematical data, 3d ed. (The Macmillan Co., New

[3.29]

Gt. Britain

[3.30]

B. O. Peirce,

Proc.

E. Mikeladze, Numerical methods of mathematical analysis (Russian) (Gos. Izdat. Tehn.Teor. Lit., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1953).
W. E. Milne, Numerical calculus (Princeton Univ.
Press, Princeton, N.J., 1949).

Adams, Smithsonian mathematical formulae

tables of elliptic functions, 3d reprint (The

[3.28]

York, N.Y., 1957).

Philos. Soc. 52, 764 (1956).

S.

L.

Mathematical Tables and Collections of Formulas

H.M. Nautical Almanac Office, Interpolation and allied tables (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England, 1956).

short table of integrals, 4th ed.

(Ginn and Co., Boston, Mass., 1956).

[3.31]

G. Schulz, Formelsammlung zur praktischen Mathe-

ences (Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London, England,

matik (de Gruyter and Co., Berlin, Germany,

1951).

1945).

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

24

POWER! 3 AND ROOTS

Table 3.1

n*

See Examples

1
2
3

1- -5

n!=
w2 =
!=
n%=
n=
w6 =
7=
=
n9 =
n 10 =

for use

of the table.

4
5
6

Floating decimal notation

8
9

910=34867 84401

10

= (9)3.4867 84401

24

24 =
l/2=

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

2
4

16

81

16
64
256

32
64

128
256
512
1024

243
729
2187
6561
19683
59049

1024
4096
16384
65536
2 62144
10 48576

167 77216

(11)2.8242 95365

(14)2.8147 49767

27

13562
21050
07115
98355

1.4142
1.2599
1.1892
1.1486

nl/Snl/4=
l/5=

3
9

1.7320
1.4422
1.3160
1.2457

50808
49570
74013
30940

0000 00000
1.5874 01052
1.4142 13562
1.3195 07911
2.

25
125
625
3125

36
216
1296

49

64
512

81

10

15625
78125
3 90625
19 53125
97 65625

7776
46656
79936
16 79616
100 77696
604 66176

24

(16)5.9604 64478

(18)4.7383 81338

6
7
8
9

2.2360
1.7099
1.4953
1.3797

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1

2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9

10
100
1000
9)1. 0000

67977
75947
48781
29662
10
100
1000
10000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

10

(10)1-0000

24

(24)1.0000 00000
3.1622
2.1544
1.7782
1.5848

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1

4
5
6
7

10

113
1708
9)2.5628
(
(10)3.8443
(11)5.7665

24

(28)1.6834 11220

8
9

3.8729
2.4662
1.9679
1.7187

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1

2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9

2.4494
1.8171
1.5650
1.4309

17
194

2143
9)2.3579
(
(10)2.5937

3.3166
2.2239
1.8211
1.6153

10

167
2684
9)4.2949
(
(10)6.8719
(12)1.0995

11

12

121
1331
14641
61051
71561
87171
58881
47691
42460

144
1728
20736
48832
85984
31808
81696
80352
36422

13
169
2197
28561
71293
26809
48517
30721
49937
84918

01615
28485
09718
51830

16

17

256
4096
65536
48576
77216
35456
67296
47674
11628

14
241
4103

289
4913
83521
19857
37569
38673
57441
78765
93900

9)6.9757
(11)1.1858
(12)2.0159

(29)3.3944 86713
4.1231
2.5712
2.0305
1.7623

1.7411 01127

5825
2.7589
2.1406
1.8384

(26)5.4280 07704
3.6055
2.3513
1.8988
1.6702

18
340
6122

(10)1.1019
(11 1.9835
(12)3.5704

51275
34688
28922
77652
18
324
5832
04976
89568
12224
20032
96058
92904
67227

(30)1.3382 58845

05626
81591
43185
40348

4.2426
2.6207
2.0597
1.7826

40687
41394
67144
02458

22

23

484
10648
34256
53632
79904
57888
87354
69218
92279

529
12167
79841
36343
35889
25447
98528
52661
51121

(31)5.4108 19838
4.

(10)1.0604
(11)1.3785

21

(31)1.6777 21600

48
627
8157

441
9261
94481
84101
66121
88541
85936
00466
88098

24

35955
17617
42527
64203

(25)7.9496 84720
3.4641
2.2894
1.8612
1.6437

10

4.4721
2.7144
2.1147
1.8205

9)5.1597
(10)6.1917

24790
80091
60287
94266

(10)2.5600 00000
(11)5.1200 00000
(13)1.0240 00000

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

29
358
4299

0000 00000
2.5198 42100
2.0000 00000

2.8284 27125
2. 0000 00000
1.6817 92831
1.5157 16567

4.

40
857

1342
9)1.0737

51311
31183
76562
73162

2.6457
1.9129
1.6265
1.4757

89743
20593
84580
69081

9)1.8010
(10)3.7822
(11)7.9428
(13)1.6679

57
403
2824

20
167

(21)4.7223 66483

(28)7.9228 16251

83346
12074
89671
71928

20
400
8000
1 60000
32 00000
640 00000
9)1.2800 00000

4096
32768
62144
97152
77216
17728
41824

(20)1.9158 12314

(24)9.8497 32676

77660
34690
79410
93192
15
225
3375
50625
59375
90625
59375
90625
35938
03906

343
2401
16807
17649
23543
64801
53607
75249

75695
24176
95143
16287

51

1133
9)2.4943
10)5.4875
(12)1.2072
(13)2.6559
(

(32)1.6525 10926
4.6904
2.8020
2.1657
1.8556

15760
39331
36771
00736

64
1480

9)3.4048
(10)7.8310
(12)1.8011
(13)4.1426
(

(32)4.8025 07640
4.7958
2.8438
2.1899
1.8721

31523
66980
38703
71231

47

430
3874
9)3.4867

729
6561
59049
31441
82969
46721
20489
84401

(22)7.9766 44308
3.0000
2.0800
1.7320
1.5518

75

1054
9)1.4757
(10)2.0661
(11)2.8925
(

00000
83823
50808
45574
14
196
2744
38416
37824
29536
13504
89056
04678
46550

(27)3.2141 99700
3.7416
2.4101
1.9343
1.6952

24
470

8938
(10)1.6983
2268
3.
(11
(12)6.1310

57387
42264
36420
18203
19
361
6859
30321
76099
45881
71739
56304
76978
66258

(30)4.8987 62931
4.3588
2.6684
2. 0877
1.8019

79
1911

9)4.5864
(
(11)1.1007
(12)2.6418
(13)6.3403

98944
01649
97630
83127
24
576
13824
31776
62624
02976
71424
53142
07540
38097

(33)1.3337 35777
4.8989
2.8844
2.2133
1. 8881

79486
99141
63839
75023

25

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS

Table 3.1

n^

k
1

25

625
15625
90625
65625
40625
15625
78906
97266
43164

3
4

5
6

97

2441
6.1035

11 1.5258

10

(12 3.8146
(13)9.5367

24

(33)3.5527 13679

5.0000
2.9240
2.2360
1.9036

1/2
1/3

1/4
1/5
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

243
7290
(10)2.1870
11 6.5610
13 1.9683

(33)9.1066 85770
5.0990
2.9624
2.2581
1.9186

143
3874
0460
1.
(10)
11 2.8242
(12) 7.6255

(14)2.0589

27

28

729
19683
31441
48907
20489
35320
95365
97485
11321

784
21952
14656
10368
90304
92851
19983
45595
67667

(34)2.2528 39954
5.1961
3.0000
2.2795
1.9331

19514
96068
00864
45192

172
4818
(10 11.3492
(11 3.7780
(13 1.0578

(14)2.9619

29
841
7

205
5948
(10 1.7249
11 5.0024
(13)1.4507
(14) 4.2070

(35)1.2518 49008

(34)5.3925 32264

52423
00000
07057
82045

5.2915
3.0365
2.3003
1.9472

24389
07281
11149
23321
87631
64130
14598
72333

5.3851
3.0723
2. 3205
1.9610

02622
88972
26634
94361

64807
16826
95787
09057

30

31

32

33

34

900
27000
10000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

961
29791
23521
29151
03681
61411
10374
62216
82870

1024
32768
48576
54432
41824
73837
11628
37209
99907

1089
35937
85921
35393
67969
44298
08618
48440
78985

1156
39304
36336
35424
04416
35014
93905
99277
77754

(14)5.9049

24

(35)2.8242 95365
5.4772
3.1072
2.3403
1.9743

118
3089
9)8.0318
(
(11)2.0882
12)5.4295
(14)1.4116

00000
17738
67977
53939

10

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

26
676

17576
56976
81376
15776
10176
70646
03679
70957

286
8875
(10)2.7512
(11)8.5289
(13)2.6439
(14)8.1962

(35)6.2041 26610

25575
32506
47319
50486

5.5677
3.1413
2.3596
1.9873

10
!

335
0737
10) 3.4359
9

1.

(12)1.0995
13) 3.5184
(15) 1.1258

11

391
1.2914
(
(10 4.2618
12 1.4064
(13 4. 6411
(15)1.5315
9

(36) 1.3292 27996

(36)2.7818 55434

54249
02104
14230
00000

7445 62647
3.2075 34330
2. 3967 81727
2.0123 46617

5.6568
3.1748
2.3784
2.0000

64363
80652
11062
40755

13
454

9)1.54
(10 5.2523
(12 1.7857
(13)6.0716
(15)2.0643
(

(36)5.6950 03680
5.8309
3.2396
2.4147
2.0243

5.

51895
11801
36403
97459

35

36

37

38

39

1225
42875
00625
21875
65625
29688
75391
63867
47354

1296
46656
79616
66176
82336
16410
09907
99567
58440

1369
50653
74161
43957
26409
87713
79454
17398
84372

1444
54872
85136
35168
36384
55826
92138
61013
11848

1521
59319
13441
24199
43761
10067
09260
83612
06085

4
5
6
7

15
(

(10

525
1.8382
6.4339
2.2518
7.8815
2.7585

10

l2
13
(15

24

(37)1.1419 13124

5.9160
3.2710
2.4322
2.0361

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

16

604
9)2.1767
(10)7.8364
(

(12

2.

8211

(14)1.0155
(15)3.6561

18
693

2.5657
(
10 9.4931
(12)3.5124
(14 1.2996
(15) 4.8085
9]

(37)2.2452 25771

(37) 4. 3335 25711

00000
27249
89743
72511

0827 62530
3.3322 21852
2.4663 25715
2.0589 24137

79783
66310
99279
68005

000C
3.3019
2.4494
2. 0476
6.

20

792
3.0109
1.1441
i
12 4.3477
14 1.6521
(15 6.2782
(

(37

6.

8.

14003
75407
23796
35054

34
1470
3213
2.7181
1.1688
5.0259
2.1611

40

41

42

43

1600
64000
60000
00000
00000
00000
00000
40000
76000

1681
68921
25761
56201
04241
42739
25229
19344
65931

1764
74088
11696
91232
31744
93332
51996
13838
19812

1849
79507
18801
08443
63049
86111
20028
26119
48231

25

10

1024
4.0960
11 1.6384
12 6. 5536
(14 2.6214
(16)1.0485

24

(38 2.8147 49767

6
7

8
9

3245
3.4199
2.5148
2.0912

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

6.

28

1158
9)4.7501
(11)1.9475
(12)7.9849
(14)3.2738
(16)1.3422
(

(38)5.0911 10945

55320
51893
66859
79105

6.4031
3. 4482
2.5304
2.1016

45

46

2025
91125
00625
28125
65625
94531
12539
06426
62892

2116
97336
77456
62976
96896
76572
61223
01627
74748

6
7

8
9

41

1845
9 8.3037
3.7366
(11
(13)1.6815
(

10

(14)7.5668
(16)3.4050

24

(39 4.7544 50505

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

7082
3.5568
2. 5900
2.1411
6.

03932
93304
20064
27368

44

2059
9)9.4742
(11)4.3581
(13)2. 0047
(14)9.2219
(16)4.2420

(39)8.0572 70802
6.7823
3.5830
2.6042
2.1505

"(-4)31
nr
8
9

(16
(38

9.

(11
(12
(14,

5.

0778 49315

6.4807
3.4760
2.5457
2.1117

24237
17240
39534
32478

3
4

31

1306
4890
2.3053
9.6826
4. 0667
1.7080

(11
(13
(14
(16

6.

48

2293
(10)1.0779
(11)5.0662
13)2.3811
15 1.1191
(16 5.2599

2209
03823
79681
45007
21533
31205
28666
30473
13224

(40)1.3500 46075
6.8556
3. 6088
2.6183
2.1598

29983
47871
90687
60013

6.5574
3.5033
2.5607
2.1217

53

(10
(11
(13
(15
(16

11

(13
(14
(16

6. 6332
3.5303
2.5755
2.1315

2548
1.2230
5.8706
2.8179
1.3526
6.4925

6.9282
3.6342
2.6321
2.1689

57

2824
(10)1.3841
(11)6.7822
(13 3.3232
(15 1. 6284
(16 7.9792

9"

49581
48335
09577
25513

2401
17649
64801
75249
28720
30728
93057
13598
26630

(40)3.6703 36822

03230
41186
48026
43542

7.
3.

2.

2.

"(-5)

44
1936
85184
48096
16224
13856
78097
22363
18395
36094

49

2304
10592
08416
03968
59046
83423
28043
05461
06211

"(-5)

/I

1649
7.2563
3.1927
1.4048
6.1812
2.7197

97998
11443
99399
16549

(39 2.7724 53276

38524
98060
49602
47461

(40 2.2376 37322

"(-4)1]

37
9

48
1

54600
26080
30499
30012

6.2449
3.3912
2.4989
2.0807

(39 1.5967 72093

40698
26645
29895
85765
47

(38)1.5330 29700

2187 60383

6.1644
3.3619
2.4828
2. 0699

2
3

23
902

3.5187
11 1.3723
(12)5.3520
(14 2.0872
(15 8. 1404
9

7"

0000
6593
6457
1779

00000
05710
51311
06425

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

26

POWERS AND ROOTS

Table 3.1

nk

k
50

1
2

62

4
5
6
7
8
9

3125
(10) 1.5625

11 7.8125
13 3.9062
15 1.9531

10

(16) 9.7656

24

(40) 5.9604 64478

7.0710
3. 6840
2. 6591
2.1867

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

67

3450

(10)1.7596
(11)8.9741
(13)4.5767
(15)2.3341
(17)] .1904

91

1414
3.7084
; .6723
2.1954
7.

10

24

(41)5.8708 98173

8
9

(10)
(12
13
(15)

7.4161
3.8029
2.7232
2.2288

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

2
2

(13)9.6717
15)5.4161
(17).5.0330

129

10

24

(42) 4.7383 8133E

7.7459
3.9148
2.7831
2.2679

13)5.3459
(15)2.7799
(17)1.4455
7.2111
3.7325
2. 6853
2.2039

82393
43032

2.2828 55056

9718:

66

ll

02

24

(43)3.2353 4471C

8
9

8.0622
4.0207
2.8394
2.3045

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

8906:
27891
4812 c
9128'

74334

5774
2575 c

>

11514
3162C

10

24

(44)1.9158 12314

1/2
1/3

1/4
1/5

254

3666
4.1212
2.8925
2.3389
8.

3
(

L.

9)

201
3501

(10) ?. 0458
12 3. 0607
(14) 1.0606
(16) 2. 7206
(18) L. 8228

00265
85300
07608
42837

9)

U8042

(11 1.2810
(12) 9.0951
(l4) 5.4575
(16 1. 5848
( 18) 3.2552
(44)

2.

5041
57911
11681
29351
02839
20158
35312
50072
43551

4489
00763
51121
25107
38217
11605
76776
53440
37805

(43)6.6956 88867
1853
J. 0615
2.8610
2.3185

38405
40021
69883
79249

3.

71

43000

240 1000C
9 1.6807 00000
(11 11.1764 90000
(12)8.2354 30000
(14)5.7648 01000
(16)4.0353 60700
(18)2.8247 52490

7
8

1240
4. 0412
2.8502
'.3115
3.

18)

490C

2
3
5

(43)4.6671 78950

7C

9)

(10)
(12)
(14)
(16)

9)

268
1.9349

(ll) 1. 3931
13 L0030
(14) 7.2220
16) 5.1998
(18) 3. 7439

2809
48877
90481
95493
36113
11140
69041
63592
74704

(41)2.4133 53110
7.2801
3.7562
2.6981
2. 2123

113
6563
(10) 3.8068

12 2. 2079
L. 2806
(15 7.4276
(17) 1. 3080
(14)

7.6157
3.8708
2.7596
2.2526

58
3364
95112
16496
56768
69254
84168
30817
58740
42069

157
9924
(10) 3.2523
(12) 3.9389

3969
50047
52961
36543
50221
80639
57803
81416
02919

(14

2.

16
(17)

L.
?.

4815
5633
8493

(43)

L.

5281 75339

7.9372
3.9790
2. 8173
2.2901

( 15) 3.9043
(17)2.1083

7.3484
3.7797
2.7108
2.2206

9)

L.

213
4539

(10) ?. 8867
(12) 0. 7229
(14) 1.5716

16 3.1087
(18) '..1139

4624
14432
81376
33568
48262
88818
32397
10030
22820

(43)9.5546 30685

3.2462
1.0816
2.8716
2.3254

(10)
(12
(14
(15
(17)

7.6811
3.8929
2.7714
2.2603

>

167
9 1. 0737
}
10 6.8719

(12)4.3980
(14) 2.8147
16 1.8014
(18) 1.1529

9
)

11
(13
(14)
(16
(18)

(44)5.2450 38047
5440
1.1793
2.9230
2.3586
3.

n [(-5)96

3 [(-5)41
6

8.0000
4.0000
2.8284
2.2973

226
1.5640

9
)

11) 1.0791
(12) 7.4463

(14 5.1379
16 3.5452
(18) 2.4461

4761
28509
67121
31349
81631
53253
83744
08784
94061

(44) 1.3563 70007

8.3066
4.1015
2.8821
2.3322

23863
65930
21417
21626
74

5476
4 05224

299 86576
2.2190 06624

(iS 1.6420 64902

13
14
16
(18)

1.2151
8.9919
6.6540
4.9239

(44)

7.

"(- -5)2"
11

28027
47402
41078
90397

2704 49690

8.6023
4. 1983
2.9329
2.3650

00000
00000
27125
96710
69

03745
39196
12786
55818

'(- -5)3"

4096
62144
77216
41824
47674
46511
49767
39851
21505

(43)2.2300 74520

45748
96416
88002
22470
64

121
7149
4.2180
2.4886
1.4683
8.6629
5.1111

3481
05379
17361
24299
53364
51485
04376
95819
67533

(42)3.1655 43453

11251
55102
21711
22030
73

69228
63150
06011
43035
59

68
3

2916
57464
03056
65024
91130
25210
96134
05912
25193

(41)3.7796 38253

53933
57208
13247
72049

5329
89017
283 98241
2. 0730 -71593
1.5133 42263
L. 1047 39852
3. 0646 00919
5.8871 58671
1.2976 25830

3.4852 81374
1.16.01 67646
2. 9129 50630
2.3521 58045

(12 1.3389
13 7.2301

63
2

72

(44)3.7668 63772

85

4591
(10) 2.4794

73106
76641
69021
07878

5184
73248
73856
17632
40695
61300
41363
69781
06243

49773
17749
83108
87669

54
1

09889
85754
67876
56822

(42)2.1002 54121

52772
48100
05553
41963

6927 76876

3.4261
4. 1408
2.9027
I. 3455

2259

67

JO:.:"

10

147

9161
(10).5.6800
(12) 3.5216
(14) 2.1834
(16) L. 3537
(17) 3. 3929

3844
38328
76336
32832
23558
14606
01056
08655
93659

7.8740 07874
3.9578 91610
2. 8060 66263

d.

(15) 3.2997
(17) L. 7488

62
2

49676

7.8102
3.9364
2. 7946
2.2754

(13

7.5498 34435
01131
3. 8485
2.7476 96205
2.2447 86134

(43)1.0408 79722

4356
87496
189 74736
L. 2523 32576
3.2653 95002
5.4551 6070]
3.6004 06063
2. 3762 68001
L. 5683 3688]

9)1.

3249
85193
56001
92057
44725
97493
91571
61955
33315

0455 68477

65

(10 7.5418
12 4.9022
3.1864
12 2.0711
('18)1.3462

(17).5.6203

(10) 5.
(12).5.
(14) L. 9170 73130
c
(16) 1.1694 1460
(17) 7.1334 2911"

(15)6.3514

6]

66692
6764]
57684
3315!

78
4181
(10) 2.2164
12 L. 1747

02551
11157
49614
44575

(42)1.3835 55344

4225
74625
178 50625

5
6

(14) 1.1142

105

6016
(10)3.4296
12) 1.9548

1477'
62366
6480C
5382 c

1
3

>

26981
138 4584]
8445 9630]
1520 37436
1427 42836

7.

53
1

57

3136
75616
34496
31776
97946
9485C
3115"
69448
5489]

(42)

2704
40608
11616
04032
60966
71703
72853
05884
51059

(41)1.5278 48342

2842 c
2976 c
4511E
0189"

3721

3600
16000
6000C
0000C
00000
6000C
1600C
69600
1760C

7776
(10)4.6656
(12) 2.7993
14 1.6796
(16 1.0077
(17)6.0466

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

73
3802
(10)] .9770
(l2)l. 0280

(41)9.0471 6785J
7.4833
3.8258
2.7355
2.2368

5
6
8
9

98
5507
(10)3.0! !fl
2 ) L. 7270

98487
52461
69815
07384

6C

56

3025
66375
50625
84375
64063
35234
93789
66584
51621

5032
2.7680
1.5224
8.3733
4. 6053
(17)2.5329

5
6
7

260]
32651
6520]
2525]
2878C
0677 c
9445"
6517;
24235

(40)9.5870 3309C

67812
31499
47948
24148
55

52

5]

2500
25000
50000
00000
00000
00000
50000
25000
25000

25267
36454
72088
82769

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

I

ow El iS A JND

27

F roo rs n*

Table 3.1

k
1

5625

4 21875

4
5
6

40625
46875
85156
38867
29150
68628
51471

10

316
3730
(U 11.7797
(13)1.3348
(I 5 11.0011
16 17.5084
(18 5. 6313

24

(45)1.0033 91278

8
9

9 ) 2.

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

6602
4.2171
2. 9428
2. 3714
8.

2
3
4
5

15 1.2357 3629;
16 9.5151 69445
(18) 7.3266 80473

(15
(17
(l8

3788 79182

(45)1.8870 23915

(45)2.5719 97041

333
(

9); .5355

(11 .. 9269
13 1.4645
(15 1.1130
1

(16)8.4590
(18)6.4288
(45)1

8.7177
4.2358
J .9525
; .3777

54038
63326
30956
40610

80
6400
5 12000
409 60000
9)3.2768 00000

430
(

9): S. 4867

9
10

24

(45)4.7223 66483

(45)( >. 3626 85441

"

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

8.9442
4. 3088
2.9906
2.4022

9756;

48868

522 00625
53125
95156
7088;
0525C
69463
4404;

9)' 1.7042
(11)' \. 0456
(13): i. 4792
is); 1.9921
(17); 1.5732
(19); i. 2130

4.4370
3.7714
3.2057
2.7249
2.3161
1.9687

10

(11
(13
(15
(17
(19

24

(46)2.0232 7174'

7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

9.2195
4. 3968
3.0363
2.4315

1
2
3

29672
7027'
5325;

9
10

656
5.9049
5.3144
4.7829
4.3046
3.8742
3.4867

24

(46

7.

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

4868
4.4814
3.0800
2. 4595

685
(

9)

>.

2403

11)! i. 6786
(13). >.1676
(15)' 1.7025
(17) 1.2792
(19). 3. 8941

(47)

32981
0474"

L.
(

70288
09486

11

(13

8
9

15
17

814
7.7378
7.3509
6.9833
6. 6342
6. 3024
5.9873

5393
I. 4979
3.0885
'.4649

50625
09375

94097

10

(19

24

(47 2.9198 90243

9.7467
4.5629
3.1219
2.4862

849
3.1537
(11) 7.8275
13 7.5144
(
15 7.2138
(17) d. 9253
(19) 3. 6483
(

18906
7296]
04315
6939;

9)

8564]

49570

7979
*. 5788
3.1301
I. 4914
?.

11
13)
(15)

(17
(19)

(45) 8.5414 66801

0553
4. 3444
3.0092
2.4141
9.

-(-5)51
5
L

474
9)3.9390
(11 3. 2694
(13 2.7136
15 2.2522
(17 1.8694
(19 1.5516
(

9
!

(46)

3.

5355 91351

3273
4.4310
3.0540
2.4428
9.

9.1104
4. 3620
3.0183
2.4200

599
(
9 5.2773
(11 4. 6440
(13 4. 0867
(15 3.5963
17 3. 1647
(19 2.7850

(46

79053
47622
75810
89656

4.

9)

13 )
15
17
(19)
(

716
6.5908
6.0635
5. 5784
5.1321
4.7216
4. 3438

8464
78688
39296
15232
50013
66012
88731
13633
84542

(47) 1.3517 85726

9.5916
4. 5143
3.0970
2.4703

8
(

748
6.9568

(ll 6. 4699
(13 6. 0170
(l5 5.5958
17 5.2041
(19 4. 8398

9.6436
4.5306
3.1054
2.4756

97

(U)
13
!

(15
(17)
(19)

58971
56970
69160
61879

885
8.5873
8. 3297
8. 0798
7.8374
7.6023
7.3742

8488
4.5947
3.1382
2.4966
9.

57802
00892
88993
30932

8. 8881
4.2908
; .9813
: .3962

497
9 )' .1821

11)3. 5129
(13)5 .9509
(15); .4787
(17 ; .0821
(19)] .7490

9 9.

l
;
2

1651
.3795
.0274
.4258

).

627
(

9)5 .5840
11) ' .9698

(13 V .4231
(15 ; .9365

(17)3.5035
(19): .1181

7921
04969
42241
59449
12910
33490
88806
64037
71993

(46)< ..1004 25945

31520
60181
14314
79851

1.4339 81132

.4647 45096
.0714 78656
.4540 19455

94

93
8649
04357
05201
83693
01834
08706
18097
10830
23072

780

r .3390
8986
13 U .4847
9

hi

< >.

15

< >.

17)

0956
.7299

(19)5 .3861

8836
30584
74896
40224
97811
75942
89385
48022
51141

(47); .2650 01461

50761
54896
22799
91866

c
t
;

1.

6953 59715

L5468 35944
.1137 37258
4809 93182
.

99
9

960
.5099

11'>. 4148

13)'1.3206
(15) (.2274
=

).

1351

isf' 0438
).

9801
70299
59601
00499
01494
53479
46944
72475
20750

(47)" .8567 81408

94937
36292
46284
57527

I
;
;

[(-5)1
5 ]

51390
19140
00104
04834
89

922
0392
8584
6812

8994
4.6104
3. 1463
2.5017
9.

7056
92704
87136
19424
80316
03466
58911
57485
12288

(46)] .5230 10388

98
9604

94417
40427
07501
12991
84

9 41192

"( -5)2"

.4308
.9203
.5171
.1985
.4682

6241
93039
50081
56399
74555
90899
08810
15960
76083

(45)3.4918 06676

88
7744
81472
69536
19168
40868
55964
45248
83818
09760

(47 6.1578 03365

33579
70671
49479
01407

(47) 4.8141 72219

(18)

83
6889
71787
58321
40643
03734
05099
92232
02553
04119

36816
07968
23809
(11 8.
55332
(13 8.
(15 8.5076 30226
(17 8. 3374 77621
(l9 8. 1707 28069

(11
13
(15
(17

(47 1.7522 28603

63047
57435
41015
44749

9): .0770

60866
58682
27866
15677

9409
12673
29281
40257
20049
28448
33594
10587
41269

389

15056
74368
96007
56885
14371
89209
75831

6514 04745

3808
4.4479
3. 0628
2. 4484
9.

9;
7

(46)1.1425 47375

85138
81486
16698
41771

ii 4. 3362 6201C
13 3.7725 4794 c
i
(15) 3.2821 16715
(17 2. 8554 4154;
(19) 2.4842 34142

92014
41445
90619
50932

n3

8317
4.2726
2.9718
2.3901
8.

370
2.8871
2.2519
1.7565
1.3701
1.0686
8. 3357

8;

6724
5 51368
452 12176
3.7073 9843;
3. 0400 6671'
2.4928 54706
2.0441 40859
1.6761 95504
1. 3744 80313

87

96
9216
84736
34656
26976
77897
74781
95790
39958
26360

64387
20865
56638
55503

7569
58503
572 89761
4.9842 09207

(47) 3.7541 32467

94345
02635

n2

8.7749
4.2543
2.9622
2. 3839

86

8281
53571
74961
21451
92520
10194
25276
98001
61181

(11

7396
36056
00816
70176
72351
78222
79271
74173
15789

0399 04400

).

95

9025

0842 2380]

91
7

8 57375

2.

2736 18495
1.4140 04962
3. 0452
61646
!. 4372 47818

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

2900C
1000(
OOOOC
1000C
6900C
7210C
0489(
8440]

351 5304]
2.7067 84157

4 74552

13) 1. 6048 52327

' ).

9766 44308

9.

11

00000
48711
00000
24685

(46); !. 6789 39031

44457

9C

11
13
15
17
(19

4
5

547
(

810C

4
5
6
7
8

4
5

0000
1.3267
1.0000
. 4082

< >.

7225
14125

71910
69380

85

9)

79

78
6084

5929
56533
.

81

6561
31441
46721
84401
95365
79245
20189
46353
66546

(11); !. 8242
13); .2876
(15)] ..8530
(17)] ..5009
(19)] .2157

7
8

97887
23584
91724
30992

(11)2.6214 40000
13 2.0971 5200C
15 1.6777 21600
1. 3421 77280
(19 1.0737 41824

77

76
5776
38976
62176
25376
99286
19457
34787
64385
88932

75

-(-6)9"
1V>
L

9498 74371
1.6260 65009
(.1543 42146
.5068 42442
>.

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

28

POWERS AND ROOTS

Table 3.1

nM

k
1
2

100
10000

10 00000
1000 OOOOC

4
5
6
7

10

(14)1 0000 00000

(16)1. 0000 00000
(18)1. 0000 00000
(20)1. 0000 OOOOC

24

0000 00000

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

48)

1.

Dl. 0000 OOOOC

4.
3.

2.

4
5

3.

2.

2.

(48)4.0489 3464]
(

7176 93980
2010 85873
5365 17482

1)1.0295
4.7326
3.2086
2.5413

80436
30642

111
12321

6100C
1710C

4769]

7914 19857
2385 31840
5602 27376

1749
0113
3130
6600
0590
5178
0455

(10)2.1003
(12)2.4363

1988C

(14

22863

(16)3.2784
(18)3.8029
(20)4.4114

24

(49)2. 8625 17619

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

57736

Dl. 0723 8052 c

4.
3.
2.

1810

8629 44131
2747 22171
5830 90178

8262

1)1.0770
4. 8769
3.2818
2.5875

4.
3.

1/5

2.

9324 24149
3097 5092C
6051 7108!
1

>

1)1.1000
4. 9460
3.3166
2.6094

2 [(-5)31
4

>

>

OOOOC
8744:
2479C
9863!

1)1.0583
4.8202
3.2531
2.5694

16
1873

(10)2.1924
(12)2.5651
(14)3.0012
(16)3.5114
(18 4. 1084
(20)4.8068

00524
84528
53123
70314
117
13689
01613
88721
48036
64202
42116
53276
00333
28389

(49)4.3297 28675
(

30651
56181
46315
55397

113
12769

114
12996

14 42897
1630 47361

14 81544

1)1.0816
4.8909
3.2888
2.5920

65383
73246
68168
12982

1.0630
4.8345
3. 2603
2.5740

14581
88127
90439
42354

(49)6.5031 99444

1.0862
4.9048
3.2958
2.5964

78049
68131
73252
28703

(20

(50)1.1820 50242

(50

1.

1)1.1045
4.9596
3.3234
2. 6137

36102
75664
56186
97668

12
14
16
18

"(-5)11
5

4378 80104

1.1090
4.9731
3.3302
2.6180

07825
07586
79877
82140

(49 5.3109 00627

1938
(10 2.2877
12 2.6995
(14 3.1854
(16 3. 7588
(18 4. 4354
(20 5.2338

(10

18

1)1.0677
4.8488
3.2675
2.5785

(10)2.3863 53660
(12)2.8397 60855
14 3. 3793 15418
(16 4.0213 85347
(18 4. 7854 48563
(20)5.6946 83790

16

123
15129
18 60867
2288 86641
2.8153 05684
3. 4628 25992
4.2592 75970
5.2389 09443
6. 4438 58615
7.9259 46096

2215
(10)2.7027
(12)3.2973
(14)4.0227
16)4.9077
(18)5.9874
(20)7.3046

96016
14582
72624
68791
86422
48521
21314

118
13924
43032
77776
57757
54153
73901
59203
53859
35554

122
14884
15848
33456
08163
03959
10830
07213
02800
31415

1)1.0440
4.7768
3.2311
2.5555

(49)2.3212 20685

>

1464]
7156]
5888]
4246(
2837" '
9833( >
7298(
1731:
9994c

(49)1.8788 09051

>

32961
9896]
1803!
6696'^

30485
03156
09795
49001

(49)1.5178 62893

(49)9.7017 2337!

17

6.

1)1.0392
4. 7622
3.2237
2.5508

109

1688
(10)1.9254
(12)2.1949
(14)2.5022
(16 2. 8525
18 3. 2519
(20)3.7072

>

(49)7. 9496 84720

1/4

03903
69375
36868
67508

(10 1.8424 35179

(12 2. 0819 51753
(14 2.3526 05480
16 2.6584 44193
(18 3.0040 41938
(20)3.3945 67390

24

1)1. 0954 4511!

>

10

1)1.0198
4.7026
3. 1934
2.5316

51936
41683
22685
81407
63176
78757
48208

1573
(10)1.7623
(12)1. 9738
14)2.2106
(16)2.4759
(18)2.7730
(20)3.1058

2143
(10)2.5937
(12)3.1384
(14)3.7974
(16)4.5949
(18)5.5599
(20)6.7274

1/2
1/3

1345*
6089(
6393( ,
4165!
9632. 5
1973'
14892
6127!
3507=

17 28000
2073 6000C
(10)2. 4883 2000C
(12)2. 9859 8400C
3. 5831 8080C
( 14)
(16 4. 2998 16960
(18)5. 1597 80352
(20)6. 1917 36422

(48
(

112

12]L

1440C
)

(49)3.5236 4170'
(

12C

2.

08043
59398
21453
07613

1360
1.4693
1. 5868
1.7138
1.8509
1.9990
2.1589

12544

>

00625
57188
60766

76292

6537!
9553'
6718(
6549=

IK
15

10

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.0535
4.8058
3.2458
2. 5648

>

(10)2.
(12 2.
(14)2.
(16)3.
(18)3.
(20)4.

8
9

1)1.0344
4.7474
3.2162
2.5461

(10
(12
(14
16
(18
(20

14 04928

88810

15 2087!

4
5
6
7

10000
10000

2349]

110
12100

1464
6105
7715
9487
1435
3579
5937

1310 79601
51731
30352
81476
86180
59212
51357

(10)1.4025
(12)1. 5007
(14) 1.6057
(16)1.7181
(18)1.8384
(20) 1.9671

(48)5.0723 66953

63014

13 3100C

115
13225

1
2
3

(48)7.9110 83175

00423
55444
28216
94627

1)1. 0488 08848

3.

(48)2.5633 04165

3411 80737

9564]

1262 47696
25578
19112
30259
48075
78959
47697

(10)1.3382
(12)1.4185
(14)1.5036
(16)1.5938
18)1.6894
(20) 1.7908

(49)1.2239 1565S !

4.

89157
48148
32501
80083

1411 58161
(10)1.5386 23955
(12)1.6771 00111
39121
( 14) 1. 8280
16 1.9925 62642
93279
(18)2.1718
(20)2.3673 63675

50625
81563

(48)9. 8497 32676

1/3
1/4
1/5

0148
6875
3. 1857
2.5267

1.

4.

48896
28077
74323
24269
30210
04627
24997

1215
2762
3400
4071
4774
5513
6288

24

11881

42460

1/2

>

12 95029

10

6
7
8
9

1.

(48)2.0327 94106

108
11664

(10)1.
(12 1.
(14)1.
(16)2.
18)2.
(20)2.

50494
28728
71828
54548

1.

12 59712

13 6763]
1518 0704]
(10)1.6850 5815!
(12)1.8704 14552
14)2.0761 6015:
(16)2.3045 37771
(18)2.5580 3692'
(20)2.8394 2098!

1)1.0099
4.6723
3. 1779
2.5218

(18
(20

107
11449

2
3

>

3047 73184
3439 1637 c

1169 85856
52902
19018
31779
69050
11812
44285

(10)1.2166
(12)1.2653
(14)1.3159
(16)1.3685
(18)1.4233
(20)1.4802

12 25043

1)1. 0246 95077

4.

(48)1.6084 37249

<

106
11236

(48)3. 2250 99944

(

1)1.0049 87562
4. 6570 09508
3. 1701 53880
2.5168 90229

43216
80803
62419
85668
59381
92569
94420

11 91016

10

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

56706
85273
22125

1082
(10)1.1040
12)1.1261
(14 1.1486
(16)1.1716
(18)1.1950
(20) 1.2189

105
11025

24

35352

(48)1.2697 34649
(

104
10816
11 24864

11 57625

(10)1.
(12)1.
(14)1.
(16)1.
(18)1.
(20)1.

6
7
8

(10)1.0510
(12) 1.0615
(14)1.0721
(16)1.0828
(18) 1.0936
(20)1.1046

6415 88834
1622 77660
5118 86432

2
3

10404
10 61208

1040 60401
10050
2015]

(10)1. 0000 00000

(12)1. 0000 00000

103
1060 c

10 92727
1125 5088]
(10 1.1592 7407'
12 1. 1940 52297
14< 1.2298 7386!
16 1.2667 7008]

102

10]

10201
10 30301

5365]

89833
45713
68602

119
14161
16 85159
2005 33921

1)1.0908
4.9186
3.3028
2.6008

19

2364
(10)2.9316
3.
6352
(12
(14)4.5076
(16)5.5895
(18)6.9309
(20)8.5944

4 r(-6)

124
15376
06624
21376
25062
15077
66696
06703
88312
25506

(50)1.7463 06393
(

1)1.1135
4.9866
3.3369
2.6223

3"

71211
84734
33952
14587

n 5 [(-6)51
4 j

52873
30952
93965
11847

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

PO\V ERS A ND

ROO rS

29

n*

Table 3.1

fe

125
15625

126
15876

19 53125

20 00376
2520 47376

2
3

40625
57813
97266
71582
64478
80597
25746

10

2441
(10)3.0517
(12)3.8146
(14)4.7683
(16)5.9604
(18)7.4505
(20)9.3132

24

(50)2.1175 82368

5
6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.1180
5.0000
3. 3437
2.6265

2
3

21

33989
00000
01525
27804
130
16900
97000
10000
30000
09000
51700
07210
49937
84918

10

2856
(10)3.7129
(12)4.8268
(14)6.2748
(16)8.1573
(19 1.0604
(21)1.3785

24

(50)5.4280 07704

6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.1401
5.0657
3.3766
2. 6472

75425
97019
48375
11681

135
18225

24 60375

(10)3.1757
(12) 4.0015
(14)5.0418
(16)6.3527
(18)8.0045
(21)1.0085

96938
04141
95218
87975
12848
68619

1)

1.1224
5.0132
3.3503
2.6307

22

2944
(10) 3.8579
(12) 5.0539

6.6206
(16) 8.6730
(19) 1.1361
(21) 1.4883
14)

131
17161
48091
99921
48965
13144
26219
20347
65665
77022

(51)1.3427 97252

(51)1.6030 01028

1)1.1618
5. 1299
3.4086
2. 6672

95004
27840
58099
68608

1)1.1661 9037 c
5.1425 63181

140

141

1960C
27 44000

04678

1988]
28 0322]
3952 5416]
(10) 5.5730 8367C
(12) \ 8580 47975
(15)1.1079 8476'
(IV) L. 5622 58516
(19) 2. 2027 8451C

60000

10

3841
(10)5.3782
(12)7.5295
(15)1.0541
(17)1.4757
(19)2.0661
(21)2.8925

4655C

(21)3.1059 2615 c

24

(51)3.2141 99700

(51)3.8129 2887]

6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.1832
5. 1924
3. 4397
2.6867

4000C

36000
3504C
89056

1595"
94102

3979C

99534

M4

5940'

91621

16 7.6686 28202
(18) 9.8925 30381
(21) 1.2761 36419

(50)3.7414 44192

(50)4.5097 56022

1)1.1313
5.0396
3.3635
2.6390

72037

7085C

8566]
15822

132

13:

1768 c
5263"
00721
79589
00854
18136
8612C
61254
74466

23

3035 95776
64242
52801
05697
39521
49217
76966

3129
(10)4.1615
(12)5.5349
(14)7.3614
16)9.7906
(19)1.3021
(21)1.7318

84200

1742-1

22 99966

1)1.1489
5.0916
3.3895
2.6553

2769 22881
(10) 3.5723 05165
12 4.6082 73663

4651]

1)1.1532
5.1044
3.3959
2.6593

1)1.1357
5.0527
3.3701
2.6431

81669
74347
36005
26458
134

17956
24 06104
3224 17936
(10) 4.3204
(12 5.7893
(14) 7.7577
17 1.0395
19 1.3929
(21) 1.8665

(50)9.3851 10346

12529
43370
61224
07280

5.9446 73025

00342
36459
10855
33255
74561
85912

(51)1.1233 50184

56259
68722
6269C
18337

1)1.1575
5.1172
3. 4023
2.6633

138

83690
29947
28159
05339
139
19321
85619
01041
84470
49413
44368
36672
15974
52204

(21)2.3291 94048

12 7.2125
(15 L. 0025
(17 1.3935
19 1.9370
(2l) 2.6924

(51)1.9111 44882

(51)2.2756 11258

(51)2.7061 70815

3522 75361

(10)4.826172446
(12)6.6118 56251
14)9.0582 43063
(17)1.2409 79300

(19)1.700141641

1)1.1704
5.1551
3.4212
2. 6751

69991
36735
13222
25206

1)1.1747
5. 1676
3.4274
2.6790

34012
49252
39296
19145

20164

143
20449

28 63288
4065 86896

29 24207
4181 61601

142

26
3733
(10) 5.1888

1)1.1789 82612
5. 1801 01467
5.4336 31623
2.6828 90577
144

20736
29 85984

(19)2.3474 43237
(21)3.3333 69396

(10)5.9797
(12)8.5509
(15)1.2227
(17)1.7485
19) 2. 5004
(21)3.5756

10894
86579
91081
91246
85481
94238

4299 81696
(10)6.1917 36422
12) 3.9161 00448
15 L. 2839 18465
17 L. 8488 42589
(19) >. 6623 33328
(2l) 5. 8337 59992

(51)4.5177 29930

(51)5.3464 42484

(51)6.3197 48715

(10)5.7735 33923
(12 8. 1984 18171
(15 1.1641 75380
(17)1.6531 29040

1)1.1916
5.2171
3.4520
2. 6943

37529
03446
10326
72696

1)1.1958
5.2293
3.4580
2.6981

26074
21532
71824
56943

1)1.2000 00000
5.2414 82788
3^4
J.7019 20077

14
21025

146

21316

147
21609

148
21904

149
22201

30 48625

31 12136

31 76523

32 41792

33 07949

4420
(10)6.4097
(12)9.2941
(15)1.3476
(17)1.9540
(19)2.8334
(21)4. 1084

50625
34065
1439]
4658"
8755]
2694!
69075

4543 71856
(10) 3.6333 29096

(12) 9.6853 90482

(15)1.4140 6701C
(17)2.0645 37835

1)1.2041
5.2535
3.4701
2.7056

19)3.0142 2523 c

(51)7.4616 0154'
(

4276"
25695
96825
79415

35456
73837

19044
26 28072
3626 73936
(10)5.0049 00317
(12)6.9067 62437
(14)9.5313 32163
(17)1.3153 23839
(l9)l. 8151 46897
(21)2.5049 02718

5.2048 27865
5.4459 1672"
2.6905 6707C

3385:

137
18769

1)1.1874 3420 c

90628

23424
5474 c

25 71353

5.4149 5297C
2.6712 0846]

2
3

1)1.1269
5.0265
3.3569
2.6348

136

24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

3831 23282
2.6512 71840

10

3321 50625
33438
45141
50940
40377
74509
55587

58602

(50)7.8302 26935

3.

18496
15456
02016
87418
18888
25688
37894
59535
56968

72915

(10)4.0074
(12)5.2898
14)6.9826
( 16) 9. 2170
(19) 1.2166
(2l) 1.6059

1)1.1445 52314
5.0787 53078

(10)4.4840
(12)6.0534
14 8. 1721
(17)1.1032
(19)1.4893
(21)2.0106

5
6
7
8
9

(50) 6.5239 57088

(

129
16641
21 46689

2684
(10)3.4359
12)4.3980
14)5.6294
(16)7.2057
(18)9.2233
(2l)l. 1805

(50)3.0994 83316

97216
97935
68959
16865

25
3421
4.6525
(10)
(12) 6.3275
(14) 3.6054
(l7) 1.1703
(19) 1.5916
(2l) '.1646

12)4.1958
(14)5.3287
(16)6.7675
( 18)8. 5947
(21)1.0915

(50) 2.5638 52774

(

128
16384
20 97152

127

16129
20 48383
2601 4464]
(10)3.3038 3694]

59458

(21) 1.4007 6885C

(51)8.7997 13625
(

87872
00082
62363

1)1.2083 04597
5.2656 37426
5.4760 67602
.7093 84058

4669
(10)6.8641
(13)1.0090
(l5)l. 4832
(17)2.1804
(19)3.2052
(21)4.7116

48881
48551
29837
73860
12575
06485
53533

(52)1.0366 11527
(

1)1.2124
5.2776
3.4820
2.7130

35565
32088
04545
85417

4797
(10)7.1008
(l3)l. 0509
(15)1.5553
(17)2.3019
(19)3.4068
(21)5.0421

85216
21197
21537
63875
38535
69032
66167

4928 84401
(10)7.3439 77575
(13 1. 0942 52659
(15)1.6304 36461
(17): .4293 50327
(19)3.6197 31988
(21)5.3934 00662

(52)1.2197 79049

(52)1.4337 40132

1)1.2165
5.2895
3.4879
2.7167

52506
72473
11275
66686

1)1.2206
5.3014
3.4937
2 .7204

n3

9
nr rc-5)2-

r(-6)9i
5

(-6)51

(-6)3]
4

55562
59192
88147
28110

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

30

POWERS AND ROOTS

Table 3.1

nk

150
22500

33 75000
5062 50000

151
22801
34 42951
5198 85601
(10)7.8502 72575
(13)1.1853 91159
(15)1.7899 40650
(17)2.7028 10381

152

23409
35 81577

94816
81203
79543
84905
69056
40965
82267

5479 81281
(10)8. 3841 13599
(13)1.2827 69381
(15)1.9626 37152
(17 3. 0028 34843

(19)4.5943 37310
(21)7.0293 36085

154
23716
36 52264
5624 48656
(10)8.6617 09302
(13)1.3339 03233
(15)2.0542 10978
(17)3.1634 84906
(19)4.8717 66756
(21)7.5025 20804

(52)2.7076 61312

(52)3.1659 00782

10

(10)7.5937
(13)1.1390
(15)1.7085
(17 2. 5628
(19 3. 8443
(21)5.7665

50000
62500
93750
90625
35938
03906

(19)4.0812 43676
(21)6.1626 77950

5337
(10)8.1136
(13)1.2332
(15)1.8745
(17)2.8493
19)4.3310
(21)6.5831

24

(52)1.6834 11220

(52)1.9744 52704

(52)2.3133 75387

4
5

6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.2247
5.3132
3.4996
2.7240

44871
92846
35512
69927

155

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

24025
23875
00625
09688
24502
22977
05615
88703
82490

37

5772

10

(10)8.9466
(13)1.3867
(15)2.1494
(17)3.3316
(19)5.1639
(21)8.0041

24

(52)3.6979 47627

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.2449
5.3716
3.5284
2.7419

1
2

89960
85355
41525
92987
160
25600
96000
60000
76000
21600
54560
67296
47674
11628

40

10

6553
(11)1.0485
13)1.6777
(15)2.6843
(17)4.2949
(19)6.8719
(22)1.0995

24

(52)7.9228 16251

5
6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3

1/4
1/5

1)1.2649
5.4288
3.5565
2.7594

11064
35233
58820
59323

1)1.2288
5.3250
3.5054
2.7276

37

5922

(10)9.2389
(13)1.4412
(15)2.2483
17)3.5074
(19)5.4716
(21)8.5358

1)1.2489
5.3832
3.5341
2.7455

41

6718
(11)1.0817
(13)1.7416
(15)2.8040
(17)4.5144
(19)7.2683
(22)1.1701

1)1.2688
5.4401
3.5621
2.7629

6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.2845
5. 4848
3.5840
2. 7764

23258
06552
24634
94317
170

28900

29241
50 00211

8
9

10

24
1/2
1/3

1/4
1/5

(53)3.3944 86713
(

1)1.3038
5.5396
3.6108
2.7931

40481
58257
73137
2122C

96409
90712
68931
32856

42

6887
(11)1.1157
(13)1.8075
(15)2.9282
(17)4.7437
19)7.6848
(22)1.2449

(53)1.0674 81480
1)1.2727
5.4513
3.5676
2.7663

92206
61778
21345
23734

01296
80477
59715
00350
98553
01714
14709

(52)5.8582 79483
(

1)1.2569
5.4061
3. 5453
2.7525

43
7059

(11)1.1506
(13)1.8755
15 3. 0571
(17)4.9831
(19)8.1224
(22)1.3239

80509
20176
92093
25920
163
26569
30747
11761
36170
36958
25241
14143
76053
63597

(53)1.2373 78329
(

1)1.2767
5.4625
3.5731
2.7697

14533
55571
14235
30547
168
28224
41632
94176
78216
07402
56436
22812
64632
88583

(53)2.5551 87425

49 13000
8352 10000

57000
56900
86730
57441
78765
93900

1)1.2529
5.3946
3.5397
2. 7490

6232
(10)9.8465
(13)1.5557
(15)2.4581
(17)3.8837
(19)6.1364
(21)9.6955

(53)2.2140 90189

09873
64660
42676
51635

2
3
4
5

(11)1.4198
(13)2.4137
(15)4.1033
(17)6.9757
(20)1.1858
(22)2.0159

73201
99256
07183
43278
51946
79555
59901

162

159
25281

(53)1.9168 76411
1)1.2884
5.4958
3.5894
2.7798

1)1.2922
5.5068
3.5948
2.7831

36081
11699
11004
60818
66998
58257
70619

(53)3.9075 68945
(

1)1.3076
5.5504
3.6161
2.7963

69683
99103
71571
99540

1)1.2961
5.5178
3.6002
2.7865

44

7233
(11)1.1863
1.9456
( 13)
(15 3. 1908
17)5.2330
(19)8.5821
(22)1.4074

52021
01515
88625
01343
164
26896
10944
94816
67498
42697
54023
00598
20981
67841

(53)1.4330 20335
(

1)1.2806
5.4737
3.5785
2.7731

48

8157
(11)1.3785
(13)2.3298
(15)3.9373
17)6.6541
(20)1.1245
(22)1.9004

24847
03675
81908
20681
169
28561
26809
30721
84918
08512
76386
66092
54070
96377

(53)2.9463 26763
(

1)1.3000
5.5287
3.6055
2.7898

00000
74814
51275
27436
174
30276

52 68024

66456
30305
76124
78934
16377
28168

87705
97766
46817
62559

8957
(11)1.5496
(13)2.6808
(15)4.6379
(17)8.0235
(20)1.3880
(22)2.4013

45041
38921
75333
14326
91785
81379
80785

(53)5.1654 29935
(

1)1.3152
5.5720
3.6266
2.8029

1)1.2609
5.4175
3.5509
2.7560

173
29929

1)1.3114
5.5612
3.6214
2.7996

[(-6)7-

48140
48353
05744
18023

(52)6.8160 22003
(

51 77717

(53)4.4945 13878
(

11) 1. 3382

15048
81926
93263
58288
24678
93024

172
29584

(11)1.5053
13)2.5892
(15)4.4534
17)7.6599
(20)1.3175
(22)2.2661

2 [(-5)21

84798
78446
36294
92813

47

7965
(

(11)1.0162
(13)1.6157
(15)2.5690
(17)4.0848
(19)6.4949
(22)1.0326

50 88448
8752 13056

171

8550
(11)1.4621
(13)2.5002
(15)4.2753
(17)7.3108
(20)1.2501
(22)2.1377

67365
08411
36670
45765

40 19679
6391 28961

(13)2.2483
(15)3.7771
(17)6.3456
(20)1.0660
(22)1.7909

1)1.2409
5.3601
3. 5227
2.7384

158
24964

26244
51528
47536
71008
49033
29434
31683
45327
44943

45 74296

39 44312

(52)5.0302 74186

31688
81241
03963
80069

157
24649

161

57754
21825
02966
00056

1)1.2369
5. 3484
3.5170
2. 7348

38 69893

6075
(10)9.5388
13)1.4976
(15)2.3512
(17)3.6914
(19)5.7955
(21)9.0990

33136
93006
18390
14527
68114
41070
42618

(53)1.6581 15050

1)1.2328 82801
5. 3368 03297
3.5112 43086
2. 7312 95679

167
27889
46 57463
7777 96321
(11)1.2989 19856
(13)2.1691 96160
15)3.6225 57587
(17)6.0496 71170
20)1.0102 95085
(22)1.6871 92792

10

25921
73281
98241
56168
27430
20163
72463
00665
96407

166
27556

24

99600
12612
18843
21947

(52)9.2007 03274

7593
(11)1.2604
(13)2.0924
(15 3. 4734
(17)5.7658
(19)9.5713
(22)1.5888

156
24336
96416
40896
57978
77445
92813
92789
88751
34451

(52)4.3150 94990

165
27225
44 92125
7412 00625
(11)1.2229 81031
(13)2.0179 18702
(15)3.3295 65858
17)5.4937 83665
(19)9.0647 43047
(22)1.4956 82603

20573
74022
53712
92374

153

23104
35 11808

94644
54656
99110
10436

9166
(11)1.5949
13)2.7752
(15)4.8288
(17)8.4022
20)1.4619
(22)2.5438

(53)5.9317 37979
(

1)1.3190
5.5827
3. 6319
2.8061

'("

-6)41

36176
46946
07686
61374
18792
86070
55761

[(-6)31
4

90596
70172
28683
43329

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS

31

n*

Table 3.1

k
1

175

176

177

2
3

30625
59375
90625
08594
90039
07568
88245
67943
93900

30976
51776
12576
42134
86155
47634
43835
69315
49994

31329
45233
06241
66047
60902
80797
45011
37467
93317

53

10

9378
11)1.6413
13)2.8722
15)5.0265
17 8. 7963
20)1.5393
22)2.6938

24

53)6.8063 32613

4
5

6
7

8
9

54

9595
(11)1.6887
f 13)2.9721
(15)5.2310
17 9. 2066
(20)1.6203
(22)2.8518

1)1.3266 49916
5.6040 78661

3. 6423 20574
2.8125 64777

1)1.3304
5. 6146
3. 6474
2.8157

57

75856
99024
80262
10867
66734
24787
08121

(
9)1 .0266
(11)1 .8376

9)1.0038
11)1.7868
(13)3.1806
15)5.6616
(18)1.0077
(20)1.7938
(22)3.1930
(

.2894
.8880
(18 .0539
(20 ] .8865
(22); .3769

13470
72406
83337
53634

1)1.3341
5.6252
3.6526
2.8189

13)

15

(54)1.0234 81638

(53)8.9404 29702

(53)7.8037 62212

1)1.3228 75656
5.5934 44710
3. 6371 35763
2.8093 61392

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

55

9815
(11)1.7372
(13)3.0749
15 5. 4426
17 9. 6335
(20 1.7051
(22)3.0180

178
31684
56 39752

179
32041
35339
25681
59969
11344
46307
60289
88917
94162

(54)1 .1707 73122

66406
26328
24271
28111

Dl .3379

08816
.6357 40794
.6577 43589
2 .8220 88352
C

1
2

180
32400

32761

182
33124

183
33489

33856

3
4

58 32000

59 29741

60 2856E

61 28487

62 29504

60000
68000
22400
00320
96058
92904
67227

10

9)1.0497
11)1.8895
13)3.4012
15)6.1222
18)1.1019
20)1.9835
22)3.5704

24

54)1.3382 58845

7
8
9

1)1.3416
5. 6462
3.6628
2.8252

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

181

9)1.0732
11 1.9426
(13)3.5161
15 6. 3642
(18)1.1519
(20)2.0850
(22)3.7738
(

1)1.3453
5.6566
3.6679
2.8283

185

186

34225
63 31625
9)1.1713 50625
11 2. 1669 98656

10

13)4.0089
15)7.4165
18 1.3720
20)2.5383
22)4.6958

47514
52901
62287
15230
83176

34596
64 3485!
9)1.1968 83216
(
11)2.2262 02782
13)4.1407 37174
15)7.7017 71144
18)1.4325 2943:
(20)2.6645 04745
(22)4.9559 78826

24

54)2.5829 82606

(54)2.9397 51775

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.3601 47051
5.6980 19215
3.6880 17151
2. 8407 58702

190
36100

68 59000

1)1.3638
5.7082
3. 6929
2.8438

1)1.3490
5. 6670
3. 6729
2.8314

187

9)1.2228
2. 2866
13)4.2761
(15)7.9963
(18)1.4953
20)2.7962
(22)5.2289

30961
9389"
1758!
3988 c
1555 c
40096
6897 c

(54)3.3434 7867C

1817C
67472
9088!
2317'

1)1.3674
5.7184
3. 6979
2. 8468

79433
79065
4460 c
7449;

1)1.3527
5.6774
3.6780
2.8345

54)4.8987 62931

(54)5.5564 9354:

(54)6.2983 8913C

(54)7.1346 95065

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

74

8
9
10

24

(54)9.1375 69069

1/4
1/5

1)1.3820
5.7589
3.7175
2.8589

195

38025
14875
00625
06219
37127
17240
28617
25804
15318

9)1.4459
2. 8195
(13)5.4980
16)1.0721
18)2.0906
(20)4.0767
(22)7.9496

1/2
1/3

11

1)1.3964
5.7988
3.7368
2. 8708

>

1)1.4000
5.8087
3. 7416
2. 8737

7689 9828]
3.7224 19436
2.8619 38162
5.

19(

19"

3880'
4537:
3848]
9280!
72831
9904!
5312'
5265'
3972'

(55)1.0331 0797

0000 3
8573 I
5738 7
6475 S

76
(

9)1.5061

(11 2. 9670
(13 5. 8451
(16 1.1514
(18 2. 2684
(20 4. 4688

(22)8.8036

n 2 (-5)ll
4
.

>

1)1.4035
5.8186
3. 7464
2.8766

1)1.3892
5.7789
3.7272
2.8649

77

9)1.5369
(11)3.0431
(13)6.0254
(16)1.1930
(18)2.3622
(20)4.6772
(22)9.2608
(

66885
4786"
2080!
9120:

I*

88001
51842
54055
30326
22953
87299
90487

9)1.4164 68496
2. 7479 48882
(13)5.3310 20832
(16 1.0342 18041
(18)2.0063 83000
(20)3.8923 83020
(22)7.5512 23059
(

11

(54)8.0768 40718

4439 c

9656?
5689 c
13156

3920'
62392
5361!
6816C
7295!
43645
2641!
0830"
7244!

1)1.3928 38828
5.7889 60372
3. 7320 75599
2.8678 75844

(
'

>

1)1.4071
5.8284
3.7511
2.8796

n5

78
5682

199
39601
80599
39201
96010
84060
66428
74192
54641
67736

(55)1.4875 57746
>

1)1.4106 73598
5.8382 72461
3.7558 93499
I. 8825 08624

r(-6)3i

L.

(13) j.2103
(16) L. 2358
18 '.4593
(20 1.8941
(22) J. 7393

24728
7668:
6612:
0579C

9)

11) 5.1207

(55)1.3181 4918"

-(-6)51

72708
.7387 93548
3.7077 92751
38178
i .8529
i

19!
1

(55)1.1673 1866(

20799
63311
50658
50074
03640
14881

Dl .3747

193

1)1.3856 4064!

384K

75 2953 )
9)1.4757 8905<>
(
(11)2.8925 4655(
(13)5.6693 9123 3
16 1.1112 0068. i
(18)2.1779 5333 3
(20)4.2687 8854;>
(22)8.3668 2554 5

24004
89998
75706
26340
1

2749!
6522(
6304]
5074( )

9) 1.

194
37636

24

04875
97079
87538
50791

73 01384

20)3.5457 7405 c
(22)6.8078 8619;

1)1.3784
5.7488
3.7126
2.8559

189
35721
67 51269
2759 89841

37249

10

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

65997
.6877 33960
.6830 23210
.8376 80950

71 89057

9)1.3874
(11)2.6778
(13)5.1682
(15)9.9747
18)1.9251
(20 3. 7154
(22)7.1708

>

30920
54316
78502
12786

10000
99000
88100
17390
56304
76978
66258

>

(54)4.3160 18526

1)1.3711
5.7286
3. 7028
2.8499

9)1.3032
11)2.4760
13)4.7045
15)8.9387
18)1.6983
20 3. 2268
22)6.1310

Dl .3564

(54)3.8000 41874
(

192

11 2 .4116
(13)4.5579
15)! .6145
(18)1.6281
20): .0772
(22)5 .8159

3686'
70 7788!
5449!
9)1.3589
(
(11)2.6091 92632
4985'
(13 5. 0096
15 9. 6185 2772C
(18)1.8467 57322

5
6
7

72009
36496
40315
66180
37771

188
35344
66 44672
9)1.2491 98336
(
11 2. 3484 92872
13 4. 4151 66599
(15)8.3005 13206
(18)1.5604 96483
(20)2.9337 33387
(22)5.5154 18768

19]

.8806
.1404
.3138
.4174
.4481

(54)2 .2679 20111

74926
11371
08871
89786

3648]
69 6787]
6336]
9)1.3308
(
(11)2.5419 4902C
(13 4. 8551 2262"
(15)9.2732 8421!
18)1.7711 9728!
(20)3.3829 8681!
(22)6.4615 0481!

9)] .1462 28736

11)2 .1090 60874

(13);
15)"
(18)]
(20)2
(22)'

(54)1.9898 76639

73756
5110E
7394C
8508C

3496 c
(

(13)3.7558
(15 6. 8731
18)1.2577
(20)2.3017
(22)4.2122

65 39202

(11

9)1.1215 13121
2. 0523 69011
35291
78582
91681
58775
18559

(11

(54)1.7446 70074

62405
52826
18217
66697

5
6
7
8
9

(54)1.5285 71637

40786
16173
41501
34501

2
3

99376
02864
63213
4104!
46471
20 2. 1910 00577
(22)3.9876 2105C

9)1.0971
11)1.9969
(13)3.6343
(15)6.6145
(18)1. 2038

83121
42449
82833
90927
3665!
05351
59685

184

r(-6)2"
4

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

32

F ow E RS A J> D F lOOI rS nk

Table 3.1
k
1
2

200
40000

201
40401

202
40804

203
41209

204
41616

81 20601
6322 40801

82 42406

83 65427

84 89664

10

80 00000
9)1. 6000 00000
11)3. 2000 00000
13 6. 4000 00000
16)1. 2800 00000
18)2. 5600 00000
20)5. 1200 00000
23)1. 0240 0000c

4
5

6
7
8
9

24

55)1. 6777 21600

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1. 4142 13562

10

205
42025
86 15125
9)1. 7661 00625
11)3. 6205 06281
13)7. 4220 37877
16)1. 5215 17765
18)3. 1191 11418
20) 6. 3941 78406
23)l. 3108 06573

24

55)3. 0345 38594

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1. 4317 82106

5.
3.

2.

2
3

4
5
6
7
8

5.
3.
2.

>

L.

(55)2. 1302 61246

?.

6642 10032

1)1.4177 44688
5.8577 66003
5.7652 95059
5.8882 79458

14096
77038
34698
38548
18 5.2429 31408
6804
38701
20 3.
(23) L. 3761 70372

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

3.
2.

215

99 3837?

1367 5062 =

[l?ft 5940 1384^

10

13)9 8771 2976^

16)2 1235 8289 c
18 4 5657 0323;
20)9 8162 61952
(23)2 1104 9632C

24

(55)9 5175 03342

7
8

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

Dl

4662
5. 9907
3 8292
2 9274

(55)6.0642 75557

(55)6. 7929 85105

4
5
6
7

8
9

9)2
11)5
14)1
(16)2
(

18 5

106
3425
1536
1337
4943
4875
2072
6559

60000
3200C

99040
57888
87354
69218
92279

21)1
(23)2

24

(56)1 6525 10926

(

Dl

4832
6 0368
3 8512
2 9409

39697
10737
85107
28975

DL 4560
5.
3.
2.

21976
9627 31956
8157 85604
9192 22326

9 )2-

(11)4.
(14)1.

(16

2.

18 4.
21)1.
(23)2.

6.

2.

91986
0092 4500"
8380 88046
9328 6414 c

(18

(21)1.
(23)2.

(56)1.8425 30003

(56)2. 0533 89736

222

9 )2.

(11)5.
14 1.
16)2.

1)1.4866 06875
43596
3. 0459
5.8556 54127
5.9435 97699

5.

109
4289
3921
1970
6574
8996
3097
9075

4928'
41046
12656
86096
6531;
84996
1669C
14905
6709C

DL 4899
6.
3.
2.

6644;
0550 4894"
8600 0834?
9462 5678C

,1*

(55)2 .6985 09916

(

Dl

4282 85686
.8867 65317
66709
2 .8968 50171

3 .7792

208
43264

209
43681
91 29329

29761
82200
64799
03143
77569
07119
40688

9)1.8717 73696
11)3.8932 89288
13)8. 0980 41718
16)1 .6843 92677
(18)3.5035 36769
20)7.2873 56480
(23)1.5157 70148

9)1 9080
(
(11)3 .9877
(13)8 .3344
(16)1 7419
18 3 .6405
(20)7 .6088
(23)1 5902

(55)4.3005 10765

(55)4 .8251 50531

1)1.4422
5.9249
3.7976
2.9081

20510
92137
57844
22302

Dl .4456

83229
72140
14131
2 .9109 13212

5 .9344
3 .8022

213
45369

214
45796
98 00344
9)2 0972 73616

9)2.0583 46161

(13)9.3385
(16)1.9891
(18)4.2367
20)9.0243
(23)1. 9221

10698
02779
88919
60396
88764

(55)7.6051 97251
(

96 63597
(ll)4. 3842 77323

1)1.4594
5.9720
3.8202
2.9219

51952
92620
77414
71130

103 60232

9)2.2585
(
(11)4.9235
(14)1.0733
(16)2.3398
(18)5.1009
(21 1.1120
(23)2.4241

30576
96656
44071
90075
60363
09359
80403

1)1.4764 82306
6.0184 61655
3. 8425 02187
2.9355 62280

223
49729
110 89567
9)2.4729 73441
(
(11 5. 5147 30773
(14)1 .2297 84962
(16)2.7424 20466
(18)6.1155 97640
(21 1.3637 78274
(23)3.0412 25550

(56)2.2872 66205
(

1)1.4933 18452
6. 0641 26994
3.8643 47878
06295
2 .9489

"( -6)51

91456
58570
39483
17655
48015
73951
50286

89 98912

(56)1.3272 59512

DL 4730
3.

80685
30659
26716
04537

9)1 7318
(ll)3 5330
13 7 2074
(16)1 4703
18)2 .9994
(20)6 1188
(23)1 2482
(

(11)4 .4881
(13)9 .6046
(16)2 .0554
(18)4 .3985
(20)9 .4129
(23)2 .0143

65538
74252
00290
56620
11168
62990

(55)8 .5100 19601

(

Dl .4628

73884
24030
53435
2 .9247 09627

5 .9814
3 .8247

218
47524

(56)1. 1885 94216

(21)1.2575 65062
(23) >. 7792 18787

"(-5)1]
n
4

1)1.4247
5. 8771
3. 7746
2. 8940

217

102 18313
2173 73921
8117 0140 c
0441 39206
2657 82076
9167 47106
0669 34122
3152 47045

221
48841
107 93861
(
9) >. 3854 43281
11 5.2718 29651
(14): L 1650 74353
(16 ?. 5748 14320
(18) 5. 6903 39647

4708 c

1)1.4696 93846
3.0000 00000
5.8336 58625
2.9301 56052

(56)1.0638 73589

10

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

83905
41813
77876
63134

216
46656
77696
82336
49846
99567
95064
(18)4.7383 81338
1.0234
90369
(21)
(23) >. 2107 39197

8783C
2641!
13796
37906

4840C
4800C

1)1.4525
5.9533
5. 8112
2.9164

100
9)2.176'
(
(ll) 1.7018
( 14)1. 0155
(16) >. 1936

22C

2.

(23)1.7491 39925

46225

3.

49457
9154 8170C
7930 8509 c
9053 20636

212
44944
95 28126
9)2. 0199 63136
(
(11)4. 2823 21846
(13)9. 0785 22316
(16)1. 9246 46732
(18)4. 0802 51071
(20)8. 6501 3227C
(23)1. 8338 28041

9439 2195:
8067 54096
9136 9345 c

2
3

DL 4387
5.

211

0100C
1210C
88541
85936
00466
88096

9448 1000C

207
42849
88 6974;
8360 3680]
8005 96176
8672 3408 c
6285 17456
3710 31135
9780 3444 c
4444 53131

81681
08812
36889
01489
21022
56674
93805

(55)2 .3983 07745

8674 64306
7699 6954 c
8911 47666

(55)3. 8307 89523

1)1. 4491 37675

5.

9? 1-

ll)3.
(13)7.
16)1.
(18)3.
(20 6.
(23)1.

1)1.4352 70009
5.9059 40584
5.7884 95756
I. 9025 08125

44521

(55)5. 4108 19836

(55)3.4104 62581
(

21C

24

2.

9)1.8008
(11)3.7096
(13)7.6419
(16 L. 5742

93 93931
9) L. 9821 19441
(
(11) 1.1822 72021
(13)13. 8245 93963
(16) L. 8619 89326
(is): 5.9287 97478
(20)(3.2897 62679

3.

4410C

10

5.

206
42436

92 6100C

0841
5766
8010
7822
9428
6679

1)1- 4212 6704C

87 41816

8963 6854C
7838 89674
8996 84666

9)1.
.11)4.
'13)8.
16)1.
(18)3.
20 7.
(23)l.

9)] .6981
(11)3.4473
13)6.9980
(16)1.4206
(18 2 .8838
(20)5 .8541
(23)] .1883
(

3216C
28964
33251
13166
68596
33056

(55)1.8910 60303

18)

3
5
6
7
8

3632
7937
3723
7721
5996
1311

(20) 5.3550 62165

(23) L. 0763 67495

9)1. 6649 66416

(11)3.
(13)6.
(16)1.
(18)2.
(20)5.
(23)1.

8480 35476
7606 03093
8853 99812

11 3.2808 04010
(13) 3.5944 16060
(16) L. 3254 77628

105
9)2 .3002
(
(11)5 .0375
(14)1 .1032
(16)2 .4160
(18)5 .2911
(21)1 .1587
(23)2 .5377

219
47961
03459
57521
63971
26510
66056
84663
69441
05076

(56)1 .4813 53665

(

Dl .4798

64859

6 0276 50160
.

3 .8469
2 .9382

01167
50529
224
50176

112 39424

9)2 .5176
(11)5 6394
(14)1 .2632
(16)2 .8296
(18 6 .3384
(21)1 .4198
(23)3 .1803
(

30976
93386
46519
72201
65731
16324
88565

(56)2 .5465 51362

(

Dl .4966

62955
77944
72841
2 .9515 46323
6 .0731

3 .8686

r(-6)2"

-(-6)21

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

F

OW ERS

A ND R OOT S

33

nk

Table 3.1

10

9)2.5628
11)5.7665
14)1.2974
16)2.9192
18)6.5684
21)1.4778
23)3.3252

225
50625
90625
90625
03906
63379
92603
08356
91880
56730

226
51076
115 43176
9)2.6087 57776
(
(11)5.8957 92574
(14)1.3324 49122
16)3.0113 35015
(18 6. 8056 17134
(21)1.5380 69472
(23)3.4760 37007

9)2.6552
(11)6.0273
(14)1.3682
(16)3.1058
(18)7.0502
21 1.6004
(23)3.6329

(56)3.1521 18526

(56)3.5044 55686

1
2
3

113

4
5

6
7

8
9

116
(

227
51529
97083
37841
89899
17507
53741
87992
15374
42900

24

56)2.8338 73334

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.5000 00000
6. 0822 01996
3. 8729 83346
2.9541 76939

1
2

230
52900
67000
10000
43000
58890
25447
98528
52661
51121

231
53361
123 26391
9)2.8473 9632]
(
(11)6.5774 8550;
(14)1.5193 99153
(16)3.5098 1203!
(18 8. 1076 6580<>
21)1.8728 7080!
(23)4.3263 3155;

124
9)2.8970
11)6.7210
14)1.5592
16)3.6175
18 8. 3927
(21 1.9471
(23)4.5173

(56)5.3295 1289<>

(56)5.9116 89798

121

4
5
6
7
8
9

10

9)2.7984
11)6.4363
14)1.4803
16)3.4048
18)7.8310
21 1.8011
23)4.1426

24

56)4.8025 07640
1)1.5165
6. 1269
3. 8943
2.9671

1/2
1/3

1/4
1/5
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

129

9)3.0498
11 7.1670
14)

1.

6842

75089
25675
22905
91438
235
55225
77875
00625
31469
52395
93129
83852
01705
34007

10

16)3.9579
18 9. 3012
21 2. 1858
23)5.1366

24

56)8.0469 01671

1)1.5329
6.1710
3.9153
2. 9799

70972
05793
17320
81531

10

138
9)3.3177
11 7.9626
14)1.9110
16)4.5864
19)1.1007
21)2.6418
23)6.3403

240
57600
24000
60000
24000
29760
71424
53142
07540
38097

24

57)1.3337 35777

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1

2
3

4
5
6
7

8
9

1)1.5033
6.0911
3.8772
2. 9567

29638
99349
79507
98218

!
!

1)1.5198
6.1357
3.8985
2.9697

6841.

9244

1)1.5066 51917
6. 1001 70200
3.8815 61435
2.9594 10235

48981
6712'>
)

1)1.5231
6. 1446
3.9027
2.9723

23<

5569(
131 4425( )
(

9)3.1020 4441

11 7. 3208 2482;
14 1.7277 14651i
(16 4. 0774 0659.5
(18 9. 6226 7955')
(21)2.2709 5237< >
!

(23)5.3594 4760

(56)8.9102 1269" 1
(

1)1.5362
6. 1797
3.9194
2.9825

2915
4660
7592
1338
24
5808

9)3.3734
11)8.1299
14)1.9593
16 4. 7219
(19 1.1379
(21)2.7425
(23)6.6095

0256

(57)1.4736 9979

80432
62762
21327
36660

141
9)3.4297
(
(11)8.2999
(14)2.0085
(16)4.8607
(19)1.1763
(21 2. 8466
(23)6.8889

242
58564
72488
42096
75872
94161
97870
13085
77665
59948

L
L

0594 L
2731 )
8448
4260 3
2768 L
L

237
56169
12053
56561
47050
07551
94895
50902
38964
22344

1)1.5394
6.1884
3.9236
2.9850

0017,!

54621
33651
61357
33915

(56)9.8618 93410

139 9752" t
(

133

9)3.1549
(
(11)7.4772
(14)1.7721
(16)4.1998
(18)9.9537
(21)2.3590
(23)5.5909

232
53824
87168
22976
93304
93647
61260
42123
16173
09521

(57)1.6276 79087
34919
79684
53798
26790

118
9)2.7023
(11)6.1613
14 1.4047
(16)3.2029
(18)7.3026
(21 1. 6649
(23)3.7961
(

228
51984
52352
36256
26664
82479
04053
21240
97643
94626

120

9)2.7500
(11)6.2976
(14)1.4421
(16)3.3025
(18)7.5628
(21)1.7318
(23)3.9660
(

229
52441
08989
58481
33921
58168
42205
21649
86158
19301

(56)4.3256 51988

(56)3.8943 62082

1)1.5132
6.1180
3.8900
2.9646

74595
33173
83026
06773

1)1.5099
6.1091
3.8858
2.9620

66887
14744
29238
13062

126
9)2.9472
11)6.8671
(14)1.6000
16)3.7281
18 8. 6865
21)2.0239
(23)4.7158

233
54289
49337
95521
98564
57265
33428
50888
66357
41612

234
54756
128 12904
9)2.9982 19536
(
(11)7.0158 33714
(14)1.6417 05089
(16)3.8415 89909
(18)8.9893 20386
21)2.1035 00970
(23)4. 9221 92271

(56)6.5545 38287

(56)7.2640 79321

1)1.5297
6.1622
3.9111
2.9774

05854
40148
45426
41049

1)1.5264
6.1534
3.9069
2.9748

33752
49494
60138
91866

134
9)3.2085
(11)7.6363
(14)1.8174
16)4.3255
(19 1.0294
21 2. 4501
(23)5.8313

238
56644
81272
42736
31712
46947
23735
74649
49664
56201

239
57121
136 51919
9)3.2628 08641
(
(11)7.7981 12652
(14)1.8637 48924
(16)4.4543 59928
(19)1. 0645 92023
21 2.5443 74934
(23)6.0810 56093

(57)1.0910 55818

(57)1.2065 61943

1)1.5459
6.2058
3.9318
2.9900

62483
21795
72942
57776

1)1.5427
6.1971
3.9277
2.9875

24862
54435
53635
51438

143
9)3.4867
(
(11)8.4728
(14)2.0589
(16 5. 0031
19)1.2157
(21)2.9543
(23)7.1789

243
59049
48907
84401
86094
11321
54510
66546
12707
79877

244
59536
145 26784
9)3.5445 35296
(
11 8. 6486 66122
(14)2.1102 74534
16)5.1490 69863
19 1.2563 73046
(21)3.0655 50233
(23)7.4799 42569

(57)1.7970 10300

(57)1.9831 51223

1)1.5620
6.2487
3.9522
3.0024

49935
99770
77742
65081

1)1.5524
6.2230
3.9400
2.9950

1747 )
8425 5
7293 )
4539 )

10

245
60025
147 06125
9)3.6030 00625
11 8. 8273 51531
14 2. 1627 01125
16 5. 2986 17757
19 1.2981 6135C
21)3.1804 9530E
(23)7.7922 13506

148
9)3.6621
(
(11 9. 0089
14)2.2162
16 5. 4518
(19)1.3411
21)3.2992
(23)8.1161

24 3
6051
8693 j
8625 3
7819 )
0863 5
7324 L
6081 7
5561 L
6880 >

247
61009
150 69223
(
9)3.7220 98081
11)9.1935 82260
(14)2.2708 14818
(16)5.6089 12601
(19)1.3854 01412
(21)3.4219 41489
(23)8.4521 95477

248
61504
152 52992
9)3.7827 42016
(
(11)9.3812 00200
(14)2.3265 37650
(16)5.7698 13371
(19)1.4309 13716
21)3.5486 66016
(23)8.8006 91719

249
62001
154 38249
9)3.8441 24001
(
(11)9.5718 68762
14)2.3833 95322
(16)5.9346 54351
(19)1.4777 28934
(21)3.6795 45044
(23)9.1620 67161

24

(57)2.1876 91225

(57)2.4123 6250 ?

(57)2.6590 52293

(57)2.9298 15956

(57)3.2268 91257

1)1.5491
6.2144
3.9359
2.9925

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

93338
65012
79343
55740

1)1.5652 47584
6.2573 24746
3.9563 2099E
3.

0049 22094

1)1.5684
6.2658
3.9603
3. 0073

3871 \
2655 a
5189 b
7109 3

1)1.5556
6. 2316
3.9441
2. 9975

1)1.5716
6.2743
3.9643
3.0098

n 2 [(-6)91

23365
05357
70523
12147

1)1.5588
6.2402
3.9482
3.0000

1)1.5748
6.2827
3.9683
3.0122

n 3 [(-6)31

n 4 [(-6)21
4

45727
51469
22039
00000

01575
61305
76966
45305

1)1.5779
6.2911
3.9723
3.0146

n5

-(-6)1"
L

73384
94552
71312
70627

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

34

POWERS AND ROOTS

Table 3.1

n><

k
251

252

6300]
13251
2600]
06263
89072
7857C
96121
44264
53103

63504
160 03006
9)4.0327 58016
(
(12)1.0162 55020
(14)2.5609 6265C
(16)6.4536 2587S
(19)1.6263 13722
(21)4.0983 10576
(24)1.0327 74266

161 94277
9)' .0971 52081
(
(12)] .0365 79476
(14)2 .6225 46076
(16)6 .6350 41571
(19)] .6786 65517
(21)' .2470 23759
(24)] .0744 97011

163
9)4.1623
(
12)1.0572
(14 2.6853
(16)6.8208
(19 1.7324
(21)4.4005
(24)1.1177

(57)4.3014 3117 c

(57)4 .7303 41643

(57)5.2000 70108

10

250
62500
156 25000
9)3.9062 50000
11)9.7656 25000
14)2.4414 06250
16)6.1035 15625
19 1.5258 78906
21)3.8146 97266
23)9.5367 43164

158
9 3. 9691
(
11 ) 9. 9625
(14 (2.5005
(16 16.2764
(19 ) 1.5753
(21 3.9542
(23 ) 9. 9251

24

57)3.5527 13679

(57)3.9099 33001

l
2

3
4
5

6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.5811
6.2996
3.9763
3. 0170

38830
05249
53644
88168
255
65025

1)1.5842
6.3079
3.9803
3.0194

97952
93549
24047
97986

1)1.5874
6.3163
3.9842
3.0219

253
64009

50787
59596
82604
00136

1)1 .5905 97372

:
:

258
66564

10

9)4.2282
12)1.0782
14)2.7494
16)7.0110
19)1.7878
21)4.5589
24)1.1625

50625
03909
19969
20921
10335
16354
23670

256
65536
167 77216
9 14.2949 67296
(
(12 1.0995 11626
(14 2.8147 49767
(16 17.2057 59404
(19 (1.8446 74407
(21 4.7223 66483
(24 (1.2089 25820

66049
169 7459;
9)4.3624 7040]
(
(12)1.1211 5489;
(14)2.8813 68075
(16)7.4051 1595;
(19)1.9031 1480C
(21)4.8910 05036
(24)1.2569 8829'

(l2)]
(14)5
(16)"
(19)]
(21)5
(24)]

24

57)5.7143 17018

(57 (6.2771 01735

(57)6.8927 88615

(57)" .5661 15089

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.5968 71942
6. 3413 25705
3.9960 88015
3. 0290 61117

1
2

260
67600
175 76000
9)4.5697 60000
12)1.1881 37600
14)3.0891 57760
16)8.0318 10176

1
2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

165 81375

1)1.6000
6. 3496
4.0000
3.0314

00000
0420E
00000
33133

10

19)2.0882 70646
21)5.4295 03679
24)1.4116 70957

261
68121
177 79581
9 4. 6404 70641
(
(12 1.2111 62837
(14 3.1611 35005
(16 8.2505 62364
19 2.1533 96777
(21 5.6203 65588
(24 1. 4669 15418

24

57)9.1066 85770

(57 9.9855 54265

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.6124 51550
6.3825 04299
4.0155 34273
3. 0408 47703

4
5

6
7
8
9

265
70225
09625
50625
60916
81426
30780
19157
50765
85453

10

186
9)4.9315
12)1.3068
14)3.4631
16)9.1774
19)2.4320
21)6.4448
24)1.7078

24

58)1.4384 70548

4
5

6
7

8
9

1)1.6278
6.4231
4. 0347
3.0524

82060
58289
02045
54329

10

196
9)5.3144
12)1.4348
14)3.8742
17 1.0460
19)2.8242
21 7. 6255
24)2.0589

270
72900
83000
10000
90700
04890
35320
95365
97485
11321

24

58)2.2528 39954

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3

4
5

6
7
8

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.6431
6.4633
4.0536
3.0638

67673
04070
00464
87063

1.6155
6. 3906
4. 0193
3. 0431

1.

2.
1.

n2

4618 57897

6462
6.4712
4.0573
3. 0661

3"

264
69696
99744
32416
88558
05793
35293
62117
43990
20413

(58)] .1993 27974

1)1.6186 41406
6.3988 2791C
4.
3.

0232 3427E
0455 11602

07763
73627
48596
53254

1)1.6340 1346'
6.4392 76696
4.0422 9324(
3.

268
71824
48832
86976
28110
75334
69894
05132
29753
83974

269
72361
194 65109
9)5.2361 14321
(
(12)1.4085 14752
(14)3.7889 04684
(17)1.0192 15360
(19)2.7416 89318
(21)7.3751 44266
(24)1.9839 13808

.0460 72854

1)1.6401
6.4553
4. 0498
3. 0616

21947
14811
41906
14147

(.0593 34462

272

273
74529
203 46417
9):>.5545 71841
(
(12)] .5163 98113
(14)' .1397 66847
..1301 56349
( 17)
(19): i. 0853 26834
(21)! i. 4229 42256
(24); .2994 63236

274
75076
205 70824
9)5.6364 05776
(
(12)1.5443 75183
14)4.2315 88000
17)1.1594 55112
(19)3.1769 07007
21)8.7047 25200
(24)2.3850 94705

(58)2 .9369 97176

(58)3.2063 69049

201 23648
9)5.4736 32256

27974
12086

94488
6500"
9682C
08735

'

(58)2.6893 89450
1)1.6492
6.4792
4.0610
3. 0684

4225C

23603
8637C
12765

.6522 71164
54117
6 .4871
'
L0648 13851
65640
: .0706

1)1

[(-6)31
4

(58)2.0608 89564
(

0570 4796]

(12)1.4888
14)4.0496
(17)1.1014
19 2. 9960
(21)8.1492
(24)2.2166

1.4473 05727

'

73984
(

1)5 ..6370 70554

t

>

(58)1.3136 94086
1)1.6248 07681
6.4150 68660
4. 0308 90325
3. 0501 47105

>

6.4069 58577
4. 0270 67760
.0478 32879

1)] .6217 27474

26"

"(-6)

183
9)4.8575
(
(12)1.2823
(14)3.3855
(16)8.9377
19)2.3595
(21)6.2292
(24)1.6445

(58)3 .8846 68868

17
19

04412
0156C
9320 c
6820"
9807C

(57)8.3022 21920

263
69169
91447
50561
84198
87440
25966
01029
72706
79122

181
9)4.7843
(
12)] .2582
(14): .3092
(16)8.7034
(19)2 .2890
(21)6.0200
(24)] .5832

4366 c

259
67081
173 73979
9)4.4998 60561
(
(12)1.1654 63886
(14 3. 0185 51463
(16 7. 8180 48289
19)2.0248 74507
(21)5.2444 24973
(24)1.3583 06068

47694
11088
67601
04982

(58)1.7229 40472

50643
27591
02994
54599

(58

(12)1.2345
(14)3.2345
(16)8.4744
(19)2.2202
(21)5.8171
(24)1.5240

37745
25531
64507
81647

1)1.6093
6.3743
4. 0116
3. 0385

5745 60235

1.6309
6.4312
4. 0385
3.0547

(21
(24

12

(14

1)1.5937
6.3330
3. 9921
3.0266

6.3660 96760
4. 0077 89716
55014
: .0361

1)3 .6062 37840

262

6864'
179 8472E
9)4.7119 98736

(58)1.0945 38372

49442
76528
89807
83226

271
73441
199 02511
5. 3935 80481
1.4616 60310
3.9610 99441
1.0734 57949
2.9090 71041
7.8835 82520
2.1364 50863

66096
37653
95144
81472
68820
75555
63693

192
(
9)5 >. 1586
12)] .3825
(14): .7051
(16)' .9298
(19)2 .6612
(21)" .1320
(24)] ..9113

16 9.4226
19 2.5064

2195'
6118C
0054]
97746

9)4.4307
.1431
.9492
.6091
.9631
.0649
.3067

7128 c
190 3416:
9)5.0821 2152]
(
12 1.3569 26446
(14)3.6229 93611
(16)9.6733 92942
19)2.5827 95915
(21)6.8960 65094
(24)1.8412 4938C

(21 6.6670
(24 1. 7734

1)1.6031
6.3578
4.0039
3. 0337

171 73512

266
70756
21096
11536
05469
36546
15213
15647
65620
39455

188
9 5.0064
12 1.3317
14 3.5423

(58

257

.3247 03543
.9882 29397
.0242 94671

254
64516
87064
14256
27821
58665
11010
85997
14431
30666

1)1.6552
6.4950
4. 0685
3. 0729

[(-6)21

n5

-(-6)11

94536
65288
31106
11923

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

I

OW ERS A ND

I (00' rS

35

nk

Table 3.1

275
75625
207 96875
9)5.7191 40625

27;

278
77284
84952
16656
43030
31624
56792
53881
21788
71057

10

12)1.5727
'14)4.3251
,17)1.1894
19)3.2708
21)8.9948
'24)2.4735

00098
02527
56949
56609
85568

276
76176
210 24576
(
9)5.8027 82976
(12)1.6015 68101
(14)4.4203 27960
(17)1.2200 10517
19)3.3672 29027
(21 9. 2935 52114
(24)2.5650 20383

7672 c
212 53932
39441
9)5.8873
(
(12)1.6307 93025
(14)4.5172 9668C
(17)1.2512 9118C
(19 3. 4660 7656 c
(21)9.6010 32097
(24)2.6594 8589]

214
9)5.9728
(
(12)1.6604
(14)4.6160
(17 1.2832
(19)3.5674
(21)9.9175
(24)2.7570

24

(58)3.4993 28001

(58)3.8178 42160

(58)4.1640 35826

(58)4.5402 01230

2
3

4
5

6
7

8
9

1/2

1/3
1/4
1/5

63672

1)1.6583 12395
6.5029 57234
4. 0722 38199
3. 0751 51657

1)1.6613
6.5108
4.0759
3. 0773

280
78400

2
3

219 5200C

9
10

9)6.1465
12)1.7210
14)4.8189
17)1.3492
19)3.7780
22)1.0578
24)2.9619

24

58)5.3925 3226'

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.6733 2005.'
6. 5421 3262(
4.0906 2348 c

4
5

6
7
8

3.

221

6000(
3680C
0304C
92851
1998:
4559!
6766"

'

9)6.2348
(
(12)1.7519
(14)4.9230
17)1.3833
(19)3.8873
(22)1.0923
(24)3.0694

24773
30071
35196
84885
281
78961
88041
39521
89905
91634
88749
22385
37590
68629

(58)5.8742 39885
(

0862 5357"

1)1.6763
6.5499
4. 0942
3. 0884

05461
11620
70950
54901

286
81796
233 93656

28!

2
3

10

8122?
231 4912!
9)6.5975 0062!
12)1.8802 87676
14)5.3588 1988:
17)1.5272 6366"
19 4. 3527 0145C
22)1.2405 19912
24) 3. 5354 8175:

9)6.6905
(12)1.9135
14)5.4726
(17)1.5651
(19)4.4763
(22)1.2802
(24)3.6615

24

58)8.2466 3248C

(58)8.9698 4203 c

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.6881 94302
6.5808 4436!
4. 1087 64171

4
5

6
7

8
9

3.

10

243
9)7.0728
12)2.0511
14)5.9482
17)1.7249
19)5.0024
22)1.4507
24)4.2070

24

59)1.2518 49006

3
(

7
8

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

(
(

(24)3.1804

(58)6.3970 33126
1)1.6792
6.5576
4.0979
3. 0906

85562
72186
08689
49967

236
9)6.7846
(
(12)1.9471
(14)5.5884
(17)1.6038
(19)4.6031
(22)1.3211
(24)3.7915

82369
39903
52161
9517C
50136
8519C
50495
04192
69031

(58)9.7536 1304C
07435
02284
53637
32807

248
9)7.2699
(
(12)2.1228
14)6.1986
(17)1.8100
(19)5.2852
(22)1.5432
(24)4.5063

292
85261
97086
49696
25311
49909
0577:
16856
83322
87302

29] .

1
'

(59)1.3596 6442!

(59)1.4763 46962
1)1.7088 0074 c
6. 6342 87437

(22)1.7443 1694'
(24)5.1631 78155

(14)6.8633
17)2.0384
(19)6.0541
22)1.7980
(24)5.3402

(59)2.0464 4965"

(59)2.2189 8713]

1)1.7175
6. 6569
4.1443
3.1186

56404
30232
41207
33956

1)1.7058 7221]
6. 6267 0538"

1)1.7204 6505."
6. 6644 4370:
4.1478 4890'
3.1207 4542;

4
64

n [(-6)71

1)1.7233
6.6719
4.1513
3.1228

1)1.6822
6. 5654
4.1015
3. 0928

60384
14427
36766
38815

238
9)6.8797
(
(12)1.9813
(14)5.7063
(17)1.6434
(19)4.7330
(22)1.3631
(24)3.9257

288
82944
87872
07136
55655
04287
15635
37028
14664
70232

9028 c
26916
2794C
75996
85715

6879'
40272
47726
5119]

1)1.6970
6.6038
4.1195
3.1036

56275
54498
34288
91148

"(-6)21

)
)

279
77841
17639
21281
22737
58437
19804
16253
25135
67126

(58)4.9488 11121
(

1)1.6703 29309
6. 5343 35077
4. 0869 66245
3. 0840 45954

229
9 6.5053
(
(12 11.8475
(14 15.2469
(17 1.4901
(19 4. 2320
(22 11.2018
(24 3. 4133

284
80656
06304
90336
30855
87629
44487
10342
90937
70262

(58)7.5794 93086
(

1)1.6852
6.5731
4.1051
3. 0950

29955
38451
55240
21484
289
83521

241 37569
9 6.9757 57441
(
(12 2.0159 93900
(14 5. 8262 22372
17 1. 6837 78266
(19 4. 8661 19188
(22 1. 4063 08445
(24 4. 0642 31407

(59)1.1522 54005
(

1)1.7000
6. 6114
4.1231
3. 1058

00000
89018
05626
43502

293
85849
251 53757
9)7.3700 50801
(
(12)2.1594 24885
(14)6.3271 14912
(17)1.8538 44669
(19)5.4317 64881
(22)1.5915 07110
(24)4.6631 15833

294
86436
12184
82096
9
(
27536
(12
90956
(14
90541
(17
(19 5.5818 56191
22 1.6410 65720
(24 4. 8247 33217

(59)1.6025 91698

(59 1.7391 45550

254
7.4711
2. 1965
6. 4577
1.8985

1)1.7117
6. 6418
4.1372
3.1143

24277
52195
98970
93785

264
9)7.8861
(
(12 2.3500
(14)7.0032
(17)2.0869
(19)6.2191
(22)1.8533
(24)5.5228

298
88804
63592
50416
72824
17015
58671
36838
02778
42278

267 30899
9 7.9925 38801
(
(12 2. 3897 69101
(14 7.1454 09613
(17 2.1364 77474
19 6.3880 67649
(22 1.9100 32227
(24 5.7109 96358

(59)2.4054 16789

(59 2.6068 04847

1)1.7262
6. 6794
4.1548
3. 1249

67650
20032
37723
51295

58) 6. 9642 51599

4.

>

1337 64325
3.1122 65011

1302 2058!1
3.1101 3039c
4.

716-654

'

226
9)6.4142
(
12)1.8152
(14)5.1371
(17)1.4538
19)4.1142
(22)1.1643
(24)3.2950

(59)1.0602 77893

1)1.6941
6.5962
4.1159
3.1015

>

287

297

59)1.8868 10930

224
9)6.3240
(
(12 1.7833
(14)5.0291
17)1.4182
(19)3.9993
(22)1.1278

8820 c
261 9807:
2768]
9)7.7808
(
(12)2.3109 0582]

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

8468:i
4217]
7176]
23682
65916
58482
4018]
6279;
1572"

283
80089
65187
47921
32162
07017
01286
57639
34912
67801

29( >

7
8
9

246
9)7.1708
(
0867
2.
(12
14)6.0723
(17)1.7670
(19)5.1421
22)1.4963
(24)4.3544

282
79524
25766
66576
86774
50704
20496
81806
25669
68387

87616
259 34336
9)7.6765 63456
(
(12)2.2722 6278;
(14)6.7258 9783!
(17)1.9908 6576C
(19)5.8929 6264 c

24

1)1.6673 33200
6. 5265 18879
4. 0832 99156
3. 0818 31992

295

10

(
(

4856(,
1090C

3.

0796 22161
0796 1165C

87025
72375
50625
38434
08381
58973
63969
91371
74544

256
9)7.5733
12)2.2341
14)6.5907
17)1.9442
19)5.7355
22 1.6919
24)4.9913

4.

38637
05946
67707
89906

9358 c

1)1.6643 31696
6.5186 83915

1)1.7029
6.6191
4.1266
3.1079

2
3

314K

7258.1

5345;
3227!
6361!1
6844:I

29C

8410C
8900C
1000C
1490C
3321C
8763]
6413C
14596
72332

85616 >
0748(j

1)1.6911
6.5885
4.1123
3.0993

0971 98013

217
9 6.0592
(
12 (1.6905
(14 4.7165
(17 1.3159
(19 3. 6714
(22 1.0243
(24 12.8578

1)1.7146 42820
6. 6493 99761
4. 1408 24580
3.1165 16755
299
89401

1.7291
6. 6868
4.1583
3. 1270

[(-6)11

ra

[(-7)

*1
J

61647
83077
18947
45768

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

36

Tabl e 3.1

OW ERS

A ND

B OO'rs n k

300

301

10

90000
270 00000
9)8.1000 00000
(
(12)2.4300 00000
(14)7.2900 00000
(17)2.1870 00000
(19)6.5610 00000
(22)1.9683 00000
(24)5.9049 00000

90601
272 70901
9)8.2085 41201
(
(12)2.4707 70902
14 7. 4370 2041'
17 2. 2385 4314'
19 6. 7380 14865
(22)2.0281 4247'
(24)6.1047 08846

24

(59)2.8242 95365

(59)3.0591 1563 c

1
2
3

4
5

6
7

8
9

1)1.7320
6. 6943
4.1617
3.1291

50808
29501
91450
34645

10

283
9)8.6536
(12)2.6393
(14)8.0500
(17)2.4552
(19)7.4885
(22)2.2840
(24)6.9662

305
93025
72625
50625
63441
58494
67841
66914
12909
39372

24

(59)4.1994 86063

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.7464
6.7313
4.1790
3. 1394

24920
15497
24910
96244

10

310
96100
297 91000
9)9.2352 10000
(
(12 2. 8629 15100
(14)8.8750 36810
(17)2.7512 61411
(19)8.5289 10374
(22)2.6439 62216
(24)8.1962 82870

24

(59)6.2041 26610

1
2
3

4
5
6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.7606
6. 7678
4.1960
3. 1497

81686
99452
47767
22833

1)1.7349 3515"
6.7017 59395
4. 1652 55283
3.1312 17958

286
9)8.7677
(
(12)2.6829
14)8.2097
17)2.5121
(19)7.6872
(22)2.3523
(24)7.1980

306
93636
52616
00496
16352

24036
75555
5719 c
0070:
40151

>

(59)4.5427 01868
(

1)1.7492
6.7386
4.1824
3. 1415

300

9)9.3549
(12)2.9093
(14)9.0482
(17)2.8139
19)8.7515
22)2.7217
(24)8.4645
(

1)1.7635
6.7751
4. 1994
3.1517

19)6.9191 94576
(22)2.0895 96762
(24)6.3105 82221
(59)3.3125 81949

(59)3.5861 05682

1)1.7378
6.7091
4.1687
3.1332

307
94249
289 34443
9)8.8828 74001
(
12)2.7270 42318
(14) 3.3720 19917
(17). !.5702 10115
19)-7. 8905 45052
(22) ?. 4223 97331
(24) 1. Vbl 59806
(59) J.9127 08679

31]

312

9672]
8023]
5184]
9002:
0297C
9112'
1239!
20355
5030;

303
4758
9564
3.2241
>.8779
3.9791
'.8015
3.7406

97344
71328
54336
66553
75645
42801
81540
04640
94478

64101

46136
52236

9)

).

(12)
(14)
(17)
(19)
(22)
(24)

>.

)
\

(59)7.2395 28072

1920<
68952
2759]
5229!

1)1.7663 52173
3.7824 22886
\. 2027 99273
3.1537 76544

315

31*

99225
55875
00625
64197
97220
28624
85167
79328
59882

9985<i>

54496
20736
0575Z
62176
68446
24297
37676
07062

318
L. 0098
3.2010
L. 0147
3.2167
L.0197
3.2324
L.0246

3
4

312

10

9)9.8456
(
(12)3.1013
(14)9.7692
(17)3.0773
(19)9.6935
(22)3.0534
(24)9.6184

24

(59)9.1086 34822

6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.7748
6.8040
4.2128
3.1598

23935
92116
65931
18306

02400
68000
76000
43200
41824
73837
11628
37209
99907

327

4
5

10

(10)1.0485
(12)3.3554
(15)1.0737
(17)3.4359
(20 1.0995
(22 3. 5184
(25)1.1258

24

(60)1.3292 27996

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

(22

3.

1418

(24)9.9282

1)1.7888
6.8399
4.2294
3.1697

54382
03787
85054
86385

(59)9.8285 62026
(

1)1.7776 38882
6.8112 84606
4.2162 05502
3.1618 2199'/

320

1
2

315

9)9.9712
(
(12)3.1509
(14 9. 9568
(17)3.1463
19)9.9425

330
(10)1.0617
12)3.4082
15)1.0940
(17)3.5118
(20)1.1273
(22)3.6186
(25)1.1615

321
03041
76161
44766
00706
32426
44089
01953
39266
83205

(60)1.4325 86246
(

1)1.7916 47287
6.8470 21276

>

(10)
(12)
(15)
(17)
(20)
22)
(25)

7804
3.8184
1.2195
3.1638

1)

L.

333
(10) L. 0750
(12) 3.4616
(15) L. 1146
(17) 3.5891
(20) L. 1557
(22) S. 7213
(25) L. 1982
(60)
(

2327 85474
3.1717 65030

L.

1)
i

n 2 [(-6)61

317
00489
55013
03912
78401
41853
31675
03941
61493
90293

(60) ..0602 84208

(

4.

14720
72852
10496
95743

41547
96712
58988
02859

91809
18127
92481
54422
81896
60015
22846
00722
83186

278
9) 8. 4288
(
12) 2.5539
(14) 7.7384
(17) 2. 3447
(19) 7.1046
(22) 2.1527
(24) 6.5226

1)1.7521
3.7459
\. 1858
5. 1436

85568

(59)6.7026 93135
(

303

302

91204
275 43608
9)8.3181 69616
(
(12)2.5120 87224
(14)7.5865 03417
(17)2.2911 24032

49381
61941
37156
20622
322
03684
86248
37186
19738
41556
45809
04950
69940
81121

5436 21862

1.7944
3.8541
1.2360
3.1737

35844
24002
78192
38749

1)1.7406
6.7165
4.1721
3.1353

280

9)8.5407
(12)2.5963
(14)7.8929
17)2.3994
(19)7.2943
(22)2.2174
(24)6.7411

8951 c
69962
57136
6803C

(59)3.8811 99856
1)1.7435 59577
(
6.7239 50814
4. 1755 95260
3. 1374 34853

306

94864
(

9)

(12)
(14)
(17)
(19)
(22)
(24)

292
8.9991
2.7717
8.5369
2.6293
8. 0985
2.4943
7.6825

18112
78496
4697"
80686
90052
2136C

295

9)9.1166
(
(12)2.8170
(14)8.7046
(17)2.6897
(19)8.3112
(22)2.5681
(24)7.9356

4457 c
81302

(59)5.3115 00125
(

1)1.7549
6.7533
4. 1892
3. 1456

92877
1341"
63512

(
'

48146

1)1.7578
6.7606
4. 1926
3.1476

312\
t

6429"
2496]
50512
91105

309

36216
16356
6111
<:

(59)7.8174 3180C
1)1.7691
6. 7896
4.2061
3.1557

(10)
(12
(15
(17)
(20)
(22)
(25)

316
1 01124
321 57432
1.0226 06336
3.2518 88154
1. 0341 00433
3.2884 39376
1. 0457 23722
3.3254 01435
1. 0574 77656

7832
6.8256
4.2228
3.1658

1) 1.

(10)
(12)
(15
17)
20)
22)

336
1.0884
3.5157
1.1355
3.6679
1.1847
3.8266
1.2360

1)

1.7972
6.8612
4.2393
3.1757

1)1.7720
6.7968
4. 2095
3. 1578

324
(10)1.0355
12)3.3033
(15)1.0537
(17)3.3615
(20)1.0723
(22)3.4207
(25)1.0912

323
04329
98267
54024
06498
73199
01432
32163
84885
19218

1)1.7860
6.8327
4.2261
3. 1678

340
(10)1.1019
(12)3.5704
15)1.1568
(17)3.7481
20)1.2143
(22)3.9346
(25)1.2748

"( -6)1"

n5

04515
84386
18398
09519
319
01761
61759
30112
41058
65797
12894
22613
09136
06214

57110
71452
76889
02787
324
04976
12224
96058
67227
31381
33676
95311
40808
23622

(60)1.7909 36736

20076
12036
63249
07571

1)1.8000
6. 8682
4.2426
3.1776

"(-6)2-

314
98596
59144
71216
47762
85972
91395
16981
36732
37339

(60)1.2330 37808

55450
24197
6093E
14209

(60) 1.6628 78568

(

39583
14302
59756
88127

(59)8.4393 99655

80601
61336
6286]
9560 c

(60) 1. 1435 38734

(

9)9.7211
(12)3.0524
14)9.5846
(17)3.0095
(19)9.4501
(22)2.9673
(24)9.3174
(

(24) 9.0249 2030'

309
95481
03629
21361
36001
41242
34144
78504
85058
91828

(59)5.7412 10972

9796 c
306
(
9) 9.5979
(12) 3. 0041
(14) 9.4029
(17) 2. 9431
(19 9.2120
(22) 2. 8833

304
92416
94464
17056
77985
89074
68679
84783
92974
78641

-(-7)71
L

00000
85455
40687
71523

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

P ow ERS A ND R 001 'S
i

37

nfc

Table 3.1

k
1

325
05625
28125
64063
08203
20166
65540
06300
95476
21030

10

343
10)1.1156
12)3.6259
15)1.1784
17 3. 8298
20)1.2447
22)4. 0452
25)1.3147

24

60)1.9284 15722

4
5

6
7
8

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1

2
3

1)1.8027
6.8753
4.2459
3. 1796

75638
44335
10547
30632

330
1 08900
359 37000
10)1.1859 21000

39300
67969
44298
08618
48440
78985

10

12)3.9135
15)1.2914
17)4.2618
20)1.4064
22)4.6411
25)1.5315

24

60)2.7818 55434

5
6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.8165
6.9104
4.2621
3.1893

1
2

90212
23230
47595
54454
335
12225
95375
45063
40959
12221
30942
01865
76249
15044

10

375
10)1.2594
12)4.2191
15)1.4134
17)4.7349
20)1.5862
22)5.3137
25)1.7801

24

60)3.9909 41565

4
5
6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3

1/4
1/5

1)1.8303
6.9451
4.2782
3. 1989

00522
49558
01166
61118

340
15600
04000
36000
42400
04416
35014
93905
99277
77754

10

393
10)1.3363
12)4.5435
15 1.5448
17)5.2523
20)1.7857
22 6. 0716
25)2.0643

24

60)5.6950 03680

4
5
6

7
8
9

326
06276
45976
58818
35745
43653
20309
77221
07739
38723

327
l 06929
349 65783
10)1.1433 81104
12)3.7388 56210
15)1.2226 05981
17 3. 9979 21557
20)1.3073 20349
22 4. 2749 37542
25)1.3979 04576

328
l 07584
352 87552
(10)1.1574 31706
(12 3. 7963 75994
15)1.2452 11326
(17)4.0842 93150
(20)1.3396 48153
22)4.3940 45942
(25)1.4412 47069

329
1 08241
356 11289
(10)1.1716 11408
12)3.8546 01533
15 1.2681 63904
(17)4.1722 59245
20)1.3726 73292
(22)4.5160 95129
(25)1.4857 95298

(60)2.0759 76350

60)2.2343 23554

(60)2.4042 09169

(60)2.5864 34894

346
(10)1.1294
(12 3. 6820
(15)1.2003
(17)3.9131
(20)1.2756
(22)4.1587
(25)1.3557

1)1.8055
6.8823
4.2491
3.1815

47009
88750
72871
84924

09561
64691
61272
95811
27813
73062
67184
70378
28495

332
1 10224
365 94368
10)1.2149 33018
12)4.0335 77618
15)1.3391 47769
17)4.4459 70594
20)1.4760 62237
22)4.9005 26628
25)1.6269 74840

333
1 10889
369 26037
(10)1.2296 37032
(12)4.0946 91317
15 1.3635 32209
(17)4.5405 62254
20 1.5120 07231
(22 5. 0349 84078
(25)1.6766 49698

(60)2.9913 81825

60)3.2159 84959

(60)3.4566 99320
1)1.8248 28759
(
6.9313 00768
4.2718 01446
3.1951 32308

1)1.8083
6. 8894
4.2524
3.1835

331

362
(10)1.2003
(12)3.9731
(15)1.3151
(17)4.3530
(20 1.4408
22)4.7692
(25)1.5786

1)1.8193
6.9173
4.2653
3.1912

379
(10)1.2745
(12)4.2824
(15)1.4389
17)4.8347
20)1.6244
22 5. 4582
(25)1.8339

40540
96417
72832
85058

1)1.8220
6.9243
4. 2685
3. 1932

336
12896
33056
50682
90290
16737
60238
79440
50918
72309

382

10)1.2897
12 4. 3465

15)1.4648
17)4.9363
20)1.6635
22)5.6062
25)1.8892

1)1.8330
6.9520
4.2813
3.2008

30278
53290
90286
68669

1)1.8357
6.9589
4. 2845
3.2027

17649
53607
28720
61510
13598
58641
12314
36236
34029

(60)7.0316 76479

24

60)8.0845 95243

(60)8.6661 53376

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.8574 17562
7.0135 79083
4. 3097 76748
3.2178 35355

1)1.8466
6. 9863
4.2972
3.2103

1)1.8601
7.0203
4. 3128
3.2196

(-6)51
4

n3

24201
90657
76961
19552
347
20409
81923
32728
19567
29090
79941
14939
91840
15168

60)9.2876 83235

07524
48952
96386
98608

1)1.8627 93601
7. 0271 05788
4.3160 09269
3.2215 57557

[H5)21
4

n4

(10)1.2444
(12)4.1565
(15 1.3882
(17)4.6368
20)1.5487
(22)5.1727
(25)1.7276

1)1.8520
7.0000
4.3035
3.2140

35715
35942
15020
19165

74114
43539
85542
73711
15819
10837
85420

(60)3.7146 26935
(

1)1.8275
6.9382
4.2750
3.1970

389

(10)1.3206
(12)4.4771
(15)1.5177
(17)5.1451
(20 1.7442
(22)5.9128
(25)2.0044

66688
32074
04899
49006
339
14921
58219
83624
17486
42828
48186
05235
55747
58098

(60)5.3063 11693
(

1)1.8411
6.9726
4.2909
3.2065

343
1

407
(10)1.4003
4.
8171
(12
15 1.6571
(17)5.7004
20 1.9609
22 6. 7456
(25)2.3205

95264
82649
15128
64201
344
18336
07584
40890
72660
07395
49439
54607
83848
15244

(60)7.5405 43015

25918
00000
17071
95850

1)1.8547
7.0067
4.3066
3.2159

23699
96121
50321
67776

21801
08549
48360
83777
76738
48816
15737
95921
37377

348
1 21104
421 44192
(10)1.4666 17882
(12)5.1038 30228
(15)1.7761 32919
(17)6.1809 42559
20)2.1509 68011
(22)7.4853 68677
(25)2.6049 08300

425
(10)1.4835
(12)5.1775
15 1.8069
(17)6.3063
(20)2.2009
22)7.6811
(25)2.6807

(60)9.9518 04932

(61)1.0661 30203

1)1.8654
7.0338
4.3191
3.2234

349

75811
49656
15431
12226

1)1.8681
7.0405
4. 3222
3.2252

77631
19768
47230
70186

60)6.5558 12822

10

8
9

1)1.8384
6.9658
4. 2877
3.2046

1)1.8138
6.9034
4.2589
3. 1874

334
1 11556
372 59704

(60)4.9431 16051
(

25)2.1890 77114

417
10)1.4498
12)5.0309
15)1.7457
17)6.0576
20 2. 1020
22 7. 2939
25)2.5310

386
(10)1.3051
(12)4.4114
(15)1.4910
17)5.0398
(20)1.7034
(22)5.7577
(25)1.9461

338
14244
14472
69154
71739
77448
41774
66520
16836
08291

(60)6.1108 98859

346
1 19716
414 21736
(10)1.4331 92066
12)4.9588 44547
(15 1.7157 60213
(17)5.9365 30338
(20)2.0540 39497
(22 7. 1069 76659
(25)2.4590 13924

2
3
4
5
6

77028
34481
75067
79164

403
(10)1.3841
12 4. 7475
(15)1.6284
17)5.5854
(20)1.9158
(22)6.5712
(25)2.2539

345
1 19025
410 63625
10)1.4166 95063
12)4.8875 97966
15)1.6862 21298
17)5.8174 63479
20 2. 0070 24900
22)6.9242 35905
25)2.3888 61387

08891
32047
76026
53751

55975
43337
72295
71684

1)1.8110
6.8964
4.2556
3.1854

342
1 16964
400 01688
10)1.3680 57730
12)4.6787 57435
15)1.6001 35043
17)5.4724 61847
20 1.8715 81952
22)6.4008 10274

1)1.8493
6.9931
4.3003
3.2122

1)1.8439
6.9795
4.2940
3.2084

337
13569
72753
91776
98285
03622
88207
62826
06723
91666

341
16281
51821
27096
53398
66909
30158
47684
24602
04689

396
(10)1.3521
6107
4.
(12
(15)1.5722
(17)5.3614
(20 1.8282
(22)6.2343
(25)2.1259

18531
68028
29958
38860

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

86716
55573
90770
11001

60)4.6038 12427

(60)4.2868 93134
(

14132
18774
27697
34426

"(-6)11

-(-7)6"
L

54169
80617
14906
62636

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

38

POWERS AND ROOTS

Table 3.1

ra*

k
1

2
3
4

428
5006
2521
8382
4339
2518
8815
7585

9
10

[10)1.
(12)5.
15)1.
17)6.
20)2.
22)7.
(25)2.

24

(61)1. 1419 13124

6
7
8

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

6
7

8
9

7.
4.
3.

(10)1.
12)5.
15)2.
(17)7.
20 2.
'22

8.

447
5882
6382
0015
1055
5224
9547
1789

24

(61)1. 6050 20092

7.
4.
3.

466
6796
0466
1767
8364
8211
0155
6561

10
24

1/2
1/3

1/4
1/5

(10)1.
[12 6.
(15)2.
17)7.
20)2.
23)1.
(25)3.

7.

4.
3.

2
3

486
7748
4783
3645
6307
1502
1498
1969

10

\\li.
(15 2.
(17)8.
(20)3.
23)1.
25)4.

24

(61)3. 1262 86296

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1. 9104 97317

6
7

8
9

7.
4.
3.

361
30321
45881
56304
66258
14919
66858
14136
73503
97346

(61)2.3997 87825

1)1.9000
7.1203
4. 3588
3. 2471

490
(10)1.7944
'12)6.5675

15)2.4037
17)8.7976
20 3.2199
23)1.1785
(25)4.3133

00000
67359
98944
43191
366
33956
27896
20994
80837
34586
68585
46702
00493
11804

(61)3.3384 59019
1)1.9131
7. 1530
4. 3739
3.2560

12647
90095
14319
88625

10

[10)1.
12)6.
15)2.
'17)9.
20)3.
23)1.
(25)4.

371
1 37641
510 64811
(10)1.8945 04488
12)7.0286 11651
15)2.6076 14922
17)9.6742 51362
20)3.5891 47255
23)1.3315 73632
25)4.9401 38174

24

(61)4. 3335 25711

61)4.6235 31606

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1. 9235 38406

1)1.9261 36028
7. 1855 16151
4. 3887 76627
3.2649 36822

3
4
5

6
7

8
9

7.
4.
3.

1790 54352
3858 16237
2631 74848

29423
7661E
4660C
22125

357

44363
70945
73933
15199

31044
37928
52994
55837
57013
92387
57844
22740
32317

ra

1)1.8920
7.1005
4.3498
3.2417

362

474

(10)1.7172
(12)6.2164
15)2.2503
17)8.1462
(20)2.9489
23)1.0675
(25)3.8644

(61)2.5645 17652
(

1)1.9026
7.1269
4. 3619
3.2489

494

(10)1.8141
(12)6.6577
(15)2.4434
(17)8.9673
(20)3.2910
(23)1.2077
(25)4. 4326

29759
35967
14441
40172
367
34689
30863
12672
93507
10217
15496
04787
98757
21438

(61)3.5643 92671
(

1)1.9157
7.1595
4. 3768
3.2578

514
(10)1.9150
12 7. 1238
(15)2.6500
(17)9.8582
(20)3.6672
(23)1.3642
(25)5.0749

24406
98825
98909
65967
372
38384
78848
13146
48902
71791
67064
75348
26429
22317

(61)4.9320 85051
(

1)1.9287
7.1919
4.3917
3.2666

30152
66348
31039
95001

ra

1)1.8814 88772
7. 0740 43955
4.3376 13137
3. 2344 51567

359
28881

462 68279

(10)1.6610
(12)5.9631
(15 2.1407
(17)7.6853
(20)2.7590
(22)9.9048
(25)3.5558

31216
02066
53642
05573
24701
98676
58625

(61)2.1002 29556

88793

8845 c
1470C

2824"

'

363

1)1.8947
7.1071
4.3528
3.2435

29532
93661
49104
37249

2886C
61776
58523
21443

364
1 32496
482 28544
(10)1.7555 19002
(12)6.3900 89166
15)2.3259 92456
(17)8.4666 12541
(20)3.0818 46965
23)1.1217 92295
(25)4. 0833 23955

(61)2.7400 5323"

(61)2.9270 70667

478

(10)1.7363
(12)6.3027
(15)2.2879
(17)8.3051
(20)3.0147
(23)1.0943
(25)3.9725

3176 c
3214"
06936
94178
1428"
'

1)1.9052
7. 1334
4.3649
3.2507

5588E
9249C
2369"
33187

3542^
36032
6597E
9479E
30086
58715
31207
42684
9307E

36E

498

(10)1.8339
(12)6.7489
(15)2.4836
(17)9.1397
(20)3.3634
23 1.2377
(25)4.5548

(61)3.8049 38558
(

1)1.9183
7.1660
4.3798
3.2596

32609
95742
77406
39439

39129
95117
87864
15733
03168
27482
87507
89040
07120

1)1.9078
7.1400
4. 3679
3.2525

518

(10)1.9356
(12)7.2201
(15)2.6931
(18) 1.0045
(20)3.7468
(23)1.3975
(25)5.2130

(61)5.2603 17567
(

1)1.9313
7. 1984
4.3946
3.2684

20792
04996
79501
49404

(20)3.4372 48485
(23)1.2683 44691
(25)4.6801 91910
(61)4.0609 98114
(

1)1.9209
7.1725
4. 3828
3.2614

523

(10)1.9565
(12)7.3174
15 2. 7367
(18)1.0235
20)3.8280
23 1.4316
(25)5.3544

ra

37271
80900
49839
09059
374
39876
13624
29538
20471
15256
31506
07832
74929
64234

(61)5.6094 26383
(

1)1.9339
7.2048
4.3976
3.2702

[(-7) 81

78403
36982
26743
22254

369
1 36161
502 43409
(10)1.8539 81792
(12)6.8411 92813
(15)2.5244 00148
17)9.3150 36546

373

[(-6)21

35E

1)1.8894
7.0939
4. 3467
3.2399

Jr(- P 5 !
'

1)1.8788
7.0673
4.3345
3.2326

(61)1.9642 3135!

15)2.2133
17)7.9900
20)2.8844
23)1.0412
(25)3.7589

370
1

506
8741
9343
5657
4931
5124
2996
8085

(61)1.4999 55202

(61)1.8366 95605

1)1.8867 96226
7.0873 41061
4. 3437 26771
3.2380 98084

36900
53000
61000
95700
26409
87713
79454
17398
84372

(61)1.4014 99442

(61)1.7171 17251

1465 69499
3709 23607
2543 07394

66304
96671
73541
88532

82712
0109C
1190]
2326C
99273
3834C
35256
42022

470
(10)1.6983
12)6.1310

365
33225
27125
90063
48728
97286
80093
34734
35678
00224

1)1.8761
7.0606
4.3314
3.2307

2816<:

66596
1137 86609
3558 77175
2453 42223

(61)1.3092 54042
(

354
1 25316
443 61864
(10)1.5704 09986
(12)5.5592 51349
(15)1.9679 74978
17)6.9666 31421
(20)2.4661 87523
(22)8.7303 03831
(25)3.0905 27556

DL 8973

(10)1.5352
(12)5. 4039
(15)1.9021
(17)6.6957
(20)2.3569
(22)8.2962
(25)2. 9202

353

24609
86977
40288
73217
54146
35134
02402
3848C
25982

439
(10)1.5527
12)5.4811
(15)1.9348
(17)6.8300
(20)2.4110
(22)8.5108
(25)3.0043

458
(10)1.6426
(12)5.8805
(15)2.1052
17)7.5366
20)2.6981
(22)9.6593
(25)3.4580

12)5.7180
(15)2.0356
17)7.2468
20)2.5798
(22)9.1843
(25)3.2696

(61)2. 2452 25771

(

436

23904
14208
20122
74828
99139
40971
00822
90893
94394

1 27449
454 99293
(10)1.6243 2476C
(12 5. 7988 39391
15 2. 0701 85663
(17)7.3905 62819
20 2. 6384 30926
22)9.4191 98407
(25)3.3626 53831

451
(10)1.6062

29600
56000
16000
17600
82336
16410
09907
99567
58440

99400
04063
93928
50768

352
1

356
26736
18016
01370
76876
35368
61909
82840
82909
40316

360
1

6
7
8

1)1.8734
7.0540
4. 3283
3.2289

0806 98751
3406 73183
2362 76880

'

23201
43551
48640
48727
04703
16508
64494
64375
84096

(61)1.2228 43263

Dl. 8841 44368

20)2.3038
(22)8.0865
25) 2. 8383

355
26025
38875
30063
16722
66936
62624
74731
85297
48780

(25)3.

432
,10)1.5178
12 5. 3276
15 1.8700
17)6.5637

0472 98732
3253 07727
2271 08809

10

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1- 8708 28693

2
3
4
5

351

350
22500
75000
25000
87500
65625
29688
75391
63867
47354

"(-7)51

07961
32147
22040
00047

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS

39

nk

Table 3.1

10

375
40625
34375
39063
71484
14307
42865
60744
23)1.4664 97779
25)5.4993 66671

24

61)5.9806 78067

1
2

527
10)1.9775
12)7.4157
15)2.7809
18)1.0428
20)3.9106

4
5
6
7

8
9

1)1.9364
7.2112
4. 4005
3.2719

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1

2
3

91673
47852
58684
46950
380
44400
72000
36000
16800
36384
55826
92138
61013
11848

10

548
'10)2.0851
(12)7.9235
15)3.0109
18)1.1441
20)4.3477
23)1.6521
25)6.2782

24

(61)8.2187 60383

4
5
6

7
8
9

1)1.9493
7.2431
4.4151
3.2806

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

58869
56443
54436
25976
385
48225
66625
65063
00491
99689
90880
94889
31532
61399

10

570
10)2.1970
(12)8.4587
15)3.2565
'18)1.2537
20)4.8270
'23)1.8584
25)7.1549

24

'62)1.1247 53901

1)1.9621
7.2747
4.4296
3.2892

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2

593
10)2.3134
12)9.0224
15)3.5187
18)1.3723
20)5.3520
23)2.0872
25)8.1404

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
24

1)1.9748
7. 3061
4.4439
3.2977

(10)2.0200
(12 7. 6156
15)2.8710
(18)1.0824
(20)4.0806
(23)1.5384
(25)5.7998

(61)6.3754 12334
(

(
(

(61)6.7950 46060
48784
45124
14397
29605

1 45161

06341
71592
23766
91355
99506
72119
05577
98249

557
(10)2.1293
(12)8.1342
(15)3.1072
(18)1.1869
(20)4.5342
(23)1.7320
(25)6.6165

45924
42968
81378
36862
78481
80380
65051
89250
80933

71943
52160
89461
90130

553
10)2.1071
12)8.0283
15)3.0587
18)1.1653
20)4.4401
23)1.6917
25)6.4453

1)1.9519
7.2495
4.4180
3.2823

575

10)2.2199
12)8.5691
15)3.3076
18)1.2767
20)4.9283
23 1.9023
25)7.3429

386
48996
12456
80802
25894
82595
65482
14759
29497
91859

8827C
7942C
80423
2103C

390
52100
19000
41000
19900
43761
10067
09260
83612
06085

597
10)2.3372
12)9.1386
15)3.5732
18)1.3971
20)5.4627
23)2.1359
25)8.3515

52881
76471
60016
86663
26485
31556
84383
48694
59392

1)1.9544
7.2558
4.4209
3.2840

579

(10)2.2430
(12)8.6807
15 3. 3594
18)1.3000
(20 5. 0313
(23)1. 9471

(25)7.5354

(61)7.7150 90756

1)1.9442
7.2304
4.4093
3.2771

22210
26792
33520
65392

383
46689

(15)3.1564
(18)1.2089
(20)4.6300
(23)1.7733
(25)6.7918

387
49769
60603
75336
01551
31500
99991
86963
46755
57941

31557
61631
48416
24406

53664

584
(10)2.2663
(12)8.7934
(15)3.4118
( 18) 1.3237
(20)5.1363
(23 1.9929
(25)7.7324
(

1.

388
50544
11072
49594
36423
53332
99093
40480
00106
52413

3550 69013

1)1.9697 71560
7.2936 33030
4. 4382 10856
3. 2943 24265

566
(10)2.1743
(12)8.3494
15)3.2061
(18)1.2311
(20)4.7276
(23)1.8154
(25)6.9712

92233
97216
46858
97510
384
47456
23104
27194
16423
75907
71548
98745
36318
75461

(62)1.0566 94349
(

1)1.9595
7.2684
4.4267
3.2875

588

(10)2.2898
12 8. 9073
(15)3.4649
(18)1.3478
20)5.2432
(23)2. 0396

(25)7.9340

91794
82371
27679
03659
389
51321
63869
04504
39521
55074
67524
04667
06615
69734

(62)1.4414 19629
(

1)1.9723
7.2998
4.4410
3.2960

08292
93662
67768
20622

48959
10392
36874
60545
19734
29356

394
1 55236
611 62984
(10)2.4098 21570
(12)9.4946 96984
(15)3.7409 10612
(18)1.4739 18781
(20)5.8072 39997
(23)2.2880 52559
(25)9.0149 27082

62) 1. 7332 67559

(62)1.8425 58176

(62)1.9584 35730

(12)9.2561
15)3.6284
(18)1.4223
20)5.5755
(23)2.1856
(25)8.5676

62)

38579
67440
42876
89631

1)1.9467
7.2367
4.4122
3.2788

07278
06958
44937
98312
40260
38586

393
1 54449
606 98457
(10)2.3854 49360
(12)9.3748 15985
(15)3.6843 02682
(18)1.4479 30954
20)5.6903 68650
(23)2.2363 14879
(25)8.7887 17476

602 36288
(10)2.3612 62490

71993
82812
65109
0289E

1)1.9570
7.2621
4.4238
3.2857

392

62)1.6302 04837

04427
02895
98090
27568
44587

(61)9.9259 15535

82029
41507
52418
72019

1)1.9672
7.2873
4. 4353
3.2926

391

1)1.9773
7.3123
4. 4467
3.2994

(61)7.2410 77507

561 81887
(10)2.1517 66272
(12)8.2412 64822

(62)1.2736 88303

62)1.1970 03202
1)1.9646
7.2810
4.4324
3.2909

41766
43574
19178
13494

(12)7.8198
15 2. 9637
(18)1.1232
20)4.2570
(23)1.6134
(25)6.1149

(61)9.3222 49236

22130
04524
56280
50807

379
1 43641
544 39939
(10)2. 0632 73688

378
1 42884
540 10152
(10)2.0415 83746
(12)7.7171 86558
(15)2.9170 96519
18)1.1026 62484
(20)4.1680 64190
(23 1.5755 28264
(25)5.9554 96838

382

61)8.7538 56362
(

65264
46046
98559
04157
63671
10204
06469

1)1.9416
7.2240
4. 4064
3. 2754

1)1.9390
7.2176
4.4034
3.2736

381

377
42129

535 82633

41687
86349
06853
14120

^2)1.5330 29700

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

376
i 41376
531 57376
10)1.9987 17338
12)7.5151 77189
15)2.8257 06623
18)1.0624 65690
20)3.9948 70996
23)1.5020 71494
25)5.6477 88819

1)1.9798
7. 3186
4. 4496
3.3010

98987
11420
05586
88848

1)1.9824
7. 3248
4.4524
3. 3027

22760
29445
40634
71361

1)1.9849
7.3310
4.4552
3. 3044

43324
36930
70277
50453

399
1 59201
635 21199

10

616
10) 2. 4343
12)9.6158
15)3.7982
.18 1.5003
20)5.9262
23 2. 3408
25)9.2463

395
56025
29875
80063
01247
41493
05390
06289
51484
63362

396
1 56816
620 99136
10)2.4591 25786
12)9.7381 38111
15)3.8563 02692
18 1.5270 95866
20)6.0472 99629
23)2.3947 30652
25)9.4831 33387

397
1 57609
625 70773
(10)2.4840 59688
(12 9. 8617 16962
(15 3. 9151 01634
(18)1.5542 95349
(20)6.1705 52534
(23)2.4497 09356
(25)9.7253 46143

398
1 58404
630 44792
(10)2.5091 82722
(12)9.9865 47232
15)3.9746 45798
(18)1.5819 09028
20)6.2959 97930
(23)2.5058 07176
(25)9.9731 12562

(10)2.5344
(13)1.0112
(15)4.0349
(18)1.6099
(20 6. 4236
(23)2.5630
(26)1. 0226

24

(62)2.0812 78965

62)2.2114 87364

(62)2.3494 82217

(62)2.4957 07762

(62)2.6506 32365

4
5

6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)1.9874
7.3372
4.4580
3.3061

60691
33921
94538
26138

1)1.9899
7.3434
4.4609
3.3077

)4"
n2 r(-6
4

74874
20462
13443
98432

1)1.9924 85885
7. 3495 96597
4. 4637 27013
3.3094 67354

1)1.9949 93734
7. 3557 62368
4. 4665 35273
3. 3111 32914

1)1.9974 98436
7. 3619 17821
4.4693 38246
3.3127 95131

r(-6)2i
4

-? 8

[(-7)51
]

95840
63840
42722
42146
69163
43996
54554

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

40

POWERS AND ROOTS

Table 3.1

n*

10

400
1 60000
640 00000
10)2.5600 00000
13)1.0240 00000
15)4.0960 00000
18)1.6384 00000
20)6.5536 00000
23)2.6214 40000
26)1.0485 76000

24

(62)2.8147 49767

3
4
5

6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.0000
7.3680
4.4721
3.3144

96160
64160
25282
87938
24632
15678
87287

402
1 61604
649 64808
2.6115 85282
1.0498 57283
4.2204 26278
1.6966 11364
6.8203 77683
23)2.7417 91829
26)1.1022 00315

(62)2.9885 80393

(62)3.1726 72718

401
1 60801
644 81201

(10)2.5856
(13)1.0368
(15 4. 1578
18 1.6672
(20)6.6858
23)2.6810
(26)1.0750

00000
62997
35955
54017

1)2.0024
7.3741
4.4749
3.3161

98439
97940
28423
09590

1)2.0049
7.3803
4.4777
3.3177

93766
22692
15674
61862

406
1 64836
669 23416
(10)2.7170 90690
(13)1.1031 38820
15)4.4787 43609
18)1.8183 69905
(20)7.3825 81816
(23)2.9973 28217
(26)1.2169 15256

407
1 65649
674 19143
10)2.7439 59120
13)1.1167 91362
15)4.5453 40843
18)1.8499 53723
20)7.5293 11653
23)3.0644 29843

10

664
'10)2.6904
'13)1.0896
15)4.4129
18)1.7872
20)7.2383
23)2.9315
(26)1.1872

405
64025
30125
20063
20125
61508
49411
60113
35846
72017

24

(62)3.7924 56055

(62)4.0236 92707

2
3

4
5

6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.0124
7. 3986
4.4860
3.3226

61180
36223
46344
99030

1)2.0149
7.4047
4.4888
3.3243

44168
20630
12948
38251

403
62409
50827
68328
80336
10755
75734
94209
89566
27195

404
1 63216
659 39264
10)2.6639 46266
13 1.0762 34291
15 4. 3479 86537
18)1.7565 86561
20)7.0966 09706
23)2.8670 30321
26)1.1582 80250

(62)3.3676 04703

(62)3.5739 85306

654
6376
0629
2838
7263
9572
8037
1299

1)2.0074
7.3864
4.4804
3.3194

85990
37295
97729
10850

1)2.0099
7.3925
4.4832
3.3210

26)1.2472 22946

408
1 66464
679 17312
[10)2.7710 26330
13)1.1305 78742
15 4. 6127 61269
18)1.8820 06598
20)7.6785 86919
23)3.1328 63463
(26)1.2782 08293

409
67281
17929
93296
01958
13009
34321
7.8304 45371
3.2026 52157
26)1.3098 84732

(62)4.2684 06980

(62)4.5273 48373

(62)4.8013 06073

1)2.0174
7.4107
4.4915
3.3259

24100
95055
74446
74245

1)2.0199
7.4168
4.4943
3.3276

00988
59539
30860
07026

684
7982
1445
6810
9145

1)2.0223
7.4229
4.4970
3.3292

412
1 69744
699 34528
[10)2.8813 02554
13 1.1870 96652
'15)4.8908 38207
18)2.0150 25341
20)8.3019 04405
23)3.4203 84615
(26)1.4091 98461

704
10)2.9093
13)1.2015
15 4. 9624
18)2.0495
(20 8. 4644

9
10

411
1 68921
694 26531
(10)2.8534 30424
(13)1.1727 59904
(15 4. 8200 43207
(18)1.9810 37758
(20)8.1420 65185
(23 3.3463 88791
(26)1.3753 65793

'18)1.9475
20 7. 9849
(23)3.2738
(26)1.3422

410
68100
21000
61000
62010
04241
42739
25229
19344
65931

709
2.9376
1.2161
5.0350
2.0845
8.6298
3.5727
1.4791

24

(62)5.0911 10945

(62)5.3976 37632

(62)5.7218 06738

(62)6.0645 87127

689
2. 8257
1.1585
4. 7501

6
7

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.0248
7.4289
4.4998
3.3308

45673
58841
28522
63008

1)2.0273
7.4349
4.5025
3.3324

13493
93742
69814
86236

416
73056

1)2.0297
7.4410
4.5053
3.3341

78313
18861
06108
06308

719 91296
(10)2.9948 37914
(13)1.2458 52572
(15)5.1827 46700
(18)2.1560 22627
(20)8.9690 54129

10

415
1 72225
714 73375
(10)2.9661 45063
(13)1.2309 50201
(15)5.1084 43334
(18)2.1200 03984
(20)8.7980 16532
(23 3. 6511 76861
(26)1.5152 38397

(23)3.7311 26518
(26)1.5521 48631

417
73889
11713
38432
98926
48522
64534
94106
23)3.8126 28542
[26)1.5898 66102

24

(62)6.8101 13045

(62)7.2150 59801

(62)7.6430 25690

2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.0371
7.4590
4.5134
3.3389

54879
35926
85215
47722

10

420
1 76400
740 88000
(10)3.1116 96000
(l3)l. 3069 12320
(15)5.4890 31744
18)2.3053 93332
(20)9.6826 51996
23)4.0667 13838
(26)1.7080 19812

24

(62)9.0778 49315

1
2

3
4
5

6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.0493
7. 4888
4.5270
3.3469

746
1414
3225
5679
3440
8686
1546
(26)1. 7491

n2

421
77241
18461
37208
45065
14722
92098
27732
92275
25448

(62)9. 6110 38126

90153
72387
19056
54883
1

1)2.0396 07805
7.4650 22314
4.5162 01729
3. 3405 55305

1)2. 0518 28453

7.
4.
3.

4948 11226
5297 11307
3485 47155

725
[10)13.0237
11.2608
13)
15))5.2579
[18)2.1925
(20)9.1429

1)2.0420
7.4709
4.5189
3.3421

57786
99115
13349
59799

422
78084

751 51448
1713 91106

3383
6477
3833
0057
2443
(26)1.7911

-6)4'

27047
40136
46338
72154
58492
19284

(63)1.0174 16609
(

1)2.0542 63858
5007 40668
5323 98767
3501 36405
1

75124
41792
74611
56568

6)1
4

413
70569
44997
78376
73269
97602
11510
82535
(23)3.4958 31287
(26)1.4437 78322

1)2.0322
7.4470
4.5080
3.3357

40143
34238
37426
23237

418
1 74724
730 34632
(10)3.0528 47618
(13)1.2760 90304
(15)5.3340 57471
(18)2.2296 36023
(20)9.3198 78576
23 3. 8957 09245
(26)1.6284 06464

(62)8.0952 59269
(

1)2.0445
7.4769
4.5216
3.3437

756
(10 3 2015
(13 1 3542
(15 5 7285
(18 2 4231
(21 1 0249
23 4 3357
(26 1 8340

04830
66370
20097
61218
423
78929
86967
58704
59332
16974
62680
97814
40751
18338

(63)1. 0768 83734

(

1)2. 0566 96380

5066 60749
5350 81455
3517 22644

-7)7
4

n5

414
71396
57944
58882
90777
29817
02344
39705
53638
20006

(62)6.4269 98328
(

1)2.0346
7.4530
4.5107
3.3373

98995
39914
63788
37037

419
1 75561
735 60059
(10)3.0821 66472
(l3.U. 2914 27752
(15)5.4110 82280
(18)2.2672 43475
(20)9.4997 50162
(23)3.9803 95318
(26)1.6677 85638

(62)8.5730 73581
(

1)2.0469
7.4829
4.5243
3.3453

48949
24114
21992
59575

424
1 79776
762 25024

(10)3.2319
(13)1.3703
(15)5.8102
(18)2.4635
(21)1.0445
(23)4.4288
(26)1.8778

41018
42991
54284
47816
44274
67722
39914

(63)1.1396 73784
(

1)2.0591
7.5125
4.5377
3.3533

74842
14120
82211
36609

(-7)4
4

26028
71508
59390
05887

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS

41
Table 3.1

n><

k
1

2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9

10

24
1/2

767
'10)3.2625
13)1-3865
15 5.8929
18)2.5045
21)1.0644
(23)4.5237
(26)1.9226

425
80625
65625
39063
79102
61182
08502
16113
68482
01605

(63)1.2059 63938
(

1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.0615
7.5184
4.5404
3.3548

52813
72981
32593
86145

.0

430
1 84900
795 07000
10)3.4188 01000
13 1.4700 84430
15)6.3213 63049
18 2. 7181 86111
2l) 1.1688 20028
23 5. 0259 26119
26)2.1611 48231

24

(63)1.5967 72093

2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.0736
7.5478
4.5537
3.3627

44135
42314
28292
43107

1)2. 0688 16087

(63)1.5099 93273
31518
86732
78463
77583

7.5361 22043
4.5484 23998
3.3596 09138

1)2.0712
7.5419
4.5510
3.3611

433
87489
82737
12512
87018
36787
45729
71901
(23)5.3504 59329
(26)2.3167 48890

811
(10)3.5152
(13)1.5220
(15)6.5906
(18)2.8537
(21)1.2356

817
(10)3.5477
13 1.5397
(15)6.6824
(18)2.9002
(21)1.2586
(23)5.4627
(26)2.3708

(63)1. 8867 28946

(63)1.9941 30189

1)2.0808
7.5653
4.5616
3.3674

65205
54772
50145
22267

1)2.0832
7.5711
4.5642
3. 3689

434
88356
46504
98274
44451
90916
01058
87259
02704
12974

66666
74278
81614
76223

(63)2.4852 99040

(63)2.6251 15920

1)2.0856
7.5769
4.5669
3.3705

2
3

851

10)3.7480
13)1.6491
15)7.2563
18)3.1927
21 1.4048
23)6.1812
26)2.7197

4
5

6
7
8

10

65361
84852
08540
27318
440
93600
84000
96000
62240
13856
78097
22363
18395
36094

(63)2.7724 53276
(

1)2.0976
7. 6059
4.5799
3.3782

2
3

881

445
98025
21125
90063
18578
32671
73039
30002
98510
89837

10
24

(63)3.6361 37215
(

1)2.1095
7. 6346
4.5929
3.3858

02311
06721
31864
83431
.,2

1)2.0880
7.5827
4.5695
3. 3720

857

(10)3.7822
13)1.6679
(15)7.3558
(18)3.2439
(21)1.4305
(23)6.3088
(26)2.7821

61302
86527
30941
75562
441
94481
66121
85936
88098
27511
19933
68690
07924
84294

(63)2.9276 97132

17696
04922
75651
40276

(10)3.9213
13)1.7450
15)7.7653
18)3.4555
21)1.5377
(23)6.8428
(26)3. 0450

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

(63)1.4277 44370

(63)2.3526 34640

8
9

97832
48212
64877
37758

(63)2.2267 71952

18)2.9473
21)1.2820
23)5.5770
26)2.4260

10

6
7

1)2.0663
7.5302
4.5457
3.3580

789
(10)3. 3871

(13)1.4530
(15 6. 2336
18)2.6742
(21 1.1472
23 4. 9217
(26)2.1114

429
84041
53589
08968
69747
69216
44094
50716
05572
11691

(63)2.1073 76666

;i3
15

7
8

439
1 92721
846 04519
(10)3.7141 38384
(13)1.6305 06751
(15 7. 1579 24635
(18)3.1423 28915
(21)1.3794 82394
(23)6.0559 27708
(26)2.6585 52264

(10

(63)1.3497 98685

784
3556
4362
(15)6.1469
18 2. 6309
(21)1.1260
(23)4.8194
(26)2.0627

(10
(13

428
83184
02752
37786
12972
91521
12371
30495
10518
07702

91844
27672
12034
20471
49662
64552
43274
99539
09998

24

76744
65204
01082
63431

840
'10)3.6804
6120
0606
0925
3545
9328
5986

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.0639
7.5243
4.5431
3.3564

778
10)3.3243
13)1.4195
15)6.0613
18)2.5881
(21)1.1051
(23)4.7190
(26)2.0150

427
82329
54483
86424
13003
20523
83863
54510
09756
17166

437
1 90969
834 53453
(10)3.6469 15896
(13)1.5937 02247
(15)6.9644 78818
(18)3.0434 77243
21)1.3299 99555
(23)5.8120 98057
(26)2.5398 86851

823
5806
5575
7754

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

(63)1.2759 40370

436
1 90096
828 81856
(10)3.6136 48922
13 1.5755 50930
(15)6.8694 02054
(18)2.9950 59296
(21)1.3058 45853
(23)5.6934 87918
(26)2.4823 60732

24

773

(10)3.2933
(13)1.4029
(15 5. 9766
(18)2.5460
(21)1. 0846
(23)4.6204
(26)1.9683

426
81476
08776
53858
68743
46847
51557
17963
72523
21295

435
89225
12875
10063
65377
09391
03085
76842
34263
09904

1)2.1000
7.6116
4.5825
3. 3797

887

(10)3.9567
(13)1.7647
( 15) 7. 8706
(18)3.5102
(2l) 1.5655
(23)6.9825
(26)3.1142

00000
62611
75695
74445
446
98916
16536
57506
13847
23760
98197
92996
44761
14964

(63)3.8373 95917
(

1)2.1118
7.6403
4.5955
3.3874

"(-6)41

71208
21250
09991
03811

1)2.0904
7.5885
4.5721
3.3736

54496
79338
48834
20969

95364
50888
09250
85488
75858
62329
26950
33117
20038

438

1)2.0928 44954
7. 5943 63318
4.5747 62238
3. 3751 63549

442

863
10) 3. 8167
13)1.6869
15) 7. 4564
18)3.2957
(21)1.4567
23)6.4387
(26)2.8459
f

(63)3.0912 52385
(

1)2.1023
7.6174
4.5851
3.3813

79604
11603
71321
05834

869
(10)3.
(13)1.
(15)7.
(18)3.
(21)1.
(23)6.
(26)2.

8513
7061
5582
3483
4833
5710
9109

443
96249
38307
67000
55581
69224
13266
02777
31302
66867

(63)3. 2635 43677

(

1)2. 1047 56518

7.
4.
3.

1)2.0952
7.6001
4.5773
3.3767

32684
38502
71171
03314

444
1 97136
875 28384
(10)3.8862 60250
13)1.7254 99551
(15 7. 6612 18006
(18)3.4015 80795
(21)1.5103 01873
(23 6. 7057 40315
26)2.9773 48700

(63)3.4450 16313
(

6231 51930
5877 62546
3828 34454

1)2.1071
7.6288
4.5903
3.3843

30751
83626
49388
60316

447
99809
14623
63648
86551
01882
64541
96750
18472
49157

448
2 00704
899 15392
(10)4.0282 09562
(13)1.8046 37884
(15)8.0847 77719
(18)3.6219 80418
(2l)l.6226 47227
(23 7. 2694 59578
(26)3.2567 17891

905
(10)4.0642
(13)1.8248
(15)8.1936
18)3.6789
(21)1.6518
(23)7.4168
(26)3.3301

(63)4.0493 05610

(63)4.2724 04226

(63)4.5072 55570

893

(10)3.9923
(13)1.7845
(15)7.9771
(18)3.5657
(21 1.5938
23)7.1247
(26)3.1847

1)2.1142 37451
7.6460 27242
4.5980 83787
3. 3889 21465

(-6)11

1)2.1166
7. 6517
4.6006
3.3904

-7)6"

01049
24731
53268
36406

449
2 01601

18849
96320
69048
62024
54249
50458
08555
47041

1)2.1189 62010
7.6574 13748
4. 6032 18450
3. 3919 48644

-7)4"

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

42
Table

POWERS AND ROOTS

3.1

nk

10

450
2 02500
911 25000
( 10)4.1006 25000
13)1.8452 81250
15)8.3037 65625
18)3.7366 94531
2l) 1.6815 12539
06426
( 23)7.5668
(26)3.4050 62892

24

(63)4.7544 50505

2
3

4
5

6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.1213
7.6630
4.6057
3.3934

20344
94324
79352
58190

455
07025

(63)5.0146 08183
1)2.1236
7. 6687
4.6083
3. 3949

63)6.5336 55383

24

63)6.1983 13235

1)2.1330
7.6913
4.6185
3.4009

2
3

72901
71681
20218
65915

1)2.1354
7. 6970
4.6210
3. 4024

15650
02263
55778
59532

460
11600
36000
56000
29760
96896
76572
61223
01627
74748

979
10)4.5165
13)2.0821
15)9.5985
18)4.4249
21)2.0398
23)9.4039
26)4.3352

12521
72181
17544
14588
48250
30743
93073
07065
01157

973
10)4.4774
13 2. 0596
15)9.4742
18 4. 3581
21)2.0047
23 9. 2219
26)4.2420

24

63)8.0572 70802

1/2

76058
66491
35988
65055

35063
00453
57063
95464
23936
03909
91778

10

451
03401
33851
96680
75703
99419
09838
39637
94763
92138

456
2 07936
948 18816
10)4.3237 38010
13)1.9716 24532
15)8.9906 07868
18 4. 0997 17188
21 1.8694 71038
23)8.5247 87931
26)3.8873 03297

10)4.2859
13)1.9501
15)8.8729
18)4.0371
21)1.8369
23)8.3580
26)3.8028

6
7
8
9
10

941 96375

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

917
10)4.1371
13 1.8658
15)8.4150
18)3.7952
21)1.7116
23)7.7194
26)3.4814

452
2 04304
923 45408
10)4.1740 12442
13 1.8866 53624
15)8.5276 74379
18)3.8545 08819
21)1.7422 37986
23)7.8749 15698
26)3.5594 61895

(63)5.2883 77338
(

1)2.1260
7. 6744
4.6108
3. 3964

(
(

(
(

954
10)4.3617
13)1.9933
15)9.1095
18)4.1630
21)1.9025
23)8.6945
26)3.9733

29163
30279
88377
69249
457
08849
43993
90480
38249
55800
67001
21619
23800
97377

(63)6.8863 45396
(

461

1)2.1377
7.7026
4.6235
3.4039

55833
24618
87171
50532

63)8.4883 29103

10

466
2 17156
1011 94696
10)4.7156 72834
13)2.1975 03540
.16)1.0240 36650
18)4.7720 10788
'21)2.2237 57027
,24)1.0362 70775
26)4.8290 21810

1018
10)4.7562
13 2. 2211
16)1.0372
18)4.8441
21)2.2622
24)1.0564
26)4.9336

24

64)1.0444 09634

(64)1.0996 69046

64)1.1577 24259

2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

1)2.1563
7.7473
4.6436
3.4157

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1

85865
10895
90198
85500
470
20900
23000
81000
50070
21533
31205
28666
30473
13224

10

1038
10)4.8796
,13)2.2934
'16)1.0779
18 5. 0662
21)2.3811
'24)1.1191
26)5.2599

24

(64)1.3500 46075

4
5

6
7
8

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.1679
7.7749
4.6561
3.4230

48339
80097
23215
99883

1)2.1587
7.7528
4. 6461
3.4172

03314
60547
84795
53393

1)2.1610
7. 7584
4. 6486
3.4187

18278
02264
75380
18768

472
2 22784
1051 54048
10)4.9632 71066
13)2.3426 63943
.16)1.1057 37381
18)5.2190 80439
.21)2.4634 05967
'24)1.1627 27616
26)5.4880 74350

(64)1.4206 98007

(64)1.4948 85630

1)2.1702
7.7804
4. 6585
3.4245

1)2.1725
7.7859
4.6610
3. 4260

53441
90361
97902
55283

4[

(10)

(13
(15
(18
(21
(23
(26

1)2.1400
7.7082
4.6261
3.4054

56098
92832
68652
08213

"(-6 )1"
71+

458
09764
71912
93570
42855
12275
54022
82342
57127
03764

459
2 10681
967 02579
(10)4.4386 48376
(13)2.0373 39605
(15)9.3513 88785
18)4.2922 87452
(21)1.9701 59941
(23)9.0430 34128
(26)4.1507 52665

21

93456
38778
14413
38923

1)2.1517
7.7361
4. 6386
3.4128

1025
(10 (4.7971
2.2450
(13
(16 1.0506
(18 4.9172
(21 2. 3012
(24 11.0769
(26 (5.0403
)

468
19024
03232
51258
66789
91257
35083
66019
92497
24885

30765
36077
61968
81635

23729
23817
66544
85675
68021
75756
69532
87089
6193C

1)2.1540
7. 7417
4. 6411
3. 4143

1031
(10)4.8382
13)2.2691
(16 1.0642
(18 4. 9912
(21)2.3408
(24)1.0978
(26)5.1490

1)2.1656
7. 7694
4. 6536
3.4216

473

(64 )1.5727 77826

(

1748
7.7914
4.6635
3.4274
2.

1064
(10)5.0479
13)2.3927
(16)1.1341
18)5.3758
(21)2.5481
(24)1.2078
(26)5.7251

65923
53281
91574
15079

469
19961
61709
84152
55267
33820
56618
99354
81797
65627

40783
62012
44575
42003
474
24676
96424
30498
19056
48832
65466
60231
27949
04480

(64)1.6545 51159

56317
87536
3548C
58683

1)2.1771
7.7969
4.6659
3. 4289

'(-7),

464
15296
9734'
36762
49857
79338
78413
41984
34804
24949

(64)1.2827 68318

1633
7.7639
4.6511
3.4201

1058
(10 5. 0054
(13 ) 2. 3675
(16 1.1198
(18 5.2969
(21 12.5054
(24 ) 1.1850
(26 ) 5. 6054

28529
44772
37519
24718

(63)9.9181 69666

43479
87677
88909
42121

1 ) 2.

1)2.1424
7.7138
4. 6286
3.4069

998
(10)4.6352
13 2. 1507
(15)9.9794
(18 4. 6304
21)2.1485
(23 9. 9692
(26)4.6257

(64 1.2187 10276

(

63) 7. 6472 35292

463
2 14369
992 52847
4.5954 06816
2.1276 73356
9.8511 27638
4. 5610 72096
2.1117 76381
9.7775 24642
4.5269 93909

23
(26

1)2.1307 27575
7. 6857 32843
4. 6159 80476
3. 3994 69669

(63)7.2572 39774

J[H3)3^
L

467
18089
47563
81192
83317
92609
56484
21078
57243
55326

471
21841
87111
42928
52519
55637
69048
61622
43924
03881

1044
(10)4.9213
(13)2.3179
16)1.0917
18)5.1421
'21)2.4219
(24 1.1407
(26)5.3729

960
4.4000
2. 0152
9.2298
4.2272
1.9360
8.8672
4. 0612

(63 9.4176 76852

18526
14052
82186
66616

(63)5.8795 01000

1)2.1283 79665
7.6800 85719
4. 6134 36534
3. 3979 70784

63)8.9414 38903

465
16225
44625
25063
26154
22162
88052
66444
27896
89719

(63)5.5764 37619
(

(10
(13
(15
18

1005
10)4.6753
13)2.1740
16)1.0109
18)4.7007
21 2. 1858
24)1.0164
26)4. 7263

1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.1470
7.7250
4. 6336
3. 4098

13) 1.9076 16236

462
13444
11128
34114
95360
54565
59409
62447
23)9.5890 98505
26)4.4301 63510

1)2.1494
7.7306
4. 6361
3.4113

61059
42629
56507
07924

454
2 06116
935 76664
(10)4.2483 80546
(13)1.9287 64768
(15)8.7565 92045
18)3.9754 92789
21 1.8048 73726
(23)8.1941 26716
(26)3.7201 33529

(15 8. 6415 01548

(18 3.9146 00201
(21 1.7733 13891
(23' 8.0331 11927
(26) 3. 6389 99703

986
10)4.5558
13)2.1047
15)9. 7241
18)4.4925
21 2. 0755

91055
32380
71390
88554

1)2.1447
7.7194
4.6311
3.4084

453
2 05209
929 59677
(101 4.2110 73368

["(-7)31

54106
74500
98399
06701

43

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS

Table 3.1

re*

k
1
2

1071
0906
4180
1485
4557
5914
2309
8470

(10)5.

13 2
(16)1
(18)5
(21)2
(24)1

6
7

8
9

475
25625
71875
64063
65430
81079
60126
86060
55878
40422

10

(26)5.

24

(64)1. 7403 90207

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2. 1794 49472

7.

4.
3.

1105
(10)5. 3084
(13 2. 5480
(16)1. 2230

(18

5.

8706

480
30400
92000
16000
39680
59046
83423
28043
05461
06211

10

21 2. 8179
(24)1. 3526
(26)6. 4925

24

(64)2. 2376 37322

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2
3
4

5
6
7

8
9

4.
3.

(24

1.

1
2
3

4
5

10

16)1.
(18)6.
(21)3.
(24)1.
(26)7.

24

8
9

1/2
1/3

8568 28008
6928 36620
4446 75750
490
40100
49000
01000
52490
28720
30728
93057
13598
26630

1183
(10)5.8120
(13)2.8536
(16)1.4011
(18)6.8797
21)3.3779
24 1.6585
(26)8.1435

41081
70771
04856
94384
63943
14959
40045
68562
71639

1176
7648
8247
3841
7822
3232
6284
9792

495
45025
87375
25063
43906
62733
60531
71463
13374
56201

10

(21 3.
(24)1.
(26)8.

24

(64)4 6830 06649

1/2

1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2 2248 59546

7 9104 59893
4
3

1126
(10)5.4423
(13)2.6286
16)]L. 2696
(18)6. 1323
(21)2.9619
24)] 1.4306

(26)6.9098

483
33289
78587
75752
67488
46397
92097
45383
19620
92764

1133

(10)5.4875
13)2.6559
(16)1.2855
(18)6.2218
21)3.0113
24)1.4574
(26)7.0542

(64)2.5985 50361

(64)2.4724 57971

7168 41683
4587 64874

7.
4.
3.

1)2.1954 4984C

1220
(10)6.0523
(13)3.0019
(16 1.4889
(18)7.3853
(21)3.6631
(24)1.8169
(26)9.0119

8405 94846
4.6855 62762
3.4404 03712

1)2.2068
7. 8676
4. 6976
3. 4475

0764 c
1296C
67132

42061
95486
9801C
73021
73526
9774 c
71692
18872
56851

1)2.2271
7.9157
4.7192
3.4601

12045

1)2.2090
7.8729
4.7000
3.4489

484
34256
79904
87354
92279
00263
21273
61496
98964
94987

(64)2.7307 92362

26098
13365
91145
30083

1)2.2181
7.8944
4.7096
3. 4545

0730]
4677:
7865:
62231

49"r

4700 c
1227 6347;
2

(10)6.1013
(13)3.0323
(16)1.5070
(18)7.4902
(21 3. 7226
(24)1.8501
(26)9.1952

57326

(64)5.1588 55098

0574f
8321 c

22124
61227

1)2.2293
7.9210
4.7215
3. 4615

4968]

60331
91695
69960
65384

498

1)2.2226
7.9051
4.7144
3. 4573

(64)5.4138 25162

(64)5.6808 47029

99395
98967
55329

1)2.2315 91360
7.9264 08444
}. 7239 72227
5.4629 47190

1)2.2338
7.9317
4. 7263
3. 4643

"(-7)5L

11077
29393
57633
66263

499
2 49001
1242 51499
(10)6.2001 49800
(13)3.0938 74750
(16)1.5438 43500
(18)7.7037 79067
21)3.8441 85754
24)1.9182 48691
(26)9.5720 60970

-(-7)31
n'

34439
68425
82790
39037

05992
98402
98004
73006
57570
86070
27063
56772

2 48004

1235
(10)6.1505
(13 5.0629
(16) L. 5253
(18) 7.5963
21) 5. 7829
24) L. 8839
(26) ). 3819

-(-6)1"

1)2.2113
7.8783
4.7024
3.4503

(64)4.4611 49467

1)2.2203
7. 8997
4.7120
3.4559

4460J
6827C
8703C
22541
4060;
5238C

00000
24411
15760
54092

(64)4.2493 84825
>

496

72203
94366
76812
26700

1)2.2000
7.8514
4.6904
3. 4432

494
2 44036
1205 53784
(10)5.9553 56930
13 2. 9419 46323
16)1.4533 21484
(18 7. 1794 08129
(21)3.5466 27616
24)1.7520 34042
(26)8.6550 48169

46016
23936
87226
84061
84096
61115
3911:
1700C
0832C

493
43049
23157
81640
89849
58895
91354
97638
71635
32162

1198
(10)5.9072
(13)2.9122
16)1.4357
18)7.0782
21 3. 4895
(24)1.7203
(26)8.4814

(64)4. 0472 7268 c

(

r(-6)3i
3

1)2.1977
7. 8460
4. 6879
3. 4418

492

1190
(10)5.8594
(13)2.8828
(16)1.4183
(18 6. 9783
(21 3. 4333
(24)1.6892
(26)8.3109

(64)4.9154 1551:
(

7.

8890 94601
7072 8369-5
4531 56794

n2

491

8837 35163
7048 85081
4517 49066

1212
0037
9718
4710
2817
6044
7842
8318

(18)7

482
32324
80166
44096
6805E
5580;
66966
4027 c
81814
56345

4361 10350

(64)3.4947 21879

(10)6

3.

(64)3.3271 75643

40769
24183
5374C
95065

(13)2.
(16)1.

1)2.1886 06863
7. 8242 94186
4. 6782 54870

(64)3.1673 42796

1)2.2045
7. 8622
4. 6952
3. 4460

(64)3.0148 82996

0440

(64)2.1283 95451

1)2.1863 21111
7.8188 45511
1. 6758 11278
5.4346 74449

489
2 39121
1169 30169
(10)5.7178 85264
(13)2.7960 45894
(16)1.3672 66442
(18)6.6859 32903
(21)3.2694 21189
(24)1.5987 46962
(26)7.8178 72642

1)2.2158 51981

3.

6.

64) 2. 0242 75033

488
2 38144
1162 14272
(10)5.6712 56474
(13)2.7675 73159
(16)1.3505 75702
(18)6.5908 09424
(21)3.2163 14999
(24)1.5695 61719
(26)7.6594 61191

64) 3. 8543 91376

1/5

(18

(21)2.9132
(24 1.4041
(26)6.7681

48"/

7.

1119
(10)5.3974
13)2.6015
(16 1.2539

32967
89232
63849
3614:

2 3716 c
1155 01302
(10)5. 6249 13456
(13)2.7393 32852
(16)1.3340 55099
(18)6.4968 48334
(21)3.1639 65139
(24)1.5408 51022
(26)7.5039 4448C

4.

1)2.1840
7. 8133
4. 6733
3. 4332

(64)2.3522 41094
(

6703 36822

3.

481
2 31361
1112 84641
(10)5.3527 91232
13)2.5746 92583
(16 1.2384 27132
(18)5.9568 34506
(21)2.8652 37397
(24 1.3781 79188
(26)6.6290 41895

1)2. 2135 94362

64)

1/4

6
7
8
9

42423
25322
12569
95422

486

(10)5.
(13 2.

36196
91256
55042
2355C
03245
37773
62356
08106
75394

1)2. 2022 71555

3.

44581
0256"
05021
06966
7552:
96021
49036

479
2 29441
1099 02239
(10)5.2643 17248
(13)2.5216 07962
(16 1.2078 50214
18 5. 7856 02524
(21)2.7713 03609
24 1.3274 54429
(26)6.3585 06713

(64)2. 8694 70250

4.

2 23484
1092 15352
(10)5.2204 93826
(13) >. 4953 96049
(16)' L. 1927 99311
(18 5.7015 80708
(21);I. 7253 55578
(24) L. 3027 19966
(26) 3.2270 01440

1147
(10)5.5788
(13)2.7113
(16 1.3177
(18)6.4040
21)3.1123
(24)1.5126
(26)7.3512

24

7.

3133.'

485
35225
84125
80063
43830
18758
65975
97498
26286
07489

1140
5330
6835
3015
3123
0614
4848
2014

(26)7.

1085
(10)5.1769
(13)2.4694
(16)1.1779
18)5.6186
(21)2.6800
(24 1.2783
(26)6. 0979

8297 35282
6806 94639
4375 43855

10

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.1817
7. 8079
4.6709
3.4317

478

27529

(64)1.9250 45935

(64)1.8304 87912
(

47"
2

71220
68827
30598
74973

(10)5.
(13)2.
(16)1.
18 6.
21 3.

476
26576
50176
68378
26148
66046
70380
55101
76628
08750

1)2.1931
7. 8351
4. 6831
3. 4389

D2. 1908 90230

7.

1078
(10)5.1336
(13)2.4436
(16)1.1631
(18)5.5366
21)2.6354
24)1.2544
(26)5.9713

8024 53753
6684 57424
4303 52278

4
5
6
7
8

30790
10391
41916
36816

44

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS

Table 3.1

n*

fc

2
3

1250

10)6.2500
3. 1250
16)1.5625
(18)7.8125
21 3. 9062
'24 1.9531
26)9.7656

,13

5
6
7
8

9
10

24

500
50000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
50000
25000
25000

'

1)2.2360
7.9370
4. 7287
3. 4657

2
3

1287

10)6.5037
13 3. 2844
16 1.6586

4
5

18)8. 3760
21 4. 2299

24

64)7.5682 08268
1)2.2472
7.9633
4. 7404
3.4726

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

10

24

64)9.5870 3309C

2
3

4
5

6
7
8

1)2.2583
7.9895
4.7521
3. 4794

2
3

1795!
6974C

7629 c

24

65)1.2116 3970*

(
i

6
7

61144
94581
81212
7342E

7040C
0800C
1600C
4032C
60966
71703
72853
05884
5105S

10

24

65)1.5278 48345

1)2.2803 50850

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

0414 51517
4.7753 0192E
3. 4930 16754
8.

506
56036
54216
43330
54325
29488
53211
83725
76165
84939

(64)7.9361 96349
(

1)2.2494
7.9686
4.7428
3.4740

44376
27129
30775
02314

1)2.2405
7.9475
4.7334
3.4684

35650
73855
29676
92370

1)2 2427 6614 c

7.9528 47628
4 7357 8520"
3.4698 7313 c

1318
(10)6.7122
(13)3.4165
(16)1.7390
(18)8.8516
(21)4.5054
(24 2. 2932
(27)1.1672

(64)8.3212 9702C

(64)8.7242 69945

(64)9.1459 06897

1)2.2516
7.9738
4.7451
3.4753

73099
72336
74353

6214'

6605C

'

7 9791 12176
4 7475 10436
3.4767 44229

1)2.2561
7.9843
4.7498
3.4781

512
63169
05697
92256
31427
53822
14108
59837
86497
32173

1357
(10)6.9799
(13)3.5876
(16)1.8440
(18)9.4785
(21)4.8719
(24)2.5041
(27)1.2871

>

1342 17728
10 6. 8719 47674
(13)3.5184 3720 c
3985]
( 16) 1.8014
(18)9.2233 7203"
21)4.7223 66483
(24)2.4178 5163
4003 c
( 27) 1.2379

1350
(10)6.9257
(13)3.5529
(16)1.8226
(18)9.3502
21)4.7966
(24)2.4606
(27)1.2623

(65)1.0048 5084!

(65)1.0531 2291"

(65)1.1036 12886

1)2.2605
7.9947
4.7545
3.4808

3091]
88272
0408"
4095'

66256
88096
25754
4048<
48895
52284
1217 c
67484
26025

'

1)2.2627
8.0000
4.7568
3.4822

4170C
OO0OC
2846C
02253

6728 c
88413
40955
24275
0374 c
51381
60764
51115
86026

1373
(10)7.0892
(13)3.6580
(16)1.8875
(18)9.7397
(21)5.0257
(24)2.5932
(27)1.3381

1)2.2715
8.0207
4.7660
3.4876

6333E
79314
92045
26271

71441
20761
21648
39279
83164
91229
74301
91411
91925

1414
(10)7.3680
13)3.8387
(16)1.9999
19)1.0419
21)5.4287
(24)2.8283
(27)1.4735

(65)1.5999 46126
(

1)2.2825
8.0466
4.7775
3.4943

42442
02993
96092
59190

1)2.2649
8. 0052
4.7591
3.4835

51"

1381

>

(10)7.1443
(13)3.6936
16 1.9096
(18)9.8726
(21)5.1041
24)2.6388
(27)1.3642

(65)1.3297 59294
(

1389
(10)7.1997
(13)3.7294
(16)1.9318
(19)1.0007
(21 5. 1836
(24)2.6851
(27)1.3909

63400
57353
99522
77017

72484
36648
53026
21079
26403
71983
95749
27181
21389

1)2.2759
8.0311
4.7707
3.4903

522

1422
(10)7.4247
(13)3.8757
(16)2.0231
(19)1.0560
(21)5.5126
24)2.8776
(27)1.5021

(65)1.6752 98008
(

1)2.2847
8.0517
4.7798
3.4956

31932
47881
86957
99566

1430
(10)7.4818
(13)3.9129
(16)2.0464
(l9)l. 0703
(21)5.5977
24 2. 9276
(27)1.5311

n 3 [(-7)91
4

518
68324
91832
76898
84433
72936
10181
78738
45586
05414

61335
28718
03654
25675
523
73529
55667
11384
87354
92386
15518
50159
23333
47003

(65)1.7540 44200
(

1)2.2869
8.0568
4.7821
3.4970

'(-6)31
3

50331
04946
49431
61427

(65)1.3928 81704

1)2.2737
8.0259
4. 7683
3.4889

509
2

1)2.2538 85534

512

511

7.958114416
4.7381 37221
3.4712 51715

50E

61121
1334 32831
(10 6. 8184 1766' l
(13 3. 4842 1?42<
16)1.7804 3203')
18 9. 0980 0771'
(21)4.6490 8194' 1
(24 2. 3756 8087 S
(27)1.2139 7292(
>

1)2.2449 94432

2 5806'
1310 96512
(10)6.6597 0281C
(13)3.3831 29027
( 16) 1
7186 29546
(18 8. 7306 38093
21)4.4351 64151
24)2.2530 6338 c
(27)1.1445 56205

507
57049
1303 23843
(10)6.6074 18840
(13 3.3499 6135;
(16)1.6984 30405
(18)8.6110 42156
21)4.3657 98373
(24)2.2134 59775
(27)1.1222 24106

B5

(24)2.061160758

521

1406
10)7.3116
13)3.8020
16 1.9770
19)1.0280
21)5.3459
24)2.7799
27)1.4455

6
7

1295
(10)6.5554
(13)3.3170
(16 1.6784
18)8.4928
(21)4.2973
(24)2.1744
(27)1.1002

52C

(65)1.2693 83471

1)2.2693
8.0155
4.7637
3.4862

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

516

10

(64)7.2166 04000

>

1365
10)7.0344
13)3.6227
16)1.8657
18)9.6083
21 4. 9483
24)2.5483 85125
27)1.3124 1833 c

(64)6.8806 84448

1)2.-2383 02929

1265
(10)6.3506
13)3.1880
(16 1.6003
18)8.0338

7.9422 93073
4.7310 70628
3.4671 09398

7752;
51E
6522!
9087!
3006:
31482
0671;
8957'
2063C

(64)6.5597 79050

20505
74242
85740
28104

510
60100
1326 51000
10)6.7652 0100C
13 3.4502 525K
16)1.7596 28781)
18)8.9741 0677
21)4.5767 9445" '
24)2.3341 6517;
27)1.1904 2423!

(64)6.2532 44659

21)3.969189254

505
55025
87625
75063
06407
25235
57438
09006
04048
32544

24)2.1361
27)1.0787

(27)1.0367 63861

504
2 54016
1280 24064
(10)6.4524 12826
13)3.2520 16064
16)1.6390 16096
(18)8.2606 41125
(214.1633 63127
24 2.0983 35016
(27)1.0575 60848

(10)6.300150200

67977
05260
08045
24216

10

503
2 53009
1272 63527
(10)6.4013 55408
( 13
3 2198 8177C
16) l' 6196 0053C
18) 8i 1465 90668
(214.0977 35106

24 1.9885 63816
(26)9.9627 04720

502
52004
06008
01602
02004
77006
92570
214.0330 14070
24)2.0245 73063
(27)1.0163 35678

(13)3.1563 75250
16)1.5813 44000
18)7.9225 33442

64)5.9604 64478

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

501
2 51001
1257 51501

19325
86203
74532
37889

02835
44383
45086
11950
514
64196
96744
52642
95658
75568
48420
73888
94578
56013

(65)1.1564 18034
(

1)2.2671
8.0104
4.7614
3.4849

1397
(10)7.2555
(13)3.7656
(16)1.9543
19 1.0143
(21)5.2642
(24)2.7321
(27)1.4179

56810
03133
67011
18483
519
69361
98359
34832
22578
58118
11863
78570
60578
91340

(65)1.4588 69982
(

1)2.2781
8.0362
4.7730
3.4916

1438
(10)7.5391
13)3.9505
16 2. 0700
(19 1. 0847
(21)5.6839
(24)2. 9783
(27)1.5606

57150
93433
04452
72252
524
74576
77824
97978
39740
82824
23400
50615
90122
76424

(65)1.8363 30669
(

1)2.2891
8.0620
4.7844
3.4983

[(-7)51
3 j

59081
72229
96456
58896
28478
54954
92371
95617
87469

"(-7)31

04628
17979
58829
74167

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS

45
Table 3.1

n*

k
1

2
3

525
75625
03125
14063
79883
99438
97205
10327
37922
17409

10

1447
10)7.5969
13)3.9883
16 2. 0938
19)1.0992
21)5.7713
24 3. 0299
27)1.5907

24

65)1.9223 09365

4
5

6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.2912
8. 0671
4.7867
3. 4997

87847
43230
39859
08406

1455
(10)7.6549
(13)4.0265
(16)2.1179
(19 1.1140
21)5.8598
(24)3.0822
(27)1.6212

526
76676
31576
60898
09432
43961
38524
42634
77226
77821

(65)2.0121 38448
(

1)2.2934
8.0722
4.7890
3.5010

68988
61977
17632
40614

10

1488
10)7.8904
13)4.1819
16)2.2164
19)1.1747
21)6.2259
24)3.2997
27)1-7488

530
80900
77000
81000
54930
36113
11140
69041
63592
74704

531
2 81961
1497 21291
(10)7.9502 00552
13)4.2215 56493
16)2.2416 46498
(19)1.1903 14290
21)6.3205 68882
(24)3.3562 22076
(27)1.7821 53922

24

65)2.4133 53110

(65)2.5250 41417

4
5

6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.3021
8. 0926
4.7980
3. 5063

72887
72335
96379
49267

1)2.3043 43724
8. 0977 58868
4.8003 58033
3.5076 71420

52"
2

7772 c

1463
(10)7.7133
(13 4. 0649
16)2.1422
(19 1.1289
(21 5. 9495
(24 3. 1354

6318;
3974'
30045
1813'
4895"
6100]
1864;

(27)1.6523

6562"/

528
2 78784
1471 97952
(10)7.7720 51866
(13)4.1036 43385
(16 2. 1667 23707
19)1.1440 30117
(21)6.0404 79020
24 3. 1893 72923
88903
( 27)1.6>839

1)2.2956
8. 0773
4.7912
3.5023

48057
74241
9216C
70797

1)2.2978 25059
8. 0824 80041
4.7935 63454
3.5036 98962

1)2.3000
8.0875
4.7958
3.5050

533
84089
19437
55992
59644
84590
54187
48814
21518
27569

1522
(10)8.1313
(13)4.3421
(16)2.3187
19)1.2381
21 6. 6119
(24)3.5307
(27)1.8854

532
2

83021
6876E
5845E
57499
9539C
94747
24056
3759E
(27)1.8160 02002

1505
(10)8.0102
(13)4.2614
(16 2. 2670
19)1.2060
(21 6. 4164
24)3.4135

1514
(10)8.0706
(13)4.3016
(16)2.2927
19 1.2220
(21)6.5135
(24 3. 4717
(27)1.8504

(65)2.6416 73716

(65)2.7634 58943

1)2.3065
8.1028
4.8026
3. 5089

12519
39019
16494
91583

1)2.3086
8.1079
4.8048
3.5103

10

535
86225
30375
75063
74158
91175
16778
64765
40649
46247

536
2 87296
1539 90656
(10)8.2538 99162
13)4.4240 89951
(16)2.3713 12214
(19 1.2710 23346
21)6.8126 85137
(24)3.6515 99233
(27)1.9572 57189

1548
(10)8.3156
(13)4.4655
(16)2.3979
(19)1.2877
(21 6. 9150
(24)3.7133
(27)1.9940

88369
54153
68016
13725
80870
15727
33455
72966
81282

538
2 89444
1557 20872
(10)8.3777 82914
(13 4. 5072 47208
(16)2.4248 98998
19)1.3045 95661
(21)7.0187 24655
(24)3.7760 73864
(27)2.0315 27739

24

65)3.0233 66304

(65)3.1619 49669

(65)3.3066 09101

(65)3.4575 98937

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.3130
8.1180
4. 8093
3.5129

2
3
4
5

06701
41379
72829
40196
540
91600
64000
56000
50240
91130
25210
96134
05912
25193

10

1574
10)8.5030
13 4. 5916
16)2.4794
19 1.3389
21)7.2301
24 3. 9043
27)2.1083

24

65)3.7796 38253

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.3237 90008
8. 1432 52850
4.8205 70514
3.5194 82029

6
7

8
9

1618
10)8.8223
13)4.8081
16)2.6204
19)1.4281
21)7.7834
24)4.2419
27)2.3118

4
5

6
7
8
9

10

24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

545
97025
78625
85063
99859
68923
55563
47819
79061
78588

65)4.7153 73024
(

1)2.3345
8. 1683
4.8316
3.5259

23506
09170
90704
75582

1)2.3151
8.1230
4.8116
3. 5142

67381
96201
18626
52463

537

1)2.3173
8.1281
4.8138
3.5155

26045
44739
61283
62771

541
92681
40421
16776
23276
68892
78371
06986
61779
95223

2 93764
1592 20086
(10)8.6297 2877C
(13)4.6773 1299;
(16)2.5351 03642
(19)1.3740 26174
(21 7.4472 21864
24)4.0363 9425C
(27)2.1877 25684

(65)3.9512 48669

(65)4.1303 12169

1583
(10)8.5662
(13)4.6343
(16)2.5071
(19)1.3563
(21 7. 3380
24)3.9698
(27)2.1476

1)2.3259
8.1482
4.8228
3.5207

1627
(10)8.8873
(13)4.8524
16)2.6494
(19)1.4466
21)7.8984
24)4.3125
(27)2.3546

40670
76449
00711
84576
546
98116
71336
14946
73960
50782
00127
36694
46435
50354

(65)4.9274 63602
(

1)2.3366
8.1733
4.8339
3.5272

64289
02026
05553
68570

542

II

1)2.3194
8.1331
4.8161
3.5168

9920 c

1636
(10)8.9526
13)4.8970
(16 2. 6786
(19)1.4652
(21 8. 0149
(24)4.3841
(27)2.3981

6732;
02566
73605
99262
48496
0927'
5537;

1645
(10)9.0182
(13)4.9420
(16)2.7082
(19)1.4841
(21)8.1328
(24)4.4568
(27)2.4423

1)2.3302
8.1583
4.8272
3.5233

54"

(65)5.1486 79186

1)2.3388 0311:
8.1782 88786
8361 17361
3.5285 5966'

1)2.3108
8.1129
4.8071
3.5116

44002
80255
23882
25964

539
90521
90819
45144
92133
68460
64900
21)7.1237 73809
(24)3.8397 14083
(27)2.0696 05891
2

1565
(10)8.4402
13 4. 5492
(16)2.4520
(19 1.3216

82701
87014
00810
71134

65) 3. 6151

83652

1)2.3216
8.1382
4.8183
3.5181

37353
23044
37217
77550

(65)4.5120 46770

(65)2.8906 14446

(65)4.3171 37789
(

534
85156
73304
94434
64628
15911
94297
57543
85328
39365

544
2 95936
1609 89184
(10)8.7578 11610
13)4.7642 49516
(16 2. 5917 51736
(19)1.4099 12945
21)7.6699 26419
(24)4.1724 39972
(27)2.2698 07345

89345
93862
2781 c
85199

3298 c

00000
79399
31523
25117

543
2 94849
1601 03007
(10)8.6935 93280
(13)4.7206 21151
(16)2.5632 97285
(19)1.3918 70426
(21)7.5578 56412
(24)4.1039 16032
(27)2.2284 26405

1)2.3280
8.1532
4.8250
3.5220

36040
05107
51847
83903

548
00304
66592
49242
00584
16320
02543
81938
19302
36978

1)2.3409
8.1832
4.8383
3.5298

1)2.3323
8.1633
4.8294
3.5246

1654
(10)9.0842
13)4.9872
(16)2.7380
(19)1.5031
(21)8.2523
(24)4.5305
(27)2.4872

(65)5.3793 94612
(

4.

[(-7)81

"(-7)41

80758
10204
72806
80696
549
01401
69149
56280
56698
03927
64156
71216
51798
72937

(65)5.6199 99369

39982
69477
26138
48871

1)2.3430 74903
8. 1882 44110
4.8405 31895
3.5311 36198

"(-6)31
3

79276
12808
71774
09762

1531
10)8.1924
13)4.3829
16)2.3448
19)1.2545
21)6.7116
24)3.5907
27)1.9210

529
79841
35889
98528
51121
62443
83632
10416
50910
55831

(65)2.3064 07963

(65)2.2040 12944

(65)2.1059 82534
(

1480
(10)7.8310
(13)4.1426
(16)2.1914
(19 1.1592
(21 6. 1326
(24)3.2441
(27)1.7161

-(-7)31
L

46

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS

Table 3.1

n^

k
3

10

550
02500
75000
25000
43750
(
64063
(
35234
93789
( 21)8.3733
66584
24)4.6053
51621
( 27)2.5329

1663
10)9.1506
13)5.0328
16)2.7680
19)1.5224

1672
(10)9.2173
13)5.0787
(16)2.7983
(19)1.5419
(21)8.4959
(24)4.6812
(27)2.5793

24

(65)5.8708 98173

(65)6.1325 11516

2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9

1)2.3452
8.1932
4.8427
3.5324

07880
12706
34641

551
03601
84151
56720
63553
98718
17693
66491
77536
83922

71650

10

555
3 08025
1709 53875
10)9.4879 40063
13)5.2658 06735
16)2.9225 22738
19)1.6220 00119
21)9.0021 00663
24 4. 9961 65868
(27)2.7728 72057

1718
(10)9.5565
(13)5.3134
(16)2.9542
(19)1.6425
(21)9.1326
(24)5.0777
(27)2.8232

24

(65)7.2951 05803

(65)7.6171 93672

2
3

4
5

6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3

(
(

1)2.3558
8.2179
4.8537
3.5388

1/4
1/5

43798
65765
03532
21007

1)2.3579
8.2228
4. 8558
3.5400

(65)9.4429 71309

1)2.3664
8.2425
4.8645
3.5451

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2

1803
11)1.0190
13)5.7576
16)3.2530
19)1.8379
22)1.0384
24)5.8672
27)3.3150

3
4
5

6
7

8
9

10

1)2.3769
8.2670
4.8754
3.5514

10

24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.3874
8.2913
4.8861
3.5577

67277
44342
71586
46263

1813
(11)1.0262
(13)5.8087
16)3.2877
(19)1.8608
(22)1.0532
24)5.9613
(27)3.3741

(19
21
24
(27<

1)2.3790
8.2719
4.8775
3.5527

1)2.3895
8.2961
4.8883
3.5589

1)2.3600
8.2278
4.8580
3.5413

84744
25361
70341
67840

15844
04328
43234
67697
78646
37599
45306
68462
35876

562

(10
(13
(16
(19
21
24
(27

1775
9.9757
5.6063
3.1507
1.7707
9.9515
5.5927
3.1431

(65 9.8553 39138

1)2.3706
8.2523
4.8689
3.5477

566
20356
21496
79667
42917
48491
65646
49956
94749
49428

(65)6.6896 46227

(65)6.9860 92851

1)2.3515
8.2080
4.8493
3.5362

1737
(10)9.6947
(13)5.4096
(16)3.0185
(19)1.6843
(21)9.3988
24 5.2445
(27)2.9264

558
11364
41112
54050
72760
97400
77349
25608
44689
55937

(65)8.3027 27311
(

1)2.3622
8.2327
4.8602
3.5426

02362
46311
49337
38514

2.3811
8.2767
4. 8797
3.5539

(11
(13
(16
(19
(22
24
(27

1871
1.0704
6.1232
3.5024
2.0034
1.1459
6.5548
3.7493

76180
72529
29685
93358
572
27184
49248
93699
23956
84103
20907
56759
72660
87161

(66 1.5048 89774

(

3916
8.3010
4.8904
3.5602
2.

52149
30501
52074
39430

1746
(10)9.7644
(13)5.4583
(16)3.0512
(19)1.7056
(21)9.5344
(24)5.3297
(27)2.9793

20459
27082
15700
44836
559
12481
76879
37536
20583
01206
21474
24040
43038
26358

(65)8.6672 91224
1)2.3643
8.2376
4.8624
3.5439

18084
61384
25407
07368

564
3 18096
1794 06144
(11)1.0118 50652
(13)5.7068 37678
16 3. 2186 56450
(19)1.8153 22238
(22)1.0238 41742
(24)5.7744 67426
(27)3.2567 99629

(66)1.0284 93323

(66)1.0732 44065

1)2.3727
8.2572
4.8711
3.5489

1)2.3832
8.2816
4.8818
3.5552

62104
63270
00598
64695

75058
35499
79820
46087

1)2.3748
8.2621
4.8732
3.5502

1842
(11)1.0482
5.9643
( 13
(16)3.3937

(19)1.9310
(22 1.0987

(24)6.2518
(27)3.5573

68417
49226
62170
24533
569
23761
20009
11851
25433
01172
15967
48085
76604
17788

(66)1.3264 60719
1)2.3853
8.2864
4. 8840
3.5564

72088
92764
27117
97054

573
28329
32517
99322
36117
84395
67258
82539
32949
53980

574
3 29476
1891 19224
(11)1.0855 44346
13)6.2310 24545
(16)3.5766 08089
(19)2.0529 73043
(22 1.1784 06527
(24)6.7640 53463
(27)3.8825 66688

(66)1.5693 17896

(66)1.6363 84728
1)2.3958 29710
(
8.3106 94107
4.8947 21351
3.5627 25633

1881
(11)1.0779
13)6.1769
16)3.5393
(19)2.0280
(22 1.1620
(24)6.6587
(27)3.8154

1)2.3937
8.3058
4.8925
3. 5614

41841
65115
88109
83400
1

3"
3 "(-7)1

1)2.3537
8.2130
4.8515
3.5375

563
16969
53547
93470
24234
66844
11133
22)1.0094 08968
(24)5.6829 72489
(27)3.1995 13511
3

1784
(11)1.0046
(13)5.6564
(16)3.1845
(19)1.7929

(66)1.2716 27927

(24
(27

95203
82453
24905
66821

(66 1.2189 71112

22

60629
90248
13236
93720

554
3 06916
1700 31464
(10)9.4197 43106
(13)5.2185 37681
16)2.8910 69875
(19)1.6016 52711
21 8. 8731 56018
24 4.9157 28434
(27)2.7233 13552

568
3 22624
1832 50432
(11)1.0408 62454
(13)5.9120 98737
(16)3.3580 72083
19)1.9073 84943
(22 1.0833 94648
(24)6.1536 81599
(27)3.4952 91148

(11
(13
(16
(19

75451
03838
76704
38859

53918
71525
36145
03064

553
05809
12377
14448
08690
99605
24482
30384
44203
53644

1691
(10)9.3519
13)5.1716
(16)2.8598
(19)1.5815
(21)8.7458
24)4.8364
(27)2.6745

567
21489
84263
51771
38543
55254
02229
29264
59926
39578

1822
1.0335
5.8602
3.3227
1.8840
1.0682
6. 0568
3.4342

"(-6)21

557
10249
08693
44200
72419
84438
60432
17605
59106
31422

(65) 7.9528 84664

(

(66)1.1684 07534
(

n2

(l6'

43856
73974
68801
39637

(66)1.4430 00887

1851
(11)1.0556
13)6.0169
16)3.4296
19)1.9548
22)1.1142
24)6.3514
(27)3.6203

1)2.3685
8.2474
4.8667
3.5464

(66)1.3835 55344

8
9

571
3 26041
1861 69411
(11)1.0630 27337
(13)6.0698 86093
16)3.4659 04959
(19)1.9790 31732
(22 1.1300 27119
(24 6. 4524 54848
(27)3.6843 51718

72865
29409
20869
82586

(13

561

570
24900
93000
00100
20570
44725
97493
91571
61955
33315

565
19225
62125
46006
09935
49613
73032
54763
69410
07217

66)1.1198 57461

24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

31913
70600
98558
74407

(101

65225
98519
88409
95340

65)9.0471 67858

8
9

1)2.3494 68025
8.2031 31859
4. 8471 31136
3.5349 86956

24

(65)6.4052 76258

1728
9.6254
5.3613
2.9862
1.6633
9.2649
5.1605
2.8744

10

(27)

556

3 14721
1765 58481
(10)9.9049 30784
(13)5.5566 66170
(16)3.1172 89721
(19)1.7487 99534
(21)9.8107 65384
(24)5.5038 39380
(27)3.0876 53892

4
5
6

(24

79616
06650
17697
60240
68693
81934
71156
40762

560
13600
16000
96000
17760
97946
94850
31157
69448
54891

(19)
(21)

3 09136

1756
10)9.8344
13)5.5073
16)3.0840
19)1.7270
21)9.6717
24)5.4161
27)3.0330

1
2
3

(16

38919
75283
34384
05234

1)2.3473
8.1981
4. 8449
3.5337

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

10)

(13)

552
3 04704
1681 96608
9. 2844 52762
5.1250 17924
2.8290 09894
1.5616 13462
8.6201 06308
4.7582 98682
2.6265 80873

n4 [-(-7)41
3

'(-7)21

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS

47
Table 3.1

n*

k
575
3 30625
1901 09375
11)1.0931 28906
13)6.2854 91211
16)3.6141 57446
19)2.0781 40532
22)1.1949 30806
24)6.8708 52133
27)3.9507 39976

2
3

6
7
8

10

24

(66)1.7061 93459

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.3979
8.3155
4. 8968
3.5639

2
3
4
5

1951

15762
17494
51807
66137
580
36400
12000
49600
67680
69254
84168
30817
58740
42069

10

11)1.1316
13)6.5635
16 3. 8068
19)2.2079
22)1.2806
24)7.4276
27)4.3080

24

66)2.1002 54121

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.4083
8. 3395
4.9074
3.5701

1
3

18916
50915
62599
42892
585
42225
01625
79506
00112
69065
20403
61436
19400
68349

10

2002
11)1.1711
13 6. 8514
16)4.0080
19)2.3447
22)1.3716
24)8.0242
27)4.6941

24

66)2.5807 19397

3
4
5
6

7
8

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.4186 77324
8. 3634 46607
4.9180 05007
3.5762 77194

2
3

590
48100
79000
36100
42990
53364
51485
04376
95819
67533

6
7
8
9
10

2053
11)1.2117
13)7.1492
16 4.2180
19)2.4886
22)1.4683
24)8.6629
27)5.1111

24

66)3.1655 43453

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.4289 91560
8. 3872 06527
4.9284 80050
3.5823 69695

1
2
3
5

6
7

8
9

10

24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

'

577
3 32929
1921 00033
(11)1.1084 17190
(13)6.3955 67189
(16)3.6902 42268
(19)2.1292 69789
(22 1.2285 88668
(24)7.0889 56614
(27)4.0903 27966

1931
11)1.1161
13)6.4511
16 3. 7287
19 2.1552
22)1.2457
24 7. 2002
27)4. 1617

(66)1.7788 51122

(66)1.8544 68735

66)1.9331 61432

1)2.4000
8.3203
4. 8989
3.5652

00000
35292
79486
04916

63056
54185
26546
77321

579
35241
04539
65281
79976
57206
73522
73169
93651
39124

(66)2 . 0150 48620

1)2 .4062 41883

8 .3347 55313
4 .9053

45944

3 .5689 10958

1991
(11)1 .1631
(13)6 .7930
( 16) 3 .9671
(l9)2 .3168
22) 1 .3530
(24)7 .9016
(27)4 .6145

(66)2.1889 06331

(66)2.2811 38380

66)2.3770 88299

(66)2 .4768 99188

(11)1.1394
(13)6.6203
( 16) 3. 8464
(19 2.2347
(22)1.2984
24)7.5437
(27)4.3828

1)2.4103
8. 3443
4.9095
3.5713

2012
(11)1.1792
13)6.9101
(16)4.0493
(19)2.3729
(22)1.3905
(24)8.1485
(27)4.7750

94159
41009
76518
73127

586
43396
30056
08128
59631
53544
21177
31810
16404
30613

1)2.4207
8. 3682
4.9201
3. 5774

2064
(11)1.2199
13)7.2100
(16)4.2611
(19)2.5183
(22 1.4883
(24)8.7960
(27)5.1984

44569
62003
77958
21611
91786
12178
28949
21928
44372

1)2.4145
8.3539
4.9137
3.5738

2032
11)1.1953
13)7.0288
16)4.1329
19 2. 4301
22)1.4289
24)8.4022
27)4.9405

591
49281
25071
72170
35522
30994
28417
32095
42679
61223

1)2.4228
8. 3729
4.9222
3. 5787

2074
(11)1.2282
(13)7.2712
16)4.3045
19)2.5483
22)1.5085
(24)8.9309
(27)5.2870

1)2.4331
8.3966
4.9326
3. 5847

592
50464
74688
50153
40906
74616
08173
98438
02754
94431

2085
11)1.2365
13)7.3328
16)4.3483

19)2.5785
22)1.5291
24)9.0675
27)5.3770

71131
18728
98052
37670
593
51649
27857
70192
61239
86715
93322
05840
97630
85394

[66)3.5753 01250

05012
72908
51429
95134

1)2.4351
8.4013
4.9347
3.5860

59132
98104
33156
05396

D2 .4166
3 .5750

2043
(11)1 .2035
(13) 7 0888
(16)4 .1753
(19)2 .4592
(22)l .4485
(24)8 .5317
(27)5 .0251
.

53698
589
46921
36469
41802
61216
39256
74822
12870
40805
95334

(66)3 .0392 54545

(

D2 .4269

32220
65312
90382
3 .5811 54508

8 .3824
4 .9263

2095
(11)1 .2449
13)7 .3948
(16)1 .3925
(l9)2 .6091
22 1 .5498
24)9 .2061
(27)5 .4684

594
52836
84584
32429
98628
69785
86452
56753
49111
52572

(66)3 .7228 42640

(

11521
.4061 17992
.9368 12252
.5872 14026

D2 .4372

4
*

(66)4.2013 02448

(66)4.3734 92798

(66)' .5524 34829

1)2.4433
8.4202
4.9430
3.5908

58345
45948
33830
30176

1)2.4454
8.4249
4.9451
3.5920

03852
44747
02478
32329

i);

09195

8 .3586 78393

4 .9159 01946

2149
(11)1 .2873
(l3)7 .7114
(l6)' .6191
19 2 .7668
22 1 .6573
24) < .9275
(27)5 .9465

584
41056
76704
91951
40996
35942
07390
15516
10612
40597

598
3 57604
2138 47192
(11)1.2788 06208
(13)7.6472 61125
(16)4.5730-62153
(19)2.7346 91167
22)1.6353 45318
(24)9.7793 65002
(27)5.8480 60271

"(-6)21

588
45744
97472
89135
88116
86212
95893
55185
56487
26815

597
56409
76173
73753
34304
69980
39878
95407
64580
99254

2127
(11)1.2702
13)7.5835
(16)4.5273
(19)2.7028
(22)1.6135
(24)9.6331
(27)5.7509

11123
41899
62581
26411

1)2.4248
8.3777
4.9242
3.5799

08288
66760
03051
19175

(66)3.4333 72793

39294
04732
96184
28526

66)2.9178 02055

(66)2.8010 08521

43687
09391
05372
99018

1)2.4310 49156
8. 3919 42387
4.9305 67063
3.5835 83235

1)2.4413
8.4155
4. 9409
3.5896

67616
25609
87710
01670

2022
(11)1.1872
13)6.9693
(16)4.0909
(19)2.4014
(22) 1.4096
(24)8.2745
(27)4.8571

(66)3.2968 52680
(

1)2.4124
8.3491
4.9116
3.5726

587

(66)2.6887 02707
(

(66)4.0356 19703

n2

1)2.4041
8.3299
4.9032
3.5676

82430
47517
04396
41976

1941
(11)1 .1238
13)6 .5071
(16)3 .7676
(19)2 .1814
(22)1 .2630
(24)7 .3131
(27)4 .2343

583
3 39889
1981 55287
11)1.1552 45323
13)6.7350 80234
16)3.9265 51777
19)2.2891 79686
22)1.3345 91757
24)7.7806 69942
27)4.5361 30576

66) 3. 8762 0892E

6218'
32585
88725
2103C

1)2.4020
8. 3251
4.9011
3.5664

578
34084
00552
21191
80481
82318
36180
26512
99239
72960

582
3 38724
1971 37368
(11)1.1473 39482
(13)6.6775 15784
(16S3.8863 14186
(19)2.2618 34856
(22)1.3163 87886
(24)7.6613 77499
(27)4.4589 21704

1961

596
3 55216
2117 08736
(11)1.2617 84067
(13)7.5202 33037
(16)4.4820 58890
(19)2.6713 07098
(22)1.5920 99031
(24)9.4889 10223
(27)5.6553 90493

1)2.4392
8.4108
4.9388
3.5884

581
37561
22941
74287
45609
20799
70484
01651
13594
97598

595
54025
44875
37006
55187
26336
9017C
53651
79225
1463S

2106
11)1.2533
13)7.4573
16 4. 4371
19)2.6400
22)1.5708
24)9.3465
27)5.5612

576
31776
02976
53142
38097
34744
72012
57479
47080
88718

1911
(11)1.1007
(13)6.3403
(16)3.6520
19 2. 1035
22 1.2116
(24)6.9791
(27)4.0199

-? 7

J[(" 7)41
]

n5

"(-7)21
3

.4474
.4296
.9471
.5932

599
58801
21799
81576
15640
37969
63643
51322
34420
93118

47650
38310
68534
32875

48

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

P OWE RS

Table 3.1

AIS

D R OOT $

n*

10

600
3 60000
2160 00000
11)1.2960 00000
13 7.7760 00000
16 4. 6656 00000
19)2.7993 60000
22 1.6796 16000
25)1.0077 69600
27)6.0466 17600

601
3 61201
2170 81801
(11)1.3046 61624
(13)7.8410 16360
(16)4.7124 50833
19)2.8321 82950
(22 1.7021 41953
(25 1.0229 87314
(27)6.1481 53756

602
3 62404
2181 67208
(11)1.3133 66592
(13)7.9064 66885
16)4.7596 93065
19)2.8653 35225
(22)1.7249 31805
(25)1.0384 08947
(27)6.2512 21860

2192
(11)1.3221
(13)7.9723
(16)4.8073
19)2.8988
(22)1.7479
(25)1.0540
(27)6.3558

24

(66)4.7383 81338

(66)4.9315 94142

(66)5.1323 44384

(66)5.3409 12849

2
3

5
6

(
1

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.4494
8.4343
4.9492
3.5944

2
3

89743
26653
32004
31819
605
66025
45125
43006
45188
94339
95575
11323
21350
24169

10

2214
11)1.3397
13 8. 1054
16)4.9037
19)2.9667
22)1.7949
25)1.0859
27)6.5698

24

66)5.7826 77757

6
7
8
9

(
(

1)2.4596
8.4576
4.9595
3.6004

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

74775
90558
10838
02669

1)2.4515
8.4390
4.9512
3.5956

2225
(11)1.3486
(13)8.1726
(16)4.9526
(19)3.0012
(22)1.8187
25)1.1021
(27)6.6792

30134
09789
92896
29165
606
67236
45016
22797
54150
28415
92819
83448
82770
27585

(66)6.0164 86963
(

1)2.4617
8.4623
4.9615
3.6015

06725
47878
58954
92098
611
73321
99131
85690
19568
21356
84949
59804
81840
37043

10

610
3 72100
2269 81000
11)1.3845 84100
13)8.4459 63010
16)5.1520 37436
19)3.1427 42836
22)1.9170 73130
25)1.1694 14609
27)7.1334 29117

2280
(11)1.3936
(13)8.5154
(16)5.2029
(19)3.1789
(22)1.9423
(25)1.1867
(27)7.2512

24

66)7.0455 68477

(66)7.3280 60494

3
4
5
6
7

1)2.4698
8.4809
4.9697
3.6063

1/2

1/3
1/4
1/5

4
5

6
7

8
9

10

08375
41506
30263
65612
59351
49001
66136
81734

66)8.5704 33286
(

1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.4799
8.5040
4.9798
3.6122

2
3

19354
34993
78868
26906
620
84400
28000
33600
28320
23558
14606
01056
08655
93659

10

2383
(11)1.4776
13 9. 1613
'16)5.6800
19)3.5216
22 2. 1834
'25)1.3537
27) 8. 3929

24

(67)1.0408 79722

4
5

6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.4718
8.4855
4.9717
3. 6075

3 78225

2326
11)1.4305
13)8.7978
16)5.4106
19)3.3275
22)2.0464
25)1.2585
'27)7.7401

24
1/2

615

1
2

17807
26088
26156
34171

1)2.4899
8.5270
4.9899
3.6180

79920
18983
69859
81437

2337
(11)1.4398
(13)8.8695
(16 5. 4636
19)3.3656
22)2.0732
(25)1.2771
(27)7.8669

41419
57944
61679
15802
616
79456
44896
68559
90326
67641
19267
21468
04424
63254

(66)8.9112 18488
(

1)2.4819
8.5086
4.9819
3.6134

2394
(11)1.4871
13)9.2354
(16 5.7352
19)3.5615
22)2.2117
(25 1.3734
(27)8.5293

34729
41730
01975
00850
621
85641
83061
89809
48713
13651
67677
33527
86521
51293

(67)1.0819 28109
(

1)2.4919
8.5316
4.9919
3. 6192

87159
00940
80728
47808

1)2.4535
8.4436
4.9533
3.5968

2236
(11)1.3575
(13)8.2403
16)5.0018
19)3.0361
(22 1.8429
(25 1.1186
(27)6.7902

607
68449
48543
46656
08202
67079
33317
32923
60284
67926

(66)6.2593 40623
(

1)2.4637
8.4670
4.9636
3.6027

36999
00076
04536
79959

74544
20928
32079
32326
23383
84711
37843
77960
93114

1)2.4556
8.4483
4.9554
3.5980

2247
(11)1.3665
(13)8.3084
16)5.0515
(19)3.0713
(22 1.8673
(25)1.1353
(27)6.9029

(66)7.6213 89047
(

1)2.4738
8.4901
4.9737
3. 6086

63375
84749
94704
95885

603
63609
56227
15049
53744
29308
19573
88202
36886
42422

05832
60500
06978
19083
608
69664
55712
14729
09552
13008
19909
62504
56403
66929

(66)6.5115 72833
(

1)2.4657
8.4716
4.9656
3.6039

612

2292
(11)1.4028
13)8.5853
(16 5. 2542
(19)3.2155
22)1.9679
(25)1.2043
(27)7.3707

2303
(11)1.4120
(13)8.6557
(16)5.3059
19)3.2525
(22)1.9938
(25)1.2222
(27)7.4921

65601
47168
47592
66255
613
75769
46397
23414
03525
46261
45058
10121
05604
20352

(66)7.9259 51097
(

1)2.4758
8.4948
4. 9758
3. 6098

83681
06516
25239
74428

2203
(11)1.3309
(13)8.0386
(16)4.8553
(19)2.9326
(22J1.7713
(25)1.0698
(27)6.4620

604
64816
48864
07139
79117
62187
38761
13811
73542
36194

(66)5.5575 90288
(

1)2.4576
8.4530
4.9574
3.5992

41145
28104
60182
11665
609

3 70881

2258
(11)1.3755
(13 8. 3769
(16)5. 1015
19)3.1068
(22)1.8920
(25)1.1522
(27)7.0173

66529
27162
60414
68892
55455
74972
73658
46578

(66)6.7735 29447
(

1)2.4677
8. 4762
4.9676
3.6051

2314
(11)1.4212
13)8.7265
16)5.3580
19)3.2898
(22)2.0199
(25)1.2402
(27)7.6152

92536
89168
88130
50991
614
76996
75544
59840
35419
92747
68947
79533
67433
42041

(66)8.2421 57465
(

1)2.4779
8. 4994
4.9778
3.6110

02339
23260
53291
51433

617
80689
85113
41147
17878
01631
51706
99903
85040
10697

618
3 81924
2360 29032
(11)1.4586 59418
(13)9.0145 15202
(16)5.5709 70395
(19)3.4428 59704
(22)2.1276 87297
(25)1.3149 10750
(27)8.1261 48432

2371
(11)1.4681
(13)9.0876
(16)5.6252
19)3.4820
( 22) 2. 1553
(25)1.3341
(27)8.2586

(66)9.2649 68280

(66)9.6321 53659

(67)1.0013 26192

2348
(11)1.4492
(13)8.9418
(16)5.5171
(19)3.4040
(22)2.1002
(25)1.2958
(27)7.9956

1)2.4839
8.5132
4. 9839
3. 6145

2406
(11)1.4967
(13)9.3100
(16)5.7908
19 3. 6019
22)2.2403
25)1.3935
(27)8.6676

48470
43484
22621
73271
622
86884
41848
92295
48072
49901
08638
87173
20822
99511

(67)1.1245 25305
(

1)2.4939
8.5361
4.9939
3.6204

"(-6)21

68829
87734
51218
24918

92783
77980
89170
12677

1)2.4859
8.5178
4.9859
3.6157

2418
(11)1.5064
(13)9.3851
(16)5.8469
19)3.6426
(22)2.2693
(25 1.4138
(27)8.8080

623
88129
04367
41206
28716
35190
40623
65108
14463
64101

(67)1.1687 27115
(

1)2.4959
8.5407
4.9959
3.6215

96795
50116
95191
76049

1)2.4879
8.5224
4. 9879
3. 6169

2429
(11)1.5161
13)9.4606
(16)5. 9034
(19)3.6837
(22)2.2986
(25)1.4343
(27)8.9504

n 1 [(-7)31

n5

619
83161
76659
23519
84584
76757
46313
86668
84347

OHIO
71061
32097
56556
13560
624
89376
70624
36694
92969
72413
66786
70474
70376
71145

(67)1.2145 91262
(

1)2.4979
8.5453
4.9979
3.6227

3 r(-7)7i

60579
40269
40813
44173

-(-7)21
3

99199
17363
98799
37928

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND

49

R OOT S nk

Tabl e3.1

8
9
10

625
3 90625
2441 40625
11)1.5258 78906
13)9.5367 43164
16)5.9604 64478
19 3. 7252 90298
22)2.3283 06437
25)1.4551 91523
27)9.0949 47018

24

67)1.2621 77448

1
2
3

4
5

6
7

1)2.5000
8.5498
5.0000
3. 6238

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

7
8
9

10

24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

8
9

10

24

67)1.8474 36020

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.5199
8.5952
5.0198
3.6354

47875
04006
49044
51429
92658
63838
63037
51028

20634
38034
81108
21280

44000
21600
41824
47674
46511
49767
39851
21505

10

2621
11)1.6777
14)1.0737
16)6.8719
19)4.3980
22)2.8147
25)1.8014
28)1.1529

24

67)2.2300 74520

5
(

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

2572
(11)1.6361
(14)1.0406
(16)6.6182
(19)4.2092
(22)2.6770
(25)1.7026
(28)1.0828

1)2.5298
8.6177
5.0297
3.6411

22128
38760
33719
28406

71337
52262
57040
29638
636
04496
59456
70140
04209
42770
02402
52728
05535
57120

(67)1.9185 39634
(

1)2.5219
8.5997
5.0218
3. 6365

04043
47604
56273
65574

74721
31962
56687
24366
76219
27156
31507
63096

(67)2.3152 22362
(

1)2.5317
8.6222
5. 0316
3. 6422

97780
24830
97308
65548

10

36125
68006
45364
27598
75801
57891
34840
26972

646
4 17316
2695 86136
(11)1.7415 26439
(14 1.1250 26079
(16)7.2676 68472
(19)4.6949 13833
(22)3.0329 14336
25 1.9592 62661
(28)1.2656 83679

24

67)2.6880 24057

(67)2.7898 47292

2
3

4
5
6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3

1/4
1/5

632

633
4 00689

645
4 16025

1)2.5396
8.6401
5.0395
3.6467

85020
22598
28767
99973

1)2.5416
8. 6445
5.0414
3. 6479

n2

1)2.5139
8.5816
5.0139
3.6319

53005
85472
80939
30063

637
05769
74853
84814
10826
24963
49202
12241
51098
04149

1)2.5238 85893
8. 6042 52449
5.0238 29110
3. 6377 08430

1)2.5059
8.5635
5.0059
3.6273

2536
(11)1.6055
(14)1.0162
(16)6.4331
19)4. 0721

22)2.5776
(25)1.6316
(28)1.0328

(67)2.4034 80891
1)2.5337
8.6267
5.0336
3. 6434

71892
06237
58602
01272

(67)2.8953 61105
(

1)2.5436
8. 6490
5.0434
3.6490

19468
43742
30845
58755

1)2.5079
8. 5680
5. 0079
3.6285

634
4 01956

2548
(11)1.6156
(14)1.0243
(16)6. 4943
(19)4.1174
22)2.6104
(25)1.6550
(28)1.0492

(67)1.7788 61719

08321
17119
60390
79389
74299
67777
57209
64857
33244

1)2.5258 66188
8.6087 52582
5. 0257 99626
3.6388 49851

639

(19)4.3501
(22 2.7797
(25)1.7762
(28)1.1350

(67)2.1479 32334
(

1)2.5278
8.6132
5.0277
3.6399

47707
00756
44686
00332
02713
50945
78757
19041

(67)2.4949 58638

1)2.5357
8.6311
5.0356
3. 6445

44467
82992
17605
35581

4 14736

2670
(11)1.7200
(14 1.1077
(16)7.1337
(19 4. 5941
22)2.9586
25 1.9053
(28)1.2270

1)2.5377
8.6356
5.0375
3.6456

648

97792
93692
49513
20841
11105
51996
36093
19389

(67)3.0046 93247
1)2.5455
8.6534
5. 0453
3.6501

84412
97422
78492
86051

2733
(11)1.7741
(14)1.1513
(16 7. 4725

(19)4.8496
(22 3. 1474
(25)2.0426
(28)1.3257

15508
55108
74325
68481
649
21201
59449
02824
92733
38836
77704
40830
89099
05225

(67)3.1179 75679
(

1)2.5475
8.6579
5. 0473
3.6513

"(-7)31
3

89984
59497
18316
05955
06635
04673
41409
39868

(67)2.5897 67740

4 19904

2720
(11)1.7631
(14)1.1425
(16)7.4037
(19)4.7976
(22)3.1088
(25)2.0145
(28)1.3054

44932
48015
67827
89842
644

643
4 13449

40104
86259
45088
47861
16544
42089
20284
82860

2609
(11)1.6672
(14)1.0653
16)6.8077

2658
(11)1.7094
14)1.0991
(16)7.0675
(19)4.5444
(22)2.9220
(25)1.8788
(28)1.2081

87241
80703
80871
25079

94072
48179
69138
01103
36504
45889
03077
95163

(67)2.0686 94164

(-7)61
4 J
L

4 07044

647

40023
34949
60712
31806
24378
77773
28519
13352

(67)1.4710 09545

638

629
95641
58189
18009
50275
39823
22049
20469
88675
76765

35662
23728
03608
75544

2596
(11)1.6568
14)1.0570
(16)6.7441
19)4.3027
(22)2.7451
(25)1.7514
(28)1.1173

4 18609

2708
(11)1.7523
(14)1.1337
(16 7. 3354
(19)4.7460
22)3.0706
(25)1.9867
(28)1.2854

49125
04672
23768
28361

2488
(11)1.5653
(13)9.8458
(16)6.1930
(19 3. 8954
22)2.4502
(25)1.5411
(27)9.6940

1)2.5179
8.5907
5.0179
3. 6342

1)2.5159
8.5862
5.0159
3.6331

642

09288
91629
24226
07530
60434
92999
43305
61202

36137
16747
92101
28999
70657
84026
73988
49635

(67)1.7127 30535

4 12164

2646
(11)1.6937
(14)1.0906
(16 7. 0018
19 4.4951
22)2.8858
(25)1.8527
(28)1.1894

"(-6)21
3

61018
80854
41581
79727

(67)1.9922 61654

92817
37711
89230
70600

99424
35968
95318
89841
91794
51614
86220
20891
48403

2584
(11)1.6464
(14)1.0488
(16 6. 6809
(19)4.2557
(22 2. 7109
25)1.7268
(28)1.1000

(67)1.4158 96309

4 10881

2633
(11)1.6882
(14)1.0821
16)6.9366
(19)4.4463
(22)2.8501
25)1.8269
(28)1.1710

2683
11)1.7307
14)1.1163
16)7.2004
19)4.6442
22 2.9955
25)1.9321
28)1.2462

628
94384
73152
87395
32838
99022
76986
29947
76407
55835

96805
89894
95209
14650

641

4 09600

2
3

1)2.5119
8.5771
5.0119
3. 6308

640

2476
(11)1.5553
13 9. 7678
(16)6.1341
19)3.8522
(22)2.4192
(25)1.5192
(27)9.5410

1)2.5039
8. 5589
5.0039
3.6262

(67)1.6489 59081

80080
18882
70139
78090
635

(67)1.5874 66692

1)2.5099
8.5726
5.0099
3. 6296

4 03225

99201
37239
98801
57224

67)1.5281 75339

2560
11)1.6259
14)1.0324
16)6.5560
19 4. 1630
22)2.6435
25)1.6786
28)1.0659

(67)1.3627 65028

1)2.5019
8. 5544
5.0019
3.6250

93129
91883
04106
10747
24838
42174
82943
41505
12238

2524
(11)1.5953
(14)1.0082
(16)6.3723
19)4. 0273
(22 2.5452
(25 1.6086
(28)1.0166

2500
11)1.5752
13)9.9243
16)6.2523
19)3.9389
22)2.4815
25 1.5633
27)9.8493

2
3

(67)1.3115 47419
(

627
3

631
3 98161
2512 39591
(11)1.5853 21819
(14)1.0003 38068
16)6.3121 33209
(19)3.9829 56055
(22)2.5132 45270
(25)1.5858 57766
(28)1. 0006 76250

2464
(11)1.5455
(13 9. 6903
(16 6. 0758
(19)3.8095
(22)2.3885
(25)1.4976
(27)9: 3902

630
96900
47000
96100
65430
50221
80639
57803
81416
02919

2
3

00000
79733
00000
98318

626
3 91876
2453 14376
(11)1.5356 67994
13 9. 6132 81641
(16)6.0179 14307
(19)3.7672 14356
(22)2.3582 76187
(25)1.4762 80893
(27)9.2415 18391

"(-7)21
3

47841
46522
23886
11957

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

50

POWERS AND ROOTS

Table 3.1

n*

k
4 22500

2746
7850
1602
5418
9022
1864
0711
3462

25000
62500
90625
89063
27891
48129
91284
74334

10

11)1.
14)1.
16)7.
19)4.
22)3.
25)2.
28)1.

24

67)3. 2353 44710

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2. 5495 09757

4
5
6
7

8
9

8.
5.

3.

2810
8406
2056
8967
1723
3878
2190
4534

4
6
7
8
9

11)1.
14)1.
16)7.
19)5.
22)3.
25 2.

655
29025
11375
24506
09052
39288
64234
98573
73565
93185

10

28) 1.

24

67)3. 8885 81447

1/2

1)2. 5592 96778

1/3
1/4
1/5

8.
5.
3.

11)1.
14)1.
16)8.
19)5.
22)3.
25)2.
28)1-

5
6
7

8
9

10

2874
8974
2523
2653
4551
6004
3762
5683

96000
73600
32576
95002
60701
06063
68001
36881

24

'67)4. 6671 78950

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2. 5690 46516

8.

5.
3.

(11)1.
14)1.
16)8.

19)5
22
'25

3.
2.

2940
9556
3004
6482
7511
8244
5432
6912

665
42225
79625
29506
93622
82584
07918
86766
83699
83660

10

(28)1

24

(67)5 5939 61683

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2. 5787 59392

8
5
3.

5
6
7

(11)2
(14)1
(16)9.

63000
12100
25107
38217
11605
76776
53440
37805

10

(19)6
(22)4
25)2
(28)1

24

(67)6 6956 88867

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2 5884 35821

3.

D2 .5612

49695
a .6889 62971
5 .0608 79069
3 .6591 54676

657
31649
93393
08592
28045
21255
36465
46257
05891
89470

(67)4.1837 80288
(

1)2.5632 01124
8. 6933 75853
5.0628 06656
3. 6602 69592

653

4 26409

45077
46353
14868
66091
17457
19800
30929
16597

2797
(11)1.8294
(14)1.1964
(16)7.8246
(19)5.1173
(22)3.3467
(25)2.1887
(28)1.4314

1)2.5553
8.6756
5.0550
3.6558

86468
97359
83054
01749

2861
(11)1.8859
(14)1.2428
(16)8.1905
(19)5.3975
22)3.5569
(25)2.3440
(28)1.5447

1)2.5651
8. 6977
5. 0647
3. 6613

51068
84260
32044
83152

2914
(11)1.9322
(14)1.2810
(16)8.4933
(19)5.6311
(22)3.7334
(25)2.4752
(28)1.6411

(67)4 .8398 84834

(67)5.0187 05901

(67)5.2038 48947

D2 .5709

92026
8 .7109 82739
5 .0704 95071
3 .6647 15727

2954
(11)1 .9674
(14 1 .3103
(16)8 .7266
19)5 .8119
(22 3 .8707
(25)2 .5779
(28)1 .7168

666
43556
08296
19251
01221
06135
19686
38511
11848
89291

(67)5 .7993 79113

(

1)2 .5806 97580

8 .7328 91741
5 .0800 56673
3 .6702

1)2.5729
8.7153
5. 0724
3.6658

36066
73356
11720
23896

1)2.5748
8.7197
5.0743
3. 6669

667

663
39569
34247
09058
54605
92032
18918
31842
65311
00901

78638
59553
26200
30727
668
46224
77632
58582
93933
27470
98350
12498
27948
49870

44889
40963
62223
67903
19912
81781
78948
58458
(28)1.7428 43292

2967
(11)1.9792
(14)1.3201
16)8.8055
19)5.8732
(22)3.9174
25)2.6129

2980
(11)1.9911
(14)1.3300
16)8.8850
(19)5.9351
(22)3.9647
( 25) 2. 6484
(28)1.7691

(67)6.0120 14426

(67)6.2321 09844

43226

1)2.5826 34314
8. 7372 60372
5.0819 62528
3.6713 44740

1)2.5573
8.6801
5.0570
3. 6569

658

662
4 38244
2901 17528
(11)1.9205 78035
(14) 1.2714 22659
(16)8.4168 18005
(19)5.5719 33519
22 3. 6886 19990
(25)2.4418 66433
(28)1.6165 15579

fun

90312
78253
72490
48987
91834
43626
40706
54385

(67)4.3393 17689

1)2.5845
8.7416
5.0838
3. 6724

69597
24639
66242
44934

654
27716
26264
09767
33987
78277
39593
40094
68021
54286

(67)3.7485 72888

4 32964

2848
(11)1.8745
(14)1.2334
16)8.1162
(19)5.3404
(22)3.5140
(25)2.3122
(28)1.5214

04781
99602
48737
20153
82121
79482
68738
62236

661
4 36921

42371
23736
17274
20758
659
34281
91179
99870
73914
39094
65263
95508
60040
35566

(67)4.5003 87920
(

1)2.5670 99531
8. 7021 88202
5.0666 55239
3. 6624 95358

2927
(11)1.9438
(14)1.2907
(16)8.5705
(19)5.6908
22) 3. 7787
(25)2.5090
(28)1.6660

664
40896
54944
92828
44838
45724
42360
19327
69633
22237

(67)5.3955 27431
(

1)2.5768 19745
8. 7241 41343
5.0762 38514
3.6680 36224
669
4 47561

2994
(11)2.0031
(14)1.3400
(16)8.9651
(19)5.9976
22)4.0124
(25)2.6843
(28)1.7958

18309
08487
79578
32376
73560
43612
24776
13275

(67)6.4599 15340
(

1)2.5865
8. 7459
5. 0857
3.6735

03431
84552
67819
43810

11711
69581
30789
48592
16705
16509
18478
27799

672
4 51584
3034 64448
(11)2.0392 81091
(14)1.3703 96893
16)9.2090 67120
(19)6.1884 93105
(22)4.1586 67366
(25)2.7946 24470
(28)1.8779 87644

3048
(11)2.0514
14)1.3806
(16)9.2915
(19)6.2532
(22)4.2084
(25)2.8322
(28)1.9061

21217
46790
23690
97433
45073
33934
76038
21773

674
4 54276
3061 82024
(11)2.0636 66842
(14)1.3909 11451
16)9.3747 43182
(19)6.3185 76905
22 4. 2587 20834
(25)2.8703 77842
(28) 1.9346 34665

(67)6 .9396 96605

(67)7.1922 13208

(67)7.4535 22063

(67)7.7239 15552

671
4 50241

3021
(11)2 .0271
(14)1 .3602
(16)9 .1271
19 6 .1243
22 4 .1094
25 2 .7574
(28)1 .8502

0876 67266
6746 41374

D2 .5903

66769
8 .7546 91362
5 0895 64588
3 .6757 37627
.

n2

(67)3.6134 02582

1)2.5534 29067
8. 6712 66460
5.0531 46611
3. 6546 81368

2835
(11)1.8632
1.2241
(14
(16)8.0425
(19)5.2839
(22)3.4715
(25 2.2808
(28)1.4984

2888
.9089
14)1 .2618
(16 8 .3408
19 5 .5132
(22)3 .6442
25 2 .4088
(28)1 .5922

8 7503 40123
5

(67)3.4829 10364
(

00416
90729
40318
52487
95232
99272
51522
36999

670

3007
0151
3501
0458
0607
0606
7206
8228

2784
(11)1.8182
(l4)l. 1873
(16)7.7531
(19)5.0628
(22)3.3060
(25)2.1588
(28)1.4097

4 30336

(67)4 .0335 93654

(

4 48900

652
4 25104
2771 67808
(11)1.8071 34108
14)1.1782 51439
(16)7.6821 99379
(19)5.0087 93995
(22)3.2657 33685
25)2.1292 58363
(28)1.3882 76452

656

7285 18735
0781 48670
6691 40389

70164
8 .6668 31029
5 .0512 07939
3 .6535 59612

2823
(11)1 .8518
(14)1 .2148
(16)7 .9693
( 19)5 .2278
(22)3 .4294
(25)2 .2497
(28)1 .4758

7065 87691
0685 76246
6636 06215

2
3

D2 .5514

660

4 35600

23801
94451
72876
43442
74809
65401
77776
46432
30227

(67)3 .3569 41134

6845 45603
0589 49277
6580 38399

1
2

5
6
7

2758
(11)1 .7960
.1692
(14)1
(16)7 .6117
(19)4 .9552
(22)3 .2258
(25)2 .1000
(28)1 .3671

6623 91053
0492 67033
6524 36476

651

650

1)2.5922
8.7590
5.0914
3. 6768

1)2.5942
8.7633
5.0933
3. 6779

r(-7)6i
4

n4

24354
80887
52878
26219

1)2.5961 50997
8. 7677 19196
5. 0952 43858
3.6790 18565

"(-6)21

96279
38280
59790
32575

673
4 52929

'(-7)31
3

[(-7)21
3

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS

51
Table 3.1

re*

(67)8.0036 95322

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1

2
3

4
5

6
7

8
9

10

24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

(67)8.2931 72571

(67)8.5926 68325

(67)8.9025 13744

3089
(11)2. 0882
1.4116
(14
(16)9.5428
(19)6.4509
(22)4. 3608
(25)2.9479
(28)1.9928

24

5
6
7
8

3116
(11)2.1130
(14 1.4326
(16)9.7135
(19)6.5857
(22)4.4651
(25)3.0273
(28)2.0525

46875
41406
60449
08032
92922
32722
34587
30847

10

677
4 58329
3102 88733
(11)2.1006 54722
(14)1.4221 43247
(16)9.6279 09783
(19)6.5180 94923
(22)4.4127 50263
(25)2.9874 31928
(28)2.0224 91415

4 55625

3075
(11)2.0759
(14)1.4012
(16)9.4585
(19)6.3844
(22 4. 3095
(25)2.9089
(28)1- 9635

676
56976
15776
70646
70957
95666
97470
74290
51020
14890

675

1)2.5980
8.7720
5.0971
3.6801

76211
53215
32735
09614

1)2.6000
8.7763
5.0990
3.6811

22366
08428
04200
87840

3172
(11)2.1634
(14)1.4754
(17)1.0062
19)6.8626
(22)4.6803
(25)3.1919
(28)2.1769

(67)9.5546 30685

(67)9.8976 17949

(68)1.0252 38701

1)2.6076
8.7936
5.1065
3. 6855

80962
59344
45762
45546

1)2.6095
8.7979
5.1084
3.6866

685
4 69225

19125
21006
78889
02539
52393
75389
89142
03562

3228
(11)2.2146
(14 1.5192
(17)1.0421
19)7.1493
22 4. 9044
(25 3. 3644
(28)2.3080

10

3214
(11)2.2017
(14)1.5081
(17)1.0331
(19)7.0767
(22)4.8475
(25)3.3205
(28)2.2746

24

(68)1.1391 31118

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.6019
8.7807
5.1009
3.6822

681
4 63761
3158 21241
(11)2.1507 42651
14)1.4646 55745
16)9.9743 05627
19)6.7925 02132
(22)4.6256 93952
(25 3. 1500 97581
(28)2.1452 16453

2
3
5
6
7
8
9

680
4 62400
3144 32000
(11)2.1381 37600
14)1.4539 33568
16)9.8867 48262
(19 6. 7229 88818
22)4.5716 32397
(25 3. 1087 10030
(28)2.1139 22820

00000
82955
19514
99371

1)2.6172
8.8151
5.1159
3.6909

97670
67850
22134
28893

686
70596
28856
05952
19683
84703
87060
79523
72953
28446

1)2.6191
8.8194
5.1177
3.6920

1)2.6115
8.8022
5.1102
3. 6877

3242
(11)2.2275
(14)1.5303
17)1.0513
19)7.2226
(22)4.9619
(25)3.4088
(28)2.3418

12971
72141
96441
10968
687
71969
42703
47370
25043
33304
59802
67284
71524
94737

(68)1.2216 91886

60171
47349
73120
26615

1)2.6210
8.8237
5.1196
3. 6931

68484
30714
37179
02381

24

(68)1.3563 70007

(68)1.4043 42816

7
8

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.6267 85107
8.8365 55922
5.1252 17172
3.

6963 22179

1)2.6286
8.8408
5.1270
3.6973

684
4 67856
3200 13504
(11)2.1888 92367
(14 1.4972 02379
(17 1.0240 86427
19)7.0047 51164
22)4.7912 49796
(25)3.2772 14860
(28)2.2416 14965

(68)1.0619 32441

(68)1.0998 82878

3313
(11)2.2931
(14)1.5868
(l7)l. 0980
(19)7.5987
(22)5.2583
(25)3.6387
(28)2.5180

87886
22729
73128
92956

1)2.6134
8.8065
5.1121
3.6887

3256
(11)2.2405
(14)1.5414
17) 1.0605
(19)7.2965
22)5.0200
(25)3.4537
(28)2.3762

26869
72225
68688
91774
688
73344
60672
45423
95251
48733
75282
43794
90130
07610

(68)1.2650 93189
(

1)2.6229
8.8280
5.1214
3.6941

75410
09925
99204
76894

1)2.6153
8.8108
5.1140
3.6898

39366
68115
38880
71315
689

4 74721

3270
(11)2.2536
(14)1.5527
(17)1.0698
(19)7.3711
(22)5.0787
25)3.4992
(28)2.4109

82769
00278
30592
31378
38193
14215
34094
72291

(68)1.3099 69927
1)2.6248
8.8322
5.1233
3.6952

80950
84991
59200
50159

(68)1.5582 14678

10

(11)2.2798
(14)1.5753
(17)1.0885
19)7.5222
22)5.1978
(25)3.5917
(28)2.4818

11987
19871
89872
35983
78761
97694
44925
57584

4 66489

3186
(11)2.1761
(14)1.4862
17)1.0151
(19)6.9333
22)4.7354
25)3.2343
(28)2.2090

(68)1.5052 11857

4 78864

3299

62844
46612
67319
60923

(68)1.4539 39271

692

4 77481

1)2.6057
8.7893
5.1046
3.6844

73888
07305
30255
86536
58832
41112
72050
30258

691

4 76100
3285 09000
(11)2.2667 12100
(14 1.5640 31349
(17)1.0791 81631
(19)7.4463 53252
22)5.1379 83744
(25)3.5452 08784
(28)2.4461 94061

39371
81054
97808
99885
25208
57619
19614
78254

(67)9.2230 50418

3342
(11)2.3197
14)1.6098
17 1.1172
19)7.7538
(22)5.3811
(25)3.7345
(28)2.5917

69C

2
4

683

46839
88037
74277
32341
86159
24502
06537
40639

693
4 80249
3328 12557
(11)2.3063 91020
(14)1.5983 28977
17)1.1076 41981
(19)7.6759 58928
22)5.3194 39537
25)3.6863 71599
(28)2.5546 55518

1
3

679
4 61041

3130
(11)2. 1255
(14)1.4432
(16)9.7998
( 19) 6. 6540
(22)4.5181
25)3.0678
(28)2. 0830

8.7850 29644
5.1027 86801
3.6833 75023

682

14568
03354
41087
50822
30603
14071
74196
26402

59684
65752
93799
77595
54097
89678
65402
82142
65092

1)2. 6038 43313

4 65124

(68)1.1797 19551

50466
59819
07022
49595

678
4

1)2.6305
8.8450
5.1289
3. 6984

89288
85422
27069
62494

1)2.6324
8.8493
5.1307
3.6995

89316
44010
79001
30796

1)2.6343
8.8535
5.1326
3.7005

694
81636
55384
32365
94261
66617
30324
58245
23822
59533

87974
98503
28931
97866

695

696

10

3357
(11)2.3331
(14)1.6215
(17)1.1269
(19)7.8323
(22)5.4435
(25)3.7832
(28)2.6293

83025
02375
31506
2639"
60846
7787E
02625
34325
47856

4 84416
3371 53536
(11)2.3465 88611
(14)1.6332 25672
(17)1.1367 25068
(19)7.9116 06476
(22)5.5064 78107
(25)3.8325 08762
(28)2.6674 2609S

3386
(11)2.3601
(14)1.6449
(17)1.1465
7.9915
( 19
(22)5.5700
25 3. 8823
(28)2.7059

697
85809
08873
03845
92380
59689
21031
90158
52840
99930

698
4 87204
3400 68392
(11)2.3736 77376
(14 1.6568 26809
(17)1.1564 65112
(19)8. 0721 26484
(22) 5. 6343 44286
(25)3.9327 72312
(28)2.7450 75074

3415
(11)2.3873
(14)1.6687
(17)1.1664
(19)8.1534
(22)5.6992
25 3. 9837
(28)2.7846

24

(68)1.6130 03502

(68)1.6696 3580S

(68)1.7281 70846

(68)1.7886 69670

(68)1.8511 95210

1
2

4
5
6

7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.6362
8.8578
5.1344
3.7016

85265
4891]
76861
63707

1)2.6381
8.8620
5.1363
3.7027

81192
9524;
22801
28321

1)2.6400
8.8663
5.1381
3.7037

75756
37511
66751
91713

1)2.6419
8.8705
5.1400
3.7048

68963
75722
08719
53884

699
4 88601

1)2.6438
8.8748
5.1418
3.7059

U2 [(-6)21
3
716-654

64

[(-7)51
4
.

"(-7)3]
3
L

nh

'(-7)21
3

32099
09372
29251
41746
27808
46038
72980
57313

60813
09888
48708
14839

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

52

POWERS AND ROOTS

Table 3.1

ra*

k
1

700

4 90000

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10

24
1/2
1/3

00000
00000
00000
90000
30000
01000
60700
52490

(68)1.9158 12314
(

1/4
1/5

1)2.6457 51311
8. 8790 40017
5. 1436 86724
3.7069 74581

6
7
8
9

02625
38506
88647
19996
30972
72335
13497
31015

10

24

(68)2.2726 82709

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
2

3
4

6
7
8
9

10

24
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.6551
8.9001
5.1528
3. 7122

83609
30453
47377
55193

i
1

'-

(
(

i
c
'-

.9043 3656'
.1546 7365"
.7133 07716

68)2.6927 76876

(68)2 .7852 89985

i);
t
c
'

.6664
.9253
.1637
.7185

24

68)3.1867 28051

(68): .2954 33372

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.6739
8.9420
5.1710
3.7227

48391
14037
23488
27165

>

1)2.6683
8.9294
5. 1655
3.7195

17632
8. 9461 80866
.1728 3059]
'
.7237 67905

3686
(11)2.6428
( 14) 1. 8949
(17)1.3586
(19)9.7416
(22)6.9847
(25)5.0080
(28)3.5908

(
)

68)3.7668 63772

(68): 1. 8944 5198]

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.6832 81573
8.9628 09493
5. 1800 40128
3.7279 19273

1)2.6776
8.9503
5.1746
3. 7248

72]
5

1984]
0536]

4665.'>

9193"
90586
5401:
77432
30426
3113<

>

1
1

9669 57022
.1818 3781"
'
54232
1. 7289
t

n 2 [(-6)21
3

717
14089
01813
74999
41374
72965
85162
88261
93183
02813

3763
(11)2.7173
(14)1.9619
(17)1.4165
(20)1.0227
(22)7.3841
(25)5.3313
(28)3.8492

85568
43817
35801
07483
722
21284
67048
70087
41202
21548
28558
00187
20335
13282

(68)4.0261 75870

i); .6851 44316>

f 1.

32813
90191
90782
97942

(68)3.4076 87302

D2 .6758

24

6
7
8

>

7965]
3503C

9
10

>

7506
3414 c

3748
(11)2 .7023
.9483
(14)]
(17)] .4047
(20)] .0128
(22)" .3026
.2652
25
(28): >. 7962

06944
44128
22191
84600
06635
83244
00070
04050
11683

(68)2.8808 44702

61696
6174;
63806
4288"

720
5 18400
3732 48000
11)2.6873 85600
14)1.9349 17632
17)1.3931 40695
20)1.0030 61300
22)7.2220 41363
25)5.1998 69781
28)3.7439 06243

1
2
3

3609
(11)2.5699
(14)1.8297
(17)1.3028
(19)9.2759
(22)6.6045
(25)4.7024
(28)3.3481

>

10

47160
38706
97998
59051

!
'

1)2.6870
8. 9711
5.1836
3. 7299

n5 [(-7)51
4

05769
00718
33637
88042

703
94209
28927
25357
25026
68593
92210
41624
05461
74939

(68)2.1228 91511
1)2.6514
8. 8917
5.1491
3.7101

3548
(11)2.5126
(14)1.7789
(17)1.2595
(19)8.9172
22)6.3134
(25 4.4699
(28)3.1647
(

14717
06283
88981
46554
708
01264
94912
55977
60432
03986
88218
40059
15561
00218

68) 2. 5165 07242

1)2.6608
8.9127
5. 1583
3.7154

26939
36887
20404
09195

704
4 95616

3489
(11)2.4563
(14)1.7292
(17)1.2174
(19)8.5705
(22)6.0336
(25)4.2477
(28)2.9903

1)2.6532
8.8959
5.1510
3.7112

3564
(11)2.5268
(14)1.7915
(17)1.2702
(19)9.0058
(22)6.3851
(25)4.5270
(28)3.2096

67097
90402
70356
23964
64864
73748
79582
34042

(68)2.9795 36544
(

1)2.6702
8.9336
5. 1674
3.7206

3701
(11)2.6576
(14)1.9081
(17)1.3700
(19)9.8371
(22)7.0631
(25)5.0713
(28)3.6411

05985
68708
03588
42186
718
15524
46232
4994 3
9266 I
8233 L
9113 J
0323 1
0812 2
9923 >

(68)3.5236 0049
1)2.6795
8.9545
5.1764
3.7258

99832
20362
19154
01473
709
02681
00829
81878
59251
15509
27960
32023
58605
84551

(68)2.6032 12640
(

1)2.6627 05391
8.9169 31117
5. 1601 40881
3.7164 58153
714
5 09796

5 08369

3624
(11)2.5843
(14)1.8426
(17)1.3138
(19)9.3675
(22)6.6790
(25)4.7621
(28)3.3954

13664
52195
71945
07449
48443
66104
00937
81460

(68)2.1965 63787
(

713

712

58325
0776C
76065
5252:

3670
(11)2 .6281
.8817
(14)]
(17)] .3473
(19) c .6469
(22) .9072
(25)' .9455
(28): .5410

1)2.6589
8.9085
5.1564
3.7143

716
5 12656 .

715
5 11225

6
7
8

0552]
2543]
1481'
7103:
6640'
70136
5596"
96392
83735

25875
10006
59654
91653
55319
22)6.8304 34553
25)4.8837 60705
28)3.4918 88904

93243
90228
32591
67842
95643
53419
14568
84099

68) 2. 4325 73275

71]

3474
(11)2.4424
(14)1.7170
(17)1.2070
(19)8.4856
(22)5.9654
(25)4.1937
(28)2.9481

707

i); .6570 6605]

28260
88205
56856
90435

4 99849

3533
(11)2.4984
(14)1.7664
(17)1.2488
(19)8.8294
(22)6.2424
(25)4.4134
(28)3.1202

(68)2 .3513 2588"

3594
(11)2 .5555
(14)] .8169
(17)] .2918
(i 9 ; c .1851
(22)6 .5306
(25)4.6432
(28)2 .3013

3655
11)2.6135
14)1.8686
17)1.3360
19)9.5530

1)2.6495
8. 8874
5. 1473
3.7090

706
95816
8446]
7542 c
0665:
4497]
6615C
49302
2980"

710
04100
11000
68100
29351
02839
20158
35312
25)4.5848 50072
28)3.2552 43551

82519
21404
59433
05928

4 98436

3518
(11)2 .4843
(14)] .7539
(17)] .2383
(19)6 .7424
22)6 .1721
25) ' .3575
(28): .0764

702
92804
48408
57824
47593
03010
57130
93105
20960
05314

(68)2.0515 90555

.8832 6612C
.1455 2277]
.7080 33112

2
3

1028'
3808 c
1480C
41375
6650'

3579
11)2.5411
14)1.8042
17)1.2810
19)9.0951
22)6.4575

1)2.6645
8.9211
5. 1619
3.7175

3459
(11)2.4285
(14)1.7048
(17)1.1968
(19)8.4015
(22)5.8978
(25)4.1403
(28)2.9065

3934 c

1)2 .6476 4045 c

4 97025

3504
11)2.4703
14)1.7415
17)1.2278
19)8.6561
22)6.1025
25)4.3023
28)3.0331

7210]
49426

(68)] .9825 87806

(

705

1
2

3
4

3430
11)2.4010
14)1.6807
17)1.1764
19)8.2354
22 5. 7648
25)4.0353
28)2.8247

70]
4 9140]

3444
(11)2 .4147
14)] .6927
(17 ] .1866
(19 .3181
(22) E .8310
(25)' .0875
(28)2 .8653

3639
(11)2.5989
(14)1.8556
(17)1.3249
(19)9.4599
(22)6.7543
(25)4.8226
(28)3.4433

94344
19616
28606
18825
20408
83171
29584
57523

(68)3.0814 63889
(

1)2.6720 77843
8.9378 43321
5. 1692 14489
3.7216 85260

3716
(11)2.6724
(14)1.9215
(17)1.3815
(19)9.9334
(22 7. 1421
(25)5.1352
(28)3.6922

719
16961
94959
86755
17977
71425
98549
85457
31343
31336

(68)3.6432 86875

5220
0289

3912.
4590; !

")

1)2.6814
8.9586
5. 1782
3.7268

17536
58122
40566
83164

724
5 24176
3795 03424
(11)2.7476 04790
(14)1.9892 65868
(17)1.4402 28488
(20)1.0427 25426
(22)7.5493 32081
(25)5.4657 16426
(28)3.9571 78693

(68)4.1621 634813

(68)4.3025 46659

72

5 2272' >

3779
(11)2.7324
(14)1.9755
(17)1.4283
(20 1.0326
22 7. 4663
(25)5.3981
(28)3.9028

1)2.6888
8.9752
5. 1854
3.7310

3306

5607' \
6574,!

3403 L
8550 i
1619'i
4661,>

6000

65931

4059

2759. >

2070

1)2.6907 24809
8. 9793 76646
5. 1872 19688
3.7320 52232

4 r(-7)2i

[(-7)21
3

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9

10

24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

725
5 25625

78125
16406
41895
05374
48896
54495
37009
76831

3826
(11)2.7780
(14)2.0168
(17)1.4642
(20 1.0630
22)7.7177
(25 5. 6031
28 4. 0678

3810
(11)2.,7628
(14)2..0030
(17)1.4522
(20)1.0528
(22)7.6331
(25 5. 5340
(28 4. 0121

(68)4.4474 61095
(

1
2

1)2.6925
8. 9835
5.1890
3.7330

82404
08896
09928
82616
730
32900
17000
24100
71593
42263
39852
00919
58671
25830

10

3890
11)2.8398
'14)2.0730
17)1.5133
20 1.1047
22)8.0646
(25)5.8871
(28)4.2976

24

(68)5.2450 38047

3
4
5
6

7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.7018 51217
9. 0041 13346
5.1979 33452
3.7382 17550

735
40225
65375
30506
46422
09120
07703
36620
68916
24153

10

3970
(2.9184
2.1450
) 1.5766
(20)1.1588
22 8. 5172
25)6.2601
[28)4.6012

24

(68)6.1786 86185

4
5
6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3

1/4
1/5

1)2.7110
9. 0246
5.2068
3.7433

88342
23926
11253
24423

10

740
5 47600
4052 24000
(11)2.9986 57600
(14)2.2190 06624
17)1.6420 64902
(20)1.2151 28027
(22)8.9919 47402
(25)6.6540 41078
(28)4.9239 90397

24

(68)7.2704 49690

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.6944
8.9876
5.1907
3.7341

38717
37347
98317
11864

(11)2.
14)2.
17 1.
(20 1.
(22 7.
(25)5.
(28)4.

727
28529
40583
29038
22911
08256
48802
45793
59691
41696

8.

5.
3.

(68)5.4202 21655

(68)5.6010 04807

1)2.7037
9.0082
5.1997
3.7392

01167
22937
12653
41158

1)2.7055
9.0123
5.2014
3.7402

737
5 43169
4003 15553
(11)2.9503 25626
(14)2.1743 89986
17)1.6025 25420
(20)1.1810 61234
(22)8. 7044 21297
(25)6.4151 58496
(28)4.7279 71812

(68)6.3836 27605

(68)6.5950 74542

1)2.7129
9.0287
5.2085
3.7443

4068
(11)3.0148
14)2.2340
(17)1.6554
(20)l.2266
22)9.0896
(25)6.7354
(28)4.9909

31993
14871
81374
42461
741
49081
69021
99446
40489
24002
69186
18667
07432
36907

(68)7.5099 49065

1)2.7147
9.0328
5.2103
3.7453

8.
5.
3.

(11)2.
(14)2.
(17 1.
(20)l.
(22)8.
(25)6.
(28)4.

(11)3.

(68)7.7569 98844

D2. 7239 67694

(68)9. 1136 94019

8
9

10

1)2.7294
9.0653
5.2244
3.7534

68813
67701
31847
55355

1)2.7313
9. 0694
5.2261
3.7544

00057
21981
84131
62453

9.
5.
3.

n"

747
58009
32723
40441
64109
95190
08907
79533
48511
09038

D2. 7331 30074

9.
5.

3.

-7)5
4

738
44644
47272
70867
81700
16095
24678
56123
24819
16516

1)2.7184
9.0409
5.2138
3.7473

743
52049
72407
80984
52671
14035
33628
49854
98142
93019

4118
0640
(11)
2796
(14
6960
(17
2618
(20)
(22)9. 3882
(25)6.9848
(28)5.1967

4185
1304
3415
7514
3101
7997
3301
4829

11
S

(14
(17
(20
(22
(25

(28)

748
59504
08992
47260
74551
97764
20327
00049
75636
71376

5.
3.

(20)1.3224
22)9.9050
25 7. 4188
28)5.5567

-7)2
3

1)2.7367
9.0815
5.2314
3.7574

'("

nl

739
46121
83419
81466
53804
95761
80067
95697
49620
53170

55444
65517
80938
89950
744
53536
30784
21033
31649
45947
58184
24890
39318
20453

36339
09792
77799
47174
749
61001
89749
21220
68694
94252
30094
01408
46054
15695

(68)9.7177 03069

0775 19683
2296 83419
7564 73415
1

1)2.7276
9.0613
5.2226
3.7524

4201
(11)3.1472
(14)2.3572
(17)1.7655

1)2. 7349 58866

9.

43437
29268
39324
05277

(68)8.2746 65623

(68)9. 4110 55807

(

734
38756
46904
80275
93922
82539
16384
72255
29635
04352

(68)7.0382 79698

1)2.7258 02634
9. 0572 48245
5.2209 21982
3.7514 37909

1)2.7092
9.0205
5.2050
3.7423

4035
(11)2.9824
(14)2.2040
(17)1.6287
(20 1.2036
22)8.8951
(25 6.5735
(28)4.8578

(68)8.0118 26396

0734 72639
2279 34653
7554 68472
1

6)2'

3.

0531 83053
2191 64391
7504 27557

0368 85658
2121 16213
7463 75222

(68)8.8253 48404

5.

4101
(11)3.0475
(14)2.2643
17)1.6824
20 1.2500
(22)9.2877
(25 6. 9007
(28)5.1272

(68)8.5457 57129

9.

00000
000U0
52423
92819

(68)5.9800 58576

97274
30890
65584
85019

D2. 7166 15541

18488
07181
55728
73550
04174
16974
56995
01490

4168
1137
3259
7374
2979
6953
2424
(28)5. 4101

4019
9663
1891
6156
1923
7993
4939
7925

742

!!!)?:
(20)1.
(22 9.
(25)6.
(28)5.

(68)6.8132 24254

74392
02112
49693
59393

746
5 56516
4151 60936
(11)3.0971 00583
(14)2.3104 37035
(17)1.7235 86028
(20J 1.2857 95177
22)9.5920 32018
25)7.1556 55886
(28)5.3381 19291

745

1)2.7073
9.0164
5.2032
3.7412

55025
93625
27506
92992
69779
78485
49717
89039
92834

1)2.7221 31518
9. 0491 14206
5.2174 05023
3.7494 16115

3954
(11)2.9025
(14)2.1304
(17)1.5637
(20)l. 1478
22)8.4249
25)6.1839
28)4. 5390

(68)5.7875 58467
(

4134
11)3.0805
14)2.2949
17)1.7097
20)1.2737
22)9.4896
25)7.0697
28)5.2669

733
37289
32837
94695
20512
43035
14545
83612
16788
42805

729
31441
20489
95365
11321
46353
89891
44308
73700
15828

(68)5.0752 87861

1)2.7000
9.0000
5.1961
3.7371

5 50564

4085
0312
2491
6688
2383
1882
8176
0587

3874
(11)2.8242
(14)2.0589
(17)1.5009
(20)1.0941
(22)7.9766
(25)5.8149
(28)4.2391

9958 82891
1943 69560
7361 66963

3938
(11)2.8867
(14)2.1160
(17 1.5510
(20)l. 1369
(22)8.3335
(25 6. 1085
(28)4.4775

49852
28782
90029
63647

736
41696
88256
45564
78335
23255
89115
83890
42543
10512

3986
9343
1596
U4,
5895
(17
(20)1.1698
(22)8.6103
(25)6.3372
(28)4.6642

728
29984
28352
30403
28533
35172
26405
28230
76552
23730

1)2. 6981 47513

9917 62009
1925 84860
7351 39979

732
5 35824
3922 23168
(11)2.8710 73590
(14)2.1016 25868
(17)1.5383 90135
(20)1.1261 01579
(22 8. 2430 63558
(25 6. 0339 22524
(28)4.4168 31288

3858
8088
0448
4886
0837
8895
7435
1813

(68)4. 9108 09683

1)2. 6962 93753

731
34361
17891
16783
09669
23368
76882
05006
39059
61652

3906
(11)2.8554
14)2.0873
(17 1.5258
20)1.1153
22)8.1534
(25)5. 9601
(28)4.3568

(11)2.
(14)2.
(17)1.
'20)1.
22)7.
25)5.
(28)4.

(68)4. 7514 46686

(

Table 3.1

n*

94102
41696
43874
03580

3
4

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

(68)4.5970 46501
(

3842
7934
0308
4764
0733
8032
6729
1242

1)2.7202
9. 0450
5.2156
3. 7484

1
2

24

726
27076
57176
91098
94137
65143
56494
90147
15647
61960

53

7)1
3

86437
63122
30432
77282

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

54

POWERS AND ROOTS

Table 3.1

nk

k
2

4218
1640
3730
7797
3348
0011
5084
6313

4
5
6
7

8
9

751

75C

(11)3
14)2
17 1
20)1

10

(23)1.
(25)7.
(28)5.

24

(69)1 0033 9127E

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

3.

70025
68875
85006
1018C
73686
91133
85305
79054
40186

10

24

(69)1 1768 6552C

6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

9.
5.
3.

4389
3362
5355
9269
4645
1130
4590
4288

10

24

(69)1. 3788 79182

7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

9.
5.
3.

4476
4248
6200
0043
5333
1729
9733
8645

10
24

(69)1. 6138 91907

(

5.
3.

(11)3.

14)2.
(17)2.
20)1.
(23)1.
25)9.
(28)7.

6
7

8
9

10

24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

4565
5153
7067
0842
6048
2357
5151
3266

(20)
23
(25)
(28)

5.

1)2.7676 70501
3.1497 57625
3.2608 65424
3. 7743 81144
771

5 94441
4583 1401]
(11) 3. 5336 01025
(14)2.7244 06390
17) '.1005 17327
(20): 1.6194 98859
23 t. 2486 33620
(25)' 3. 6269 65212
(28) 1. 4223 90179

(69)
(

1656 56454
2677 19986
7783 1484 c

I.

4393'
69862

7454"
6360?
2646"
1136!
84062
3255?
8780"

'

(69)1.4686 5339(
1)2.7604
9.1338
5.2539
3.7704

3474!
0335]
8396:
30972

8828 c

4512
(11)3.4608
(14)2.6544
(17)2.0359
(20)1.5615
(23)1.1977
25 9. 1866
(28)7.0461

1766:
3947?
6387"
7379'
9190C
4098"
7337:
7847'

1)2.7531
9.1177
5.2470
3. 7664

4441
(11)3.3892
(14)2.5859
(17)1.9730
20 1.5054
(23)1.1486
(25)8.7643
(28)6.6872

(69)1.5156 15056
(

1)2.7622
9.1377
5.2557
3.7714

>

'

'

'

4529
(11)3.4789
(14)2.6718
(17)2.0519
(20)1.5758
23)1.2102
(25)9.2950
(28)7.1385

7648?
37512
81576
6610!

9598'

4600 9964!

>

1)2.7712
9. 1577
5.2642
3.7763

772

6928:
2028!
1686]
5981"
4857!
2702!
2366'

>

>

>

(69)2.0082 3812"
(

1)2.7784
9.1735
5.2711
3.7802

8879!
8522"
3725"
7557:

45463
97144
06863
20068
768
89824
84832
23510
13255
52580
99582
90879
33948
86072

(69)1.7728 38934

1)2.7694
9.1537
5.2625
3. 7753

(11)3.5519
(14)2.7421
(17)2.1169
(20 1.6342
(23)1.2616
(25)9.7399
(28)7.5192

763
82169
94947
07446
65281
91509
68822
72711
72784
16435

(69)1.7182 5942?
(

79980
93146
75356
64176

76"

"(-6)21

46588

762

'.

n2

9467 27094

1)2.7766 88675
3.1696 22555
3. 2694
29452
3.7792 95720

06044
26517
39353
80599
759
76081
45479
93186
88128
36089
83592
72446
16865
97401

(69)1.3359 88198

'

770

1)2.7459
9.1017
5.2401
3. 7624

(69)1.2943 77441

9290C
33000
0410C
84157
23801
52327
36292
69445
80473

(69)1.1400 19555
(

7766"

51564
7563'
0785?
28546
6810 c

80644
50728

(69)1.6652 92289

84547
00985
01041
82064

(69)1.2540 10313

86756
55096
26035
04743
98833
95706
05111
37150
48857

1)2.7440
9.0977
5.2384
3. 7614

754
68516
61064
04423
06735
03078
77321
49900
60245
01825

4372
(11)3.3186
(14)2.5188
1.9118
( 17
(20)1.4510
23)1.1013
(25)8.3594
(28)6.3447

766

17
(20)
(23
(25)
(28)

757
7304 c
9809;

4424
(11)3.3714
(14)2.5690
(17)1.9576
(20)1.4917
(23)1.1366
(25)8.6615
(28)6.6000

'

11081
11326
50419
62569
61815
05041
66364
82203

4494
3.4428
'.6372
>. 0200
L. 5473
L. 1853
3.0794
3. 9548

14

8246"

5 79121

1)2.7586 22845
3.1298 06063
3.2522 59366
3. 7694 40838

(11)

61840
71888
60997

4286
(11)3.2321
(14)2.4370
(17)1.8375
20)1.3854
(23)1.0446
(25)7.8766
(28)5.9390

758
5 74564
4355 19512
(11)3.3012 37901
14)2.5023 38329
(17)1.8967 72453
(20)1.4377 53520
(23)1.0898 17168
(25)8.2608 14132
(28)6.2616 97112

4337
(11)3.2838
(14)2.4858
(17)1.8818
(20)1.4245
(23 1.0783
(25)8.1632
(28)6.1795

1)2. 7748 87385

9.

1)2.7422
9.0936
5.2366
3.7604

63298
81798

(69)1.4230 88020

(69)1. 8870 23915

(

1)2.7513
9.1137
5.2453
3.7654

4407
3. 3538
>. 5522
L. 9422
L. 4780
L. 1248
3.5597
3.5139

14)
17)

1457 74274
2591 4759C
7733 95151

2
3

1)2.7495 45417
3.1097 66916
3.2436 10795
3.7644 74495

(11)

1)2- 7658 63337

9.

756
71536
81216
33993
99699
41772
07980
24433
04711
28762

761

85225
97125
83006
35500
27157
10275
82361
15059
8602C

\\l\l:
(17)2.
(20)1.
(23)1.
(25 8.
(28)6.

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

765
5

37921
39217
19217
81806

(69)1.2148 51214

1258 05271
2505 33069
7684 49662

6
7
8
9

17)
(20)
(23)
(25)
(28)

D2. 7568 0975C

(11)

760
77600
7600C
17600
25376
99286
19457
34787
64385
88932

(11)3.
(14)2.
(17)1.
20)1.
23)1.
(25 8.
(28)6.

4320
3.2665
>. 4694
L. 8669
L. 4114
L. 0670
3. 0667
3. 0984

(l4

1057 48491
2418 75936
7634 78075

(69)1.1042 80565

1)2.7404
3. 0896
5. 2349
3. 7594

1)2. 7477 2633:

4
5

(69)1.0696 16698

L.

75
5

4303
2492
4532
8521
3983
0557
9711
0182

(11)3.
(14)2.
(17 1.
(20)1.
(23)1.
(25 7.
(28)6.

0359 96977

(69)

0856 02964
2331 75697
7584 8007 c

2
3

753
5 67009
4269 57777
(11)3.2149 92061
(14)2.4208 89022
(17)1.8229 29433
(20)1.3726 65863
(23)1.0336 17395
(25)7.7831 38985
(28)5.8607 03656

(20)
23)
(25)
(28)

(17

1)2. 7386 1278E

9
5

5 6550'
4252 5900!
(11)3.1979 47740
(14)2.4048 5670]
(17)1.8084 5223 c
(20)1.3599 56084
(23)1.0226 86975
(25)7.6906 0605]
(28)5.7833 3575C

4235
3. 1809
>. 3889
1.7940
L. 3473
L. 0118
7.5990
3.7068

(11)
(14)

75;

64001
64751
71280
09431
70983
47308
57828
52291
88271

6250C
7500C
6250C
46875
85156
38867
2915C
6862E
51471

4618
(11)3.5704
(14)2.7599
17 2. 1334
(20 1.6491
23 1.2747
(25)9.8540
(28)7.6171

81292
13940
96052
50045
773
97529
89917
09058
26202
22954
35944
82084
65513
92641

(69)2.0716 09310
i

'

'

1)2.7802
9.1775
5.2728
3.7812

87755
44479
43403
54412

71*

1)2.7549
9.1218
5.2488
3. 7674

4459
(11)3.4070
(14)2.6029
(17 1.9886
(20)1.5193
(23)1.1607
25)8. 8682
(28)6.7753

(-7)21
3

95463
00968
05067
57442
764
83696
43744
10204
55796
58228
34886
71853
96958
78876

(69)1.5640 13890
(

1)2.7640
9.1417
5.2574
3. 7724

54992
87449
28071
08126

91361
56609
78323
53231
35734
19480
55680
29178
82938

769

4547
(11)3.4970
(14)2.6892
(17)2. 0680
20 1.5903
(23)1.2229
(25)9.4045
(28)7.2320

(69)1.8290 77701
(

1)2.7730
9.1616
5.2660
3.7773

4636
(11)3.5889
(14)2.7778
(17)2.1500
(20)1.6641
(23 1. 2880
(25 9. 9693
(28)7.7163

84925
86919
08854
32958
774
99076
84824
20538
24496
36160
27988
35063
91385
08932

(69)2.1368 94378
(

1)2.7820
9.1815
5.2745
3.7822

7-7)5"

"(-7)11

85549
00317
47894
32239

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS

55
Table 3.1

n*

4
5

6
7

8
9

10

24

1/2

(11)3.
14 2
17)2.
(20)1.
(23)1.
26 1
(28)7.

4654
6075
7958
1667
6792
3014
0085
8165

D2
9.
5.
3.

7838
1854
2762
7832

82181
5275C
50735
09055

0840C
5200C
0560C
7436E
96007
56885
14371
89209
75831

4745
7015
8871
2519
7565
3701
0686
3357

10

(11)3.
(14)2.
(17)2.
(20)1.
(23)1.
(26 1.
(28)8.

24

(69)2. 5719 97041

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

4672
(11)3.6261
(14)2 .8138
(17)2.1835
(20)l. 6944
(23)] .3149
26)] .0203
(28)7.9180

5.

3.

>

59350
99655
86135

6283 c
03163
6485'
3127]

(69)2.3447 92689

782
6 11524

11768
16026
79732
64951
28391
(23)1.3984 72802
(26 1.0936 05731
(28)8.5519 96818

4800
(11)3 .7587
(14)2 .9431
17)2 .3044
(20)l .8043
(23 1 .4128
(26)1 .1062
(28)8 .6619

(69)2.7350 29868

(69)2 .8202 15463

81618
3004'
83664

63416

D2 .7946

37722
9.2090 9623;
5 .2864 3331S
3.7890 4887]

(
>

10
24

(69)2. 9982 7706C

(69)5 .0912 99652

1)2 .8035 6915'

5
6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2. 8017 85145

9.
5.
3.

2247 91357
2931 89157
7929 22172

c
'

4930
8950
0770
4308
9203
5171
1985
4682

10

(11)3.
(14)3.
(17)2.
(20 1.
(23)l.
(26)1.
(28)9.

24

(69)3. 4918 06676

1)2. 8106 93865

6
7

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

9.

5.
3.

5024
9945
1756
5246
0071
5956
2685
0084

5
6
7

8
9

(11)3
(14)3
(17)2
(20)2
23 1
(26

32025
59875
56006
72025
5926(
04112
4776 c
39976
8928]

10

(29)1

24

(69)4 0626 65702

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.8213
9.2676
5.3116
3. 8034

1)2.8142 49456
9.2521 30018
5. 3049 50005
3.7996 62619

>

33616
58336
92355

95114
7331]
43555

75470
73274
46726

(69)4.1871 02820
47196
79846
35526
92932

5062
(11)4.0349
(14)3.2158
(17)2.5630
(20)2.0427
(23)1.6280
(26)1.2975
(29)1.0341

797
35209
61573
04737
19075
07803
17219
45624
52362
49232

(69)4.3151 87922
(

1)2.8231
9.2715
5.3133
3. 8044

90304
19983
67667
82651
91198
43499
37304
52460

(69)2.9079 40422
(

50477
14473
3 .7909 87500

9 .2169

5 .2898

1)2.8000
9.2208
5.2915
3. 7919

00000
72584
02622
55329

03872
14511
03035
82792
16040
53439
82910
85332

789
22521
69069
23954
30600
70543
39259
(23)1.5018 13575
26 1.1849 30911
(28)9. 3491 04886

(69)3 .2857 09926

(69)3.3872 56439

788
6 20944

4893
(11)3 .8557
(14 3 .0383
(17 2 .3941
20 1 .8866
23 1 .4866
26) 1 .1714
(28)9 .2312

1)2 .8071 33770

4911
(11)3.8753
(14) 3. 0576
(17)2.4124
20)1.9034

.2365 27746
5 .2982 39113
3 .7958 16799

18843
59160
02968
48104

793
6

1)2 .8160 25568

9
c
'.

"(-7)43

.2560 22375
.3066 23755
.8006 21646

1)2.8089
9.2404
5.2999
3. 7967

1)2.8178
9.2599
5.3082
3.8015

798
6 36804

69592
93344
44289
63342
25947
59306
78526
98264

5100
(11)4.0755
(14)3.2563
(17)2.6018
(20 2. 0788
(23 1.6610
(26)1.3271
(29)1. 0603

5081
(11)4 .0551
(14)3 .2360
17)2 .5823
(20) 2 .0607
(23)l 6444
(26)1 .3122
(29)] .0471
.

(69)4 .4470 23172

(

1)2 .8248 89378

c
c
'

.2754 35230
.3149 68841
.8054 02317

14381
33255
19227
79716

r(-7)2i
3

/I

00561
11460
95923
79705
799
38401
82399
58368
71136
40538
70590
17601
53063
95298

(69)4.5827 13463
(

1)2.8266
9.2793
5.3166
3. 8063

784
6 14656

4818
(11)3.7780
(14)2.9619
(17)2.3221
(20)l. 8205
(23)1.4273
(26)1.1190
(28)8.7732

(69)3.9417 77065

796

n2 rc-6)2i

57147
28569
45663
06266

(69)3 .8243 39997

40174

1)2 .8124 72222

1)2.7910
9.2012
5.2830
3.7871

(69)3.7102 60118

5043
(11)4.0146
(14 3. 1956
(17 2 .5437
(20); .0248
(23)] .6117
(26 ] .2829
(29)1.0212

1)2 .7982 13716

.5994 45514

1)2 8195 74436

9 2637 97282
5 3099 66512
3 8025 3680C

52028
18931
57399
52904

783
13089
48687
81219
25695
67419
97989
43625
56559
88854

(69)2.4940 14558

39276
1268"

80806
9541"
71775

1870 84488

1)2.8053
9.2326
5.2965
3. 7948

65136
9 .1972 89687
5 .2813 49388
3 .7861 33467

794
6 30436
5005 66184
(11)3.9744 95501
(14)3.1557 49428
(17)2.5056 65046
(20 1.9894 98046
(23)1. 5796 61449
(26)1.2542 51190
(28)9.9587 54451

795

69) 3.

787
19369
43403
79582
73331
10711
20430
27378
70747
03776

D2 .7892

28849
77257
10648
26944
90066
24523
15447
05649
37797

2568]
1367]
67136

9.2482 3438'
.3032 7467C
3.7987 0262;

2443 35465
3015 97745
7977 41656

26291
25029
24706
18681

779
06841
29139
59993
14234
28389
53415
24810
21227
21359

4986
(11)3 .9545
.1359
(14)3
(17)2 .4867
(20)1 .9720
(23)1 .5638
(26)1 .2401
(28)9 8340

69)

71973
47428
51478
59667

4727
(11)3.6825
(14)2.8687
(17)2.2347
(20)l. 7408
(23 1.3561
(26)1.0564
(28)8.2295

792
6 27264
4967 93088
(11)3.9346 01257
(14)3.1162 04196
(17)2.4680 33723
20)1.9546 82708
(23)1.5481 08705
(26)1.2261 02094
(28)9.7107 28588

4949
(li); .9147
14); 0965
(17)2 .4493
(20)] .9374
(23)] .5325
(26)] .2122
(28) = .5888

3900C
0810C
56399
74555
9089 c
0881C
1596C
76083

1)2.7964
9.2130
5.2881
3.7900

4874
(11)3.8361
(14)3.0190
(17 2.3760
(20)l. 8699
(23)1.4716
(26)1.1581
(28)9.1148

79]

6 2410C

.2287 0680'
.2948 7408]
.7938 8802 c

79C

>

1)2.7874
9.1933
5.2796
3.7851

4782
(11)3.7396
(14)2.9243
17)2.2868
(20)1.7883

(11)3.
14)2.
(17)2.
(20 1.
(23 1.
(26)1.
(28)8.

(69)2 .4183 00846

78]

01784
51926
8486'

786
6 17796
4855 87656
(11)3.8167 18976
(14)2 .9999 41115
(17)2 .3579 5371"
(20)] .8533 5162]
23)] .4567 3437'
(26)1 .1449 93216
(28)8.9996 46695

785
6

4837
7973
9809
3400
8369
4419
1319
8858

10952
87207
48647
71247
70430
60395
78587
87408

0996]
7954]
24215
29412
7467]

16225
36625
32506
06017
11224
08811
73416
49132
00685

2
3

778
6 05284

4709
(11)3 .6636
(14)2 .8503
17)2 .2175
(20)1 .7252
(23)1 3422
(26 1 0442
( 28) 8 .1244

2051 64083
2847 40305
7880 7806fc

777
03729
97433
87054
77241
24016
07161
20164
60167
61501

77655

(69)2 .6523 1323 c

(

4690
(11)3.6448
(14)2.8320
(17 2. 2005
(20)l. 7098
(23)1.3285
(26)1.0322
(28)8.0206

1)2.7856
c
.1894
5 .2779
3. 7841

4763
(11)3.7205
(14)2 .9057
17)2 .2693
(20)] .7723
(23)] .3842
26)] .0810
(28)8.4432

1)2. 7928 48009

9.

88576

(69)2 .2734 28553

78C

6 02176

00625
84375
03906
1552"
5703'
36701
0844;
9154'
84465

(69)2. 2041 48547

(

1/3
1/4
1/5

2
3
4
5
6

776

775

2
3

[(-7)11
3

58805
08064
33150
55574

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

56
Table 3.1

OW ERS AND ROOTS

n*

k
1
2
3

80C

80]

10

5139
(11)4.1165
14)3.2973
(17)2.6411
(20)2.1155
(23)1.6945
(26)1.3573
(29)1.0872

24

(69)4.7223 6648:

(69)4.8660 92789

4
5
6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

'

6 4160]

27125
7766"

95897
07877

10

5216
(11)4.1993
14)3.3804
17 2. 7212
'20)2.1906
23)1.7634
(26)1.4195
29) 1.1427

24

(69)5.4840 46505

4
5

6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.8372
9.3024
5.3265
3.8120

10

5314
(11)4.3046
14)3.4867
(17)2.8242
20 2. 2876
(23)1.8530
26)1.5009
(29)1.2157

24

4
5

6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

60125
6400!
88025
9286(
40752
6580!
8997'

>

>
\

6992 c

4100C
7210C
84401
95365
79245

>
>

4635: >
6654(>

8
9

1/2
1/3

815
6 6422! \

1/4
1/5

789K

4337?
4850<>
3803:
2649"1
79095
2896;
2110'\
3320C
i

20485
3863'\
5201!i
7939]
>

10
24

(69)8.5414 6680]

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

5433
(11)4.4336
(14)3.6178
(17)2.9521
(20)2.4089
(23)1.9657
26)1.6040
(29)1.3088

1)2.8635
9. 3599
5.3512
3.8261

68001)
1760!
9843;
6671'\
5470<,
)

4085 c>
9550'\
8031:
!

1)2.8565
9. 3446
5. 3446
3.8224

5533
(11)4.5433
(14)3.7300
(17)3.0623
(20)2.5142
(23)2.0641
(26)1.6946
(29)1.3913

1)2.8653
9. 3637
5.3528
3.8270

1)2.8319
9 2909
5.3216
3.8092

816
65856
38496
42127
51976
67212
68445
18251
26093
85292

7137]

"(-6)11
3

60452
07211
1672C
09631

804
6 46416
5197 18464
(11)4.1785 36451
(14)3.3595 43306
(17)2.7010 72818
(20)2.1716 62546
(23)1.7460 16687
(26 1.4037 97416
(29)1.1286 53123

(69)5.1662 22264

(69)5.3228 61548

5177
(11)4.1577
(14)3.3387
(17 2. 6809
(20)2.1528
(23)1.7287
26 1.3881
(29)1.1146

1)2.8337
9.2947
5. 3232
3. 8101

25463
67164
74803
59085

1)2.8354 89376
9.2986 23915
5. 3249 31338
3.8111 07593

57943
52600
90848
11515
23992
22362
49646
81264

808
6 52864
5275 14112
(11)4.2623 14025
(14)3.4439 49732
(17)2.7827 11384
20)2.2484 30798
(23)1.8167 32085
(26 1.4679 19524
(29)1.1860 78976

5294
(11)4.2834
14)3.4653
(17 2. 8034
(20)2.2679
(23)1.8347
(26)1.4843
(29)1.2008

(69)5.8205 60843

(69)5.9961 52346

(69)6.1768 13927

807
6 51249

5255
(11)4.2412
14)3.4226
(17 2.7621
(20)2.2290
(23 1.7988
26)1.4516
(29)1.1714

1)2.8407
9.3101
5. 3298
3.8139

74542
75012
9169C
47468
812

6 59344

5353
(11)4.3473
(14)3.5300
(17)2.8663
(20)2.3275
23)1.8899
(26)1.5346
(29)1.2461

87328
45103
44224
95910
13479
40945
32047
21222

(69)6.7506 36166
(

1)2.8495
9 3293
5.3381
3.8186

5453
(11)4.4554
(14)3.6400
(17)2.9739
(20)2.4297
(23 1.9850
(26)1.6218
(29)1.3250

61370
63391
28295
61880
817
67489
38513
15651
74587
40936
09746
72863
04529
1430C

(69)7.8222 07941
(

57457
90236
16717

1)2.8583
9. 3484
5.3463
3.8233
'

21186
73160
2695C
53125

809
6 54481

1)2.8425 34081
9.3140 19016
5. 3315 42067
3.8148 92216

813
6 60969
5373 67797
(11)4.3688 00190
(14)3.5518 34554
(17 2. 8876 41493
20)2.3476 52533
23) 1.9086 41510
(26)1.5517 25547
(29)1.2615 52870

5393
(11)4.3903
14)3.5737
(17)2. 9090
(20)2.3679
(23)1.9275
(26)1.5689
(29)1.2771

1)2.8513
9.3331
5. 3397
3.8196

5473
(11)4.4772
(14 3. 6624
(17)2.9958
(20 2. 4506
(23)2.0045
(26)1.6397
(29)1.3413
(

15486
91608
71049
01974

818
69124
43432
69274
06266
48326
03930
94015
57904
21966

1)2.8530
9.3370
5. 3414
3.8205

5493
(11)4.4992
14)3.6848(17)3.0178
(20)2.4716
(23)2.0242
(26 1.6578
(29)1.3578

69929
85752
62163
88616

822

823

6 75684

6 77329

41767
45742
14746
13236
01093
41100
01925
02184

5594
(11)4.6100
(14)3.7987
(17)3.1301
(20)2.5792
23)2.1252
(26)1.7512
(29)1.4430

09756
04916
58822
89612

12248
88679
31694
27652
2833C
68687
51061
74572

(69)9.0557 33241
(

1)2.8670
9.3675
5. 3544
3.8280

54237
05121
88059
21458

5574
(11)4.5877
(14)3.7757
(17)3.1074
(20)2.5574
23)2.1047
(26)1.7322
(29)1.4256

1)2.8687 97658
9.3713 02245
5. 3561 15810
3. 8289 52397

(-7)4]
3

n 4 [(-7)21
3

1)2.8705
9.3750
5. 3577
3.8298

n5

68524
16687
12288
41144
819
70761
53259
03191
47414
90032
51936
82936
87724
10046

824
78976
76224
84086
09287
36452
32437
87528
36923
19224

(69)9.5995 98755

(69)9.3238 66467
(

814
62596
53144
34592
32358
18139
40765
03783
88079
56297

1)2.8618 17604
9.3560 95237
5. 3495 95877
3.8252 23193

821

5554
(11)4.5654
(14)3.7528
(17)3.0848
(20 2. 5357
(23)2.0843
(26 1.7133
(29)1.4083

92531
59849
90912
36029

(69)8.2949 47511

69) 8. 0552 54907

1)2.8600
9.3522
5. 3479
3. 8242

75129
53794
14119
39122
82250
97640
51291
40194

(69)7.1611 98588

(69)6.9530 13847
(

1)2.8442
9.3178
5. 3331
3. 8158

74041
87661
12697
59724
79033
13186
69026
82770
34555

06173
32030
84023
20859

(69)8.7949 98523

6421:
0162:S
28095
5685!

n.

69138
60971
80748
22686
00899
06129
59670

(69)7.5956 30157

5513
(11)4.5212
'14)3.7073
(17)3.0400
20)2.4928
23)2.0441
26)1.6761
29) 1.3744

82(
6 7240()

2
3
4
5
6
7

1)2.8548
9.3408
5.3430
3. 8214

1173]

43204
49608
13856
65313
08181
28561
71106
80027
89382

(69)5.0140 05879

811

(69)7.3753 4957<>

806
49636
06616
69325
37076
38883
60940
67318
40258
45448

5158
(11)4.1371
(14)3. 3179
(17)2.6610
(20)2.1341
(23)1.7115
(26 1.3726
(29)1.1008

6 5772]

5334
(11)4.3259
(14)3.5083
(17)2.8452
(20)2.3075
(23)1.8714
(26)1.5177
(29)1.2308

4989' \
9751! !
3823(

24

94340
44047
57086
59229

1)2.8390 13913
9.3063 27832
5. 3282 39778
3. 8130 01783

1)2.8478
9.3255
5. 3364
3.8177

1)2.8460
9.3216
5.3348
3. 8167

62342
71036
72400
52492
39346

(69)6.5539 10420

69) 6. 3626 8544]

10

2018 c

2240]
1843;
3126'

(69)5.6499 0315]

5219;
7746!1
8632 c
5515')

5413
(11)4.4119
14)3.5957
17 2. 9305
(20)2.3883
'23)1.9465
(26)1.5864
(29)1.2929

5236
(11)4.2202
(14)3.4015
(17)2.7416
(20)2.2097
(23)1.7810
(26)1.4355
(29)1.1570

81C)
6 5610C)

1
2

1)2.8301
9.2870
5.3199
3.8082

805
6 48025 >

2
3

1)2.8284
9.2831
5.3182
3. 8073

803
44809
81627
86465
02531
78133
25440
18829
61219
93459

802

6 4000C
5120 OOOOC
(11)4.0960 0000C
(14)3.2768 OOOOC
17)2.6214 4000C
20)2.0971 5200C
23 1.6777 2160C
'26 1.3421 7728(
(29)1.0737 4182'

"(-7)11
L

40019
96295
42079
82432

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS

57
Table 3.1

n*

k
1

825
80625
15625
03906
15723
97971
23326
09244
57626
27542

3
4

10

5615
6325
8218
1529
6012
1460
7704
(29)1. 4606

24

(69)9 8831 3585:

5
6

7
8

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

(11)4
14)3
(17)3
(20)2
(23)2
(26)1

D2
9.
5.

8722
3788
3593
8308

2
3
4
5
6
7

8700C

4064;

03734
0509 c
9223J
0255;
0411 c

5.
3.

5656
(91)4.6775
(14)3.8683
(17 3. 1991
20)2.6456
(23)2.1879
(26)1.8094
(29)1.4964

5738
(11) 1.7687
(14 3.9628
(17)3.2931
(20)2.7365
(23 I. 2740
(26) L. 8897
(29)1.5703

3977 9637J
3674 6873]
8354 43756
>

8392 c
09285
8877C
6591;
3861C
87631
8367]
62496
25484

831
90561
56191
44947
27051
09279
73811
92837
71148
99824

1)2.8757
9.3864
5.3626
3.8326

4102C
38751
9922 c
9038;

9
10

2455C
6899 c
23115
5280]
3258 c
49211

24

(70)1. 3197 00592

(70)1.3581 59133

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2. 8896 36655

9.
5.
3.

4166 29685
3755 3407]
8400 5367"

>

5927
9787
1821
5129
9509
4787
0821
7490

10

24

(70)1. 5230 1038?

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

>

9.
5.
3.

1)

4353 8796]
3835 6327]
8446 41568

2.9000
9.4391
5.3851
3. 8455

1)2.9017
9.4428
5.3867
3. 8464

845

846

7 14025

7 15716

6054 95736
(11)5.1224 93927

10

6033 51125
(11)5. 0983 17006
3080 7787C
6403 2580C
(20)3. 0760 7530]
5992
8363C
(23)2.
(26)2 1963 9466"
(29)1. 8559 53494

6076
(11)5.1467
(14)4.3593
(17)3.6923
(20)3.1274
(23)2.6489
(26)2.2436
(29)1.9003

24

(70)1. 7561 4760]

6
7

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

\m

5.

4540 71946
3915 56705
8492 07664

n3

834

5800 93704
(11)4.8379 81491
76564
4.
0348
(14
(17)3.3650 87054
(20 2. 8064 82603
(23)2.3406 06491
(26 1.9520 65814
(29)1.6280 22889

(70)1.2458 90957

(70)1.2822 86929

1)2.8861
9.4091
5.3723
3. 8382

73938
05407
12294
12366

1)2.8879
9.4128
5. 3739
3. 8391

05816
69049
23907
33463

(70)1.7069 41821

1)2.9034
9.4466
5 .3883
3.8473

847
1740 c
5673.'

0295;
2960]
03172
1048"
27182

52223

6098
(11)5.1711
(14)4.3850
(17)3.7185
(20)3.1533
(23)2 .6740
26); .2675
(29)] .9229

46228
07220
63600
83826
848
19104
00192
05628
97573
62742
41205
33342
80274
08072

(70)] .9120 55324

(

d; .9120 43956

1)2.9051
9.4503
5. 3899
3. 8482

6119
(11)5.1955
(14)4.4110
(17 3. 7449
(20)3.1794
(23 2. 6993
(26)2.2917
(29)1.9457

67809
41057
60862
96177
849
20801
60049
40816
14153
51016
63412
64437
60407
04586

(70)1.9669 10351
(

.4652 46982
3963 35753
.8519 36956
.

1)2.9137
9.4689
5. 3979
3.8528

-(-7)2-

"(-7)11

re

49672
42272
60304
25741

(70)1.6590 58848

>

4542;

1)2.8965
9.4316
5. 3819
3. 8437

844
7 12336
6012 11584
(11)5.0742 25769
(14)4.2826 46549
(17)3.6145 53687
(20)3.0506 83312
23)2.5747 76715
(26)2.1731 11548
(29)1.8341 06146

>

843
10649
77107
20012
35470
33801
71195
72217
48079
(29)1.8124 90531
7

1)2.9103 26442
9.4615 24903
5. 3947 44148
3.8510 2805]

"(-7)41

22965
93606
55904
09040

5990
(11)5.0502
(14)4.2573
(17)3.5889
(20)3.0254
23 2. 5504
(26)2.1500

>

7060 c

1)2.8948
9.4278
5.3803
i. 8428

95556

09537
19443
44596
50249
11557
48627
01106
07222

23626
70426
64916

[(-6)1"
3

6 93889

(70)1.8586 6811]

1)2.9086 07914
9.4577 99893
5. 3931 51133
3.8501 18288

n2

50863
48230
94403
99265
34778

(70)1.8067 11101

1)2 9068 8837]

9

(14) 1.3336 29862

(17)3.6662
(20)3.1016
(23)2.6239
(26) 2.2198
(29) L 8780

95226
4195]
5006"
9146'

(70)1.6124 64626
(

2
3

36010
20643
51293
19107

(70)1.4800 86372

1)2.8792
9.3940
5. 3658
3. 8345

(70)1.4383 23072

1)2.8930
9.4241
5.3787
3.8418

842
7 0896'

00000
30677
64807
56523

4195 c

5969 47686
(11)5.0262 9953;
(14)4.2321 4420"
(17)3.5634 65422
(20)3.0004 37885
23)2.5263 6870C
(26 2.1272 02445
(29)1.7911 0445 c

(70)1.5671 25939

1)2. 8982 7534 c

(70)1.1099 63591

(70)1.3976 90431
(

23321
64130
72333
47832
82327
64737
72844
45762

5697
(11)4.7230
(14)3.9153
(17 3.2458
(20)2.6908
(23)2.2306
(26)1.8492
(29)1.5330

829
87241
22789
01921
68592
40563
01827
74714
29338
11121

839
7 03921
5905 89719
(11)4.9550 47742
(14)4.1572 85056
(17)3.4879 62162
20)2.9264 00254
(23 2. 4552 49813
(26)2.0599 54593
(29)1.7283 01904

7 07281

5948
(11)5.0024
(14) 1.2070
3. 5381
( 17 )
(20) 2.9755
(23) 2.5024
(26)2.1045
(29)1.7699

838
7 02244
5884 80472
(11)4.9314 66355
14 4. 1325 68806
(17) 3.4630 92659
20)2.9020 71648
(23)2.4319 36041
(26)2.0379 62403
(29)1.7078 12493

841

0560C
0400(
1360C
1942'
80316
03466
5891]
57485
12286

(11)4.
(14 4.
(17)3.
(20 2.
(23)2.
(26)2.
(29)1.

5
6
7
8
9

1)2.8913 66459
9.4203 87319
5. 3771 42790
3.8409 73010

84C

1)2.8774 98914
c
.3902 41873
5. 3642 32391
3.8335 93565

5780
(11)4.8148
(14)4.0107
(17)3.3409
(20)2.7830
(23)2.3182
(26) L.9311
(29)] ..6086

83]

(11)4.
14 4.
(17)3.
(20 2.
(23 2.
(26)1.
(29)1.

27006

1)2.8844
9.4053
5. 3706
3. 8372

7625;
69236
70252
7110]
1661]
1620'
7916;

6
7
8

(70)1.2104 8616]
(

0056 c

(70)] .0782 71392

30366
40662
2823]
57886
0896;
23)2.2960 7785"
(26)1.9103 3677"
(29)1.5894 00196

1)2.8827 07061
9.4015 69076
3.3690 84709
3.8363 67514

828
85584
63552
54211
10486
19083
63000
38964
49863
18886

833

832
6 9222'

5759
(11)4.7917
(14)3.9867
(17)3.3169
20)2.7597

82875

(14)3.8918
(17 3. 2224
(20 2 .6681
(23); .2092
(26)] .8292
(29)] .5146

1202]
67126

5863
(11)4.9079
(14)4.1079
(17)3.4383
(20)2.8779
(23)2.4088
(26)2.0161
(29)1.6875

6 97225

5821
8612
0591
3893
8301
3631
9732
6476

5676

(ID' .7002

6076 c
6006C

836
6 98896
5842 77056
(11) 1. 8845 56188
(14)4.0834 88973
(17)3.4137 96782
(20)2.8539 34109
(23)2.3858 88916
26) L. 9946 03133
(29) L. 6674 88220

83!

2
3
4

(70)1. 0474 47415

(70)1.1760 46709

1)2. 8809 72058

9.

1)2.8740 21573
9.3826 75196
5.3609 90182
5.8317 39795

32100

(70)1. 1425 47375

(

S.

24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

6 8890C

5717
7458
9390
2694
7136
2522
8694
5516

10

8450
(17) 3.1759
20)2.6233
(23 2. 1669
(26) L. 7898
(29)1.4784

>

(11)4.
(14)3.
17)3.
(20)2.
(23)2.
(26)1.
(29)1.

5635
(11) 1.6550

(14

82"/

826
82276
59976
05402
34462
98465
74732
07529
65619
29001

(70)1.0174 68882

81323
87277
6686 c
11564
83(

60457
66137
25951
45003

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

58

POWERS AND ROOTS

Table 3.1

n^

k
1

2
3

6141

850
22500
25000
62500
53125
95156
70883
05250
69463
44043

10

(11)5.2200
(14)4-4370
(17)3.7714
(20)3.2057
(23)2.7249
(26)2.3161
(29)1.9687

24

(70)2.0232 71747

4
5

6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.9154 75947
9.4726 82372
5. 3995 14744
3.8537 52195

855
31025
26375
75506
99058
79694
25639
07421
15345
66620

10

6250
(11)5.3439
(14)4.5690
(17)3.9065
(20)3.3401
(23)2.8558
(26)2.4417
(29)2.0876

24

(70)2.3290 92589

4
5
6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3

1/4
1/5
1

2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9

10
24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1
2

4
5
6
7

8
9

10
24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.9240 38303
9.4912 19958
5.4074 37751
3. 8582 75391

1)2.9171
9.4763
5.4011
3.8546

90429
95693
02137
58534

1)2.9189
9.4801
5.4026
3.8555

03904
06107
88131
64021

856
32736
22016
20457
81511
74574
67835
38067
38185
12686

857
7 34449
6294 22793
(11)5.3941 53336
(14)4.6227 89409
(17)3.9617 30523
(20)3.3952 03059
(23)2.9096 89021
(26)2.4936 03491
(29)2.1370 18192

(70)2.3953 57569

(70)2.4634 27165

6272
(11)5.3690
14 4. 5958
(17)3.9340
(20 3. 3675
23)2.8826
26)2.4675
(29)2.1122

1)2.9257
9.4949
5.4090
3.8591

47768
18797
18180
77490

1)2.9274
9.4986
5.4105
3.8600

56234
14756
97225
78746

(70)2.6789 39031

(70)2.7547 0841C

(70)2.8325 29097

1)2.9325
9.5096
5.4153
3.8627

75660
85413
26084
77475

861

6382

(23

3.

0201

26)2.6003
(29)2.2388

1)2.9342
9.5133
5. 4168
3.8636

80150
6991C
99621
7537E

1)2.9359
9.5170
5.4184
3. 8645

83651
51555
71787
72447

6206
(11)5.2941
(14 4. 5159
(17)3.8520
(20)3.2858
(23)2.8028
(26)2.3907
(29)2.0393

853
27609
50477
48569
08729
70146
15835
00907
89174
43165

(70)2.2017 94325
(

1)2.9206 16373
9.4838 13619
5. 4042 72729
3.8564 68659

6316
(11)5.4193
(14)4.6498
(17)3.9895
3. 4230
23)2.9369
(26)2.5199
(29)2.1620

(20

858
36164
28712
74349
23191
48298
32440
61833
13253
85571

(70)2.5333 48329
(

1)2.9291
9.5023
5.4121
3.8609

6427
(11)5.5468
(14)4.7868
(17 4. 1310
(20)3.5651
(23)3.0767
(26 2. 6551
(29)2.2914

63703
07842
74889
79161
863
44769
35647
08634
95851
91119
31636
08602
99523
37189

(70)2.9124 54150
(

1)2.9376
9.5207
5.4200
3. 8654

86164
30354
42587
68684

6228
(11)5.3190
(14)4.5424
(17)3.8792
(20)3.3128
(23)2.8291
(26)2.4161
(29)2.0633

854
29316
35864
18279
41610
45135
75345
95545
32995
77578

(70)2.2645 86409
(

1)2.9223
9. 4875
5.4058
3. 8573

6338
(11)5.4446
(14)4.6769
(17)4.0175
(20 3.4510
(23)2.9644
(26)2. 5464
(29)2.1874

27839
18234
55935
72448
859
37881
39779
83702
83300
28654
57114
58061
69474
17279

(70)2.6051 69182
(

1)2.9308
9.5059
5. 4137
3.8618

6449
(11)5.5725
(14)4.8146
(17)4.1598
(20 3. 5941
(23)3.1053
(26)2.6830
(29)2.3181

70178
98059
51174
78737
864
46496
72544
62780
94242
95825
49993
45594
18593
28064

(70)2.9945 37938
(

1)2.9393
9. 5244
5.4216
3. 8663

87691
06312
12022
64090

865
7 48225
6472 14625
(11)5.5984 06506
(14)4.8426 21628
(17 4. 1888 67708
20 3. 6233 70568
23 3. 1342 15541
(26)2.7110 96443
(29)2.3450 98423

6494
(11)5.6243
14)4.8706
(17)4.2180
(20)3.6527
(23)3.1633
(26)2.7394
(29)2.3723

49956
61896
40019
78457
07544
94533
20065
35177
5086;

867
7 51689
6517 14363
(11)5.6503 63527
(14)4.8988 65178
17 4. 2473 16109
20)3.6824 23067
(23)3.1926 60799
26 2. 7680 36913
(29)2.3998 88003

868
7 53424
6539 72032
(11)5.6764 77238
14)4.9271 82242
(17 4. 2767 94186
(20)3.7122 57354
23)3.2222 39383
(26)2.7969 03785
(29)2.4277 12485

869
7 55161
6562 34909
(11)5.7026 81359
(14)4.9556 30101
(17)4.3064 42558
(20)3.7422 98583
(23)3.2520 57468
(26)2.8260 37940
(29)2.4558 26970

(70)3.0788 36164

(70)3.1654 05907

(70)3.2543 05644

(70)3.3455 95291

(70)3.4393 36231

1)2.9410
9.5280
5.4231
3.8672

1/4
1/5

(70)2.1406 72719

(70)2.0811 79034

(11)5.4955
14)4.7316
(17)4.0739
20 3. 5076

6585
(11)5.7289
(14)4.9842
(17)4.3362
(20 3.7725
(23)3.2821
26 2. 8554
(29)2.4842

24

6184
(11)5.2693
(14 4. 4894
(17)3.8250
(20)3.2589
(23)2.7766
(26 2. 3656
(29)2.0155

852
25904
70208
66172
99979
53982
45993
21986
81932
61006

862
7 43044
6405 03928
(11)5.5211 43859
(14)4.7592 26007
(17)4.1024 52818
(20)3.5363 14329
(23)3.0483 02952
(26)2.6276 37144
(29)2.2650 23218

1/2
1/3

41321
77381
68250
84264
80151
9691C
27039
29381
83597

10

6162
(11)5.2446
(14)4.4632
(17)3.7981
(20 3. 2322
(23)2.7506
(26)2.3408
(29)1.9920

851
24201
95051
70884
14922
95899
64710
57268
09335
28744

860
7 39600
6360 56000
(11)5.4700 81600
(14)4.7042 70176
(17)4.0456 72351
(20)3.4792 78222
23 2. 9921 79271
(26)2.5732 74173
(29)2.2130 15789

4
5
6
7
8
9

88234
79435
80095
58668
870
56900
03000
76100
09207
62010
47949
16715
41542
34142

(70)3.5355 91351
(

1)2.9495
9.5464
5.4310
3.8717

76241
02709
00130
19185

866

1)2.9427
9.5317
5.4247
3.8681

1)2.9444 86373
9.5354 17196
5.4263 12167
3. 8690 45344

60384
54848
38275
62975
17315
75898
65383
65814
37390

23)3.3124 1879'
26 2. 8851 1676 c
(29)2.5129 3670*

6630
(11)5.7818
(14)5.0417
(17)4.3964
20)3.8336
23 3. 3429
(26)2.9150
(29)2.5419

(70)3.6344 2507f

(70)3.7359 03403

(14)5.0129 200K
(17)4.3662 53332
(20

3.

8030 06652

1)2.9512 7091.'
9.5500 5893'
5.4325 6009C
3.8726 08827

1)2.9529 64612
9.5537 12362
5. 4341 18707
3.8734 97651

1)2.9461
9.5390
5.4278
3.8699

6653
(11)5.8084
(14)5.0707
(17)4.4267
20)3.8645
(23)3.3737
(26)2.9452
(29)2.5712

"(-7)41
3
l

83973
81845
76171
37445
873
62129
38617
06126
38548
54753
56899
58173
90885
38943

(70)3.8400 93943
(

1)2.9546
9.5573
5.4356
3. 8743

"(-6)11

872

871
7 58641
6607 76311
(11)5.7553 6166 c

n2

87794
49727
46809
5241E

57341
62998
75984
85661

1)2.9478
9.5427
5. 4294
3. 8708

6676
(11)5.8350
(14)5. 0998
(17)4.4572
(20 3. 8956
(23 3.4047
(26)2.9757
(29)2. 6008

874
63876
27624
65434
47189
66443
50871
98862
94205
44135

(70)3.9470 65953
(

1)2.9563
9.5610
5.4372
3.8752

[(-7)23

80595
43681
38824
28725

[(-7)11
3

49100
10846
31924
72857

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

P OWI :rs a? sD R 001 ^S

59
Tal)Ie 3.1

re*

k
87"

10

875
7 65625
6699 21875
11)5.8618 16406
14)5.1290 89355
17 4. 4879 53186
20)3.9269 59038
23 3. 4360 89158
26)3.0065 78013
29)2.6307 55762

876
7 67376
6722 21376
(11)5.8886 59254
(14)5.1584 65506
(17)4.5188 15784
(20)3.9584 82626
(23)3.4676 30781
(26)3.0376 44564
(29)2.6609 76638

6745
(11)5.9155
(14)5.1879
(17)4.5498
(20)3-9902
(23)3.4994
(26 3. 0689
(29)2.6915

0960.'

878
7 70884
6768 36152
(11)5.9426 21415
(14)5.2176 21602
(17)4-5810 71767
(20 4.0221 81011
(23): .5314 74928
(26)3.1006 34987
(29)2 .7223 57518

24

70)4.0568 90376

(70)4.1696 39882

(70)4.2853 8890'

(70)4.4042 13682

2
3

4
5
6
7

8
9

1)2.9580
9.5646
5.4387
3.8761

39892
55914
86530
59242

10

6814
11)5.9969
14)5.2773
17)4.6440
20 4. 0867
23 3. 5963
26 3. 1647
29)2.7850

74400
72000
53600
19168
40868
55964
45248
83818
09760

24

70)4.6514 04745

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.9664 79395
9.5828 39714
5.4465 39631
3. 8805 79047

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.9597
9. 5682
5.4403
3.8770

880

4
5

6
7

8
9

6837
(11)6.0242
(14)5.3073
(17 4. 6757
(20)4-1193
23)3.6291
(26 3. 1972
(29)2.8168

29717
98205
39803
44816
881
76161
97841
58979
72161
94874
75284
69625
98440
19925

(70)4.7799 32920
(

1)2.9681 64416
9. 5864 68204
5.4480 86284
3.8814 60596

1)2.9614
9.5719
5.4418
3.8779

6912 c
2613:
9418
76101
5504]
2287]
2545E
9612"

1857 c

(70)5.1862 60897

1)2.9698
9.5900
5.4496
3.8823

4848]
9394
31621
4134E
88"

6410;
5459'
78425
4306:

10

6978
(11)6.1900
(14)5.4905
(17)4.8701
(20)4.3198
(23)3.8316
(26)3.3986
(29)3.0146

24

70)5.3289 11365

(70)5.4753 17719

(70)5.6255 74445

6
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.9748
9.6009
5.4542
3^8849

4
5
6
7
(

10

24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

69000
24100
59449
12910
33490
88806
64037
71993

7073
(11)6.3024
(14)5.6155
(17 5. 0034
(20 4. 4580
23)3.9721
(26)3.5391
(29)3.1533

70)6.1004 25945
1)2.9832
9.6190
5.4619
3.8893

86778
01716
47252
58728

10

24

70)6.9783 51604

4
5

6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)2.9916
9. 6369
5.4696
3. 8937

55060
81200
02417
19006

891
93881
47971
70422
01146
11521
39665
13342
52987
85312

1)2.9782
9.6081
5.4573
3.8867

16896
7758"
9802C
4514'

5452J
81682
3865
3314*

1)2.9715
9.5937
5.4511
3.8832

31592
16954
75645
21296

888
7 88544
7002 27072
(11)6.2180 16399
(14)5.5215 98563
17)4.9031 79524
(20)4.3540 23417
(23)3.8663 72794
26)3.4333 39041
(29) i. 0488 05069

(70)5.7797 78281
(

>

892
7 95664
7097 3228S

1)2.9799
9.6117
5.4588
3.8876

32885
91067
76153
09128

1)2.9732
9.5973
5.4527
3.8841

7025
(11)6.2460
(14)5.5527
17)4.9364
(20

4.

3884

(23)3.9013
(26)3.4682
(29)3.0833

884
81456
07104
34799
53563
44549
75782
20991
31356
22119

13749
37224
18358
00450
889
90321
95369
72830
58746
02525
61845
42580
93554
12969

(70)5.9380 28303
(

1)2.9816
9.6153
5.4604
3.8884

10303
97744
12350
84321

894
99236
16984
81837
76962
45204
78613
75680
55858
83137

1806 c
62918
56123

893
7 97449
7121 21957
(11)6.3592 49076
(14 5. 6788 09425
(17)5.0711 76816
(20)4.5285 60897
(23 4. 0440 04881
(26)3.6112 96359
(29)3.2248 87648

7145
(11)6.3877
14)5.7106
(17)5.1053
(20)4.5641
(23)4.0803
(26)3.6478
(29)3.2611

(70)6.4380 82017

(70)6.6135 55666

(70)6.7936 07487

(11)6.3308
14)5.6470
17)5.0371
(20 4. 4931
(23)4.0079
(26)3.5750
(29)3.1889

1200<
84312

>

99206
81692

>

1)2.9883 10559
). 6297 97462
>.4665 44210
3. 8919 77239

23136
35299
41228
5774C
34935
76902
63304
7912C

897
8 04609
7217 34273
(11)6.4739 56429
(14)5.8071 38917
(17)5.2090 03608
(20)4.6724 76237
23)4.1912 11184
(26)3.7595 16432
(29)3.3722 86240

898
8 06404
7241 50792
(11)6.5028 74112
(14) 3.8395 80953
(17) 5.2439 43696
20) 1.7090 61439
(23)4.2287 37172
(26) 5.7974 05980
(29)3.4100 70570

899
8 08201
7265 72699
(11)6.5318 88564
14)5.8721 67819
(17)5.2790 78869
(20 4. 7458 91904
(23)4-2665 56821
(26)3.8356 34582
(29)3.4482 35490

(70)7.1679 04854

(70)7.3623 86846

(70)7.5619 20026

(70)7.7666 29743

1)2.9849
9.6226
5.4634
3.8902

62311
02990
80860
32348
896

895

17375
10506
87403
05226
36177
32378
43979
45861

75213
69584
99862
56373

(70)6.2670 75070
(

8 02816

8 01025

7169
11)6.4164
14)5.7426
17)5.1397
20)4.6000
23)4. 1170
26 3. 6847
29)3.2978

1)2.9765
9.6045
5.4557
3.8858

7 92100

7049
11)6.2742
14)5.5840
17 4. 9698
20)4.4231
23 3. 9365
26)3.5035
29)3.1181

1
2

890

94956
54766
59763
78808

93416
08475
91658
96696

(70)5.0472 74047

6931
11)6.1344
14)5.4289
17)4.8046
20)4.2520
23 3. 7631
26)3.3303
29)2.9473

1)2.9647
9.5792
5.4449
3.8796

(70)4.9118 60716

17514

8676 c

(70)4.5261 92303
(

5584"
0965"
5671E

(20)4.1522
23)3.6622
(26)3.2301
(29)2.8489

06478
74480
42365
13542

6908
(11)6.1067
14)5.3983
(17)4.7721
(20)4.2185
23)3.7292
(26)3.2966
(29)2.9142

886
7 84996
6955 06456
(11)6.1621 87200
(14)5.4596 97859
(17)4.8372 92303
(20)4.2858 40981
(23)3-7972 55109
(26)3.3643 68027
(29)2.9808 30072

1)2.9631
9.5755
5.4434
3. 8788

883
7 79689
6884 65387
(11)6.0791 49367
(14 5 >. 3678 88891
(17)4.7398 45891
(20)4.1852 83922
(23): 1.6956 05703
(26)3.2632 19836
(29); 8814 23115

882
7 77924
6861 2896E
(11)6.0516 5749E
14)5.3375 61912
(17 4. 7077 2960"

885
83225
54125
14006
56396
26410
94373
03520
46615
56754

2
3

3772?
9174:
2958:

879
7 72641
6791 51439
(11)5.9697 41149
14)5.2474 02470
(17)4. 6124 66771
(20 4. 0543 58292
(23 3. 5637 80938
(26 3. 1325 63445
(29)2.7535 23268

7193
(11)6.4451
(14)5.7748
(17)5.1742
(20)4.6361
(23)4-1539
(26 3. 7219
(29)3.3348

1)2.9933
9.6405
5. 4711
3.8945

25909
69057
29599
88722

1)2.9866
9.6262
5.4650
3.8911

n3

01570
1317 c
0518?

1)2.9949
9. 6441
5.4726
3.8954

95826
54244
55504
57662

1)2.9966 64813
6477 36769
5.4741 80133
3.8963 25828
).

U2 r(-6)ii

36905

1)2.9899
9.6333
5.4680
3.8928

1)2.9983
9.6513
5.4757
3.8971

"(-7)31

["(-7)2-

n5

"(-7)11
3
L

83278
90671
73955
48512

32870
16634
03489
93220

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

60

F 'OW1ERS

Table 3.1

AND ROOTS

n*

k
1

900

10

8 10000
7290 00000
11)6.5610 00000
14 5.9049 00000
17)5.3144 10000
20)4.7829 69000
23)4.3046 72100
26)3.8742 04890
29)3.4867 84401

7314
(11)6.5902
(14 5. 9377
(17 5. 3499
20)4.8202
(23)4.3430
(26 3.9131
(29)3.5257

24

70)7.9766 44308

(70)8.1920 95066

4
5
6
7

1)3.0000
9.6548
5.4772
3.8980

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

00000
93846
25575
59841

1)3.0016
9.6584
5.4787
3. 8989

901
11801
32701
08636
77981
37961
94103
84987
19573
20735

10

7436
(11)6.7377
(14)6.1043
(17)5.5305
(20)5.0106
(23)4.5396
(26 4.1129
(29)3.7263

24

70)9.1109 96943

(70)9.3557 09844

4
5
6

7
8

1)3.0083
9.6727
5. 4848
3.9023

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

4
5

6
7

8
9

10

24

1/3
1/4
1/5

1)3.0099
9.6763
5.4863
3.9032

71000
96100
21451
92520
10194
25276
98001
61181

71)1.0399 04400

1)3.0166
9.6905
5.4923
3.9066

20626
21083
77104
83951

77416
17389
71954
60991
8825E
83561
53307
35696

(70)9.6067 14616

8338 c
01662
31551
43449

24

71)1.1860 58902

1/2

1)3.0248 96692

1/3
1/4
1/5

7082 36884
4999 06083
3.9109 67606

1)3.0199
9.6976
5.4953
3.9083

916
8 39056

5.

1)3.0265
9.7117
5.5014
3.9118

7710
(11)7.0709
(14 6. 4840
(17)5.9458
(20)5.4523
23)4.9998
26)4.5848
(29)4.2042

75296
49711
77136
79856
85148
70796
35649
72654

33774
15172
92410
99668
917
40889
95213
43103
54826
78275
70378
23637
38275
96698

(71)1.2498 67732

4919C
72294
08174
22089

1)3.0282
9.7153
5.5029
3.9126

00786
05133
09036
75826

921

10

8 48241
7812 29961
(11)7.1951 27941
14)6.6267 12833
(17)6.1032 0252C
(20)5.6210 49521
23)5.1769 8660E
(26)4.7680 04666
(29)4.3913 3229E

7837
(11)7.2264
(14)6.6627
(17)6.1430
(20)5.6639
(23 5.2221
26)4.8148
(29)4.4392

24

71)1.3517 85726

(71)1.3874 94035

(71)1.4241 05308

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)3.0331
9.7258
5.5074
3.9152

50178
88262
04268
32576

1)3.0066 59276
5.6691 76254
5.4833 01264
5.9015 18640

908
8 24464

7486
(11)6 .7974
(14)6 .1720
(17)5 .6042
20)5 .0886
23 4 .6204
(26)' .1953
(29): .8094
(70)c .8641
(

c
*

909
26281
89429
02910
09245
53304
90153
43049
60832
79196

7510
(11) b. 8274
14)6.2061
17) 5.6413
20)5.1279
(23)4.6613
(26 1.2371
(29) 3.8515

65825

(71)1.0128 22166

i): .0133 03835

C

13312
08873
47257
18909
30769
76739
92879
16734

.6834 16593
.4893 56824
.9049 65216

1)3.0149
9.6869
5.4908
2.9058

62686
70141
67587
24962

(71)1.1553 37042

920

(71)1 .1253 78622

77655
69425
85378
42186

88000
29600
15232
50013
66012
88731
13633
84542

(70)8.8724 24888

(71)1.0961 65476

1)3.0182
9.6940
5.4938
3.9075

8 46400

5
6

95840
.6656 09608
c
.4817 84235
1
.9006 55089

(71)1.0676 79852
(

7786
11)7.1639
14)6.5908
17)6.0635
20)5.5784
23)5.1321
26)4.7216
29)4.3438

D3c .0049

914
8 35396
7635 51944
(11)6.9788 64768
(14)6.3786 82398
(17) 5.8301 15712
20)5.3287 25761
(23) 4.8704 55345
(26) 4.4515 96186
(29)4.0687 58914

9.

2
3

63264
19907
91596
11602
71289
29245
56837
88981

48497
72778
64346
48148
48659
88426
53433
61484

(71)1.2175 62793

(70)6 .6398 46120

904
8 17216

7387
(11) 3.6784
0372
d.
(14)
(17)5.4577
(20 1.9337
(23) 5.4601
(26) 5.0319
(29)3.6448

7610
(11)6 .9483
(14)6 .3438
17 5 .7919
(20)5 .2880
23 4 .8279
26 4 .4079
(29)' .0244

10

44069
60436
44813
04712

903
15409
14327
18373
73291
87881
93857
11553
92832
69527

912
8 31744
7585 50528
(11)6.9179 80815
(14)6.3091 98504
17)5.7539 89035
(20 5. 2476 38000
23)4.7858 45856
(26)4.3646 91421
(29)3.9805 98576

911

7685
(11)7.0401
(14)6.4487
(17 5. 9070
(20)5.4108
23)4.9563
(26)4.5400
(29)4.1586

1)3.0116
9.6798
5.4878
3.9041

7363
(11)6 .6489
14)6 .0039
17} f .4215
(20)' .8956
23 4 .4208
26 ; .9919
(29)2 .6047

58031
88662
84371
37462
9232E
25511
07241
66396

8 29921

7560
(11)6.8876
14)6.2746
(17)5.7162
(20)5.2074
(23)4.7440
(26)4.3218
(29)3.9371

915
8 37225
7660 60875
11)7.0094 57006
14 6. 4136 53161
17)5.8684 92642
20)5.3696 70767
23)4.9132 48752
26)4.4956 22608
29)4.1134 94687

2
3
4
5

1)3.0033 31484
9.6620 40328
5. 4802 65946
3. 8997 90774

907
8 22649
7461 42643
(11)6.7675 13772
14 6. 1381 34991
17)5.5672 88437
(20)5.0495 30612
23 4, 5799 24265
(26)4.1539 91309
(29)3.7676 70117

906

8 28100

7535
11)6.8574
14)6.2403
17 5. 6786
20)5.1676
23)4.7025
26 4. 2792
29)3.8941

8 20836

910

1
2
3

1/2

21791
40271
17035
81426

902
13604
70808
14688
02249
63628
68593
97471
81319
47949

(70)8.4131 16465

66204
68409
46393
25692

905
8 19025
7412 17625
11)6.7080 19506
14)6.0707 57653
17)5.4940 35676
20)4.9721 02287
23)4.4997 52570
26 4. 0722 76076
29)3.6854 09848

1
2

7338
(11)6.6195
14)5.9708
(17)5. 3856
(20)4.8578
(23)4.3817
(26)3.9523
(29)3.5650

1)3.0347
9.7294
5. 5089
3.9160

n 2 rc-6)ii
3

98181
10859
00236
83344

1)3.0364
9.7329
5.5103
3.9169

45290
30906
94986
33373

i): .0215 88986

9
c
'

"(-7)31
L

918
42724
20632
37402
86735
88823
27939
09448
33473
70729

(71)1 .2829 93183

(

',

14

(71)1.3169 59057

923
51929
30467
30210
77284
56033
53019
09936
03971
29665

7888
(ID 7.2893
(14)6.7353
17 5. 2234
!
}
(20) 5.7504
(23)5.3134
(26) 1.9096
(29) 4.5364

(71)1 .4616 41363

D2 .0380

91506
9 .7364 48410
c
5118 88520
3 .9177 82664

4 [(-7)23 J

(17)
(20)
(23)
(26)
(29)

01278
63112
07081
81068
924

8 53776

89024
34582
45154
58922
76044
39864
18435
87434

(71)1.5001 24518
(

1)3.0397
5.7399
5.5133
3.9186

n5

43292
98896
02760
12376

919
8 44561
7761 51559
7.1328. 32827
6.5550 73368
6.0241 12425
5.5361 59319
5. 0877 30414
4.6756 24251
4.2968 98686

1)3.0315
9.7223
5.5059
3.9143

7863
(11)7 .2578
(14)6 .6989
(17)6 .1831
(20)5 .7070
(23)5 .2676
(26)4 .8620
(29)4 .4876

1)3.0232
9.7046
5.4984
3.9101

.7188 35404
.5044 08671
.9135 28819

1)3 .0298 51482

9
C

.7011 58327
.4968 98203
.9092 56397

7736
(11)7 .1018
(14)6 .5194
17 .9848
(20)5 .4941
(23 5 0436
(26)4 .6300
(29)4 .2503

n3

922
50084
77448
28071
66681
70880
11351
26266
00417
45985

913
8 33569

'(-7)11
3

36831
63373
80842
31220

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

POWERS AND ROOTS

61
Table 3.1

n*

10

7914
(11)7.3209
(14)6.7718
(17)6.2639
20 5. 7941
(23)5.3596
(26 4. 9576
(29)4.5858

925
55625
53125
41406
70801
80491
81954
18307
46934
23414

926
8 57476
7940 22776
(11)7.3526 50906
(14)6.8085 54739
(17)6.3047 21688
20)5.8381 72283
(23)5.4061 47534
26)5.0060 92617
(29)4.6356 41763

7965
(11)7.3844
(14 6. 8453
(17)6.3456
(20)5.8324
(23 5.4530
26 5. 0549
(29)4.6859

24

(71)1.5395 77607

(71)1.5800 23988

(71)1.6214 8755'

2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)3.0413
9.7434
5.5148
3. 9194

81265
75802
71952
79042
930

1)3.0430
9.7469
5.5163
3.9203

927
8

24811
85700
61854
26131

1)3.0446
9.7504
5.5178
3.9211

5932 c
97983
63302
97481
8346E
48572
2982
5864 c
4666E

'

10

8 6862'
8095 57566
(11)7.5450 76534
(14)7.0320 1132 c
(17)6.5538 3455S
20)6.1081 7380 c
1799C
( 23) 5. 6928
(26)5.3057 06367
(29J4. 9449 1833'

24

(71)1.7522 28603

(71)1.7980 10997

(71)1.8449 38512

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)3.0495
9.7610
5.5223
3.9237

90136
00077
09423
07185
935
74225
00375
93506
18428
33731
40538
76403
06437
15018

10

8174
(11)7.6426
(14 7. 1459
( 17) 6. 6814
(20)6.2471
(23)5.8410
(26)5.4614
(29)5.1064

24

(71)1.9928 68584

4
5

6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)3.0577
9. 7784
5.5297
3.9279

76970
61652
16964
17180

1)3.0512
9.7644
5.5237
3.9245

8200

(11)7.6754
(14)7.1842
(17)6.7244
(20)6.2940
(23 5. 8912
(26)5.5142
(29)5.1612

29260
97390
93317
50630
936
76096
25856
42012
13723
24045
60906
41008
01584
92682

1)3.0594
9.7819
5.5311
3.9287

(11)7.8407
(14)7.3781
17)6.9428
(20)6.5332

10

940
83600
84000
89600
40224
97811
75942
89385
48022
(29)5.3861 51141

24

(71)2.2650 01461

(71)2.3235 44328

4
5
6
7
8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)3.0659 41943
9.7958 61087
5.5370 94855
3. 9321 09204

(20

6.

(26

(29)'

(71)] .8930 38514

67504
9219S
76015
93351

i): .0545 04870

c
'_

.7714 84510
.5267 57521
.9262 35348

1)3.0561
9.7749
5.5282
3.9270

8279
(11)7.7743
(14)7.3000
(17)6.8547
(20)6.4366
(23)6.0440
(26 5. 6753

3412

(11)- .7412 54643

(14)- .2612 96855

(17H .8110 96450

(20)t
(

1)3.0610
9.7854
5.5326
3.9295

23)

3888 08471
.9927 02345

(26)5 .6211 54800

(29)5 .2726 43202
(7i); .1521 28115

45573
28852
71662
96137

1):
c
I

.0626
.7889
.5341
.9304

942
8 8736'

9688?
48685
48061
3607'
76381
2175]
0889C
5357'

(71)2.3835 35732
(

(71)1.9423 38996
(

8252 93672

56952
9565C
7302'
44623
83012
82182
49905
00561

1)3.0692
9.8028
5.5400
3.9337

01851
03585
37771
8102C

8385
(11)-" .9076
(14 .4569
17)- 0318
(20)* .6310
(23)6.2530
(26 5 .8966
(29)5 .5605
.

78566
08735
47239
34540
943
89249
61807
37840
02483
59042
43076
73621
48424
39464

(71)2 .4450 09921

(

94"

1)3.0708
9.8062
5.5415
3.9346

30507
71149
07472
15863

50131
00256
24332
63013

934
8 72356
8147 80504
(11)7.6100 49907
(14)7.1077 86613
(17)6.6386 72697
(20 6. 2005 20299
(23)5.7912 85959
(26)5.4090 61086
(29)5.0520 63054

8358
(11)7.8741
(14)7.4174
(17 6. 9872
20 6. 5819
23)6.2002
26)5.8406
(29)5.5018

72330
33566
66899
45467

1)3.0479
9.7575
5.5208
3.9228

938

(71)2.0977 3286C

8332 37621
66014
60819
49330
21220
23 6. 1477 61168
26)5.7850 43259
(29)5.4437 25707

1)3.0675
9.7993
5.5385
3.9329

(20) (
(23)5

8 79844

941

(11)-"
(14

In)

933
70489
66237
10991
17755
39965
98588
67282
62174
32309

929
63041
65089
97677
61442
72579
65226
62795
64537
33055

(71)1.7075 64573

937

23)5.9417
5. 5674
(29)5.2167

8121
.5775
.0698
.5961
.1541
.7418
.3571
.9982

09242
97922
38042
18115

8017
(11)7.4483
(14 6.9195
(17)6.4282
(20 5.9718
(23)5.5478
(26)5.1539
(29)4.7880

8 7796S

(26

8 85481

1)3.0528
9.7679
5.5252
3.9253

8226
(11)7.7082
(14)7.2226
(17)6.7676

11708
46493
94905
57017

8305
(11)7.8074
(14)7. 3390
(17)6.8986
(20 6. 4847
(23 6. 0956
(26)5.7299

1
2

(71)2.0446 56558
(

.0463
.7539
.5193
.9220

932

931
8 66761
8069 54491
(11)7.5127 46311
14)6.9943 66816
(17)6.5117 55505
20)6.0624 44376
23 5. 6441 35714
26)5.2546 90349
(29)4.8921 16715

1):
c

57000
20100
83693
01834
08706
18097
10830
23072

8 64900

928
61184
78752
78819
99544
66776
12369
67478
48220
42348

(71)1 .6639 92748

6747C
93072
5055C
7248E

8043
(11)7.4805
(14 6. 9568
(17)6.4699
(20)6.0170
(23)5.5958
26)5.2041
(29)4.8398

2
3
4

7991
(11)" .4163
(14)6.8823
(17)6 3868
(20) 5 .9270
( 23) .5002
(26)5 .1042
(29)' .7367

(29)

5.

3291

41358
74326
37837
76625
939
81721
36019
19218
85746
80516
38904
03931
19691
25190

(71)2.2078 73640
(

1)3.0643
9.7923
5. 5356
3.9312

8412
(11)7.9412
(14 7. 4965
(17 7. 0767

(20)6.6804
23 6. 3063
(26)5.9531
(29)5.6197

10689
86145
21636
72229

944
91136
32384
33705
24617
19239
22962
19276
65396
88134

(71)2.5080 01911
(

1)3.0724
9.8097
5. 5429
3.9354

58299
36263
76005
49998

946
94916
90536
46471
74161
55356
28967
(23)6.4140 02003
(26)6.0676 45895
(29)5.7399 93016

9680 c

8465
(11)8.0087
14 7.5762
(17)7.1671
(20)6.7801

10

945
8 93025
8439 08625
(11)7.9749 36506
(14)7.5363 14998
(17)7.1218 17673
17701
( 20) 6. 7301
(23)6.3599 61228
26)6. 0101 63360
(29)5.6796 04376

8492
(11)8.0426
14 7. 6164
(17)7.2127
20)6.8304
23)6.4684
(26 6. 1256
(29)5.8009

78122
63825
02642
33302
5843"
4414C
1660C
5892]

948
8 98704
8519 71392
(11)8.0766 88796
14)7.6567 00979
(17 7. 2585 52528
(20 6. 8811 07796
(23 6. 5232 90191
(26)6.1840 79101
(29)5.8625 06988

8546
(11)8.1108
7.
6971
(14
(17)7.3046
(20)6.9320
(23)6.5785
(26)6.2430
(29)5.9246

24

(71)2.5725 47511

(71)2.6386 83331

(71)2.7064 4680 c

(71)2.7758 76218

(71)2.8470 10693

2
3

4
5

6
7

8
9

1/2

1/3
1/4
1/5

1)3.0740
9. 8131
5.5444
3.9362

85230
98931
43371
83427

1)3.0757
9.8166
5.5459
3.9371

11300
59156
09574
16151

n2

1)3.0773
9.8201
5. 5473
3. 9379

5 "(-7)31

re

16944
74614
48170

1)3.0789 60864
9.8235 72299
5.5488 38494
79487
i. 9387

[(-6)r

3651]

1)3.0805
9.8270
5.5503
3.9396

[(-7)23
J

n5

'(-8)91

949
00601
70349
21612
69710
14055
78738
42722
37043
42154

84360
25224
01217
10103

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

62

POWERS AND ROOTS

Table 3.1

950

9 02500

75000
62500
09375
18906
72961
04313
94097
69392

10

8573
11)8.1450
14)7.7378
17)7.3509
20)6.9833
23)6.6342
26)6.3024
29)5.9873

24

71)2.9198 90243

4
5
6
7

8
9

1)3.0822
9.8304
5.5517
3.9404

1/2
1/3

1/4
1/5

07001
75725
62784
40019

10

955
9 12025
8709 83875
11)8.3178 96006
14)7.9435 90686
17)7.5861 29105
20)7.2447 53295
23)6.9187 39397
26)6.6073 96124
29)6.3100 63299

24

71)3.3119 28238

2
3

4
5
6
7

<

1/2
1/3

1)3.0903
9. 8476
5.5590
3.9445

1/4
1/5
1
2
3

07428
92005
53362
79145
960
21600
36000
65600
26976
77897
74781
95790
39958
26360

10

8847
11)8.4934
14)8.1537
17)7.8275
20)7.5144
23)7.2138
26)6.9253
29)6.6483

24

71)3.7541 32467

4
5
6
7

8
9

1)3.0983
9.8648
5.5663
3.9487

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1

2
3

86677
48297
15367
00972
965
31225
32125
00006
87006
96961
58067
11535
11131
22742

10

8986
11)8.6718
14 8. 3682
17 8. 0753
20)7.7927
23)7.5200
26)7.2568
29)7.0028

24

71)4.2526 09649

4
5

7
8

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)3.1064
9.8819
5.5735
3.9528

44913
45122
49061
05659
970
40900
73000
28100
40257
20049
28448
33594
10587
41269

10

9126
11)8.8529
14)8.5873
17)8.3297
20)8.0798
23)7.8374
26 7. 6023
29)7.3742

24

71)4.8141 72219

4
5
6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)3.1144
9.8989
5.5807
3.9568

82300
82992
54698
93368

951
9 04401
8600 85351
(11)8.1794 11688
(14)7.7786 20515
(17 7. 3974 68110
(20 7. 0349 92173
(23)6.6902 77556
(26)6.3624 53956
(29)6.0506 93712

952

95:

8628
(11)8.2138
(14)7.8196
(17)7.4442
(20)7.0869
(23)6.7467
(26)6.4229
(29)6.1146

06304
01406
69404
03673
62696
38087
65059
20336
2016C

9 0820 c
8655 23177
(11)8.2484 35877
(14)7.8607 5939]
17)7.4913 0369 c
(20)7.1392 12425
(23)6.8036 69441
(26)6.4838 96976
(29)6.1791 5382C

954
9 10116
8682 50664
(11)8.2831 11335
(14)7.9020 88213
(17)7.5385 92155
(20 7.1918 16916
23)6.8609 93338
(26)6.5453 87645
(29)6.2442 99813

(71)2.9945 55775

(71)3.0710 4910S

(71)3.1494 12996

(71)3.2296 91146

1)3.0838
9.8339
5.5532
3.9412

8737
(11)8.3527
(14)7.9852
(17)7.6339
(20)7.2980
(23)6.9769
(26 6. 6699
(29)6.3764

28789
23805
23198
69236
956
13936
22816
90121
67356
15592
23306
10280
26228
49474

(71)3.3961 69948
(

1)3.0919
9.8511
5.5605
3.9454

24967
28046
08040
04889

1)3.0854
9.8373
5.5546
3. 9420

49724
6946 c
82461
97756
95"

956

1584S
6749:
93906
1877C
52662
28696
08664
81792
63575

9 17764
8792 17912
(11)8.4229 07597
(14)8.0691 45476
(17)7.7302 41366
(20)7.4055 7123C
(23)7.0945 3723 c
(26)6.7965 66675
(29)6.5111 10874

(71)3.4824 62966

(71)3.5708 55021

8764
(11)8.3877
0271
8.
(14
(17)7.6819
(20 7. 3516
23 7. 0355
(26)6.7329
(29)6.4434

1)3.0935
9.8545
5.5619
3.9462

4166C
61691
61576
29942

961
23521
03681
10374
82870
27838
39352
31217
36200
05288

9 25444
8902 77126
(11)8.5644 65971
(14)8.2390 16264
17)7.9259 33646
(20)7.6247 48166
(23)7.3350 07737
26)7.0562 77442
(29)6.7881 38901

(71)3.8491 18699

(71)3.9464 05692

8875
(11)8.5289
(14)8.1962
(17)7.8766
(20)7.5694
23 7.2742
(26)6.9905
(29)6.7179

1)3.1000
9.8682
5.5677
3. 9495

00000
72403
64363
23275

962

1)3.1016
9.8716
5.5692
3.9503

12484
94135
12226
44894

1)3.0870
9.8408
5.5561
3.9429

1)3.0951
9.8579
5.5634
3.9470

69806
12721
40574
2558C

57508
92945
13977
54307

963
9 2736S
8930 56347
(11)8.6001 32622
(14)8.2819 27715
(17)7.9754 96389
(20)7.6804 03023
(23)7.3962 28111
26)7.1225 67671
(29)6.8590 32667

(71)4.0460 46699
(

1)3.1032
9.8751
5.5706
3.9511

967

24130
13495
58964
65831

966
33156
28696
01203
35962
36940
61884
80180
72454
30190

9 3508 c
9042 31062
(11)8.7439 1437 c
(14)8.4553 65205
17)8.1763 38152
(20)7.9065 18994
(23)7.6456 0386"
(26 7.3932 9893 c
(29)7.1493 20074

9070
(11)8.7801
(14)8.4991
(17)8.2272
(20)7.9639
(23)7.7090
(26)7.4623
(29)7.2235

(71)4.3596 44069

(71)4.4692 57504

(71)4.5815 09331

9014
(11)8.7078
14)8.4117
(17)8.1257
(20)7.8494
23)7.5825
(26)7.3247
(29)7.0757

1)3.1080 54054
9.8853 57396
5. 5749 92425
3.9536 24554

9154
(11)8.8894
14)8.6316
17)8.3813
(20 8. 1383
(23)7.9023
(26)7.6731
(29)7.4506

971
42841
98611
91513
96259
77067
17132
05936
39063
18031

(71)4.9347 08664
(

1)3.1160
9.9023
5.5821
3.9577

n2

rt*

87290
83537
92482
08886

1)3.1096
9.8887
5. 5764
3.9544

62361
67316
34666
42771

44784
30046
6806"
35361
00771
6834 c
47635
5350]
0600:

972

9183
(11)8.9261
(14)8.6762
17)8.4333
20)8.1971
(23 7. 9676
(26 7. 7445
(29)7.5277

(71)5.0581 3432:
(

1)3.1176
9.9057
5.5836
3.9585

"(-6)11
3

91454
8174"
29155
23732

1)3.1112
9.8921
5.5778
3.9552

69837
74886
75794
60312

973
9 46729
9211 67317
(11)8.9629 57994
14 8. 7209 58129
(17)8.4854 92259
(20)8.2563 83968
23)8.0334 61601
(26 7. 8165 58138
(29)7.6055 11068

(71)5.1845 15371
(

1)3.1192
9.9091
5.5850
3.9593

94792
77627
64719
37908

1)3.0886 89042
9. 8442 53565
5.5575 97541
3. 9437 52709

959
9 19681
8819 74079
(11)8.4581 31418
(14)8.1113 48029
(17)7.7787 82760
(20)7.4598 52667
(23)7.1539 98708
(26)6.8606 84761
(29)6.5793 96686

(71)3.6613 94899
(

1)3.0967
9.8614
5.5648
3. 9478

8958
(11)8.6359
(14)8.3250
(17)8.0253
(20)7.7364
(23)7.4578
(26 7. 1894
(29)6.9305

("(-7)21

n5

72513
21813
65240
77983
964
29296
41344
10556
17776
17136
05719
95113
10889
92097

(71)4.1480 96142
(

1)3.1048
9.8785
5.5721
3.9519

9098
(11)8.8164
(14)8.5431
(17)8.2783
(20)8.0217
(23)7.7730
(26)7.5320
(29)7.2985

34939
30490
04575
86085
969
38961
53209
77595
66790
28619
00432
27719
63859
69880

(71)4.6964 60232
(

1)3.1128
9. 8955
5.5793
3.9560

9240
(11)8.9998
14 8. 7658
(17)8.5379
(20)8.3159
(23)8.0997
(26)7.8891
(29)7.6840

76483
80110
15803
77177
974
48676
10424
61530
65130
52637
65868
50755
57236
39148

(71)5.3139 19427
(

1)3.1208
9.9125
5. 5864
3.9601

"(-7)31
3

968
37024
39232
39766
75293
01684
31230
85431
94697
98067

"(-8)91
3

97307
71181
99178
51415

ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL METHODS

F 'OW1 ERS A] VD

Fi L

ocnrs

63

Table 3.1

975
50625
59375
78906
56934
83010
15935
18037
55086
96209

976
9 52576
9297 14176
(11)9.0740 10358
(14)8.8562 34109
(17)8.6436 84491
(20)8.4362 36063
(23 8. 2337 66397
26)8.0361 56004
(29)7.8432 88260

9325
(11)9.1112
(14)8.9016
(17)8.6969
(20)8.4969
(23)8.3014
(26 8.1105
(29)7.9240

(71)5.4464 15584

(71)5.5820 74443

(71)5.7209 68141

9268
(11)9.0368
(14 8. 8109
(17)8.5906
(20)8.3759
23)8.1665
26)7.9623
(29)7.7632

4
5

6
7

8
9

10

24

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)3.1224
9.9159
5.5879
3.9609

98999
62413
32533
64254

1)3.1240
9.9193
5.5893
3.9617

99870
51328
64785
76427

8
9
10

980
9 60400
9411 92000
(11)9.2236 81600
(14)9.0392 07968
(17)8.8584 23809
(20)8.6812 55332
(23)8.5076 30226
(26 8. 3374 77621
(29)8.1707 28069

9440
(11)9.2613
(14 9. 0854
(17)8.9127
(20)8.7434
(23)8.5773
(26 8. 4143
(29)8.2544

24

(71)6.1578 03365

(71)6.3103 89657

2
3

4
5

6
7

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)3.1304
9.9328
5.5950
3.9650

95168
83884
82813
18474

70225
71625
65506
65024
82548
86310
45015
27840
04423

10

9556
(11)9.4133
(14)9.2721
(17)9.1330
(20)8.9960
(23)8.8611
(26 8. 7282
(29)8.5973

24

(71)6.9577 61406

4
5

6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1
2

1)3.1384
9.9497
5.6022
3.9690

70965
47896
05785
56179
990
80100
99000
60100
00499
01494
53479
46944
72475
20750

9702

10

(11)9.6059
(14)9.5099
(17)9.4148
(20)9.3206
(23)9.2274
(26)9.1351
(29)9.0438

24

(71)7.8567 81408

6
7

8
9

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)3.1464
9.9665
5. 6093
3.9730

26545
54934
01690
77521

9585
(11)9.4516
(14)9.3193
(17 9. 1888
(20 9.0602
(23 8. 9333
(26)8.8083
(29)8.6849

10
24

(71)8.8665 35105
(

1)3.1543
9.9833
5.6163
3.9770

74875
95006
87531
25094
06468
30436
95784
01305

62059
05478
70767
82648

981
62361
76141
86943
20591
97600
54446
28811
59564
86732

91953
61267
09584
27331
986
72196
85256
50624
27515
56930
12933
69952
02773
86534

(71)7.1292 84708
(

1)3.1400
9.9531
5. 6036
3.9698

9732
(11)9.6448
(14)9.5580
(17)9.4720
(20)9.3867
(23)9.3022
(26)9.2185
(29)9.1355

63694
13846
27123
61752
991
82081
42271
30906
27427
05181
57134
76320
55833
88830

(71)8.0494 77813
(

1)3.1480
9.9699
5.6107
3.9738

9 90025

9850
(11)9.8014
(14 9. 7524
(17)9.7037
20)9.6552
(23 9. 6069
(26 9. 5588
(29)9.5111

1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

1)3.1320
9.9362
5. 5965
3.9658

995

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

985

1
2

9880
(11)9.8409
(14)9.8015
(17)9.7623
(20)9.7233
(23)9.6844
(26)9.6457
(29)9.6071

15248
09547
17644
79839
996
92016
47936
57443
93613
8723E
37689
44339
06561
23735

(71)9.0828 91413
(

1)3.1559
9.9866
5.6177
3. 9778

n 2 [(-6)11
3

46766
4884 c
8138'
8174C

977
9

1)3.1256
9.9227
5.5907
3.9625

9469
(11)9.2992
(14)9.1318
(17)8.9674
(20)8.8060
(23)8.6475
(26 8. 4918
(29)8.3390

54529
74833
56118
97228
58191
28153
98806
64333
21353

9354
(11)9.1486
(14)8.9473
(17)8.7505
(20)8.5579
(23)8.3697
26)8.1855
(29)8.0055

(71)5.8631 70383

99922
37928
95938
87934

982
64324
66168
07770
2203C
49233
35147
26515
71037
17359

1)3.1336
9.9396
5. 5979
3.9666

87923
36356
35265
3552S

74169
04803
52406
81724
14862
30969
09466
30042
72653

1)3.1272 99154
9.9261 22218
5. 5922 25992
3.9633 98776

9498
(11)9.3371
(14)9.1784
(17)9.0223
(20 8. 8689
(23)8.7182
(26)8.5700
(29)8.4243

1)3.1352
9.9430
5. 5993
3.9674

987

9615
(11)9.4900
(14)9.3666
(17)9.2449
(20)9.1247
(23)9.0061
(26)8.8890
(29)8.7734

9644
(11)9.5285
(14)9.4142
(17)9.3012
(20 9. 1896
(23)9. 0793
(26)8.9704
(29)8.8627

1)3.1416
9.9564
5.6050
3.9706

55614
77521
47381
66671

1)3.1432
9.9598
5. 6064
3.9714

992
9 84064

9148E
19561
49004
98212
62227
36129
1504C
9412C

9791
(11)9.7229
(14)9.6548
(17)9.5872
(20)9.5201
(23)9.4535
(26)9.3873
(29)9.3216

9761
(11)9.6838
(14)9.6063
(17)9.5294
(20)9.4532
(23)9.3776
(26 9. 3026
(29)9.2281

1)3.1496
9.9732
5.6121
3. 9746

0315C
6190'
32527
8150 c

1)3.1511
9.9766
5.6135
3.9754

99"

1)3.1575 3068]
9.9899 8998."
5.6191 9093 c
3.9786 8019]

3 [(-7)31
3

993
86049
46657
26304
65820
81759
70787
29591
54884
43400

90251
12009
46340
82534

9383
(11)9.1860
(14)8.9931
(17)8.8043
(20 8. 6194
(23)8.4384
(26)8.2612
(29)8.0877

9940
(11)9.9202
(14)9.9003
(17)9.8805
20)9.8608
(23 9. 8411
(26)9.8214
(29)9.8017

11992
39680
99201
98402
37206
15531
33300
90434

(71)9.5308 79767
(
>

1)3.1591
9.9933
5.6205
3.9794

13800
28884
99434
78001

1)3.1288
9.9295
5.5936
3.9642

[("7)1"
3

n5

97569
04202
54950
08956

984
68256
63904
96815
93666
90568
49119
31533
(26)8.6488 00628
(29)8.5104 19818
9

9527
(11)9.3751
(14)9.2251
(17)9.0775
(20)8.9323
23)8.7894

(71)6.7901 96812
(

1)3.1368
9.9463
5.6007
3.9682

9673
(11)9.5672
( 14) 9. 4619
(17 9. 3578
(20)9.2549
(23)9.1531
(26 9. 0524
(29)8.9528

77428
79667
83363
49952
989
78121
61669
06906
67630
85987
49241
44799
60206
83144

(71)7.6685 10178
(

1)3.1448
9.9631
5. 6078
3.9722

9821
(11)9.7621
(14)9.7035
(17)9.6453
(20 9.5874
23)9.5299
(26)9.4727
(29)9.4159

37039
98061
84662
74555

994
88036
07784
51373
78465
56994
84852
59943
80183
43502

(71)8.6551 22630
(

1)3.1527
9.9799
5.6149
3.9762

76554
59866
59086
82913
999

9 98001

02999
59960
99900
49800
09650
79441
(26)9.9103 59161
(29)9.9004 48802
9970
(11)9.9600
(14)9.9500
( 17) 9. 9401
(20)9.9302
(23)9.9202

(71)9.7627 39866
(

1)3.1606
9.9966
5.6220
3.9802

979
58441
13739
91505
83583
26728
35867
27713
20731
35096

(71)6.0087 56477

9 96004

2697:
3892]
9730'
44612
8057E
0493"
17422
1776'

(71)9.3043 02025
(

46729
38925
66560
70939

998

9 9400 c

9910
(11)9.8805
(14)9.8508
(17)9.8213
(20)9.7918
(23)9.7625
(26)9.7332
(29)9.7040

988
76144
30272
71087
28234
57495
42406
66697
14296
69325

(71)8.4485 45822

(71)8.2466 9877S
(

83081
09155
59857
43069

(71)7.4845 66822

(71)7.3048 56083
(

983
66289
62087
44315
12862
79843
99386
26396
16548
26266

(71)6.6265 03443

(71)6.4665 95666
(

978
56484
41352
16423
46861
05230
94115
18245
84443
01586

"(-8)81
3

96126
65555
06871
75173

Elementary Transcendental Functions

4.

Logarithmic, Exponential, Circular and Hyperbolic Functions

Ruth Zucker

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties
4.1.
4.2.

4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.

67
67

Logarithmic Function
Exponential Function
Circular Functions
Inverse Circular Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Numerical Methods
4.7. Use and Extension

69
71

79
83

86
89

of the

Tables

89

References
Table

Common

4.1.

logiox,

Table

4.3.

Radix Table

Natural Logarithms

of

Table

114
,

n=10( 1)1,

25D
116

of the Exponential Function

a;=10-"(10-")10-" +1
=10( 1)1, 25D

140

4.6. Circular Sines

4.7.

19S

Radix Table

4.5.

,e~ z

sin x, cos x,

Table

= 10- B (10- B )10 _n+1

Exponential Function (0<|x|< 100)

18D,
sb=0(.001)1,
x=0(.l)5, 15D
z=5(.l)10, 12D,
-z=0(.l)10, 20D

1=0(1)100,

ar

100

2.1)

16D

-In (1-x),

95

4.4.

Table

<x< 1350)

z=0(.001)2.1,

(1+s),

In

Table

Logarithms (100
=100(1)1350, 10D

Natural Logarithms (0< x

4.2.

lnz,

Table

93

and Cosines

for

Radian Arguments

(0

<x < 1.6)

142

= 0(.001)1.6, 23D

Radix Table of Circular Sines and Cosines

z=10-"(10- n )10-" +1
w=10( 1)4,

sin x, cos x,

174

25D

Table 4.8. Circular Sines and Cosines for Large Radian Arguments
(0<a;<1000)
175
sin x, cos x,
23D,
8D
3=0(1)100,
3=100(1)1000,

National Bureau of Standards.

65


ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

QQ

Table 4.9. Circular Tangents, Cotangents, Secants and Cosecants

Radian Arguments (0<<1.6)
tan

x,

a;,

esc x,
x' 1

sec

x,

esc

4.10. Circular Sines

sin

Table

x,

cot

x' 1

Table

cot

cos

0,

x=0(.01)1.6,
z

186

9D

and Cosines to Tenths of a Degree (O<0<9O)

Tangents, Cotangents, Secants and Cosecants to

4.11. Circular

4.12. Circular Functions for the

sin ~x, cos

Table

-xx,

198

sin

cos

tan ~x, cot ~x, sec ~x, esc ~x,

x,

arctan

= [2(l-x)]-

/(x)

4.15.

sinh

x,

tanh

seven

sodd

x,

4.16.

x,

and Tangents (0< x <1)

x=0(. 001)1, 12D

203

[|7r-arcsinx],

x=.95(.001)l,

12D

Hyperbolic Functions (0<x<10)

x,
x=0(.01)2, 9D, x=2(.l)10, 9D
coth x, x=0(.01)2, 8D, 7D, x=2(.l)10,

213

cosh

10D

Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions for the Argument

(0<x<l)
e

irx
,

ttx,

cosh

irx,

tanh

tx,

x=0(.01)l,

10D

x,

Table

4.18.

Roots x n of cos x n cosh x n =

Roots x n of tan x n =\x n

n = l(l)9, 5D
\- 1 =-l(.05)l, n=l(l)9,
5D

Table

221

4.17. Inverse

arcsinh

irx

219

sinh

Hyperbolic Functions (0 < x < <*> )

arctanh x, x=0(.01)l, 9D
x=l(.01)2, 9D,
arcsinhx, (arccosh x)/^ 2 -!) 1
_1
arcsinh x In x, arccosh x In x, x = .5( .01)0,

Table

200

20D

x=0(.01)l,

4.14. Inverse Circular Sines

arcsin

Table

....

202

r=l(l)[s/2],

>

r=l(l)[(s-l)/2],
s=3(l)25, 10D

Table

(0<x<l)

Table

Argument =

Harmonic Analysis

4.13.

189

15D

Five Tenths of a Degree (O<0<9O)

15D
tan 0, cot 0, 0=O(.5)9O,
0=O(.5)9O, 8D
sec 0, esc 0,

Table

Pa s e

= 0(.01).5, 8D

0=O(.1)9O,

0,

7 to

for

4.19.

1,

8D

n = l(l)5,

<X<0,
oo

10D

7D

1<X<)

223
224

X=0(.05)l,
Table

4.20.

Roots x n of cot x n = \x n

X=0(.05)l, n=l(l)9, 5D
X~ = l(-.05)0, to=1(1)9,
1

(0<X<oo)

5D

The author acknowledges the assistance of

preparation and checking of the tables.

in the

225

Lois K. Cherwinski

and Elizabeth

F. Godefroy

Elementary Transcendental Functions

4.

Logarithmic, Exponential, Circular and Hyperbolic Functions

Mathematical Properties
Logarithmic Identities

Logarithmic Function

4.1.

(i.e.,

dt
In z

4.1.1

-r

Ln

4.1.6

Integral Representation

of

(2 : 2 2 )

Ln

every value of

Ln

22

+Ln

=Ln 2!+Ln

one of the values

{ziZ2 ) is

2 2 .)

ln (2^2) =ln

4.1.7

z2

2i+ln

z2

( r<arg 2!+arg

=Ln 2, Ln z

Ln

4.1.8

z 2 <7r)

z2

^^^^^^^^^^^ o

4.1.9

ln

-IT

z2
z = x

iy

4.1.

Branch

(a not

an integer or

Ln

cut for In z

and

n Ln

=nln

4.1.11

zero.)

where the path of integration does not pass

through the origin or cross the negative real
In 2 is a single-valued function, regular in

the 2-plane cut along the negative real axis, real

when

arg

z 2 <ir)

(n integer)

ln z

7r<n arg

Special Values

4.1.12

(see chapter 1)

1=0

In

4.1.13

0=

In

2<tt)

oo

z is positive.

ln( l)=iri

4.1.14

z=x-j-iy=re ie

4.1.15
4.1.2

4.1.3

zx

2.

(n integer,

axis.

( 7r<arg
4.1.10

Figure

=ln 21 ln z

In

2=ln r+iB

x=r

r=(x 2 -}-y 2 )*,

(-7r<0<ir).

cos

8,

y=r sin

In

= l,

(i) = %wi

number such

the real

4.1.16

ln e

4.1.17

e=lim f 1+-Y=2.71828 18284

nj
_>< V

e is

that

6,

0=arctan

(see 4.2.21)

The

general logarithmic function

valued function

Ln

z defined

is

the

manyLogarithms to General Base

by
4.1.18

Ln

4.1.4

log a

<U
2

-f

2=ln

l0ga 2

where the path does not pass through the

logs 2

4.1.19

2/ln

log 6 a

origin.
1

4.1.20

loga &

4.1.21

log e

4.1.5

Ln (re ie )=\n (re

ie

)+2k-iri=\n r+i(6+2kir),

k being an arbitrary integer,

principal branch of
716-654

64

Ln

z.

ln z

is

said to be the

4.1.22

logio

2=ln

2/ln

log B o

2=ln

10=log 10

e ln z

= (.43429

44819...) Ins
67

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

68
4.1.23 In

z=ln

10 log I0 z

= (2.30258

50929

log 10 z

.)

Napierian, or hypercalled common or Briggs

4.1.35

3x

(l-x)|<

|ln

(0<x<.5828)

(logc x=\\\ x, called natural,

bolic logarithms; log 10

x,

lnx<x 1

4.1.36

(*>0)

logarithms.)
Series Expansions

4.1.24

In (l

+ z) = z-fz

+iz

4.1.37

x<n(x

In

l/n

1) for

any positive n
(aOO)

2^-1)

(|z|<l and

4.1.38

|ln (l

4.1.25

+ z)|<-ln

(1-| 2

(M<D

Continued Fractions
4.1.39
1

4.1.26
ln 2 =(2-l)-i(2-l) 2 +i(2-l) 3 -.

1|<1,

(|g

42

92

plane cut from

(2 in the

42

+ 2) = 1+2+3+4+5+ 6+
2

In (1

(3fe>i)

to

00)

4.1.40

25^0)

/l + 2\

22

22

42 2 92 2

4.1.27
3

-- [(S>l(50 +Kff0+-]
2^0)

(^2>0,

In

(|i)= 2 (I +

i + i+ ...)

Polynomial Approximations

V10
logio

x=ait+a3 t 3 + e(x),

4.1.29

ln(, + a)=la+2[(^

)+i(^)

t=(x l)/(x+l)

|e(x)|<6X10- 4

01=. 86304

+ 5 ba+z/ +

o 8 =. 36415

'

^L<x<Vio

4.1.42

^2>-a^2)

(a>0,

'-'

-L<a;<VlO

4.1.41

2^i)

(M>i,

the cut plane of Figure 4.7.)

(2 in

V10

x=ait+a 3 t 3 +a 5 t +a 7 t 7jra 9 t 9 +e(x)

li

logio

Limiting Values

t={x-l)](x+\)
lim x~ a In

4.1.30

x=0

Z->co

lim x a In

4.1.31

|e(x)|<10- 7

^a^>0)

(a constant,

Oi

x=0

= .868591718

a 3 =. 28933 5524

Z-0

&a^>0)

(a constant,

/
(

X)

m\ =
)

(Euler's constant)

= .57721

In

56649

(see chapters 1, 6

and

1+x

|e(x)|<lX10- 5

23)

<ln (l+x)<x

(x>-l,
4.1.34

x<-ln

(1

a4

a 2 =-. 49190 896

a6 =. 03215 845

The approximations

Univ.

4.1.41 to 4.1.44 are

from C. Hast-

for digital computers. Princeton

Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955 (with permission).

ings, Jr.,

x^0)

= .13606 275

ai=. 99949 556

a 3 =. 28947 478

X5^0)

x)< 1
x
(x<l,

(l+x)=aiX+a2X2 +a3 x 3 +a 4x 4 +a 5 x 5 +e(x)

Inequalities

4.1.33

a 9 =. 19133 7714

0<x<l

4.1.43
'

= .09437 6476

a 5 =. 17752 2071

4.1.32

lim

a7

Approximations

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

69

0<<1

4.1.44

dz

4.1.52
In (l Jrx)=aiX Jra2 x 2 -\-a3 x 3 - ra i x i -\-a s x 5jra & x &

-\w In z

! z In z

4.1.53

Jra x 7 -\-a x SJ e(x)

r
s
7

fin

[z

\e(x)\<3X10~ 8
99999 64239
<h=
o2 =-. 49987 41238
a3 =
33179 90258
a4 = 24073 38084

a5

=
=

l)i]dz=z

Ob= 09532 93897

o7

03608 84937
00645 35442

Approximation in Terms of Chebyshev Polynomials

2" In

+ (z

[z

l)l]dz--

cos

ln[2
71+1

l)i]-(z 2 l)l

+ (2

l)i]

n+l

n+

0<x<l

Tn *(x) = cosn9,

+ (z

,n+i

08=.

4.1.45

In [z

4.1.54

16765 40711

+ (z

Definite Integrals

0=2x 1

(see

chapter 22)
4.1.55

ln(l+a;)=Z;4X,*(a;)
n=0

4.1.56

n
37645 2813
34314 5750
-.02943 7252
00336 7089
-.00043 3276
00005 9471
.

2
3

4
5

00000
00000
-. 00000
00000

8503
1250
0188
0029
-.00000 0004
00000 0001

6
7
8
9
10
11

Wi =li(x)

4.1.57

Jo

see5 L3 )
-

Exponential Function

4.2.

Series Expansion

4.2.1
Differentiation

Formulas
e

d ,
-j- In
dz

4.1.46

=exp

z=i+-+_+-+

(z=x+ii/)

number

defined in 4.1.16

z=z

^Ing=(-l)-

4.1.47

where

the real

e is

Fundamental Properties

(n-l)!g4.2.2

Ln

(exp

z)

= z-\-2kiri

(k

any

integer)

Integration Formulas
ln (exp z)

4.2.3

4.1.48

J>>

=ln z

4.1.49

In z

exp

4.2.4

dz=z In zz

4.2.5

-j-

4.1.50

exp

2=exp

Definition of General Powers

,n+l

(ln

= z ( ic<Jz<ir)
2) = exp (Ln z) z

2* In

zdz-

ytl+1

In z-

71+1

4.2.6

(n+1)

(7i5^

l,

+^

then

a z =exp

4.2.7

4.2.8

dz=

N=a

2=Loga

(2 ln a)

integer)

4.1.51
2" (In z) m

If

(ln z)

m ~ ldz

If

a=|a| exp

4.2.9

\a

(i

arg a)

\a\

z
\

( 7r<arg o<7r)

e-v *Tea

arg (a z)=y ln |o|+x arg a

4.2.10
4.2.11

Ln a z =z
3
The approximation 4.1.45 is from C. W. Clenshaw,
Polynomial approximations to elementary functions,
Math. Tables Aids Comp. 8, 143-147 (1954) (with per-

mission)

4.2.12
4.2.13

ln a

for

ln a x =x ln a

one of the values of Ln a z

(a real

\e'\=e x

and

positive)

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

70
4.2.14

&vg(e z)=y

4.2.15

a zia z*=a z + **

Special Values (see chapter

4.2.22

a z b z =(ab) z

4.2.16

*r<arg a+arg

oo

e '=

4.2.24

^^

1.2

'"

...

.8

e-*

xln x ,-'

4.2.27

4.2.28

.4

.-''

2T*j

=i
= ( an y integer)
]!

and

If x is real

..--'/

S v,

"

different

from zero

~ <l-x<e-*

/
/

-1.2

Exponential Inequalities

-4

-.8

,.

4.2.26
e

4.2.25

^
2.0

1.6

18284

e=l

4.2.23

b<ir)

= 2.71828

1)

4.2.29

(x<l)

4.2.30

Logarithmic and exponential junctions.

4.2.31

"

>l+x

Figure

4.2.

4.2.17

'+2*M

=e

any i nte g er )

(*<D

l-x

1+z <M-e-*)<x

4.2.32

Periodic Property

e <-.

(x>-l)

a;

4.2.33

Exponential Identities

(>*l) 2 2=:e*l z 2

4.2.19

The

restriction

if z 2 is

an integer.

l+z^+z

4.2.34

e '\ e *2= e 'i+*2

4.2.18

(-7T<J^2

^>l+-j

4.2.35

<7T)

(T<C_Jrz-i<ir) can be removed

(z>-l)

(n>0,

z>0)

1J/

*>

4.2.36

0+i)>

g *+

x >o,

i/>0)

Limiting Values

lim

e- s

4.2.37

4.2.20
z
z a e~

=0

(|arg2|<|7r e<|7r,

<l | (0<x< 1.5936)

a constant)

|z|-co

4.2.38

lim

4.2.21

||g|<| 1|<|||

(l+-iY=g

* l|<e

4.2.39

|2|

(0<|z|<l)

-l< SC

Continued Fractions
1

4.2.40

1- 1+ 2- 3+ 2- 5+ 2z
=1+ 1-

2+ 3- 2+ 5- 2+72

2
2 /4 3 2 /4
=1+ (1-2/2)+
1+
1+

4.2.41

2"

n\z

-e n -i(z)= n\ (w+l)+

(For e(g) see 6.5.11)

(|8|<)

"

15

2 2 /4

2 2 /4 {An2

35

1+

(71+1)2

(W<-)

"
'

"

22

(|e|0)

(71+2)2

32

(ti+2)- (7i+3)+ (n+4)- (w+5)+ (n+6)

(all 2)

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

71

Approximations in Terms of Chebyshev Polynomials

4.2.42
la arctan

+ 2 a+ 32+ 52+
(2 in

72

0<x<l

4.2.48

a 2 + l a 2 +4 a2 +9

2a

T^x^cos

the cut plane of Figure 4.4.)

= =2-i

0=2x 1

cos

nd,

A n T%{x)

0<x<ln2=.693

4.2.43

e~ x

=l JraiX-\-a

x2Jre(x)

= -.9664

4.2.44
_
e

0<x<ln2

= 99986 84
= .49829 26
.

4.2.46

d
-7-

x 6 +a 7 x7 +e(x)

Formulas

=e z

= az

a~

10

*<-(!- hln z)z'

4
dz

4.2.53

a 6 = .00830 13598
a 6 = .00132 98820
o 7 = 00014 13161

Integration Formulas

[e azdz = e az/a

0<x<l
4.2.55

4 2

JpUZ

+(x)

n az

z e

|e(x)|<7X10~ 4
14991 96
.67743 23

ffl!=l.

a2

a 3 =. 20800 30
12680 89
o4

+ a X + OyX +
6

15129
66273
25439
07295

277603
088429
357484
173666

-n(az) n

+(-l) n -

-1

n\(az)

+n(nl)(az) n

+ (-l)

-2

(n>0)

n\]

4.2.56

Ceaz

|e(x)|<5X10-

[(az)

10*= (1 +aiX+a2x2 +a 3 x3 +a4 x4 +a 5 x5

l.

dz=-^ri

0<x<l

4.2.47

a2
a3
a4

a z =a z \n a

dz

4.2.52

4.2.54
5

=
=
=
=

5270
1606
4116
8683
9919
9975
0415
0015

--a e

dz n

dz

10 r =(l+aiX+a2 x2 +a3 x3 +a 4 x

ai

n at

4.2.50

.0293641

4.2.51

|e(z)|<2X10"
.

z --

+a3X 3 +a 4 x4 +a 5 x 5

= 99999 99995
= .49999 99206
= 16666 53019
= .04165 73475

2
3
4
5
6
7

08= 15953 32
a4

64503
31284
.03870
- 00320
00019
- 00000
00000
- 00000

-e
dz

4.2.49

+a

a2
a3
a4

7654
1654
8694
2105
3437
7115
1128
0040
0001

Differentiation

0<x<ln2

=l+a x+a x

ftl

4.2.45
e~-

*=l+aiX+a2 x +a3X 3 +a 4 x 4 +(x)

\e(x)\<3X10- 5

a
a2

a 2 =.3536

|e(x)|<3X10- 3
a

n T*(x)

n
75338
85039
10520
00872
00054
.00002
.00000
00000
00000

1.

2
3
4
5
6

SA

n=0

e~

chapter 22)

(see

n=0

Polynomial Approximations

e (x)

az
,

(See chapters 5, 7 and 29 for other integrals

involving exponential functions.)
4.3.

01742 111988
a6
o 6 =. 00255 491796
a 7 =. 00093 264267

e"

Circular Functions
Definitions

(z=x-\-iy)

sin 2=

4.3.1

2i
e

iz

+e-

The approximations 4.2.43 to 4.2.45 are from B. Carlson, M. Goldstein, Rational approximation of functions,
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory LA-1943, Los Alamos,

4.3.2

N. Mex., 1955 (with permission).

5
The approximations 4.2.46 to 4.2.47 are from C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital computers. Princeton
Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955 (with permission).

6
The approximations 4.2.48 are from C. W. Clenshaw,
Polynomial approximations to elementary functions,
Math. Tables Aids Comp. 8, 143-147 (1954) (with per-

mission)

cos

z~-

22

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

72
sin z

tan

4.3.3

4.3.17

cos [z

4.3.18

tan

z-

+ 2 = cos
2)

cos z 2

zx

sin

2j

sin z 2

cos z

4.3.4

z=-

csc

4.3.19

cot (z 1

sec

2)

sin z

4.3.5

tan 2 + tan 2
+ 2 = 1
tan 2 tan 2
cot 2
2
+ z = COt 2 cotCOt
2
+
:

( 2l

2)

z-

COS 2

Half-Angle Formulas
1

cot

4.3.6

/ I COS

z-

tan 3

4.3.20

sin

2 \1

,/

Periodic Properties

4.3.7

4.3.8
4.3.9

sin

(2+2&7r)=sin

= COS

(2 +&*)= tan

COS (2+2&7r)

tan

(k

any

integer)

4.3.21

cos|=(if^)

4.3.22

-cos
sy=l^
tan|=(|=^2
\l+cos

may

The ambiguity

in sign
aid of a diagram.

sins

1+cos

sin 2

2/

be resolved with the

-Transformation of Trigonometric Integrals

If

tan

^= 2 then
2z

4.3.23

sin u-

+2

cos

u--

1+2 2

au=,s dz
I+2

Multiple-Angle Formulas
2 tan 2

4.3.24

sin

22=2

sin 2 cos 2

4.3.25

cos

22=2

cos 2

21 = 12

=cos 2 z sin 2

4.3.26
sin x

esc x

cosx

sec x
cot x

tan

Figure

Circular functions.

4.3.

tan

sin 2 2

4.3.11

sec 2

4.3.12

esc 2 2

+ cos

sin 2 2

1 tan

l+tan

2 tan 2

1 tan

2 cot 2

21

cot 2

cot

2 tan

2 4 sin3 2

4.3.27

sin

32=3

4.3.28

cos

32= 3

4.3.29

sin

42=8

cos 3 2 sin

4.3.30

cos

42=8

cos 4

Relations Between Circular Functions

4.3.10

22=

l+tan 2 2

sin

2+4

cos

cos 3 2

24

cos 2 sin 2

2=1

2 tan 2=1

28

2+1

cos 2

cot

Products of Sines and Cosines

2=1
4.3.31

2 sin

sin 22 =cos iz\ z2 )

Z\

cos (2i + 2

2)

Negative Angle Formulas

4.3.13

sin

(2) =

4.3.14

cos

( 2)=C0S

4.3.15

tan (2)

sin
z

= tan

4.3.16

sin (z 1 -\-z 2 )

21

2 COS

4.3.33

2 sin Z\ cos 2 2 =sin (21

2i

COS 2 2

Addition and Subtraction of

4.3.34

Addition Formulas

= sin

= COS (2i

4.3.32
2

cos 2 2 +cos z sin z 2

x

sin

2i+sm

Two

)+COS

(2i

+2

2)

)+sin (2i+2 2 )

Circular Functions

\ cos / ^

~
=2 sin /2i+2
.

22

2i

22

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.3.35
sin 2i

sin 2 =2
2

/2i+2
- 2\

n cos

4.3.36

COS

/2l cos(

cos 2 2i cos 2 2 2

+=2 \
+ COS 2 = 2 cos /2i
2

2i

4.3.41

/2l - Z 2 \
sin
1

73

= sin (2i+2

2)

(21

sin

2)

4.3.42

cos 2 2i sin 2 2 2 =COS

(21

+ 22)

cos (21

2)

4.3.37
cos

Z\

cos 2 = 2 sm(
2

sm(

4.3.43

Signs of the Circular Functions

in the Four Quadrants

4.3.38

tan 2itan

(ziz 2 )

sin
z2 -

COS

Z\

COS 2 2

Quadrant

4.3.39
,

COt 2iCOt 2 2

sin(2 2 2i)

=-

cos
sec

tan
cot

+
+

sm

z\ sin 2 2

Relations Between Squares of Sines and Cosines

II
III

4.3.40
sin 2

sin
esc

Z\ sin 2

2 2 =sin (2i

+2

2)

sin

IV

(ziz2 )

4.3.44

Any Quadrant in Terms of Angles in

Functions of Angles in

>

e
sin

cos
csc_
sec

cos

cos

Tsin

cos

+ cot

tan

+ sec

+ csc

sec

+tan0

cot

cot

7T0

sin

tan
esc

tan

the First Quadrant. (0

sec 8
cot 8

Tsin

Tcsc

cos

sin

+ cot

sec

csc

Ttan

sin

x=a

cos

x=a

tan

x=a

+ a )~i

esc

+ cos

tan

csc

+ sec
cot

z=a

sin x

(1-a 2 )*

a(\

cos X

(1-a 2 )*

(1+a 2 )-*

a-V-1)*

tan x

a(l-a 2 )-*

(a

CSC X

a"

a-^l + a 2 )*

sec

(1-a 2 )-*

(1+a 2 )*

cot X

sin

8
(9

Relations Between Circular (or Inverse Circular) Functions

4.3.45

a;

k any integer)

2kw8

T="

<8<-,

(1-a 2 )-*

or^l-a

(0<;r<-j

a"
)*

a(l-a2 )-^

Illustration: If sin

arcsec

a"

a"

1)~*

-!)*

a"

a"

cot

x=a

(1+a 2 )-^

a(l+a 2 )~*
a-

a(a 2 -l)-^"

(1

a(a 2 -l)-*

a-^l+a 2 )*

(a

(a

x=a

-l)i

x=a, cot x=a Hi - &2 )*

a=arccot

sec

-l)"*

-l)*

(a

(a

-!)"*

+ a )*
2

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

74
4.3.46

Circular Functions for Certain Angles

tt/6

tt/4

tt/3

15

30

45

60

f (V3-D

1/2

V2/2

x+iy

(cos y-\-i sin y)

De Moivre's Theorem
4.3.48

sin

Qz

4.3.47
tt/12

Formula

Euler's

(cos z-\-i sin

V3/2

z)"= cos

vz-\-i sin vz

t<^0?z<it unless

v is

an integer)

Relation to Hyperbolic Functions (see 4.5.7 to 4.5.12)

cos

f (V3 +

tan
esc

sec

cot

00

CO

V3/2

1)

1/2

V2/2

2-V3

V3/3

V3

V2(V3 + 1)

V2

2V3/3

V2(V3-1)

2V3/3

V2

+ V3

V3

V3/3

4.3.49

sin

z= i

4.3.50

cos

2= cosh

4.3.51

tan

z=i

4.3.52

esc

z=i

4.3.53

sec

2=sech

4.3.54

cot

zi coth

sin

cos

f (V3 +

tt/2

7tt/12

2tt/3

90

105

120

1)

f (V3+D

V3/2

=^(V3-1)

-1/2

f(V3-l)

tan

2+V3

CO

-(2+V3)

-V3

CSC

V2(V3-1)

V2(V3-1)

2V3/3

sec

V2(V3 + 1)

00

-V2(V3+1)

-2

cot

2-V3

y-\-i cos x

4.3.56

cos

2= cos

yi

4.3.57

tan

z=

2=

cot

x cosh

sin 2x-\-i sinh

cos
sin

sinh y

sin x sinh

2?/

2x+cosh 2y

2x sinh 2y
2y cos 2x
-

cosh

4.3.59

|sin

= (sin

2|

= [\

-V3/3

5tt/6

llir/12

IT

150

165

180

4.3.62

x+sinh 2

(cosh

y)*

2y cos

2x)]*

arg sin 2=arctan (cot x tanh

|

cos

arg

?/)

= (cos x+sinh y)*

= [% (cosh 2?/+cos 2x)]*
cos 2= arctan (tan x tanh y)
z|

'
'

/ cosh

2y cos

2x

~\ cosh 2y+ cos 2x/

f(V3-l)
4.3.64

tan

iz

2=sin x cosh

4.3.63

cos

iz

Modulus and Phase (Argument) of Circular Functions

135

1/2

csch iz

sin

4.3.58

3tt/4

V2/2

iz

4.3.55

4.3.61

sin

tanh

Parts

4.3.60

-(2-V3)

iz

Terms of Real and Imaginary

Circular Functions in

5x/12
75

sinh iz

-V2/2

-V3/2

"/(V3 + 1)

-V3/3

-(2-V3)
V2(V3 +

/sinh 2y\

argtan2 = arctan(^^)

Series Expansions

4.3.65
*?

sin 2==2

esc

V2

sec

-V2

-2V3/3

-V2(V3-1)

cot

-1

-V3

-(2 + V3)

1)

CO

-1
CO

-3T+5|-7!+

(MO)

4.3.66
cos ^

22
1

-2!+4!-6i+

(MO)

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

75

Inequalities

4.3.67

tan z=z-\

2z 5

15

'

'

172 7
4.3.79

315

(-l)"-i2"(2 8 "-l).82

,
2*-l
n_ x

,,

(2n)!

0'<l)

srnz

a;

7r

(-!<*<!)

4.3.80

sin

a;

(o<*<)

4.3.81

cosx<^^<l
~ x ~

(0<x<tt)

a;<a;<tan

4.3.68
CSC

1.2.7

31

+ 360
2=-+c
6
z
'

15120

'

'

(-l)-'2(2-'-l)g

2.

(MO)

"^

(2)1

4.3.69

(oo<i)

< |sin

|sinh y\

2|

< cosh y

6I2
z ,5z
= 1+tt+
+-^r
+
720
2
24
,

<4

/
x(l
x)~

4.3.83
i

sec 2

s 1 n7rx

4.3.82

'

< |cos

< cosh

4.3.84

|sinh y\

4.3.85

|csc

2|<csch|y|

4.3.86

|cos

2|<cosh|2|

4.3.87

|sin

2|<sinh|2|

z\

'

(n<0

^'

(2n)l

4.3.70

COt 2

22 5

45

945

|cos2|<2,

4.3.88
,n-l<
(-l)-^"g
2,

_,_

(M<D

|sin2|<^2|

(MO)

(270!

Infinite Products

4.3.71

^i

In COS 2

= S (-l)"2

"- 1

4.3.90

COS 2

2n

-l)5
-^

(2
TT^T.

"

sin 2

(MO)

n(2w)

4.3.72
.

4.3.89

2ra

tan_2

= ^ (-l)"-

2 *(2?- 1
i

-l)B2n

numbers

and

(see

are the Bernoulli

,.

Sill

lim

4.3.75

lim

(2^0,x,2tt,
CSC 2

4.3.92

.)

.)

.)

2= X/
k=^<x> (2 for)

and Euler

1
(1)*
CSC B == ~ \-ZZ / ~~2
7^ ^
z
2
fei

4.3.93

kV

=1

(2^0,7r,27r,

Continued Fractions

=1
,

,._.*.... (.H|)

to

sin

-=x
71

lim n tan

-=x

4.3.95

tan

a tan
az--

lim cos

-= 1

n>cd

71

(9

(1-a2 ) tan

4.3.78

S^v

_,

n->a>

4.3.77

23

4.3.94

lim

(z^0,Tr,2ir,

tan x

x->0

4.3.76

i+

z->0

(2&-l) 2

chapter 23).
Limiting Values

4.3.74

42 2

n{2n)\

(MO)
where

fiV

C0ts=

4.3.91

4.3.73

Expansion in Partial Fractions

(MO)

Z2

tan 2 z

(4 a2 ) tan 2

+
/

5+
7r

,ir

ir

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

76

Polynomial Approximations

0<x<-

4.3.101

0<z<2

4.3.96

x_

tan

sm

x
x

+a

x 2 +a 4 x 4 +a 6 a; 6 +o 8 a; 8 +aioX 1

+ai 2 x 12 +e(x)

l-\-a 2 x 2 -\-a i x iJre(x)

|e(x)|<2X10- 8

(x)|<2X10- 4

02= -.16605

a 4 =. 00761

a 2 =. 33333 14036

a8 =. 02456 50893

a t = 13339 23995

a 10 =. 00290 05250

a 6 =. 05337 40603

a12 =. 00951 68091

~ x -l

4.3.97

sm

x
:

1 -\-a 2 x -\-a4X

iJ

ra 6 x 6 -\-as x s -\-aioX lo -\- e(x)

0<X<

4.3.102

a;

|e(a;)|<2X10- 9

a4

= -.16666
= .00833

a6

o2

66664

as =

33315

a 10 =

x=l+a

cot

00239

a 2 = 332867

x=l+

x cot

x2 +a4X 4 +06X

a2 =

.49670

024369

a;=l+a2 x2 +a 4

4
a;

+a

6
6 a;

= 02222
= .00211

a6

+a x +a

10

1 oa;

+e(x)

99963

a8

66418

a 10

= .00002
= -.00000

47609
02605

sin 7rx=x

S AH(x

(see

cos

n=0

An

|e(x)|<lX10-

Oa=. 31755

-|-e(x)

chapter 22)

A
^x=S
n=0
A

T*(x 2 )

.47200 1216

1.27627 8962

= l+a x +a x

-1<x<1

77168

T* (x) = cos nd, cos 0=2x 1

0<x<tan x

x 8 -f a 10 x10 +(x)

Approximations in Terms of Chebyshev Polynomials

88397

4.3.100

o 10 = -.00002 62619

20287

4.3.104

|e(a;)|<2X10- 9

= -.49999
= .04166
= 00138

+o

a8 = -.00020 78504

0<x<^

4.3.99

o 2 = 33333 33410

a 4 =. 03705

a4

|e(x)|<4X10- 10

|6(x)|<9X10- 4

a6

o4

0<x<

0<*<|
cos x=l-{-a2 x 2 -\-a i x i -\-e(x)

a4

00019 84090
4.3.103

a2

+o x 4 +e(x)

4.3.98

cos

x2

|e(x)|<3X10- s

.00000 27526

.00000

t
4

-.28526 1569

-.49940 3258

.00911 8016

.02799 2080

-.00013 6587

-.00059 6695

.00000 1185

.00000 6704

-.00000 0007

-.00000 0047

a 4 =. 20330

The approximations 4.3.96 to 4.3.103 are from B. CarlM. Goldstein, Rational approximation of functions,
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory LA-1943, Los Alamos,

8
The approximations 4.3.104 are from C. W. Clenshaw,
Polynomial approximations to elementary functions,
Math. Tables Aids Comp. 8, 143-147 (1954) (with per-

N. Mex., 1955 (with permission).

mission)

son,

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Differentiation

4.3.105

sin 2

-r-

dz

d
-r- cos
dz

4.3.106

Formulas

4.3.122
2

= COS z

77

Z COS

dz

sin" 2

(ft 1) sin"

-1

in 1)

(ft 2) sin"- 2 2

C zdz
z dz

(ft2)
2)

= sin

l)Jsin"- 2

(ft-

(n >2)

4.3.123
4.3.107

-y-

dz

tan

3= sec

CSC

2= CSC

4.3.108

-j-

as

zdz = z n

2" cos

Jcos 2 <fe=

cos 2

2=sec

j- sec

dz

tan 2

COt
as

^
^
d"

4.3.111

= CSC

f J_^2_ =
2 sin 2
(ft 1) COS" *2
J COS"

cos

2= cos

(ft 2)

(ft-1)

sin

2 cos" 2

dz

= sin

m+1 2 cos"

(ft-1)

(m+ft)

JiS

sin m 2 cos"

02

2 cos" 2

^2

J-

-=ln

(esc

(m 1)

COS

1+cos

2 cot 2)=^ ln-

4.3.117

sin

(m+ft) J'

(m?^ ft)
4.3.128

sec zdz =ln (sec 2+tan 2) =ln tan

j+- ]=gd _1 (2)

0*2

si
sin

2 cos" 2

(ft 1) sin m

=Inverse Gudermannian Function

2=2

gd

(n>2)

m+ft

4.3.116

2(^2
zdz

J cos""

= In cos2=ln sec 2

tan zdz

J'

csc 2<f2=ln tan

m+ft

cos 2 02 =sin 2

cos 2

4.3.127

4.3.115

_,

(7l>1)

(ft 1) (ft 2) COS"

(^2+-ft7rJ

zdz = cos

sin

4.3.114

4.3.126

2=sin \z+-gnnr)

2+ln

2^2

Integration Formulas

4.3.113

f sin

5 0*2=2 tan

sin
si

cos"* 2

sin

dn

4.3.112

2"

-(n-l)3- "ft^lj

4.3.125
4.3.110

4.3.124

2 COt

-F-

4.3.109

sin 2

arctan

'

m+ft 2 C

2 cos"

'

ft-

dz

fsm m
J si

2 cos"

(ft>l)

4.3.118

cot 20"2=ln sin 2

= In esc 2

(m 1)

sin m

4.3.119
2"

2 cos"

- f_
sm

m+ft 2 f
Sin2a2

= 2" COS 2+ft

n_1

m-

COS 2 02

m~2

^2
2 cos" 2

(m>l)
4.3.120
20

/sin
'sin z,
2

sin

I^^Cn-Da-^^lJ
4.3.121

Jsm

dz
2

f cos

z cot 2+ln sin 2

nN
(n>1)
.

4.3.129

4.3.130

[tan" 2

dg=

ta

fcot"2^2=-

^.

ftan"- 2

dz

(n^l)

COt " lg

(cot"" 2 2 02 (ft^l)

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

78
4.3.131
4.;

W
-6

a tan
dz

ia+6sinz

2
(a2

-&

arctan
aCla

(a2

)*

>&

Jo

)*

a tan

()+6 + (& -a
2

(6

4.3.132

pr
sin

4.3.142

In

mt
-

>a

2
)

*"(H)

cos at

(m>0)

=0

(m=0)

=-|

(m<0)

cos bt

Jo

4.3.133

dz

(a 6) tan

2
(a 2

arctan
)*

_ &2)

(a2

'(6 2

-a )*
2

(a 2

>b

sin

+cos

(b/a)

dt=

tan|- (6 -a
2

cos

dt

Jo

2\2

4.3.145
In sin

-;

Jo

(6

4.3.134

4.3.144

In

(b-a)

dt=\n

(b-a) tan |+(6 2 -a 2 )*

dt=
d=

Jo

In cos

I
I

dt=- In

Jo

)*

>a )
2

=tan k
2

cos

4.3.146

Jo

"l

mt

T* "
2

^ =2 '
7J

7r

(See chapters 5 and 7 for other integrals involving circular functions.)

(See [5.3] for Fourier transforms.)

-=_ co t2
St= cos z

4.3.135

7r

n^O)

dz

sin
J lsi

Ja-\-b cos 2

7J
dt=

)*

4.3.143

an integer,

(n
2

-a )*

Jo

atan(0+&-(& -a )*
'(6 2

f 'sin 2 nt dt= f 'cos 2 n* <ft=

4.3.141

)-\-b

4.3.147
4.3.136

Formulas

az

bzdz

sin

/e

(a sin

626

for Solution of Plane Right Triangles

cos 62)

4.3.137

az

cos

bzdz=

Je
Je

az

i7

62+6

(a cos

sin 62)

4.3.138

+w
az

az

sin"

bzdz=-

sin"

-1

bz
(a sin
^nr2 2

bznb

cos 62)

If

w(w 1)6
"*"

a2 +w2 6 2

az

sin"

-2

62

a2

cos" 62

^2=

Clfe

sin

4.3.139
e

A, B and C are the vertices (C the right

and a, b and c the sides opposite respectively,

angle)

+w
ae

cos"
r-

a2

Ac

-1

62

T77
(a cos
2 2

bz+nb

sin 62)

cos

A-

b_
c

n{n \)b 2
a2 +n2 6 2

aj

cog n

esc

sec

J 2cj 2

tan ^l^T^

"0" cot A

Definite Integrals

versine yl=vers
4.3.140

sin

mt

sin nt

(m-^n,

cos

wf

cos nt

dt0
coversine

A= covers A=\ sin A

haversine

^i=hav

m and n integers)
dt=0

A=l cos A
A=\ vers A

exsecant ^4=exsec A^=sec

Al

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.3.148

Inverse Circular Functions

4.4.

Formulas

79

for Solution of Plane Triangles

Definitions

4.4.1
dt

arcsm

arccos

z-

(z=x+iy)

2
Jo (l-* )*

4.4.2

J (l-*
z

arcsm

)*

4.4.3

arctan

z--

Jo

In a triangle with angles A, B and

opposite a, b and c respectively,

sin

sin

C and

sides

sin

COsA =

= tan _1

= ttm(A+B)

a b~ tan \(AB)
be sin

area=

real

, N

.,,

4.3.149
for Solution of Spherical Triangles

z,

and arccos x are

arcsin x

and

4.4.4

A =[s(sa)(sb)(sc)Y

s=(a+b+c)

Formulas

arccot z
2

=
When 1<x<1,

C+c cos B

cos

2bc

a=b
a-\-b

The path of integration must not cross the

real axis in the case of 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 and the
imaginary axis in the case of 4.4.3 except possibly
inside the unit circle.
Each function is singlevalued and regular in the 2-plane cut along the
oo to
oo in the case
real axis from
1 and +1 to
of 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 and along the imaginary axis
?'oo in the case of 4.4.3.
from i to i<x> and i to
Inverse circular functions are also written
-1
-1
arcsin z
sin
z,
arccos z= cos
arctan z
z,

c 2 -\-b 2

\ir

< arcsin x < %tt,

< arccos x <

4.4.5

|x< arctan x < \-k

4.4.6

arccsc

z arcsin

1/s

4.4.7

arcsec

z arccos

1/z

4.4.8

arccot 2

= arctan

1/z

arcsec

4.4.9

z-\- arccsc

ir

z=^ir
(see 4.3.45)

If A,
and C are the three angles and
the opposite sides,

A_sin

sin

sin

cos

a=cos

_ cos

sin b

b cos

c+sin

sin

a, b

+1

arcsin z and

and

arctan z

arccos

sin c
& sin c

cos .A
+i

b cos (cfl)

cos

where tan 0=tan

cos

yi= cos

cos

arccsc z and
arcsec z

A
Figure

cos

C+sin

sin (7 cos a

4.4.

Branch

arccot z

cuts

jor

functions.

inverse

circular

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

80

Fundamental Property

The

general solutions of the equations

=z

sin

cos

=z

tan

t=z

4.4.23

Arccsc

z=i Arccsch

4.4.24

Arcsec

2= .i

4.4.25

Arccot z=i Arccoth

= Arcsin 2=( 1)*

iz

*+ ix]

4.4.26

Arcsin

x=i~Ln[(l

4.4.27

Arccos

x= ilin[x+i(lx

4.4.28

Arctan

(x

z-\-2kir

=Arctan 2=arctan z+kir

x- Ln
2

(2

.
,

\-\-i

=- Ln
2

-:

ix

4.4.13

Interval containing principal value

an arbitrary integer.

arcsec x

and arccsc x

(x 2

Ln

])*-H"

(x 2 >l)
I

x negative

x positive
or zero

arccos x and arccot x

Arccsc x =i

4.4.29

is

and arctan x

(x real)

^-l)

where k

arcsin x

<l)

(x 2 <l)

2 )i}

4.4.12

arcsin z+kir

arccos

= Arccos z=

4.4.11

Arcsech

Logarithmic Representations

are respectively
4.4.10

iz

0<y< ir/2 7r/2 < y<0

0<y<7r/2

4.4.30

Arcsec x

4.4.31

Arccot

-i

Ln

,=iLn(|l)=iL(^)

ir/2<^y<ir

0<y< ir/2 ir<y< t/2

(x real)

Addition and Subtraction of Two Inverse Circular

Functions
4.4.32

arccot x

-3.0

arccos x

-2.5

Arcsin

21

Arcsin

z2

-2.0

arcsec

=Arcsin [2i(l-2l)i2 2 (l-2 2 )*]

1.5

'arccsc x

-1.0

--

^\^------==4.4.33

-.5
-2.0

-1.0

-1.5

-.5

.5

1.0

2.0

1.5

2.5

--.5

arctan x

~~s^
/arcsin

Figure

4.5.

1.0

1.5

orccos
arctan
arccsc

arccot

= Arccos {2i2

x
x

z) = arcsin

4.4.15

arccos (z)

arctan

4.4.17

arccsc (2)

4.4.18

arcsec

( 2) = w arcsec

4.4.19

arccot

= arccsc

2) =

71--

Arctan 2i Arctan 2,= Arctan

=Arcsin{2

= tt arccos

4.4.16

Arctan

Relation to Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

iz

4.4.21

Arccos

zi

Arccosh

4.4.22

Arctan

21

Arccot

Inverse Circular
(see 4.6.14 to

4.6.19)

Arcsinh

(1 #]*}

2 2 [(l-2f)

(l-2D T2i(l-2 2 )i]

i

z2

= Arctan (*%j^Wrcoot (-!&)

arccot 2

z=i

\l-t-2i2 2 /

4.4.36

Arcsin

= ArCCOS [2

4.4.20

s?)(l 4)}*}

Arcsin Z\. Arccos 2 2

(2) = arctan

=F[(l

4.4.35

Functions of Negative Arguments

arcsin

4.4.34

Inverse circular functions.

4.4.14

Arccos zi Arccos 22

Functions in Terms of Real and

Imaginary Parts

4.4.37

Arcsin

2=&7r+( 1)*

arcsin

/3

+ (-l)^ln[a+(a -l)i]
2

=i Arctanh iz

4.4.38
(z

^ l)

Arccos 2=2for { arccos /3 i In [a+(a2 1)*]}

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

81

0<x<l

4.4.46

4.4.39

Arctan

z=kr+i

arc tan

\l

x y /
-

arcsin

x=- (1 x)* (a

-\-a,iX -\-a 2 x -\-a 3 x

p*+Q/+i)H

ln
+ j4 m
L^+(l/-l) J^
2

where k

+a x +a
4

an integer or zero and

is

1.57079 63050

a4

a,i=

-.21459 88016

a5

.08897 89874

a6

a 3 =-.05017 43046

a7

Series Expansions

a2

4.4.40
arcsin

z=z

1-32

1-3-52

7
,

(M<D

2-3^2-4-5 n 2-4-6-7

- 3-5.*(2&+l)&!
1

(l-z)=l-(2z)i[l +

..

fc=i

x +a7a; 7 )

+e(x)

arctan x

(2fc 1)

'

= .03089
= -.01708
= .00667
= .00126

18810

81256
00901
24911

1<x<1

4.4.47

4.4.41
arcsin

+a

|e(a;)|<2X10-8

P=\[{x+\) 2 +y^-\[{x-l) 2 + y 2 ]*

>3

5
5 a;

= a x + a&? + a x +
5

x7

x9

e (cc)

]
|e(a;)|<10- 5

(N<2)
4.4.42

ax =

arctan z=z-

3"

+5

=H+3?-5?+-"
3 I+2
+ 2*1/
b+h

and2 ^ 1)

(|z|<l

"

'

2
'

(|2|>land2

^-

a 7 =-. 08513 30

.99986 60

a 3 =-.33029 95

a5 =

2-4
3-5

.02083 51

.18014 10

1>

4.4.48

a9

Kx<l

10

arctan xl

+ .28x

>.(x)

(2V-1)
|e(x)|<5X10- 3

Continued Fractions
,

arctan

4.4.43

22

2=2

42 2 92 2 162 2

1+3+5+7+ 9+

4.4.49 "

'

arctan x

the cut plane of Figure 4.4.)

(2 in

0<x<l

X
arcsin 2

4.4.44

VlZ^i

1-22 l-22 3-42 3-42

l- 3-

7-

5-

(2 in the cut

'

9-

4.4.)

a4

x=-(l

arcsin

+a x )+e(x)
3

- .33333

a2 =

a6

x) i (a JraiX+a 2 x 2

2k

+e(x)

|e(x)|<2X10- 8

0<x<l

4.4.45

2k x

k=l

plane of Figure

Polynomial Approximations

= 1+ J2a

a8

= - .07528 96400
.04290 96138
aa =
a u = -.01616 57367
.00286 62257
a =

14528

o 10

= .19993 55085
= -.14208 89944
= .10656 26393

16

\e(x)\<5XlO- 5
a

1.57072 88

ai=

21211 44

a2
a3

= .07426
= -.01872

10

93
10

4.4.48 is from C. Hastings, Jr.,

Math. Tables Aids Comp. 6, 68 (1953) (with

The approximation

Note

143,

permission)
11
9

The approximations

4.4.45 to 4.4.47 are

from C. Hast-

Approximations for digital computers. Princeton

Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955 (with permission)

ings, Jr.,

The approximation

4.4.49

is

from B. Carlson, M. Gold-

stein, Rational approximation of functions, Los Alamos

Scientific Laboratory LA-1943, Los Alamos, N. Mex.,

1955 (with permission).

22

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

82

Approximations in Terms of Chebyshev Polynomials

12

4.4.57

T%(x)=cos

xx

XA

4
5

.88137 3587

6
7
8
9

.01113 5843
-.00138 1195
.00018 5743
-.00002 6215

-^

r-r

z(z 2 \)*

Integration Formulas

-. 10589 2925

z=

arccsc

(see chapter 22)

An

2
3

dz

d=2x 1

cos

nd,

arctan

-T-

-1<z<1

4.4.50

4.4.58

arcsin z dz

4.4.59

arccos z

arcsin z-\-(l

2 )*
2

T*(x 2 )

arccos

z (1 2

)*

00000 3821

-.00000 0570
.00000 0086
-.00000 0013
00000 0002

10

dz=z

4.4.60

arctan

& \ In (1+e

4.4.61

arccsc z

For |z|>l, use arctan x=\tt arctan

dz=z

arctan z

dzz

arccsc

2ln

1)*]

[z-\-(z 2

(1/x)

0<arccsc z<^-

-iV2<x<-V2

4.4.51

arcsin

X A Tt(2x

x=x

-<arccsc 2<0

2
)

n=0

4.4.62

0<x<jV2
arccos

x=%r x

X A T*(2x
51

2
3

1959
6487
0631
7890
6985

An
.00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
.

5881
0777
0107
0015
0002

dz

4.4.53

arcsin

arccos (1 a; 2 )*, arc-

4.4.63

arccot z

arcsin z dz-

arccot g-f-f In

(1+2 2 )

<4) arcsin 2+- (1

)*

4.4.65
I

,n+l
n
/'z arcsin

j- arccos

dzz

4.4.64

Formulas

z=(l z 2 )

1)*]

t:< arcsec 2<jr

\z

4.4.52

[z-{-(z 2

0<arcsec 2<;

Differentiation

sTln

arcsec

5
6
7

For |V2<x<l, use arcsin x

cos x=arcsin (1 2 )*.

dz=z

n
05123
05494
00408
00040
.00004

1.

arcsec z

= (l z )~
2

z dz-

+l

arcsin

2-

i_

n+
fl

r^^_ dz

2
J (1-Z )*

(n^-1)

4.4.66

4.4.54

-y-

dz

arctan z=-.

1+2

arccot =^L
/
dz
1+2

4.4.55

I2

arccos 2 <fe=l

j- arCSeC
tt2

arccos

2-

(1

+l

2 " arccos 2 d2=

}
)

,n+l

arccos

71+1

2-

"w+1 J

Z=
r- ttt
Z(z
1)*

2 2 )*

(1

dz

(rc^-1)

9
2

12
The approximations 4.4.50 to 4.4.51 are from C. W.
Clenshaw, Polynomial approximations to elementary
functions, Math. Tables Aids Comp. 8, 143-147 (1954)

(with permission).

4.4.67

J
4.4.56

4.4.68

r
1

arctan

cte=- (I+2 2 ) arctan

z~

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.4.69

83

4.5.8

cosh

2= cos

iz

4.5.9

tanh

2=

tan

4.5.10

csch

4.5.11

sech

= sec

4.5.12

coth

2=

,n+\

arctan

z dz-

arctan

z-

n+\ J

71+1

+2

(fe

4.4.70
1

dz=-

arccot z

(1

+2

z'2

esc Z2
iz

arccot

z+-

cot iz

Periodic Properties

4.4.71
,n+l

arccot z dz-

f"

z-

71+1

+ 1J1+2

Hyperbolic Functions

sinh 2

z
(k

= cosh

tanh (2+&7rz')=tanh

cosh (2+2&7rt)

4.5.14

4.5.15

Definitions

4.5.1

= sinh

0?2

(7^-1)
4.5.

sinh (2+2&7ri)

4.5.13

arccot

any

integer)

Relations Between Hyperbolic Functions

(z=x+iy)

4.5.16

cosh2

2 sinh 2=1

4.5.17

tanh2

4.5.18

coth 2

2 csch 2=1

2
e

+ sech

2=1

+e-

4.5.2

cosh

2=

4.5.3

tanh

2= sinh

4.5.4

csch

= l/sinh

4.5.5

sech

2=1 /cosh

4.5.6

coth

= l/tanh

2/cosh z

4.5.19

cosh

2+ sinh z=e*

4.5.20

cosh

2 sinh z = e~

Negative Angle Formulas

2) = sinh

4.5.21

sinh

4.5.22

cosh (2)

4.5.23

tanh

= cosh

2) = tanh

Addition Formulas

sinh

4.5.24

(2!

+ 2 = sinh
2)

zx cosh z2

+ cosh
cosh

4.5.25

(z 1 -\-z 2 )

= cosh

zx

cosh

tanh

Figure

coth

4.5.27
4.6.

Hyperbolic junctions.

(z 1 -\-z 2 )=^

(z 1

(tanh

+ z = (coth
2)

(see 4.3.49 to 4.3.54)

Hyperbolic formulas can be derived from

trigonometric identities b}* replacing 2 by iz

sinh z= i sin

4.5.7
716-654

64

iz

/cosh

H-

1X2
)

sinh 2 2

2t

coth

Half-Angle Formulas
4.5.28

21

+ tanh 2 )/
(1 + tanh 2! tanh2

2i

2)

2 2 +l)/

(coth 2 2
Relation to Circular Functions

sinh z2

z2

+sinh
4.5.26

Zi

+ coth

zx)

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

84

4.5.44

4.5.29
,

cosh

cosh Zj cosh 2 2 =2 sinh

/cosh22+1

r\

sinh

'

)
4.5.45

4.5.30
g

/cosh

z l\l_ cosh

2~\cosh 2+1/

tanh 2!+ tanh

z 1 _

sinh

cosh

2+1

4.5.32

sinh

cosh

22=2

22=2

sinh 2 cosh

z=-

coth2!+cothz 2 =

=cosh 2+ sinh
2

2 tanh 2

1 tanh2

{zi-\-Z2)

cosh 2 2

2j

sinh

(zi-\-z 2 )

sinh 2 X sinh 2 2

Relations Between Squares of Hyperbolic Sines and

Cosines

4.5.47

21=2

cosh2

cosh

4.5.46

Multiple-Angle Formulas

4.5.31

sinh
22 -

sinh 2

sinh2

2+1

sinh2 Zi sinh2

{z^^)

2 2 =sinh

=cosh 2

zx

sinh {z x z 2 )

cosh

22

4.5.48
4.5.33

sinh 2 Zj+cosh 2 2 2 =cosh {z x -\-z 2 ) cosh (z x z 2 )

tanh 22 =7

tt
2
1+tanh
2

=cosh2 2!+sinh 2

4.5.34

sinh

32=3

4.5.35

cosh

32= 3

4.5.36

sinh

42=4

4.5.37

cosh

42= cosh 4 2+6 sinh 2

sinh

2+4

Hyperbolic Functions in Terras of Real and Imaginary

Parts

2+4

cosh 3

cosh

2+4

cosh

sinh 3

sinh 3

(z=x+iy)

cosh 3 2 sinh 2

cosh 2

+ sinh

2=sinh x cos

4.5.49

sinh

4.5.50

cosh z

4.5.51

tanh

2=

+2

2 sinh z x sinh 22 =cosh (2 :

4.5.52

coth

2=

2 sinh z x cosh 2 2 =sinh

(2j

+2

(z 1

2)

sinh

(21

2)

4.5.53

(z x

2)

cosh

4.5.54

sinh

2
(

sinh s^ sinh 2 2 =2 cosh

|sinh

2)"=cosh n2+sinh nz
of Hyperbolic

2|

= (sinh x+sin y)*

= [(cosh 2x cos 2y)}*
2

arg sinh 2=arctan (coth x tan y)

4.5.56

'

|cosh

2|

4.5.57
2

+ sinh

Functions

4.5.42
1

2?/

Functions

4.5.55

'

sin

2x cos 2y

Modulus and Phase (Argument)

Two Hyperbolic

(cosh 2

2)

4.5.41

sinh 2!+sinh 2 2 =2 sinh

2a;

cosh

De Moivre's Theorem

+ sinh
Addition and Subtraction of

2?/

cosh 2x+cos 2y

2 cosh z x cosh 2 2 =cosh (si+s2 )

+cosh
4.5.40

sinh 2x-\-i sin

2)

cosh
4.5.39

cosh x sin y

y-\-i

= cosh x cos y-\-i sinh x sin y

Products of Hyperbolic Sines and Cosines

4.5.38

z2

= (sinh x+cos y)%

= [|(cosh 2x+cos 2y)]i
2

arg cosh 2=arctan (tanh x tan y)

4 5 58

It
'

'

anh

cosn 2x

I
'

~ cos 2 ^ V

_f\cosh 2x+cos

2y)

4.5.43

cosh 21+cosh 2 2 =2 cosh

2
(

'"I"

cosh

2
(

'

4.5.59

arg tanh 2=arctan

u 9

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

85

Relations Between Hyperbolic (or Inverse Hyperbolic) Functions

4.5.60

sinh

x=a

x=a

cosh

tanh

a(l-a

-l)*

x=a
2

)-i

csch

a"

x=a

x=a

sech

cr^l-a

coth

x=a

-l)-J

sinh x

(a

cosh x

(1+a 2 )*

(l-a 2 )~i

o-^l+o1 )*

a- 1

a(a 2 -l)~*

tanh x

a(l+a 2 )-*

a-\a 2 -\)*

(1+a 2)-*

(1-a 2 )*

a-

csch x.

a" 1

(a

a(l-a 2 )-i

(a 2 -l)i

(1+a 2)-*

a"

(1-a2 )*

a(l+a 2 )~*

a-Ha 2 -l)i

a- J (a 2 +l)i

a(a 2 -l)~*

a- 1

(1+a 2 )*

(l-a 2 )"i

sech x

coth x

a-^l-a

-l)"i

)*

Illustration: If sinh x- =a, coth

arcsech a- arccoth
=

Special Values of the Hyperbolic Functions

4.5.61

x=a

(1 a

(a

(a

)*

+1)*

-*

2
)

4,5.66
2
5 4_ 61
- 2+
=l_^+A
2
2
24
720

3tt

iri

~2

sech

IT

00

2n

..._]_;

(2w)!

'

(M<f)
sinh z

cosh

tanh

cot

csch 2__

00

00

sech z

00

-1

coth

00

00

4.5.67

00

TOthz

2i

=i+I-S+9i5

-'--+W

where J3 B and En are the

numbers, see chapter 23.

00

Infinite

00

"-+--(II<t)

<*>i

sinh 8

4.5.68

7ith Bernoulli

and Euler

Products

=BU (l+^)
i

4s 2

r
h=n[_i+
_ 1)v
(2k-l)h

Series Expansions

4.5.69

(2jfc

sinh

4.5.62

z=z+^+f.+^-,+
3!
5!
7!
'

(|g|< )

'

Continued Fraction

2
z*
= 1+^+^+

(MO)

cosh

4.5.63

~i

4.5.70

tanh

z=

z2

z2

z2

1+3+5+7 +
(z9^invij

4.5.64

tanh

2=2 +2
B

315

15

Differentiation

2 2 (2^)B 2n

_,

(2n)!

...
4.5.71

- sinh 2= cosh
t
dz

4.5.72

~r cosh
dz

2= sinh

0*'<f)
4.5.65

CSch

Z
2

3
'x+tt^t; 2 -

'

360

31
2

15120

4.5.73
2

2(2 "-'-l)2?2n ,,_,

(2to)!

Formulas

-r-

dz

tanh 2=sech2

+
4.5.74

(!*!<)

-r-

dz

csch

2= csch

coth

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS,

86
d_

4.5.75

sech

dz
d_

4.5.76

coth

dz

2= csch

tanh

J
2

4.5.77

sinh

zdz= cosh

4.5.78

cosh

zdz sinh

tanh 2o?2=ln cosh

tanhn

tanh"2^2=-

i|

(w^D

4.5.88

Integration Formulas

4.5.79

4.5.87

z sech z

coth" 2

coth"

-1

dz= v w 1 " +
'J
2

coth" -2

^2

(See chapters 5 and 7 for other integrals involving hyperbolic functions.)

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

4.6.

Definitions

csch

4.5.80
J

4.5.81

zdz=\n tanh ^

arcsinh

4.6.1

sech 2ete=arctan (sinh z)

arccosh

4.6.2

dt
2=

2=

dt
I

(*

4.5.82

coth

zdz=\n

sinh 2

4.5.83

sinh

4.6.1
to

4.5.84
z

zdz=z n

cosh

zn

sinh

2" -1 sinh 2<fe

fol-

imaginary axis from

sinhm 2 cosh" zdz-

sinh TC+1 2 cosh"

-1

If m
m + sinh 2 cosh"
si

1-1

m-\-n

sinh"

2 cosh"

+1

z'co

to

to

and

00

to

and

+1

to

00

Inverse hyperbolic functions are also

-1
sinh
2, arsinh 2, stfr sinh 2, etc.

arccsch
2

from

from

4.6.3 real axis

z'co

4.6.2 real axis

4.5.85

dt

J"**

-D*

The paths of integration must not cross the

lowing cuts.

2" -1 cosh 2c?2

2^2=2" cosh 2 n

arctanh

4.6.3

(z=x+iy)

:w 2U

/.

zdz
arcsech

arccoth

written

2= arcsinh 1/2
2= arccosh 1/2
z= arctanh 1/2

m-

sinh m-2 2 cosh"

m-\-n Jsii

2 cte

(m+n^O)

+1

+1

4.5.86

/ sinh

ro

dz
2 cosh"

-w-2 f
sinh m
J si

m -1

sinh"'

arccosh
!

cosh"

arctanh z

(m^l)

cosh" 2

+1

71 1 sinhm

2 cosh"

'

2
arccsch

m-\-n 2 f

^J

cte

sinh m

cosh" -2 2

(n^l)

Figure

4.7.

arcsech

Branch

cuts for

functions.

arccoth z

inverse

hyperbolic

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

arctanh 2=arccoth

4.6.7

2f

(according as

(see 4.5.60)

,u
arccoth

4.6.25

87

x=-*iIn
2

J^O)

+l

(*

>D

Fundamental Property

The general

solutions of the equations

2=sinh

cosh

2=tanh

are respectively
4.6.8

t Arcsinh z={ l)

4.6.9

=Arccosh z= arccosh

4.6.10

t= Arctanh z= arctanh z+kwi

fc

arcsinh z-\-kiri
z-\-2kiri

(k,

integer)

Functions of Negative Arguments

2) = arcsinh

4.6.11

arcsinh

4.6.12

arccosh

( 2) = arccosh

4.6.13

arctanh

Figure

4.8.

Inverse hyperbolic Junctions.

2) = arctanh

Relation to Inverse Circular Functions

Addition and Subtraction of Two Inverse Hyperbolic

Functions

2
(see 4.4.20 to

4.6.26

4.4.25)

Arcsinh

Hyperbolic identities can be derived from

onometric identities by replacing 2 by iz.
4.6.14

Arcsinh

2= i Arcsin

4.6.15

Arccosh

z=i

2 1=b Arcsinh z 2

trig-

= Arcsinh [gi(l+s|)g,(l+gj)]

iz

4.6.27

Arccos

Arccosh
4.6.16

Arctanh

zi

Arctan

4.6.17

Arccsch z=i Arccsc

4.6.18

Arcsech

4.6.19

Arccoth z=i Arccot

2!

Arccosh

z2

iz

=ArCCOsh

{2 2 2 [(2
1

-1)(2^-1)P}

iz

4.6.28

z=i Arcsec

Arctanh

z1

Arctanh

z2

= Arctanh

iz

arcsinh

x=ln [x+(x2 +l)*J

4.6.21

arccosh

x=ln [x+(z 2 1)*]

4.6.22

arctanh

x=\

-1

\12

22/

4.6.29

Logarithmic Representations
4.6.20

Arcsinh

Arccosh

z2

=Arcsinh{2

(x>l)

= Arccosh Da

(0<x 2 <l)

In

zt

2 2 [(l

+2

2
)(2 -l)]i}

(l+sJ)*Zi(sS-l)']

4.6.30

H-^-|-l)

4.6.23

arccsch

x=ln

4.6.24

arcsech

x=ln|-+^-lV

(x^O)

(0<x<l)
I

1\

2 4-

(2

~^L

= Arccoth (-^jft)
\2 2 1/
1

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

88

Series Expansions

4.6.42

4.6.31

'2-4-5

2-3

+.

4.6.43

(M<D
2z2

4.6.44

arcsinh

dz=z

arccosh

0^2=2 arccosh

2 (I+2 2 )*

arcsinh

2 (s

1)*

-3

Integration Formulas

1-3-5
"2-4-6-7

=ln 2g+

z=(l 22 )-

-3

arcsinh z=z-

j- arccoth

4z 4

4.6.45

1-3-5
2

arctanh2</2=2 arctanh

62 s
4.6.46

z\\ In (1

^2= 2 arccsch 2+ arcsinh 2

arccsch 2

(N>D
4.6.32

arccosh

2=

In 22-

22

4.6.47

arcsech 2 c?2=2 arcsech 2+arcsin z

4.6.48

arccoth

42*

1-3-5
2

62

^2=2

arccoth z-\-\ In

(2

1)

'

*
'

4.6.49

(N>D
2 arcsinh

4.6.33

zdz=

- arcsinh z-

(2

(|3|<D

4.6.50
>n+l

4.6.34

2= 1-^-^+^-5+^-7+

arccoth

52 6

32d

+l)*

2=2+ ++=-+

arctanh

72 7

arcsinh

zdz--

71+1

,+i

arcsinh 2-

n+lj
H-J((I+2

dz
)*

(71^-1)

(M>D
Continued Fractions
4.6.51

4.6.35

arctanh 2=-

-2

42 2 92 2

arccosh 2

dz=

J"
(2 in

the cut plane of Figure 4.7.)

4 arccosh 2 4

2z 2;

4.6.52
-,n+l

4.6.36

arcsinh 2

22 2

VT+^ "l + 3+

22 2 3

5+

42 2 3

7+

422

9+

1)*

-(z 2

2 * arccosh 2 cfe=

W+l

r _s^_
,n+l

arccosh 2-

J2
J2

'

71+1 J

dz

(2 -l)*'

(n^-1)

4.6.53
Differentiation

Formulas

4.6.37

d
arcsinh
dz

2=(l+2 2 )~*

arctanh

cfe=

^ arctanh 2+k

4.6.54

4.6.38

A arccosh z{z 1)~*

l

dz
4.6.39

-3-

arctanh

2= (1 2

~1

2
)

2" arctanh 2 cte=

,n+l
arctanh 2
-

71+1

71+1
+ lj

n+1

1-2

;?2

4.6.55

4.6.40

-jGt2

arccsch

z=T 2(l+2

9Nt
)'
,

arccsch 2

dz= arccsch 2 4-- (1+2

)*

4.6.56

(according as
4.6.41

-rCt2

arcsech

s==F

2(1

,B+1

/' arccsch 2 ^2= n+1

^2^0)

)*

arccsch 2

2"

n+
f lj

(2

+ l)i^

(71^-1)

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

4.6.59

4.6.57
22

arcsech z

dz=

arcsech

2 -l
dz= -
2

z- (1 2 2 )*

arccoth

arccoth z-\--

4.6.60

4.6.58
,+l

arcsech

f"

89

dz= z-^ arcsech z-\

71+1

i_ r z^_
dz
71+
+ lj(l 2 2 )

,n+\

arccoth

dz

arccoth z

71+1

2
,

71+

n+1

J
(s*-l)

Numerical Methods
4.7.

Example

Use and Extension of the Tables

2.

x~ 3/i for

a; =9. 19826 to 10D using the

Table of Common Logarithms.
From Table 4.1, four-point Lagrangian interpolaThen,
tion gives log I0 (9. 19826) = .96370 56812.

Compute

Note: In

the examples given

the arguments are exact.

Example 1. Computation

of

it is

assumed that

Common Logarithms.

To compute common

logarithms, the number

must be expressed in the form x -10 s (1<<C10,
oo<g<oo). The common logarithm of x 10*
consists of an integral part which is called the
characteristic and a decimal part which is called
Table 4.1 gives the common
the mantissa.
logarithm of x.
,

| log

10

(x)

= - .72277

92609 = 9.27722 07391 - 10.

Linear inverse interpolation in Table 4.1 3?ields

.18933. For 10 place accuracy
antilog (1.27722)
subtabulation with 4-point Lagrangian interpolants produces the table

.009836 9.836- 10~ 3

.09836
.9836

9.836

98.36
983.6

9.836- 10~ 2
9.836- lO"

logio

.18933

.27721 94350

.18934

.27724 23729

.18935

.27726 53095

By

linear inverse interpolation

ar 3/4 =. 18933 05685.

2.99281

85=( 1.0071815)

Example

1.99281

85=( 0.0071815)

3.

9.836-10

0.9928185

9.836- 10

1.9928185

Convert logio x to In x for x=. 009836.

Using 4.1.23 and Table 4.1, In (.009836) =
In 10 logio (.009836) = 2.30258 5093 (-2.00718 15)
= -4.62170 62.

9.836 -10

2.9928185

Example

4.

Compute
Note that 3.99281 85= -3 + .99281

(.009836)

= 3.99281 85 = 7.99281
= -2.00718 15.

When

85.

is negative the
common logarithm
expressed in the alternative forms

can

be

85-10

form is convenient for conversion from

logarithms to natural logarithms.
The inverse of log i0 x is called the antilogarithm
of x, and is written antilog x or log -1 x.
The
logarithm of the reciprocal of a number is called
the cologarithm, written colog.
last

common

In x for

x=. 00278

4.1.7, 4.1.11 and

In (.278-10~ 2 )=ln (.278)

Using

6D.

to

Table

4.2,

-2

10= -5.885304.

In

In (.00278)

and
.002
interpolation between x
-5.8PS. To
give ln(.00278)
obtain 5 decimal place accuracy with linear
interpolation it is necessary that x>.175.
Linear

x =.003

would

Example

5.

Compute
Using

The

13
2 29366

3.99281 85=(-2.00718 15)

Interpolation in Table 4.1 between 983 and 984

gives .99281 85 as the mantissa of 9836.

logi

A2
2 29379

log10 z-10 4

x-10

In

In x for

x=1131.718
and Table

4.1.7, 4.1.11

1131.718=ln(

=ln

18

to 8D.
4.2

113l)

1131

1131.718
1131

fin 1.131

+lnl0 3

=ln (1.00063 4836)+ln 1.131+3

In 10.

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

90

Then from
In

Example

4.1.24

1131.718= (.00063 4836)-i(.00063

4836)

Compute

= .00063 4836-. 00000 0202

+ln 1.131 +
+ .12310 2197 + 6.90775 5279 = 7.03149 211.
working with 16D for
Compute
1.-38967
12458 179231.
z=
x
In x

4.99728

1.389
4.1.24

and Table

4.2

a=

%=

Compute

Let

1.389=

.32858 40637 722067

In

Example

x=

+3 )+i
2

arctan

e-

In

00000

00000

00000

.00025

13489

24685

12693

315

88140

97019

2646

54842

16630
15472

81184

=2.37976

08513

29496

863 from Table 4.4

867

=e =2 .38035
r

Example
|

13+i (x arctan |j

( 2 3i)=|ln 13+i (-x+arctan

1.00000

13805

(2-3i)=-ln

13 +*

227)- 69

7D.
and Tables 4.2 and

=e-

__g. 69 (-1.48280

10

=. 35946

to 7S.

and rf=the decimal part

=exp

|j

ln 10 j=exp

-,

(ln 10")

=10" exp

648

=exp

of

-,

77:-

ln 10

[(n-\-d) ln 10]

exp (d ln 10)

{d In 10)

4.4

281

281

(j^ln loVexp

(281.42282 42 ln 10)

exp (.42282 42 ln 10)

(2.647428)

= 10

281

exp .97358 87

= (281)2.647428.

4.4,

12.

5262)

60.

for z=.75 using the expansion

Chebyshev polynomials.

Compute

1023136631

exp x=exp

Example
0- 69 ln (-227)

089.

Then

= 10
= 10

(.227)- 6B to

Using 4.2.7

39006

arctan -J

8.

Compute

648

From Table
(

= 1.282475 i(.982794).
Example

n= ln

= 1.282475 i(2.158799)
In

90768

11.

Compute

= 1.282475+^(2.158799)
In

compute succes-

=l. 00025

Let

( 2+3-i)=|

4.2.1,

867

eV

= 1.282475+t(.982794)
In

Using

12693.

= 148.0111.

for

4!"

7.

(2

18D

to

3!"

.32906 72053 687455.

(2+3i)=^ln

2!"

Compute the principal value of In (23i).

From 4.1.2, 4.1.3 and Tables 4.2 and 4.14.
In

a=x .867.

a=

136

In

1.10217 67

sively

376199

.00048 31415 965388

g- 09728 69

x=. 86725 13489 24685

1167 693059

ln(l+a) =

4.4,

10.

.00048 32583 282384

to 7S.

69= (134.28978)(1. 10217 67)

Example

we compute successively

~=.

1.00048 32583 282384= 1+a, using

4 99728 69

Linear interpolation gives

with an errorrdf
of lxioIX 10 -77;

6.

Since

Using 4.2.18 and Table

3 In 10

Example

9.

e~

in

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Following the procedure in

[4.3]

we have from

4.2.48

Example

15.

Compute sin x and cos x for x=2.317

From 4.3.44 and Table 4.6

e- x =J2Ak Tt(x)
k=0

where

the

are

T%(x)

defined in chapter 22.

generate b k k=7, 6, 5,

Chebyshev polynomial 8
Assuming & 8 =6 9 =0 we
from the recurrence

bk

b k+2

+A

-- 75

= cos

(* 2.317) = cos

-.00000 0015

.00000 0400

-.00000 9560

.00018 9959

-.00300 9164

.03550 4993

-.27432 7449

error of

9X10~ 8

Example

16.

Compute sin x for x= 12.867 to 8D.

From 4.3.16 and Tables 4.6 and 4.8
=sin 12 cos .867 + cos 12

sin (12.867)

= .29612
The method

of reduction to an angle in the first

quadrant which was given

also be used.

(2x i)b u

Example

sin .867

142.

Example

in

may

17.

Compute

x to

sin

19D

for

6553.

13.

1=. 01745 32925 19943 29577

= .00029
1" = .00000
1'

sin (a+/S)

= sin

12693.

From

a cos /S+cos a

and

4.3.16

sin

/9

08882 08665 72159 62

a =. 76239 10208 07866 22598

sin
r

cosa=.64711 66288 94312 75010

48481 36811 09535 9936 r

With the series expansions

compute successively

Therefore

38=. 66322 51

/3=x a.

Let
a=.867,
Table 4.6

Express 3842'32" in radians to 6D.

for sin

/3

and cos

1.00000

= .01221 73 r
32" = .00015 51 r
3842'32" = .675598r.
42'

00000
315

00000 00000
88140

97019

2!

16630

4!

14.

Express x= 1.6789 radians in degrees, minutes

and seconds to the nearest tenth of a second.
From Table 1.1 giving the mathematical constants

15

=. 33520 2828- (.5) (-.27432 7449)

x=. 86725 13489 24685

Example

60.

Linear interpolation for x=. 82459 2654 gives an

= .47236
Example

12

(.82459 2654)

= -.67885

.33520 2828

f(x)=b

7D.

(tt 2.317) =sin (.82459 2654)

to

= .73427
cos (2.317)

relation

since

= sin

sin (2.317)

= (4x 2) &*+!

91

cos j8=

.99999

0'3

we have

iS

3!"

180

r=-^ =57.29577

1.6789 r=96ll'38.0".

19611

.00025 13489 24685 12693

2646 54842

/3
.

5!"

1.6789 r=96.19388

633'X60=38.0"

11859

95130

IT

.19388X60=11.633'

99684

sin
sin

0=

.00025 13489 22038 57852

a cos p=, 76239 09967 25351 31308

cos a sin fl=. 00016 26520 67105 82436

sin

x=. 76255 36487 92457 1374

j8

we

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

92

This procedure is equivalent to interpolation with

Taylor's formula 3.6.4.

Example

Example

Compute arctan 20 and

Using

18.

In the plane triangle

c=321;find-4,

a =123, 5=2916',

ABC,

20=- arctan

arccot

20=- arctan 20=arctan

tf=a?+c2 -2ac cos 5=(123) 2 +(321) 2

6=221.99934 00
.

sm

gsin
-=
A=
s

Example

(123) (.48887 50196)

22L9993400

o QQ1 o
97n fi 39918
=-27086

arccot 20 to 9D.

and Table 4.14

4.4.3, 4.4.8,

arctan

6.

-2(123) (321) cos 2916'

22.

1/20=1.52083 7931

.05=. 04995 8396.

23.

Express

2=3 +9i

in polar form.

z=x-\-iy=re ie where r=(x2 -\-y2 )*,

,

^1=15 42'56.469".

Example

0=arctan

19.

In the plane triangle

find A, B,

and

ABC,

a=^, 6=7, c=9,

--\-2irk,

an

is

r= (32+9 )^= v'90=9.486833

C.

0=arctan 9/3=arctan

+b*-a? = 81+49-16 114 QnA7R

90476
COsA==
2-7-9 ^l^e^c

= 1.24904

58.

~^b^

19 5

^=.43997 5954=2512'31.6"
sin

For k=0,

integer.

A=. 42591

Example

7709),

58?)

24.

Compute arctan
From 4.4.34 and

7709

sm j_7(.42591

Thus 3+9i=9.486833 exp (1.24904

x for =1/3 to 12D.

4.4.42 we have

arctan x=arctan (x +A)

=4811'22.9'

JK.4M91

= arctan x

7708)

c=1

86054803
OQR'K "
= 10636'5.6

where the supplementary angle must be chosen

C.
As a check we get 4+.B+C= 18000'.l".

Example

for

x=.4589 to 6D.
Since z<\5, using Table 4.9 with interpolation
in

(ar

.155159.

.155159

cot x for

cot

x),

we

Therefore

= 2.023965.

Example

=arctanx

l+x h+xl

+(T+Xo/i+4)

find
._--. cot(.4589) =
.4589
cot (.4589) =2.179124

1/

3\l+Xoh+xl)

and,

from Table

= .32145

so that

4.14,

05244

A=. 00033 33333 33

arctan x

03.

= arctan

Since

.333

l-\-XQfl-\-X

.00030 00300 03

arctan

we

get

x=. 32145 05244 03 + .00030 00300 03

-.00000 00000 09

21.

Compute

arcsin x for

= .32175

x=. 99511.

For x>.95, using Table 4.14 with interpolation

in the auxiliary function j(x)

arcsin

we

find

05543 97.

given in the form b/a

use 4.4.34 in the form
If x is

x=-[2(lx)]*j(x)

it is

convenient to

arctan -=arctan x +arctan

r-v--
a-\-bx
a
arcsin

We have
x=^=.33333 33333 33

20.

Compute

+arctan

(.99511)=| [2(.00489)]*/(.99511)
In the present example

= 1.57079

6327- (.09889 388252)

= 1.47186

2100.

(1.00040 7951)

we

get

arctan -=arctan .333+arctan ooqq*

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Example

25.

93

arctanh .96035=^ In

arcsec 2.8 to 5D.

Using 4.3.45 and Table 4.14

Compute

arcsec

2=arcsm

arcsec 2.8=arcsin

(2

Example

-!]*

2.8

Compute arccosh

= arcsin .93404
= 1.20559

Using Table 4.17

97735

arccosh x

and Table 4.14

2=arctan

arcsec

(z 2

arccosh 1.5368

1)*

arcsec 2.8=arctan 2.61533 9366

= arctan

1%035
.03965

1. 950394.

x for

x= 1.5368

arccosh 1.5368
[(1.5368) 2 -1]*

to

6D.

.852346

= (.852346) (1.361754)*
= (.852346) (1.166942)
= .994638.

.38235 95564,

from

4.4.3

and

4.4.8

= 1.570796-. 365207
= 1.20559.
Example

In

27.

(x 2 -l)*

or using 4.3.45

= h In 49.44136 191
= (3. 90078 7359) =

-l)*

[(2.8)

+f

=i
a
1-. 96035
]

Example

28.

Compute arccosh x for a; =3 1.2 to 5D.

Using Tables 4.2 and 4.17 with l/x= 1/31.2
= .03205 128205

26.

arccosh 31.2 In 31.2

Compute arctanh x for =.96035

From 4.6.22 and Table 4.2
a;

to

6D.
arccosh 31. 2

692886

= .692886 + 3.440418=4. 13330.

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ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

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[4.20]

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[4.28]

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[4.30]

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National Bureau of Standards, Table of circular

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30 D.
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[Tr
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[4.39] B.

V. Vega, Logarithmic tables of numbers and

trigonometrical functions (G. E. Stechert & Co.,
New York, N.Y., 1905); logi x, x= 1(1) 100000;
logarithms of the trigonometrical functions for
every ten seconds.

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

95

COMMON LOGARITHMS
log 10 X

log 10 X

Table 4.1

logio X

logi

logio X

100
101
102
103
104

00000
00432
00860
01283
01703

00000
13738
01718
72247
33393

150
151
152
153
154

17609
17897
18184
18469
18752

105
106
107
108
109

02118
02530
02938
03342
03742

92991
58653
37777
37555
64979

155
156
157
158
159

19033
19312
19589
19865
20139

16982
45984
96524
70870
71243

205
206
207
208
209

31175
31386
31597
31806
32014

38611
72204
03455
33350
62861

255
256
257
258
259

40654
40823
40993
41161
41329

01804
99653
31233
97060
97641

305
306
307
308
309

48429
48572
48713
48855
48995

98393
14265
83755
07165
84794

110
111
112
113
114

04139
04532
04921
05307
05690

26852
29788
80227
84435
48513

160
161
162
163
164

20411
20682
20951
21218
21484

99827
58760
50145
76044
38480

210
211
212
213
214

32221
32428
32633
32837
33041

92947
24553
58609
96034
37733

260
261
262
263
264

41497
41664
41830
41995
42160

33480
05073
12913
57485
39269

310
311
312
313
314

49136
49276
49415
49554
49692

16938
03890
45940
43375
96481

115
116
117
118
119

06069
06445
06818
07188
07554

78404
79892
58617
20073
69614

165
166
167
168
169

21748
22010
22271
22530
22788

39442
80880
64711
92817
67046

215
216
217
218
219

33243
33445
33645
33845
34044

84599
37512
97338
64936
41148

265
266
267
268
269

42324
42488
42651
42813
42975

58739
16366
12614
47940
22800

315
316
317
318
319

49831
49968
50105
50242
50379

05538
70826
92622
71200
06831

120
121
122
123
124

07918
08278
08635
08990
09342

12460
53703
98307
51114
16852

170
171
172
173
174

23044
23299
23552
23804
24054

89214
61104
84469
61031
92483

220
221
222
223
224

34242
34439
34635
34830
35024

26808
22737
29745
48630
80183

270
271
272
273

274

43136
43296
43456
43616
43775

37642
92909
89040
26470
05628

320
321
322
323
324

50514
50650
50785
50920
51054

99783
50324
58717
25223
50102

125
126
127
128
129

09691
10037
10380
10720
11058

00130
05451
37210
99696
97103

175
176
177
178
179

24303
24551
24797
25042
25285

80487
26678
32664
00023
30310

225
226
227
228
229

35218
35410
35602
35793
35983

25181
84391
58572
48470
54823

275
276
277
278
279

43933
44090
44247
44404
44560

26938
90821
97691
47959
42033

325
326
327
328
329

51188
51321
51454
51587
51719

33610
76001
77527
38437
58979

130
131
132
133
134

11394
11727
12057
12385
12710

33523
12957
39312
16410
47984

180
181
182
183
184

25527
25767
26007
26245
26481

25051
85749
13880
10897
78230

230
231
232
233

234

36172
36361
36548
36735
36921

78360
19799
79849
59210
58574

280
281
282
283
284

44715
44870
45024
45178
45331

80313
63199
91083
64355
83400

330
331
332
333
334

51851
51982
52113
52244
52374

39399
79938
80837
42335
64668

135
136
137
138
139

13033
13353
13672
13987
14301

37685
89084
05672
90864
48003

185
186
187
188
189

26717
26951
27184
27415
27646

17284
29442
16065
78493
18042

235
236
237
238
239

37106
37291
37474
37657
37839

78623
20030
83460
69571
79009

285
286
287
288
289

45484
45636
45788
45939
46089

48600
60331
18967
24878
78428

335
336
337
338
339

52504
52633
52762
52891
53019

48070
92774
99009
67003
96982

140
141
142
143
144

14612
14921
15228
15533
15836

80357
91127
83444
60375
24921

190
191
192
193
194

27875
28103
28330
28555
28780

36010
33672
12287
73090
17299

240
241
242
243
244

38021
38201
38381
38560
38738

12417
70426
53660
62736
98263

290
291
292
293
294

46239
46389
46538
46686
46834

79979
29890
28514
76204
73304

340
341
342
343
344

53147
53275
53402
53529
53655

89170
43790
61061
41200
84426

145
146
147
148
149

16136
16435
16731
17026
17318

80022
28558
73347
17154
62684

195
196
197
198
199

29003
29225
29446
29666
29885

46114
60714
62262
51903
30764

245
246
247
248
249

38916
39093
39269
39445
39619

60844
51071
69533
16808
93471

295
296
297
298
299

46982
47129
47275
47421
47567

20160
17111
64493
62641
11883

345
346
347
348
349

53781
53907
54032
54157
54282

90951
60988
94748
92439
54270

150

17609 12591

200

30102 99957

250

39794 00087

300

47712 12547

350

54406 80444

For use

of

)6
]

common

12591
69473
35879
14308
07208

200
201
202
203
204

30102
30319
30535
30749
30963

99957
60574
13694
60379
01674

250
251
252
253
254

39794
39967
40140
40312
40483

00087
37215
05408
05212
37166

300
301
302
303
304

47712
47856
48000
48144
48287

12547
64956
69430
26285
35836

logarithms see

- 6U
4

Examples 1-3.

For

100<.r<135

['"
]

interpolate

in

the

range

1000<.i<1350. Compiled from A. J. Thompson, Standard table of logarithms to twenty decimal

places, Tracts for Computers, No. 22.
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952 (with
permission).

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

96

COMMON LOGARITHMS

Table 4.1
X

log 10 X

log 10 X

log: io x

lOg; 10 x

log 10 x

99913
43726
60531
50461
13651

450
451
452
453
454

65321
65417
65513
65609
65705

25138
65419
84348
82020
58529

500
501
502
503
504

69897
69983
70070
70156
70243

00043
77259
37171
79851
05364

550
551
552
553
554

74036
74115
74193
74272
74350

26895
15989
90777
51313
97647

350
351
352
353
354

54406
54530
54654
54777
54900

80444
71165
26635
47054
32620

400
401
402
403
404

60205
60314
60422
60530
60638

355
356
357
358
359

55022
55144
55266
55388
55509

83531
99980
82161
30266
44486

405
406
407
408
409

60745
60852
60959
61066
61172

50232
60336
44092
01631
33080

455
456
457
458
459

65801
65896
65991
66086
66181

13967
48427
62001
54780
26855

505
506
507
508
509

70329
70415
70500
70586
70671

13781
05168
79593
37123
77823

555
556
557
558
559

74429
74507
74585
74663
74741

29831
47916
51952
41989
18079

360
361
362

364

55630
55750
55870
55990
56110

25008
72019
85705
66250
13836

410
411
412
413
414

61278
61384
61489
61595
61700

38567
18219
72160
00517
03411

460
461
462
463
464

66275
66370
66464
66558
66651

78317
09254
19756
09910
79806

510
511
512
513
514

70757
70842
70926
71011
71096

01761
09001
99610
73651
31190

560
561
562
563
564

74818
74896
74973
75050
75127

80270
28613
63156
83949
91040

365
366
367
368
369

56229
56348
56466
56584
56702

28645
10854
60643
78187
63662

415
416
417
418
419

61804
61909
62013
62117
62221

80967
33306
60550
62818
40230

465
466
467
468
469

66745
66838
66931
67024
67117

29529
59167
68806
58531
28427

515
516
517
518
519

71180
71264
71349
71432
71516

72290
97016
05431
97597
73578

565
566
567
568
569

75204
75281
75358
75434
75511

84478
64312
30589
83357
22664

370
371
372
373
374

56820
56937
57054
57170
57287

17241
39096
29399
88318
16022

420
421
422
423
424

62324
62428
62531
62634
62736

92904
20958
24510
03674
58566

470
471
472
473
474

67209
67302
67394
67486
67577

78579
09071
19986
11407
83417

520
521
522
523
524

71600
71683
71767
71850
71933

33436
77233
05030
16889
12870

570
571
572
573
574

75587
75663
75739
75815
75891

48557
61082
60288
46220
18924

375
376
377
378
379

57403
57518
57634
57749
57863

12677
78449
13502
17998
92100

425
426
427
428
429

62838
62940
63042
63144
63245

89301
95991
78750
37690
72922

475
476
477
478
479

67669
67760
67851
67942
68033

36096
69527
83790
78966
55134

525
526
527
528
529

72015
72098
72181
72263
72345

93034
57442
06152
39225
56720

575
576
577
578
579

75966
76042
76117
76192
76267

78447
24834
58132
78384
85637

380
381
382
383
384

57978
58092
58206
58319
58433

35966
49757
33629
87740
12244

430
431

433
434

63346
63447
63548
63648
63748

84556
72702
37468
78964
97295

480
481
482
483
484

68124
68214
68304
68394
68484

12374
50764
70382
71308
53616

530
531
532
533
534

72427
72509
72591
72672
72754

58696
45211
16323
72090
12570

580
581
582
583
584

76342
76417
76492
76566
76641

79936
61324
29846
85548
28471

385
386
387
388
389

58546
58658
58771
58883
58994

07295
73047
09650
17256
96013

435
436
437
438
439

63848
63948
64048
64147
64246

92570
64893
14370
41105
45202

485
486
487
488
489

68574
68663
68752
68841
68930

17386
62693
89612
98220
88591

535
536
537
538
539

72835
72916
72997
73078
73158

37820
47897
42857
22757
87652

585
586
587
588
589

76715
76789
76863
76937
77011

58661
76160
81012
73261
52948

390
391
392
393
394

59106
59217
59328
59439
59549

46070
67574
60670
25504
62218

440
441
442
443
444

64345
64443
64542
64640
64738

26765
85895
22693
37262
29701

490
491
492
493
494

69019
69108
69196
69284
69372

60800
14921
51028
69193
69489

540
541
542
543
544

73239
73319
73399
73479
73559

37598
72651
92865
98296
88997

590
591
592
593
594

77085
77158
77232
77305
77378

20116
74809
17067
46934
64450

395
396
397
398
399

59659
59769
59879
59988
60097

70956
51859
05068
30721
28957

445
446
447
448
449

64836
64933
65030
65127
65224

00110
48587
75231
80140
63410

495
496
497
498
499

69460
69548
69635
69722
69810

51989
16765
63887
93428
05456

545
546
547
548
549

73639
73719
73798
73878
73957

65023
26427
73263
05585
23445

595
596
597
598
599

77451
77524
77597
77670
77742

69657
62597
43311
11840
68224

400

60205 99913

450

65321 25138

500

69897 00043

550

74036 26895

600

77815 12504

'363

)4

432"

-I

( -.

P]

T]

)2

T]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

COIV IMON
a'

log 10 x

600
601
602
603
604

77815
77887
77959
78031
78103

605
606
607
608
609

log 10 x

97

LOGA] RITHMJ

log 10

a;

Table 4.1
X

logio X

logio X

12504
44720
64913
73121
69386

650
651
652
653
654

81291
81358
81424
81491
81557

33566
09886
75957
31813
77483

700
701
702
703
704

84509
84571
84633
84695
84757

80400
80180
71121
53250
26591

750
751
752
753
754

87506
87563
87621
87679
87737

12634
99370
78406
49762
13459

800
801
802
803
804

90308
90363
90417
90471
90525

99870
25161
43683
55453
60487

78175
78247
78318
78390
78461

53747
26242
86911
35793
72926

655
656
657
658
659

81624
81690
81756
81822
81888

13000
38394
53696
58936
54146

705
706
707
708
709

84818
84880
84941
85003
85064

91170
47011
94138
32577
62352

755
756
757
758
759

87794
87852
87909
87966
88024

69516
17955
58795
92056
17759

805
806
807
808
809

90579
90633
90687
90741
90794

58804
50418
35347
13608
85216

610
611
612
613
614

78532
78604
78675
78746
78816

98350
12102
14221
04745
83711

660
661
662
663
664

81954
82020
82085
82151
82216

39355
14595
79894
35284
80794

710
711
712
713
714

85125
85186
85247
85308
85369

83487
96007
99936
95299
82118

760
761
762
763
764

88081
88138
88195
88252
88309

35923
46568
49713
45380
33586

810
811
812
813
814

90848
90902
90955
91009
91062

50189
08542
60292
05456
44049

615
616
617
618
619

78887
78958
79028
79098
79169

51158
07122
51640
84751
06490

665
666
667
668
669

82282
82347
82412
82477
82542

16453
42292
58339
64625
61178

715
716
717
718
719

85430
85491
85551
85612
85672

60418
30223
91557
44442
88904

765
766
767
768
769

88366
88422
88479
88536
88592

14352
87696
53639
12200
63398

815
816
817
818
819

91115
91169
91222
91275
91328

76087
01588
20565
33037
39018

620
621
622
623
624

79239
79309
79379
79448
79518

16895
16002
03847
80467
45897

670
671
672
673
674

82607
82672
82736
82801
82865

48027
25202
92731
50642
98965

720
721
722
723
724

85733
85793
85853
85913
85973

24964
52647
71976
82973
85662

770
771
772
773
774

88649
88705
88761
88817
88874

07252
43781
73003
94939
09607

820
821
822
823
824

91381
91434
91487
91539
91592

38524
31571
18175
98352
72117

625
626
627
628
629

79588
79657
79726
79795
79865

00173
43332
75408
96437
06454

675
676
677
678
679

82930
82994
83058
83122
83186

37728
66959
86687
96939
97743

725
726
727
728
729

86033
86093
86153
86213
86272

80066
66207
44109
13793
75283

775
776
777
778
779

88930
88986
89042
89097
89153

17025
17213
10188
95970
74577

825
826
827
828
829

91645
91698
91750
91803
91855

39485
00473
55096
03368
45306

630
631
632
633
634

79934
80002
80071
80140
80208

05495
93592
70783
37100
92579

680
681
682
683
684

83250
83314
83378
83442
83505

89127
71119
43747
07037
61017

730
731
732
733
734

86332
86391
86451
86510
86569

28601
73770
10811
39746
60599

780
781
782
783
784

89209
89265
89320
89376
89431

46027
10339
67531
17621
60627

830
831
832
833
834

91907
91960
92012
92064
92116

80924
10238
33263
50014
60506

635
636
637
638
639

80277
80345
80413
80482
80550

37253
71156
94323
06787
08582

685
686
687
688
689

83569
83632
83695
83758
83821

05715
41157
67371
84382
92219

735
736
737
738
739

86628
86687
86746
86805
86864

73391
78143
74879
63618
44384

785
786
787
788
789

89486
89542
89597
89652
89707

96567
25460
47324
62175
70032

835
836
837
838
839

92168
92220
92272
92324
92376

64755
62774
54580
40186
19608

640
641
642
643
644

80617
80685
80753
80821
80888

99740
80295
50281
09729
58674

690
691
692
693
694

83884
83947
84010
84073
84135

90907
80474
60945
32346
94705

740
741
742
743
744

86923
86981
87040
87098
87157

17197
82080
39053
88138
29355

790
791
792
793
794

89762
89817
89872
89927
89982

70913
64835
51816
31873
05024

840
841
842
843
844

92427
92479
92531
92582
92634

92861
59958
20915
75746
24466

645
646
647
648
649

80955
81023
81090
81157
81224

97146
25180
42807
50059
46968

695
696
697
698
699

84198
84260
84323
84385
84447

48046
92396
27781
54226
71757

745
746
747
748
749

87215
87273
87332
87390
87448

62727
88275
06018
15979
18177

795
796
797
798
799

90036
90091
90145
90200
90254

71287
30677
83214
28914
67793

845
846
847
848
849

92685
92737
92788
92839
92890

67089
03630
34103
58523
76902

650

81291 33566

700

84509 80400

750

87506 12634

800

90308 99870

850

92941 89257

r?

".

T]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

98

COMMON LOGARITHMS

Table 4.1

log 10 X

logio x

log 10 X

logio

logio X

850
851
852
853
854

92941
92992
93043
93094
93145

89257
95601
95948
90312
78707

900
901
902
903
904

95424
95472
95520
95568
95616

25094
47910
65375
77503
84305

950
951
952
953
954

97772
97818
97863
97909
97954

36053
05169
69484
29006
83747

1000
1001
1002
1003
1004

00000
00043
00086
00130
00173

00000
40775
77215
09330
37128

1050
1051
1052
1053
1054

02118
02160
02201
02242
02284

92991
27160
57398
83712
06109

855
856
857
858
859

93196
93247
93298
93348
93399

61147
37647
08219
72878
31638

905
906
907
908
909

95664
95712
95760
95808
95856

85792
81977
72871
58485
38832

955
956
957
958
959

98000
98045
98091
98136
98181

33716
78923
19378
55091
86072

1005
1006
1007
1008
1009

00216
00259
00302
00346
00389

60618
79807
94706
05321
11662

1055
1056
1057
1058
1059

02325
02366
02407
02448
02489

24596
39182
49873
56677
59601

860
861
862
863
864

93449
93500
93550
93601
93651

84512
31515
72658
07957
37425

910
911
912
913
914

95904
95951
95999
96047
96094

13923
83770
48383
07775
61957

960
961
962
963
964

98227
98272
98317
98362
98407

12330
33877
50720
62871
70339

1010
1011
1012
1013
1014

00432
00475
00518
00560
00603

13738
11556
05125
94454
79550

1060
1061
1062
1063
1064

02530
02571
02612
02653
02694

58653
53839
45167
32645
16280

865
866
867
868
869

93701
93751
93801
93851
93901

61075
78920
90975
97252
97764

915
916
917
918
919

96142
96189
96236
96284
96331

10941
54737
93357
26812
55114

965
966
967
968
969

98452
98497
98542
98587
98632

73133
71264
64741
53573
37771

1015
1016
1017
1018
1019

00646
00689
00732
00774
00817

60422
37079
09529
77780
41840

1065
1066
1067
1068
1069

02734
02775
02816
02857
02897

96078
72047
44194
12527
77052

870
871
872
873
874

93951
94001
94051
94101
94151

92526
81550
64849
42437
14326

920
921
922
923
924

96378
96425
96473
96520
96567

78273
96302
09211
17010
19712

970
971
972
973
974

98677
98721
98766
98811
98855

17343
92299
62649
28403
89569

1020
1021
1022
1023
1024

00860
00902
00945
00987
01029

01718
57421
08958
56337
99566

1070
1071
1072
1073
1074

02938
02978
03019
03059
03100

37777
94708
47854
97220
42814

875
876
877
878
879

94200
94250
94299
94349
94398

80530
41062
95934
45159
88751

925
926
927
928
929

96614
96661
96707
96754
96801

17327
09867
97341
79762
57140

975
976
977
978
979

98900
98944
98989
99033
99078

46157
98177
45637
88548
26918

1025
1026
1027
1028
1029

01072
01114
01157
01199
01241

38654
73608
04436
31147
53748

1075
1076
1077
1078
1079

03140
03181
03221
03261
03302

84643
22713
57033
87609
14447

880
881
882
883
884

94448
94497
94546
94596
94645

26722
59084
85851
07036
22650

930
931
932
933
934

96848
96894
96941
96988
97034

29486
96810
59124
16437
68762

980
981
982
983
984

99122
99166
99211
99255
99299

60757
90074
14878
35178
50984

1030
1031
1032.
1033
1034

01283
01325
01367
01410
01452

72247
86653
96973
03215
05388

1080
1081
1082
1083
1084

03342
03382
03422
03462
03502

37555
56940
72608
84566
92822

885
886
887
888
889

94694
94743
94792
94841
94890

32707
37219
36198
29658
17610

935
936
937
938
939

97081
97127
97173
97220
97266

16109
58487
95909
28384
55923

985
986
987
988
989

99343
99387
99431
99475
99519

62305
69149
71527
69446
62916

1035
1036
1037
1038
1039

01494
01535
01577
01619
01661

03498
97554
87564
73535
55476

1085
1086
1087
1088
1089

03542
03582
03622
03662
03702

97382
98253
95441
88954
78798

890
891
892
893
894

94939
94987
95036
95085
95133

00066
77040
48544
14589
75188

940
941
942
943
944

97312
97358
97405
97451
97497

78536
96234
09028
16927
19943

990
991
992
993
994

99563
99607
99651
99694
99738

51946
36545
16722
92485
63844

1040
1041
1042
1043
1044

01703
01745
01786
01828
01870

33393
07295
77190
43084
04987

1090
1091
1092
1093
1094

03742
03782
03822
03862
03901

64979
47506
26384
01619
73220

895
896
897
898
899

95182
95230
95279
95327
95375

30353
80097
24430
63367
96917

945
946
947
948
949

97543
97589
97634
97680
97726

18085
11364
99790
83373
62124

995
996
997
998
999

99782
99825
99869
99913
99956

30807
93384
51583
05413
54882

1045
1046
1047
1048
1049

01911
01953
01994
02036
02077

62904
16845
66817
12826
54882

1095
1096
1097
1098
1099

03941
03981
04020
04060
04099

41192
05541
66276
23401
76924

900

95424 25094

950

97772 36053
- 7
(
[
]

1000

00000 00000

1050

02118 92991

1100

04139 26852

~
(
[

ri

T]

( -:

8,5]
[

P]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

99

COMMON LOGARITHMS
logio x

logio

Table 4.1

logio x

logio

logio X

15945
55124
90734

1150
1151
1152
1153
1154

06069
06107
06145
06182
06220

78404
53236
24791
93073
58088

1200
1201
1202
1203
1204

07918
07954
07990
08026
08062

12460
30074
44677
56273
64869

1250
1251
1252
1253
1254

09691
09725
09760
09795
09829

00130
73097
43289
10710
75365

1300
1301
1302
1303
1304

11394
11427
11461
11494
11527

33523
72966
09842
44157
75914

04336
04375
04414
04453
04493

22780
51270
76209
97604
15461

1155
1156
1157
1158
1159

06258
06295
06333
06370
06408

19842
78341
33590
85594
34360

1205
1206
1207
1208
1209

08098
08134
08170
08206
08242

70469
73078
72701
69343
63009

1255
1256
1257
1258
1259

09864
09898
09933
09968
10002

37258
96394
52777
06411
57301

1305
1306
1307
1308
1309

11561
11594
11627
11660
11693

05117
31769
55876
77440
96466

04532
04571
04610
04649
04688

29788
40589
47872
51643
51908

1160
1161
1162
1163
1164

06445
06483
06520
06557
06595

79892
22197
61281
97147
29803

1210
1211
1212
1213
1214

08278
08314
08350
08386
08421

53703
41431
26198
08009
86867

1260
1261
1262
1263
1264

10037
10071
10105
10140
10174

05451
50866
93549
33506
70739

1310
1311
1312
1313
1314

11727
11760
11793
11826
11859

12957
26917
38350
47261
53652

04727
04766
04805
04844
04883

48674
41946
31731
18036
00865

1165
1166
1167
1168
1169

06632
06669
06707
06744
06781

59254
85504
08560
28428
45112

1215
1216
1217
1218
1219

08457
08493
08529
08564
08600

62779
35749
05782
72883
37056

1265
1266
1267
1268
1269

10209
10243
10277
10311
10346

05255
37057
66149
92535
16221

1315
1316
1317
1318
1319

11892
11925
11958
11991
12024

57528
58893
57750
54103
47955

04921
04960
04999
05037
05076

80227
56126
28569
97563
63112

1170
1171
1172
1173
1174

06818
06855
06892
06929
06966

58617
68951
761] 7

80121
80969

1220
1221
1222
1223
1224

08635
08671
08707
08742
08778

98307
56639
12059
64570
14178

1270
1271
1272
1273
1274

10380
10414
10448
10482
10516

37210
55506
71113
84037
94280

1320
1321
1322
1323
1324

12057
12090
12123
12155
12188

39312
28176
14551
98442
79851

05115
05153
05192
05230
05269

25224
83905
39160
90996
39419

1175
1176
1177
1178
1179

07003
07040
07077
07114
07151

78666
73217
64628
52905
38051

1225
1226
1227
1228
1229

08813
08849
08884
08919
08955

60887
04702
45627
83668
18829

1275
1276
1277
1278
1279

10551
10585
10619
10653
10687

01848
06744
08973
08538
05445

1325
1326
1327
1328
1329

12221
12254
12287
12319
12352

58783
35241
09229
80750
49809

05307
05346
05384
05422
05461

84435
26049
64269
99099
30546

1180
1181
1182
1183
1184

07188
07224
07261
07298
07335

20073
98976
74765
47446
17024

1230
1231
1232
1233
1234

08990
09025
09061
09096
09131

51114
80529
07078
30766
51597

1280
1281
1282
1283
1284

10720
10754
10788
10822
10856

99696
91297
80252
66564
50237

1330
1331
1332
1333
1334

12385
12417
12450
12483
12515

16410
80555
42248
01494
58296

05499
05537
05576
05614
05652

58615
83314
04647
22621
37241

1185
1186
1187
1188
1189

07371
07408
07445
07481
07518

83503
46890
07190
64406
18546

1235
1236
1237
1238
1239

09166
09201
09236
09272
09307

69576
84708
96996
06447
13064

1285
1286
1287
1288
1289

10890
10924
10957
10991
11025

31277
09686
85469
58630
29174

1335
1336
1337
1338
1339

12548
12580
12613
12645
12678

12657
64581
14073
61134
05770

05690
05728
05766
05804
05842

48513
56444
61039
62304
60245

1190
1191
1192
1193
1194

07554
07591
07627
07664
07700

69614
17615
62554
04437
43268

1240
1241
1242
1243
1244

09342
09377
09412
09447
09482

16852
17815
15958
11286
03804

1290
1291
1292
1293
1294

11058
11092
11126
11159
11193

97103
62423
25137
85249
42763

1340
1341
1342
1343
1344

12710
12742
12775
12807
12839

47984
87779
25158
60127
92687

05880
05918
05956
05994
06032

54867
46176
34179
18881
00287

1195
1196
1197
1198
1199

07736
07773
07809
07845
07881

79053
11797
41504
68181
91831

1245
1246
1247
1248
1249

09516
09551
09586
09621
09656

93514
80423
64535
45853
24384

1295
1296
1297
1298
1299

11226
11260
11293
11327
11360

97684
50015
99761
46925
91511

1345
1346
1347
1348
1349

12872
12904
12936
12968
13001

22843
50599
75957
98922
19497

06069 78404

1200

07918 12460

1250

09691 00130

1300

11394 33523

1350

13033 37685

04139
04178
04218
04257
04296

(
[
716-654

64

26852
73190

H
-

~H

ra

ra

ra

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

100

NA1 rURAL LC >GARF rHMS

Table 4.2
X

In

se

In x

In x

-2.99573
-2.97592
-2.95651
-2.93746
-2.91877

22735
96462
15604
33654
12324

539910
578113
007097
300152
178627

0.100
0.101
0.102
0.103
0.104

-2.30258
-2.29263
-2.28278
-2.27302
-2.26336

50929
47621
24656
62907
43798

940457
408776
978660
525013
407644

000
001
002
003
004

-6.
-6.
-5.
-5.

90775
21460
80914
52146

52789
80984
29903
09178

821371
221917
140274
622464

0.050
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054

005
006
007
008
009

-5.
-5.
-4.
-4.
-4.

29831
11599
96184
82831
71053

73665
58097
51299
37373
07016

480367
540821
268237
023011
459177

0.055
0.056
0.057
0.058
0.059

-2.90042
-2.88240
-2.86470
-2. 84731
-2.83021

20937
35882
40111
22684
78350

496661
469878
475869
357177
764176

0.105
0.106
0.107
0.108
0.109

-2.25379
-2.24431
-2.23492
-2.22562
-2.21640

49288
61848
64445
40518
73967

246137
700699
202309
579174
529934

010
Oil
012
013
014

-4.
-4.
-4.
-4.
-4.

60517
50986
42284
34280
26869

01859
00061
86291
59215
79493

880914
837665
941367
206003
668784

0.060
0.061
0.062
0.063
0.064

-2.

81341
-2.79688
-2.78062
-2.76462
-2.74887

07167
14148
08939
05525
21956

600364
088258
370455
906044
224652

0.110
0.111
0.112
0.113
0.114

-2.20727
-2.19822
-2.18925
-2. 18036
-2. 17155

49131
50776
64076
74602
68305

897208
698029
870425
697965
876416

015
016
017
018
019

-4.
-4.
-4.
-4.
-3.

19970
13516
07454
01738
96331

50778
65567
19349
35210
62998

799270
423558
259210
859724
156966

0.065
0.066
0.067
0.068
0.069

-2.73336
-2.71810
-2.70306
-2.68824
-2.67364

80090
05369
26595
75738
87743

864999
557115
911710
060304
848777

0.115
0.116
0.117
0.118
0.119

-2.

16282
-2.15416
-2.14558
-2. 13707
-2.12863

31506
50878
13441
06545
17858

188870
757724
843809
164723
706077

020
021
022
023
024

-3.
-3.
-3.
-3.
-3.

91202
86323
81671
77226
72970

30054
28412
28256
10630
14486

281461
587141
238212
529874
341914

0.070
0.071
0.072
0.073
0.074

-2.65926
-2.64507
-2.63108
-2.61729
-2.60369

00369
54019
91599
58378
01857

327781
408216
660817
337459
779673

0.120
0.121
0.122
0.123
0.124

-2.12026
-2.11196
-2.10373
-2.09557
-2. 08747

35362
47333
42342
09236
37133

000911
853960
488805
097196
771002

025
026
027
028
029

-3.
-3.
-3.
-3.
-3.

68887
64965
61191
57555
54045

94541
87409
84129
07688
94489

139363
606550
778080
069331
956630

0.075
0.076
0.077
0.078
0.079

-2.59026
-2.57702
-2. 56394
-2.55104
-2.53830

71654
19386
98571
64522
74265

458266
958060
284532
925453
151156

0.125
0.126
0.127
0.128
0.129

-2. 07944
-2. 07147
-2. 06356
-2. 05572
-2. 04794

15416
33720
81925
50150
28746

798359
306591
235458
625199
204649

030
031
032
033
034

-3.
-3.
-3.
-3.
-3.

50655
47376
44201
41124
38139

78973
80744
93761
77175
47543

199817
969908
824105
156568
659757

0.080
0.081
0.082
0.083
0.084

-2.52572
-2.51330
-2.50103
-2. 48891
-2. 47693

86443
61243
60317
46711
84801

082554
096983
178839
855391
388234

0.130
0.131
0.132
0.133
0.134

-2. 04022 08285

035
036
037
038
039

-3.
-3.
-3.
-3.
-3.

35240
32423
29683
27016
24419

72174
63405
73663
91192
36328

927234
260271
379126
557513
524906

0.085
0.086
0.087
0.088
0.089

-2.46510
-2.45340
-2.44184
-2.43041
-2.41911

40224
79827
71603
84645
89092

918206
286293
275533
039306
499972

0.135
0.136
0.137
0.138
0.139

040
041
042
043
044

-3. 21887 58248

-3. 19418 32122
-3. 17008 56606
-3. 14655 51632
-3. 12356 56450

682007
778292
987687
885746
638759

0.090
0.091
0.092
0.093
0.094

-2.40794
-2. 39689
-2. 38596
-2. 37515
-2. 36446

56086
57724
67019
57858
04967

518720
652870
330967
288811
121332

0.

045
046
047
048
049

-3.
-3.
-3.
-3.
-3.

10109
07911
05760
03655
01593

118173
930421
720785
742461
715104

0.095
0.096
0.097
0.098
0.099

0.

050

-2.

99573 22735 539910

0.100

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

00

27892
38824
76772
42680
49808

-2.03255
-2. 02495
-2.01740
-2. 00991

79557
33563
61507
54790

265546
809855
957662
603833
312257

-2.

00248
-1.99510
-1. 98777
-1.98050
-1.97328

05005
03932
43531
15938
13458

437076
460850
540121
249324
514453

0.140
0.141
0.142
0.143
0.144

-1.96611
-1.95899
-1.95192
-1.94491
-1. 93794

28563
53886
82213
06487
19794

728328
039688
808763
222298
061364

-2.35387 83873 815962

143008
-2.33304 43004 787542
-2.32278 78003 115651
-2.31263 54288 475471

0.145
0.146
0.147
0.148
0.149

-1.93102
-1.92414
-1.91732
-1.91054
-1.90380

15365
86572
26922
30052
89730

615627
738006
034008
180220
366779

30258 50929 940457

0.150

-1.

-2. 34340 70875

-2.

89711 99848 858813

'(-5)1"

(-5)5"
[

12

For use of natural logarithms see Examples 4-7.

In

10-2.30258 50929 940457

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

101

NATURAL LOGARITHMS
x

In x

Table 4.2
In

In

0.150
0.151
0.152
0.153
0.154

-1.89711
-1.89047
-1.88387
-1.87731
-1.87080

99848
54421
47581
73575
26765

858813
672127
358607
897016
685079

0.200
0.201
0.202
0.203
0.204

79124
03709
-1.59948 75815
-1.59454 92999
-1.58963 52851

341004
230613
809323
403497
379207

0.250
0.251
0.252
0.253
0.254

-1.38629
-1.38230
-1.37832
-1.37436
-1.37042

43611
23398
61914
57902
10119

198906
503532
707137
546168
636005

0.155
0.156
0.157
0.158
0.159

-1.86433
-1.85789
-1.85150
-1.84516
-1.83885

01620
92717
94736
02459
10767

628904
326000
338290
551702
619055

0.205
0.206
0.207
0.208
0.209

-1. 58474
-1.57987
-1.57503
-1.57021
-1.56542

52998
91101
64857
71992
10270

437289
925560
167680
808191
173260

0.255
0.256
0.257
0.258
0.259

-1.

36649
-1.36257
-1.35867
-1.35479
-1. 35092

17338
78345
91940
56940
72172

237109
025746
869173
605196
825993

0.160
0.161
0.162
0.163
0.164

-1.83258
-1.82635
-1.82015
-1.81400
-1.80788

14637
09139
89437
50781
88511

483101
976741
497530
753747
579386

0.210
0.211
0.212
0.213
0.214

-1.56064
-1.55589
-1.55116
-1. 54646
-1.54177

77482
71455
90043
31132
92639

646684
060706
101246
727119
602856

0.260
0.261
0.262
0.263
0.264

-1.34707
-1.34323
-1. 33941
-1.33560
-1.33180

36479
48716
07752
12468
61758

666093
594436
210402
043725
358209

0.165
0.166
0.167
0.168
0.169

-1.80180
-1.79576
-1.78976
-1.78379
-1.77785

98050
74906
14665
12995
65640

815564
255938
653819
788781
590636

0.215
0.216
0.217
0.218
0.219

-1.53711
-1.53247
-1.52785
-1.52326
-1. 51868

72508
68712
79254
02161
35491

544743
979720
416775
930480
656362

0.265
0.266
0.267
0.268
0.269

-1.32802
-1.32425
-1.32050
-1.31676
-1.31304

54529
89702
66205
82984
38993

959148
004380
818875
712804
802979

0.170
0.171
0.172
0.173
0.174

-1.77195
-1.76609
-1.76026
-1.75446
-1.74869

68419
17224
08021
36844
99797

318753
794772
686840
843581
676080

0.220
0.221
0.222
0.223
0.224

-1.51412
-1.50959
-1.50507
-1.50058
-1.49610

77326
25774
78971
35075
92271

297755
643842
098576
220183
270972

0.270
0.271
0.272
0.273
0.274

-1.30933
-1.30563
-1.30195
-1. 29828
-1. 29462

33199
64581
32126
34837
71725

837623
024362
861397
971773
940668

0.175
0.176
0.177
0.178
0.179

-1.74296
-1.73727
-1.73160
-1.72597
-1.72036

93050
12839
55464
17286
94731

586230
439853
083079
900519
'413821

0.225
0.226
0.227
0.228
0.229

-1.49165
48722
48280
-1.47840
-1.47403

48767
02797
52615
96500
32754

777169
098512
007344
276963
278974

0.275
0.276
0.277
0.278
0.279

-1.29098
-1.28735
-1.28373
-1.28013
-1.27654

41813
44132
77727
41652
34971

155658
649871
947986
915000
607714

0.180
0.181
0.182
0.183
0.184

-1.71479
-1.70925
-1.70374
-1.69826
-1.69281

84280
82477
85919
91261
95213

919267
163113
053417
407161
731514

0.230
0.231
0.232
0.233
0.234

-1.46967
46533
-1.46101
-1.45671
-1.45243

59700
75684
79073
68254
41636

589417
603435
158271
164365
244356

0.280
0.281
0.282
0.283
0.284

-1.27296
-1.26940
-1.26584
-1.26230
-1.25878

56758
06096
82080
83813
10408

128874
483913
440235
388994
209310

0.185
0.186
0.187
0.188
0.189

-1.68739
-1.68200
-1.67664
-1.67131
-1.66600

94539 038122
86052 689358
33161 521878
82639 224947

0.235
0.236
0.237
0.238
0.239

-1.44816
-1.44392
-1.43969
-1.43548
-1.43129

97648
34739
51378
46053
17270

379781
565270
470059
106624
506264

0.285
0.286
0.287
0.288
0.289

-1.25526
-1.25176
-1.24827
-1.24479
-1.24132

60987
34681
30632
47988
85908

134865
622845
225159
461911
697049

0.190
0.191
0.192
0.193
0.194

-1.66073
-1.65548
-1.65025
-1.64506
-1.63989

12068
18509
99069
50900
71199

216509
355072
543555
772515
188089

0.240
0.241
0.242
0.243
0.244

-1.42711
-1.42295
-1.41881
-1.41469
-1.41058

63556
83454
75528
38356
70536

401457
914821
254507
415886
889352

0.290
0.291
0.292
0.293
0.294

-1.23787
-1.23443
-1.23100
-1.22758
-1.22417

43560
20118
14767
26699
55116

016173
106445
138553
650697
434554

0.195
0.196
0.197
0.198
0.199

-1.63475
-1.62964
-1.62455
-1.61948
-1.61445

57204
06197
15502
82482
04542

183903
516198
441485
876018
576447

0.245
0.246
0.247
0.248
0.249

-1.40649
-1.40242
-1.39836
-1.39432
-1.39030

70684
37430
69423
65328
23825

374101
497742
541599
171549
174294

0.295
0.296
0.297
0.298
0.299

-1.22077
-1.21739
-1.21402
-1.21066
-1.20731

99226
58246
31401
17924
17055

423172
580767
794374
767326
914506

0.200

-1.60943 79124 341004

0.250

-1.38629 43611 198906

0.300

-1.20397 28043 259360

66621275504

-1. 60943
-1. 60445

-1.
-1.

-1.

(-6)2"

(-6)3-

,s
]

In 10

= 2.30258 50929 940457

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

102
Table 4.2

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

In x

In x

In x

0.300
0.301
0.302
0.303
0.304

-1.20397
-1.20064
-1.19732
-1.19402
-1.19072

28043
50142
82616
24734
75775

259360
332613
072674
727679
759154

0.350
0.351
0.352
0.353
0.354

-1. 04982 21244

-1. 04696 90555
-1. 04412 41033

986777
162712
840400
-1.04128 72220 488403
-1. 03845 83658 483626

0.400
0.401
0.402
0.403
0.404

-0.91629
-0.91379
-0.91130
-0.90881
-0.90634

07318
38516
31903
87170
04010

741551
755679
631160
354541
209870

0.305
0.306
0.307
0.308
0.309

-1.18744
-1. 18417
-1.18090
-1. 17765
-1. 17441

35023
01770
75313
54960
40020

747254
297563
949399
085626
843916

0.355
0.356
0.357
0.358
0.359

-1. 03563 74895

-1. 03282 45481

067213
301066
-1.03001 94972 024980
-1. 02722 22925 814367
-1. 02443 28904 938582

0.405
0.406
0.407
0.408
0.409

-0.90386
-0.90140
-0.89894
-0. 89648
-0. 89404

82118
21193
20935
81045
01229

755979
804044
395421
779754
393353

0.310
0.311
0.312
0.313
0.314

-1.17118
-1.16796
-1. 16475
-1.16155
-1.15836

29815
23668
20911
20884
22930

029451
029029
726547
419838
738837

0.360
0.361
0.362
0.363
0.364

-1. 02165
-1.01887
-1.01611
-1. 01335
-1.01060

12475
73206
10671
24447
14113

319814
492561
563660
172863
453964

0.410
0.411
0.412
0.413
0.414

-0. 88916
-0. 88673
-0. 88430
-0. 88188

-0.89159 81192
20644
19296
76860
93051

837836
859024
326107
211043
568227

0.315
0.316
0.317
0.318
0.319

-1.15518
-1.15201
-1.14885
-1.14570
-1.14256

26401
30653
35051
38962
41761

565040
952249
048564
019602
972925

0.365
0.366
0.367
0.368
0.369

-1. 00785
-1.00512
-1.00239
-0.99967
-0.99695

79253
19455
34309
23408
86349

996455
807708
275668
132061
416099

0.415
0.416
0.417
0.418
0.419

-0.
-0.
-0.

87947
87707
87466
-0.87227
-0. 86988

67587
00187
90571
38464
43590

514388
208738
833356
573807
599993

0.320
0.321
0.322
0.323
0.324

-1.13943
-1.13631
-1.13320
-1.13010
-1.12701

42831
41558
37334
29557
17631

883648
521212
377287
594805
898077

0.370
0.371
0.372
0.373
0.374

-0.99425
-0.99155
-0.98886
-0.98617
-0. 98349

22733
32163
14247
68593
94815

438669
747019
089905
383215
676051

0.420
0.421
0.422
0.423
0.424

-0.86750
-0.86512
-0. 86274
-0.86038
-0. 85802

05677
24452
99649
30999
18237

047231
997556
461252
358591
501793

0.325
0.326
0.327
0.328
0.329

-1.12393
-1.12085
-1.11779
-1.11474
-1.11169

00966
78976
51080
16705
75282

523996
154294
848837
979933
167652

0.375
0.376
0.377
0.378
0.379

-0.98082
-0.97816
-0.97551
-0.97286
-0.97021

92530
61355
00915
10833
90738

117262
922425
341263
625494
997107

0.425
0.426
0.427
0.428
0.429

-0.85566
-0. 85331
-0. 85097
-0. 84863
-0. 84629

61100
59327
12657
20834
83600

577202
127666
535125
003403
541201

0.330
0.331
0.332
0.333
0.334

-1.10866
-1.10563
-1.10262
-1.09961
-1.09661

26245
69036
03100
27890
42860

216111
050742
656485
016932
054366

0.380
0.381
0.382
0.383
0.384

-0.96758
-0.96495
-0.96233
-0.95972
-0.95711

40262
59038
46703
02898
27263

617056
554361
755619
014911
944102

0.430
0.431
0.432
0.433
0.434

-0.84397
-0. 84164
-0.83932
-0.83701
-0. 83471

00702
71888
96907
75509
07448

945289
783893
380267
796472
817322

0.335
0.336
0.337
0.338
0.339

-1.09362
-1. 09064
-1. 08767
-1. 08470
-1.08175

47471
41190
23486
93834
51716

570706
189328
297753
991183
016868

0.385
0.386
0.387
0.388
0.389

-0.95451
-0.95191
-0.94933
-0.94674
-0.94417

19446
79095
05859
99393
59353

943528
173062
523552
588636
636908

0.435
0.436
0.437
0.438
0.439

-0.

83240
-0.83011
-0.82782
-0.82553
-0.82325

92478
30356
20838
63686
58659

934530
331027
865469
056909
069657

0.340
0.341
0.342
0.343
0.344

-1.07880
-.1. 07587
-1.07294
-1.07002
-1.06711

96613
28016
45419
48318
36216

719300
986203
195319
161971
087387

0.390
0.391
0.392
0.393
0.394

-0.94160
-0.93904
-0.93649
-0.93394
-0.93140

85398
77189
34391
56671
43696

584449
967713
916745
128758
842032

0.440
0.441
0.442
0.443
0.444

-0.82098
-0.81871
-0. 81644
-0.81418
-0.81193

05520
04035
53969
55089
07165

698302
352911
044389
370014
499123

0.345
0.346
0.347
0.348
0.349

-1.06421
-1.06131
-1. 05843
-1.05555
-1.05268

08619
65039
04990
27992
33567

507773
244128
352779
076627
797099

0.395
0.396
0.397
0.398
0.399

-0.92886
-0.92634
-0.92381
-0.92130
-0.91879

95140
10677
89982
32736
38620

810152
276565
949466
976993
922736

0.445
0.446
0.447
0.448
0.449

80968
-0.80743
-0.80519
-0.80296
-0.80073

09968
63269
66843
20465
23912

158968
620730
685682
671519
398828

0.350

-1.

04982 21244 986777

0.400

-0.91629 07318 741551

0.450

-0.

-0.

79850 76962 177716

,-7)7]

(-6)1]
[

In 10

= 2.30258 50929 940457

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

103

N^ TURAL L OGAR ITHMS

X

In x

In x

Table 4.2
X

In x

0.450
0.451
0.452
0.453
0.454

-0.79850
-0.79628
-0.79407
-0.79186
-0.78965

76962
79394
30991
31534
80809

177716
794587
499059
991030
407891

0.500
0.501
0.502
0.503
0.504

-0.69314
-0.69114
-0.68915
-0. 68716
-0.68517

71805
91778
51592
51088
90109

599453
972723
904079
823978
107684

0.550
0.551
0.552
0.553
0.554

-0.59783
-0.59602
-0. 59420
-0.59239
-0.59059

70007
04698
72327
72774
05922

556204
292226
050417
598023
348532

0.455
0.456
0.457
0.458
0.459

-0.

78745
-0.78526
-0.78307
-0.78088
-0.77870

78600
24694
18880
60948
50689

311866
677510
879324
679521
215919

0.505
0.506
0.507
0.508
0.509

-0. 68319
-0.68121
-0. 67924
-0.67727
-0.67530

68497
86096
42753
38314
72624

067772
946715
909539
036552
316143

0.555
0.556
0.557
0.558
0.559

-0.
-0.

58878
58698
-0.58519
-0.58339
-0.58160

71652
69847
00390
63166
58058

357025
315547
548530
008261
270379

0.460
0.461
0.462
0.463
0.464

-0.77652
-0.77435
-0.77219
-0.77002
-0.76787

87894
72359
03879
82248
07267

989964
854885
003982
959030
558818

0.510
0.511
0.512
0.513
0.514

-0. 67334
-0.67138
-0. 66943
-0. 66747
-0.66553

45532
56887
06539
94338
20135

637656
784326
426293
113675
269719

0.560
0.561
0.562
0.563
0.564

-0.57981
-0.57803
-0.57625
-0. 57447
-0.57270

84952
43734
34290
56508
10274

529421
594407
884460
424467
840782

0.465
0.466
0.467
0.468
0.469

-0.76571
-0.76356
-0.76142
-0.75928
-0. 75715

78733
96448
60213
69830
25105

947807
564912
132397
644903
358577

0.515
0.516
0.517
0.518
0.519

-0.66358
-0.66164
-0.65971
-0. 65778
-0.65585

83783
85135
24044
00367
13958

184009
005743
737079
226540
162484

0.565
0.566
0.567
0.568
0.569

-0.57092
-0.56916
-0.56739
-0.56563
-0.56387

95478
12007
59752
38602
48448

356961
789541
543850
609857
558061

0.470
0.471
0.472
0.473
0.474

-0.75502
-0.75289
-0.75077
-0.74865
-0.74654

25842
71849
62933
98904
79572

780328
657193
965817
902041
870606

0.520
0.521
0.522
0.523
0.524

-0. 65392
-0.65200
-0.65008
-0.64817
-0. 64626

64674
52372
76910
38149
35946

066640
287701
994983
172142
610949

0.570
0.571
0.572
0.573
0.574

-0.56211
-0.56036
-0.55861
-0.55686
-0.55512

89181
60693
62876
95622
58826

535412
261268
023392
673975
625706

0.475
0.476
0.477
0.478
0.479

-0.74444
-0.74233
-0.74023
-0.73814
-0.73605

04749
74247
87880
45464
46815

474958
507170
937958
906811
712218

0.525
0.526
0.527
0.528
0.529

64435
64245
64055
63865
-0.63676

70163
40662
47304
89952
68471

905133
444272
407747
758756
238377

0.575
0.576
0.577
0.578
0.579

-0.55338
-0.55164
-0.54991
-0.54818
-0. 54645

52381
76182
30124
14103
28014

847866
862458
740375
097596
091418

0.480
0.481
0.482
0.483
0.484

-0.73396
-0.73188
-0.72981
-0.72773
-0.72567

91750
80088
11649
86253
03722

802004
763759
315367
295644
655053

0.530
0.531
0.532
0.533
0.534

-0. 63487
-0. 63299

82724
32577
-0.63111 17896
-0.62923 38548
-0.62735 94400

359695
401982
404927
162925
219422

0.580
0.581
0.582
0.583
0.584

-0.

54472
-0.54300
-0.54128
-0.53956
-0.53785

71754
45221
48312
80926
42961

416720
302258
506992
316447
539100

0.485
0.486
0.487
0.488
0.489

-0.72360
-0.72154
-0.71949
-0.71743
-0.71539

63880
66550
11558
98731
27895

446539
816433
995473
289899
072650

0.535
0.536
0.537
0.538
0.539

-0. 62548 85320

-0.62362
-0.62175
-0.61989
-0.61803

11179
71844
67188
97080

861305
113351
732724
203526
731399

0.585
0.586
0.587
0.588
0.589

-0.53614
-0.53443
-0.53273
-0.53102
-0. 52932

34317
54894
04591
83310
90953

502806
051244
540406
835101
305503

0.490
0.491
0.492
0.493
0.494

-0.71334
-0.71131
-0.70927
-0.70724
-0.70521

98878
11511
65624
61049
97617

774648
876165
898289
394469
942145

0.540
0.541
0.542
0.543
0.544

-0.61618
-0.61433
-0. 61248
-0.61064
-0. 60880

61394
60001
92775
59590
60321

238170
356555
424908
482016
261944

0.590
0.591
0.592
0.593
0.594

-0.52763
-0.52593
-0.52424
-0.52256
-0.52087

27420
92615
86440
08799
59596

823719
760389
981314
844116
194921

0.495
0.496
0.497
0.498
0.499

-0.70319
-0.70117
-0.69916
-0.69715
-0.69514

75164
93522
52528
52019
91832

134468
572096
855083
574841
306184

0.545
0.546
0.547
0.548
0.549

-0.60696
-0.60513
-0.60330
-0.60147
-0.59965

94843
63032
64765
99920
68374

188930
372320
601558
341215
726064

0.595
0.596
0.597
0.598
0.599

-0.51919
-0.51751
-0.51583
-0.51416
-0.51249

38734
46119
81655
45250
36808

365073
167873
895350
315053
666877

0.500

-0.69314 71805 599453

(-7)6-

0.550

-0.59783 70007 556204

0.600

-0.51082 56237 659907

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

"(-7)5-

In 10

(
]

= 2.30258 50929 940457

)4
]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

104

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

Table 4.2
x

In

In x

0.650
0.651
0.652
0.653
0.654

-0.43078
-0.42924
-0.42771
-0.42617
-0.42464

29160
56367
07170
81497
79275

924543
735678
554841
057060
249384

700
701
702
703
704

49439
73919
18749
83871
69228

387324
475470
563259
714721
240947

705
706
707
708
709

-0.34955
-0.34814
-0.34672
-0. 34531
-0.34389

74761
00414
46130
11852
97524

698684
888950
855643
884173
500096

710
711
712
713
714

-0. 34249

-0.34108
-0.33967
-0. 33827
-0.33687

03089
28491
73675
38585
23166

467759
788962
701613
678411
425527

715
716
717
718
719

-0.

33547
-0.33407
-0. 33267
-0.33128
-0. 32989

27362
51120
94383
57099
39212

881294
214914
825167
339129
610904

720
721
722
723
724

-0.32850
-0.32711
-0.32573
-0. 32434
-0.32296

40669
61416
01400
60568
38865

720361
971880
893108
233724
964207

725
726
727
728
729

-0.32158
-0.32020
-0. 31882
-0.31745
-0.31608

36241
52641
88014
42307
15469

274623
573410
486177
854511
734789

730
731
732
733
734

-0.31471
-0.31334
-0.31197
-0.31060
-0.30924

07448
18192
47650
95770
62503

397002
323585
208255
954856
676215

735
736
737
738
739

-0.30788
-0.30652
-0.30516
-0.30381
-0.30245

47797
51602
73867
14543
73580

693004
532608
928004
816646
339353

740
741
742
743
744

-0.30110
-0.29975
-0.29840
-0.29705
-0.29571

50927
46536
60358
92342
42441

839216
860502
147566
643779
490452

0.

745
746
747
748
749

-0.29437
-0.29302
-0.29169
-0.29035
-0.28901

10606
96787
00938
23010
62954

025775
783762
493197
076598
649176

0.

750

-0.28768 20724 517809

0.600
0.601
0.602
0.603
0.604

-0.51082
-0.50916
-0.50749
-0.50583
-0.50418

56237
03444
78336
80822
10810

605
0.606
0.607
0.608
0.609

-0.50252
-0.50087
-0.49922
-0.49758
-0.49593

68209
52929
64879
03970
70112

512956
128226
226388
159700
722400

0.655
0.656
0.657
0.658
0.659

-0.42312
-0.42159
-0.42007
-0.41855
-0.41703

00433
44900
12604
03476
17444

468851
380480
975265
568199
796298

61C

0.612
0.613
0.614

-0. 49429
-0.49265
-0.49102
-0.48939
-0.48776

63218
83198
29964
03430
03508

147801
105417
698110
459257
349946

0.660
0.661
0.662
0.663
0.664

-0.41551
-0.41400
-0.41248
-0.41098
-0.40947

54439
14391
97230
02887
31295

616658
304508
451288
962745
057032

0.615
0.616
0.617
0.618
0.619

-0.48613
-0.48450
-0.48288
-0.48126
-0.47965

30111
83154
62550
68215
00062

756192
486173
767492
244463
975409

0.665
0.666
0.667
0.668
0.669

-0.40796
-0.40646
-0. 40496
-0.40346
-0.40197

82383
56084
52330
71054
12188

262829
417479
665133
454913
539086

0.620
0.621
0.622
0.623
0.624

-0.47803
-0.47642
-0.47481
-0.47320
-0.47160

58009
41970
51862
87601
49106

429998
486583
429576
946839
127094

0.670
0.671
0.672
0.673
0.674

-0.40047
-0. 39898
-0.39749
-0.39600
-0. 39452

75665
61420
69384
99493
51680

971253
104553
589875
374092
698300

0.625
0.626
0.627
0.628
0.629

-0.47000
-0.46840
-0.46680
-0.46521
-0.46362

36292
49078
87383
51125
40222

457356
820385
492164
139384
816965

0.675
0.676
0.677
0.678
0.679

-0.39304
-0.39156
-0.39008
-0.38860
-0.38713

25881
22029
40060
79910
41514

096072
391730
698621
417415
234409

0.630
0.631
0.632
0.633
0.634

-0.46203
-0.46044
-0.45886
-0.45728
-0.45570

54595
94164
58848
48568
63245

965587
409239
352796
379609
449111

0.680
0.681
0.682
0.683
0.684

-0.

38566
-0.38419
-0.38272
-0.38126
-0.37979

24808
29728
56211
04194
73613

119847
326247
386750
113470
595866

0.635
0.636
0.637
0.638
0.639

-0.45413
-0.45255
-0.45098
-0.44941
-0.44785

02800
67156
56234
69956
08246

894454
420149
099737
373472
046022

0.685
0.686
0.687
0.688
0.689

-0.37833
-0.37687
-0.37542
-0.37396
-0.37251

64407
76512
09867
64410
40079

199118
562518
597877
487934
684785

0.

0.640
0.641
0.642
0.643
0.644

-0.44628
-0.44472
-0.44316
-0.44161
-0.44005

71026
58220
69752
05547
65528

284195
614670
921759
445177
777834

0.690
0.691
0.692
0.693
0.694

-0.37106
-0.36961
-0.36816
-0.36672
-0. 36528

36813
54552
93233
52797
33184

908320
144672
644675
922338
753326

0.

0.645
0.646
0.647
0.648
0.649

-0.43850
-0.43695
-0.43540
-0.43386
-0.43232

49621
57751
89844
45826
25622

863646
995352
812365
298624
780471

0.695
0.696
0.697
0.698
0.699

-0.36384
-0.36240
-0.36096
-0. 35953
-0.35810

34334
56186
98682
61762
45367

173449
477174
216132
197646
483268

0.650

-0.43078 29160 924543

0.700

-0.35667 49439 387324

0.

0.

0.611

ra

(-7)3]
[

In 10

= 2.30258 50929 940457

In

-0.35667
-0. 35524
-0.35382
-0.35239
-0.35097

659907
469295
733160
549516
473221

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0,

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

)3
]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

105

NATURAL LOGARITHMS
In

Table 4.2
In x

In

0.750
0.751
0.752
0.753
0.754

-0.28768
-0.28634
-0.28501
-0.28369
-0.28236

20724
96272
89550
00511
29109

517809
180023
322973
822435
741810

0.800
0.801
0.802
0.803
0.804

-0.22314
-0.22189
-0.22064
-0.21940
-0.21815

35513
43319
66711
05650
60098

142098
137778
156226
353754
031707

0.850
0.851
0.852
0.853
0.854

-0.16251
-0.16134
-0.16016
-0.15899
-0.15782

89294
31504
87521
57314
40851

977749
087629
528213
904579
935672

0.755
0.756
0.757
0.758
0.759

-0.28103
-0.27971
-0.27839
-0.27707
-0.27575

75297
39028
20255
18933
35015

331123
026041
446883
397654
865071

0.805
0.806
0.807
0.808
0.809

-0.21691
-0.21567
-0.21443
-0.21319
-0.21195

30015
15364
16107
32204
63619

635737
755088
121883
610417
236454

0.855
0.856
0.857
0.858
0.859

-0.15665
-0.15548
-0.15431
-0.15315
-0.15198

38100
49028
73603
11794
63569

453768
403950
843573
941748
978817

0.760
0.761
0.762
0.763
0.764

-0.27443
-0.27312
-0.27180
-0.27049
-0.26918

68457
19211
87232
72476
74898

017603
204512
954908
976800
156166

0.810
0.811
0.812
0.813
0.814

-0.21072
-0.20948
-0.20825
-0.20702
-0.20579

10313
72248
49388
41694
49129

156526
667241
204591
343265
795968

0.860
0.861
0.862
0.863
0.864

-0.15082
-0.14966
-0.14850
-0.14734
-0.14618

28897
07745
00083
05878
25101

345836
544063
184440
987091
780814

0.765
0.766
0.767
0.768
0.769

-0.26787
-0.26657
-0.26526
-0.26396
-0.26266

94451
31092
84776
55458
43094

556012
415458
148809
344649
764931

0.815
0.816
0.817
0.818
0.819

-0.20456
-0.20334
-0.20211
-0.20089
-0.19967

71657
09240
61841
29423
11951

412743
180300
221342
793900
290676

0.865
0.866
0.867
0.868
0.869

-0.14502
-0.14387
-0.14271
-0.14156
-0.14041

57720
03704
63022
35643
21537

502577
197019
015952
217869
167450

0.770
0.771
0.772
0.773
0.774

-0.26136
-0.26006
-0.25877
-0.25747
-0.25618

47641
69054
07289
62303
34053

344075
188076
573609
947151
924099

0.820
0.821
0.822
0.823
0.824

-0.19845
-0.19723
-0.19601
-0. 19479
-0.19358

09387
21695
48839
90783
47490

238383
297088
259571
050672
726654

0.870
0.871
0.872
0.873
0.874

-0.13926
-0.13811
-0.13696
-0.13581
-0.13467

20673
33021
58550
97231
49033

335076
296343
731574
425348
266016

0.775
0.776
0.777
0.778
0.779

-0.25489
-0.25360
-0.25231
-0.25102
-0.24974

22496
27587
49286
87548
42331

287901
989183
144896
037454
113888

0.825
0.826
0.827
0.828
0.829

-0.19237
-0.19116
-0.18995
-0.18874
-0.18753

18926
05054
05839
21245
51238

474561
611590
584457
968774
468421

0.875
0.876
0.877
0.878
0.879

-0.13353
-0.13238
-0.13124
-0.13010

13926
91880
82866
86853
12897 03812

245226
457456
099540
470204
969601

0.780
0.781
0.782
0.783
0.784

-0.24846
-0.24718
-0.24590
-0.24462
-0.24334

13592
01291
05384
25829
62586

984996
424511
368260
913340
317292

0.830
0.831
0.832
0.833
0.834

-0.18632
-0.18512
-0.18392
-0.18272
-0.18152

95781
54841
28381
16368
18766

914934
266889
609285
152944
233903

0.880
0.881
0.882
0.883
0.884

0.12783 33715 098849

-0.12669 76530 459575

0.785
0.786
0.787
0.788
0.789

-0.24207
-0.24079
-0.23952
-0.23825
-0.23698

15611
84865
70305
71891
89581

997286
529305
647338
242579
362628

0.835
0.836
0.837
0.838
0.839

-0.18032
-0.17912
-0.17793
-0.17673
-0.17554

35541
66658
12084
71785
45725

312816
974354
926617
000540
149309

0.885
0.886
0.887
0.888
0.889

0.12216
0.12103
0.11991
0.11878
0.11765

76339
83283
02966
35359
80434

742075
770561
725576
899670
682325

0.790
0.791
0.792
0.793
0.794

-0.23572
-0.23445
-0.23319
-0.23193
-0.23067

23335
73112
38871
20573
18177

210699
144832
677112
472891
350013

0.840
0.841
0.842
0.843
0.844

-0.17435
-0.17316
-0.17197
-0.17078
-0.16960

33871
36190
52647
83209
27843

447778
091890
398103
802816
861799

0.890
0.891
0.892
0.893
0.894

0.11653
0.11541
0.11428
0.11316
0.11204

38162
08515
91464
86981
95038

559515
113277
021277
056380
086229

0.795
0.796
0.797
0.798
0.799

-0.22941
-0.22815
-0.22690
-0.22564
-0.22439

31643
60931
06001
66815
43332

278052
377540
919220
323283
158624

0.845
0.846
0.847
0.848
0.849

-0.16841
-0.16723
-0.16605
-0.16487
-0.16369

86516
59193
45843
46431
60926

249632
759138
300827
902340
707897

0.895
0.896
0.897
0.898
0.899

0.11093
0.10981
0.10869
0.10758
0.10647

15607
48660
94169
52106
22445

072817
072066
233409
799374
105168

0.800

-0.22314 35513 142098

0.850

-0.16251 89294 977749

0.900

0.10536 05156 578263

[
In 10

T]

= 2.30258 50929 940457

-0.

0.12556 32229 753457

-0.12443 00783 781770

0.12329 82163 444936

T]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

106

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

Table 4.2
In

In

a;

In x

0.900
0.901
0.902
0.903
0.904

-0.10536
-0.10425
-0.10314
-0.10203
-0.10092

05156
00213
07589
27255
59185

578263
737991
195134
651516
899606

0.950
0.951
0.952
0.953
0.954

-0.05129
-0.05024
-0.04919
-0.04814
-0.04709

32943
12164
02441
03753
16075

875505
367467
907717
279349
338505

1.000
1.001
1.002
1.003
1.004

0.00000
0.00099
0.00199
0.00299
0.00399

00000
95003
80026
55089
20212

000000
330835
626731
797985
695375

0.905
0.906
0.907
0.908
0.909

-0.09982
-0.09871
-0.09761
-0.09651
-0.09541

03352
59729
28288
09003
01848

822109
391577
670004
808438
046582

0.955
0.956
0.957
0.958
0.959

-0.04604
-0. 04499
-0.04395
-0. 04290
-0.04186

39385
73659
18875
75010
42040

014068
307358
291828
112765
986988

1.005
1.006
1.007
1.008
1.009

0.00498
0.00598
0.00697
0.00796
0.00895

75415
20716
56137
81696
97413

110391
775475
364252
491769
714719

0.910
0.911
0.912
0.913
0.914

06794
23817
-0.09211 52889
-0.09101 93983
-0.08992 47075

712413
221787
078057
871686
279870

0.960
0.961
0.962
0.963
0.964

-0.04082
-0.03978
-0. 03874
-0. 03770
-0.03666

19945
08700
08283
18671
39843

202551
118446
164306
840115
715914

1.010
1.011
1.012
1.013
1.014

0.00995
0.01093
0.01192
0.01291
0.01390

03308
99400
85708
62252
29051

531681
383344
652738
665463
689914

0.915
0.916
0,917
0.918
0.919

-0. 08883
-0.08773
-0.08664
-0.08555
-0. 08446

12137
89143
78067
78883
91566

066157
080068
256722
616466
264500

0.965
0.966
0.967
0.968
0.969

-0.03562
-0. 03459
-0. 03355
-0.03252
-0.03149

71776
14447
67835
31917
06670

431511
696191
288427
055600
913708

1.015
1.016
1.017
1.018
1.019

0.01488
0.01587
0. 01685
0. 01783
0.01882

86124
33491
71170
99181
17542

937507
562901
664229
283310
405878

0.920
0.921
0.922
0.923
0.924

-0. 08338
-0.08229
-0.08121
-0. 08012
-0. 07904

16089
52427
00554
60444
32073

390511
268302
255432
792849
404529

0.970
0.971
0.972
0.973
0.974

-0. 03045

-0.02942
-0.02839
-0. 02737
-0.02634

92074
88106
94745
11967
39753

847085
908121
216980
961320
396020

1.020
1.021
1.022
1.023
1.024

0. 01980
0.02078
0.02176
0. 02273
0.02371

26272
25391
14917
94869
65266

961797
825285
815127
694894
173160

0,925
0.926
0.927
0.928
0.929

-0.07796
-0.07688
-0. 07580
-0.07472
-0.07364

15414
10443
17134
35461
65401

697119
359577
162819
959365
682985

0.975
0.976
0.977
0.978
0.979

-0.02531
-0.02429
-0.02326
-0.02224
-0.02122

78079
26925
86269
56089
36364

842899
690446
393543
473197
516267

1.025
1.026
1.027
1.028
1.029

0.

02469
0.02566
0. 02664
0.02761
0.02858

26125
77467
19309
51670
74568

903715
485778
464212
329734
519126

0.930
0.931
0.932
0.933
0.934

-0.07257
-0. 07149
-0. 07042
-0. 06935
-0.06827

06928
60017
24642
00781
88407

348354
050700
965459
347932
532944

0.980
0.981
0.982
0.983
0.984

-0.02020
-0.01918
-0. 01816
-0.01714
-0.01612

27073
28194
39706
61588
93819

175194
167740
276712
349705
298836

1.030
1.031
1.032
1.033
1.034

02955
03052
0.03149
0. 03246
0.03343

88022
92050
86670
71901
47760

415444
348229
593710
375015
862374

0.935
0.936
0.937
0.938
0.939

-0.06720
-0.06613
-0.06507
-0.06400
-0.06293

87496
98025
19967
53299
97997

934501
045450
437149
759124
738741

0.985
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.989

-0.01511
-0. 01409
-0.01308
-0.01207
-0.01106

36378
89243
52395
25812
09473

100482
795016
486555
342692
594249

1.035
1.036
1.037
1.038
1.039

0.

03440
0.03536
0.03633
0. 03729
0.03825

14267
71438
19292
57847
87121

173324
372913
473903
436969
170903

0.940
0.941
0.942
0.943
0.944

-0.06187
-0.06081
-0.05975
-0. 05868
-0.05762

54037
21393
00044
89963
91128

180875
967574
057740
486796
366364

0.990
0.991
0.992
0.993
0.994

-0.01005
-0.00904
-0.00803
-0.00702
-0.00601

03358
07446
21716
46149
80723

535014
521491
972643
369645
255630

1.040
1.041
1.042
1.043
1.044

0.03922
0.04018
0. 04114
0.04210
0.04305

07131
17896
19433
11760
94894

532813
328318
311752
186354
604470

0.945
0.946
0.947
0.948
0.949

-0.05657
-0.05551
-0.05445
-0.05340
-0.05234

03514
27099
61857
07767
64803

883943
302588
960588
271152
722092

0.995
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.999

-0.00501
-0.00400
-0.00300
-0.00200
-0.00100

25418
80213
45090
20026
05003

235443
975388
202987
706731
335835

1.045
1.046
1.047
1.048
1.049

0.04401
0. 04497
0.04592
0.04688
0.04783

68854
33656
89318
35858
73294

167743
427312
883998
988504
141601

0.950

-0.05129 32943 875505

1.000

0.00000 00000 000000

1.050

0.04879 01641 694320

-0. 09431
-0. 09321

(-7)2]

In 10

T]

= 2.30258 50929 940457

0.
0.

1U

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

107

NATURAL LOGARITHMS
In x

Table 4.2

In

In x

1.050
1.051
1.052
1.053
1.054

0.

04879
0.04974
0.05069
0.05164
0.05259

01641
20918
31143
32331
24501

694320
948141
155181
518384
191706

1.100
1.101
1.102
1.103
1.104

0.09531
0.09621
0.09712
0.09803
0.09893

01798
88577
67107
37402
99478

043249
405429
307227
713654
549036

1.150
1.151
1.152
1.153
1.154

0.

13976
0.14063
0.14149
0.14236
0.14323

19423
11297
95622
72412
41680

751587
397456
736995
869220
859078

1.055
1.056
1.057
1.058
1.059

0.05354
0.05448
0. 05543
0.05638
0.05732

07669
81852
47068
03334
50666

280298
840697
881006
361076
192694

1.105
1.106
1.107
1.108
1.109

0.09984
0.10074
0.10165
0. 10255
0.10345

53349
99031
36537
65883
87083

697161
001431
264998
250921
682300

1.155
1.156
1.157
1.158
1.159

0.14410
0.14496
0.14583
0.14669
0.14755

03439
57702
04482
43791
75643

737569
501857
115395
508035
576147

1.060
1.061
1.062
1.063
1.064

0.05826
0.05921
0.06015
0.06109
0.06203

89081
18596
39228
50993
53909

239758
318461
197471
598109
194526

1.110
1.111
1.112
1.113
1.114

0. 10436
0.10526
0.10616
0.10705
0.10795

00153
05106
01958
90722
71415

242428
574929
283906
934078
050923

1.160
1.161
1.162
1.163
1.164

0.14842
14928
0.15014
0.15100
0.15186

00051
17027
26584
28735
23493

182733
157544
297195
365274
092461

1.065
1.066
1.067
1. 068
1.069

0.06297
0.06391
0.06485
0.06578
0.06672

47991
33257
09723
77405
36320

613884
436528
196163
380031
429082

1.115
1.116
1.117
1.118
1.119

0. 10885
0.10975
0.11064
0.11154
0.11243

44049
08639
65200
13747
54293

120821
591192
870637
329074
297882

1.165
1.166
1.167
1.168
1.169

0.15272
0.15357
0.15443
0.15529
0.15614

10870
90879
63533
28844
86824

176639
283006
044189
060353
899314

1.070
1.071
1.072
1.073
1.074

0.06765
0. 06859
0.06952
0.07045
0.07138

86484
27914
60626
84636
99960

738148
656117
486102
485614
866729

1.120
1.121
1.122
1.123
1.124

0.11332
0.11422
0.11511
0.11600
0.11689

86853
11440
28071
36757
37514

070032
900229
005046
563061
714993

1.170
1.171
1.172
1.173
1.174

0.15700
0.15785
0.15871
0.15956
0.16041

37488
80846
16911
45696
67214

096648
155803
548209
713384
059047

1.075
1.076
1.077
1.078
1.079

0.07232
0.07325
0. 07417
0.07510
0.07603

06615
04617
93981
74724
46862

796261
395927
742515
868054
759976

1.125
1.126
1.127
1.128
1.129

0.11778
0.11867
0.11955
0.12044
0.12133

30356
15297
92350
61530
22851

563835
174986
576392
758672
675250

1.175
1.176
1.177
1.178
1.179

0.16126
0.16211
0.16296
0.16381
0.16466

81475
88494
88282
80852
66215

961223
764352
781397
293950
552339

1.080
1.081
1.082
1.083
1.084

0.07696
0.07788
0.07881
0.07973
0.08065

10411
65386
11804
49680
79030

361283
570712
242898
188536
174545

1.130
1.131
1.132
1.133
1.134

0.12221
12310
0. 12398
0.12486
0.12575

76327
21971
59797
89820
12053

242492
339834
809912
458693
055603

1.180
1.181
1.182
1.183
1.184

0.16551
0.16636
0.16720
0.16805
0.16889

44384
15372
79189
35849
85364

775734
152253
839065
962497
618139

1.085
1.086
1.087
1.088
1.089

0.08157
0.08250
0.08342
0.08434
0.08525

99869
12215
16081
11484
98439

924229
117437
390724
337509
508234

1.135
1.136
1.137
1.138
1.139

0.12663
0.12751
0.12839
0.12927
0.13015

26509
33202
32147
23357
06844

333660
989596
683990
041392
650451

1.185
1.186
1.187
1.188
1.189

0. 16974
0.17058
0.17142
0.17227
0.17311

27745
63005
91156
12209
26177

870945
755337
275310
404532
086448

1.090
1.091
1.092
1.093
1.094

0.08617
0.08709
0.08801
0.08892
0.08984

76962
47068
08773
62091
07039

410523
509338
227133
944015
997895

1.140
1.141
1.142
1.143
1.144

0.13102
0.13190
0.13278
0.13365
0. 13453

82624
50708
11112
63848
08929

064041
799386
338185
126736
576062

1.190
1.191
1.192
1.193
1. 194

0.17395
0.17479
0. 17563
0.17647
0.17730

33071
32903
25686
11431
90149

234380
731631
431580
157791
704103

1.095
1.096
1.097
1.098
1.099

0.09075
0.09166
0.09257
0.09349
0.09440

43632
71885
91812
03430
06754

684641
258238
930932
873389
214843

1.145
1.146
1.147
1.148
1.149

0.13540
0.13627
0.13714
0.13802
0. 13889

46370
76182
98381
12978
19988

062030
925478
472336
973747
666186

1.195
1.196
1.197
1.198
1.199

0.17814
0.17898
0.17981
0.18065
0.18148

61853
26555
84265
34996
78760

834740
284400
758361
932576
453772

1.100

0.09531 01798 043249

1.150

0.

13976 19423 751587

1.200

0.18232 15567 939546

T]

.0.

"(-7)1[

0.

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

108

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

Table 4.2

In

In x

In

1.200
1.201
1.202
1.203
1.204

0.

18232
0.18315
0. 18398
0.18481
0.18564

15567
45430
68361
84369
93468

939546
978465
130158
925418
866293

1.250
1.251
1.252
1.253
1.254

0.22314
0.22394
0. 22474
0.22554
0.22633

35513
32314
22726
06759
84422

142098
847741
779068
139312
107290

1.300
1.301
1.302
1.303
1.304

0.26236
0.26313
0. 26390
0.26466
0. 26543

42644
31995
15437
92981
64635

674911
303682
863775
427081
044612

1.205
1.206
1.207
1.208
1.209

0. 18647
0.18730
0.18813
0.18896
0. 18979

95669
90983
79421
60995
35716

426183
049937
153944
126232
326556

1.255
1.256
1.257
1.258
1.259

0.22713
0.22793
0.22872
0.22952
0.23031

55725
20680
79296
31582
77550

837472
460069
081104
782488
622101

1.305
1.306
1.307
1.308
1.309

0.26620
26696
0.26773
0. 26849
0.26926

30407
90308
44346
92530
34869

746567
542393
420849
350070
277629

1.210
1.211
1.212
1.213
1.214

0.19062
0.19144
0. 19227
0.19309
0.19392

03596
64645
18876
66299
06926

086497
709552
471227
619131
373065

1.260
1.261
1.262
1.263
1.264

0.23111
0.23190
0.23269
0. 23348
0.23428

17209
50569
77641
98433
12957

633866
827825
190214
683541
246657

1.310
1.311
1.312
1.313
1.314

0.27002
0.27079
0.27155
0.27231
0.27307

71372
02047
26905
45953
59200

130602
815628
218973
206591
624188

1.215
1.216
1.217
1.218
1.219

0.19474
0.19556
0.19638
0.19721
0.19803

40767
67835
88140
01692
08504

925118
439753
053901
877053
991345

1.265
1.266
1.267
1.268
1.269

0.23507
0. 23586
0. 23665
0. 23744
0.23822

21221
23237
19013
08560
91887

794836
219844
390020
150342
322506

1.315
1.316
1.317
1.318
1.319

0. 27383
0.27459
0.27535
0.27611
0.27687

66656
68329
64227
54360
38737

297279
031255
611440
803155
351775

1.220
1.221
1.222
1.223
1.224

0.19885
0.19967
0.20048
0.20130
0.20212

08587
01951
88607
68567
41840

451652
285676
494036
050353
901343

1.270
1.271
1.272
1.273
1.274

0.23901
0.23980
0.24059
0.24137
0.24216

69004
39922
04649
63195
15571

704999
073170
179304
752695
499716

1.320
1.321
1.322
1.323
1.324

0. 27763
0.27838
0.27914
0.27990
0. 28065

17365
90255
57414
18851
74575

982795
401883
294945
328186
148165

1.225
1.226
1.227
1.228
1.229

0.20294
0.20375
0.20457
0.20538
0.20620

08439
68375
21657
68297
08305

966903
140197
287744
249507
838978

1.275
1.276
1.277
1.278
1.279

0.24294
0.24373
0.24451
0.24529
0.24607

61786
01849
35770
63559
85225

103895
225981
504022
553431
967056

1.325
1.326
1.327
1.328
1.329

0.28141
0.28216
0.28292
0.28367
0. 28442

24594
68917
07553
40510
67797

381855
636708
500705
542421
311083

1.230
1.231
1.232
1.233
1.234

0.20701
0.20782
0.20863
0.20945
0.21026

41693
68472
88651
02241
09254

843261
023165
113280
822072
831961

1.280
1.281
1.282
1.283
1.284

0.24686
0. 24764
0. 24842
0.24920
0.24998

00779
10229
13584
10856
02052

315258
145972
984783
334994
677694

1.330
1.331
1.332
1.333
1.334

0.28517
0.28593
0. 28668
0. 28743
0.28818

89422
05394
15721
20411
19474

336624
129746
181974
965716
934320

1.235
1.236
1.237
1.238
1.239

0.21107
0.21188
0.21268
0.21349
0.21430

09700
03590
90934
71742
46026

799405
354990
103508
624044
470054

1.285
1.286
1.287
1.288
1.289

0.25075
0.25153
0.25231
0.25309
0.25386

87183
66258
39286
06276
67239

471831
154276
139896
821619
570503

1.335
1.336
1.337
1.338
1.339

0.28893
0.28968
0.29042
0.29117
0.29192

12918
00751
82981
59617
30667

522129
144540
198061
060367
090355

1.240
1.241
1.242
1.243
1.244

0.21511
0.21591
0.21672
0.21752
0.21833

13796
75062
29835
78125
19943

169455
224702
112870
285741
169877

1.290
1.291
1.292
1.293
1.294

0. 25464
0.25541
0.25619
0.25696
0.25773

22183
71118
14053
50997
81960

735807
645054
604101
897204
787088

1.340
1.341
1.342
1.343
1.344

0.29266
0.29341
0.29416
0.29490
0.29565

96139
56042
10385
59175
02421

628200
995415
494901
411005
009578

1.245
1.246
1.247
1.248
1.249

0.21913
0.21993
0.22074
0.22154
0.22234

55299
84203
06666
22699
32311

166709
652614
978994
472359
434406

1.295
1.296
1.297
1.298
1.299

0.25851
0.25928
0.26005
0.26082
0.26159

06951
25979
39053
46182
47376

515011
300830
343068
818983
884625

1.345
1.346
1.347
1.348
1.349

0.29639
0.29713
0.29787
0.29862
0.29936

40130
72312
98974
20124
35772

538024
225361
282269
901153
256188

1.250

0.22314 35513 142098

(-8)9"

1.300

0.26236 42644 674911

1.350

0.30010 45924 503381

0.

(-8)8]
[

In 10

= 2.30258 50929 940457

t:

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

109

NATURAL LOGARITHMS
In

In

Table 4.2
In

1.350
1.351
1.352
1.353
1.354

0.30010
0.30084
0.30158
0.30232
0.30306

45924
50589
49776
43491
31744

503381
780618
207723
886510
900833

1.400
1.401
1.402
1.403
1.404

0.33647
0.33718
0. 33789
0. 33861
0. 33932

22366
62673
97886
28011
53056

212129
548700
123983
203239
036194

1.450
1.451
1.452
1.453
1.454

0.37156
0.37225
0.37294
0. 37363
0. 37431

35564
29739
19164
03845
83791

324830
020508
026043
881459
113276

1.355
1.356
1.357
1.358
1.359

0.30380
0.30453
0.30527
0.30601
0. 30674

14543
91895
63808
30291
91351

316642
182038
527321
365044
690067

1.405
1.406
1.407
1.408
1.409

0.34003
0.34074
0.34145
0.34217
0. 34288

73027
87933
97781
02577
02329

857091
884732
322520
358507
165432

1.455
1.456
1.457
1.458
1.459

0.37500
37569
0.37637
0.37706
0. 37775

59006
29497
95272
56335
12695

234558
744942
130678
864664
406486

1.360
1.361
1.362
1.363
1.364

0.30748
0.30821
0. 30895
0.30968
0.31042

46997
97236
42077
81527
15594

479606
693290
273206
143956
212704

1.410
1.411
1.412
1.413
1.414

0.34358
0. 34429
0. 34500
0.34571
0. 34642

97043
86728
71390
51037
25674

900769
706770
710503
023904
743810

1.460
1.461
1.462
1.463
1.464

0.37843
0.37912
0. 37980
0.38048
0.38117

64357
11327
53613
91220
24155

202451
685624
275868
379873
391198

1.365
1.366
1.367
1.368
1.369

0.31115
0.31188
0.31261
0.31334
0.31408

44286
67611
85577
98192
05463

369231
485983
418125
003587
063118

1.415
1.416
1.417
1.418
1.419

34712
34783
0.34854
0.34924
0.34995

95310
59952
19607
74281
23981

952009
715280
085434
099358
779056

1.465
1.466
1.467
1.468
1.469

0.

38185
0.38253
0.38321
0. 38390
0. 38458

52424
76034
94991
09301
18971

690306
644597
608447
923238
917403

1.370
1.371
1.372
1.373
1.374

0.31481
0.31554
0.31626
0.31699
0.31772

07398
04005
95293
81267
61938

400335
801773
036935
858340
001576

1.420
1.421
1.422
1.423
1.424

0.35065
0.35136
0.35206
0.35276
0.35346

68716
08491
43313
73191
98129

131694
149636
810491
077153
897840

1.470
1.471
1.472
1.473
1.474

0.38526
0.38594
0.38662
0.38730
0.38797

24007
24416
20203
11374
97937

906449
193005
066845
804932
671449

1.375
1.376
1.377
1.378
1.379

31845
0.31918
0.31990
0.32063
0.32135

37311
07395
72197
31725
85988

185346
111519
465178
914668
111648

1.425
1.426
1.427
1.428
1.429

35417
35487
0.35557
0. 35627
0.35697

18137
33219
43384
48639
48989

206138
921042
946994
173926
477304

1.475
1.476
1.477
1.478
1.479

0. 38865
0.38933
0.39001
0.39068
0.39136

79897
57261
30035
98225
61837

917831
782808
492427
260100
286627

1.380
1.381
1.382
1.383
1.384

0.32208
0.32280
0.32353
0.32425
0. 32497

34991
78744
17253
50526
78571

691133
271551
454782
826212
954778

1.430
1.431
1.432
1.433
1.434

0.

35767
35837
0.35907
0. 35977
0.36046

44442
35005
20685
01488
77421

718159
743139
384539
460348
774286

1.480
1.481
1.482
1.483
1.484

0.39204
0.39271
0.39339
0.39406
0. 39474

20877
75352
25268
70631
11447

760237
856617
738951
557950
451887

1.385
1.386
1.387
1.388
1.389

0.32570
0. 32642
0.32714
0.32786
0.32858

01396
19007
31413
38620
40637

393018
677115
326945
846128
722067

1.435
1.436
1.437
1.438
1.439

0.36116
0.36186
0.36255
0.36325
0.36394

48492
14706
76070
32592
84279

115844
260324
968879
988549
052308

1.485
1.486
1.487
1.488
1.489

0. 39541
0.39608
0. 39676
0. 39743
0.39810

47722
79462
06674
29364
47537

546629
955674
780180
109001
018719

1.390
1.391
1.392
1.393
1.394

0.32930
0.33002
0.33074
0.33145
0.33217

37471
29129
15619
96947
73123

426004
413059
122279
976686
383321

1.440
1.441
1.442
1.443
1.444

0.36464
0.36533
0. 36603
0.36672
0. 36741

31135
73170
10388
42797
70404

879093
173850
627573
917338
706345

1.490
1.491
1.492
1.493
1.494

0.39877
0. 39944
0.40011
0.40078
0.40145

61199
70357
75017
75185
70867

573678
826014
815691
570533
106256

1.395
1.396
1.397
1.398
1.399

0.33289
0.33361
0. 33432
0. 33504
0.33575

44152
10043
70802
26438
76956

733290
401807
748248
116185
833441

1.445
1.446
1.447
1.448
1.449

0.36810
36880
0. 36949
0.37018
0. 37087

93215
11237
24476
32939
36633

643955
365729
493468
635246
385453

1.495
1.496
1.497
1.498
1.499

0.40212
0.40279
0.40346
0.40413
0. 40479

62068
48795
31054
08850
82191

426497
522855
374913
950277
204607

1.400

0.

33647 22366 212129

1.450

0.37156 35564 324830

1.500

0.40546 51081 081644

0.

T]

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

)6
]

In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457

0.

[(-8)6
]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

110

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

Table 4.2
In x

In x

In x

1.500
1.501
1.502
1.503
1.504

0.

40546
0.40613
0.40679
0.40746
0.40812

51081
15526
75533
31107
82255

081644
513249
419430
708374
276481

1.550
1.551
1.552
1.553
1.554

0.43825
0.43889
0.43954
0.44018
0.44083

49309
98841
44217
85441
22519

311553
944018
610270
665500
454557

1.600
1.601
1.602
1.603
1.604

0.47000
0.47062
0.47125
0.47187
0.47250

36292
84340
28486
68736
05094

457356
145776
461675
274159
443228

1.505
1.506
1.507
1.508
1.509

0.40879
0.40945
0.41012
0.41078
0.41144

28982
71293
09196
42695
71797

008391
777018
443584
857643
857118

1.555
1.556
1.557
1.558
1.559

0.44147
0.44211
0.44276
0.44340
0.44404

55456
84257
08928
29474
45900

311975
561999
518613
485565
756395

1.605
1.606
1.607
1.608
1.609

0.47312
0.47374
0.47436
0.47499
0.47561

37565
66155
90867
11707
28680

819792
245699
553755
567746
102462

1.510
1.511
1.512
1.513
1.514

0.41210
0.41277
0.41343
0.41409
0.41475

96508
16832
32777
44348
51550

268330
906025
573413
062189
152570

1.560
1.561
1.562
1.563
1.564

0.44468
0.44532
0.44596
0.44660
0.44724

58212
66415
70514
70514
66421

614457
332950
174942
393396
231193

1.610
1.611
1.612
1.613
1.614

0.47623
0.47685
0.47747
0.47809
0.47871

41789
51041
56440
57991
55698

963716
948373
844365
430718
477571

1.515
1.516
1.517
1.518
1.519

0.41541
0.41607
0.41673
0.41739
0.41805

54389
52872
47003
36789
22236

613325
201799
663952
734382
136358

1.565
1.566
1.567
1.568
1.569

0.44788
0.44852
0.44916
0.44980
0.45043

58239
45975
29633
09219
84737

921165
686114
738838
282161
508955

1.615
1.616
1.617
1.618
1.619

0.47933
0.47995
0.48057
0.48119
0.48180

49566
39600
25805
08186
86746

746199
989036
949698
362999
954981

1.520
1.521
1.522
1.523
1.524

0.41871
0.41936
0.42002
0.42068
0.42133

03348
80132
52594
20739
84572

581850
771558
394941
130248
644545

1.570
1.571
1.572
1.573
1.574

0.45107
0.45171
0.45234
0.45298
0.45362

56193
23592
86940
46240
01499

602167
734841
070148
761408
952115

1.620
1.621
1.622
1.623
1.624

0.48242
0.48304
0.48365
0.48427
0.48489

61492
32427
99556
62885
22417

442927
535391
932212
324542
394862

1.525
1.526
1.527
1.528
1.529

0.42199
0.42264
0.42330
0.42395
0.42461

44100
99328
50262
96907
39269

593749
622653
364954
443287
469252

1.575
1.576
1.577
1.578
1.579

0.45425
0.45488
0.45552
0.45615
0.45679

52722
99914
43079
82224
17352

775964
356874
809013
236825
735050

1.625
1.626
1.627
1.628
1.629

0.48550
0.48612
0.48673
0.48735
0.48796

78157
30111
78282
22675
63296

817008
256188
369007
803486
199081

1.530
1.531
1.532
1.533
1. 534

0.42526
0.42592
0.42657
0.42722
0.42787

77354 043441
7554,67

1.580
1.581

40713 183996
65998 896771
87029 450644

1.582
1.583
1.584

0.45742
0.45805
0.45868
0.45932
0.45995

48470
75582
98693
17808
32933

388754
273350
454621
988751
922341

1.630
1.631
1.632
1.633
1.634

0.48858
0.48919
0.48980
0.49041
0.49103

00148
33236
62565
88139
09964

186710
388768
419153
883281
378111

1.535
536
537
538
539

0.42853
0.42918
0.42983
0.43048
0.43113

03810
16347
24645
28710
28548

391605
254804
564588
834522
567422

1.585
1.586
1.587
1.588
1.589

0.46058
0.46121
0.46184
0.46247
0.46310

44073
51232
54415
53628
48875

292439
126562
442720
249440
545789

1.635
1.636
1.637
1.638
1.639

0.49164
0.49225
0.49286
0.49347
0.49408

28043
42381
52983
59854
62997

492167
805553
889979
308777
616926

540
541
542
543
1.544

0.43178
0.43243
0.43308
0.43372
0.43437

24164
15563
02751
85733
64516

255378
379787
411377
810238
025844

1.590
1.591
1.592
1.593
1.594

0.46373
0.46436
0.46499
0.46561
0.46624

40162
27493
10874
90309
65803

321402
556498
221913
279115
680233

1.640
1.641
1.642
1.643
1.644

0.49469
0.49530
0.49591
0.49652
0.49713

62418
58121
50110
38390
22966

361071
079538
302365
551310
339882

1.545
1.546
1.547
1.548
1.549

0.43502
0.43567
0.43631
0.43696
0.43760

39103
09501
75715
37751
95614

497088
652302
909291
675354
347316

1.595
1.596
1.597
1.598
1.599

0.46687
0.46750
0.46812
0.46875
0.46937

37362
04990
68692
28473
84338

368079
276170
328754
440829
518172

1.645
1.646
1.647
1.648
1.649

0.49774
0.49834
0.49895
0.49956
0.50016

03842
81022
54511
24314
90435

173352
548781
955033
872800
774619

1.550

0.43825 49309 311553

6
(
[
]

1.600

0.47000 36292 457356

1.650

0.50077 52879 124892

1H66

[(-8)5]
In 10 = 2.30258 50929

940457

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

111

NATURAL LOGARITHMS
In

In x

Table 4.2
In

1.650
1.651
1.652
1.653
1.654

0.50077
0.50138
0.50198
0.50259
0.50319

52879
11649
66750
18188
65966

124892
379910
987863
388871
014996

1.700
1.701
1.702
1.703
1.704

0.53062
0.53121
0.53180
0.53239
0.53297

82510
63134
40301
14016
84284

621704
137247
511824
805512
071240

1.750
1.751
1.752
1.753
1.754

0.55961
0.56018
0.56075
0.56132
0.56189

57879
70533
79925
86059
88939

354227
037148
141997
390974
499913

1.655
1.656
1.657
1.658
1.659

0.50380
0.50440
0.50500
0.50561
0.50621

10088
50559
87384
20567
50112

290262
630679
444259
131032
083074

1.705
1.706
1.707
1.708
1.709

0.53356
0.53415
0. 53473
0.53532
0.53590

51107
14490
74438
30953
84041

354801
694874
123036
663781
334538

1.755
1.756
1.757
1.758
1.759

0.56246
0.56303
0.56360
0.56417
0.56474

88569
84952
78092
67992
54657

178291
129249
049601
629853
554211

1.660
1.661
1.662
1.663
1.664

0.50681
0.50741
0.50802
0.50862
0.50922

76023
98306
16964
32002
43423

684519
311578
332564
107906
990168

1.710
1.711
1.712
1.713
1.714

0.53649
0.53707
0.53766
0.53824
0.53882

33705
79949
22777
62193
98201

145685
100564
195504
419829
755880

1.760
1.761
1.762
1.763
1.764

0.56531
0. 56588
0. 56644
0.56701
0. 56758

38090
18295
95275
69034
39575

500604
140691
139878
157332
845996

1.665
1.666
1.667
1.668
1.669

0.50982
0.51042
0.51102
0.51162
0.51222

51234
55437
56037
53039
46446

324071
446509
686569
365550
796980

1.715
1.716
1.717
1.718
1.719

0.

53941
0.53999
0.54057
0.54116
0. 54174

30806
60010
85819
08235
27264

179032
657705
153385
620636
007122

1.765
1.766
1.767
1.768
1.769

0.

56815
0.56871
0.56928
0.56984
0.57041

06903
71021
31933
89642
44151

852601
817683
375593
154517
776482

1.670
1.671
1.672
1.673
1.674

0.51282
0.51342
0.51402
0.51461
0.51521

36264
22496
05146
84220
59720

286637
132567
625099
046869
672836

1.720
1.721
1.722
1.723
1.724

0.

54232
54290
0.54348
0.54406
0. 54464

42908
55172
64060
69575
71722

253617
294024
055391
457926
415014

1.770
1.771
1.772
1.773
1.774

0.57097
0.57154
0.57210
0. 57267
0.57323

95465
43588
88521
30270
68838

857378
006965
828892
920708
873877

1.675
1.676
1.677
1.678
1.679

0.51581
0.51641
0.51700
0.51760
0.51819

31652
00020
64828
26080
83780

770298
598913
410718
450144
954038

1.725
1.726
1.727
1.728
1.729

0.54522
0.54580
0.54638
0.54696
0.54754

70504
65926
57991
46703
32067

833231
612362
645415
818639
011534

1.775
1.776
1.777
1.778
1.779

0.

57380
0.57436
0. 57492
0.57548
0. 57605

04229
36445
65491
91370
14086

273791
699783
725143
917128
836981

1.680
1.681
1.682
1.683
1.684

0.51879
0.51938
0.51998
0.52057
0.52117

37934
88544
35615
79152
19158

151676
264786
507563
086690
201350

1.730
1.731
1.732
1.733
1.734

0.

54812
0.54869
0. 54927
0. 54985
0.55043

14085
92761
68101
40107
08783

096876
940722
402434
334690
583501

1.780
1.781
1.782
1.783
1.784

0.57661
0.57717
0.57773
0.57829
0. 57885

33643
50043
63290
73388
80341

039938
075246
486176
810034
578176

1.685
1.686
1.687
1.688
1.689

0.52176
0.52235
0.52295
0.52354
0.52413

55638
88595
18035
43961
66378

043250
796637
638312
737654
256630

1.735
1.736
1.737
1.738
1.739

0.55100
0.55158
0.55215
0. 55273
0.55331

74133
36162
94872
50268
02353

988225
381584
589679
432003
721460

1.785
1.786
1.787
1.788
1.789

0.57941
0.57997
0.58053
0.58109
0.58165

84152
84824
82361
76767
68045

316024
543073
772910
513224
265821

1.690
1.691
1.692
1.693
1.694

0.52472
0.52532
0.52591
0.52650
0.52709

85289
00699
12611
21031
25962

349821
164432
840315
509983
298627

1.740
1.741
1.742
1.743
1.744

0.55388
0. 55445
0.55503
0.55560
0.55618

51132
96607
38784
77665
13254

264377
860520
303111
378839
867879

1.790
1.791
1.792
1.793
1.794

0.58221
0.58277
0.58333
0. 58389
0. 58444

56198
41230
23145
01946
77636

526636
785747
527387
229958
366044

1.695
1.696
1.697
1.698
1.699

0.52768
0.52827
0.52886
0.52945
0.53003

27408
25373
19862
10878
98426

324136
697113
520893
891556
897950

1.745
1.746
1.747
1.748
1.749

0.55675
0.55732
0.55790
0.55847
0.55904

45556
74574
00311
22772
41960

543905
174105
519195
333437
364650

1.795
1.796
1.797
1.798
1.799

0.58500
0.58556
0.58611
0.58667
0. 58723

50219
19698
86078
49360
09549

402422
800079
014220
494285
683961

1.700

0.53062 82510 621704

1.750

0.

55961 57879 354227

1.800

0.

0.

58778 66649 021190

(-8)4]

T]

In 10

= 2.30258 50929 940457

T]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

112

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

Table 4.2

In

1.800
1.801
1.802
1.803
1.804

0. 58778
0.58834
0. 58889
0. 58945
0.59000

66649
20661
71591
19442
64216

021190
938190
861462
211802
404319

1.850
1.851
1.852
1.853
1.854

1.805
1.806
1.807
1.808
1.809

0.59056
0.59111
0.59166
0.59222
0. 59277

05917
44549
80116
12619
42064

848442
947937
100914
699848
131581

1.855
1.856
1.857
1.858
1. 859

1.810
1.811
1.812
1.813
1.814

0.59332
0.59387
0. 59443
0.59498
0.59553

68452
91789
12076
29317
43516

777344
012763
207876
727140
929449

1.815
1.816
1.817
1.818
1.819

0.59608
0.59663
0.59718
0.59773
0.59828

54677
62801
67894
69957
68995

1.820
1.821
1.822
1.823
1.824

0.59883
0.59938
0.59993
0.60048
0.60103

1.825
1.826
1.827
1.828
1.829

In X

In

0.61518
0.61572
0.61626
0.61680
0. 61734

56390
60335
61362
59473
54671

902335
913605
239876
032227
436634

1.900
1.901
1.902
1.903
1.904

61788
61842
0.61896
0. 61950
0.62003

46960
36343
22823
06403
87087

593985
640088
705687
916468
393070

1.905
1.906
1.907
1.908
1.909

1.860
1.861
1.862
1.863
1.864

0.62057
0. 62111
0. 62165
0. 62218
0. 62272

64877
39776
11788
80916
47162

251099
601137
548753
194514
633994

1.910
1.911
1.912
1.913
1.914

0.

168141
791016
140341
552871
359852

1.865
1.866
1.867
1.868
1.869

0.

62326
62379
62433
62486
62540

10530
71024
28645
83398
35284

957789
251521
595856
066509
734258

65010
58007
47988
34956
18916

887040
454709
377666
965260
521396

1.870
1.871
1.872
1.873
1.874

0. 62593
0.62647
0.62700
0. 62754
0. 62807

84308
30472
73780
14234
51838

0.60157
0. 60212
0. 60267
0.60322
0.60376

99870
77821
52773
24730
93694

344548
727767
958697
319583
087286

1.875
1.876
1.877
1.878
1.879

0. 62860
0.62914
0. 62967
0.63020
0. 63073

1.830
1.831
1.832
1.833
1.834

0.60431
0. 60486
0. 60540
0. 60595
0. 60649

59668
22656
82662
39688
93738

533296
923737
519385
575680
342731

1.880
1.881
1.882
1.883
1.884

1.835
1.836
1.837
1.838
1.839

0.60704
0.60758
0.60813
0. 60867
0.60922

44815
92921
38062
80239
19456

065336
982987
329886
334953
221840

1.840
1.841
1.842
1.843
1.844

0.60976
0.61030
0. 61085
0.61139
0.61193

55716
89022
19378
46786
71251

1.845
1.846
1.847
1.848
1.849

0.61247
0.61302
0.61356
0.61410
0.61464

92774
11360
27012
39732
49524

1.850

0.64185
0.64238
0.64290
0. 64343
0. 64395

38861
00635
59641
15883
69363

723948
062921
231986
140124
691736

64448
64500
64553
64605
64657

20085
68052
13266
55730
95447

786643
320104
182820
260948
436106

64710
64762
64814
64867
64919

32420
66652
98146
26904
52930

585385
581360
292095
581158
307625

1.915
1.916
1.917
1.918
1.919

0.64971
0.65023
0.65076
0.65128
0. 65180

76226
96795
14640
29764
42170

326093
486688
635074
612465
255629

664953
919526
554003
619515
162304

1.920
1.921
1.922
1.923
1.924

65232
65284
0. 65336
0.65388
0. 65440

51860
58837
63105
64666
63522

396902
864196
481007
066427
435147

86594
18505
47576
73807
97204

223741
840329
043718
860712
313283

1.925
1.926
1.927
1.928
1.929

65492
65544
0.65596
0.65648
0.65700

59677
53133
43894
31961
17339

397475
759338
322293
883539
235920

0.63127
0. 63180
0.63233
0. 63286
0. 63339

17768
35503
50411
62496
71761

418578
188933
631879
750154
541713

1.930
1.931
1.932
1.933
1.934

0.65752
0.65803
0. b5855
0.65907
0. 65959

00029
80034
57357
32002
03970

167942
463774
903263
261938
311026

1.885
1.886
1.887
1.888
1.889

63392
63445
0. 63498
0.63551
0. 63604

78208
81842
82663
80677
75885

999741
112658
864132
233089
193725

1.935
1.936
1.937
1.938
1.939

0.66010
0. 66062
0.66114
0.66165
0.66217

73264
39888
03844
65134
23762

817451
543853
248588
685745
605148

208943
509408
331151
876862
344021

1.890
1.891
1.892
1.893
1.894

0.

63657
0.63710
0. 63763
0.63816
0. 63869

68290
57896
44706
28722
09947

715510
763204
296865
271858
638865

1.940
1.941
1.942
1.943
1.944

0.

66268
66320
66371
66423
66474

79730
33041
83698
31703
77060

752368
868732
691332
953030
382473

924905
80o604
171029
194924
049878

1.895
1.896
1.897
1.898
1.899

0.63921
0.63974
0. 64027
0. 64080
0.64132

88385
64038
36909
07001
74318

343897
328301
528772
877361
301488

1.945
1.946
1.947
1.948
1.949

66526
66577
0. 66628
0. 66680
0.66731

19770
59837
97263
32052
64205

704096
638133
900626
203434
254238

0.61518 56390 902335

(-8)4"

1.900

0.

64185 38861 723948

1.950

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

In 10

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

66782 93725 756554

= 2.30258 50929 940457

3
]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

113

NATURAL LOGARITHMS
X

In

1.950
1.951
1.952
1.953
1.954

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

66782
66834
66885
66936
66987

93725
20616
44879
66518
85536

756554
409742
909007
945419
205910

2.000
2.001
2.002
2.003
2.004

Table 4.2
x

In

In

0.69314
0.69364
0.69414
0. 69464
0. 69514

71805
70556
66808
60566
51832

599453
015964
930288
836812
226184

2.050
2.051
2.052
2.053
2.054

0.71783
0.71832
0.71881
0.71930
0.71978

97931
74790
49273
21380
91115

503168
902436
085231
367965
063665

0.69564
69614
0. 69664
0.69713
0. 69763

40607
26895
10698
92018
70858

585325
397438
142011
294828
327974

2.055
2.056
2.057
2.058
2.059

0.72027
0.72076
0.72124
0.72173
0.7222Z

58479
23475
86106
46374
04280

481979
929187
708201
118579
456524

1.955
1.956
1.957
1.958
1.959

0.

67039
67090
67141
67192
67243

01934
15716
26884
35441
41389

373291
126256
139392
083186
624037

2.005
2.006
2.007
2.008
2.009

1.960
1.961
1.962
1.963
1.964

0.67294
0. 67345
0. 67396
0. 67447
0. 67498

44732
45472
43611
39152
32099

424259
142092
431713
943240
322741

2.010
2.011
2.012
2.013
2.014

69813
69863
0. 69912
0. 69962
0.70012

47220
21107
92522
61466
27942

709844
905150
374928
576544
963706

2.060
2.061
2.062
2.063
2.064

0.72270
0.72319
0.72367
0.72416
0. 72464

59828
13019
63855
12340
58476

014897
083220
947682
891148
193163

67549
67600
0. 67650
0.67701
0. 67752

22453
10217
95394
77986
57996

212246
249748
069220
300617
569885

2.015
2.016
2.017
2.018
2.019

0.70061
0.70111
0.70161
0.70210
0.70260

91953
53502
12589
69219
23393

986463
091222
720747
314172
307004

2.065
2.066
2.067
2.068
2.069

0.72513
0.72561
0.72609
0.72658
0. 72706

02264
43706
82806
19566
53987

129961
974468
996312
461827
634060

1.970
1.971
1.972
1.973
1.974

0.67803
0.67854
0. 67904
0.67955
0.68006

35427
10281
82561
52270
19410

498971
705832
804437
404783
112898

2.020
2.021
2.022
2.023
2.024

0.70309
0.70359
0.70408
0.70458
0.70507

75114
24384
71205
15581
57514

131134
214840
982797
856084
252191

2.070
2.071

0.

2.073
2.074

72754
72803
0.72851
0.72899
0. 72947

86072
15824
43243
68334
91098

772777
134471
972366
536425
073356

1.975
1.976
1.977
1.978
1.979

0.68056
0.68107
0. 68158
0. 68208
0. 68259

83983
45993
05441
62332
16666

530852
256761
884799
005204
204287

2.025
2.026
2.027
2.028
2.029

0.70556
0.70606
0.70655
0.70705
0.70754

97005
34058
68674
00857
30608

585025
264916
698630
289367
436777

2.075
2.076
2.077
2.078
2.079

0.72996
0.73044
0.73092
0. 73140
0.73188

11536
29653
45448
58926
70088

826616
036422
939753
770357
758759

1.980
1.981
1.982
1.983
1.984

0.

68309
0.68360
0. 68410
0. 68461
0.68511

68447
17677
64359
08495
50088

064439
164139
077962
376589
626811

2.030
2.031
2.032
2.033
2.034

0.70803
0.70852
0.70902
0.70951
0.71000

57930
82825
05297
25346
42976

536960
982476
162355
462096
263682

2.080
2.081
2.082
2.083
2.084

0.73236
73284
0. 73332
0.73380
0. 73428

78937
85474
89701
91622
91238

132266
114974
927771
788349
911205

1.985
1.986
1.987
1.988
1.989

0.68561
0.68612
0. 68662
0.68712
0. 68763

89141
25656
59635
91082
19998

391537
229808
696798
343823
718351

2.035
2.036
2.037
2.038
2.039

0.71049
0.71098
0.71147
0.71196
0. 71245

58188
70986
81372
89348
94915

945583
882763
446688
005331
923181

2.085
2.086
2.087
2.088
2.089

0. 73476
0.73524
0.73572
0.73620
0.73668

88552
83565
76280
66700
54825

507648
785807
950637
203923
744287

1.990
1.991
1.992
1.993
1.994

0.68813
0.68863
0.68913
0. 68964
0.69014

46387
70250
91591
10412
26715

364010
820592
624065
306577
396466

2.040
2.041
2.042
2.043
2.044

0.71294
0.71343
0.71392
0.71441
0.71490

98078
98838
97197
93158
86723

561250
277077
424738
354850
414580

2.090
2.091
2.092
2.093
2.094

0.73716
73764
0.73812
0.73859
0.73907

40659
24204
05462
84434
61124

767196
464965
026765
638627
483451

1.995
1.996
1.997
1.998
1.999

0.69064
0.69114
0.69164
0. 69214
0.69264

40503
51778
60544
66802
70555

418268
892722
336782
263618
182630

2.045
2.046
2.047
2.048
2.049

0.71539
0.71588
0.71637
0.71686
0. 71735

77894
66675
53066
37071
18692

947651
294347
791525
772614
567627

2.095
2.096
2.097
2.098
2.099

0.73955
0.74003
0. 74050
0. 74098
0.74146

35533
07664
77519
45099
10408

741011
587957
197829
741054
384959

2.000

0.69314 71805 599453

2.050

0.71783 97931 503168

2.100

0.74193 73447 293773

1.965
1.966
1.967
1.968
1.969

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

For z>2.1 see Example

5.

In 10 = 2.30258

0.

0.

[(
]

072

-8)3

r(-8)3-

r(-8)3-

2.

0.

50929 940457

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

114

RADIX TABLE OF NATURAL LOGARITHMS

Table 4.3

-In (l-zlO-)

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00000
00001
00002
00003
00004
00005
00006
00007
00008

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999
99998
99995
99992
99987
99982
99975
99968
99959

50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00001
00002
00003
00004
00005
00006
00007
00008
00009

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00002
00004
00008
00012
00018
00024
00032
00040

50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000

9
9
9
Q/
9
9
9
9
9

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0. 00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00009
00019
00029
00039
00049
00059
00069
00079
00089

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99950
99800
99550
99200
98750
98200
97550
96800
95950

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00001
00001
00002
00002

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00010
00020
00030
00040
00050
00060
00070
00080
00090

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00050
00200
00450
00800
01250
01800
02450
03200
04050

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00001
00001
00002
00002

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0. 00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00099
00199
00299
00399
00499
00599
00699
00799
00899

99999
99999
99999
99999
99998
99998
99997
99996
99995

95000
80000
55000
20000
75000
20000
55000
80000
95000

00003
00027
00090
00213
00417
00720
01143
01707
02430

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00100
00200
00300
00400
00500
00600
00700
00800
00900

00000
00000
00000
00000
00001
00001
00002
00003
00004

05000
20000
45000
80000
25000
80000
45000
20000
05000

00003
00027
00090
00213
00417
00720
01143
01707
02430

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00999
01999
02999
03999
04999
05999
06999
07999
08999

99995
99980
99955
99920
99875
99820
99755
99680
99595

00000
00000
00000
00002
00004
00007
00011
00017
00024

03333
26667
90000
13333
16667
20000
43333
06666
29998

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0. 00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

01000
02000
03000
04000
05000
06000
07000
08000
09000

00005
00020
00045
00080
00125
00180
00245
00320
00405

00000
00000
00000
00002
00004
00007
00011
00017
00024

03333
26667
90000
13333
16667
20000
43334
06668
30002

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0. 00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

09999
19999
29999
39999
49999
59999
69999
79999
89999

99500
98000
95500
92000
87500
82000
75500
68000
59500

00033
00266
00899
02133
04166
07199
11433
17066
24299

33331
66627
99798
32693
65104
96760
27331
56427
83598

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0. 00000
0.00000
0.00000

10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000

00500
02000
04500
08000
12500
18000
24500
32000
40500

00033
00266
00900
02133
04166
07200
11433
17066
24300

33336
66707
00203
33973
68229
03240
39336
76907
16403

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2

4
5
6
7

8
9
1
2
3
t

(l+slO n\

4
5

6
7
8
9
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1

2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

In

For n>10,ln (lizlC >-*)

=zlO- n

-2* to 25 D.

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

]

115

RADIX TABLE OF NATURAL LOGARITHMS

In

1+xlO- -)

Table 4.3

-lr (l-xlOL

re

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

0.

00000
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00005
0.00006
0.00007
0.00008

99999
99998
99995
99992
99987
99982
99975
99968
99959

50000
00002
50008
00021
50041
00071
50114
00170
50242

33333
66662
99979
33269
66510
99676
32733
65642
98359

08334
66673
75049
33538
42292
01555
11695
73220
86809

0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00005
0.00006
0.00007
0.00008
0.00009

00000
00002
00004
00008
00012
00018
00024
00032
00040

50000
00002
50009
00021
50041
00072
50114
00170
50243

33333
66670
00020
33397
66822
00324
33933
67690
01640

58334
66673
25049
33538
92292
01555
61695
73221
36811

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

0.00009
0.00019
0.00029
0.00039
0. 00049
0.00059
0.00069
0.00079
0.00089

99950
99800
99550
99200
98750
98200
97551
96801
95952

00333
02666
08997
21326
41651
71967
14273
70564
42836

30833
26673
97548
93538
04791
61554
34192
33215
09300

53332
06560
58785
06509
40636
42280
77369
90059
94948

0.00010
0.00020
0.00030
0. 00040
0.00050
0.00060
0.00070
0.00080
0.00090

00050
00200
00450
00800
01250
01800
02451
03201
04052

00333
02667
09002
21339
41682
72032
14393
70769
43164

35833
06673
02548
73538
29791
41555
39196
13224
14318

53335
06773
61215
20162
92719
97800
69533
63873
66419

3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

0.00099
0.00199
0.00299
0. 00399
0. 00498
0. 00598
0. 00697
0.00796
0.00895

95003
80026
55089
20212
75415
20716
56137
81696
97413

33083
62673
79798
69537
11039
77547
36425
49176
71471

53316
05601
47881
45299
07361
46378
24209
87351
90444

68094
82538
16106
90751
21022
20189
95222
07973
31465

0.00100
0.00200
0.00300
0.00400
0.00501
0.00601
0.00702
0.00803
0.00904

05003
20026
45090
80213
25418
80723
46149
21716
07446

33583
70673
20298
97538
23544
25563
36964
97264
52149

53350
07735
72181
81834
28204
01620
45987
25903
06220

01430
16511
32509
87927
30937
19350
41123
86494
55241

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

0.00995
0.01980
0.02955
0. 03922
0. 04879
0.05826
0.06765
0.07696
0.08617

03308
26272
88022
07131
01641
89081
86484
10411
76962

53168
96179
41544
53281
69432
23975
73814
36128
41052

08284
71302
40273
29626
00306
77552
80526
32498
33234

82154
60291
26194
92009
53744
57184
84159
42170
13335

0.01005
0.02020
0.03045
0. 04082
0. 05129
0.06187
0.07257
0.08338
0. 09431

03358
27073
92074
19945
32943
54037
06928
16089
06794

53501
17519
84708
20255
87550
18087
34835
39051
71241

44118
44840
54591
12955
53342
47179
43071
05839
32687

35489
80453
92613
45771
61961
78001
15733
47658
71427

1
2

1
1

1
1
1

0.09531
0.18232
0.26236
0.33647
0.40546
0.47000
0.53062
0.58778
0.64185

01798
15567
42644
22366
51081
36292
82510
66649
38861

04324
93954
67491
21212
08164
45735
62170
02119
72394

86004
62621
05203
93050
38197
55365
39623
00818
77599

39521
17180
54960
45934
80131
09370
15432
97311
10360

0.10536
0.22314
0. 35667
0.51082
0.69314
0.91629
1.20397
1.60943
2.30258

05156
35513
49439
56237
71805
07318
28043
79124
50929

57826
14209
38732
65990
59945
74155
25935
34100
94045

30122
75576
37891
68320
30941
06518
99262
37460
68401

75010
62951
26387
55141
72321
35272
27462
07593
79915

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
1

2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1

4
5
6
7

1
1

0.
716-654

69314 71805 59945 30941 72321

O -64-9

oc >

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

116

EXP< 3NENTIAI

Table 4.4
X

0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004

1.00000
1.00100
1.00200
1.00300
1. 00400

00000
05001
20013
45045
80106

00000
66708
34000
03377
77341

000
342
267
026
872

1.

0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009

1.00501
1.00601
1.00702
1.00803
1. 00904

25208
80360
45572
20855
06217

59401
54064
66848
04273
73867

063
865
555
431
814

0.

0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014

1.01005
1.01106
1.01207
1.01308
1.01409

01670
07224
22888
48673
84589

84168
44719
66077
59809
38492

058
556
754
158
345

0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.019

1.01511
1.01612
1.01714
1.01816
1.01918

30646
86854
53223
29763
16486

15718
06094
25240
89793
17408

979
822
748
761
Oil

0.020
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.024

1.02020
1.02122
1.02224
1.02326
1.02429

13400
20516
37844
65395
03178

26755
37528
70438
47217
90621

810
653
235
475
534

0.025
0.026
0.027
0.028
0.029

1.02531
1.02634
1.02736
1.02839
1. 02942

51205
09484
78027
56844
45944

24428
73442
63489
21425
75130

841
115
392
045
820

0.

0.030
0.031
0.032
0.033
0.034

1.

03045
1.03148
1.03251
1.03355
1.03458

45339
55038
75053
05392
46067

53516
86522
05118
41305
28117

0.035
0.036
0.037
0.038
0.039

1. 03561
1.03665
1.03769
1. 03873
1.03977

97087
58464
30208
12328
04836

0.040
0.041
0.042
0.043
0.044

1.04081
1. 04185
1. 04289
1. 04393
1. 04498

0.045
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049

04602
04707
1. 04812
1.04917
1.05022

0.050

1.05127 10963 76024 040

1.
1.

00000
99900
99800
99700
99600

00000
04998
19986
44955
79893

00000
33374
67333
03372
43991

000
992
067
976
472

99501
99401
99302
99203
99104

24791
79640
44429
19148
03787

92682
53935
33235
37060
72883

313
265
105
630
662

99004
98906
98807
98708
98609

98337
02787
17128
41350
75442

49168
75368
61930
20287
62861

054
698
540
583
903

98511
98412
98314
98216
98117

19396
73200
36846
10323
93622

03062
55285
34909
58300
42806

661
115
635
718
006

98019
97921
97824
97726
97628

86733
89645
02350
24837
57097

06755
69459
51210
73277
57909

302
588
045
073
314

97530
97433
97336
97238
97141

99120
50896
12415
83668
64644

28332
08749
24336
01246
66604

669
328
791
891
825

856
716
420
472
894

0.97044
0.96947
0.96850
0.96753
0.96657

55335
55730
65820
85595
15046

48508
76025
79197
89032
37506

177
948
585
009

99623
90923
38157
78497
50157

260
727
074
733
831

0.96560
0.96464
0.96367
0.96271
0.96175

54162
02934
61353
29408
07091

57566
83123
49053
91199
46366

478
030
452
529
723

07741
21055
44787
78948
23548

92388
45479
50763
50612
88443

227
549
238
586
779

0.96078
0.95982
0.95886
0.95791
0.95695

94391
91299
97805
13900
39574

52323
47798
72484
67030
73046

209
914
552
669
678

78599
44109
20090
06553
03507

08716
56937
79655
24470
40028

943
184
638
516
148

0.95599
0.95504
0.95408
0.95313
0.95218

74818
19621
73975
37870
11296

33099
90714
90371
77504
98504

907
635
141
745
853

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0,
0.
0.
0.

0.95122 94245 00714 009

T]

For use and extension of the table see Examples 8-11.

2
See Table 7.1 for values of 4= e ' and Table 26.1
2

\ir

651

for

-^=
y2*"

2.

T]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

117
Table 4.4

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
ex

e~ x

0.050
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054

1.05127
1.05232
1.05337
1.05442
1.05548

10963
28932
57425
96451
46021

76024
83203
13364
19355
55080

040
913
763
907
041

0.95122
0.95027
0.94932
0.94838
0.94743

94245
86705
88668
00124
21065

00714
32426
42889
82298
01798

009
935
583
184
300

0.055
0.056
0.057
0.058
0.059

1.05654
1.05759
1.05865
1.05971
1.06077

06146
76837
58103
49957
52407

75494
36611
95500
10287
40159

286
252
087
540
012

0.94648
0.94553
0.94459
0.94364
0.94270

51479
91358
40693
99474
67691

53483
90396
66523
36798
57099

869
267
349
514
754

0.060
0.061
0.062
0.063
0.064

1.06183
1.06289
1.06396
1.06502
1.06609

65465
89141
23447
68392
23987

45359
87195
28033
31305
61505

622
264
669
464
244

0.94176
0.94082
0.93988
0.93894
0.93800

45335
32397
28867
34736
49995

84248
76009
91088
89133
30729

710
730
928
241
488

0.065
0.066
0.067
0.068
0.069

1.06715
1.06822
1.06929
1.07036
1.07143

90243
67171
54781
53084
62091

84192
65993
74600
78774
48346

625
321
202
366
205

0.93706
0.93613
0.93519
0.93426
0.93332

74633
08642
52013
04735
66800

77403
91618
36776
77213
78201

433
844
558
542
958

0.070
0.071
0.072
0.073
0.074

1.07250
1.07358
1.07465
1.07573
1. 07680

81812
12258
53440
05369
68054

54216
68357
63813
14703
96219

479
383
620
476
891

0.93239
0.93146
0.93053
0.92960
0.92867

38199
18921
08958
08300
16938

05948
27592
11205
25792
41287

229
106
732
713
187

0.075
0.076
0.077
0.078
0.079

1.07788
1.07896
1.08004
1.08112
1.08220

41508
25741
20763
26586
43220

84631
57283
92600
70083
70314

536
889
313
133
7l7

0.92774
0.92681
0.92588
0.92496
0.92403

34863
62065
98536
44265
99244

28552
59382
06495
43539
45086

892
237
377
280
807

0.080
0.081
0.082
0.083
0.084

1.08328
1.08437
1.08545
1.08654
1.08762

70676
08965
58098
18085
88938

74958
66760
29549
48238
08826

554
341
059
061
156

0.92311
0.92219
0.92127
0.92035
0.91943

63463
36914
19586
11472
12560

86635
44608
96348
20124
95124

783
072
654
706
674

0.085
0.086
0.087
0.088
0.089

1.08871
1.08980
1.09089
1.09198
1.09308

70666
63283
66797
81220
06563

98398
05128
18277
28197
26330

696
660
747
460
201

0.91851
0.91759
0,91667
0.91576
0.91484

22844
42312
70956
08767
55735

01457
20150
33152
23325
74452

356
982
295
631
003

0.090
0.091
0.092
0.093
0.094

1.09417
1.09526
1.09636
1.09746
1.09855

42837
90052
48220
17352
97459

05210
58465
80816
68081
17173

358
401
975
994
736

0.91393
0.91301
0.91210
0.91119
0.91028

11852
77108
51495
35002
27622

71228
99265
45090
96140
40766

187
803
403
557
940

0.095
0.096
0.097
0.098
0.099

1.09965
1.10075
1.10186
1.10296
1.10406

88551
90639
03736
27851
62995

26102
93978
21010
08507
58881

942
912
606
743
902

0.90937
90846
0. 90755
0.90664
0.90574

29344
40160
60061
89037
27080

68231
68706
33272
53920
23548

420
150
654
921
496

0.100

1.10517 09180 75647 625

0.90483 74180 35959 573

ra

['"a

"(-7)1

0.

"(-7)]
7' 1

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

118

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

0.100
0.101
0.102
0.103
0.104

1.10517
1.10627
1.10738
1.10849
1.10960

09180
66417
34717
14090
04549

75647
63423
27933
76007
15582

625
521
371
230
540

0.90483
0.90393
0.90302
0.90212
0.90122

74180
30328
95516
69734
52974

35959
85864
68876
81516
21204

573
089
819
470
780

0.105
0.106
0.107
0.108
0.109

1.11071
1.11182
1.11293
1.11404
1.11516

06103
18765
42544
77453
23503

55705
06530
79325
86467
41447

232
839
605
594
807

0.90032
0.89942
0.89852
0.89762
0.89673

45225
46480
56729
75964
04174

86265
75924
90305
30434
98235

613
059
534
876
450

1.11627
11739
1.11851
1.11963
1.12075

80704
49068
28606
19329
21248

58871
54458
45045
48585
84153

292
258
196
987
031

0.89583
0.89493
0.89404
0.89315
0.89225

41352
87489
42575
06601
79558

96528
29031
00357
16015
82408

251
000
257
519
325

0.115
0.116
0.117
0.118
0.119

1.12187
1.12299
1.12411
1.12524
1.12636

34375
58721
94296
41113
99182

71938
33254
90536
67342
88352

354
738
839
307
913

0.89136
0.89047
0.88958
0.88869
0.88780

61439
52232
51931
60526
78007

06831
97472
63411
14617
61950

368
599
334
364
067

0.120
0.121
0.122
0.123
0.124

1.12749
1.12862
1.12975
1.13088
1.13201

68515
49123
41017
44209
58709

79375
67343
80318
47489
99175

671
967
682
324
153

0.88692
0.88603
0.88514
0.88426
0.88337

04367
39595
83685
36625
98408

17157
92875
02627
60820
82750

516
591
096
866
886

0.125
0.126
0.127
0.128
0.129

1.13314
1.13428
1.13541
1.13655
1.13769

84530
21682
70177
30026
01241

66826
83024
81486
97060
65731

317
976
442
307
582

0.88249
0.88161
0.88073
0.87985
0.87897

69025
48467
36725
33791
39655

84595
83416
97156
44643
45583

403
046
940
827
178

0.130
0.131
0.132
0.133
0.134

1.13882
1.13996
1.14110
1.14224
1.14339

83833
77813
83192
99983
28196

24621
11990
67235
30894
44646

831
306
091
235
898

0.87809
0.87721
0.87634
0.87546
0.87459

54309
77743
09950
50921
00646

20561
91043
79373
08771
03334

324
564
297
138
043

0.135
0.136
0.137
0.138
0.139

1.14453
1.14568
1.14682
1.14797
1.14912

67843
18935
81485
55502
41000

51314
94861
20398
74178
03605

488
807
195
672
088

0.87371
0.87284
0.87197
0.87109
0.87022

59116
26324
02261
86917
80284

88034
88719
32109
45798
58251

434
322
436
347
595

0.140
0.141
0.142
0.143
0.144

1.15027
1.15142
1.15257
1.15372
1.15488

37988
46479
66485
98016
41085

57227
84744
37004
66010
24913

268
161
992
407
632

0.86935
0.86848
0.86762
0.86675
0.86588

82353
93116
12564
40688
77480

0.145
0.146
0.147
0.148
0.149

1.15603
1.15719
1.15835
1.15951
1.16067

95702
61880
39630
28963
29892

68021
50796
29855
62973
09085

623
218
297
936
563

0.86502
0.86415
0.86329
0.86243
0.86156

22931
77031
39774
11149
91148

0.150

1.16183 42427 28283 123

0.110
0.111
0.112
0.113
0.114

1.

ra

98805 820
9.7667 890

85914 032
95488 962
59205 017
10741
84642
16319
42045
98958

288
755
421
443
277

0.86070 79764 25057 807

"(-7)1
7

['"a6

"]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

119

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

0.150
0.151
0.152
0.153
0.154

1.16183
1. 16299
1.16416
1.16532
1. 16649

42427
66580
02364
49789
08867

28283
81820
32112
42737
78439

123
230
335
886
490

0.86070
0.85984
0.85898
0.85812
0.85727

79764
76986
82807
97218
20210

25057
59205
41123
11393
11457

807
488
482
800
440

0.155
0.156
0.157
0.158
0.159

1.16765
1.16882
1.16999
1.17116
1.17233

79611
62030
56139
61947
79466

05125
89869
00913
07669
80717

080
080
572
465
662

0.85641
0.85555
0.85470
0.85384
0.85299

51774
91903
40588
97819
63589

83613
71018
17685
68481
69131

531
473
083
735
511

0.160
0.161
0.162
0.163
0.164

1.17351
1.17468
1.17586
1.17703
1.17821

08709
49688
02413
66896
43150

91810
13871
20999
88467
92722

235
592
654
025
171

0.85214
0.85129
0.85044
0.84959
0.84874

37889
20711
12045
11884
20218

66211
07151
40232
14590
80206

338
144
998
263
741

0.165
0.166
0.167
0.168
0.169

1.17939
1.18057
1.18175
1.18293
1.18412

31187
31017
42653
66106
01389

11390
23276
08361
47810
23969

594
Oil
533
843
378

0.84789
0.84704
0.84619
0.84535
0.84450

37040
62341
96113
38346
89033

87915
89399
37188
84658
86034

828
660
270
733
326

170
171
172
173
174

1.18530
1.18649
1.18767
1.18886
1.19005

48513
07490
78332
61050
55658

20365
21711
13905
84032
20362

514
746
874
188
660

0.84366
0.84282
0.84197
0.84113
0.84029

48165
15734
91731
76148
68976

96383
71619
68499
44623
58431

682
939
904
201
438

0.175
0.176
0.177
0.178
0.179

1.19124
1.19243
1.19363
1.19482
1.19602

62166
80586
10931
53212
07441

12358
50669
27138
34800
67883

122
468
834
796
563

0.83945
0.83861
0.83777
0.83694
0.83610

70207
79833
97845
24234
58993

69207
37074
22993
88768
97035

358
003
869
073
511

0.180
0.181
0.182
0.183
0.184

1.19721
1.19841
1.19961
1.20081
1.20201

73631
51792
41938
44080
58230

21810
93199
79868
80830
96301

165
657
311
812
462

0.83527
0.83443
0.83360
0.83276
0.83193

02114
53586
13404
81557
58038

11272
95789
15735
37090
26671

021
549
309
951
728

0.185
0.186
0.187
0.188
0.189

1.20321
1.20442
1.20562
1.20683
1.20804

84401
22603
72850
35153
09524

27695
77629
49924
49605
82901

376
686
742
317
811

0.83110
0.83027
0.82944
0.82861
0.82778

42838
35949
37363
47072
65066

52125
81932
85403
32680
94733

659
701
915
634
637

0.190
0.191
0.192
0.193
0.194

1.20924
1.21045
1.21167
1.21288
1.21409

95976
94520
05169
27935
62829

57251
81299
64900
19119
56233

458
533
562
527
085

0.82695
0.82613
0.82530
0.82448
0.82365

91339
25881
68684
19741
79042

43362
51193
91682
39108
68576

318
854
387
186
832

0.195
0.196
0.197
0.198
0.199

1.21531
1.21652
1.21774
1.21896
1.22018

09864
69053
40407
23938
19658

89730
34316
05908
21642
99872

774
229
396
747
499

0.82283
0.82201
0.82119
0.82036
0.81954

46580
22346
06333
98531
98933

56018
78186
12657
37831
32925

384
562
919

0.200

1.22140 27581 60169 834

(

[ "a

D.

81873 07530 77981 859

"(-7)1
7

7)1

021
626

['-a
6

"]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

120

E3 [PONE ;nti

Table 4.4

ex

ex

0.200
0.201
0.202
0.203
0.204

1.22140
1.22262
1.22384
1.22507
1.22629

27581
47718
80081
24682
81534

60169
23327
11358
47499
56210

834
112
099
185
607

0.81873
0.81791
0.81709
0.81627
0.81546

07530
24315
49279
82414
23711

77981
53859
42236
25609
87292

859
397
649
934
668

0.205
0.206
0.207
0.208
0.209

1. 22752
1.22875
1.22998
1.23121
1.23244

50649
32039
25717
31695
49985

63177
95312
80752
48867
30254

678
005
723
721
869

0.81464
0.81383
0.81301
0.81220
0.81139

73164
30762
96499
70367
52356

11414
82920
87570
11939
43411

545
720
998

0.210
0.211
0.212
0.213
0.214

1.23367
1.23491
1.23614
1.23738
1. 23862

80599
23550
78850
46512
26547

56743
61394
78503
43600
93452

251
396
512
719
285

0.81058
0.80977
0.80896
0.80815
0.80734

42459
40668
46975
61372
83850

70187
81276
66499
16488
22681

100
291
845
379
475

0.215
0.216
0.217
0.218
0.219

1.23986
1.24110
1.24234
1.24358
1.24483

18969
23790
41021
70676
12766

66061
00671
37764
19061
87531

862
728
020
978
187

0.80654
0.80573
0.80492
0.80412
0.80332

14401
53018
99693
54416
17181

77326
73479
05001
66559
53626

874
662
467
655
521

0.220
0.221
0.222
0.223
0.224

1.24607
1.24732
1.24857
1.24982
1.25107

67305
34305
13778
05737
10194

87380
64064
64283
35983
28362

820
879
447
926
294

0.80251
0.80171
0.80091
0.80011
0.79931

87979
66802
53643
48492
51343

62478
90195
34659
94554
69365

483
284
186
165
114

0.225
0.226
0.227
0. 228
0.229

1.25232
1.25357
1.25482
1.25608
1.25734

27161
56652
98679
53254
20390

91864
78186
40279
32344
09839

345
948
295
151
113

0.79851
0.79771
0.79692
0.79612
0.79532

62187
81016
07822
42598
85335

59377
65674
90139
35453
05093

043
274
647
721
973

0.230
0.231
0.232
0.233
0.234

1.25860
1.25985
1.26111
1.26238
1.26364

00099
92394
97288
14793
44922

29477
49231
28329
27261
07777

863
426
426
349
797

0.79453
0.79373
0.79294
0.79215
0.79136

36025
94660
61233
35735
18158

03334
35242
06683
24314
95583

008
758
687
003
855

0.235
0.236
0.237
0.238
0.239

1.26490
1.26617
1.26744
1.26870
1.26997

87687
43101
11177
91928
85365

32891
66879
75283
24910
83836

756
857
640
818
547

0.79057
0.78978
0.78899
0.78820
0.78741

08496
06739
12880
26910
48823

28735
32802
17609
93770
72687

550
754
706
426
922

0.240
0.241
0.242
0.243
0.244

1.27124
1.27252
1.27379
1.27506
1.27634

91503
10353
41928
86241
43304

21404
08229
16194
18459
89454

692
095
849
570
665

0.78662
0.78584
0.78505
0.78427
0.78348

78610
16263
61775
15137
76342

66553
88345
51829
71556
62862

409
515
496
451
532

0.245
0.246
0.247
0.248
0.249

1.27762
1.27889
1.28017
1.28145
1.28274

13132
95735
91127
99321
20330

04886
41738
78269
94021
69811

611
230
966
162
341

0.78270
0.78192
0.78114
0.78035
0.77957

45382
22249
06935
99432
99733

41868
25477
31376
78034
84700

168
270
458
273
396

0.250

1.28402 54166 87741 484

(

- 7)2
6

015

427

0.77880 07830 71404 868

-(-7)r
7)1
(
[ "e ]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

121

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4
6

0.250
0.251
0.252
0.253
0.254

1.28402
1.28531
1.28659
1.28788
1.28917

54166
00843
60372
32768
18042

87741
31195
84840
34630
67804

484
317
591
366
299

0.

77880
0.77802
0.77724
0.77646
0.77569

07830
23715
47380
78818
18020

71404
58957
68946
23737
46476

868
312
150
828
034

0.255
0.256
0.257
0.258
0.259

1.29046
1.29175
1.29304
1.29433
1.29563

16208
27279
51267
88186
38048

72889
39703
59353
24237
28048

931
974
603
745
373

0.

77491
0.77414
0.77336
0.77259
0.77182

64979
19687
82137
52321
30230

61080
92248
65449
06928
43703

928
360
096
045
483

0.260
0.261
0.262
0.263
0.264

1.29693
1.29822
1.29952
1.30082
1.30212

00866
76654
65424
67189
81963

65771
33689
29381
51724
00894

798
967
755
266
131

0.77105
0.77028
0. 76951
0. 76874
0. 76797

15858
09196
10237
18973
35396

03566
15079
07575
11160
56706

284
142
806
303
173

0.265
0.266
0.267
0.268
0.269

1.30343
1.30473
1.30604
1.30734
1.30865

09757
50586
04463
71400
51410

78368
86927
30654
14936
46466

808
883
372
028
646

0.76720
0. 76643
0. 76567
0.76490
0.76414

59499
91275
30714
77811
32556

75855
01019
65373
02864
48198

698
133
938
015
937

0.270
0.271
0.272
0.273
0.274

1.30996
1.31127
1.31258
1.31390
1.31521

44507
50703
70013
02448
48022

33247
84587
11108
24739
38724

364
979
252
218
500

0.76337
0.76261
0.76185
0.76109
0.76033

94943
64964
42610
27876
20752

36853
05065
89837
28934
60882

186
386
543
278
066

0.275
0.276
0.277
0.278
0.279

1.31653
1.31784
1.31916
1.32048
1.32180

06748
78640
63710
61972
73438

67621
27303
34958
09095
69539

623
324
873
387
151

0.75957
0.75881
0.75805
0.75729
0.75653

21232
29307
44971
68215
99032

24968
61241
10508
14335
15047

476
409
337
547
380

0.280
0.281
0.282
0.283
0.284

1.32312
1.32445
1.32577
1.32710
1.32843

98123
36039
87199
51618
29307

37436
35257
86792
17157
52794

936
318
007
164
731

0.75578
0.75502
0.75427
0.75351
0.75276

37414
83354
36845
97878
66447

55725
80208
33088
59717
06196

472
002
932
250
222

0.285
0.286
0.287
0.288
0.289

1.32976
1.33109
1. 33242
1.33375
1.33509

20281
24552
42134
73041
17285

21473
52291
75675
23384
28508

753
710
843
488
403

0.75201
0.75126
0.75051
0. 74976
0.74901

42543
26159
17288
15922
22054

19382
46886
37067
39041
02669

630
026
974
301
348

0.290
0.291
0.292
0.293
0.294

1.33642
1.33776
1.33910
1.34044
1.34178

74880
45839
30176
27904
39036

25472
50035
39293
31681
66971

103
199
724
481
373

0.74826
0. 74751
0. 74676
0. 74602
0. 74527

35675
56780
85359
21406
64914

78565
18091
73357
97221
43288

215
016
128
444
626

0.295
0.296
0.297
0.298
0.299

1.34312
1.34447
1.34581
1.34716
1.34850

63586
01568
52994
17878
96234

86276
32052
48097
79554
72910

747
735
594
052
654

0.74453
0.74378
0. 74304
0.74230
0.74155

15874
74280
40123
13397
94094

65909
20179
61939
47774
35010

357
599
843
369
502

0.300

1.34985 88075 76003 104

0.74081 82206 81717 866

TO
"(-7)1
6

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

122

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

ex

0.300
0.301
0.302
0.303
0.304

1.34985
1.35120
1.35256
1.35391
1.35526

88075
93415
12267
44644
90560

76003
38015
09482
42288
89671

104
618
272
348
692

0.74081
0.74007
0.73933
0.73859
0.73786

82206
77727
80648
90963
08664

81717
46707
89531
70482
50591

866
647
848
549
171

0.305
0.306
0.307
0.308
0.309

1.35662
1.35798
1.35934
1.36070
1.36206

50030
23065
09680
09889
23705

06224
47892
71980
37150
03421

066
497
642
137
961

0.73712
0.73638
0.73565
0.73491
0.73418

33743
66194
06009
53180
07700

91627
56100
07253
09068
26263

732
112
313
726
391

0.310
0.311
0.312
0.313
0.314

1.36342
1.36478
1.36615
1.36752
1.36888

51141
92211
46930
15310
97365

32177
86161
29479
27605
47375

794
378
880
258
624

0.73344
0.73271
0.73198
0.73124
0.73051

69562
38758
15282
99125
90281

24289
69332
28312
68882
59424

264
482
628
001
881

0.315
0.316
0.317
0.318
0.319

1.37025
1.37163
1.37300
1.37437
1.37575

93109
02556
25719
62612
13249

56996
26042
25458
27561
06039

611
743
804
208
370

0.72978
0.72905
0.72833
0.72760
0.72687

88742
94501
07551
27884
55493

69056
67623
25701
14595
06338

797
797
720
463
254

0.320
0.321
0.322
0.323
0.324

1.37712
1.37850
1.37988
1.38126
1.38264

77643
55808
47759
53509
73071

35957
93753
57246
05630
19479

085
895
476
003
542

0.72614
0.72542
0.72469
0.72397
0.72325

90370
32509
81903
38543
02423

73690
90141
29902
67915
79842

925
181
880
300
419

0.325
0.326
0.327
0.328
0.329

1.38403
1.38541
1.38680
1.38818
1.38957

06459
53688
14771
89722
78555

80751
72784
80302
89412
87610

421
617
136
403
642

0.72252
0.72180
0.72108
0.72036
0.71964

73536
51874
37430
30197
30167

42072
31715
26607
05301
47075

189
812
016
338
395

0.330
0.331
0.332
0.333
0.334

1.39096
1.39235
1.39375
1.39514
1.39654

81284
97923
28485
72984
31435

63780
08194
12516
69803
74505

266
268
609
608
339

0.71892
0.71820
0.71748
0.71677
0.71605

37334
51690
73228
01941
37822

31926
40570
54443
55698
27208

170
286
294
947
486

0.335
0.336
0.337
0.338
0.339

1.39794
1.39933
1.40073
1.40214
1.40354

03852
90248
90637
05034
33452

22467
10930
38535
05320
12726

023
424
249
540
081

0.71533
0.71462
0.71390
0.71319
0.71248

80863
31058
88399
52878
24490

52559
16057
02720
98282
89191

924
326
095
260
756

0.340
0.341
0.342
0.343
0.344

1.40494
1.40635
1.40776
1.40916
1.41057

75905
32408
02975
87619
86355

63593
62169
14102
26450
07678

797
155
572
817
418

0.71177
0.71105
0.71034
0.70963
0.70892

03227
89082
82047
82115
89280

62609
06409
09177
60208
49510

715
751
248
649
748

0.345
0.346
0.347
0.348
0.349

1.41198
1.41340
1.41481
1.41623
1.41764

99196
26158
67253
22497
91903

67659
17677
70428
40023
41986

075
066
658
522
146

0.70822
0.70751
0.70680
0.70609
0.70539

03534
24871
53282
88762
31302

67799
06501
57749
14384
69954

973
685
463
398
390

0.350

1.41906 75485 93257 248

(

- 7)2
6

0.70468 80897 18713 434

(

-r]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

123

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

ex

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

.350
.351
.352
.353
.354

1.41906
1.42048
1.42190
1.42333
1.42475

75485
73259
85237
11434
51864

93257 248
12195 200
18577 438
33601 886
79888 380

0.70468
0.70398
0.70328
0.70257
0.70187

80897
37538
01219
71933
49673

18713
55620
76340
77241
55394

434
921
929
521
037

.355
.356
.357
.358
359

1.42618
1.42760
1.42903
1.43046
1.43189

06542
75482
58698
56204
68015

81480
63844
53876
79897
71658

082
915
979
983
672

0.70117
0.70047
0.69977
0. 69907
0.69837

34432
26202
24977
30750
43513

08572
35252
34611
06525
51573

398
399
008
666
587

360
361
362
363
364

1.43332
1.43476
1.43619
1.43763
1.43907

94145
34608
89419
58592
42141

60340
78555
60351
41209
58046

258
848
880
556
276

0.69767
0.69697
0.69628
0.69558
0.69489

63260
89984
23678
64334
11947

71031
66872
41770
99095
42910

057
738
967

365
366
367
368
369

1.44051
1.44195
1.44339
1.44484
1.44628

40081
52426
79191
20389
76036

49217
54516
15177
73879
74739

078
071
881
090
677

0.69419
0.69350
0.69280
0.69211
0.69142

66508
28012
96450
71816
54104

77978
09755
44391
88730
50308

831
768
707
425
508

370
371
372
373
374

1.44773
1.44918
1.45063
1.45208
1.45353

46146
30733
29812
43398
71504

63324
86644
93158
32775
56852

462
554
799
223
487

0.69073
0.69004
0.68935
0.68866
0.68797

43306
39415
42425
52328
69118

37354
58789
24222
43955
28979

660
010
423
806
422

375
376
377
378
379

1.45499
1.45644
1.45790
1.45936
1.46082

14146
71337
43093
29428
30357

18201
71086
71225
75796
43431

336
052
910
632
842

0.68728
0.68660
0.68591
0.68523
0.68454

92787
23330
60738
05006
56126

90972
42301
96020
65870
66278

199
040
141
297
222

380
381
382
383
384

1.46228
1.46374
1.46521
1.46667
1.46814

45894
76054
20851
80300
54416

34224
09728
32959
68398
81989

532
512
881
485
380

0.68386
0.68317
0.68249
0.68181
0.68113

14092
78896
50532
28992
14271

12355
19899
05390
85990
79547

858
696
084
553
125

385
386
387
388
389

1.46961
1.47108
1.47255
1.47402
1.47550

43214
46708
64912
97842
45513

41144
14743
73135
88141
33054

302
133
370
592
939

0.68045
0.67977
0.67909
0. 67841
0.67773

06362
05256
10949
23432
42700

04587
80321
26636
64104
13971

638
060
810
077
142

390
391
392
393
394

1.47698
1.47845
1.47993
1.48141
1.48290

07938
85134
77114
83893
05486

82642
13147
02288
29264
74753

577
180
401
352
084

0.67705
0.67638
0.67570
0.67502
0.67435

68744
01560
41139
87475
40562

98164
39289
60626
36133
40444

700
177
058
209
198

395
396
397
398
399

1.48438
1.48586
1.48735
1.48884
1.49033

41909
93175
59300
40299
36186

20914
51389
51306
07277
07402

066
667
642
615
565

0.67368
0.67300
0.67233
0.67166
0.67099

00392
66959
40256
20276
07013

48867
37386
32657
62009
53445

624
438
274
771
901

0.400

1.49182 46976 41270 318

062
621

0.67032 00460 35639 301

819

['"a

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

124

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

0.400
0.401
0.402
0.403
0.404

1.49182
1.49331
1.49481
1.49630
1.49780

46976
72684
13326
68916
39469

41270
99960
76042
63582
58138

318
030
686
585
840

0.67032
0.66965
0. 66898
0.66831
0.66764

00460
00610
07456
20993
41212

35639
37934
90346
23560
68928

301
596
733
309
902

0.405
0.406
0.407
0.408
0.409

1.49930
1.50080
1.50230
1.50380
1.50531

25000
25524
41056
71611
17204

56766
58019
61950
70111
85559

870
898
452
860
754

0.66697
0.66631
0.66564
0.66497
0.66431

68108
01674
41903
88788
42323

58474
24886
01521
22401
22216

400
338
227
888
786

0.410
0.411
0.412
0.413
0.414

50681
50832
50983
51134
51285

77851
53565
44363
50259
71268

12853
58058
28744
33993
84394

578
082
838
742
526

0.66365
0.66298
0.66232
0.66166
0.66100

02501
69316
42760
22828
09512

36319
00727
52122
27848
65912

366
386
256
372
454

0.415
0.416
0.417
0.418
0.419

51437
51588
51740
51892
52044

07406
58688
25129
06744
03547

92048
70568
35084
02239
90196

265
894
718
927
115

0.66034
0.65968
0.65902
0.65836
0.65770

02807
02704
09199
22284
41952

04982
84389
44120
24827
67816

886
050
673
158
932

0.420
0.421
0.422
0.423
0.424

52196
52348
52500
52653
52806

15556
42784
85246
42959
15937

18633
08753
83279
66456
84057

796
926
422
685
126

0.65704
0.65639
0.65573
0.65507
0.65442

68198
01014
40393
86331
38819

15056
09171
93441
11806
08858

782
201
728
293
560

0.425
0.426
0.427
0.428
0.429

52959
53112
53265
53418
53572

04196
07751
26617
60809
10343

63378
33247
24018
67579
97349

690
382
802
666
347

0.65376
0.65311
0.65246
0.65181
0.65115

97851
63421
35522
14147
99291

29847
20675
27900
98731
81032

271
593
462
930
515

0.430
0.431
0.432
0.433
0.434

53725
53879
54033
54187
54341

75235
55499
51151
62207
88681

48281
56865
61127
00632
16487

402
110
008
428
038

0.65050
0.64985
0.64920
0.64856
0.64791

90947
89107
93766
04918
22554

23316
74749
85147
04976
85350

545
506
398
075
604

0.435
0.436
0.437
0.438
0.439

54496
54650
54805
54960
55115

30589
87947
60770
49074
52873

51338
49377
56340
19508
87714

384
427
096
826
108

0.64726
0.64661
0.64597
0.64532
0.64468

46670
77259
14314
57828
07796

78034
35439
10624
57294
29801

611
635
479
565
285

0.440
0.441
0.442
0.443
0.444

55270
55426
55581
55737
55893

72185
07023
57404
23343
04856

11336
42305
34107
41779
21915

042
879
580
367
277

0.64403
0.64339
0.64274
0.64210
0.64146

64210
27065
96354
72070
54208

83141
72956
55531
87795
27319

359
185
200
233
863

0.445
0.446
0.447
0.448
0.449

56049
56205
56361
56517
56674

01958
14665
42992
86956
46571

32666
33744
86418
53521
99451

719
035
055
663
356

0.64082
0.64018
0.63954
0.63890
0.63826

42760
37720
39082
46840
60986

32318
61647
74800
31916
93768

776
123
880
208
809

0.450

56831 21854 90168 811

7' 2

['"a

0.63762 81516 21773 293

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

125

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

0.450
0.451
0.452
0.453
0.454

1.56831
1.56988
1.57145
1.57302
1.57459

21854
12820
19485
41865
79974

90168
93202
77649
14175
75018

811
449
003
089
775

0.455
0.456
0.457
0.458
0.459

1.57617
1.57775
1.57932
1.58090
1.58249

33830
03447
88842
90030
07027

33991
66477
49440
61419
82533

152
911
916
781
449

0.460
0.461
0.462
0.463
0.464

1.58407
1.58565
1.58724
1.58883
1.59042

39849
88512
53032
33424
29704

94481
80547
25595
16080
40039

775
101
846
087
147

0.465
0.466
0.467
0.468
0.469

1.59201
1.59360
1.59520
1.59679
1.59839

41888
69993
14034
74026
49987

87101
48484
17000
87052
54640

182
772
511
601
444

0.

0.470
0.471
0.472
0.473
0.474

1.59999
1.60159
1.60319
1.60480
1.60640

41932
49876
73837
13829
69870

17360
74406
26574
76258
27460

241
589
077
891
416

0.

0.475
0.476
0.477
0.478
0.479

1.60801
1.60962
1.61123
1.61284
1.61445

41974
30159
34440
54833
91355

85782
58436
54240
83623
58623

835
741
740
064
174

0.480
0.481
0.482
0.483
0.484

1.61607
1.61769
1.61930
1.62092
1.62255

44021
12849
97853
99050
16456

92893
01700
01927
12074
52261

382
456
238
265
382

0.485
0.486
0.487
0.488
0.489

1.62417
1.62579
1.62742
1.62905
1.63068

50088
99962
66093
48499
47196

44229
11341
78585
72574
21548

364
538
406
272
865

0.490
0.491
0.492
0.493
0.494

1.63231
1.63394
1.63558
1.63722
1.63885

62199
93526
41192
05213
85607

55378
05565
05239
89170
93758

970
057
912
270
453

0.

0.495
0.496
0.497
0.498
0.499

1.64049
1.64213
1.64378
1. 64542
1.64707

82390
95578
25187
71234
33735

57044
18705
20061
04072
15345

002
315
292
971
173

0.

0.

0.500

1.64872 12707 00128 147

Table 4.4

63762
63699
63635
63571
63508

81516
08421
41697
81336
27332

21773
77982
25087
26414
45928

293
535
037
293
153

63444
63381
63318
63254
63191

79679
38370
03400
74762
52448

48228
98549
62759
07363
99495

182
030
794
387
898

63128
63065
63002
62939
62876

36455
26773
23399
26325
35544

06925
98054
41912
08162
67098

969
154
291
872
411

62813
62750
62688
62625
62562

51051
72840
00904
35236
75831

89640
47340
12377
57555
56310

814
750
027
956
730

62500
62437
62375
62313
62250

22682
75784
35129
00711
72525

82700
11411
17752
77657
67686

796
229
104
876
754

62188
62126
62064
62002
61940

50564
34822
25292
21969
24846

65020
47461
93437
81993
92799

075
685
314
957
250

61878
61816
61754
61692
61631

33918
49177
70617
98233
32019

06140
02925
64680
73547
12289

853
827
018
436
639

61569
61508
61446
61385
61323

71967
18073
70329
28730
93269

64285
13528
44630
42817
93927

113
659
776
043
508

61262
61201
61140
61079
61018

63941
40740
23658
12690
07830

84416
01349
32408
65884
90679

069
867
668
251
799

0.

60957
60896
60835
60774
60713

09072
16410
29838
49349
74937

96309
72896
11176
02490
38789

287
868
269
178
634

0.

60653 06597 12633 424

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

0,
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

~n

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

126

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4
ex

0.500
0.501
0.502
0.503
0.504

1.64872
1.65037
1.65202
1.65367
1.65532

12707
08166
20128
48611
93631

00128
06319
83464
82760
57054

147
214
418
175
920

0.60653
0.60592
0.60531
0.60471
0.60410

06597
44322
88106
37943
93828

12633
17187
46224
94122
55864

424
470
228
075
709

0.505
0.506
0.507
0.508
0.509

1.65698
1.65864
1.66030
1.66196
1.66362

55204
33347
28076
39409
67361

60850
50305
83232
19105
19058

766
156
516
918
736

0.60350
0.60290
0.60229
0.60169
0.60109

55754
23715
97704
77717
63747

27040
03842
83065
62109
38975

541
093
390
362
237

0.510
0.511
0.512
0.513
0.514

1.66529
1.66695
1.66862
1.67029
1.67196

11949
73190
51101
45698
56998

45886
64047
39666
40535
36112

308
601
871
333
826

0.60049
0.59989
0.59929
0.59869
0.59809

55788
53833
57878
67916
83940

12265
81185
45538
05729
62761

943
502
434
153
369

0.515
516
0.517
0.518
0.519

1.67363
1.67531
1.67698
1.67866
1.68034

85017
29773
91283
69562
64627

97529
97587
10762
13205
82744

486
414
348
342
439

0.59750
0.59690
0.59630
0.59571
0.59511

05946
33926
67876
07789
53658

18237
74358
33920
00321
77550

489
019
965
238
053

0.520
0.521
0.522
0.523
0.524

1.68202
1.68371
1. 68539
1.68708
1.68876

76496
05186
50712
13093
92344

98886
42818
97408
47211
78463

347
123
851
326
738

0. 59452
0.59392
0.59333
0.59273
0.59214

05479
63245
26951
96589
72156

70194
83436
23052
95412
07481

339
138
015
460
294

69045
69215
69384
69553
69723

88483
01527
31492
78396
42254

79091
38708
48618
01819
93001

359
232
855
881
803

0.59155
0.59096
0.59037
0. 58978
0.58919

53643
41046
34359
33576
38690

66815
81562
60463
12850
48643

082
533
912
450
749

69893
70063
70233
70403
70574

23086
20906
35733
67583
16474

18550
76549
66781
90727
51574

654
702
146
817
883

0.58860
0.58801
0. 58742
0. 58684
0. 58625

49696
66589
89361
18008
52523

78355
13085
64523
44946
67219

196
372
463
670
626

70744
70915
71086
71257
71429

82422
65445
65559
82781
17130

54211
05232
12940
87347
40175

545
748
887
510
036

0.58566
0.58508
0.58449
0.58391
0.58333

92901
39135
91221
49151
12920

44793
91706
22582
52628
97638

803
932
409
716
836

71600
71772
71944
72116
72288

68621
37273
23102
26125
46360

84858
36547
12106
30118
10887

460
069
159
747
296

0.58274
0.58216
0.58158
0.58100
0.58042

82523
57953
39205
26273
19151

73989
98641
89137
63601
40742

665
430
107
839
351

83823
38533
10506
99760
06311

76435
50509
58581
27847
87233

429
656
095
197
477

0.57984
0.57926
0.57868
0.57810
0.57752

17833
22313
32586
48646
70487

39846
80782
83997
70519
61954

373
055
389
631
718

0.

0.525
0.526
0.527
0.528
0.529
0.530
0.531
0.532
0.533
0.534

1.

1.
1.

1.
1.

1.

1.
1.
1.

1.

0.535
0.536
0.537
0.538
0.539

1.

0.540
0.541
0.542
0.543
0.544

1.
1.

1.
1.
1.
1.

1.

1.
1.

0.545
0.546
0.547
0.548
0.549

1.
1.

72460
72633
72806
72978
73152

0.550

1.

73325 30178 67395 237

1.

1.

1.

[ -e

0.57694 98103 80486 695

8 8

)2

'

['"a

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

127

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

0.550
551
0.552
0.553
0.554

1.73325
1.73498
1.73672
1.73846
1.74019

30178
71378
29927
05843
99144

67395
00719
21325
65069
69542

237
302
750
647
780

0.57694
0.57637
0.57579
0.57522
0.57464

98103
31489
70638
15546
66205

80486
48877
90464
29163
89465

695
132
548
839
693

0.555
0.556
0.557
0.558
0.559

1.74194
1.74368
1.74542
1.74717
1.74892

09847
37970
83529
46543
27028

74075
19737
49342
07446
40349

399
955
837
121
310

0.57407
0.57349
0.57292
0.57235
0.57178

22611
84758
52640
26251
05586

96436
75715
53518
56633
12420

024
391
425
257
941

0.560
0.561
0.562
0.563
0.564

1.75067
1.75242
1.75417
1.75593
1.75768

25002
40484
73489
24037
92143

96101
24499
77091
07179
69816

083
041
459
036
648

0.57120
0.57063
0.57006
0.56949
0.56892

90638
81402
77873
80045
87911

48814
94320
78013
29541
79121

886
280
522
648
761

0.565
0.566
0.567
0.568
0.569

1.75944
1.76120
1.76297
1.76473
1.76649

77827
81105
01995
40515
96682

21815
21742
29927
08459
21189

104
902
989
520
621

0.56836
0.56779
0.56722
0.56665
0.56609

01467
20706
45624
76213
12469

57540
96153
26884
82224
95233

464
288
125
657
792

0.570
0.571
0.572
0.573
0.574

1.76826
1.77003
1.77180
1.77357
1.77535

70514
62029
71244
98177
42846

33735
13479
29574
52941
56273

152
471
208
024
392

0.56552
0.56496
0.56439
0.56383
0.56326

54386
01959
55181
14047
78551

99537
29326
19358
04955
22004

097
229
370
664
648

0.575
0.576
0.577
0.578
0.579

1.

77713
77890
78068
78246
78425

05269
85463
83445
99235
32850

14038
02478
99612
85240
40940

362
341
864
377
016

0.56270
0.56214
0.56158
0.56101
0.56045

48688
24451
05837
92838
85449

06955
96822
29181
42170
74490

693
437
224
538
445

78603
78782
78961
79140
79319

84307
53624
40820
45912
68918

50073
97786
71010
58466
50662

382

414
599

0.55989
0.55933
0.55877
0.55822
0.55766

83665
87480
96888
11884
32463

65402
54726
82846
90701
19791

033
843
320
245
179

79499
79678
79858
80038
80218

09856
68744
45599
40441
53286

39900
20272
87669
39776
76077

067
757
600
313
198

0.55710
0.55654
0.55599
0.55543
0.55488

58618
90344
27635
70486
18892

12173
10464
57836
98018
75294

905
868
621
264
892

80398
80579
80760
80940
81121

84153
33061
00026
85067
88202

97856
08202
12004
15959
28572

940
413
477
787
596

0.55432
0.55377
0.55321
0.55266
0.55211

72847
32345
97380
67948
44043

34507
21050
80873
60481
06930

035
107
848
771
610

1.

81303
81484
81666
81847
82029

09449
48827
06353
82045
75923

60156
22836
30550
99051
45908

569
588
566
264
101

0.55156
0.55101
0.55046
0.54991
0.54936

25658
12789
05431
03577
07222

67829
91340
26176
21601
27429

766
753
649
542
984

1.

82211 88003 90508 975

0.

0.580
0.581
0.582
0.583
0.584
0.585
0.586
0.587
0.588
0.589

1.

1.
1.
1.

1.
1.
1.

1.
1.

1.

1.

1.
1.
1.

0.590
0.591
0.592
0.593
0.594

1.

0.595
0.596
0.597
0.598
0.599

1.

0.

600

1.

1.
1.
1.

1.
1.

1.

'P

336
772

0.54881 16360 94026 433

2
1

-68,?
]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

128

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

0.600
0.601
0.602
0.603
0.604

1.82211
1.82394
1.82576
1.82759
1.82942

88003
18305
66846
33645
18719

90508
54062
59597
31970
97859

975
083
740
203
499

0.54881
0.54826
0.54771
0.54716
0.54662

16360
30987
51097
76683
07741

94026
72304
13727
70305
94597

433
710
448
543
605

0.605
0.606
0.607
0.608
0.609

1.83125
1.83308
1.83491
1.83675
1.83859

22088
43770
83782
42143
18872

85773
26048
50853
94189
91893

244
479
497
676
312

0.54607
0.54552
0.54498
0.54443
0.54389

44266
86251
33692
86582
44917

39709
59293
07547
39217
09589

413
368
943
140
946

0.610
0.611
0.612
0.613
0.614

1.84043
1.84227
1.84411
1.84596
1.84780

13987
27507
59448
09832
78674

81637
02933
97134
07433
78869

455
750
270
364
496

0.54335
0.54280
0.54226
0.54172
0.54118

08690
77897
52533
32591
18066

74499
90323
13983
02940
15202

787
981
200
922
890

0.615
0.616
0.617
0.618
0.619

1.84965
1.85150
1.85335
1.85521
1.85707

65995
71812
96145
39011
00429

58327
94538
38085
41401
58772

090
381
258
120
725

0.54064
0.54010
0.53956
0.53902
0.53848

08953
05246
06940
14030
26510

09316
44370
79994
76357
94167

571
616
313
053
789

0.620
0.621
0.622
0.623
0.624

1.85892
1.86078
1.86264
1.86451
1.86637

80418
78996
96182
31995
86452

46342
62108
65928
19523
86472

044
121
925
215
402

0.53794
0.53740
0.53686
0.53633
0.53579

44375
67620
96238
30226
69576

94674
39663
91459
12924
67456

492
618
568
149
037

0.625
0.626
0.627
0.628
0.629

1.86824
1.87011
1.87198
1.87385
1.87573

59574
51378
61883
91108
39071

32222
24085
31242
24743
77511

407
530
321
442
543

0.53526
0.53472
0.53419
0.53365
0.53312

14285
64346
19754
80505
46591

18990
31997
71484
02990
92592

242
571
093
602
086

0.630
0.631
0.632
0.633
0.634

1.87761
1.87948
1.88136
1.88325
1.88513

05792
91289
95581
18687
60625

64343
61910
48763
05331
13924

132
454
361
198
678

0.53259
0.53205
0.53152
0.53099
0.53046

18010
94754
76818
64198
56888

06897
13047
78717
72114
61974

190
683
927
344
883

0.635
0.636
0.637
0.638
0.639

1.88702
1.88891
1.89079
1.89269
1.89458

21414
01074
99623
17079
53463

58737
25849
03226
80722
50084

766
565
199
703
912

0.52993
0.52940
0.52887
0.52834
0.52781

54883
58177
66765
80641
99802

17568
08694
05682
79390
01207

489
574
485
975
673

0.640
0.641
0.642
0.643
0.644

1.89648
1.89837
1.90027
1.90217
1.90408

08793
83087
76365
88646
19949

04951
40855
55225
47391
18580

353
140
865
502
301

0.52729
0.52676
0.52623
0.52571
0.52518

24240
53951
88930
29172
74670

43048
77357
77105
15790
67436

557
426
369
242
140

0.645
0.646
0.647
0.648
0.649

1.90598
1.90789
1.90980
1.91171
1.91362

70292
39696
28178
35758
62456

71922
12453
47112
84748
36119

692
188
287
384
674

0.52466
0.52413
0.52361
0.52309
0.52256

25421
81418
42656
09131
80836

06592
08335
48263
02500
47694

872
432
478
807
830

0.650

1.91554 08290 13896 070

-<- 7>)2
2
(

7
6

0.52204 57767 61016 048

TAL FUNCTIONS

129

FUNCTION

Table 4.4
e~ x

0.650
0.651
0.652
0.653
0.654

1.91554
1.91745
1.91937
1.92129
1.92321

08290
73279
57443
60800
83371

13896
32661
08913
61070
09468

070
108
867
883
067

0.

52204
0.52152
0.52100
0.52048
0.51996

57767
39919
27286
19862
17644

61016
20157
03334
89283
57261

048
530
394
277
823

0.655
0.656
0.657
0.658
0.659

1.92514
1.92706
1.92899
1.93092
1.93285

25173
86227
66552
66167
85091

76362
85934
64290
39462
41411

630
997
740
496
902

0.51944
0.51892
0.51840
0.51788
0.51736

20625
28801
42166
60715
84443

87048
58940
53755
52831
38021

156
364
974
438
612

0.660
0.661
0.662
0.663
0.664

1.93479
1.93672
1.93866
1.94060
1.94254

23344
80944
57912
54266
70027

02031
55146
36517
83841
36754

522
776
879
774
070

0.51685
0.51633
0.51581
0.51530
0.51478

13344
47414
86648
31039
80584

91699
96754
36594
95141
56836

238
426
140
674
146

0.665
0.666
0.667
0.668
0.669

1.94449
1.94643
1.94838
1.95033
1.95228

05213
59844
33939
27518
40601

36830
27591
54498
64961
08339

982
272
192
432
065

0.51427
0.51375
0.51324
0.51273
0.51222

35277
95112
60085
30190
05423

06631
29998
12918
41890
03924

974
365
798
516
002

0.670
0.671
672
673
0.674

1.95423
1.95619
1.95814
1.96010
1.96206

73206
25354
97063
88354
99246

35939
01023
58805
66457
83108

496
417
754
630
314

0.51170
0.51119
0.51068
0.51017
0.50966

85777
71249
61833
57524
58316

86542
77781
66187
40820
91247

478
383
865
271
632

0.675
0.676
0.677
0.678
0.679

1.96403
1.96599
1.96796
1.96993
1.97190

29759
79912
49726
39218
48411

69847
89725
07759
90929
08185

187
700
335
575
868

0.50915
0.50864
0.50813
0.50763
0.50712

64206
75186
91254
12402
38627

07549
80313
00639
60132
50908

157
718
348
723
661

0.680
0.681
0.682
0.683
0.684

1.97387
1.97585
1.97782
1.97980
1.98178

77322
25972
94380
82567
90552

30447
30606
83526
66049
56994

594
040
371
605
589

0.50661
0.50611
0.50560
0.50509
0.50459

69923
06285
47709
94188
45719

65589
97305
39691
86890
33551

610
142
448
827
185

0.685
0.686
0.687
0.688
0.689

1.98377
1. 98575
1.98774
1.98973
1.99172

18355
65995
33493
20869
28142

37159
89326
98257
50703
35403

979
220
531
885
001

0.50409
0.50358
0.50308
0.50258
0.50207

02295
63913
30566
n
2250

74825
06371
24350
25428
.3960 06773

526
449

0.690
0.691
0.692
0.693
0.694

1.99371
1.99571
1.99770
1.99970
2.00170

55332
02459
69544
56605
63663

43082
66461
00252
41163
87902

329
043
033
899
948

0.50157
0.50107
0.50057
0.50007
0.49957

60690
47437
39194
35956
37720

66055
01448
11627
95767
53544

534
895
713
658
971

0.695
0.696
0.697
0.698
0.699

2.00370
2.00571
2.00772
2.00972
2.01173

90739
37852
05021
92268
99613

41175
03688
80153
77288
03818

193
356
865
865
219

0.49907
0.49857
0.49807
0.49757
0.49708

44479
56229
72965
94682
21374

85135
91216
72961
32044
70637

969
541
653
844
732

0.700

2.01375 27074 70476 522

0.
0.

644
387
037

0.49658 53037 91409 515

ra
-(-8)6"

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

130

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

0.700
0.701
0.702
0.703
0.704

2.01375
2.01576
2.01778
2.01980
2.02182

27074
74673
42430
30365
38498

70476
90010
77179
48759
23544

522
108
065
247
296

0.49658
0.49608
0.49559
0.49509
0.49460

53037
89666
31256
77802
29299

91409
97526
92651
80943
67056

515
471
465
451
976

0.705
0.706
0.707
0.708
0.709

2.

02384
2.02587
2.02789
2. 02992
2.03195

66849
15438
84286
73414
82840

22347
68004
85374
01341
44819

653
586
210
511
374

0.49410
0.49361
0.49312
0.49262
0.49213

85742
47126
13446
84698
60875

56141
53841
66295
00135
62485

685
826
756
445
987

0.710
0.711
0.712
0.713
0.714

2.03399
2.03602
2.03806
2.04010
2.04214

12586
62672
33118
23945
35173

46750
40109
59906
43184
29026

612
996
288
280
822

0.49164
0.49115
0.49066
0.49017
0.48968

41974
27990
18916
14750
15485

60965
03682
99240
56730
85736

102
649
129
197
169

0.715
0.716
0.717
0.718
0.719

2.04418
2.04623
2.04827
2.05032
2.05237

66822
18913
91467
84503
98043

58556
74939
23384
51146
07529

873
531
083
049
226

0.48919
0.48870
0.48821
0.48772
0.48723

21117
31641
47053
67346
92516

96331
99079
05032
25731
73205

534
460
312

0.720
0.721
0.722
0.723
0.724

2.05443
2.05648
2.05854
2.06060
2.06266

32106
86714
61886
57644
74008

43887
13628
72211
77154
88034

743
106
257
626
189

0.48675
0.48626
0.48577
0.48529
0.48480

22559
57469
97243
41873
91357

59971
99034
03884
88500
67343

650
560
990
207
253

0.725
0.726
0.727
0.728
0.729

2.06473
2.06679
2.06886
2.07093
2.07300

10999
68637
46943
45938
65642

66486
76210
82971
54598
60992

529
896
273
438
036

0.48432
0.48384
0.48335
0.48287
0.48239

45689
04864
68878
37725
11401

55362
67990
21146
31229
15125

467
997
315
734
923

0.730
0.731
0.732
0.733
0.734

2.07508
2.07715
2.07923
2.08131
2.08339

06076
67261
49218
51967
75529

74122
68033
18844
04749
06025

645
852
323
882
589

0.48190
0.48142
0.48094
0.48046
0.47998

89900
73219
61352
54295
52042

90202
74309
85778
43422
66536

427

0.735
0.736
0.737
0.738
0.739

2.08548
2.08756
2.08965
2. 09174
2.09384

19925
85175
71302
78325
06265

05027
86196
36056
43220
98392

819
344
419
868
173

0.47950
0.47902
0.47854
0.47806
0.47759

54589
61931
74064
90982
12680

74894
88751
28841
16377
73052

090
082
182
589
052

0.740
0.741
0.742
0.743
0.744

2.09593
2.09803
2.10013
2.10223
2.10433

55144
24983
15801
27621
60464

94364
26026
90360
86450
15478

563
109
816
725
007

0.47711
0.47663
0.47616
0.47568
0.47520

39155
70400
06412
47186
92716

21034
82972
81989
41687
86144

388
004
423
803
466

0.745
0.746
0.747
0.748
0.749

2.10644
2.10854
2.11065
2.11277
2.11488

14349
89299
85335
02477
40747

80727
87586
43551
58226
43325

065
641
917
625
155

0.47473
0.47425
0.47378
0.47331
0.47283

42999
98029
57801
22312
91555

39912
28019
75969
09739
55779

416
867
767
326
537

0.750

2.11700 00166 12674 669

(

[ "e

)3

153
263

180
027
238
031

0.47236 65527 41014 707

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

131

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

0.750
0.751
0.752
0.753
0.754

2.11700
2.11911
2.12123
2.12336
2.12548

00166
80754
82534
05526
49752

12674
82217
70011
96236
83191

669
212
830
688
190

0.47236
0.47189
0.47142
0.47095
0.47048

65527
44222
27637
15766
08604

41014
92841
39130
08222
28930

707
982
875
791
562

0.755
0.756
0.757
0.758
0.759

2.12761
2.12974
2.13187
2.13400
2.13613

15233
01990
10044
39417
90130

55298
39105
63289
58655
58141

098
663
745
946
739

0.47001
0.46954
0.46907
0.46860
0.46813

06147
08390
15328
26958
43273

30537
42799
95938
20650
48096

969
274
749
211
543

0.760
0.761
0.762
0.763
0.764

2.13827
2.14041
2.14255
2.14470
2.14684

62204
55662
70523
06810
64544

96818
11894
42714
30765
19676

602
152
282
301
075

0.46766
0.46719
0.46673
0.46626
0.46579

64270
89943
20288
55301
94976

09909
38187
65499
24879
49828

234
907
852
557
242

0.765
0.766
0.767
0.768
0.769

2.

14899
15114
15329
15545
15760

43746
44438
66642
10379
75670

55220
85318
60038
31603
54385

173
010
993
678
916

0.46533
0.46486
0.46440
0.46394
0.46347

39309
88296
41931
00210
63129

74313
32768
60091
91646
63261

393
297
573
708
598

0.770
0.771
0.772
0.773
0.774

2.

15976
16192
16409
16625
16842

62537
71002
01087
52812
26199

84915
81877
06121
20653
90647

008
866
167
514
604

0.46301
0.46255
0.46208
0.46162
0.46116

30683
02866
79675
61105
47152

11228
72301
83700
83104
08658

073
444
034
714
446

17059
17276
17493
17711
17929

21271
38049
76555
36810
18836

83442
68545
17634
04559
05347

386
234
114
757
830

0.46070
0.46024
0.45978
0.45932
0.45886

37809
33074
32942
37407
46465

98965
93092
30565
51370
95954

818
580
189
344
527

18147
18365
18583
18802
19021

22654
48288
95758
65087
56296

98201
63501
83813
43882
30643

117
691
099
545
070

0.45840
0.45794
0. 45749
0.45703
0.45657

60113
78344
01154
28540
60496

05223
20542
83733
37077
23314

545
069
175
890
727

19240
19460
19679
19899
20119

69407
04442
61423
40372
41311

33215
42911
53235
59883
60752

744
852
086
740
903

0.45611
45566
0.45520
0. 45475
0.45429

97017
38100
83740
33931
88670

85639
67703
13615
67940
75695

236
540
885
176
532

20339
20560
20780
21001
21222

64262
09247
76288
65407
76626

55936
47730
40632
41347
58787

659
288
465
466
377

0.45384
0.45339
0.45293
0.45248
0.45203

47952
11773
80127
53011
30420

82355
33849
76557
57316
23414

822
215
724
754
649

09968
65453
43106
42947
64999

04074
90542
33740
51434
63608

299
561
936
850
607

0.45158
0.45112
0.45067
0.45022
0. 44977

12349
98794
89750
85213
85178

22592
03042
13409
02789
20727

237
379
518
227
758

2.
2.
2.
2.

2.
2.
2.

2.

0.775
0.776
0.777
0.778
0.779

2.

2.
2.
2.

2.

0.780
0.781
0.782
0.783
0.784

2.

0.785
0.786
0.787
0.788
0.789

2.

0.790
0.791
0.792
0.793
0.794

2.

0.795
0.796
0.797
0.798
0.799

2.

2.

21444
21665
21887
22109
22331

0.800

2.

22554 09284 92467 605

2.
2.

2.
2.

2.
2.
2.
2.

2.
2.
2.

2.

2.

2.
2.

[
716-654

64

10

0.

0.44932 89641 17221 591

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

132

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

ex

0.800
0.801
0.802
0.803
0.804

2.22554
2.22776
2.22999
2.23222
2.23446

09284
75825
64644
75762
09202

92467
62440
00181
34573
96726

605
556
717
111
759

0.44932
0.44887
0.44843
0.44798
0.44753

89641
98597
12042
29971
52381

17221
42716
48109
84743
04412

591
986
530
691
369

0.805
0.806
0.807
0.808
0.809

2.

23669
23893
24117
24341
24566

64988
43140
43681
66635
12022

19986
39932
94378
23379
69230

909
270
249
186
599

0.44708
0.44664
0.44619
0.44574
0.44530

79265
10621
46442
86726
31467

59356
02264
86271
64960
92358

447
340
556
242
738

24790
25015
25240
25466
25691

79866
70189
83014
18363
76258

76471
91886
64507
45618
88752

419
242
569
061
788

0.44485
0.44441
0.44396
0.44352
0.44308

80662
34305
92392
54918
21880

22941
11626
13780
85209
82167

134
826
063
512
806

25917
26143
26369
26596
26823

56723
59779
85450
33758
04725

49701
86510
59486
31195
66470

480
786
532
979
087

0.44263
0.44219
0.44175
0.44131
0.44087

93273
69092
49333
33992
23064

61351
79898
95392
65856
49756

106
654
332
218
146

27049
27277
27504
27732
27960

98375
14729
53812
15645
00251

32405
98368
35993
19188
24138

781
215
046
700
650

0.44043
0.43999
0.43955
0.43911
0.43867

16545
14429
16714
23395
34466

05999
93933
73347
04469
47967

263
588
574
662
847

28188
28416
28644
28873
29102

07653
37874
90936
66863
65678

29303
15424
65522
64904
01164

690
217
506
998
583

0.43823
0.43779
0.43735
0.43692
0.43648

49924
69765
93983
22575
55537

64949
16959
65982
74441
05193

237
611
985
171
342

29331
29561
29790
30020
30251

87402
32060
99674
90267
03862

64182
46132
41479
46985
61709

888
567
593
553
945

0.43604
0.43561
0.43517
0.43474
0.43430

92863
34549
80592
30987
85729

21535
87200
66356
23608
23995

593
502

30481
30712
30942
31173
31405

40482
00151
82890
88724
17676

87012
26555
86305
74537
01834

474
358
628
437
366

0.43387
0.43344
0.43300
0.43257
0.43214

44814
08238
75996
48084
24498

32990
16504
40877
72886
79740

906
293
616
664
233

31636
31868
32100
32332
32565

69767
45023
43465
65117
10003

81091
27518
58641
94304
56672

734
913
644
351
462

0.43171
0.43127
0.43084
0.43041
0.42998

05234
90286
79652
73326
71304

29079
88978
27942
14906
19239

693
558
052
679
788

2.

32797
33030
33263
33497
33730

78145
69567
84292
22343
83745

70234
61805
60527
97872
07647

734
575
370
812
233

0.42955
0.42912
0.42869
0.42827
0.42784

73582
80155
91020
06172
25606

10739
59632
36577
12659
59395

148
516
204
654
005

2.

33964 68519 25990 937

0.810
0.811
0.812
0.813
0.814

0.815
0.816
0.817
0.818
0.819

2.
2.

2.
2.

2.
2.

2.
2.
2.

2.

2.
2.
2.
2.

0.820
0.821
0.822
0.823
0.824

2.

0.825
0.826
0.827
0.828
0.829

2.

0.830
0.831
0.832
0.833
0.834
0.835
0.836
0.837
0.838
0.839

0.840
0.841
0.842
0.843
0.844

0.845
0.846
0.847
0.848
0.849
0.850

2.

2.
2.
2.

2.
2.
2.
2.
2.

2.
2.
2.
2.

2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.

2.
2,
2.
2.

699

428
109

0.42741 49319 48726 670

-8)
6]
[(

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

133

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

ex

0.850
0.851
0.852
0.853
0.854

2.33964
2.34198
2.34433
2.34667
2.34902

68519
76689
08280
63314
41814

25990
91381
44636
28914
89719

937
538
295
459
607

0.42741
0.42698
0.42656
0.42613
0.42570

49319
77306
09563
46085
86869

48726
53025
45091
98148
85850

670
901
367
726
193

0.855
0.856
0.857
0.858
0.859

2.

35137
2.35372
2.35608
2.35843
2.36079

43805
69310
18352
90954
87141

74901
34660
21547
90464
98674

997
911
002
656
336

0.42528
0.42485
0.42443
0.42400
0.42358

31910
81204
34746
92533
54560

82274
61924
99730
71047
51652

123
574
893
281
373

0.860
0.861
0.862
0.863
0.864

2.36316
36552
2.36789
2.37026
2.37263

06937
50363
17445
08206
22669

05794
73806
67050
52237
98442

948
196
946
586
400

0.42316
0.42273
0.42231
0.42189
0.42147

20823
91317
66039
44983
28147

17748
45962
13343
97363
75917

817
841
840
945
606

0.865
0.866
0.867
0.868
0.869

2.37500
2.37738
2.37976
2.38214
2.38452

60859
22799
08513
18024
51357

77111
62065
29496
57978
28460

933
359
863
010
126

0.42105
0.42063
0.42021
0.41979
0.41937

15526
07115
02910
02908
07103

27321
30312
64050
08114
42503

165
439
296
234
963

0.870
0.871
0.872
0.873
0.874

2.38691
2.38929
2.39168
2.39408
2.39647

08535
89582
94522
23379
76177

24276
31145
37171
32849
11065

682
671
999
872
184

0.41895
0.41853
0.41811
0.41769
0.41727

15492
28071
44834
65779
90901

47638
04358
93919
97998
98691

983
162
324
822
126

0.875
0.876
0.877
0.878
0.879

2.39887
2.40127
2.40367
2.40608
2.40849

52939
53690
78455
27255
00117

67097
98624
05720
90861
58929

915
518
327
947
666

0.41686
0.41644
0.41602
0.41561
0.41519

20196
53660
91288
33076
79020

78508
20380
07652
24088
53866

403
096
513
408
560

0.880
0.881
0.882
0.883
0.884

2.41089
2.41331
2.41572
2.41814
2.42056

97064
18119
63308
32654
26181

17209
75397
45597
42330
82530

851
361
956
708
413

0.41478
0.41436
0.41395
0.41354
0.41312

29116
83360
41748
04276
70938

81581
92242
71274
04515
78218

367
420
097
140
250

0.885
0.886
0.887
0.888
0.889

2.42298
2.42540
2.42783
2.43026
2.43269

43914
85877
52094
42590
57387

85550
73163
69565
01380
97656

015
018
911

593
799

0.41271
0.41230
0.41188
0.41147
0.41106

41732
16653
95698
78861
66139

79049
94088
10827
17170
01433

666
753
593
568
949

0.890
0.891
0.892
0. 893
0.894

2.43512
2.43756
2.44000
2.44244
2.44488

96512
59989
47841
60092
96769

89874
11946
00220
93481
32956

527
472
460
882
134

0.41065
0.41024
0.40983
0. 40942
0.40901

57527
53022
52620
56315
64106

52345
59044
11078
98410
11406

488
001
959
082
922

0.895
0.896
0.897
0.898
0.899

2.44733
2.44978
2.45223
2.45468
2.45714

57894
43493
53589
88208
47374

62311
27659
77561
63026
37516

060
394
203
343
904

0. 40860
0.40819
0.40779
0.40738
0.40697

75986
91952
12001
36127
64327

40848
77922
14226
41763
52948

458
685
207
826
135

0.900

2.45960 31111 56949 664

2.

0.40656 96597 40599 112

-67)3

-|)5
]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

134

EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION
AFUINJilVIJ

JL

Table 4.4
ex

0.900
0.901
0.902
0.903
0.904

2.45960
2.46206
2.46452
2.46699
2.46946

31111
39444
72398
29997
12266

56949
79698
66597
80940
88490

664
548
083
863
006

0.40656
0.40616
0.40575
0.40535
0.40494

96597
32932
73330
17784
66293

40599
97943
18615
96654
26504

112
710
453
028
879

0.905
0.906
0.907
0.908
0.909

2.47193
2.47440
2. 47688
2.47935
2.48183

19230
50913
07340
88536
94525

57471
58582
64990
52339
98748

626
298
529
232
200

0.40454
0.40413
0.40373
0.40333
0.40292

18851
75454
36098
00780
69495

03018
21451
77463
67118
86885

802
540
377
736
773

0.910
0.911
0.912
0.913
0.914

2.

48432
2.48680
2.48929
2.49178
2. 49427

25333
80984
61504
66916
97246

84816
93625
10739
24212
24583

587
386
912
291
942

0.40252
0.40212
0.40171
0.40131
0.40091

42240
19010
99800
84609
73430

33635
04643
97586
10541
41992

975
753
047
915
136

0.915
0.916
0.917
0.918
0.919

2.49677
2.49927
2.50177
2.50427
2.50678

52519
32759
37992
68243
23537

04888
60652
89900
93156
73445

075
177
513
620
810

0.40051
0.40011
0.39971
0.39931
0.39891

66260
63096
63933
68767
77594

90818
56304
38134
36389
51555

809
950
089
877
677

0.920
0.921
0.922
0.923
0.924

2.50929
2.51180
2.51431
2.51682
2.51934

03899
09353
39926
95642
76526

36297
89748
44344
13141
11713

671
577
189
971
703

0.39851
0.39812
0.39772
0.39732
0.39692

90410
07212
27995
52755
81488

84514
36546
09334
04954
25882

173
962
165
021
492

0.925
0.926
0.927
0.928
0.929

2.52186
2.52439
2.52691
2.52944
2.53197

82603
13899
70439
52249
59352

58147
73052
79557
03317
72513

991
794
936
633
022

0.39653
0.39613
0.39573
0.39534
0.39494

14190
50858
91487
36074
84614

74992
55555
71236
26099
24603

866
360
720
830
311

0.930
0.931
0.932
0.933
0.934

2.53450
2.53704
2.53958
2.54212
2.54466

91776
49544
32683
41218
75174

17854
72585
72481
55857
63568

680
166
544
927
010

0.39455
0.39415
0.39376
0.39337
0.39297

37103
93538
53915
18229
86477

71601
72342
32469
58022
55429

130
199
987
122
996

0.935
0.936
0.937
0.938
0.939

2.54721
2.54976
2.55231
2.55486
2.55742

34577
19452
29824
65720
27164

39007
28117
79384
43847
75094

611
220
537
026
464

0.39258
0.39219
0.39180
0.39140
0.39101

58655
34758
14784
98728
86585

31518
93504
49000
06006
72918

373
997
198
497
221

0.940
0.941
0.942
0.943
0.944

2.55998
2.56254
2.56510
2.56767
2.57024

14183
26801
65045
28940
18511

29271
65080
43782
29203
87732

496
189
593
299
007

0.39062
0.39023
0.38984
0.38945
0.38906

78353
74027
73604
77079
84448

58521
71991
22897
21196
77236

102
894
977
971
341

0.945
0.946
0.947
0.948
0.949

2.57281
2.57538
2.57796
2.58054
2.58312

33785
74788
41544
34079
52420

88326
02513
04393
70643
80516

089
161
651
376
117

0.38867
0.38829
0.38790
0.38751
0.38712

95709
10856
29886
52794
79579

01753 010
05872 971
OHIO 896
99369 747
12940 390

0.950

2.58570 96593 15846 199

0.38674 10234 54501 207

7' 3

['"a

)5

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

135

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

ex

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

.950
.951
.952
.953
.954

2.58570
2.58829
2.59088
2.59347
2.59607

96593
66622
62535
84356
32112

15846
61051
03133
31686
38890

199
072
898
135
126

0.38674
0.38635
0.38596
0.38558
0.38519

10234
44757
83143
25389
71491

54501
37117
74242
79713
67755

207
707

.955
,956
.957
958
.959

2.59867
2.60127
2.60387
2.60647
2.60908

05829
05532
31248
83003
60823

19521
70952
93153
88696
62757

695
740
828
799
366

0.38481
0.38442
0.38404
0.38365
0.38327

21445
75247
32893
94380
59703

52978
50378
75335
43613
71361

545
516
273
409
560

960
961
962
963
964

2.61169
2.61430
2.61692
2.61954
2.62216

64734
94761
50932
33272
41807

23117
80169
46914
38971
74573

718
136
592
373
688

0.38289
0.38251
0.38212
0.38174
0.38136

28859
01844
78654
59286
43734

75112
71780
78665
13447
94189

023
368
061
076
517

965
966
967
968
969

2.62478
2.62741
2.63004
2.63267
2.63530

76564
37569
24848
38428
78334

74575 291

64304 825
08861 583
27480 539

0.38098
0.38060
0.38022
0.37984
0.37946

31997
24069
19947
19628
23107

39337
67716
98534
51378
46217

233
437
325
697
574

970
971
972
973
974

2.63794
2.64058
2.64322
2.64587
2.64851

44593
37232
56276
01753
73689

54152
25503
80798
61940
13478

532
708
158
558
808

0.37908
0.37870
0.37832
0.37794
0.37756

30381
41445
56296
74931
97345

03398
43649
88076
58165
75777

818
757
798
054
964

975
976
977
978
979

2.65116
2.65381
2.65647
2.65913
2.66179

72109
97042
48512
26548
31174

82606
19166
75651
07209
71643

682
470
628
434
642

0.37719
0.37681
0.37643
0.37606
0.37568

23535
53497
87227
24721
65976

63156
42920
38065
71965
68367

913
859
949
147
855

980
981
982
983
984

2.66445
2.66712
2.66979
2.67246
2.67513

62419
20308
04868
16127
54109

29417
43654
80145
07345
96380

138
602
169
099
441

0.37531
0.37493
0.37456
0.37418
0.37381

10988
59753
12267
68527
28529

51399
45561
75729
67156
45466

539
350
751
142
482

985
986
987
988
989

2.67781
2.68049
2.68317
2.68585
2.68854

18844
10356
28673
73822
45830

21049
57826
85862
86989
45722

708
547
418
272
235

0.37343
0.37306
0.37269
0.37232
0.37194

92269
59743
30948
05880
84535

36660
67113
63571
53155
63358

918
412
361
231
181

990
991
992
993
994

2.69123
2.69392
2.69662
2.69932
2.70202

44723
70528
23273
02984
09688

49262
87498
53013
41079
49668

289
962
016
142
652

0.37157
0.37120
0.37083
0.37046
0.37009

66910
53000
42802
36313
33529

22045
57455
98195
73247
11961

691
187
674
362
296

995
996
997
998
999

2.70472
2.70743
2.71013
2.71285
2.71556

43412
04184
92030
06977
49053

79452
33802
18796
43219
18566

181
382
637
755
687

0.36972
0.36935
0.36898
0.36861
0.36824

34445
39058
47366
59363
75046

44058
99632
09141
03418
13662

983
024
744
822
921

1.000

62452' 101

2.71828 18284 59045 235

140
111

194

0.36787 94411 71442 322

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

136

EXPONEN1

Table 4.4

ex

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

1.00000
1.10517
1.22140
1.34985
1.49182

00000
09180
27581
88075
46976

00000
75648
60170
76003
41270

1.00000
0.90483
0.81873
0.74081
0.67032

00000
74180
07530
82206
00460

00000
35959
77981
81717
35639

00000
57316
85867
86607
30074

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.64872
1.82211
2.01375
2.22554
2.45960

12707
88003
27074
09284
31111

00128
90509
70477
92468
56950

0.60653
0.54881
0.49658
0.44932
0.40656

06597
16360
53037
89641
96597

12633
94026
91409
17221
40599

42360
43263
51470
59143
11188

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

2.71828
3.00416
3.32011
3.66929
4.05519

18284
60239
69227
66676
99668

59045
46433
36547
19244
44675

0.36787
0.33287
0.30119
0.27253
0.24659

94411
10836
42119
17930
69639

71442
98079
12202
34012
41606

32160
55329
09664
60312
47694

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

4.48168
4.95303
5.47394
6.04964
6.68589

90703
24243
73917
74644
44422

38065
95115
27200
12946
79269

0.22313
0.20189
0.18268
0. 16529
0.14956

01601
65179
35240
88882
86192

48429
94655
52734
21586
22635

82893
40849
65022
53830
05264

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

38905
8.16616
9.02501
9.97418
11.02317

60989
99125
34994
24548
63806

30650
67650
34121
14721
41602

0.13533
0.12245
0.11080
0.10025
0.09071

52832
64282
31583
88437
79532

36612
52981
62333
22803
89412

69189
91022
88333
73373
50338

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

12.18249
13.46373
14.87973
16.44464
18.17414

39607
80350
17248
67710
53694

03473
01690
72834
97050
43061

0.08208
0.07427
0. 06720
0.06081
0.05502

49986
35782
55127
00626
32200

23898
14333
39749
25217
56407

79517
88043
76513
96500
22903

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

20.08553
22.19795
24.53253
27.11263
29.96410

69231
12814
01971
89206
00473

87668
41633
09349
57887
97013

0.04978
0.04504
0.04076
0.03688
0.03337

70683
92023
22039
31674
32699

67863
93557
78366
01240
60326

94298
80607
21517
00545
07948

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

33.11545
36.59823
40.44730
44.70118
49.40244

19586
44436
43600
44933
91055

92314
77988
67391
00823
30174

0.03019
0.02732
0.02472
0.02237
0.02024

73834
37224
35264
07718
19114

22318
47292
70339
56165
45804

50074
56080
39120
59578
38847

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

54.59815
60.34028
66.68633
73.69979
81.45086

00331
75973
10409
36995
86649

44239
61969
25142
95797
68117

0.01831
0.01657
0.01499
0.01356
0.01227

56388
26754
55768
85590
73399

88734
01761
20477
12200
03068

18029
24754
70621
93176
44118

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

90.01713
99.48431
109.94717
121.51041
134.28977

13005
56419
24521
75187
96849

21814
33809
23499
34881
35485

0.01110
0.01005
0.00909
0.00822
0.00744

89965
18357
52771
97470
65830

38242
44633
01695
49020
70924

30650
58164
81709
02884
34052

7.

148.41315 91025 76603

5.0

From

C. E.

0.00673 79469 99085 46710

Van

Orstrand, Tables of the exponential function and of the circular sine

and cosine
to radian arguments, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 14, Fifth Memoir. U.S.

Government Printing

Office,

Washington, D.C., 1921 (with permission) for e~* x<2.4.

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

137

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

ex

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

148.41315
164.02190
181.27224
200.33680
221.40641

91025
72999
18751
99747
62041

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

244.69193
270.42640
298.86740
330.29955
365.03746

22642
74261
09670
99096
78653

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

403.42879
445.85777
492.74904
544.57191
601.84503

34927
00825
10932
01259
78720

35
17
56
29

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

665.14163
735.09518
812.40582
897.84729
992.27471

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.00673
0.00609
0.00551
0.00499
0.00451

79469
67465
65644
15939
65809

99085
65515
20760
06910
42612

46710
63611
77242
21621
66798

0.00408
0.00369
0.00334
0.00302
0.00273

67714
78637
59654
75547
94448

38464
16482
57471
45375
18768

06699
93082
27277
81475
36923

82

0.00247
0.00224
0.00202
0.00183
0.00166

87521
28677
94306
63047
15572

76666
19485
36295
77028
73173

35842
80247
73436
90683
93450

30443
92419
51675
16504
56050

62
73
43
18
26

0.00150
0.00136
0.00123
0.00111
0.00100

34391
03680
09119
37751
77854

92977
37547
02673
47844
29048

57245
89342
48118
80308
51076

1096.63315
1211.96707
1339.43076
1480.29992
1635.98442

84284
44925
43944
75845
99959

59
77
18

27

0.00091
0.00082
0.00074
0.00067
0.00061

18819
51049
65858
55387
12527

65554
23265
08376
75193
61129

51621
90427
67937
84424
57256

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

1808.04241
1998.19589
2208.34799
2440.60197
2697.28232

44560
51041
18872
76244
82685

63
18
09
99
09

0.00055
0.00050
0.00045
0. 00040
0.00037

30843
04514
28271
97349
07435

70147
33440
82886
78979
40459

83358
61070
79706
78671
08837

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2980.95798 70417 28
3294. 46807 52838 41
3640.95030 73323 55
4023.87239 38223 10
4447. 06674 76998 56

0.00033
0.00030
0.00027
0.00024
0.00022

54626
35391
46535
85168
48673

27902
38078
69972
27107
24178

51184
86666
14233
95202
84827

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

4914.76884
5431.65959
6002.91221
6634.24400
7331.97353

02991
13629
72610
62778
91559

85
93

0.00020
0.00018
0.00016
0.00015
0.00013

34683
41057
65858
07330
63889

69010
93667
10987
75095
26482

64417
57912
63341
47660
01145

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

8103.08392
8955.29270
9897.12905
10938.01920
12088.38073

75753
34825
87439
81651
02169

84
12
16
84
84

0.

00012
0.00011
0.00010
0.00009
0.00008

34098
16658
10394
14242
27240

04086
08490
01837
31478
65556

67955
11474
09335
17334
63226

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

13359.72682
14764.78156
16317.60719
18033.74492
19930.37043

96618
55772
80154
78285
82302

72
73
32
11
89

0.00007
0.00006
0.00006
0.00005
0.00005

48518
77287
12834
54515
01746

29887
36490
95053
99432
82056

70059
85387
22210
17698
17530

10.0

77
02

51
92
87

20
53
60
49
29

45

34
80
22

22026.46579 48067 17

0.00004 53999 29762 48485

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

138

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

ex

0)1.00000
0)2.71828
0)7.38905
1)2.00855
1)5.45981

00000
18284
60989
36923
50033

00000
59045
30650
18766
14423

000
235
227
774
908

2)1.48413
2)4-03428
3)1.09663
3)2.98095
3)8.10308

15910
79349
31584
79870
39275

25766
27351
28458
41728
75384

034
226
599
275
008

4)2.20264
4)5.98741
5)1.62754
42413
20260

65794
41715
79141
39200
42841

80671
19781
90039
89205
64776

652
846
208
033
778

6)3.26901
6)8.88611
7)2.41549
7)6.56599
8)1.78482

73724
05205
52753
69137
30096

72110
07872
57529
33051
31872

639
637
821
114
608

8)4.85165
9)1.31881
9)3.58491
(
9)9.74480
(
(10)2.64891

19540
57344
28461
34462
22129

97902
83214
31591
48902
84347

780
697
562
600
229

9)2.06115
-10)7.58256
-10)2.78946
-10)1.02618
-11)3.77513

36224
04279
80928
79631
45442

38557
11906
68924
70189
79097

828
728
808
030
752

10)7.20048
11)1.95729
11)5.32048
12)1.44625
12) 3. 93133

99337
60942
24060
70642
42971

38587
88387
17986
91475
44042

252
643
167
174
074

-11)1.38879
-12)5.10908
-12)1.87952
-13)6.91440
-13)2.54366

43864
90280
88165
01069
56473

96402
63324
39083
40203
76922

059
720
295
009
910

30
31
32
33
34

(13)1.06864
13)2.90488
(13)7.89629
(14 2. 14643
(14)5.83461

74581
49665
60182
57978
74252

52446
24742
68069
59160
74548

215
523
516
646
814

-14)9.35762
-14)3.44247
-14)1.26641
-15)4.65888
-15)1.71390

29688
71084
65549
61451
84315

40174
69976
09417
03397
42012

605
458
572
364
966

35
36
37
38
39

(15)1.58601
(15 4. 31123
(16)1.17191
(16)3.18559
(16)8.65934

34523
15471
42372
31757
00423

13430
15195
80261
11375
99374

728
227
131
622
695

-16)6.30511
-16 2. 31952
-17)8.53304
-17)3.13913
-17)1.15482

67601
28302
76257
27920
24173

46989
43569
44065
48029
01578

386
388
794
629
599

40
41
42
43
44

(17)2.35385 26683 70199

(17)6.39843 49353 00549
(18)1. "73927 49415 20501
(18)4.72783 94682 29346
(19)1.28516 00114 35930

854
492
047
561
828

45
46
47
48
49

(19)3.49342
19 9. 49611
20 2. 58131
20)7.01673
(21)1.90734

48509
02448
90067
97631
95099

535
875
396
739
691

50

(21)5.18470 55285 87072 464

(
(
(

(
(

(
(

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

(
(

(Hi
(

(
(
(

19

20
21
22
23
24

25
26
27
28
29

71057
94206
28861
59120
65724

00000 00000
44117
1)1.35335 28323
- 2)4.97870 68367
- 2)1.83156 38888

3.67879
l-Slk

00000
14423
66126
86394
73418

000
216
919
298
029

;- 3)6.

- 3)2.47875 21766 66358 423

[- 4)9.11881 96555 45162 080

- 4)3.35462 62790 25118 388

-

4)1.23409 80408 66795 495

29762
00790
23533
94069
71910

5)4.53999
5 1.67017
- 6)6.14421
6)2.26032
I- 7)8.31528

48485
24565
28209
81054
35678

154
931
759
326
841

- 7)3.05902 32050 18257 884

'- 7)1.12535 17471 92591 145

8)4.13993 77187 85166 660

1.52299 79744 71262 844
- 9)5.60279 64375 37267 540
-

,24835 42552 91588 995

56288 21893 34988 768
74952 22642 93559 807
11513 10375 91080 487
78113 22411 33796 516

86251
05306
87399
42516
24288

85805
17357
76286
40827
56633

49393
55381
87187
40935
63463

644
238
113
106
937

(-22)1.92874 98479 63917 783

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

139

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.4

ex

'-22)1.92874
-23)7.09547
-23) 2. 61027
[-24)9.60268
'-24)3.53262

98479
41622
90696
00545
85722

63917
84704
67704
08676
00807

783
139
805
030
030

138
154
223
930
255

'-24)1.29958
'-25)4.78089
-25)1.75879
-26 6. 47023
'-26)2. 38026

14250
28838
22024
49256
64086

07503
85469
24311
45460
94400

074

284
909
489
879
883

[-27)8.75651
-27)3.22134
'-27)1.18506
'-28)4.35961
-28)1.60381

07626
02859
48642
00000
08905

96520
92516
33981
63080
48637

338
089
006
974
853

65

28)1.69488 92444 10333 714

66
67
68
69

'28 4. 60718 66343 31291 543

'29)1.25236 31708 42213 781

'29)3.40427 60499 31740 521
'29)9.25378 17255 87787 600

-29)5.90009
-29)2.17052
-30)7.98490
-30)2.93748
-30)1.08063

05415
20113
42456
21117
92777

97061
03639
86978
10802
07278

391
412
808
947
495

50
51
52
53
54

'21)5.18470
'22)1.40934
'22)3.83100
'23)1.04137
'23)2.83075

55285
90824
80007
59433
33032

87072
26938
16576
02908
74693

464
796
849
780
900

55
56
57
58
59

23)7.69478
'24)2.09165
'24)5.68571
25)1.54553
25) 4. 20121

52651
94960
99993
89355
04037

42017
12996
35932
90103
90514

60
61
62
63

26)1.14200
'26)3.10429
26)8.43835
27)2.29378
27) 6. 23514

73898
79357
66687
31594
90808

15684
01919
41454
69609
11616

64

081
649
326
606

70
71
72
73
74

30)2.51543
30 6. 83767
31)1.85867
31)5.05239
32)1.37338

86709
12297
17452
36302
29795

19167
62743
84127
76104
40176

006
867
980
195
188

-31)3.97544
-31 1.46248
-32 5. 38018
-32)1.97925
-33)7.28129

97359
62272
61600
98779
01783

08646
51230
21138
46904
21643

808
947
414
554
834

75
76
77
78
79

(32)3.73324
(33)1.01480
(33)2.75851
(33 7. 49841
(34)2.03828

19967
03881
34545
69969
10665

99001
13888
23170
90120
12668

640
728
206
435
767

'-33)2.67863
-34)9.85415
-34 3. 62514
-34 1.33361
1-35)4.90609

69618
46861
09191
48155
47306

08077
11258
43559
02261
49280

944
029
224
341
566

80
81
82
83
84

(34)5.54062
(35)1.50609
(35 4. 09399
36)1.11286
(36)3.02507

23843
73145
69621
37547
73222

93510
85030
27454
91759
01142

053
548
697
412
338

-35)1.80485 13878 45415 172

-36)6.63967 71995 80734 401
'-36)2.44260 07377 40527 679
-37)8.98582 59440 49380 670
-37)3.30570 06267 60734 298

85
86
87
88
89

(36)8.22301
(37)2.23524
37)6.07603
38 1.65163
38)4.48961

27146
66037
02250
62549
28191

22913
34715
56872
94001
74345

510
047
150
856
246

,'-37)

1.21609
-38)4.47377
:-38) 1.64581
-39 6. 05460
-39) 2. 22736

92992
93061
14310
18954
35617

52825
81120
82273
01185
95743

564
735
651
885
739

90
91
92
93
94

'39)1.22040
'39)3.31740
39)9.01762
'40 2.45124
140)6.66317

32943
00983
84050
55429
62164

17840
35742
34298
20085
10895

802
626
931
786
834

'-40)8.19401
-40)3.01440
'-40 1.10893
'-41)4.07955
^-41) 1.50078

26239
87850
90193
86671
57627

90515
65374
12136
77560
07394

430
553
379
158
888

95
96
97
98
99

41)1.81123
'41)4.92345
'42)1.33833
42)3.63797
'42 9. 88903

90828
82860
47192
09476
03193

89023
12058
04269
08804
46946

282
400
500
579
771

(-42)5.52108
(-42
03109
-43
47197
-43
74878
-43
01122

22770
26627
23373
50079
14926

28532
34810
42990
10214
10448

732
926
161
930
530

100
(43)2.68811 71418 16135 448
For |z|>100 see Example 11.

(-44)3.72007 59760 20835 963

140

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

RADIX TABLE OF THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Table 4.5

gzlO- n

e -xlO-n

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00001
00002
00003
00004
00005
00006
00007
00008
00009

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00002
00004
00008
00012
00018
00024
00032
00040

50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999
99998
99997
99996
99995
99994
99993
99992
99991

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00002
00004
00008
00012
00018
00024
00032
00040

50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00010
00020
00030
00040
00050
00060
00070
00080
00090

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00050
00200
00450
00800
01250
01800
02450
03200
04050

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00001
00001
00001

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99990
99980
99970
99960
99950
99940
99930
99920
99910

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00050
00200
00450
00800
01250
01800
02449
03199
04049

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
99999
99999
99999

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00100
00200
00300
00400
00500
00600
00700
00800
00900

00000
00000
00000
00000
00001
00001
00002
00003
00004

05000
20000
45000
80000
25000
80000
45000
20000
05000

00002
00013
00045
00107
00208
00360
00572
00853
01215

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0. 99999
0.99999
0.99999

99900
99800
99700
99600
99500
99400
99300
99200
99100

00000 04999
00000 19999
00000 44999
00000 79999
00001 24999
00001 79999
00002-44999
00003 19999
00004 04999

99998
99987
99955
99893
99792
99640
99428
99147
98785

7
7
7

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1. 00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

01000
02000
03000
04000
05000
06000
07000
08000
09000

00005
00020
00045
00080
00125
00180
00245
00320
00405

00000
00000
00000
00001
00002
00003
00005
00008
00012

01667
13333
45000
06667
08333
60000
71667
53334
15000

0. 99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99000
98000
97000
96000
95000
94000
93000
92000
91000

00004
00019
00044
00079
00124
00179
00244
00319
00404

99999
99999
99999
99998
99997
99996
99994
99991
99987

98333
86667
55000
93333
91667
40000
28333
46667
85000

10000 00500
20000 02000
30000 04500
40000 08000
50000 12500
60000 18000
70000 24500
80000 32000
90000 40500
For n>10, *>-_] x iQ- n + ^ x 2i

00016
00133
00450
01066
02083
03600
05716
08533
12150
- 2

66667
33340
00034
66773
33594
00540
67667
35040
02734
25D.

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000

00499
01999
04499
07999
12499
17999
24499
31999
40499

99983
99866
99550
98933
97916
96400
94283
91466
87850

33334
66673
00034
33440
66927
00540
34334
68373
02734

7
7
7
7
7
7

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

to

Compiled from C. E. Van Orstrand, Tables of the exponential function and of the circular sine
and cosine to radian arguments, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 14, Fifth
Memoir. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1921 (with permission).

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

141

RADIX TABLE OF THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

1.
1.

1.

1.
1.

1.

1.
1.

1.

4
5
6
7
8
9

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1.

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

1.

1
2
3

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

1
1
1
1
1

-xlO-n

gxlO-

1.
1.
1.

1.
1.
1.

1.
1.
1.

1.

1.
1.
1.

1.
1.
1.
1.

1.

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

1.
1.
1.

1.

2.

2.

2.

Table 4.5

00001
00002
00003
00004
00005
00006
00007
00008
00009

00000
00002
00004
00008
00012
00018
00024
00032
00040

50000
00001
50004
00010
50020
00036
50057
00085
50121

16666
33334
50003
66677
83359
00054
16766
33504
50273

70833
00000
37502
33342
37526
00065
70973
00273
37992

0.99999
0.99998
0.99997
0.99996
0.99995
0.99994
0.99993
0.99992
0.99991

00000
00001
00004
00007
00012
00017
00024
00031
00040

49999
99998
49995
99989
49979
99964
49942
99914
49878

83333
66667
50003
33343
16692
00053
83433
66837
50273

37500
33333
37498
99991
70807
99935
37360
33060
37008

00010
00020
00030
00040
00050
00060
00070
00080
00090

00050
00200
00450
00800
01250
01800
02450
03200
04051

00166
01333
04500
10667
20835
36005
57176
85350
21527

67083
40000
33752
73341
93776
40064
67223
40273
34242

34167
26668
02510
86724
04384
80648
40801
10308
14882

0.99990
0.99980
0.99970
0.99960
0.99950
0.99940
0.99930
0.99920
0.99910

00049
00199
00449
00799
01249
01799
02449
03199
04048

99833
98666
95500
89334
79169
64005
42843
14683
78527

33749
73333
33747
39991
27057
39935
33609
73060
33257

99167
06668
97510
46724
29384
20648
95801
30307
99880

00100
00200
00300
00400
00501
00601
00702
00803
00904

05001
20013
45045
80106
25208
80360
45572
20855
06217

66708
34000
03377
77341
59401
54064
66848
04273
73867

34166
26675
02601
87235
06338
86485
55523
43117
81406

80558
55810
29341
88080
35662
55845
16000
20736
25705

0.99900
0.99800
0.99700
0.99600
0.99501
0.99401
0.99302
0.99203
0.99104

04998
19986
44955
79893
24791
79640
44429
19148
03787

33374
67333
03372
43991
92682
53935
33235
37060
72883

99166
06675
97601
47235
31335
26474
10490
63033
66216

80554
55302
20662
23064
25642
44988
47970
98697
45648

01005
02020
03045
04081
05127
06183
07250
08328
09417

01670
13400
45339
07741
10963
65465
81812
70676
42837

84168
26755
53516
92388
76024
45359
54216
74958
05210

05754
81016
85561
22675
03969
62222
47905
55443
35787

21655
01439
24400
70448
75176
46849
31039
59878
28976

0.99004
0.98019
0.97044
0.96078
0.95122
0.94176
0.93239
0.92311
0.91393

98337
86733
55335
94391
94245
45335
38199
63463
11852

49168
06755
48508
52323
00714
84248
05948
86635
71228

05357
30222
17693
20943
00909
70953
22885
78291
18674

39060
08141
25284
92107
14253
71528
79726
07598
73535

10517
22140
34985
49182
64872
82211
01375
22554
45960

09180
27581
88075
46976
12707
88003
27074
09284
31111

75647
60169
76003
41270
00128
90508
70476
92467
56949

62481
83392
10398
31782
14684
97487
52162
60457
66380

17078
10720
37443
48530
86508
53677
45494
95375
01266

0.90483
0.81873
0. 74081
0.67032
0.60653
0.54881
0.49658
0.44932
0.40656

74180
07530
82206
00460
06597
16360
53037
89641
96597

35959
77981
81717
35639
12633
94026
91409
17221
40599

57316
85866
86606
30074
42360
43262
51470
59143
11188

42491
99355
68738
44329
37995
84589
48001
01024
34542

2.71828 18284 59045 23536 02875

0.36787 94411 71442 32159 55238

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

142
Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

COS X

sin x

0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0. 004

0.00000
0.00099
0.00199
0.00299
0. 00399

00000
99998
99986
99955
99893

00000
33333
66666
00002
33341

00000
34166
93333
02499
86666

000
667
331
957
342

1.00000
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

00000
95000
80000
55000
20000

00000
00041
00666
03374
10666

00000
66666
66657
99898
66097

000
528
778
750
778

0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009

0.00499
0.00599
0.00699
0.00799
0.00899

99791
99640
99428
99146
98785

66692
00064
33473
66939
00492

70831
79994
39150
73291
07405

783
446
327
723
100

99998
99998
99997
99996
99995

75000
20000
55001
80001
95002

26041
53999
00041
70666
73374

64496
93520
50326
30257
26188

529
004
542
819
857

0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014

0.00999
0.01099
0.01199
0.01299
0.01399

98333
97781
97120
96338
95426

34166
68008
02073
36427
71148

66468
75446
59289
42921
51241

254
684
053
659
801

99995
99993
99992
99991
99990

00004
95006
80008
55011
20016

16665
10039
63995
90034
00656

27778
20617
85281
96278
20901

026
059
066
551

438

0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.019

0.01499
0.01599
0.01699
0.01799
0.01899

94375
93173
91811
90280
88568

06328
42071
78498
15746
53967

09109
41340
72691
27852
31431

944
585
726
832
205

99988
99987
99985
99983
99981

75021
20027
55034
80043
95054

09359
30643
80008
73952
29976

17975
36508
14243
76107
32558

106
430
829
331
650

020
0.021
0.022

0.024

0. 01999
0.02099
0.02199
0. 02299
0.02399

86666
84565
82253
79722
76960

93333
34033
76279
20302
66354

07936
81764
77175
18277
28999

649
335
771
769
311

99980
99977
99975
99973
99971

00066
95081
80097
55116
20138

66577
03255
60509
59836
23734

77841
88132
19593
06320
58193

270
556
878
750
002

0.025
0.026
0.027
0.028
0.029

0.02499
0.02599
0.02699
0.02799
0.02899

73959
70707
67196
63414
59353

14712
65676
19572
76750
37589

33066
53973
14955
38952
48577

217
517
411
746
881

99968
99966
99963
99960
99957

75162
20190
55221
80256
95294

75702
40237
42836
09997
69215

58624
62215
92299
38394
53557

967
698
214
779
207

0.030
0.031
0.032
0.033
0.034

0.02999
0.03099
0.03199
0.03299
0.03399

55002
50350
45389
40108
34497

02495
71904
46280
26119
11951

66076
13288
11602
81908
44553

853
752
188
762
435

0.99955
0.99951
0.99948
0.99945
0.99942

00337
95384
80436
55494
20556

48987
78809
89175
11581
78521

51627
04381
38584
32936
14926

216
810
710
824
773

0.035
0.036
0.037
0.038
0.039

0.03499
0.03599
0.03699
0.03799
0.03899

28546
22245
15584
08553
01142

04336
03869
11180
26937
51841

19281
25183
80633
03228
09720

702
461
489
414
085

0.99938
0.99935
0.99931
0.99927
0.99923

75625
20699
55780
80868
95963

23488
80976
86478
76484
88487

57581
76116
24487
91840
98862

460
700
902
819
358

0.040
0.041
0.042
0.043
044

0.03998
0.04098
0.04198
0.04298
0. 04398

93341
85141
76530
67500
58040

86634
32096
89047
58349
40905

15945
36751
85918
76078
18626

255
449
946
755
492

0.99920
0.99915
0.99911
0.99907
0.99903

01066
96177
81296
56424
21561

60977
33444
46376
41262
60588

94031
49770
58494
28564
80138

457
040
043
524
853

0.045
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049

0.04498
0.04598
0.04698
0.04798
0.04898

48140
37790
26980
15701
03941

37660
49604
77774
23249
87159

23632
99745
54095
92191
17808

066
054
689
340
403

0.99898
0.99894
0.99889
0.99884
0.99879

76708
21865
57033
82211
97401

47842
47508
05071
67013
80818

40921
41817
12480
76767
48087

992
869
849
299
272

0.050

0.04997 91692 70678 32879 487

0.

0.

0.

023

0.99875 02603 94966 24656 287

ra

For conversion from degrees to radians see Example 13.

For use and extension of the table see Examples 15-17.
From C. E. Van Orstrand, Tables of the exponential function and of the circular sine and cosine to radian arguments, Memoirs of the National Academy of
Sciences, vol. 14, Fifth Memoir. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C., 1921 (with permission).

Known

errors

have been corrected.

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

143

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

Table 4.6

COS X

0.050
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054

0.04997
0.05097
0.05197
0.05297
0.05397

91692
78943
65685
51906
37598

70678
75032
01496
51396
26109

32879
37375
29184
03981
55099

487
800
649
925
505

0.99875
0.99869
0.99864
0.99859
0.99854

02603
97818
83046
58287
23542

94966
58936
23208
39259
59564

24656
84647
81242
37585
41634

287
237
407
623
531

0.055
0.056
0.057
0.058
0.059

0.05497
0.05597
0.05696
0.05796
0.05896

22750
07352
91395
74868
57761

27067
55755
13712
02534
23875

73387
47070
61601
99503
40214

446
891
567
794
896

0.99848
0.99843
0.99837
0.99831
0.99826

78812
24097
59397
84714
00048

37598
27834
85743
67796
31461

40913
37163
80900
65862
23365

005
704
770
676
235

0.060
0.061
0.062
0.063
0.064

0.05996
0.06096
0.06196
0.06295
0.06395

40064
21768
02863
83337
63182

79444
71012
00408
69523
80309

59919
31380
23757
02430
28803

909
500
982
343
166

0.99820
0.99814
0.99807
0.99801
0.99795

05399
00768
86156
61562
26989

35204
38490
01782
86542
55229

16554
34561
86552
95687
92968

766
437
769
334
628

0.065
0.066
0.067
0.068
0.069

0.06495
0.06595
0.06694
0.06794
0.06894

42388
20944
98840
76067
52615

34782
35022
83173
81445
32117

60114
49232
44449
89264
22165

361
601
361
458
004

0.99788
0.99782
0.99775
0.99768
0.99762

82436
27904
63395
88907
04443

71301
99211
04415
53362
13501

10999
77634
09538
05636
40472

144
635
592
926
866

0.070
0.071
0.072
0.073
0.074

0.06994
0.07094
0.07193
0.07293
0.07393

28473
03632
78081
51811
24811

37532
00106
22323
06738
55977

76397
79734
54229
15974
74838

655
071
480
250
360

0.99755
0.99748
0.99740
0.99733
0.99726

10002
05586
91195
66830
32492

53279
42140
50526
49875
12624

57462
62048
14757
24157
39707

091
084
726
139
777

0.075
0.076
0.077
0.078
0.079

0.07492
0.07592
0.07692
0.07792
0.07891

97072
68584
39337
09320
78524

72742
59805
20017
56301
71660

34208
90718
33972
46257
02252

684
980
485
015
478

0.99718
0.99711
0.99703
0.99695
0.99688

88181
33898
69644
95419
11225

12207
23055
20596
81256
82457

44522
48023
78496
75551
82476

774
568
785
417
279

0.080
0.081
0.082
0.083
0.084

0.07991
0.08091
0.08190
0.08290
0.08390

46939
14555
81362
47349
12508

69172
51998
23374
86621
45140

68730
04247
58826
73635
80655

688
389
394
718
638

0.99680
0.99672
0.99663
0.99655
0.99647

17063
12932
98834
74769
40739

02619
21157
18485
76013
76147

38497
70937
87272
67091
53953

771
933
823
212
598

0.085
0.086
0.087
0.088
0.089

0.08489
0.08589
0.08689
0.08788
0.08888

76828
40298
02910
64653
25516

02416
62015
27592
02885
91720

02338
51260
29764
29594
31524

544
514
492
973
112

0.99638
0.99630
0.99621
0.99613
0.99604

96745
42786
78864
04980
21135

02290
38841
71197
85750
69887

47151
93367
78234
17797
49872

570
506
626
412
388

0.090
0.091
0.092
0.093
0. 094

0.08987
0.09087
0.09187
0.09286
0. 09386

85491
44568
02735
59984
16304

98011
25760
79059
62093
79136

04969
07600
84943
69966
82662

125
919
819
323
751

0.99595
0.99586
0.99577
0.99567
0.99558

27330
23565
09841
86159
52521

11994
01450
28634
84916
62665

25309
99152
21703
29482
36090

284
586
483
217
844

0.095
0.096
0.097
0.098
0.099

0.09485
0.09585
0.09684
0.09784
0.09883

71686
26119
79593
32099
83627

34557
32817
78472
76177
30679

29625
03609
83083
31775
98210

724
347
006
683
683

0.99549
0.99539
0.99529
0.99520
0.99510

08927
55378
91875
18419
35011

55245
57015
63330
70541
75992

22976
30094
46473
00679
51179

426
649
881
686
796

0.100

0.09983 34166 46828 15230 681

"(-8)r
[<-']

0.99500 41652 78025 76609 556

ra

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

144
Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

COS X

sin x

0.100
0.101
0.102
0.103
0.104

0.09983
0.10082
0.10182
0.10281
0.10381

34166
83707
32239
79754
26240

46828
29567
83945
15107
28302

15230
99512
51074
52769
69768

681
975
864
040
897

0.99500
0.99490
0.99480
0.99470
0.99459

41652
38343
25085
01879
68726

78025
75976
70176
61949
53618

76609
65937
08533
84132
52703

556
840
469
117
737

0.105
106
0.107
0.108
0.109

0.10480
0. 10580
0.10679
0.10779
0.10878

71688
16088
59430
01704
42900

28882
22302
14121
10007
15731

49043
18823
88052
45835
60869

655
209
588
941
939

0.99449
0.99438
0.99428
0.99417
0.99406

25627
72583
09595
36665
53792

48497
50896
66120
00466
61230

44220
48325
03900
88538
07909

501
268
596
307
607

0.110
0.111
0.112
0.113
0.114

0.10977
0.11077
0.11176
0.11275
0.11375

83008
22018
59921
96706
32364

37174
80326
51285
56261
01575

80866
31964
18131
20553
97013

495
714
952
909
636

0.99395
0.99384
0.99373
0.99362
0.99350

60979
58226
45535
22907
90342

56696
96148
89860
49101
86134

85035
49459
26316
25308
29576

784
483
578
652
080

0.115
0.116
0.117
0.118
0.119

0.11474
0.11574
0.11673
0.11772
0.11871

66883
00256
32471
63519
93389

93663
39072
44465
16621
62434

81259
82361
84055
44080
93496

372
097
722
790
613

0.99339
0.99327
0.99316
0.99304
0.99292

47843
95409
33043
60744
78516

14215
47595
01517
92218
36926

84471 755
86235 439
70568 768
OHIO 921
57814 950

0.120
0.121
0.122
0.123
0.124

0.11971
0.12070
0.12169
0.12269
0.12368

22072
49559
75838
00900
24735

88919
03206
12547
24315
46003

35996
47206
73970
33626
13267

735
615
447
003
407

99280
99268
99256
99244
99232

86358
84272
72259
50321
18458

53866
62252
82294
35193
43142

25224
80653
82259
57029
88655

810
067
329
382
070

0.125
0.126
0.127
0.128
0.129

0.12467
0.12566
0.12665
0.12765
0.12864

47333
68685
88780
07608
25160

85227
49729
47372
86148
74174

68995
25157
73569
72735
47043

744
389
978
909
273

99219
99207
99194
99181
99169

76672
24964
63335
91787
10320

29329
17930
34118
04055
54896

05314
67355
54873
55198
50278

910
462
474
803
123

0.130
0.131
0.132
0.133
0.134

0.12963
0.13062
0.13161
0.13260
0.13359

41426
56395
70058
82404
93425

19694
31083
16843
85608
46144

85954
43179
35844
43632
07929

121
968
433
907
171

99156
99143
99130
99116
99103

18937
17638
06424
85298
54260

14788
12868
79267
45107
42499

03959
49177
75039
13813
27814

451
481
751
659
325

0.135
0.136
0.137
0.138
0.139

0.13459
0.13558
0.13657
0.13756
0.13855

03110
11448
18431
24048
28290

07348
78252
68023
85962
41508

30938
74799
60677
67852
32784

844
575
867
453
107

99090
99076
99063
99049
99035

13312
62454
01689
31018
50441

04547
65348
59985
24535
96067

96193
01628
16913
91451
37644

339
375
714
667
937

0.140
0.141
0.142
0.143
0.144

0.13954
0.14053
0.14152
0.14251
0.14350

31146
32607
32662
31302
28517

44236
03861
30237
33359
23362

48171
61995
76542
47427
82584

799
092
691
025
791

0.99021
0.99007
0.98993
0.98979
0.98964

59962
59580
49297
29115
99035

12637
13293
38073
28007
25111

17189
27270
86655
21689
52197

895
829
145
546
214

0.145
0.146
0.147
0. 148
0.149

0.14449
0.14548
0.14647
0. 14746
0.14844

24297
18632
11512
02927
92868

10526
05272
18167
59922
41398

41263
32992
16543
98870
34041

332
773
800
997
627

0.98950
0.98936
0.98921
0.98906
0.98892

59058
09187
49421
79764
00216

72394
13854
94478
60241
58111

77275
60997
18007
99027
76256

984
551
704
617
193

0.150

0.14943 81324 73599 22149 773

0.

0.98877 10779 36042 28673 498

[(-).]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

145

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

Table 4.6

COS X

0.150
0.151
0.152
0.153
0.154

0.14943
0.15042
0.15141
0.15240
0.15339

81324
68286
53744
37687
20107

73599
67680
34944
86847
34994

22149
08215
81070
72225
54727

773
725
532
604
267

0.98877
0.98862
0.98847
0.98831
0.98816

10779
11454
02243
83147
54168

36042
42977
28849
44579
42076

28673
27245
20028
17178
75856

498
283
611
614

0.155
0.156
0.157
0.158
0.159

0.15438
0.15536
0.15635
0.15734
0. 15833

00992
80334
58122
34347
08998

91143
67205
75247
27490
36311

41996
86651
79319
47428
53983

190
555
902
529
354

0.98801
0.98785
0.98770
0.98754
0.98738

15307
66566
07947
39451
61079

74239
94954
59094
22522
42087

85038
50224
78054
60814
60855

006
794
663
736
150

0.160
0.161
0.162
0.163
0.164

0.15931
0.16030
0.16129
0.16227
0.16326

82066
53540
23412
91670
58306

14245
73987
28387
90460
73379

96331
04906
41960
00278
01876

146
020
095
226
705

0.98722
0.98706
0.98690
0.98674
0.98658

72833
74715
66727
48869
21144

75626
81965
20914
53272
40826

94904
18284
09029
51905
22328

095
099
574
638
234

0.165
0.166
0.167
0.168
0.169

0.16425
0.16523
0.16622
0.16721
0.16819

23309
86670
48378
08424
66798

90480
55265
81396
82704
73183

96685
61216
97208
30268
08481

825
228
916
843
981

0.98641
0.98625
0.98608
0.98592
0.98575

83553
36098
78780
11602
34564

46347
33596
67316
13241
38088

70185
03560
72356
51818
25966

554
791
233
712
434

0.170
0.171
0.172
0.173
0.174

0.16918
0.17016
0.17115
0.17213
0.17312

23490
78490
31789
83376
33241

66996
78473
22117
12595
64750

01015
96702
02607
42577
55773

762
805
812
560
865

0.98558
0.98541
0.98524
0.98507
0.98490

47669
50917
44312
27854
01546

09560
96348
68126
95555
50280

70917
38117
37476
20391
62691

193
998
124
598
158

0.175
0.176
0.177
0.178
0.179

0.17410
0.17509
0.17607
0.17706
0.17804

81375
27769
72411
15292
56403

93595
14318
42278
93011
82230

95189
26146
24778
76492
74417

433
505
176
317
975

0.

98472
98455
98437
98419
98402

65389
19384
63534
97840
22304

04933
33129
09469
09537
09903

47463
47797
09416
33225
57745

670
052
699
443
046

0.180
0.181
0.182
0.183
0.184

0.17902
0.18001
0.18099
0.18198
0.18296

95734
33274
69014
02944
35054

25824
39859
40581
44417
67974

17834
10581
59452
72574
57756

180
029
980
233
116

0.

98384
98366
98348
98330
98311

36927
41713
36661
21775
97056

88121
22728
93246
80179
65017

41459
45058
13586
58485
39552

272
522
083
974
448

0.185
0.186
0.187
0.188

65335
93776
20368
45100
67964

28041
41589
25775
97940
75611

20836
64000
84083
70855
05288

370
231
224
554
013

0.

189

0.18394
0.18492
0.18591
0.18689
0.18787

98293
98275
98256
98237
98219

62506
18126
63919
99886
26029

30231
59276
36591
47595
78693

46781
82121
41132
94537
69683

122
799
959
971
022

0.190
0.191
0.192
0.193
0.194

0.18885
0.18984
0.19082
0.19180
0. 19278

88949
08046
25244
40533
53905

76500
18510
19732
98445
73120

57799
86484
35325
32380
87958

285
571
424
691
485

0.

98200
98181
98162
98143
98124

42351
48852
45535
32402
09455

17270
51693
71313
66461
28451

31896
65751
56228
6 C 777
35290

788
875
034
178
214

0.195
0.196
0.197
0.198
0.199

0.19376
0.19474
0.19572
0.19670
0.19768

65349
74855
82414
88016
91650

62421
85204
60517
07604
45907

92769
16058
03723
76404
27565

058
510
204
820
917

0.98104
0.98085
0.98065
0.98046
0.98026

76695
34125
81746
19561
47571

49577
23115
43322
05437
05677

24965
35080
66661
06062
05434

723
479
867
170
796

0.200

0.19866 93307 95061 21545 941

0.

[<- *> 2
7

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

382

0.98006 65778 41241 63112 420

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

146
Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

0.200
0.201
0.202
0.203
0.204

19866
19964
20062
20160
20258

93307
92978
90653
86321
79972

95061
74900
05459
06969
99863

21545
91597
37903
25571
82615

941
545
151
640
083

0.98006
0.97986
0.97966
0.97946
0.97926

65778
74185
72793
61604
40621

41241
10310
12041
46575
15030

63112
03887
59192
47187
52742

420
090
306
084
047

0.205
0.206
0.207
0.208
0.209

20356
20454
20552
20650
20748

71599
61189
48734
34224
17648

04777
42549
34218
01031
64439

97905
19110
50612
51399
32944

397
856
330
175
665

0.97906
0.97885
0.97865
0.97844
0.97823

09845
69278
18923
58781
88855

19505
63076
49802
84716
73834

07327
68803
01113
53874
41879

536
784
156
491
553

0.210
0.211
0.212
0.213
0.214

20845
20943
21041
21139
21237

98998
78263
55434
30501
03453

46099
67877
51846
20289
95699

57060
33732
18932
12409
55467

871
895
346
982
398

0.97803
0.97782
0.97761
0.97740
0.97718

09147
19658
20391
11348
92531

24148
43628
41225
26863
11448

24491
84946
09554
66806
86380

614
201
014
039
882

0.215
0.216
0.217
0.218
0.219

21334
21432
21530
21627
21725

74283
42978
09530
73930
36166

00782
58454
91846
24303
79385

28707
49764
71012
77249
83368

677
905
439
851
434

0.97697
0.97676
0.97654
0.97633
0.97611

63942
25583
77456
19564
51909

06862
25963
82586
91546
68630

38054
10511
90059
39246
75378

344
247
555
782
736

0.220
0.221
0.222
0.223
0.224

21822
21920
22018
22115
22213

96230
54112
09802
63290
14566

80869
52747
19233
04757
33970

31995
91115
51671
25146
41115

179
124
977
920
484

0.97589
0.97567
0.97545
0.97523
0.97501

74493
87317
90385
83699
67259

30605
95212
81168
08167
96877

48940
21920
46034
40857
71849

602
392
788
388
392

0.225
0.226
0.227
0.228
0.229

22310
22408
22505
22602
22700

63621
10445
55028
97360
37433

31745
23176
33582
88504
13708

44782
94494
59230
16071
47642

417
428
720
214
363

0.97479
0.97457
0.97434
0.97412
0.97389

41070
05133
59450
04024
38856

68943
46983
54590
16334
57756

28292
01125
60681
34326
84008

737
708
052
607
477

0.230
0.231
0.232
0.233
0.234

22797
22895
22992
23089
23187

75235
10757
43990
74924
03549

35188
79163
72082
40621
11686

39540
77732
45933
22962
80075

462
354
437
869
884

0.97366
0.97343
0.97320
0.97297
0.97274

63950
79306
84929
80819
66980

05374
86678
30133
65176
22218

83696
96733
53085
26494
11536

773
940
695
602
294

0.235
0.236
0.237
0.238
0.239

0.23284
0.23381
0.23478
0.23575
0.23673

29855
53832
75472
94763
11697

12416
70180
12580
67453
62868

78273
65586
74343
18405
90384

112
809
904
752
520

0.97251
0.97228
0.97204
0.97181
0.97157

43413
10121
67106
14371
51917

32643
28807
44041
12644
69892

00578
60642
10166
95675
68349

389
091
529
843
034

0.240
0.241
0.242
0.243
0.244

0.23770
0.23867
0.23964
0.24061
0.24158

26264
38453
48256
55663
60663

27134
88793
76627
19655
47136

58836
65429
22091
08131
67335

079
334
869
828
933

0.97133
0.97109
0.97086
0.97062
0.97037

79748
97865
06272
04970
93961

52029
96272
40809
24800
88375

60492
61916
96210
96928
83670

618
095
262

0.245
0.246
0.247
0.248
0.249

0.24255
0. 24352
0.24449
0.24546
0.24643

63247
63406
61130
56408
49232

88572
73702
32513
95231
92328

05043
85196
27365
03750
36159

522
546
389
445
337

0.97013
0.96989
0.96965
0.96940
0.96915

73249
42836
02723
52914
93411

72635
19650
72463
75084
72494

38069
79682
41782
47054
83195

313
233
166
425
397

0.250

0.24740 39592 54522 92959 685

[(-8)3]

391
294

0.96891 24217 10644 78414 459

[<-;]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

147

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

Table 4.6

COS X

0.250
0.251
0.252
0.253
0.254

0.24740
0.24837
0.24934
0.25030
0.25127

39592
27478
12879
95788
76193

54522
12778
98307
42569
77272

92959
86007
67549
27105
88317

685
332
922
742
722

0.96891
0.96866
0.96841
0.96816
0.96791

24217
45333
56762
58508
50572

10644
36453
97810
43570
23561

78414
76838
13822
91154
52178

459
955
250
897
941

0.255
0.256
0.257
0.258
0.259

0.25224
0.25321
0.25418
0.25514
0.25611

54086
29456
02294
72590
40335

34378
46095
44888
63473
34820

05782
61854
63424
38674
33804

506
486
714
587
209

0.96766
0.96741
0.96715
0.96690
0.96664

32956
05664
68698
22061
65754

88575
90374
81687
16211
48609

56805
56434
68781
52599
82314

375
780
180
126
035

0.260
0.261
0.262
0.263
0.264

0.25708
0.25804
0.25901
0.25997
0.26094

05518
68131
28163
85606
40448

92155
68959
98972
16189
54868

09735
38788
01336
82426
68386

339
820
401
844
239

0.96638
0.96613
0.96587
0.96561
0.96535

99781
24144
38845
43888
39275

34513
30519
94190
84058
59618

22555
02595
90687
68308
04309

822
835
131
107
520

0.265
0.266
0.267
0.268
0.269

0.26190
0.26287
0.26383
0.26480
0.26576

92681
42295
89280
33627
75325

49524
34933
46135
18431
87386

43392
86023
65779
39579
48230

399
278
278
372
942

0.96509
0.96483
0.96456
0.96430
0.96403

25008
01091
67525
24313
71458

81330
10622
09885
42476
72716

28964
07924
16072
11288
08109

923
537
584
118
368

0.270
0.271
0.272
0.273
0.274

0.26673
0.26769
0.26865
0.26962
0.27058

14366
50740
84437
15447
43761

88831
58861
33839
50396
45431

12873
31394
74821
83684
64354

229
301
451
915
828

0.96377
0.96350
0.96323
0.96296
0.96269

08963
36830
55063
63662
62633

65890
88248
07004
90334
07377

51301
89328
47727
02389
52736

623
696
972
084
246

0.275
0.276
0.277
0.278
0.279

0.27154
0.27250
0.27347
0.27443
0.27539

69369
92262
12429
29862
44551

56112
19879
74443
57786
08166

85351
73627
10825
29507
09350

302
557
981
043
952

0.96242
0.96215
0.96188
0.96160
0. 96133

51976
31695
01792
62271
13133

28237
23980
66634
29189
85596

94814
94278
59286
13299
67778

248
169
807
879
997

0.280
0.281
0.282
0.283
0.284

0.27635
0.27731
0.27827
0.27923
0.28019

56485
65656
72054
75669
76492

64113
64435
48215
54812
23866

73331
83865
38926
68142
28856

967
270
293
411
909

0.96105
0.96077
0.96050
0.96022
0.95994

54383
86021
08052
20478
23302

10770
80586
71880
62449
31050

94792
99523
92684
62830
48581

459
878
682
504
495

0.285
0.286
0.287
0.288
0.289

0.28115
0.28211
0.28307
0.28403
0.28499

74512
69722
62110
51667
38384

95294
09293
06345
27208
12929

02165
88922
05725
80861
50237

110
591
374
997
384

0.95966
0.95938
0.95909
0.95881
0.95852

16526
00154
74188
38630
93485

57401
22179
07021
94525
68245

10746
04351
50572
08568
47227

590
746
193
713
984

0.290
0.291
0.292
0.293
0.294

0.28595
0.28691
0.28786
0.28882
0.28978

22251
03258
81396
56656
29027

04835
44540
73943
35230
70875

53268
28750
10698
24153
80965

394
981
841
475
551

0.95824
0.95795
0.95767
0.95738
0.95709

38755
74442
00549
17080
24037

12697
13353
56644
29961
21649

16807
20481
85799
36036
61457

013
688
478
308
636

0.295
0.296
0.297
0.298
0.299

0.29073
0.29169
0.29265
0.29360
0.29456

98501
65067
28716
89439
47225

23642
36583
53042
16653
71345

75547
80597
42792
78457
69198

489
155
582
616
389

0.95680
0.95651
0.95621
0.95592
0.95563

21423 21013
0924] 18315
87494 04772
56184 72560
15316 14809

90483
60759
90127
47507
23678

768
429
632
858
590

0.300

0.29552 02066 61339 57510 532

0.95533 64891 25606 01964 231

(

7)1

[ -r
"16-654

64

11

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

148
Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

0.300
0.301
0.302
0.303
0.304

0.29552
0.29647
0.29743
0.29838
0.29933

02066
53952
02873
48819
91782

61339
31151
25592
89771
69093

57510
42357
74716
53102
19051

532
025
586
518
897

0.95533
0.95504
0.95474
0.95444
0.95414

64891
04912
35384
56308
67687

25606
99993
33968
24485
69450

01964
28826
84359
52692
92289

231
414
763
116
242

0.305
0.306
0.307
0.308
0.309

0.30029
0.30124
0.30220
0.30315
0.30410

31752
68718
02672
33604
61505

09261
56279
56451
56380
02974

52585
67635
07447
39950
53093

026
045
613
549
365

0.95384
0.95354
0.95324
0.95294
0.95263

69525
61825
44589
17820
81523

67727
19130
24430
85350
04568

06164
11990
12121
63513
47552

084
559
945
878
001

0.310
0.311
0.312
0.313
0.314

0.30505
0.30601
0.30696
0.30791
0.30886

86364
08173
26921
42601
55200

43443
25301
96367
04767
98932

50156
45030
57464
08284
14579

564
632
615
189
138

0.95233
0.95202
0.95172
0.95141
0.95110

35698
80351
15483
41098
57199

85713
33367
53066
51295
35494

39784
79558
39561
95271
94302

281
038
711
383
111

0.315
0.316
0.317
0.318
0.319

0.30981
0.31076
0.31171
0.31266
0.31361

64712
71125
74430
74619
71680

27602
39828
84966
12688
72974

84860
14184
79252
33468
01977

120
658
234
402
833

0.95079
0.95048
0.95017
0.94986
0.94954

63789
60870
48447
26523
95099

14053
96311
92562
14047
72959

25664
88923
63269
76481
73811

080
617
094
749
467

0.320
0.321
0.322
0.323
0.324

0.31456
0.31551
0.31646
0.31741
0.31836

65606
56385
44010
28470
09756

16117
92727
53724
50346
34148

76666
11130
15619
51938
28330

176
659
332
844
674

0.94923
0.94892
0.94860
0.94828
0.94796

54180
03769
43869
74482
95613

82440
56583
10427
59963
22130

86757
01754
28762
69764
87164

531
395
501
173
613

0.325
0.326
0.327
0.328
0.329

0.31930
0.32025
0.32120
0.32215
0.32309

87858
62767
34474
02968
68241

57000
71094
28937
83360
87512

94315
35507
68391
35077
98012

718
128
319
048
460

0.94765
0.94733
0.94701
0.94668
0.94636

07264
09438
02139
85370
59134

14815
56853
68025
69063
81642

72098
12639
61918
06147
32541

048
034
976
877
351

0.330
0.331
0.332
0.333
0.334

0.32404
0.32498
0.32593
0.32687
0.32782

30283
89085
44637
96929
45953

94868
59222
34694
75730
37100

34670
32199
82047
74545
93468

020
224
Oil
756
777

0.94604
0.94571
0.94539
0.94506
0.94473

23435
78275
23658
59587
86065

28386
32866
19598
14042
42606

97152
92611
15765
35228
58837

941
768
535
939
502

0.335
0.336
0.337
0.338
0.339

0.32876
0.32971
0.33065
0.33160
0.33254

91698
34156
73316
09170
41708

73903
41562
95834
92801
88879

10553
79990
32882
71669
64517

241
386
957
766
288

0.94441
0.94408
0.94375
0.94341
0.94308

03096
10683
08829
97537
76811

32643
12448
11264
59275
87612

01006
49997
35085
93637
38092

864
577
413
243
499

0.340
0.341
0.342
0.343
0.344

0.33348
0.33442
0.33537
0. 33631
0.33725

70921
96799
19332
38512
54328

40814
05684
40903
04216
53706

39678
79816
16300
23460
12813

177
635
519
104
399

0.94275
0.94242
0.94208
0.94174
0.94141

46655
07071
58062
99633
31786

28346
14493
80011
59801
89707

22850
11062
41330
94311
59229

264
025
105
834
468

0.345
0.346
0.347
0.348
0.349

0.33819
0.33913
0.34007
0.34101
0.34195

66772
75834
81505
83774
82634

47791
45227
05108
86866
50276

27257
35228
24823
97891
64093

928
880
531
850
188

0.94107
0.94073
0.94039
0.94005
0.93971

54526
67854
71775
66292
51409

06513
47944
52668
60293
11367

00285
22986
40365
39119
45650

905
218
059
944
473

0.350

0.34289 78074 55451 34918 963

0.93937 27128 47378 92003 503

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

149

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

COS X

S1I11

Table 4.6

0.350
0.351
0.352
0.353
0.354

0.34289
0.34383
0.34477
0.34571
0.34665

78074
70085
58658
43783
25451

55451
62847
33263
27841
08071

34918
17681
09467
91058
20819

0.355
0.356
0.357
0.358
0.359

0.34759
0.34852
0.34946
0.35040
0.35133

03652
78377
49617
17363
81604

35784
73161
82729
27364
70292

0.360
0.361
0.362
0.363
0.364

0.35227
0.35320
0.35414
0.35508
0.35601

42332
99538
53211
03343
49923

0.365
0.366
0.367
0.368
0.369

0.35694
0.35788
0.35881
0.35975
0.36068

0.370
0.371
0.372
0.373
0.374

963
237
102
778
319

0.93937
0.93902
0.93868
0.93833
0.93799

27128
93454
50389
97937
36103

47378
10755
44865
94014
03447

92003
81724
55613
57391
99266

503
321
841
869
461

28543
09276
17091
58840
87868

852
237
064
891
632

0.93764
0.93729
0.93694
0.93659
0.93624

64888
84296
94332
94998
86299

19349
88839
59978
81762
04124

27409
87337
89202
72980
73578

412
915
418
716
312

75089
05683
26351
01729
96801

97684
15610
96384
15734
63913

991
866
608
065
294

0.93589
0.93554
0.93519
0.93483
0.93448

68236
40815
04038
57910
02433

77934
54999
88060
30795
37816

85835
29438
13742
02492
78462

091
322
042
855
165

92944
32396
68268
00552
29239

76911
07756
55391
86229
67042

39203
41380
65142
93504
91160

863
647
021
354
721

0.93412
0.93376
0.93340
0.93304
0.93268

37611
63448
79948
87113
84948

64673
67846
04751
33740
14096

07984
05404
97425
87371
19348

897
739
922
606
871

0.36161
0.36254
0.36347
0.36441
0.36534

54319
75783
93621
07825
18384

64961
47479
82448
38085
82970

97803
21412
31502
52343
56131

\729

373
813
006
067

0.93232
0.93196
0.93160
0.93123
0.93087

73456
52640
22505
83054
34291

06034
70704
70188
67499
26582

42320
74082
65151
62553
73524

381
737
560
347
125

0.375
0.376
0.377
0.378
0.379

0.36627
0.36720
0.36813
0.36906
0.36999

25290
28534
28105
23995
16194

86047
16625
44381
39357
71964

56137
99809
61843
37211
34164

291
733
251
926
758

0.93050
0.93014
0.92977
0.92940
0.92903

76219
08841
32163
46186
50916

12314
90501
27881
92123
51824

29114
47704
98417
64451
06312

948
265
211
836
328

0.380
0.381
0.382
0.383
0.384

0.37092
0.37184
0.37277
0.37370
0.37463

04694
89484
70556
47899
21506

12982
33562
05224
99862
89741

67184
49909
88020
72083
70366

549
881
096
184
479

0.92866
0.92829
0.92792
0.92754
0.92717

46355
32508
09378
76968
35283

76510
36638
03592
49686
48161

24949
24806
76777
81063
29943

253
858
471
030
792

0.385
0.386
0.387
0.388
0.389

0.37555
0.37648
0.37741
0.37833
0.37926

91367
57472
19812
78378
33161

47501
46155
59093
60081
23263

21610
27762
46681
84790
89706

089
945
397
240
110

0.92679
0.92642
0.92604
0.92566
0.92528

84326
24101
54613
75863
87857

73184
99852
04187
63138
54580

70454
66966
63679
47019
07941

235
223
438
143
297

0.390
0.391
0.392
0.393
0.394

0.38018
0.38111
0.38203
0.38296
0.38388

84151
31339
74716
14272
49999

23161
34675
33087
94059
93636

42823
51860
43373
55222
29011

118
671
349
774
366

0.92490
0.92452
0.92414
0.92376
0.92338

90598
84090
68337
43342
09109

57313
51063
16481
35142
89547

04145
22192
39537
86457
07898

068
776
314
070
401

0.395
0.396
0.397
0.398
0.399

0.38480
0.38573
0.38665
0.38757
0.38849

81888
09928
34110
54427
70867

08245
14697
90188
12300
59002

02477
01854
34186
79611
83601

888
707
658
426
363

0.92299
0.92261
0.92222
0.92183
0.92144

65643
12947
51025
79880
99517

63117
40199
06064
46904
49832

25225
97879
84939
06602
05558

693
040
589
584
150

0.400

0.38941 83423 08650 49166 631

-S)
[(

5]

0.92106 09940 02885 08279 853

"(-7)1

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

150
Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

0.400
0.401
0.402
0.403
0.404

0.38941
0.39033
0.39125
0.39217
0.39309

83423
92084
96842
97687
94611

08650
39988
32150
64660
17434

49166
29019
17700
43663
61324

631
595
358
363
955

0.92106
0.92067
0.92028
0.91988
0.91949

09940
11151
03157
85959
59563

02885
95020
16118
56976
09315

08279
86221
16919
45007
43137

853
075
248
979
110

0.405
0.406
0.407
0.408
0.409

0.39401
0.39493
0.39585
0. 39677
0.39769

87603
76656
61759
42903
20080

70780
05398
02384
43226
09812

43071
71230
29995
97324
36782

820
202
816
356
508

0.91910
0.91870
0.91831
0.91791
0.91751

23971
79189
25219
62067
89735

65774
19913
66209
00060
17781

72800
45073
81253
73416
44875

745
295
568
956
737

0.410
0.411
0.412
0.413
0.414

0.39860
0.39952
0.40044
0.40135
0.40227

93279
62493
27711
88925
46126

84422
49738
88838
85200
22702

89359
65238
35528
23958
98524

380
251
558
010
766

0.91712
0.91672
0.91632
0.91592
0.91551

08228
17549
17704
08695
90527

16605
94682
51081
85785
99696

10547
37232
03796
61266
92832

564
150
202
649
194

0.415
0.416
0.417
0.418
0.419

0.40318
0.40410
0.40501
0.40593
0. 40684

99303
48449
93554
34608
71603

85626
58653
26869
75762
91229

63109
49047
06660
96747
82037

550
645
654
939
655

0.91511
0.91471
0.91430
0.91390
0.91349

63204
26730
81109
26344
62441

94631
73322
39416
97475
52975

73753
31180
03880
01872
65972

232
180
251
722
725

0.420
0.421
0.422
0.423
0.424

0.40776
0.40867
0.40958
0. 41049
0.41140

04530
33379
58142
78808
95370

59570
67491
02108
50946
01936

18597
47203
84671
15143
81337

279
546
703
980
201

0.91308
0.91268
0.91227
0.91186
0.91145

89403
07233
15937
15518
05981

12308
82776
72597
90901
47728

27243
66357
72866
04379
45647

609
915
996
332
576

0.425
0.426
0.427
0.428
0.429

0.41232
0.41323
0.41414
0.41505
0.41596

07817
16141
20333
20384
16283

43424
64165
53326
00488
95646

75749
31825
15081
14189
32014

435
593
889
067
301

0.91103
0.91062
0.91021
0.90979
0.90938

87329
59567
22698
76727
21659

54033
21681
63449
93022
24998

67564
86066
20950
54591
90577

373
990
808
701
360

0.430
0.431
0.432
0.433
0.434

0.41687
0.41777
0. 41868
0.41959
0.42050

08024
95595
78989
58196
33207

29210
92007
75279
70687
70310

76621
52231
50136
39579
58584

692
243
257
028
774

0.90896
0.90854
0.90813
0.90771
0.90729

57496
84244
01906
10488
09991

74885
59097
94960
00709
95484

12247
41143
95366
47844
84510

591
638
563
729
435

0.435
0.436
0.437
0.438
0.439

0.42141
0.42231
0.42322
0.42412
0.42503

04013
70605
32974
91110
45005

66648
52619
21565
67248
83856

04753
26011
11315
81323
79016

684
018
146
456
027

0.90687
0.90644
0.90602
0.90560
0.90517

00422
81785
54083
17320
71502

99336
33221
19003
79452
38245

62385
67577
73181
97096
59747

731
465
601
848
647

0.440
0.441
0.442
0.443
0.444

0.42593
0.42684
0. 42774
0.42865
0.42955

94650
40036
81153
17992
50545

65999
08712
07458
58123
57025

60276
84433
04751
58891
59317

972
381
750
823
745

0.90475
0.90432
0.90389
0.90346
0.90304

16632
52714
79753
97753
06718

19963
50093
55027
62061
99394

41716
41286
31889
19473
99766

554
061
904
892
305

0.445
0.446
0.447
0.448
0.449

0.43045
0.43136
0.43226
0.43316
0.43406

78803
02755
22395
37711
48696

00908
86947
12746
76342
76203

83666
65073
82453
50745
11100

443
141
917
219
244

0.90261
0.90217
0.90174
0.90131
0.90088

06653
97562
79449
52319
16175

96132
82279
88745
47341
90780

15457
13291
01061
04523
24210

899
573
718
319
832

0.450

0.43496 55341 11230 21042 084

0.90044 71023 52676 92166 884

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

151

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

Table 4.6

COS X

0.450
0.451
0.452
0.453
0.454

0.43496
0.43586
0.43676
0.43766
0.43856

55341
57635
55571
49140
38331

11230
80759
84561
22842
96246

21042
44573
42243
61170
25020

084
567
681
507
568

0.90044
0.90001
0.89957
0.89913
0.89870

71023
16866
53709
81556
00412

52676
67546
70803
98765
88646

92166
28580
98337
67474
59552

884
847
319
569
965

0.455
0.456
0.457
0.458
0.459

0.43946
0.44036
0.44125
0.44215
0.44305

23138
03549
79557
51152
18326

05853
53183
40194
69287
43301

23944
04468
59344
17350
33053

492
918
542
215
008

0.89826
0.89782
0.89738
0.89693
0.89649

10281
11168
03076
86010
59975

78561
07522
15441
43127
32287

11933
31966
53089
90836
98759

463
167
030
721
714

0.460
0.461
0.462
0.463
0.464

0.44394
0.44484
0.44573
0.44663
0.44752

81069
39373
93228
42626
87558

65519
39668
69916
60878
17615

76524
23010
42563
89618
92537

151
752
218
275
506

0.89605
0.89560
0.89516
0.89471
0.89426

24975
81014
28097
66229
95414

25525
66339
99127
69179
22683

24253
64298
21110
57699
53342

639
937
867
908
602

0.465
0.466
0.467
0.468
0.469

0.44842
0.44931
0.45020
0.45110
0.45199

28014
63986
95465
22442
44907

45634
50888
39782
19166
96343

43101
85958
08029
27868
84976

319
244
479
603
342

0.89382
0.89337
0.89292
0.89247
0.89202

15656
26959
29329
22770
07286

06720
69266
59190
26256
21120

58962
52423
93730
80142
01196

873
883
459
134
857

0.470
0.471
0.472
0.473
0.474

0.45288
0.45377
0.45466
0.45555
0.45644

62853
76270
85149
89482
89259

79068
75545
94432
44843
36343

29070
09309
63474
07100
22566

327
736
735
635
671

0.89156
0.89111
0.89066
0.89020
0.88974

82881
49562
07330
56193
96153

95328
01323
92437
22891
47800

93645
96296
04773
26178
33674

402
541
005
292
367

0.475
0.476
0.477
0.478
0.479

0.45733
0.45822
0.45911
0.46000
0.46089

84471
75110
61167
42633
19498

78955
83158
59888
20540
76967

48139
66969
96047
75103
55473

307
994
279
180
739

0.88929
0.88883
0.88837
0.88791
0.88745

27216
49386
62667
67065
62583

23168
05888
53744
25407
80438

20970
56721
38842
48723
05369

288
822
074
197
212

0.480
0.481
0.482
0.483
0.484

0.46177
0.46266
0.46355
0.46443
0.46532

91755
59394
22406
80783
34515

41482
26861
46338
13613
42849

88913
16364
56679
95295
72867

664
968
522
430
132

0.88699
0.88653
0.88606
0.88560
0.88514

49227
27001
95910
55958
07150

79284
83281
54652
56506
52837

19439
47206
44417
20075
90129

995
469
051
401
517

0.485
0.486
0.487
0.488
0.489

0.46620
0.46709
0.46797
0.46886
0.46974

83594
28011
67757
02823
33201

48672
46175
50915
78918
46678

73849
15033
34040
77761
90760

162
451
104
558
024

0.88467
0.88420
0.88374
0.88327
0.88280

49491
82984
07636
23450
30432

08528
89343
61933
93833
53462

31072
33453
55301
75463
46844

223
094
874
416
214

0.490
0.491
0.492
0.493
0.494

0.47062
0.47150
0.47238
0.47327
0.47415

58881
79855
96114
07649
14451

71158
69788
60472
61583
91970

03618
21242
11121
91533
19709

136
715
556
149
261

0.88233
0.88186
0.88138
0.88091
0.88044

28586
17916
98427
70125
33014

10121
33995
96151
68537
23984

49570
44058
23994
69230
98588

547
307
541
763
075

0.495
0.496
0.497
0.498
0.499

0.47503
0.47591
0.47679
0.47766
0.47854

16512
13823
06374
94157
77164

70950
18319
54345
99774
75827

79950
71693
97532
51191
05452

264
150
118
668
099

0.87996
0.87949
0.87901
0.87853
0.87806

87098
32382
68872
96571
15485

36204
79786
30204
63808
57828

22574
96012
70581
47270
28743

157
154
529
917
023

0.500

0.47942 55386 04203 00027 329

(

-n

0.87758 25618 90372 71611 628

<

-77)I
]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

152
Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

COS X

0.500
0.501
0.502
0.503
0.504

0.47942
0.48030
0.48117
0.48205
0.48293

55386
28813
97437
61249
20240

04203
07080
07116
27448
91696

00027
29394
30578
70881
35573

329
947
414
314
583

0.87758
0.87710
0.87662
0.87614
0.87565

25618
26976
19562
03383
78441

90372
40428
87859
13407
98689

71611
38630
50795
39357
97748

628
733
903
847
295

0.505
0.506
0.507
0.508
0.509

0.48380
0.48468
0.48555
0.48643
0.48730

74403
23727
68204
07826
42584

23960
48823
91355
77106
32116

15529
94818
38243
78840
05316

617
170
967
928
931

0.87517
0.87469
0.87420
0.87371
0.87323

44744
02294
51098
91160
22484

26201
79311
42264
00180
39053

33418
19588
46912
75052
84166

203
355
391
318
561

0.510
0.511
0.512
0.513
0.514

0.48817
0.48904
0.48992
0.49079
0.49166

72468
97471
17583
32796
43101

82907
56492
80371
82532
91455

49450
73435
57187
85582
35667

013
934
006
104
778

0.87274
0.87225
0.87176
0.87127
0.87078

45076
58941
64083
60507
48219

45751
08013
14454
54560
18687

26310
76750
85187
26898
53787

581
129
176
565
441

0.515
0.516
0.517
0.518
0.519

0.49253
0.49340
0.49427
0.49514
0.49601

48490
48953
44482
35068
20703

36108
45953
50944
81528
68647

63810
92799
98899
98859
36861

364
025
617
309
855

0.87029
0.86979
0.86930
0.86881
0.86831

27222
97523
59126
12036
56258

98065
84793
71841
53049
23126

45347
59540
83584
84660
60524

504
132
429
240
189

0.520
0.521
0.522
0.523
0.524

0.49688
0.49774
0.49861
0.49948
0.50034

01378
77084
47812
13555
74302

43736
38729
86055
18641
69914

71433
62299
57189
78596
10484

446
043
109
658
518

0.86781
0.86732
0.86682
0.86632
0.86582

91796
18657
36844
46363
47218

77649
13065
26688
16698
82144

90038
83614
33565
64378
82893

785
647
898
779
524

0.525
0.526
0.527
0.528
0.529

0.50121
0.50207
0.50294
0.50380
0.50467

30046
80778
26489
67171
02815

73797
64718
77603
47881
11483

84942
68796
50161
24954
83349

748
092
411
981
596

0.86532
0.86482
0.86431
0.86381
0.86331

39416
22960
97856
64109
21723

22941
39868
34571
09560
68210

28399
22644
19753
56071
99902

561
077
996
436
671

0.530
0.531
0.532
0.533
0.534

0.50553
0.50639
0.50725
0.50811
0.50898

33412
58953
79431
94836
05160

04846
64911
29121
35431
22300

96181
01306
89905
92741
66364

366
143
473
999
220

0.86280
0.86230
0.86179
0.86128
0.86077

70705
11058
42788
65901
80400

14761
54312
92829
37140
94932

01180
41041
81312
13920
10201

670
248
894
311
726

0.535
0.536
0.537
0.538
0.539

0.50984
0.51070
0.51156
0.51241
0.51327

10394
10529
05558
95471
80260

28695
94093
58481
62356
46726

79260
97962
73096
25387
31605

534
456
946
754
686

0.86026
0.85975
0.85924
0.85873
0.85822

86292
83581
72273
52372
23884

74755
86021
39001
44824
15482

70140
71507
18926
92837
98393

025
760
068
581
339

0.540
0.541
0.542
0.543
0.544

0.51413
0.51499
0.51585
0.51670
0.51756

59916
34431
03796
68002
27041

53113
23551
00588
27290
47234

10467
08484
85758
01726
00855

728
914
874
969
920

0.85770
0.85719
0.85667
0.85616
0.85564

86813
41166
86946
24160
52812

63824
03555
49241
16304
21022

14253
41303
51282
35326
52425

797
947
623

0.545
0.546
0.547
0.548
0.549

0.51841
0.51927
0.52012
0.52098
0.52183

80905
29584
73071
11356
44432

04516
43752
10073
49129
07094

98283
65410
15436
88849
38858

861
714
812
675
868

0.85512
0.85460
0.85408
0.85356
0.85304

72907
84452
87450
81907
67829

80530
12819
36734
71975
39096

77799
51181
25018
12587
36027

957
787
472
703
442

0.550

0.52268 72289 30659 16778 838

032
567

0.85252 45220 59505 74280 498

|~(-7)r
']

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

153

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

Table 4.6

COS X

sin x

0.550
0.551
0.552
0.553
0.554

0.52268
0.52353
0. 52439
0.52524
0.52609

72289
94919
12314
24465
31364

30659
67038
63969
69712
33053

16778
57359
64065
94301
44585

838
653
565
297
976

0.555
0.556
0.557
0.558
0.559

0.52694
0.52779
0.52864
0.52949
0.53033

33002
29370
20460
06264
86773

03301
30292
64391
56488
58002

35674
97627
54824
10933
33815

635
180
757
415
002

0.560
0.561
0.562
0.563
0.564

0.53118
0.53203
0.53287
0.53372
0.53457

61979
3^872
96446
55691
09598

20883
97610
41195
05179
4363

40385
81418
26300
47726
06347

0.565
0.566
0.567
0.568
0.569

0.53541
0.53626
0.53710
0.53794
0.53878

58160
01367
39212
71686
98780

11183
62956
54637
42441
83121

0.53963
54047
0.54131
0.54215
0. 54299

20487
36797
47702
53195
53266

0.575
0.576
0.577
0.578
0.579

0. 54383
0.54467
0.54551
0. 54634
0.54718

0.580
0.581
0.582
0.583
0.584

0.85252
0.85200
0.85147
0.85095
0.85042

45220
14086
74432
26263
69585

59505
55464
50084
67333
32026

74280
10953
82092
23867
20180

498
761
114
110
431

84990
84937
0. 84884
0. 84831
0.84778

04402
30721
48545
57881
58734

69831
07267
71701
91352
95285

50182
35704
88608
58049
77652

218
287
318
047
517

187
533
543
585
607

0.84725
0. 84672
0. 84619
0. 84565
0.84512

51110
35012
10448
77421
35938

13416
76506
16165
64850
55863

12609
06683
29136
21564
44654

452
799
481
438
991

35362
25057
07291
39926
91211

572
521
168
969
553

0. 84458
0.84405
0.84351
0. 84297
0. 84244

86004
27624
60803
85547
01861

23353
02313
28580
38838
70611

24855
00958
70603
36691
53715

579
945
796
Oil
445

33969
52812
98021
28505
03714

24099
80524
65614
31859
63213

446
005
465
028
905

0.84190
0.84136
0. 84082
0.84027
0.83973

09751
09222
00279
82928
57175

62268
53020
82920
92863
24582

74013
93925
99876
14368
41893

376
658
632
839
605

47906
37109
20865
99165
72002

83642
28825
00342
59818
69423

59158
18694
24296
25797
24232

222
718
136
231
321

0.83919
0. 83864
0.83810
0.83755
0.83701

23024
80481
29551
70241
02555

20654
24493
8C354
33330
29351

14757
38825
39176
05683
38499

543
019
658
918
807

0.54802
0. 54886
0.54969
0.55053
0.55136

39367
01252
57649
08548
53942

91873
90432
28912
71672
83624

55618
74682
38538
90300
42652

270
851
382
563
424

0.83646
0.83591
0.83536
0. 83481
0.83426

26499
42078
49298
48164
38683

15186
38442
47559
91816
21326

93465
27434
43511
36205
36508

789
927
337
988
907

0.585
0.586
0.587
0.588
0.589

0.55219
0.55303
0.55386
0.55469
0.55552

93823
28181
57009
80299
98041

30227
77494
91989
40829
91685

61353
48692
26889
21434
44380

309
799
504
637
278

0.

83371
0.83315
0.83260
0.83205
0.83149

20858
94697
60204
17385
66245

87037
40732
35026
23370
60044

56877
36143
84331
27399
51895

861
543
337
720
332

0.590
0.591
0.592
0.593
0.594

0.55636
0.55719
0.55802
0.55885
0.55968

10229
16852
17904
13375
03258

12783
72905
41388
88127
83575

77572
55827
50056
50327
48880

254
556
192
409
201

0.83094
0.83038
0.82982
0. 82926
0.82870

06791
39026
62959
78593
85934

00163
99672
15348
04797
26455

49524
61643
23660
09361
75147

800
346
255
243
786

0.595
0.596
0.597
0.598
0.599

0.56050
0.56133
0.56216
0.56299
0.56381

87544
66226
39293
06739
68555

98744
05205
75090
81092
96468

23078
18307
30821
90525
43709

004
516
541
792
545

0.82814
0.82758
0.82702
0. 82646
0. 82589

84988
75761
58257
32484
98446

39590
04294
81491
32932
21193

04193
50517
82974
29164
19254

468
407
799
660
799

0.600

0.

0.570
0.571
0.572
0.573
0.574

0.

56464 24733 95035 35720 095

0.

0.

0.82533 56149 09678 29724 095

[-?']

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

154
Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

COS X

sin x

0.600
0.601
0.602
0.603
0.604

56464
56546
56629
56711
56793

24733
75265
20142
59356
92899

95035
51175
39837
36531
17336

35720
93580
08553
18642
91043

095
897
336
028
574

0.82533
0.82477
0.82420
0.82363
0.82307

56149
05598
46800
79760
04483

09678
62617
45065
22901
62830

29724
27022
11146
59135
68484

095
123
193
858
934

0.605
0.606
0.607
0.608
0.609

56876
56958
57040
57122
57204

20762
42938
59418
70194
75257

58900
38434
33722
23115
85537

04538
31827
21808
81800
59705

687
607
719
299
300

0.82250
0.82193
0.82136
0.82079
0.82022

20976
29243
29292
21127
04753

32380
99900
34564
06368
86127

00471
23403
55786
09403
32317

116
216
102
380
893

0.610
0.611
0.612
0.613
0.614

57286
57368
57450
57532
57614

74601
68215
56093
38225
14604

00481
48012
08770
63966
95387

26119
56380
12563
25415
76236

098
111
221
904
989

0.81964
0.81907
0.81850
0.81792
0.81734

80178
47406
06443
57296
99969

45479
56882
93612
29766
40259

51790
17114
42372
49108
08915

075
225
770
549
198

0.615
0.616
0.617
0.618
0.619

57695
57777
57859
57940
58022

85222
50071
09141
62426
09916

85396
16931
73507
39217
98732

78697
60606
45614
34861
88572

975
809
047
330
073

0.81677
0.81619
0.81561
0.81503
0.81445

34469
60800
78970
88984
90847

00822
88007
79180
52524
87037

85945
79339
65565
40689
62551

685
051
411
288
318

0.620
0.621
0.622
0.623
0.624

58103
58184
58266
58347
58428

51605
87483
17542
41775
60174

37305
40765
95525
88579
07505

07584
14825
36729
84595
35888

296
522
641
681
387

0.81387
0.81329
0.81271
0.81213
0.81154

84566
70146
47593
16913
78111

62533
59641
59801
45270
99116

92868
39252
97147
91684
19458

400
335
027
290
331

0.625
0.626
0.627
0.628
0.629

58509
58590
58671
58752
58833

72729
79433
80279
75257
64359

40462
76194
04032
13891
96274

15480
76836
83139
88356
18246

540
923
861
252
006

0.81096
0.81037
0.80979
0.80920
0.80861

31195
76168
13038
41809
62489

05217
48267
13768
88032
58182

90218
68483
15067
28536
86569

953
556
973
214
178

0.630
0.631
0.632
0.633
0.634

58914
58995
59075
59156
59237

47579
24907
96335
61856
21462

42269
43555
92400
81661
04785

51311
99690
89983
44033
59635

811
151
484
509
440

0.80802
0.80743
0.80684
0.80625
0.80566

75083
79596
76035
64405
44713

12151
38679
27315
68414
53140

87252
90282
58094
96904
97676

371
722
522
569
566

0.635
0.636
0.637
0.638
0.639

59317
59398
59478
59559
59639

75143
22893
64703
00565
30471

55812
29375
20697
25599
40494

91193
30315
86352
66873
58084

198
454
425
364
641

0.80507
0.80447
0.80388
0.80328
0.80269

16964
81165
37320
85437
25521

73462
22155
92798
79775
78276

77004
17917
10598
93030
91556

837
411
548
752
338

0.640
0.641
0.642
0.643
0.644

59719
59799
59879
59959
60039

54413
72383
84374
90376
90382

62392
88897
18215
49145
81087

05188
92681
24594
04673
16496

355
375
757
426
070

0.80209
0.80149
0.80089
0.80030
0.79970

57578
81614
97636
05648
05657

84292
94617
06847
19380
31415

61358
26862
22056
30729
26635

611
715
216
469
842

0.645
0.646
0.647
0.648
0.649

60119
60199
60279
60359
60439

84385
72375
54345
30288
00194

14041
48606
85984
27978
76993

03535
49156
56561
28662
47908

151
949
576
868
070

0.79909
0.79849
0.79789
0.79729
0.79668

97669
81690
57726
25783
85868

42951
54786
68519
86546
12061

13571
65377
65855
48612
36819

848
243
159
327
444

0.650

0.60518 64057 36039 56037 252

0.79608 37985 49055 82891 760

(-C-7HJ

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

155

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sm

Table 4.6

0.650
0.651
0.652
0.653
0.654

0.60518
0.60598
0.60677
0.60757
0.60836

64057
21868
73618
19302
58909

36039
08730
99284
12527
53891

56037
33782
80505
93778
48897

252
358
818
646
929

0.79608
0.79547
0.79487
0.79426
0.79365

37985
82142
18343
46596
66907

49055
02318
77432
80778
19531

82891
08089
42041
62180
33114

760
927
183
929
757

0.655
0.656
0.657
0.658
0.659

0.60915
0.60995
0.61074
0.61153
0.61232

92433
19865
41198
56423
65533

29414
45745
10140
30466
15201

78343
51174
52364
62074
34867

652
755
359
073
307

0.79304
0.79243
0.79182
0.79121
0.79060

79281
83724
80243
68813
49532

01659
35925
31885
99886
51069

45900
57253
28666
65458
55734

987
785
909
154
550

0.660
0.661
0.662
0.663
0.664

0.61311
0.61390
0.61469
0.61548
0.61627

68519
65375
56091
40660
19075

73433
14865
49810
89197
44570

78861
34819
55178
83019
30974

515
272
137
186
165

0.78999
0.78937
0.78876
0.78814
0.78753

22314
87197
44186
93287
34506

97365
51494
26970
38093
99953

09278
96354
86436
86857
81380

382
080
061
558
523

0.665
0.666
0.667
0.668
0.669

0.61705
0.61784
0.61863
0.61941
0.62020

91327
57408
17311
71027
18550

28086
52521
31267
78333
08348

60071
58518
20428
24475
12498

171
785
576
901
919

0.78691
0.78629
0.78568
0.78506
0.78444

67851
93326
10938
20693
22598

28428
40184
52672
84132
53587

68686
00789
21368
04022
90446

643
551
279
017
244

0.670
0.671
0.672
0.673
0.674

0.62098
0.62176
0.62255
0.62333
0.62411

59870
94980
23873
46540
62974

36559
78835
51665
72160
58052

68035
94799
95092
48154
88456

744
654
281
700
349

0.78382
0.78320
0.78257
0.78195
0.78133

16658
02880
81270
51835
14579

80849
86510
91948
19324
91581

28530
10376
10240
22393
98907

294
414
374
698
578

0.675
0.676
0.677
0.678
0.679

0.62489
0.62567
0.62645
0.62723
0.62801

73167
77111
74797
66220
51370

27699
00082
94805
32101
32827

83921
14094
48239
23383
22288

682
496
849
477
658

0.78070
0.78008
0.77945
0.77882
0.77820

69511
16635
55959
87488
11228

32446
66425
18805
15655
83820

87358
68455
93590
22308
59699

526
830
877
414
786

0.680
0.681
0.682
0.683
0,684

0.62879
0.62957
0.63034
0.63112
0.63189

30240
02822
69108
29091
82762

18468
11138
33578
09159
61884

51370
18547
11028
73043
83499

418
018
644
207
197

0.77757
0.77694
0.77631
0.77568
0.77505

27187
35370
35783
28434
13327

50927
45381
96362
33829
88518

93718
32416
41105
79438
38411

239
339
566
156
247

0.685
0.686
0.687
0.688
0.689

0.63267
0.63344
0.63422
0.63499
0.63576

30115
71140
05832
34181
56180

16386
97929
32410
46361
66947

33585
04308
43963
45549
24110

498
084
542
306
566

0.77441
0.77378
0.77315
0.77251
0.77188

90470
59869
21530
75460
21664

91938
76376
74891
21318
50263

77293
60473
94232
63436
68154

390
500
293
286
418

0.690
0.691
0.692
0.693
0.694

0.63653
0.63730
0.63807
0.63884
0.63961

71822
81098
84001
80523
70657

21967
39859
49694
81182
64670

94023
46216
25323
06781
73855

743
467
984
899
200

0.77124
0.77060
0.76997
0.76933
0.76869

60149
90922
13989
29357
37030

97106
97998
89862
10392
98049

60197
79579
90904
19670
88505

354
541
069
418
132

0.695
0.696
0.697
0.698
0.699

0.64038
0.64115
0.64192
0.64268
0.64345

54395
31729
02651
67154
25230

31146
12236
40207
47966
69063

94603
98782
54680
45892
48031

464
185
136
698
063

0.76805
0.76741
0.76677
0.76612
0.76548

37017
29324
13956
90921
60224

92068
32449
59961
16142
43294

53315
39366
77279
38958
73431

502
321
757
434
759

0.700

0.64421 76872 37691 05367 261

0.76484 21872 84488 42625 586

[(-!]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

156
Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

0.700
0.701
0.702
0.703
0.704

0.64421
0.64498
0.64574
0.64650
0.64727

76872
22071
60821
93113
18940

37691
88685
57525
80337
93892

05367
07414
65445
88940
61979

261
902
583
870
783

76484
76419
76355
76290
76225

21872
75872
22230
60953
92046

84488
83558
85105
34492
77847

42625
57055
11442
20253
53166

586
252
075
368
023

0.705
0.706
0.707
0.708
0.709

0.64803
0.64879
0.64955
0.65031
0.65107

38295
51169
57555
57446
50833

35607
43546
56422
13597
55081

19561
23864
40438
14335
46169

705
641
747
062
354

76161
76096
76031
75966
75901

15517
31372
39617
40259
33304

62061
34787
44439
40193
71984

70453
58298
64022
31253
34997

752
030
815
107
406

0.710
0.711
0.712
0.713
0.714

0.65183
0.65259
0.65334
0.65410
0.65486

37710
18068
91900
59199
19957

21536
54275
95261
87111
73096

68121
19866
24450
64083
55888

013
915
173
709
565

75836
75770
75705
75640
75574

18759
96631
66925
29649
84809

90508
47219
94330
84811
72391

16654
18942
20755
71940
28003

146
159
235
852
128

0.715
0.716
0.717
0.718
0.719

0.65561
0.65637
0.65712
0.65787
0.65863

74166
21820
62909
97427
25366

97140
03821
38376
46694
75324

27566
93009
27837
44880
69585

883
463
851
853
417

75509
75443
75378
75312
75246

32412
72463
04970
29939
47378

11552
57536
66335
94701
00135

84730
12745
91983
46092
76755

074
203
563
263
558

0.720
0.721
0.722
0.723
0.724

0.65938
0.66013
0.66088
0.66163
0.66238

46719
61478
69636
71185
66117

71473
83004
58443
46973
98439

15361
58862
15198
13079
69907

800
952
027
967
065

75180
75114
75048
74982
74916

57291
59686
54570
41949
21830

40894
75987
65174
68966
48626

97944
70091
34189
45814
09078

549
576
363
983
707

0.725
0.726
0.727
0.728
0.729

0.66313
0.66388
0.66463
0.66537
0.66612

54426
36103
11142
79534
41272

63349
92872
38839
53748
90759

66778
23443
73184
37633
01524

441
354
280
666
309

0.74849
0.74783
0.74717
0.74650
0.74584

94219
59123
16549
66503
08992

66165
84344
66673
77410
81559

10497
52795
88624
54215
02955

806
369
209
910
103

0.730
0.731
0.732
0.733
0.734

0.66686
0.66761
0.66835
0.66910
0.66984

96350
44758
86490
21539
49897

03697
47057
75996
46342
14589

87373
30099
51573
35102
99849

259
195
181
739
159

0.74517
0.74450
0.74383
0.74317
0.74250

44023
71602
91736
04431
09695

44870
33841
15714
58475
30855

38879
50102
42167
71321
77713

013
364
693
153
862

0.735
0.736
0.737
0.738
0.739

0.67058
0.67132
0.67206
0.67280
0.67354

71556
86509
94749
96269
91060

37903
74117
81736
19936
48565

75177
74942
71700
70863
84779

973
523
537
650
796

0.74183
0.74115
0.74048
0.73981
0.73914

07534
97954
80963
56567
24772

02328
43109
24156
17168
94586

18528
01033
15559
68402
14660

866
791
237
998
158

0.740
0.741
0.742
0.743
0.744

0.67428
0.67502
0.67576
0.67650
0.67723

79116
60429
34991
02796
63836

28145
19868
85605
87900
89971

06748
84968
96417
20669
13633

388
216
996
485
096

0.73846
0.73779
0.73711
0.73644
0.73576

85587
39016
85068
23749
55065

29587
96092
68756
22975
34881

90979
48243
84181
75897
12335

142
787
492
532
582

0.745
0.746
0.747
0.748
0.749

0.67797
0.67870
0.67944
0.68017
0.68090

18104
65592
06293
40199
67304

55714
49704
37191
84105
57056

81235
53032
55745
86745
87450

936
193
803
313
880

0.73508
0.73440
0.73373
0.73305
0.73237

79023
95631
04894
06821
01416

81341
39960
89077
07766
75833

26664
28591
36602
10125
81627

537
681
285
695
975

0.750

0.68163 87600 23334 16673 324

(

r]

0.73168 88688 73820 88631 184

'(-7)1"
[<-).]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

157

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

Table 4.6

COS X
c.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0,

0.

0.

0.
0,
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

750
751
752
753
754

0.

755
756
757
758
759

0.

760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

775
776
777
778
779

0.

780
781
782
783
784

0.

785
786
787
788
789

0.

790
791
792
793
794

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

68163
68237
68310
68383
68456

87600
01079
07735
07559
00545

23334
50908
08431
65237
91345

16673
23885
22423
62625
04892

324
163
554
080
285

0.

68528
68601
68674
68747
68819

86686
65974
38401
03962
62647

57454
34953
95911
13086
59922

92691
25484
31587
40963
57950

917
772
089
419
885

0.

68892
68964
69036
69109
69181

14451
59365
97383
28497
52700

10551
39792
23154
36835
57724

33914
39835
38826
58582
63761

776
383
030
200
700

69253
69325
69397
69469
69541

69985
80345
83772
80259
69800

63401
32137
42896
75335
09807

28295
07631
10903
73038
26789

794
223

69613
69685
69756
69828
69900

52386
28011
96667
58347
13045

27356
09725
39351
99368
73609

74701
61005
43442
65024
25718

988
296
524
972
983

69971
70043
70114
70185
70256

60753
01464
35170
61865
81541

46603
03580
30469
13900
41203

54062
78713
99923
60948
19385

747
256
379
949
818

70327
70398
70469
70540
70611

94192
99809
98387
89918
74395

00410
80256
70180
60324
41535

18436
58108
66337
70046
66131

790
374
280
581
480

70682
70753
70823
70894
70964

51811
22158
85430
41620
90720

05365
44073
50625
18692
42656

92374
98290
15901
30436
50970

614
801
193
730
857

71035
71105
71175
71246
71316

32724
67624
95414
16086
29633

17607
39345
04380
09933
53937

80981
88841
78239
58529
15005

403
574
979
620
776

0.

36049
35326
27458
12436
90256

35036
52590
06672
98066
28277

79112
98579
07482
96241
81536

713
148
391
109
630

0.

0.

039
195
802

0.

0.

795
796
797
798
799

0.

71386
71456
71526
71596
71665

0.

800

0.

71735 60908 99522 76162 718

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

-n

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

73168
73100
73032
72964
72895

88688
68643
41288
06630
64676

73820
83000
85375
63683
01388

88631
05659
76111
44059
85978

184
342
160
608
367

72827
72758
72689
72621
72552

15431
58904
95102
24030
45696

82687
92503
16489
41026
53220

42395
49472
70515
27404
31961

268
750
436
867
494

72483
72414
72345
72276
72207

60107
67269
67190
59877
45336

40905
92639
97707
46116
28598

17233
68715
55489
61298
15545

969
814
548
318
123

72138
72068
71999
71930
71860

23574
94598
58415
15033
64457

36606
62317
98627
39157
78243

24219
00753
96800
32949
29362

693
084
072
410
010

71791
71721
71651
71581
71512

06696
41755
69642
90364
03928

10943
33033
41008
32078
04171

36337
64806
16757
15581
36356

129
626
355
770
807

71442
71372
71302
71231
71161

10340
09608
01739
86740
64618

55931
86716
96600
86370
57525

36051
83660
90273
39059
15198

117
709
093
972
564

71091
71020
70950
70880
70809

35380
99032
55582
05038
47405

12277
53550
84980
10910
36395

35721
79296
15931
36614
82877

626
239
435
737
671

70738
70668
70597
70526
70455

82691
10904
32049
46135
53168

67199
09793
71355
59771
83632

76290
47885
67509
73107
99934

330
059
330
880
173

70384
70313
70242
70171
70099

53156
46105
32023
10917
82793

52236
75582
64376
30026
84643

09691
19602
31409
60306
63792

278
208
812
275
314

70028
69957
69885
69814
69742

47660
05524
56392
00271
37169

41039
12728
13922
59535
65179

70466
08742
35499
64661
95703

123
151
779
971

964

69670 67093 47165 42092 075

-(-8,
9]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

158
Table

4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

0.800
0.801
0.802
0.803
0.804

0.71735
0.71805
0.71874
0.71944
0.72013

60908
24388
80686
29797
71714

99522
14736
77571
92397
64303

76162
58803
43741
50488
73354

718
753
255
651
263

0.69670
0.69598
0.69527
0.69455
0.69383

67093
90050
06047
15091
17189

47165
22499
08886
24727
89116

42092
59652
74871
13123
26831

075
695
538
218
236

0.805
0.806
0.807
0.808
0.809

0.72083
0.72152
0.72221
0.72290
0.72359

06429
33937
54228
67298
73139

99098
03310
84188
49704
08550

50932
35522
62476
19472
15721

396
503
322
935
677

0.69311
0.69239
0.69166
0.69094
0.69022

12350
00579
81884
56273
23752

21844
43394
74945
38365
56214

23558
94027
40074
02528
89026

425
956
951
784
151

0.810
0.811
0.812
0.813
0.814

0.72428
0.72497
0.72566
0.72635
0.72703

71743
63105
47217
24072
93664

70142
44620
42849
76416
57636

51092
85175
06266
00277
19583

818
959
069
085
027

0.68949
0.68877
0.68804
0.68732
0.68659

84329
38011
84805
24719
57759

51747
48903
72316
47306
99881

01754
65129
53394
18165
15892

964
158
472
280
545

0.815
0.816
0.817
0.818
0.819

0.72772
0.72841
0.72909
0.72977
0.73046

55985
11030
58790
99259
32430

99550
15926
21260
30776
60427

51786
88414
93542
72343
39565

534
775
651
223
302

0.68586
0.68514
0.68441
0.68368
0.68295

83934
03250
15714
21335
20118

56737
45257
93509
30246
84907

35262
24529
18772
67094
59742

969
414
652
544
692

0.820
0.821
0.822
0.823
0.824

0.73114
0.73182
0.73250
0.73318
0.73386

58297
76852
88089
92001
88581

26895
47595
40670
24998
20187

87938
56503
98872
51414
01366

131
084
320
329
283

0.68222
0.68148
0.68075
0.68002
0.67929

12072
97204
75521
47030
11740

87613
69169
61060
95457
05207

55166
07005
91008
31885
30088

656
802
857
232
213

0.825
0.826
0.827
0.828
0.829

0.73454
0.73522
0.73590
0.73658
0.73725

77822
59718
34261
01446
61264

46578
25249
78008
27404
96715

54873
04953
99391
08557
93150

150
477
793
557
579

0.67855
0.67782
0.67708
0.67635
0.67561

69656
20786
65139
02720
33538

23839
85563
25264
78508
81536

88530
39229
69888
50409
59331

058
106
949
750
781

0.830
0.831
0.832
0.833
0.834

0.73793
0.73860
0.73927
0.73995
0.74062

13711
58777
96458
26746
49635

09962
91899
68020
64557
08481

71872
89026
82039
48913
15603

858
752
434
544
989

0.67487
0.67413
0.67339
0.67265
0.67191

57600
74913
85485
89323
86434

71267
85293
61885
39984
59207

10211
77928
24928
27394
01352

246
481
580
537
983

0.835
0.836
0.837
0.838
0.839

0.74129
0.74196
0.74263
0.74330
0.74397

65117
73186
73836
67059
52849

27503
50074
05390
23383
34732

03320
95758
06248
44844
85324

808
049
576
755
932

0.67117
0.67043
0.66969
0.66895
0.66820

76826
60506
37482
07761
71351

59842
82850
69864
63185
05786

28712
83235
56439
83438
68708

570
098
445
385
357

0.840
0.841
0.842
0.843
0.844

0.74464
0.74531
0.74597
0.74664
0.74730

31199
02103
65554
21545
70070

70859
63927
46848
53275
17609

32125
87199
16798
18184
86260

657
577
923
539
385

0.66746
0.66671
0.66597
0.66522
0.66447

28258
78491
22056
58962
89216

41308
14059
69016
51824
08791

11792
32935
98654
47240
14192

267
396
482
065
152

0.845
0.846
0.847
0.848
0.849

0.74797
0.74863
0.74929
0.74995
0.75062

11121
44693
70779
89371
00464

74999
61339
13273
68190
64233

80133
89598
01550
66317
63922

429
886
724
368
547

0.66373
0.66298
0.66223
0.66148
0.66073

12824
29796
40137
43857
40961

86891
33764
97713
27703
73363

57589
83391
70674
96802
62530

286
100
409
946
783

0.850

0.75128 04051 40292 70271 207

0.65998 31458 84982 17039 542

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

159

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sm

Table 4.6

COS X

0.850
0.851
0.852
0.853
0.854

0.75128
0.75194
0.75259
0.75325
0.75391

04051
00125
88679
69708
43204

40292
36009
91775
48737
48790

70271
23260
88815
26849
57151

207
432
295
594
380

0.65998
0.65923
0.65847
0.65772
0.65697

31458
15356
92661
63381
27524

84982
13509
10556
28392
19944

17039
82909
81024
55410
98010

542
449
321
547
152

0.855
0.856
0.857
0.858
0.859

0.75457
0.75522
0.75588
0.75653
0.75718

09161
67572
18431
61731
97466

34586
49528
37776
44244
14602

25193
67867
79144
75659
62217

237
227
450
143
260

0.65621
0.65546
0.65470
0.65395
0.65319

85097
36108
80564
18474
49843

38799
39199
76042
04884
81933

73388
43373
91635
48193
13861

013
300
218
134
148

0.860
0.861
0.862
0.863
0.864

0.75784 25628 95276 97229 459

0.75849' 46213 33451 58068 441
0.75914 59212 77068 06350 566
0.75979 64620 74826 53141 684
0.76044 62430 76186 24087 122

0.65243
0.65167
0.65092
0.65016
0.64940

74681
92995
04791
10079
08865

64051
08756
74216
19251
03332

84627
75966
47091
25131
29254

203
794
357
418
574

0.865
0.866
0.867
0.868
0.869

0.76109
0.76174
0.76239
0.76303
0.76368

52636
35230
10208
77561
37284

31366
91346
07866
33429
21299

24465
04168
22598
13500
49706

750
073
272
144
858

0.64864
0.64787
0.64711
0.64635
0.64559

01156
86962
66288
39144
05536

86580
29767
94312
42282
36391

94718
96858
75010
56369
79782

373
196
176
276
561

0.870
0.871
0.872
0.873
0.874

0.76432
0.76497
0.76561
0.76625
0.76690

89370
33813
70606
99742
21217

25505
00837
02852
87869
12977

07814
32779
02438
91953
38182

480
191
134
834
114

0.64482
0.64406
0.64329
0.64253
0.64176

65472
18960
66007
06621
40810

40001
17117
32390
51117
39234

19477
08727
63447
05733
87329

766
234
280
091
202

0.875
0.876
0.877
0.878
0.879

76754
76818
76882
76946
77010

35022
41152
39600
30359
13424

36027
15638
11198
82862
91555

03963
42337
60682
84773
22769

458
736
252
027
271

0.64099
0.64022
0.63946
0.63869
0.63792

68581
89942
04901
13466
15643

63325
90610
88955
26862
73477

13035
64049
21244
88380
15258

656
903
528
872
639

0.880
0.881
0.882
0.883
0.884

77073
77137
77201
77264
77328

88788
56445
16388
68611
13107

98969
67568
60587
42032
76680

29120
68399
79051
37074
19618

965
506
337
497
049

0.63715
0.63638
0.63560
0.63483
0.63406

11441
00868
83931
60638
30997

98580
72592
66570
52208
01835

20801
16079
27264
18529
14874

550
131
710
695
218

0.885
0.886
0.887
0.888
0.889

77391
77454
77518
77581
77644

49871
78895
00174
13701
19470

30081
68560
59214
69915
69310

68504
53673
36552
33343
78237

290
706
600
321
045

0.63328
0.63251
0.63174
0.63096
0.63018

95014
52699
04059
49102
87834

88415
85546
67460
09021
85724

24894
63485
74481
53235
69127

213
020
571
256
530

0.890
0.891
0.892
0.893
0.894

77707
77770
77832
77895
77958

17475
07709
90165
64839
31723

26823
12654
97778
53950
53704

86549
17776
38577
85676
28683

033
316
722
211
432

0.62941
0. 62863
0.62785
0. 62707
0.62629

20265
46402
66252
79824
87125

73696
49694
91105
75942
82849

88020
94643
14919
38222
39581

355
540
057
428
242

0.895
0.896
0.897
0.898
0.899

78020
78083
78145
78208
78270

90811
42097
85575
21238
49080

70350
77980
51465
66458
99392

32846
21716
39740
14771
20508

443
548
163
667
171

0.62551
0.62473
0.62395
0.62317
0.62239

88163
82946
71482
53778
29842

91096
80578
31818
25961
44779

01810
37587
11458
61790
22654

880
545
656
683
524

0.900

0.78332 69096 27483 38846 138

0.62160 99682 70664 45648 472

rr]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

160
Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

COS X

0.900
0.901
0.902
0.903
0.904

0.78332
0.78394
0.78456
0.78518
0.78580

69096
81278
85620
82117
70762

27483
28730
81914
66602
63143

38846
22159
55501
18722
48518

138
796
279
439
260

0.62160
0.62082
0.62004
0.61925
0.61847

99682
63306
20722
71938
16961

70664
86633
76323
23992
14519

45648
21658
02558
22842
21204

472
870
530
983
658

0.905
0.906
0.907
0.908
0.909

0.78642
0.78704
0.78765
0.78827
0.78888

51549
24472
89524
46700
95992

52674
17115
39174
02347
90915

00391
10540
57664
24696
60447

817
713
940
094
888

0.61768
0.61689
0.61611
0.61532
0.61453

55799
88460
14953
35284
49462

33401
66755
01314
24430
24068

62045
56924
85952
19111
37523

040
921
792
466
020

0.910
0.911
0.912
0.913
0.914

0.78950
0.79011
0.79072
0.79134
0.79195

37396
70905
96513
14214
24001

89950
85311
63647
12398
19793

41187
32130
48850
18619
41660

896
474
789
897
812

0.61374
0.61295
0.61216
0.61137
0.61058

57494
59390
55155
44799
28329

88811
07856
71013
68705
91968

54652
37447
27423
61677
93848

118
803
839
674
110

0.915
0.916
0.917
0.918
0.919

0.79256
0.79317
0.79378
0.79438
0.79499

25868
19810
05820
83893
54021

74854
67394
88020
28129
79915

52325
80192
11086
48016
72036

499
738
785
785
860

0.60979
0.60899
0.60820
0.60741
0.60661

05754
77080
42317
01471
54552

32450
82406
34706
82824
20845

15011
74518
00764
21909
86522

758
350
999
476
589

0.920
0.921
0.922
0.923
0.924

0.79560
0.79620
0.79681
0.79741
0.79801

16200
70422
16683
54975
85293

36366
91262
39183
75501
96389

03026
60393
23692
93169
50226

828
471
319
858
129

0.60582
0.60502
0.60422
0.60343
0.60263

01566
42522
77428
06291
29120

43462
45973
24282
74899
94936

84179
65991
65074
16960
79945

741
745
984
980
468

0.925
0.926
0.927
0.928
0.929

0.79862
0.79922
0.79982
0.80042
0.80102

07631
21983
28343
26704
17061

98814
80542
40138
76967
91191

17797
20660
45653
01823
80485

639
537
978
638
294

0.60183
0.60103
0.60023
0.59943
0.59863

45923
56708
61482
60254
53031

82112
34746
51758
32673
77612

55377
07885
85549
40005
46494

043
466
703
791
584

0.930
0.931
0.932
0.933
0.934

0.80161
0.80221
0.80281
0.80340
0.80400

99408
73739
40048
98328
48574

83777
56488
11892
53358
85059

15208
41719
57726
82661
17341

432
806
899
218
371

0.59783
0.59703
0. 59622
0. 59542
0. 59462

39822
20635
95478
64358
27284

87298
63051
06791
21032
08887

23849
54424
03960
41397
58618

491
260
905
846
345

0.935
0.936
0.937
0.938
0.939

0.80459
0.80519
0.80578
0.80637
0.80696

90781
24941
51049
69100
79086

11969
39867
75339
25773
99364

03555
83565
59525
52827
63359

863
545
671
488
313

0.59381
0.59301
0.59220
0.59140
0.59059

84263
35305
80416
19605
52881

74063
20863
54181
79507
02922

90139
32740
65034
66977
39319

324
634
867
785
443

0.940
0.941
0.942
0.943
0.944

0.80755
0.80814
0.80873
0.80932
0.80991

81004
74845
60605
38278
07857

05114
52830
53130
17436
57982

28687
83153
16899
34799
15321

022
915
872
758
017

0.58978
0.58898
0.58817
0.58736
0.58655

80250
01721
17303
27003
30829

31098
71298
31375
19770
45514

22996
18462
04967
59766
77276

099
976
973
388
748

0.945
0.946
0.947
0.948
0.949

0.81049
0.81108
0.81166
0.81225
0.81283

69337
22713
67977
05125
34150

87809
20770
71528
55555
89138

69300
98639
54920
97938
54154

383
669
560

0.58574
0.58493
0.58412
0.58330
0.58249

28790
20893
07147
87560
62139

18224
48104
45944
23117
91583

88177
78446
08339
31310
12874

827
913
436
012
994

0.950

0.81341 55047 89373 75068 542

351
591

0.58168 30894 63883 49416 618

[-(-8)8]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

161

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sm

Table 4.6

0.950
0.951
0.952
0.953
0.954

0.81341
0.81399
0.81457
0.81515
0.81573

55047
67810
72433
68910
57236

89373
74171
62256
73166
27252

75068
95507
91835
40081
73984

542
433
411
165
145

0.955
0.956
0.957
0.958
0.959

0.81631
0.81689
0.81746
0.81804
0.81861

37404
09409
73245
28907
76388

45683
50441
64327
10956
14762

42959
69980
09381
04577
45701

322
433
654
644
891

0.960
0.961
0.962
0.963
0.964

0.81919
0.81976
0.82033
0.82090
0.82147

15683
46785
69691
84393
90886

00998
95734
25859
1 Q 084
03938

27163
05121
54877
28189
10495

322
101
569
263
962

0.

0.965
0.966
0.967
0.968
0.969

0.82204
0.82261
0.82318
0.82375
0.82432

89164
79221
61053
34652
00014

09771
66757
05889
58985
58683

78067
55069
70544
15315
98799

694
656
986
328
136

0.

0.970
0.971
0.972
0.973
0.974

0.82488
0.82545
0.82601
0.82657
0.82714

57133
06003
46618
78974
03063

38450
32571
76161
05158
56326

05747
52898
45547
34034
70155

662
564
087
750
495

0.975
0.976
0.977
0.978
0.979

0.82770
0.82826
0.82882
0.82938
0.82993

18881
26422
25681
16651
99327

67257
76369
22907
46947
89390

63479
37592
86257
29486
69534

226
699
689
397

0,

022

0.

0.980
0.981
0.982
0.983
0.984

0.83049
0.83105
0.83160
0.83216
0.83271

73704
39776
97538
46983
88107

91970
97248
48619
90304
67360

46808
95697
00310
50142
95650

453
028
290
703
254

0.

0.985
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.989

0.83327
0.83382
0.83437
0.83492
0.83547

20904
45368
61493
69275
68708

25676
11970
73796
59543
18432

03744
13205
90007
82563
76889

902
801
262
379
279

o>

0.990
0.991
0.992
0.993
0.994

0.83602
0.83657
0.83712
0.83766
0.83821

59786
42503
16855
82835
40439

00520
56699
38697
99079
91248

51678
33299
50701
90248
50455

0.995
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.999

0.83875
0.83930
0.83984
0.84038
0.84093

89661
30495
62937
86979
02618

69442
88741
05059
75154
56621

96654
15567
69798
52241
40408

1.000

0.84147 09848 07896 50665 250

[(-/)>]

58168
58086
58005
57924
57842

30894
93832
50961
02290
47826

63883
53142
73067
37944
62640

49416
86928
39704
08966
01435

618
810
748
253
096

57760
57679
57597
57515
57433

87578
21554
49762
72210
88907

62601
53853
52997
77213
44256

47846
21403
56176
65441
59961

300
511
536
113
007

57351
57270
57188
57105
57023

99860
05078
04569
98342
86403

72456
80718
88520
15912
83518

66212
44551
07322
36911
03741

505
395
513
940
923

56941
56859
56777
56694
56612

68763
45428
16407
81708
41340

12530
24714
42403
88498
86469

84208
78562
28733
36093
79171

614
699
004
162
417

56529
56447
56364
56232
56199

95311
43629
86302
23338
54747

60354
34754
34839
86340
15554

31303
78229
35633
66624
99167

653
727
190
480
663

56116
56034
55951
55868
55785

80535
00712
15285
24263
27654

49341
15121
40876
55149
87042

43450
09200
22937
45183
87601

813
110
736
654
353

55702
55619
55536
55452
55369

25467
17710
04390
85517
61099

66217
22891
87840
92397
68448

30087
37806
78167
37748
39160

666
645
757
295
207

55286
55202
55119
55036
54952

31144
95660
54656
08140
56120

48435
65354
52753
44732
75943

57861
38911
13672
16453
01100

376
453
322
272
969

926
444
883
385
694

0.54868
0.54785
0.54701
0.54617
0.54534

98605
35603
67123
93173
13760

81587
97417
59732
05380
71756

57534
28224
24618
43512
83362

313
252
647
268
006

953
733
245
668
555

0.54450
0.54366
0.54282
0.54198
0.54114

28894
38584
42836
41661
35065

96802
19004
77392
11542
61572

60547
25576
79237
88693
03531

375
412
026
907
067

0.
0,
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0,

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.54030 23058 68139 71740 094

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

162

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

Table 4.6
x

sin x

1.000
1.001
1.002
1.003
1.004

0.84147
0.84201
0.84254
0.84308
0.84362

09848
08662
99057
81026
54565

07896
88256
57821
77549
09246

50665
92390
22046
97169
30271

250
268
578
747
873

1.005
1.006
1.007
1.008
1.009

0.84416
0.84469
0.84523
0.84576
0.84629

19667
76327
24541
64302
95605

15556
59970
06821
21289
69397

42661
18177
56844
28431
25943

273
851
116
774
853

1.010
1.011
1.012
1.013
1.014

0.

84683
0.84736
0. 84789
0. 84842
0. 84895

18446
32818
38716
36136
25071

18015
34859
88491
48323
84612

19012
07211
73284
36290
04660

310
051
331
466
810

0.53186
0.53101
0.53016
0.52931
0.52846

07213
36237
59950
78362
91481

74355
40537
93140
79791
48651

46620
55841
16121
85137
37156

673
426
808
984
798

1.015
1, 016
1, 017
1, 018

0.

019

84948
0.85000
0.85053
0.85105
0.85158

05517
77468
40919
95865
42300

68464
71835
67530
29204
31363

29173
55845
78730
92646
45804

940
003
164
111
549

0.52761
0.52677
0.52591
0.52506
0.52421

99315
01873
99163
91194
77974

48406
28274
37999
27850
48627

78219
61274
01253
90098
11734

896
932
921
832
503

1.020
1.021
1.022
1.023
1.024

0.85210
0.85263
0.85315
0.85367
0.85419

80219
09617
30489
42829
46633

49362
59411
38569
64749
16717

92361
44882
26719
24308
39374

655
415
808
778
945

0.52336
0.52251
0.52166
0.52080
0.51995

59512
35816
06896
72758
33413

51649
88764
12341
75271
30969

56988
38461
05336
58150
63497

961
245
792
502
542

1.025
1.026
1.027
1.028
1.029

0.85471
0.85523
0.85575
0.85626
0.85678

41894
28609
06771
76375
37417

74093
17351
27819
87681
79977

41057
17949
30046
60616
67982

997
715
586
931
525

0.51909
0.51824
0.51738
0.51653
0.51567

88868
39132
84213
24121
58864

33369
36926
96612
67920
06859

68691
16373
59061
73657
75899

985
373
276
956
186

1.030
1.031
1.032
1.033
1.034

0.85729
0. 85781
0.85832
0.85883
0. 85935

89891
33792
69115
95855
14006

88603
98311
94711
64271
94317

37214
31744
44887
51283
58248

627
398
626
734
998

0.51481
0.51396
0.51310
0.51224
0.51138

88449
12887
32184
46351
55396

69955
14248
97296
77168
12447

34753
86768
50370
40101
80821

350
878
116
715
625

1.035
1.036
1.037
1.038
1.039

0.85986
0.86037
0.86088
0.86139
0. 86189

23564
24523
16879
00625
75758

73034
89466
33518
95953
68397

57043
74054
21889
50385
97536

938
819
224
634
975

0.51052
0.50966
0.50880
0.50794
0.50708

59326
58151
51880
40520
24082

62230
86122
44242
97216
06180

21842
51023
08807
02209
18757

776
535
028
404
138

1.040
1.041
1.042
1.043
1.044

0.86240
0.86291
0.86341
0.86391
0. 86442

42272
00162
49422
90049
22036

43338
14123
74964
20934
47972

40328
45486
20150
62441
11963

079
997

02572
76000
44374
07704
65997

32778
39161
87986
42416
66117

40373
57213
81451
61010
93250

447
919
427
426

456

0.50622
0.50535
0.50449
0.50363
0.50276

1.045
1.046
1.047
1.048
1.049

0.86492
0.86542
0.86592
0.86642
0.86692

45379
60073
66112
63493
52209

52878
33318
87822
15788
17477

00206
00866
80077
46561
01685

699
385
424
037
140

0.50190
0.50103
0.50017
0.49930
0.49843

19263
67509
10745
48980
82221

23261
78520
97070
44586
87247

38600
34140
07134
88513
26307

728
520
396
415
756

1.050

0.86742 32255 94016 89438 141

1,

131
124

0.54030
0.53946
0.53861
0.53777
0.53693

23058
05648
82844
54653
21084

68139
72446
16233
41780
91907

71740
55654
47828
86864
73184

094
214
237
465
669

0.53608 82147 09970 84748 188

0.^53524 37848 39863 92716 262

0.53439 88197 26016 77062 668

0.53355 33202 13394 42130 747
0.53270 72871 47496 32136 904

711

0.49757 10478 91726 99029 085

[(-8)7]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

163

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

Table 4.6

COS X

1.050
1.051
1.052
1.053
1.054

0.86742
0.86792
0.86841
0.86891
0.86940

32255
03628
66321
20330
65651

94016
47403
80499
97035
01611

89438
46316
51123
74685
29477

141
092
146
276
198

0.49757
0.49670
0.49583
0.49496
0.49409

10478
33760
52074
65430
73836

91726
25200
55338
50311
78782

99029
29002
95651
48726
21490

085
975
499
051
510

1.055
1.056
1.057
1.058
1.059

0.86990
0.87039
0.87088
0.87137
0.87186

02276
30203
49427
59941
61741

99694
97621
02601
22711
66899

19162
88046
70443
39954
58660

460
624
529
543
794

0.49322
0.49235
0.49148
0.49061
0.48974

77302
75835
69444
58139
41927

09910
13349
59246
18239
61459

43854
55459
18707
31756
41446

806
008
979
732
534

1.060
1.061
1.062
1.063
1.064

0.87235
0.87284
0.87333
0.87381
0.87430

54823
39181
14811
81707
39866

44986
67663
46494
93918
23243

26228
28925
88556
11299
36468

295
947
345
356
402

0.48887
0.48799
0.48712
0.48625
0.48537

20818
94820
63943
28194
87582

60527
87554
15140
16372
64825

56191
58818
19351
07757
06632

864
317
528
202
362

1.065
1.066
1.067
1.068
1.069

0.87478
0.87527
0.87575
0.87623
0.87671

89281
29948
61863
85020
99415

48654
85211
48845
56366
25458

85179
08932
38105
30362
18969

424
453
753
492
874

0.48450
0.48362
0.48275
0.48187
0.48100

42117
91807
36660
76686
11893

34560
00124
36547
19345
24514

23847
05142
46667
07484
22014

867

1.070
1.071
1.072
1.073
1.074

0.87720
0.87768
0.87815
0.87863
0.87911

05042
01898
89976
69274
39784

74681
23473
92149
01900
74797

61030
85627
41877
46904
33716

706
336
919
963
111

0.48012
0.47924
0.47836
0.47749
0.47661

42290
67886
88689
04709
15953

28534
08365
41447
05700
79522

12436
01039
22529
36282
38551

509
904
904
289
762

1.075
1.076
1.077
1.078
1.079

0. 87959
0.88006
0.88053
0.88101
0. 88148

01504
54428
98551
33868
60376

33788
02703
06248
70011
20461

98997
50816
56244
88879
76291

101
869
731
619
297

0.47573
0.47485
0.47397
0.47309
0.47221

22432
24153
21126
13359
00861

41788
71851
49538
55152
69469

74632
50968
47223
28292
56273

160
911
840
396
392

1.080
1.081
1.082
1.083
1.084

0.88195
0. 88242
0. 88289
0. 88336
0. 88383

78068
86941
86990
78210
60596

84947
91699
69831
49337
61096

47373
79609
46247
63390
36998

533
169
031
660
790

0.47132
0.47044
0.46956
0.46868
0.46779

83641
61708
35070
03737
67717

73740
49685
79499
45845
31856

02391
58871
50767
47743
75803

353
547
810
217
727

88430
88476
88523
88570
88616

34144
98849
54706
01710
39858

36869
09301
11921
79145
46272

09797
08104
88562
84791
53940

534
243
972
522
000

0.46691
0.46602
0.46514
0.46425
0.46337

27019
81651
31624
76945
17623

21135
97750
46239
51605
99315

28984
80991
96791
44159
05181

862
522
014
401
235

88662
88708
88755
88801
88846

69144
89564
01113
03786
97579

49487
25861
13352
50807
77956

23160
35990
98641
26207
88779

860
371
470
951
948

0.46248
0.46159
0.46071
0.45982
0.45893

53668
85088
11892
34089
51687

75300
65958
58145
39181
96847

87702
36738
45833
68372
28855

790
852
190
764
783

88892
0.88938
0. 88984
0.89029
0.89075

82488
58507
25633
83860
33184

35422
64713
08227
09252
11966

57470
50354
78315
90807
21527

660
274
047
488
609

0.45804
0.45715
0.45626
0.45537
0.45448

64697
73125
76983
76277
71018

19382
95485
14314
65483
39062

34113
84487
84956
56224
45757

686
142
158
382
688

1.085
1.086
1.087
1.088
1.089

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

090
091
092
093

0.

1.094

0.

1.095
1.096
1.097
1.098
1.099

0.

1.100

0.89120 73600 61435 33995 180

716-654

0.
0.
0.

64

12

311
387
800
811

0.45359 61214 25577 38777 137

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

164
Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

1.100
1.101
1.102
1.103
1.104

0.89120
0.89166
0.89211
0.89256
0.89301

73600
05105
27692
41359
46100

61435
03618
85365
54417
59408

33995
67046
80240
99171
60693

180
971
901
080
678

0.45359
0.45270
0.45181
0.45092
0.45002

61214
46874
28007
04621
76727

25577
16008
01790
74808
27402

38777
69206
30573
86868
83352

137
400
730
576
928

1.105
1.106
1.107
1.108
1.109

0.89346
0.89391
0.89436
0.89480
0.89525

41911
28787
06724
75718
35763

49863
76201
89735
42671
88110

58063
85981
85553
89157
65223

585
812
594
146
027

0.44913
0.44824
0.44734
0.44645
0.44555

44332
07446
66077
20235
69929

52361
42924
92780
96065
47363

57327
48852
11424
22607
94616

478
689
866

1.110
1.111
1.112
1.113
1.114

0.89569
0.89614
0.89658
0.89702
0.89747

86856
28992
62167
86375
01614

80047
73373
23874
88234
24030

62924
56775
91147
24683
74633

063
801
427
120
785

0.44466
0.44376
0.44286
0.44197
0.44107

15167
55958
92312
24237
51742

41706
74570
41874
39984
65707

84864
06453
38633
37201
44874

374
951
030
474
890

1.115
1.116
1.117
1.118
1.119

0.89791
0.89835
0.89878
0.89922
0.89966

07877
05162
93463
72776
43097

89740
44737
49293
64577
52658

61099
51180
03041
09884
43829

138
079
321
230
826

0.44017
0.43927
0.43838
0.43748
0,43658

74837
93529
07829
17745
23287

16293
89431
83253
96329
27666

01603
54849
69812
39623
95482

891
166

438
410
777

120
121
122
123
124

0.90010
0.90053
0.90097
0.90140
0.90183

04421
56744
00062
34371
59665

76504
99984
87864
05813
20399

99711
38780
32313
05144
79088

910
263
880
201
276

0.43568
0.43478
0.43388
0.43298
0.43207

24462
21281
13752
01884
85686

76712
43347
27890
31095
54146

16761
41055
74199
00232
91323

399
736
612
420
845

1.125
1.126
1.127
1.128
1.129

0.90226
0.90269
0.90312
0.90355
0.90398

75940
83194
81420
70615
50774

99C95
10271
23203
08069
35948

16291
62482
90131
41527
71758

842
258
256
464
658

0.43117
0.43027
0.42937
0.42846
0.42756

65167
40337
11204
77777
40066

98666
66704
60745
83700
38914

17655
57257
05806
86372
59134

197
452
078
749
030

1.130
1.131
1.132
1.133
1.134

0. 90441
0.90483
0.90526
0.90568
0.90611

21893
83969
36996
80970
15887

78825
09589
02030
30848
71644

91603
10334
78425
30177
26245

708
160
425
523
348

0.42665
0.42575
0.42485
0.42394
0.42303

98079
51825
01314
46554
87555

30157
61627
37950
64178
45785

31037
65422
91605
14410
23669

122
763
376
540
902

1.135
1.136
1.137
1.138
1.139

0.90653
0. 90695
0.90737
0.90779
0.90821

41744
58534
66256
64903
54473

00926
96110
35516
98372
64813

96078
80269
72815
63281
78880

401
960
632
260
126

0.42213
0.42122
0.42031
0.41941
0.41850

24325
56874
85211
09345
29285

88672
99161
83998
50349
05800

03673
42580
41784
25243
48758

585
219
656
478
379

1.140
1.141
1.142
1.143
1.144

0.90863
0.90905
0.90946
0.90988
0.91029

34961
06362
68673
21889
66006

15883
33532
00620
00918
19102

26459
34395
94400
03234
04326

422
940
939
153
885

0.41759
C. 41668
0.41577
0.41486
0.41395

45C39
56618
64029
67283
66389

58358
16446
88907
85000
14400

09217
53794
89108
90333
10281

519
933
094
707
852

1.145
1.146
1.147
1.148
1.149

0.91071
0.91112
0.91153
0.91194
0.91235

01020
26927
43723
51403
49965

40761
52394
41410
96130
05786

29314
39475
67087
56676
06195

164
912
073
684
821

0.41304
0.41213
0.41122
0.41031
0.40940

61354
52190
38904
21505
00004

87194
13888
05397
73050
28587

88428
59906
64456
55331
08169

529
732
120
381
395

1.150

0.91276 39402 60521 08094 403

305
628

0.40848 74408 84157 29815 258

[-(-8)6]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

165

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

Table 4.6

COS X

1.150
1.151
1.152
1.153
1.154

0.91276
0.91317
0.91357
0.91398
0.91439

39402
19712
90890
52933
05835

60521
51391
70367
10330
65075

08094
90306
57146
30107
88579

403
792
165
602
865

0.40848
0.40757
0.40666
0.40574
0.40483

74408
44728
10972
73149
31269

84157
52320
46045
78706
64086

29815
67107
15621
28372
24481

258
284
071
706
224

1.155
1.156
1.157
1.158
1.159

0.91479
0.91519
0.91560
0.91600
0.91640

49594
84204
09663
25966
33109

29314
98669
69679
39800
07401

10465
12711
91743
63815
05261

816
431
383
143
556

0.40391
0.40300
0.40208
0.40117
0.40025

85341
35373
81375
23357
61326

16372
50159
80441
22620
92496

97790
25449
76456
20152
34689

397
945
266
779
958

1.160
1.161
1.162
1.163
1.164

0.91680
0.91720
0.91759
0.91799
0.91839

31087
19898
99536
69999
31282

71766
33100
92520
52063
14682

92661
42911
53200
40902
83374

866
136
023
883
147

0.39933
0.39842
0.39750
0.39658
0.39566

95294
25267
51257
73271
91320

06273
80553
32340
79035
38435

15445
83402
93491
42889
79278

164
355
775
706
377

1.165
1.166
1.167
1.168
1.169

0.91878
0.91918
0.91957
0.91996
0.92035

83380
26291
60010
84533
99857

84250
65556
64310
87139
41592

57652
80075
45798
68222
18336

941
906
178
492
360

0.39475
0.39383
0.39291
0.39199
0.39107

05412
15556
21762
24039
22396

28737
68530
76800
72926
76682

09066
05567
17146
75312
02789

125
898
187
486
366

1.170
1.171
1.172
1.173
1.174

0.92075
0.92114
0.92152
0.92191
0.92230

05977
02889
90590
69076
38343

36135
80158
83968
58796
16793

63957
08886
31967
26061
36915

301
071
851
369
902

0.39015
0.38923
0.38830
0.38738
0.38646

16843
07387
94040
76809
55705

08230
88126
37316
77135
29304

21533
60718
64679
00821
67479

266
072
599
054
575

1.175
1.176
1.177
1.178
1.179

0.92268
0.92307
0.92345
0.92384
0.92422

98386
49203
90789
23140
46253

71033
35510
25145
55777
44173

01956
88974
34733
83468
25312

127
783
097
944
701

0.38554
0.38462
0.38369
0.38277
0.38184

30736
01911
69240
32733
92397

15936
59525
82956
09495
62792

01753
87293
62048
25982
48743

942
547
718
487
902

1.180
1.181
1.182
1.183
1.184

0.92460
0.92498
0.92536
0.92574
0.92612

60124
64748
60123
46244
23108

08020
65932
37446
43024
04056

34610
08156
03329
76141
19188

754
619
642
242
645

0.38092
0.38000
0.37907
0.37814
0.37722

48243
00280
48517
92963
33627

66881
46178
25478
29958
85174

77302
43547
71840
86542
19493

960
271
534
917
444

1.185
1.186
1.187
1.188
1.189

0.92649
0.92687
0.92724
0.92762
0.92799

90710
49047
98116
37912
68432

42853
82657
47634
62876
54404

99516
96383
38942
43819
52606

095
480
352
290
588

0.37629
0.37537
0.37444
0.37351
0.37258

70520
03649
33025
58656
80552

17058
51921
16451
37709
43133

17454
49518
14476
48149
30684

471
342
334
962
752

1.190
1.191
1.192
1.193
1.194

0.92836
0.92874
0.92911
0.92947
0.92984

89672
01628
04297
97675
81758

49166
75038
60825
36260
32004

69260
97404
77546
24192
62877

202
950
899
928
403

0.37165
0.37073
0.36980
0.36887
0.36794

98722
13176
23922
30970
34330

60532
18091
44362
68273
19116

93806
28040
89893
08995
95213

568
589
026
672
382

1.195
1.196
1.197
1.198
1.199

0.93021
0.93058
0.93094
0.93131
0.93167

56542
22025
78201
25068
62622

79650
11719
61664
63866
53638

67095
95146
26876
00337
48349

956
303
083
679
974

0.36701
0.36608
0.36515
0.36422
0.36328

34010
30020
22369
11066
96122

26558
20629
31729
90622
28438

45714
52004
06923
11604
82399

570
819
698
876
631

1.200

0.93203 90859 67226 34967 013

0.36235 77544 76673 57763 837

[(-8)5]

166

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

1.200
1.201
1.202
1.203
1.204

0.93203
0.93240
0.93276
0.93312
0.93348

90859
09776
19369
19634
10568

67226
41805
15485
27305
17240

34967
91853
54567
98748
76215

013
542
367
519
175

1.205
1.206
1.207
1.208
1.209

0.93383
0.93419
0.93455
0.93490
0.93526

92167
64427
27346
80919
25144

26196
96013
69465
90260
03041

50966
35090
24584
35070
37431

1.210
1.211
1.212
1.213
1.214

0.93561
0.93596
0.93632
0.93667
0.93702

60015
85530
01686
08478
05904

53385
87806
53752
99608
74693

1.215
1.216
1.217
1.218
1.219

0.93736
0.93771
0.93806
0.93841
0.93875

93960
72642
41946
01870
52410

1.220
1.221
1.222
1.223
1. 224

0.93909
0.93944
0.93978
0.94012
0.94046

1.225
1.226
1.227
1.228
1.229

0.36235
36142
0.36049
0.35956
0.35862

77544
55343
29528
00108
67092

76673
67184
32190
04273
16376

57763
05108
27614
71008
30309

837
539
189
651
065

302
992
444
567
162

0.35769
0.35675
0.35582
0.35488
0.35395

30490
90310
46564
99259
48405

01799
94203
27606
36382
55261

56527
63341
33727
26557
83165

660
607
018
166
039

93341
90713
79041
04663
45913

646
291
926
095
598

0.35301
0.35208
0.35114
0.35021
0.34927

94012
36088
74644
09688
41230

19330
64027
25144
38826
41568

33870
04470
22698
24640
61124

301
775
521
616
730

29266
14521
82590
86543
80386

48199
58969
62598
15169
79170

416
959
617
574
848

0.34833
0.34739
0.34646
0.34552
0.34458

69279
93845
14937
32564
46736

70217
61966
54360
85289
92990

04069
52800
40329
39601
69704

578
358
260
140
455

93563
25324
47691
60660
64228

19067
58470
55418
67676
53946

58093
30937
86621
58302
57600

524
151
257
957
622

0.34364
0.34270
0.34176
0.34082
0.33988

57463
64752
68615
69060
66097

16047
93385
64277
68336
45517

02047
66500
57501
40132
56153

552
405
890
702
996

0.94080
0.94114
0.94148
0.94181
0.94215

58391
43146
18490
84419
40930

73872
88036
57965
46123
15917

08723
82507
30357
18091
59701

559
685
157
912
104

0.33894
0.33800
0.33706
0.33612
0.33518

59735
49983
36852
20349
00486

36117
80771
20455
96483
50503

30011
74807
98234
08479
20093

855
668
533
750
523

1.230
1.231
1.232
1.233
1.234

0.94248
0.94282
0.94315
0.94348
0.94381

88019
25683
53919
72724
82093

31697
58754
63320
12574
74633

51002
03206
76390
12870
70486

382
998
684
299
175

0.33423
0.33329
0.33235
0.33140
0.33046

77271
50713
20823
87608
51080

24502
60802
02059
91261
71729

59823
72418
26391
19759
85740

955
427
462
164
328

1.235
1.236
1.237
1.238
1.239

0.94414
0.94447
0.94480
0.94513
0.94545

82025
72515
53560
25157
87303

18562
14367
32999
46354
27272

55790
57139
77695
68328
60431

164
322
223
851
046

0.32952
0.32857
0.32763
0.32668
0.32574

11247
68119
21705
72015
19058

87117
81408
98914
84277
82466

98424
78405
98386
88743
43066

316
786
387
487
054

1.240
1.241
1.242
1.243
1.244

0.94578
0.94610
0.94643
0.94675
0.94707

39994
83227
17000
41308
56148

49538
87884
17986
16467
60895

98628
73405
53628
18984
92311

471
063
942
738
309

0.32479
0.32385
0.32290
0.32195
0.32101

62844
03381
40681
74751
05601

38776
98828
08569
14269
62521

23657
67007
89227
91456
65238

769
475
042
764
364

1.245
1.246
1.247
1.248
1.249

0.94739
0.94771
0.94803
0.94835
0.94866

61518
57414
43832
20770
88225

29788
02608
59766
82619
53474

71844
63367
12259
35461
53335

815
118
472
479
262

0.32006
0.31911
0.31816
0.31721
0.31627

33242
57681
78930
96997
11891

00239
74660
33339
24152
95292

97855
77643
99262
68947
09714

712
341
871
423
116

1.250

0.94898 46193 55586 21434 849

-(-7)1"

[<-/]

0.

31532 23623 95268 66544 754

"(-8)5"
{
[

~n

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS
z

167
Table 4.6

sin x

1.250
1.251
1.252
1.253
1.254

0.94898
0.94929
0.94961
0.94992
0.95023

46193
94671
33656
63145
83135

55586
73157
91340
96237
74899

21434
62180
96439
75008
10006

849
713
444
528
196

0.31532
0.31437
0.31342
0.31247
0.31152

23623
32202
37637
39938
39114

95268
72909
77355
58064
64805

66544
11534
49010
20615
10363

754
791
665
601
979

1.255
1.256
1.257
1.258
1.259

0.95054
0.95085
0.95116
0.95147
0.95178

93623
94605
86078
68040
40486

15326
06469
38232
01466
87975

06166
92038
51091
52726
83188

303
225
729
783
287

0.31057
0.30962
0.30867
0.30772
0.30676

35175
28130
17989
04761
88456

47660
57024
43600
58403
52756

49664
22311
69445
94485
68021

355
242
729
052
196

1.260
1.261
1.262
1.263
1.264

0.95209
0.95239
0.95270
0.95300
0.95330

03415
56824
00708
35065
59892

90515
02793
19468
36151
49407

76385
44617
09200
31003
40886

682
416
227
222
709

0.30581
0.30486
0.30391
0.30295
0.30200

69083
46652
21173
92654
61106

78289
86939
30948
62866
35544

32688
08001
95158
81822
46859

634
291
833
373
693

1.265
1.266
1.267
1.268
1.269

0.95360
0.95390
0.95420
0.95450
0.95480

75186
80944
77163
63840
40972

56753
56660
48552
32808
10759

70045
80258
94039
24694
06289

767
512
032
963
671

0.30105
0.30009
0.29914
0.29819
0.29723

26538
88959
48379
04808
58254

02136
16100
31192
01472
81295

65060
11818
67791
23518
84019

070
814
595
675
121

1.270
1.271
1.272
1.273
1.274

0.95510
0.95539
0.95569
0.95598
0.95627

08555
66588
15067
53989
83351

84692
57849
34427
19578
19409

23509
41432
35209
19640
78657

018
673
944
104
170

0.29628
0.29532
0.29437
0.29341
0.29245

08729
56240
00799
42413
81094

25318
88493
26068
93588
46891

73355
39166
57175
35661
19906

114
425

1.275
1.276
1.277
1.278
1.279

0.95657
0.95686
0.95715
0.95744
0.95772

03150
13383
14048
05142
86661

40985
92326
82408
21166
19488

94719
78101
96095
02109
64678

118
497
419
886
437

0.29150
0.29054
0.28958
0.28863
0.28767

16850
49691
79626
06666
30819

42108
35665
84278
44951
74982

96613
98290
07609
61732
56616

869
890
308
860
726

1.280
1.281
1.282
1.283
1.284

0.95801
0.95830
0.95858
0.95887
0.95915

58602
20964
73742
16935
50539

89224
43180
95120
59764
52796

96370
82604
10371
96853
17957

075
453
286
962
320

0.28671
0.28575
0.28479
0.28383
0.28288

52096
70505
86057
98761
08626

31955
73742
58503
44681
91007

51277
72036
16730
58895
51923

939
934
332
050
831

1.285
1.286
1.287
1.288
1.289

0.95943
0.95971
0.95999
0.96027
0.96055

74551
88969
93790
89011
74629

90853
91535
73400
55966
59710

36739
31748
25260
11427
84322

577
357
814
805
094

0.28192
0.28096
0.28000
0.27904
0.27808

15663
19881
21288
19896
15714

56494
00438
82417
62291
00198

33192
28157
54428
25809
56310

303
651
993
577
871

1.290
1.291
1.292
1.293
1.294

0.96083
0.96111
0.96138
0.96166
0.96193

50642
17046
73839
21018
58580

06072
17450
17203
29652
80080

65890
33810
49249
84528
50693

556
354
056
675
590

0.27712
0.27615
0.27519
0.27423
0.27327

08750
99015
86519
71271
53280

56557
92064
67693
44692
84588

64138
75651
29289
79480
00512

661
234
769
997
263

1.295
1.296
1.297
1.298
1.299

0.96220
0.96248
0.96275
0.96302
0.96329

86523
04845
13541
12610
02048

94730
00807
26481
00880
54098

24982
78203
02013
36103
95282

339
231
782
915
920

0.27231
0.27135
0.27038
0.26942
0.26846

32557
09111
82951
54087
22529

49177
00534
01003
13198
00008

90379
74605
10035
88600
41057

053
108
206
711
992

1.300

0.96355 81854 17192 96470 135

['-/"I

182
000
579

0.26749 88286 24587 40699 798

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

168

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

Table 4.6

sin x

1.300
1.301
1.302
303
1.304

1.

cos x

0.96355
0.96382
0.96409
0.96435
0.96462

81854
52024
12556
63446
04694

17192
22181
02048
90740
23167

96470
85589
64366
17^32
36927

135
331
761
855
537

0.

26749
0.26653
0.26557
0. 26460
0. 26364

88286
51368
11785
69546
24661

24587
50360
41018
60519
73088

40699
07039
09469
70890
71318

798
695
650
877
016

1.305
1.306
1.307
1.308
1.309

0.

96488
96514
0. 96540
0. 96566
0.96592

36295
58247
70548
73195
66185

35205
63694
46439
22209
30740

53009
56266
26036
56221
81411

126
806
635
061
924

0.26267
0.26171
0.26074
0.25978
0.25881

77140
26992
74227
18854
60883

43213
35646
15401
47755
98246

51456
16255
38427
61955
05556

761
031
774
494
626

1.310
1.311
1.

312
1.313
1.314

0.96618
0. 96644
0. 96669
0. 96695
0.96720

49516
23185
87189
41527
86195

12734
09856
64740
20986
23159

02916
14689
29162
02983
62656

926
520
218
276
736

0.25785
0.25688
0.25591
0.25495
0.25398

00325
37188
71482
03217
32402

32669
17082
17797
01385
34673

66133
22194
37244
63156
43517

818
242
030
911
173

1.315
1.316
1.317
1.318
1.31?

0.96746
0.96771
0. 96796
0.96821
0. 96846

21191
46512
62156
68121
64403

16794
48390
65416
16306
50465

3Q085
48019
05402
62628
76697

794
478
607
991
879

0.25301
0.25204
0.25108
0.25011
0.24914

59047
83163
04758
23842
40425

84742
18927
04816
10251
03323

16937
20348
92269
76046
23067

022
457
738
556
996

1.320
1.321
1.322
1.323
1.324

0.96871
0. 96896
0. 96920
0.96945
0. 96970

51001
27911
95132
52661
00495

18265
71045
61115
41752
67204

26273
36648
04608
23202
06414

590
340
211
252
685

0.24817
0,24720
0.24623
0.24526
0.24429

54516
66126
75263
81939
86161

52372
25991
93018
22539
83886

95957
71738
44974
30889
68450

398
199
865
004
760

1.325
1.326
1.327
1.328
1.329

0.96994
0.97018
0.97042
0.97066
0.97090

38632
67070
85806
94838
94163

92687
74387
69462
36036
33208

13740
74662
13034
71365
35004

188
236
465
051
060

0.24332
0. 24235
0.24138
0.24041
0.23944

87941
87287
84210
78719
70824

46638
80615
55885
42753
11769

23445
91516
01181
16828
41682

582
463
759
662
448

1.330
1.331
1.332
1.333
1.334

0.97114
0.97138
0.97162
0.97185
0.97209

83779
63683
33874
94348
45104

21044
60583
13835
43780
14372

56233
78261
59117
95451
46235

768
900
786
405
282

0.

23847
0.23750
0.23653
0.23556
0. 23458

60534
47859
32810
15395
95624

33723
79643
20797
28690
75063

20751
43748
47988
21258
04672

578
768
097
288
221

1.335
1.336
1.337
1.338
1.339

0.

97232
0.97256
0.97279
0.97302
0.97325

86138
17450
39036
50894
53021

90534
38163
24129
16271
83406

56369
80187
04871
73757
09557

230
900
129
046
931

0.23361
0.23264
0.23167
0.23069
0.22972

73508
49055
22276
93180
61778

31892
71391
66003
88407
11512

95492
49935
85946
85958
99624

805
286
099
358
085

1.340
1.341
1.342
1.343
1.344

0.97348
0. 97371
0. 97394
0.97416
0.97439

45416
28077
01000
64184
17626

95319
22772
37498
12205
20575

37478
08238
20994
46167
48173

787
616
365
522
349

0.22875
0.22777
0.22680
0.22583
0. 22485

28078
92090
53825
13291
70500

08459
52617
17584
77188
05482

46523
18849
84074
87585
55305

264
831
691
859
819

1.345
1.346
1.347
1.348
1.349

0.97461
0.97483
0. 97506
0.97528
0.97550

61324
95276
19479
33932
38633

37264
37901
99092
98416
14428

08052
46006
43832
67265
88217

713
501
603
423
916

0.22388
0.22290
0.22193
0.22095
0.21998

25459
78180
28672
76944
23007

76744
65480
46415
94502
84913

96286
05279
65290
50100
26774

212
929
729
463
007

1.350

0.97572 33578 26659 06926 111

0.

;<-]

0.21900 66870 93041 58142 002

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

169

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sm

Table 4.6

COS X

1.350
1.351
1.352
1.353
1.354

0.97572
0.97594
0.97615
0.97637
0.97659

33578
18766
94194
59861
15764

26659
15612
62771
50591
62506

06926
73996
12353
39095
87244

111
110
536
407
418

0.21900
0.21803
0.21705
0.21607
0.21510

66870
08543
48036
85358
20520

93041
94501
65124
80961
18281

58142
05261
29854
96725
76154

504
627
291
163

1.355
1.356
1.357
1.358
1.359

0.97680
0.97701
0.97723
0.97744
0.97765

61901
98270
24869
41696
48748

82927
97238
91804
53965
72037

27405
89325
83352
21803
40225

609
386
894
706
805

0.21412
0.21314
0.21217
0.21119
0.21021

53530
84399
13137
39753
64257

53567
63517
25046
15278
11553

46271
95410
24434
49048
02083

899
772
790
406
908

1.360
1.361
1.362
1.363
1.364

0.97786
0.97807
0.97828
0.97848
0.97869

46024
33521
11237
79171
37319

35316
34074
59561
04006
60615

18567
02249
23135
20406
61343

849
690
125
864
685

0.20923
0.20826
0.20728
0.20630
0.20532

86658
06968
25195
41349
55440

91419
32637
13175
11211
05130

35767
23964
64404
80880
25435

598
842
112
089
952

1.365
1.366
1.367
1.368
1.369

0.97889
0.97910
0.97930
0.97950
0.97970

85681
24253
53035
72024
81217

23574
88047
50175
07082
56868

61999
07786
73954
45982
39862

774
196
516
521
027

0.20434
0.20336
0.20238
0.20140
0.20042

67477
77471
85432
91369
95291

73521
95182
49113
14517
70801

80524
61151
16990
34489
38946

932
240
457
495
217

1.370
1.371
1.372
1.373
1.374

0.97990
0.98010
0.98030
0.98050
0.98069

80613
70211
50007
20000
80189

98614
32380
59206
81114
01103

22288
30754
93540
49613
68424

769
328
094
233
652

0.19944
0.19846
0.19748
0.19650
0.19552

97209
97133
95072
91036
85036

97572
74640
82010
99890
08682

96568
16515
52911
06852
28380

820
079
545
798
853

1.375
1.376
1.377
1.378
1.379

0.98089
0.98108
0.98128
0.98147
0.98166

30570
71142
01903
22852
33986

23155
52232
94276
56212
45944

69608
42586
66065
27452
42153

920
155
826
479
343

0.19454
0.19356
0.19258
0.19160
0.19062

77079
67178
55340
41577
25898

88987
21600
87511
67905
44156

18444
30840
74132
13553
72884

822
918
912
129
094

1.380
1.381
1.382
1.383
1.384

0.98185
0.98204
0.98223
0.98241
0.98260

35303
26802
08480
80336
42368

72359
45326
75694
75296
56947

72787
48298
82965
95320
26961

813
791
850
221
571

0.18964
0.18865
0.18767
0.18669
0.18571

08312
88831
67462
44217
19105

97834
10696
64691
41955
24813

36320
50314
25395
37980
32156

915
508
757
715
930

1.385
1.386
1.387
1.388
1.389

0.98278
0.98297
0.98315
0.98333
0.98352

94574
36952
69500
92216
05100

34442
22562
37068
94707
13205

61276
42059
92032
31273
95537

561
162
708
673
148

0.18472
0.18374
0.18276
0.18178
0.18079

92135
63319
32665
00183
65884

95776
37540
32988
65185
17379

21451
90577
97169
73489
28124

016
542
360
451
404

1.390
1.391
1.392
1.393
1.394

0.98370
0.98388
0.98405
0.98423
0.98441

08148
01359
84731
58262
21952

11276
08614
25898
84790
07939

54484
29809
13274
84637
29485

004
722
870
207
405

0.17981
0.17882
0.17784
0.17686
0.17587

29776
91871
52177
10704
67464

72999
15656
29142
97424
04651

47659
98336
27690
66173
28756

616
311
484
860
976

1.39-5

1.396
1.397
1.398
1.399

0.98458
0.98476
0.98493
0.98510
0.98527

75797
19796
53948
78250
92701

18974
42512
04152
30479
49063

56974
17462
20048
50013
86162

360
083
145
670
846

0.17489
0.17390
0.17292
0.17193
0.17095

22464
75715
27228
77011
25074

35146
73409
04115
12112
82423

16514
18192
11759
65937
41718

467
681
690
830
833

1.400

0.98544 97299 88460 18065 947

002

0.16996 71429 00240 93861 675

[-(-8,3]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

170
Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sm

1.400
1.401
1.402
1.403
1.404

0.98544
0.98561
0.98578
0.98595
0.98612

97299
92043
76931
51961
17131

88460
78208
48834
31850
59751

18065
63203
84013
04837
28769

947
840
966
776
609

0.16996
0.16898
0.16799
0.16701
0.16602

71429
16083
59048
00332
39947

00240
50929
20024
93227
56412

93861
72373
23971
93533
25523

675
233
842
854
303

1.405
1.406
1.407
1.408
1.409

0.98628
0.98645
0.98661
0.98677
0.98693

72440
17886
53468
79184
95031

66021
85129
52531
04669
78970

54406
92502
82515
09070
18307

982
294
912
631
486

0.16503
0.16405
0.16306
0.16207
0.16109

77901
14205
48869
81902
13314

95615
97042
47062
32209
39179

65404
61039
64065
31258
25882

770
544
184
571
568

1.410
1.411
1.412
1.413
1.414

0.98710
0.98725
0.98741
0.98757
0.98773

01010
97117
83352
59712
26197

13850
48711
23943
80922
62012

34142
74427
67004
65672
66048

909
198
304
895
706

0.16010
0.15911
0.15812
0.15714
0.15615

43115
71315
97924
22952
46408

54831
66184
60420
24876
47050

19016
90869
32080
44997
44945

356
577
359
336
751

1.415
1.416
1.417
1.418
1.419

0.98788
0.98804
0.98819
0.98834
0.98850

82805
29533
66381
93348
10430

10565
70919
88402
09330
81005

21328
57953
91177
40532
45199

142
120
144
586
170

0.15516
0.15417
0.15319
0.15220
0.15121

68303
88646
07447
24716
40463

14596
15325
37202
68347
97033

61477
39606
41027
45317
51126

752
967
471
231
135

1.420
1.421
1.422
1.423
1.424

0.98865
0.98880
0.98895
0.98909
0.98924

17628
14939
02362
79896
47539

51719
70753
88375
55844
25405

79273
66940
97544
40562
60478

627
521
222
021
351

0.15022
0.14923
0.14824
0.14725
0.14626

54699
67432
78672
88430
96716

11685
00880
53344
57953
03732

77348
64281
74765
95314
37224

698
559
840
499
747

1.425
1.426
1.427
1.428
1.429

0.98939
0.98953
0.98967
0.98982
0.98996

05289
53145
91106
19171
37337

50295
84738
83949
04132
02480

31560
52533
61159
48716
74376

129
174
714
941
619

0.14528
0.14429
0.14330
0.14231
0.14132

03538
08908
12835
15329
16400

79851
75628
80526
84153
76259

37675
60810
98807
72928
34563

648
986
514
666
848

1.430
1.431
1.432
1.433
1.434

0.99010
0.99024
0.99038
0.99052
0.99065

45603
43968
32431
10990
79644

37177
67397
53301
56046
37773

79485
01748
89307
14729
88889

729
121
176
460
346

0.14033
0.13934
0.13835
0.13736
0.13637

16058
14312
11173
06651
00755

46736
85619
83083
29440
15144

66253
82699
31761
95441
90849

390
275
733
799
940

1.435
1.436
1.437
1.438
1.439

0.99079
0.99092
0.99106
0.99119
0.99132

38391
87230
26160
55180
74287

61619
91709
93157
32073
75552

74754
01072
75959
00385
81565

605
941
459
060
735

0.13537
0.13438
0.13339
0.13240
0.13141

93495
84881
74924
63632
51017

30784
67086
14910
65254
09245

71160
26554
85143
13887
19491

849
495
546
244
852

1.440
1.441
1.442
1.443
1.444

0.99145
0.99158
0.99171
0.99184
0.99197

83481
82761
72125
51571
21099

91686
49554
19229
71773
79243

46252
53923
09874
78212
94748

760
766
676
505
990

0.13042
0.12943
0.12844
0.12744
0.12645

37087
21853
05325
87512
68425

38145
43347
16375
48881
32647

49297
92153
79275
85098
28105

752
306
576
002
135

1.445
1.446
1.447
1.448
1.449

0.99209
0.99222
0.99234
0.99247
0.99259

80708
30395
70160
00002
19919

14686
52141
66639
34203
31850

79795
50856
35228
82494
76923

055
088
024
216
086

0.12546
0.12447
0.12348
0.12248
0.12149

48073
26467
03616
79530
54219

59580
21717
11217
20366
41572

71654
24785
43017
29130
33939

525
871
513
391
548

1.450

0.99271 29910 37588 49766 535

(-7)1"

ffl

0.12050 27693 67366 57053 287

[,-8,2]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

171

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

Table 4.6

COS X

sin x

1.450
1.451
1.452
1.453
1.454

0.99271
0.99283
0.99295
0.99307
0.99318

29910
29974
20109
00315
70591

37588
30417
90332
98319
36356

49766
91459
63717
11543
75120

535
118
946
325
114

0.12050
0.11950
0.11851
0.11752
0.11653

27693
99962
71037
40925
09639

67366
90401
03450
99404
71276

57053
47620
05063
79804
73971

287
080
327
068
735

1.455
1.456
1.457
1.458
1.459

0.99330
0.99341
0.99353
0.99364
0.99375

30934
81345
21821
52362
72967

87418
35468
65467
63366
16112

01619
56903
37123
80232
77380

777
143
830
355
893

0.11553
0.11454
0.11355
0.11255
0.11156

77188
43581
08828
72940
35927

12194
15402
74262
82249
32951

42103
91829
84551
36104
17410

061
237
407
618
313

1.460
1.461
1.462
1.463
1.464

0.99386
0.99397
0.99408
0.99419
0.99430

83634
84362
75150
55998
26904

11644
38896
87794
49260
15209

84228
32148
39331
21797
04300

683
075
194
223
286

0.11056
0.10957
0. 10858
0. 10758
0.10659

97798
58563
18232
76816
34324

20069
37417
78917
38604
10617

55117
32232
88737
22199
88365

465
463
835
915
556

1.465
1.466
1.467
1.468
1.469

0.99440
0.99451
0.99461
0.99472
0.99482

87866
38885
79958
11085
32265

78550
33187
74019
96938
98831

31137
76860
56879
37979
48727

923
141
043
012
437

0. 10559
0.10460
0.10361
0.10261
0.10162

90765
46151
00491
53795
06072

89208
68730
43646
08521
58026

01747
36201
25487
63826
06440

983
884
846
230
584

1.470
1.471
1.472
1.473
1.474

0.99492
0.99502
0.99512
0.99522
0.99531

43497
44780
36112
17493
88922

77580
32063
62150
68709
53602

89785
44122
87122
96604
62729

993
430
898
762
932

0.10062
0.09963
0.09863
0.09764
0.09664

57333
07588
56847
05119
52415

86931
90112
62542
99295
95545

70090
33595
38345
88804
53005

698
391
147
678
525

1.475
1.476
1.477
1.478
1.479

0.99541
0.99551
0.99560
0.99569
0.99578

50398
01919
43486
75096
96749

19685
70812
11829
48581
87906

97818
46063
93145
75747
90969

664
854
787
356
720

09564
09465
09365
09266
09166

98745
44118
88544
32034
74598

46561
47711
94456
82355
07058

63028
15478
71943
59452
70920

806
186
189
948
484

1.480
1.481
1.482
1.483
1.484

0.99588
0.99597
0.99606
0.99614
0.99623

08445
10182
01959
83775
55630

37640
06611
04648
42571
32200

05648
65569
04588
53643
49677

408
851
337
374
461

09067
08967
08867
08768
08668

16244
56984
96827
35783
73863

64309
49943
59886
90154
36851

65577
69400
75526
44661
05477

623
641
752
519
303

1.485
1.486
1.487
1.488
1.489

0.

99632
99640
0. 99649
0. 99657
0.99665

17522
69452
11417
43417
65452

86349
18829
44446
79005
39305

44454
13277
63607
43586
50450

246
079
933
693
815

08569
08469
08369
08270
08170

11075
47431
82940
17612
51456

96168
64385
37866
13060
86499

55002
59004
52356
39407
94334

845
070
240
518
076

1.490
1.491
1.492
1.493
1.494

0.

99673
99681
0. 99689
0.99697
0. 99705

77520
79621
71753
53917
26110

43143
09312
57602
08799
84688

38855
29093
15215
73054
68141

320
143
811
448
099

08070
07971
07871
07771
07672

84484
16705
48128
78764
08624

54800
14659
62854
96243
11762

61486
55729
62770
39483
14220

832
907
926
234
152

1.495
1.496
1.497
1.498
1.499

0.99712
0. 99720
0. 99727
0.99735
0. 99742

88334
40586
82865
15173
37506

08049
02660
93295
05727
66724

63530
27521
41279
06360
52131

364
334
821
877

07572
07472
07372
07273
07173

37716
66050
93638
20488
46611

06424
77322
21620
36561
19459

87121
30411
88691
79219
92192

354
478
060
898
943

1.500

0.99749 49866 04054 43094 172

0.

0.

595

07073 72016 67702 91008 819

-8)
[(

2]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

172
Table 4.6

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

COS X

500
501
502
503
504

0.99749
0.99756
0.99763
0,99770
0.99776

49866
52250
44659
27091
99547

04054
46480
23765
66667
06942

43094
86109
37519
10173
80349

172
251
509
501
750

0.07073
0.06973
0.06874
0.06774
0.06674

72016
96714
20715
44028
66664

67702
78750
50131
79447
64365

91008
12531
67342
39990
89231

819
065
208
761
245

1.505
1.506
1.507
1.508
1.509

0.99783
0.99790
0.99796
0.99802
0.99809

62024
14524
57044
89585
12145

77346
11631
44547
11841
50260

94581
76379
32859
61264
55394

063
092
104
976
397

0.06574
0.06475
0.06375
0,06275
0.06175

88633
09943
30607
50633
70031

02623
92023
30434
15789
46086

48257
24928
C1988
37280
63952

343
268
470
758
953

1.510
1.511
1.512
1.513
1.514

0.99815
0.99821
0.99827
0.99833
0.99838

24724
27322
19938
02571
75221

97548
92446
74695
85033
65198

11924
36636
50542
95912
42198

274
332
912
947
118

0.06075
0.05976
0.05876
0.05776
0.05676

88812
06985
24560
41548
57959

19385
33809
87538
78816
05945

90658
01748
57464
94113
24248

160
769
281
053
072

1.515
1.516
1.517
1.513
1.519

0.99844
0.99849
0.99855
0.99860
0.99865

37887
90569
33265
65976
88701

57923
06943
56990
53793
44081

91859
86092
10456
00399
46683

188
495
612
163
784

0.05576
0.05476
0.05377
0.05277
0.05177

73801
89086
03823
18023
31695

67282
61243
86301
40981
23862

36836
97425
48297
08625
74620

851
545
399
609
716

1.520
1.521
1.522
1.523
1.524

0.99871
0.99876
0.99880
0. 99C85
0.99890

01439
04190
96954
79730
52517

75583
97023
58128
09621
03224

00717
79776
72136
42098
34913

231
634
872
089
328

0.05077
0.04977
0.04877
0.04777
0.04677

44849
57495
69644
81305
92488

33579
68814
28305
10835
15238

19672
94487
27218
23593
67036

613
284
360
598
388

1.525
1.526
1.527
1.528
1.529

0.99895
0.99899
0.99904
0.99908
0.99912

15314
68123
10941
43769
66606

91658
28645
68902
68148
83100

81616
03749
17990
40684
92265

285
180
729
234
762

0.04578
0.04478
0. 04378
0.04278
0. 04178

03203
13460
23270
32642
41586

40397
85239
48738
29915
27830

18782
17991
81854
05695
63073

371
291
166
871
262

1.530
1.531
1, 532
1, 533
1, 534

0.99916
0.99920
0.99924
0.99928
0.99932

79452
82306
75169
58038
30915

71476
91989
04354
69286
48498

01592
10170
76285
79026
22220

427
755
152
436
463

0.04078
0.03978
0.03878
0.03778
0.03678

50112
58230
65951
73283
80238

41591
70343
13276
69617
38633

05868
64380
47406
42326
15178

899
513
277
008
390

1.

535
1.536
1.537
1.538
1.539

0.99935
0.99939
0.99942
0.99946
0.99949

93799
46689
89585
22486
45393

04701
01607
03928
77374
88654

38256
91817
83506
53376
84360

819
592
202
306
752

0.03578
0.03478
0.03378
0.03279
0.03179

86825
93054
98935
04478
09693

19628
11943
14956
28078
50755

10734
52566
43115
63750
74831

312
435
073
505
796

1.540
1.541
1.542
1.543
1.544

0.99952
0.99955
0.99958
0.99961
0.99964

58306
61222
54144
37069
09999

05479
96555
31593
81300
17383

05600
95674
85726
62497
71251

596
180
242
095
832

0.03079
0.02979
0.02879
0.02779
0.02679

14590
19180
23471
27475
31200

82466
22720
71058
27051
90300

15762
05041
40314
98418
35423

248
568
858
526
217

1.545
1.546
1.547
1.548
1.549

0.99966
0.99969
0.99971
0.99974
0.99976

72932
25868
68807
01749
24694

12550
40506
75959
94615
73179

18609
75272
78656
35418
23886

586

0.02579
0.02479
0.02379
0.02279
0.02179

34658
37858
40810
43524
46010

60430
37097
19980
08784
03238

86673
66826
69885
69229
17647

867
971
184
328
934

1.550

0.99978 37641 89356 96389 761

[<-?']

821
660
249
150

0.02079 48278 03092 47364 391

(

T]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

173

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

Sin x

Table 4.6

COS X

1.550
1.551
1.552
1.553
1.554

99978
0.99980
0. 99982
0.99984
0. 99985

37641
40591
33542
16495
89450

89356
21853
50374
55624
19308

96389
81488
86102
97539
85428

1.555
1.556
1.557
1.558
1.559

0.

99987
99989
99990
99991
99993

52406
05363
48321
81281
04241

24131
53795
93007
27470
43888

1.560
1.561
1.562
1.563
1.564

0.99994
0. 99995
0. 99996
0. 99996
0. 99997

17202
20163
13125
96087
69050

1.565
1.566
1.567
1.568
1.569

0.

99998
0.99998
0.99999
0.99999
0. 99999

1.570
1.571
1.572
1.573
1.574

0.

966
298

0.02079
0.01979
0.01879
0.01779
0.01679

48278
50338
52200
53874
55370

03092
08120
18116
32894
52286

47364
70061
76905
38564
05229

391
827
802
929
507

03543
91538
76575
74851
93030

342
676
277
093
623

0.01579
0.01479
0.01379
0.01279
0.01179

56698
57869
58891
59775
60532

76142
04329
36731
73245
13782

06628
52043
30323
09896
38778

284
433
849
874
533

29966
74406
66914
98192
59945

29574
75969
17856
36062
07529

517
172
344
758
731

0.01079
0.00979
0.00879
0.00779
0.00679

61170
61701
62133
62478
62744

58267
06636
58835
14822
74562

44582
34527
95443
93777
75597

392
146
014
062
546

32013
84976
27939
60902
83866

44876
46689
60087
80775
05456

06142
03461
69348
72499
80873

794
318
142
201
162

0.00579
0.00479
0.00379
0.00279
0.00179

62943
63084
63176
63231
63258

38028
05200
76064
50611
28835

66597
72096
77045
46023
23243

372
784
359
436
059

99999
99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

96829
99792
92755
75719
48682

31834
58612
85495
13185
43386

62021
83315
12082
15626
61164

053
895
337
285
539

+0.00079
-0.00020
-0.00120
-0.00220
-0.00320

63267
36732
36729
36714
36677

10733
03695
14450
21533
24944

32548
22583
59042
14087
45343

541
254
804
901
613

1.575
1.576
1.577
1.578
1.579

0.99999
0. 99998
0. 99998
0.99997
0.99996

11645
64609
07572
40536
63500

78803
23138
81096
58379
61693

15654
45523
16298
92137
35254

423
419
798
261
568

~0. 00420

-0.00520
-0.00620
-0.00720
-0.00820

36608
36497
36334
36109
35811

24688
20771
13205
02006
87197

30802
68822
78129
97812
87324

109
280
029
142
647

1.580
1.581
1.582
1.583
1.584

0.

99995
99994
0. 99993
0. 99992
0.99991

76464
79429
72395
55361
28327

98740
78223
09847
04315
73330

05255
58361
46545
16554
08844

179
895
499
408
324

-0.00920
-0.01020
-0. 01120
-0. 01220
-0.01320

35432
34961
34388
33702
32895

68808
46876
21448
92583
60348

26480
15451
74764
45294
88260

539
796
568
454
743

1.585
1.586
1.587
1.588
1.589

0.

99989
0.99988
0. 99986
0.99985
0. 99983

91295
44263
87233
20204
43177

29595
86814
59691
63927
16226

56407
83504
04289
21344
24106

893
374
313
232
322

-0.01420
-0.01520
-0.01620
-0.01720
-0.01820

31956
30874
29641
28245
26678

24825
86108
44304
99538
51948

85219
38055
68973
20485
55400

553
737
475
440
452

1.590
1.591
1.592
1.593
1.594

0.99981
0. 99979
0. 99977
0.99975
0.99973

56151
59127
52105
35085
08068

34290
36823
43527
75103
53254

87198
68657
08066
24582
14867

158
422
646
972
933

-0.01920
-0.02020
-0. 02120
-0.02220
-0.02320

24929
22987
20843
18488
15910

01692
48945
93900
36773
77799

56809
28070
92788
94801
98151

503
065
583
039
502

1.595
1.596
1.597
1.598
1.599

0.99970
0. 99968
0.99965
0. 99963
0.99960

71054
24042
67033
00029
23027

00681
41086
99171
00635
72179

50917
77790
11241
35248
99440

259
702
891
219
759

-0.02420
-0.02520
-0.02620
-0.02720
-0.02819

13101
10049
06745
03180
99342

17236
55365
92491
28945
65082

87068
65939
59282
11714
87922

552
492
234
764
093

1.600

0.99957 36030 41505 16434 211

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

T]

761
767
606

-0.02919 95223 01288 72620 577

(-9)3-1

For t>1.6 see Example 16.

1=1.57079 63267 94896 61923 132

*=3.14159 26535 89793 23846 264

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

174

KAUIA lAHLt UP UKLX LAK SINES AND COSINES

Table 4.7
X

sin .rlO -71

n
10

2
3

10
10
10
10
10

10

10
10

4
5

9
9
9
9

1
2

4
5
6
7

9
9

2
3
4

8
8
8
8

6
7
8
9

8
8

8
7
7

2
3
5

7
7
7

8
9

6
6

3
4
5

6
6

6
7

6
6

2
3

5
6

5
5

7
8

5
5

00001
00002
00003
00004
00005
00006
00007
00008
00009

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00010
00020
00030
00040
00050
00060
00069
00079
00089

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
99999
99999
99999

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
99999
99999
99999

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
99999
99999
99999

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99950
99800
99550
99200
98750
98200
97550
96800
95950

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

0.00000
0. 00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00099
00199
00299
00399
00499
00599
00699
00799
00899

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99998
99987
99955
99893
99792
99640
99428
99147
98785

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99998
99998
99997
99996
99995

95000
80000
55000
20000
75000
20000
55000
80000
95000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0. 00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00999
01999
02999
03999
04999
05999
06999
07999
08999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999
99999
99999
99998
99997
99996
99994
99991
99987

98333
86667
55000
93333
91667
40000
28333
46667
85000

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99995
99980
99955
99920
99875
99820
99755
99680
99595

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

0.00000
0.00000
0. 00000
0. 00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

09999
19999
29999
39999
49999
59999
69999
79999
89999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99983
99866
99550
98933
97916
96400
94283
91466
87850

33333
66667
00000
33333
66667
00000
33333
66667
00000

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0,99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99500
98000
95500
92000
87500
82000
75500
68000
59500

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00007
00034
00107
00260
00540
01000
01707
02734

0.

00000
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00005
0.00006
0.00007
0.00008

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999
99998
99995
99989
99979
99964
99942
99914
99878

83333
66666
50000
33333
16666
00000
83333
66666
50000

33333
66667
00002
33342
66693
00065
33473
66940
00492

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99998
99995
99992
99987
99982
99975
99968
99959

50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000

00000
00000
00003
00010
00026
00054
00100
00170
00273

04167
66667
37500
66667
04167
00000
04167
66667
37500

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99998

99833
98666
95500
89333
79166
64000
42833
14666
78500

33333
66666
00002
33341
66692
00064
33473
66939
00492

34167
93333
02500
86667
70833
80000
39167
73333
07499

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99950
99800
99550
99200
98750
98200
97550
96800
95950

00000
00000
00000
00001
00002
00005
00010
00017
00027

00416
06666
33749
06666
60416
39999
00416
06666
33749

66667
66666
99990
66610
66450
99352
65033
63026
92619

5
6
7

4
4

0.00009
0.00019
0.00029
0.00039
0.00049
0.00059
0.00069
0.00079
0.00089

0.00099 99998 33333 34166 66665

4
4
4
4

1
2

3
4

For

"

From

>10, sin J-10-" = .rl0-; cos eIO- = 1

C. E.

Van

cos il0~ n
99999 99999
99999 99998
99999 99995
99999 99992
99999 99987
99999 99982
99999 99975
99999 99968
99999 99959

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

-1

'
.

10- 2 :

50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000

0.99999 95000 00041 66666 52778

to

25D.

Orstrand, Tables of the exponential function and of the circular sine and cosine to

radian arguments, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 14, Fifth Memoir. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1921 (with permission).

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

175

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

Table 4.8

0.00000
+0.84147
+0.90929
+0.14112
-0.75680

00000
09848
74268
00080
24953

00000
07896
25681
59867
07928

00000
50665
69539
22210
25137

000
250
602
074
264

1.00000
+0.54030
-0.41614
-0.98999
-0.65364

00000
23058
68365
24966
36208

00000
68139
47142
00445
63611

00000
71740
38699
45727
91463

000
094
757
157
917

-0.95892
-0.27941
+0.65698
+0.98935
+0.41211

42746
54981
65987
82466
84852

63138
98925
18789
23381
41756

46889
87281
09039
77780
56975

315
156
700
812
627

+0.28366
+0.96017
+0.75390
-0.14550
-0.91113

21854
02866
22543
00338
02618

63226
50366
43304
08613
84676

26446
02054
63814
52586
98836

664
565
120
884
829

10
11
12
13
14

-0.54402
-0.99999
-0.53657
+0.42016
+0.99060

11108
02065
29180
70368
73556

89369
50703
00434
26640
94870

81340
45705
97166
92186
30787

475
156
537
896
535

-0.83907
+0.00442
+0.84385
+0.90744
+0.13673

15290
56979
39587
67814
72182

76452
88050
32492
50196
07833

45225
78574
10465
21385
59424

886
836
396
269
893

15
16
17
18
19

+0.65028
-0.28790
-0.96139
-0.75098
+0.14987

78401
33166
74918
72467
72096

57116
65065
79556
71676
62952

86582
29478
85726
10375
32975

974
446
164
016
424

-0.75968
-0.95765
-0.27516
+0.66031
+0.98870

79128
94803
33380
67082
46181

58821
23384
51596
44080
86669

27384
64189
92222
14481
25289

815
964
034
610
835

+0.91294 52507 27627 65437 610

-0.00885 13092 90403 87592 169
-0.84622 04041 75170 63524 133
-0.90557 83620 06623 84513 579

+0.40808
-0.54772
-0.99996
-0.53283
+0.42417

20618
92602
08263
30203
90073

13391
24268
94637
33397
36996

98606
42138
12645
55521
97593

227
427
417
576
705

25
26
27
28
29

-0.13235
+0.76255
+0.95637
+0.27090
-0.66363

17500
84504
59284
57883
38842

97773
79602
04503
07869
12967

02890
73751
01343
01998
50215

201
582
234
634
117

+0.99120
+0.64691
-0.29213
-0.96260
-0.74805

28118
93223
88087
58663
75296

63473
28640
33836
13566
89000

59808
34272
19337
60197
35176

329
138
140
545
519

30
31
32
33
34

-0.98803
-0.40403
+0.55142
+0.99991
+0.52908

16240
76453
66812
18601
26861

92861
23065
41690
07267
20023

78998
00604
55066
14572
82083

775
877
156
808
249

+0.15425
+0.91474
+0.83422
-0.01327
-0.84857

14498
23578
33605
67472
02747

87584
04531
06510
23059
84605

05071
27896
27221
47891
18659

866
244
553
522
997

35
36
37
38
39

-0.42818
-0.99177
-0.64353
+0.29636
+0.96379

26694
88534
81333
85787
53862

96151
43115
56999
09385
84087

00440
73683
46068
31739
75326

675
529
567
230
066

-0.90369
-0.12796
+0.76541
+0.95507
+0.26664

22050
36896
40519
36440
29323

91506
27404
45343
47294
59937

75984
68102
35649
85758
25152

730
833
108
654
683

40
41
42
43
44

+0.74511
-0.15862
-0.91652
-0.83177
+0.01770

31604
26688
15479
47426
19251

79348
04708
15633
28598
05413

78698
98710
78589
28820
57780

771
332
899
958
795

-0.66693
-0.98733
-0.39998
+0.55511
+0.99984

80616
92775
53149
33015
33086

52261
23826
88351
20625
47691

84438
45822
29395
67704
22006

409
883
471
483
901

45
46
47
48
49

+0.85090
+0.90178
+0.12357
-0.76825
-0.95375

35245
83476
31227
46613
26527

34118
48809
45224
23666
59471

42486
18503
00406
79904
81836

238
329
153
497
042

+0.52532
-0.43217
-0.99233
-0.64014
+0.30059

19888
79448
54691
43394
25437

17729
84778
50928
69199
43637

69604
29495
71827
73131
08368

746
278
975
294
703

2
3

4
5

7
8

20
21
22
23
24

+0. 83665 56385 36056 03186 648

50

-0.26237 48537 03928 78591 439

+0.96496 60284 92113 27406 896
Van Orstrand, Tables of the exponential function and of the circular sine and cosine to
radian arguments, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 14, Fifth Memoir. U.S.

From

C. E.

Government Printing

Office,

Washington, D.C., 1921 (with permission) for

x< 100.

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

176
Table 4.8

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

COS X

50
51
52
53
54

-0.26237
+0.67022
+0.98662
+0.39592
-0.55878

48537
91758
75920
51501
90488

03928
43374
40485
81834
51616

78591
73449
29658
18150
24581

439
435
757
339
787

+0.96496
+0.74215
-0.16299
-0.91828
-0.82930

60284
41968
07807
27862
98328

92113 27406 896

13782 53946 738
95705 48100 333
12-118 89119 973
63150 14772 785

55
56
57
58
59

-0.99975
-0.52155
+0.43616
+0.99287
+0.63673

51733
10020
47552
26480
80071

58619
86911
47824
84537
39137

83659
88018
95908
11816
88077

863
741
053
509
123

+0.02212
+0.85322
+0.89986
+0.11918
-0.77108

67562
01077
68269
01354
02229

61955
22584
69193
48819
75845

73456
11396
78650
28543
22938

356
968
300
584
744

60
61
62
63
64

-0.30481
-0.96611
-0.73918
+0.16735
+0.92002

06211
77700
06966
57003
60381

02216
08392
49222
02806
96790

70562
94701
86727
92152
68335

565
829
602
784
154

-0.95241
-0.25810
+0.67350
+0.98589
+0.39185

29804
16359
71623
65815
72304

15156
38267
23586
82549
29550

29269
44570
25288
69743
00516

382
121
783
864
171

65
66
67
68
69

+0.82682
-0.02655
-0.85551
-0.89792
-0.11478

86794
11540
99789
76806
48137

90103
23966
75322
89291
83187

46771
79446
25899
26040
22054

021
384
683
073
507

-0.56245
-0.99964
-0.51776
+0.44014
+0.99339

38512
74559
97997
30224
03797

38172
66349
89505
96040
22271

03106
96483
06565
70593
63756

212
045
339
105
155

70
71
72
73
74

+0.77389
+0.95105
+0.25382
-0.67677
-0.98514

06815
46532
33627
19568
62604

57889
54374
62036
87307
68247

09778
63665
27306
62215
37085

733
657
903
498
189

+0.63331
-0.30902
-0.96725
-0.73619
+0.17171

92030
27281
05882
27182
73418

86299
66070
73882
27315
30777

83233
70291
48729
96016
55609

201
749
171
815
845

75
76
77
78
79

-0. 38778
+0.56610
+0.99952
+0.51397
-0.44411

16354
76368
01585
84559
26687

09430
98180
80731
87535
07508

43773
32361
24386
21169
36850

094
028
610
609
760

+0.92175
+0.82433
-0.03097
-0.85780
-0.89597

12697
13311
50317
30932
09467

24749
07557
31216
44987
90963

31639
75991
45752
85540
14833

230
501
196
835
703

80
81
82
83
84

-0.99388
-0.62988
+0.31322
+0.96836
+0.73319

86539
79942
87824
44611
03200

23375
74453
33085
00185
73292

18973
87856
15263
40435
16636

081
521
353
015
321

-0.11038
+0.77668
+0.94967
+0.24954
-0.68002

72438
59820
76978
01179
34955

39047
21631
82543
73338
87338

55811
15768
20471
12437
79542

787
342
326
735
720

85

86
87
88
89

-0.17607
-0.92345
-0.82181
+0.03539
+0.86006

56199
84470
78366
83027
94058

48587
04059
30822
33660
12453

07696
80260
54487
68362
22683

212
163
211
543
685

-0.98437
-0.38369
+0.56975
+0.99937
+0.51017

66433
84449
03342
32836
70449

94041
49741
65311
95124
41668

89491
84477
92000
65698
89902

821
893
851
442
379

90
91
92
93
94

+0.89399
+0.10598
-0.77946
-0.94828
-0.24525

66636
75117
60696
21412
19854

00557
51156
15804
69947
67654

89051
85002
68855
23213
32522

827
021
400
104
044

-0.44807
-0.99436
-0.62644
+0.31742
+0.96945

36161
74609
44479
87015
93666

29170
28201
10339
19701
69987

15236
52610
06880
64974
60380

548
672
027
551
439

95

+0.68326
+0.98358
+0.37960
-0.57338
-0.99920

17147
77454
77390
18719
68341

36120
34344
27521
90422
86353

98369
85760
69648
88494
69443

958
773
192
922
272

+0.73017
-0.18043
-0.92514
-0.81928
+0.03982

35609
04492
75365
82452
08803

94819
91083
96413
91459
93138

66479
95011
89170
25267
89816

352
850
475
566
180

96
97
98
99

100

-0.50636 56411 09758 79365 656

+0.86231 88722 87683 93410 194

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIR< ^ULAR SIN ES
X

100
101
102
103
104

AN D COSINES FOR L ARGE RA DIAN ARGlJMEN1rS

sin x

-0.50636 564
+0. 45202 579

+0.99482 679
+0.62298 863
-0.

COS X

32162 240

+0.86231
+0. 89200
+0.10158
-0.78223
-0. 94686

177
Table 4.8

sin x

COS X

887
487
570
089
801

150
151
152
153
154

-0. 71487
+0.20214
+0.93332
+0. 80640

643
988
052
058
-0. 06192 034

+0.69925
+0.97935
+0. 35904
-0.59136
-0.99808

081
460
429
968
109

-0.24095 905

-0.57700 218

155
156
157
158
159

-0. 87331
-0.88178
-0. 07954
+0.79582
+0.93951

198
462
854
410
973

-0.48716
+0.47165
+0.99683
+0.60552
-0.34249

135
229
099
787
478

-0.99902
-0.50254
+0. 45596
+0.99526
+0.61952

081
432
910
664
061

160
161
162
163
164

+0.21942
-0.70240
-0. 97845
-0. 35491
+0.59493

526
779
035
018
278

-0.97562
-0.71177
+0.20648
+0.93490
+0.80377

931
476
223
040
546

-0. 32580 981

-0. 97159 219

+0. 99779 728

-0.06633
-0.87545
-0.87968
-0.07513
+0.79849

694
946
859
609
619

+0. 34664 946

+0. 97659 087

+0.93799
+0.21510
-0.70555
-0.97752
-0.35076

475
527

422
392
231
877
605

105
106
107
108
109

-0.97053
-0.72714
+0. 18478
+0.92681
+0. 81674

110
111
112
113
114

-0. 04424 268

-0. 86455 145
-0. 88999 560

+0. 78498 039

115
116
117
118
119

+0.94543
+0.23666
-0. 68969
-0.98195
-0.37140

533
139
794
217
410

+0. 18912 942

+0. 92847 132

165
166
167
168
169

120
121
122
123
124

+0.58061
+0.99881
+0. 49871
-0.45990
-0.99568

118
522
315
349
699

+0.81418
-0. 04866
-0. 86676
-0. 88796
-0.09277

097
361
709
891
620

170
171
172
173
174

61604 046

+0.78771
+0.94398
+0.23235
-0. 69289
-0.98110

451
414
910
582
552

175
176
177
178
179

+0.87758 979
+0. 87757 534
+0. 07072 217

+0.59848
+0.99749
+0.47941
-0.47943
-0.99749

36729 133

180
181
182
183
184

-0.80115
-0. 93645
-0.21078
+0. 70868
+0.97658

-0.59846
+0.35079
+0.97753
+0.70552
-0.21513

007
734
329
964
471

528
250
174
851
261

-0.09718 191

+0. 68648 655

+0.98277 958
+0. 37550 960

-0.72409 720

+0.48329
-0. 47555
-0.99717
-0. 60199

156
019
329
987

+0.70865 914
-0.21081 053
-0.93646 197
-0.80113 460

101
694
911

125
126
127
128
129

+0.97263 007
+0.72103 771
-0. 19347 339

130
131
132
133
134

-0.93010
-0.81160
+0.05308
+0.86896
+0. 88592

135
136
137
138
139

+0. 08836 869

321
445
226
013

-0.99608
-0. 61254
+0. 33416
+0. 97364
+0.71796

784
824
538
889
410

185
186
187
188
189

+0. 34662 118

-0.79043
-0.94251
-0.22805
+0. 69608

-0.60202
-0.99717
-0. 47552
+0. 48331

394
102
367
795

-0.93800
-0.79847
+0.07516
+0.87970
+0.87544

520
804
615
293
489

140
141
142
143
144

+0.98023
+0. 36317
-0. 58779
-0. 99834
-0.49102

966
137
501
536
159

-0.19781
-0.93172
-0.80900
+0.05750
+0.87114

357
236
991
253
740

190
191
192
193
194

+0.99779
+0.59490
-0. 35493
-0.97845
-0.70238

928
855
836
657
633

+0.06630
-0.80379
-0.93488
-0.20645
+0.71179

686
339
971
273
593

145
146
147
148
149

+0.46774
+0. 99646
+0. 60904
-0. 33833
-0. 97464

516
917
402
339
865

+0. 88386 337

944
642
631
095

195
196
197
198
199

+0.21945 467
+0.93953 006
-0.88179 884

+0.97562
+0.34246
-0.60555
-0.99682
-0.47162

270
646
186
859
571

150

-0.

71487 643

+0.69925 081

200

-0.87329 730

+0.48718 768

-0.

+0. 32999 083

595
339
359
576
482

-0.

+0. 58420 882

+0. 99859 007
+0. 49487 222
-0.

46382 887

+0.08395
-0.79313
-0.94102
-0. 22374

+0. 07075 224

264
140
107
041

438

+0. 79580 584

-0. 07957 859

ELEMENTAKY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

178
Table 4.8

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

COS X

+0.80641 841
+0.93330 970
+0.20212 036

+0.48718
+0.99808
+0.59134
-0. 35907
-0.97936

768
296
538
242
069

250
251
252
253
254

-0.32159
+0.62301
+0. 99482
+0.45199

386
221
373
890

+0.24098
+0.94687
+0.78221
-0.10161
-0.89201

831
771
211
569
850

205
206
207
208
209

-0.71489
-0.97464
-0. 33830
+0. 60906
+0.99646

751
190
503
793
664

-0. 69922
+0.22377
+0.94103
+0.79311
-0.08398

926
033
651
806
947

255
256
257
258
259

-0.50639
-0.99920
-0.57335
+0. 37963
+0.98359

163
803
717
563
318

-0.86230
-0.03979
+0.81930
+0.92513
+0.18040

361
076
553
609
080

210
211
212
213
214

+0.46771
-0.49104
-0.99834
-0.58777

852
785
709
062
+0. 36319 945

-0. 88387
-0.87113
-0.05747
+0.80902
+0.93171

747
260
243
763
141

260
261
262
263
264

+0. 68323 970

-0.73019
-0.96945
-0.31740
+0.62646
+0.99436

416
197
012
794
427

215
216
217
218
219

+0.98024 562
-0.22808 161
-0.94252 453
-0.79041 474

+0.19778
-0.71798
-0.97364
-0. 33413
+0.61257

403
508
202
697
207

265
266
267
268
269

+0. 89401 017

+0. 86005 403
+0. 03536 818

+0.44804
-0.51020
-0.99937
-0.56972
+0.38372

667
297
435
556
628

220
221
222
223
224

+0.08839
+0.88593
+0.86895
+0.05305
-0.81162

871
880
084
349
100

+0.99608
+0.46380
-0.49489
-0. 99859
-0.58418

517
216
841
167
435

270
271
272
273

+0.98438
+ 0.68000
-0.24956
-0.94968
-0.77666

195
139
931
714
699

225
226
227
228
229

-0.93009
-0.19344
+0.72105
+0. 97262
+0.32996

488
382
860
306
237

+0. 36731
+0.98111
+0.69287
-0.23238
-0. 94399

937
135
409
842
409

275
276
277
278
279

+0.11041
+0.89598
+0.85778
+0.03094
-0.82434

720
433
760
490
840

230
231
232
233
234

-0.61606
-*0. 99568
-0.45987
+0.49873
+0.99881

420
419
672
928
669

-0.78769
+0.09280
+0. 88798
+0. 86675
+0. 04863

594
622
277
206
350

280
281
282
283
284

+0.25385 252
+0.95106 397

-0.92173
-0.17168
+0.73621
+0.96724
+0.30899

958
765
312
294
406

235
236
237
238
239

+0.58058
-0. 37143
-0.98195
-0. 68967
+0.23669

664
209
787
611
068

-0. 81419 847

-0. 92846 012
-0. 18909 982

285
286
287
288
289

+0.77387
-0.11481
-0. 89794
-0. 85550
-0.02652

159
476
095
437
102

-0.63334
-0.99338
-0.44011
+0.51779
+0.99964

253
692
595
559
826

240
241
242
243
244

+0. 94544 515

+0. 78496 171

+0.56242
-0.39188
-0.98590
-0.67348
+0.25813

893
496
163
488
076

200
201
202
203
204

-0. 87329 730

-0. 06189 025

+0. 69605 849

+0.72411 799
+0.97158 506

274

-0. 97052 802

-0.24528
-0.94829
-0. 77944
+0.10601

121
171
719
749

-0.82183 501
-0.92344 688
-0.17604 595
+0. 73321 082

+0.96835 694
+0.31320 015
-0. 62991 141
-0. 99388 533
-0. 44408 566

+0.51400 431
+0. 99952 109
+0. 56608 279
-0. 38780 942
-0. 98515 144
-0. 67674 976

-0.09721 191
-0.89000 935
-0. 86453 630

428
371
228
038

290
291
292
293
294

+0. 82684 563

-0.61954
-0.99526
-0.45594
+0.50257

+0.92001
+0. 16732
-0. 73920
-0.96610

423
598
100
999

245
246
247
248
249

-0.04421
+0.81676
+0.92680
+0.18475
-0.72716

+0.99902
+0.57697
-0.37553
-0. 98278
-0. 68646

215
756
754
515
463

295
296
297
298
299

-0.30478
+0.63676
+0.99286
+0.43613
-0.52157

191
125
906
763
672

+ 0.95242 217

250

-0.97052 802

+0.24098 831

300

-0.99975 584

-0.02209 662

256
000
719
212
319

+0. 32578 131

+0.77106
-0.11921
-0.89987
-0.85320

103
006
997
439

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

;e
sin x

radian arguments

Table 4.8
COS X

sin x

179

300
301
302
303
304

-0.99975
-0.55876
+0. 39595
+0. 98663
+0.67020

584
405
283
250
680

-0.
+0.
+0.
+0.
-0.

02209
82932
91827
16296
74217

662
668
085
104
440

350
351
352
353
354

-0. 95893
-0.75678
+0.14114
+0.90930
+0. 84145

283
279
985
997
470

-0.28363
+0.65366
+0.98998
+0.41611
-0.54032

328
643
824
943
767

305
306
307
308
309

26240
-0.95376
-0. 76823
+0. 12360
+0.90180

394

-0.96495
-0.30056
+0.64016
+0.99233
+0.43215

812
379
750
174
076

355
356
357
358
359

-0. 00003 014

-0. 84148 727

-0.90928 488
-0.14109 017
+0.75682 220

-1.00000
-0.54027
+0.41617
+0.98999
+0.65362

000
694
425
675
081

310
311
312
313
314

+0.85088 769
-0.83179 148
-0.91650 949
-0. 15859 291

-0. 52534
-0.99984
-0. 55508
+0. 40001
+0. 98734

764
384
823
294
406

360
361
362
363
364

+0.95891
+0.27938
-0.65700
-0.98935
-0. 41209

572
655
932
386
102

-0.28369
-0.96017
-0.75388
+0.14552
+0.91114

109
871
245
986
268

315
316
317
318
319

+0.74513
+0.96378
+0.29633
-0. 64356
-0.99177

326
735
979
121
500

+0.66691
-0.26667
-0.95508
-0.76539
+0.12799

560
199
258
465
359

365
366
367
368
369

+0.54404
+0.99999
+0. 53654
-0.42019
-0.99061

640
007
748
439
148

+0.83905
-0.00445
-0.84387
-0.90743
-0.13670

513
584
013
412
736

320
321
322
323
324

-0.42815
+0.52910
+0.99991
+0.55140
-0. 40406

543
827
226
153
522

+0.90370
+0. 84855
+0.01324
-0. 83423
-0. 91473

511
433
661
998
018

370
371
372
373
374

-0.65026
+0.28793
+0.96140
+0.75096
-0. 14990

494
218
579
734
701

+0.75970
+0.95765
+0.27513
-0.66033
-0.98870

752
080
436
935
010

325
326
327
328
329

-0.98803
-0. 66361
+0.27093
+0. 95638
+0.76253

627
133
481
473
895

-0. 15422
+0.74807
+0.96259
+0.29210
-0. 64694

167
753
770
998
231

375
376
377
378
379

-0.91295
-0. 83663
+0. 00888
+0.84623
+0.90556

755
913
145
647
557

-0.40805
+0.54775
+0.99996
+0.53280
-0.42420

454
448
056
751

-0.13238 163

333
334

-0. 90559 115

-0. 84620 434
-Q. Q0882 117
+0. 83667 215

-0.99119
-0.42415
+0.53285
+0.99996
+0. 54770

882
171
853
109
404

380
381
382
383
384

+0.13232
-0.76257
-0.95636
-0.27087
+0. 66365

187
795
712
677
643

-0.99120
-0.64689
+0.29216
+0.96261
+0.74803

680
634
764
403
752

335
336
337
338
339

+0.91293
+0. 14984
-0.75100
-0.96138
-0.28787

295
741
715
920
445

-0. 40810
-0.98870
-0. 66029
+0.27519
+0.95766

958
914
407
232
816

385
386
387
388
389

+0.98802
+0.40401
-0.55145
-0.99991
-0.52905

697
007
183
146
711

-0.15428
-0.91475
-0.83420
+0.01330
+ 0.84858

123
454
674
689
622

340
341
342
343
344

+0.65031
+0.99060
+0.42013
-0.53659
-0.99999

074
323
968
836
034

+0.75966
-0. 13676
-0.90745
-0. 84383
-0.00439

831
708
945
778
555

390
391
392
393
394

+0.42820 991
+0.99178 271
+0. 64351 506
-0.29639 737
-0.96380 342

+0.90367
+0.12793
-0.76543
-0.95506
-0.26661

930
379
345
471
388

345
346
347
348
349

-0. 54399
+0.41214
+0.98936
+0.65696
-0.27944

582
595
263
387
444

+0.83908
+0.91111
+0. 14547
-0.75392
-0.96016

793
784
021
206
186

395
396
397
398
399

-0.74509
+0.15865
+0.91653
+0.83175
-0. 01773

+0.66696
+0.98733
+0.39995
-0.55513
-0.99984

052
450
769
837
277

350

-0.95893 283

-0.28363 328

400

-0.

330
331
332

-0.

171

536
304
137

+0. 01767 179

716 -654

64

13

306
243
361
801
206

85091 936

631

-0.52529 634

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

180
Table 4.8

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

COS X

400
401
402
403
404

COS X

-0.85091 936

-0.52529 634

-0. 90177 532

+0. 43220 513

-0.12354 321

+0.99233 919
+0.64012 118
-0. 30062 129

+0. 76827 396

+0.95374 359

450
451
452
453
454

-0. 68328
-0.98358
-0. 37957
+0.57340
+0.99920

373
231
985
657
563

-0.73015
+0.18046
+0.92515
+0.81927
-0.03985

296
010
898
09b
100

+0.50633
-0. 45205
-0. 99482
-0. 62296
+0.32165

965
268
985
505
095

-0.86233
-0.89199
-0.10155
+0.78224
+0.94685

414
124
572
967
832

+0.97054 255

+0.24092
-0.68650
-0.98277
-0.37548
+0.57702

979
847
401
166
680

+0.99901
+0.50251
-0.45599
-0.99526
-0.61949

948
826
593
957

405
406
407
408
409

+0.26234
-0.67025
-0.98662
-0. 39589
+0.55881

577
155
268
747
405

+0.91829 472
+0.82929 299

455
456
457
458
459

410
411
412
413
414

+0.99975
+0.52152
-0.43619
-0.99287
-0. 63671

451
528
188
624
476

-0.02215
-0.85323
-0. 89985
-0.11915
+0.77109

689
583
368
021
942

460
461
462
463
464

415
416
417
418
419

+0.30483
+0.96612
+0.73916
-0.16738
-0.92003

933
555
039
542
785

+0.95240
+0.25807
-0. 67352
-0. 98589
-0. 39182

379
251
944
154
950

465
466
467
468
469

+0.04427 279
+0. 86456 660
+0. 88998 186

420
421
422
423
424

-0.82681
+0.02658
+0.85553
+0.89791
+0. 11475

172
129
559
441
487

+0. 56247
+0.99964
+0.51774
-0.44017
-0.99339

878
666
401
009
384

470
471
472
473
474

-0.94542
-0.23663
+0. 68971
+0.98194
+0. 37137

551
211
977
647
611

+0.32583
+0.97159
+0.72407
-0.18915
-0.92848

830
932
641
902
252

425
426
427
428
429

-0. 95104 534

-0. 25379 421
+0. 67679 415

-0. 63329 587

+0. 30905 140

475
476
477
478
479

-0.58063
-0.99881
-0. 49868
+0. 45993
+0.99568

573
376
703
026
978

-0.81416
+0.04869
+0.86678
+0.88795
+0.09274

347
372
212
504
619

+0. 61601 671

+0.03100 516
+0.85781 859
+0. 89595 756

480
481
482
483
484

-0.33001
-0.97263
-0.72101
+0. 19350

928
707
682
297

-0.78773
-0.94397
-0.23232
+0.69291
+0.98109

308
419
978
756
969

-0.73316 982

+0.11035
-0.77670
-0. 94966
-0.24951
+0. 68004

728
497
826
093
560

485
486
487
488
489

+0.93011
+0.81158
-0.05311
-0.86898
-0.88591

702
578
369
067
083

+0.36726
-0.58423
-0.99858
-0.49484
+0.46385

329
328
847
603
557

440
441
442
443
444

+0.17610
+0.92347
+0.82180
-0.03542
-0.86008

529
001
066
843
478

+0.98437
+0.38367
-0. 56977
-0.99937
-0.51015

134
061
511
222
112

490
491
492
493
494

-0. 08833 866

+0. 79045 167

+0.94250 438
+0.22802 291
-0.69610 177

+0.99609
+0.61252
-0.33419
-0.97365
-0.71794

050
441
379
577
312

445
446
447
448
449

-0.89398
-0.10595
+0.77948
+0.94827
+0.24522

316
754
495
257
276

+0. 44810 056

066
095
729
676

495
496
497
498
499

-0.98023
-0.36314
+0. 58781
+0.99834
+0.49099

+0.19784
+0.93173
+0.80899
-0.05753
-0.87116

312
331
219
262
220

450

-0.

68328 373

-0.73015 296

500

-0.46777 181

430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439

-0.77390 977

+0.98514 108

-0. 96497 394

-0. 74213 399
+0. 16302 052

+0.96725 824
+0. 73617 232

-0.17174 704

+0. 38775 385

-0.92176 296

-0.56613
-0.99951
-0.51395
+0.44413

-0. 82431 427

249
922
260
968

+0.99389 198
+0. 62986 458

-0.31325 741
-0. 96837 198

+0.99437
+0. 62642
-0.31745
-0.96946

+0. 72712 181

-0. 18481 137

-0.92682 982
81672 521

-0.

+0. 09715 190

-0.

78499 906

370
328
939
363
533

695

-0.88384 927

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

GE

Ri kDIAN

500
501
502
503
504

-0.46777
-0.99647
-0. 60902
+0.33836
+0. 97465

181
170
Oil
176
539

-0.88384
-0.08392
+0.79315
+0.94101
+0.22371

927
940
478
611
157

550
551
552
553
554

505
506
507
508
509

+0. 71485 535

-0.69927
-0.97934
-0.35901
+0.59139
+0.99807

236
850
615
399
923

555
556
557
558
559

502
887
339
389
310

-0.20217
-0. 93333
-0.80638
+0.06195

940
135
275
042

ARG UMEN rS
sin

21948
-0.93954
-0.79578
+0.07960
+0.88181

181
Table 4.8
COS X

408
038
759
864
305

-0.97561
-0.34243
+0.60557
+0.99682
+0.47159

608
814
585
620
913

+0.87328 261
-0. 80643 623
-0.93329 888
-0.20209 084

-0.48721
-0.99808
-0.59132
+0.35910
+0.97936

400
483
107
055
678

560
561
562
563
564

+0.71491
+0.97463
+0. 33827
-0.60909
-0.99646

859
516
666
184
411

+0.69920
-0.22379
-0.94104
-0.79309
+0.08401

771
971
671
970
951

-0.

+0. 06186 016

510
511
512
513
514

+0.07951 849
-0.79584 235
-0.93950 941

+0.48713
-0.47167
-0.99683
-0.60550
+0.34252

515
516
517
518
519

-0.21939
+0.70242
+0. 97844
+0. 35488
-0.59495

585
924
413
199
701

+0.97563
+0.71175
-0.20651
-0.93491
-0.80375

593
358
172
110
753

565
566
567
568
569

-0. 46769
+0.49107
+0.99834
+0.58774
-0.36322

187
411
883
623
754

+0.88389
+0.87111
+0.05744
-0.80904
-0.93170

157
780
234
534
046

520
521
522
523
524

-0.99779
-0.48326
+0.47557
+0. 99717
+ 0.60197

528
517
670
555
580

+0.06636
+0.87547
+0.87967
+0.07510
-0.79851

701
403
426
603
433

570
571
572
573
574

-0.98025
69603
+0.22811
+0.94253
+0. 79039

158
684
096
460
628

-0.19775
+0.71800
+0.97363
+0.33410
-0.61259

448
607
514
856
589

525
526
527
528
529

34667
-0.97659
-0.70863
+0.21084
+0.93647

773
735
787
000
255

-0.93798
-0.21507
+0.70557
+0.97752
+0.35074

430
583
237
059
088

575
576
577
578
579

-0. 08842 874

-0.99608
-0.46377
+0.49492
+0.99859
+0.58415

251
546
461
327
989

530
531
532
533
534

+0.80111
-0.07078
-0.87760
-0.87756
-0.07069

655
230
424
088
210

-0.59850
-0.99749
-0.47938
+0.47946
+0.99749

837
179
586
522
818

580
581
582
583
584

-0.36734
-0.98111
-0.69285
+0.23241
+0.94400

740
719
235
774
403

535
536
537
538
539

+0.80117
+0.93644
+0.21075
-0.70870
-0.97657

068
083
160
168
790

+0.59843
-0.35082
-0.97753
-0.70550
+0.21516

592
557
965
828
415

585
586
587
588
589

+0. 61608 795

+0.78767
-0.09283
-0.88799
-0.86673
-0.04860

737
623
663
702
339

540
541
542
543
544

-0. 34659
+0.60204
+0.99716
+0.47549
-0.48334

290
801
876
715
434

+0.93801
+0.79845
-0.07519
-0.87971
-0.87543

565
989
621
726
032

590
591
592
593
594

-0.58056 210
+0.37146 008
+0.98196 357
-0.23671 997

+0.81421
+0.92844
+0.18907
-0.72413
-0.97157

597
893
022
878
792

545
546
547
548
549

-0.99780
-0.59488
+0.35496
+0.97846
+0.70236

128
432
654
280
487

-0.06627
+0.80381
+0.93487
+0.20642
-0.71181

678
133
901
324
710

595
596
597
598
599

-0. 94545 497

-0. 78494 304
+0. 09724 191
+0. 89002 309
+0. 86452 115

-0.32575
+0.61956
+0.99526
+0.45591
-0.50259

281
794
078
545
644

550

-0.21948 408

-0.97561 608

600

+0.04418 245

-0.99902 348

+0. 87332 667

+0. 88177 040

-0.

-0.

-0.88595
-0. 86893
-0. 05302
+0.81163

278
592
338
861

+0.93008 380
+0. 19341 424

-0.72107 948
-0.97261 606
-0.32993 391

+0.99568
+0.45984
-0. 49876
-0.99881

139
996
541
816

+0. 68965 428

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

182
Table 4.8

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

600
601
602
603
604

+0.04418
-0.81677
-0. 92679
-0. 18472
+0.72718

245
739
586
249
389

-0.99902
-0.57695
+0. 37556
+0.98279
+0. 68644

348
294
547
072
271

650
651
652
653
654

605
606
607
608
609

+0. 97052 075

+0.32156
-0.62303
-0. 99482
-0.45197

532
579
067
201

-0.24101
-0. 94688
-0. 78219
+0. 10164
+0.89203

756
740
333
568
212

655
656
657
658
659

610
611
612
613
614

+0.50641
+0.99920
+0.57333
-0. 37966
-0.98359

763
923
248
351
862

+0. 86228 834

+0.03976
-0. 81932
-0.92512
-0.18037

064
281
465
115

615
616
617
618
619

-0.68321
+0.24531
+0. 94830
+0.77942
-0.10604

769
043
128
830
746

+0.73021
+0. 96944
+0. 31737
-0. 62649
-0.99436

620
621
622
623
624

-0.
-0.

89402
86003
-0.03533
+0. 82185
+0.92343

368
865
805
218
531

-0.44801
+0.51022
+0.99937
+0.56970
-0. 38375

625
626
627
628
629

+0.17601
-0.73323
-0.96834
-0.31317
+0. 62993

627
132
941
153
482

630
631
632
633
634

+0.99388
+0. 44405
-0.51403
-0.99952
-0.56605

635
636
637
638
639

+0. 30475 320

-0.95243
-0.77104
+0.11923
+0.89989
+0.85318

136
183
999
312
866

39598 051
-0.98663 742
-0.67018 443

+0.02206
-0.82934
-0.91825
-0.16293
+0.74219

648
352
891
130
460

660
661
662
663
664

+0.26243
+0. 95377
+0.76821
-0.12363
-0.90181

303
077
607
295
440

+0.96495
+0.30053
-0.64019
-0.99232
-0.43212

021
504
066
802
358

475
458
153
144
107

665
666
667
668
669

-0. 85087
-0.01764
+0. 83180
+0. 91649
+0.15856

185
165
821
743
314

+0.52537
+0.99984
+0.55506
-0.40004
-0.98734

329
437
315
057
884

972
890
542
079
412

670
671
672
673
674

-0.74515
-0.96377
-0.29631
+0. 64358
+0. 99177

337
931
100
428
114

-0.66689
+0.26670
+0.95509
+0.76537
-0.12802

314
104
151
525
348

-0. 98438 726

-0. 67997 929

+0. 42812 819

+0.24959 850
+0.94969 658
+0.77664 801

675
676
677
678
679

-0.90371
-0.84853
-0.01321
+0.83425
+0.91471

838
646
660
800

200
865
017
202
794

-0.11044
-0. 89599
-0. 85777
-0.03091
+0. 82436

716
772
210
477
546

680
681
682
683
684

+0. 98804 092

+0. 66358 878

-0.27096 382
-0. 95639 354
-0.76251 945

+0.15419
-0.74809
-0.96258
-0.29208
+0.64696

188
754
953
115
529

+0.38783
+0.98515
+0. 67672
-0.25388
-0.95107

721
661
757
168
328

+0. 92172
+0.17165
-0.73623
-0.96723
-0. 30896

789
795
352
528
539

685
686
687
688
689

+0.13241
+0.90560
+0. 84618
+0. 00879
-0. 83668

151
393
828
102
866

+0.99119
+0.42412
-0.53288
-0.99996
-0.54767

483
441
404
136
882

640
641
642
643
644

-0. 77385
+0.11484
+0.89795
+0.85548
+0. 02649

250
470
421
876
089

+0.63336 586

690
691
692
693
694

-0.91292 065

+0.75102 706
+0.96138 090
+0. 28784 558

+0.40813
+0.98871
+0.66027
-0.27522
-0.95767

710
365
143
130
684

645
646
647
648
649

-0.82686
-0.92000
-0.16729
+0. 73922
+0.96610

259
241
626
130
221

270
667
260
988

695
696
697
698
699

-0.65033
-0.99059
-0.42011
+0. 53662
+0. 99999

-0.75964
+0.13679
+0.90747
+0.84382
+0.00436

871
694
211
161
541

650

+0.30475 320

-0.95243 136

700

+0.54397 052

+0. 99338 346

+0.44008 889
-0.51782 138
-0. 99964 905
-0. 56240 400

+0.39191
+0. 98590
+0. 67346
-0.25815

63678
-0.99286
-0.43611
+0.52160
-0.

449
546
050
244

+0.99975 651
+0. 55873 905
-0.

52913
99991
-0.55137
+0.40409
-0.
-0.

384
266
639
279

-0. 14981 760

364
911
233
379
047

802

-0.83910 433

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

183

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

COS X

sin

700
701
702
703
704

+0.54397
-0.41217
-0.98936
-0. 65694
+0.27947

705
706
707
708
709

+0. 95894 137

+0.28360 437

+0.75676
-0.14117
-0. 90932
-0. 84143

309
969
251
841

-0. 65368 925

-0. 98998 399

710
711
712
713
714

+0.00006
+0.84150
+0.90927
+0.14106
-0.75684

715
716
717
718
719

-0. 83910 433

Table 4.8
cos x

+0. 74507 295

-0. 15868 219

-0.91654 566
-0. 83174 127
+0.01776 220

-0.66698
-0.98732
-0.39993
+0.55516
+0.99984

298
971
006
345
224

-0.41609 202
+0.54035 304

755
756
757
758
759

+0.85093
+0.90176
+0.12351
-0.76829
-0.95373

519
229
330
325
453

+0.52527
-0.43223
-0.99234
-0.64009
+0.30065

069
231
292
802
004

029
356
234
032
190

+1.00000
+0.54025
-0.41620
-0.99000
-0.65359

000
157
166
100
799

760
761
762
763
764

-0.26231
+0.67027
+0.98661
+0. 39586
-0. 55883

668
392
776
979
905

+0.96498
+0.74211
-0.16305
-0.91830
-0.82927

184
379
026
665
614

-0.95890
-0.27935
+0. 65703
+0.98934
+0.41206

717
761
205
947
355

+0.28372 000
+0.96018 713
+0.75386 264
-0. 14555 968
-0.91115 511

765
766
767
768
769

-0.99975
-0.52149
+0.43621
+0.99287
+0.63669

384
956
901
983
152

+0.02218
+0.85325
+0.89984
+0.11912
-0.77111

703
155
053
028
861

720
721
722
723
724

-0.54407
-0.99998
-0.53652
+0.42022
+0.99061

170
994
204
174
560

-0.83903 873

+0.90742 145
+0. 13667 750

770
771
772
773
774

-0.30486
-0.96613
-0.73914
+0.16741
+0.92004

804
333
009
514
966

-0.95239
-0.25804
+0.67355
+0.98588
+0.39180

460
339
173
649
176

725
726
727
728
729

+0.65024
-0.28796
-0.96141
-0.75094
+0.14993

204
105
408
744
682

-0.75972
-0. 95764
-0.27510
+0. 66036
+0.98869

712
212
538
198
558

775
776
777
778
779

+0.82679
-0. 02661
-0. 85555
-0. 89790
-0. 11472

477
142
119
114
492

-0.56250
-0.99964
-0.51771
+0.44019
+0.99339

370
585
822
716
730

730
731
732
733
734

+0.91296
+0.83662
-0.00891
-0. 84625
-0.90555

985
262
160
253
279

+0.40802
-0.54777
-0. 99996
-0. 53278
+0.42423

792
970
029
200
360

780
781
782
783
784

+0.77392
+0.95103
+0.25376
-0. 67681
-0. 98513

886
602
505
634
591

+0.63327
-0.30908
-0.96726
-0.73615
+0.17177

255
007
589
192
673

735
736
737
738
739

-0.13229
+0.76259
+0.95635
+0.27084
-0. 66367

199
745
831
775
898

+0.99121
+0. 64687
-0.29219
-0. 96262
-0.74801

079
335
647
220
752

785
786
787
788
789

-0. 38772
+0.56615
+0.99951
+0.51392
-0. 44416

606
733
829
674
668

+0.92177
+0.82429
-0.03103
-0.85783
-0.89594

465
720
529
408
417

740
741
742
743
744

-0. 98802
-0.40398
+0.55147
+0.99991
+0.52903

232
250
697
106
153

+0. 15431 102

+0.91476
+0. 83419
-0. 01333
-0. 84860

217

790
791
792
793
794

-0.99389
-0.62984
+0.31328
+0.96837
+0.73314

531
117
604
950
932

-0.11032
+0.77672
+0.94965
+0.24948
-0.68006

732
396
881
174
770

745
746
747
748
749

-0.42823
-0.99178
-0. 64349
+0. 29642
+0.96381

715
657
199
616
146

-0.90366
-0.12790
+0.76545
+0.95505
+0.26658

639
390
285
577
483

795
796
797
798
799

-0.17613
-0. 92348
-0.82178
+0.03545
+0.86010

497
158
349
855
016

-0.98436
-0.38364
+0.56979
+0.99937
+0.51012

603
277
988
115
519

750

+0.74507 295

66698 298

800

+ 0.89396 965

052
342
702
115
339

-0.91110
-0. 14544
+0.75394
+0.96015

541
039
186
344

+0. 00448 599

+0. 84388 631

-C.

672
011
703

750
751
752
753
754

-0.44812 751

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

184
Table 4.8

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES FOR LARGE RADIAN ARGUMENTS

sin x

sin x

cos x

cos x

800
801
802
803
804

+0.89396
+0.10592
-0. 77950
-0.94826
-0.24519

965
756
384
300
354

-0.44812
-0.99437
-0.62639
+0.31748
+0.96947

751
385
745
587
415

850
851
852
853
854

+0.98022
+0.36311
-0.58784
-0.99834
-0.49096

773
519
378
189
907

-0.19787
-0.93174
-0.80897
+0.05756
+0.87117

267
426
447
271
700

805
806
807
808
809

+0. 68330
+0.98357
+0.37955
-0. 57343
-0.99920

573
687
196
126
443

+0.73013
~0. 18048
-0.92517
-0.81925
+0.03988

237
975
042
368
112

855
856
857
858
859

+0. 46779
+0.99647
+0.60899
-0.33839
-0.97466

845
423
620
013
214

+0.88383
+0.08389
-0.79317
-0.94100
-0.22368

517
936
314
591
219

810
811
812
813
814

-0.50631
+0.45207
+0.99483
+0. 62294
-0.32167

365
956
291
147
949

+0.86234
+0.89197
+0.10152
-0.78226
-0.94684

940
762
573
845
862

860
861
862
863
864

-0.71483
+0.20220
+0.93334
+0. 80636
-0.06198

427
893
217
493
051

+0.69929
+0.97934
+0.35898
-0.59141
-0.99807

390
241
802
830
736

815
816
817
818
819

-0.97054
-0.72710
+0. 18484
+0. 92684
+0.81670

981
111
099
114
782

-0.24090
+0.68653
+0.98276
+0.37545
-0.57705

054
039
844
372
142

865
866
867
868
869

-0.
-0.

87334
88175
-0.07948
+0.79586
+0. 93949

135
618
845
060
908

-0.48710
+0.47170
+0.99683
+0.60547
-0.34255

870
545
579
989
142

820
821
822
823
824

-0. 04430 291

-0. 86458 174
-0. 88996 811

-0.99901
-0.50249
+0.45602
+0.99527
+0.61947

814
220
276
249
329

870
871
872
873
874

+0.21936
-0. 70245
-0. 97843
-0. 35485
+0. 59498

644
070
790
381
124

-0.97564
-0.71173
+0.20654
+0.93492
+0.80373

254
241
122
180
959

-0.06639
-0.87548
-0.87965
-0.07507
+0.79853

709
859
992
597
248

-0.09712 190
+0.78501 774

825
826
827
828
829

+0. 94541 569

+0.23660
-0. 68974
-0.98194
-0. 37134

282
159
076
812

-0.32586
-0.97160
-0.72405
+0.18918
+0.92849

680
646
561
862
371

875
876
877
878
879

+0. 99779 328

+0. 48323 878

830
831
832
833
834

+0.58066
+0. 99881
+0. 49866
-0. 45995
-0.99569

027
229
090
702
258

+0.81414
-0.04872
-0.86679
-0.88794
-0.09271

596
383
716
118
618

880
881
882
883
884

+0. 34670 601

+0.97660
+0.70861
-0.21086
-0.93648

383
660
947
312

+0.93797
+0.21504
-0.70559
-0.97751
-0.35071

385
639
373
423
265

835
836
837
838
839

-0.61599
+0.33004
+0.97264
+0.72099
-0.19353

297
774
407
594
254

+0.78775
+0.94396
+0.23230
-0.69293
-0.98109

165
424
046
929
386

885
886
887
888
889

-0.80109
+0.07081
+0.87761
+0.87754
+0.07066

851
237
869
643
203

+0.59853
+0.99748
+0.47935
-0.47949
-0.99750

252
965
940
167
031

840
841
842
843
844

-0.93012
-0.81156
+ 0.05314
+0. 86899
+0.88589

809
816
379
559
685

-0.36723
+0.58425
+0.99858
+0.49481
-0.46388

525
775
687
983
228

890
891
892
893
894

-0.80118
-0. 93643
-0.21072
+0.70872
+0.97657

871
025
213
294
141

-0.59841
+0.35085
+0.97754
+0.70548
-0.21519

177
380
600
692
358

845
846
847
848
849

+0. 08830 863

-0. 79047 014
-0. 94249 431

316
058
221
264
213

895
896
897
898
899

+0. 34656 463

-0.22799 356
+0.69612 342

-0.99609
-0.61250
+ 0.33422
+0.97366
+0.71792

-0.93802
-0.79844
+0.07522
+0.87973
+0.87541

610
174
627
159
575

850

+0.98022 773

-0.19787 267

900

+0.99780 327

-0.47560 322
-0.99717 782
-0. 60195 173

60207
-0.99716
-0.47547
+0.48337
-0.

208
649
063
073

+ 0.06624 670

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

tGE R ADIAN
sin x

185

ARGUMEF ITS

Table 4.8

sin x

COS X

900
901
902
903
904

+0.99780
+0. 59486
-0. 35499
-0.97846
-0. 70234

327
009
472
902
341

+0.06624
-0.80382
-0.93486
-0.20639
+0.71183

670
926
831
374
827

950
951
952
953
954

+0.94546
+0.78492
-0.09727
-0.89003
-0.86450

479
436
191
684
600

+0.32572
-0.61959
-0.99525
-0.45588
+0.50262

431
160
784
862
250

905
906
907
908
909

+0.21951
+0.93955
+0.79576
-0. 07963
-0. 88182

349
070
933
869
727

+0.97560
+0.34240
-0.60559
-0.99682
-0.47157

947
981
984
380
255

955
956
957
958
959

-0.04415
+0.81679
+0.92678
+0.18469
-0.72720

233
478
454
287
458

+0.99902
+0.57692
-0.37559
-0.98279
-0.68642

481
832
341
629
079

910
911
912
913
914

-0.87326
-0. 06183
+0. 80645
+0.93328
+0.20206

792
008
406
805
131

+0.48724
+0.99808
+0.59129
-0.35912
-0.97937

032
669
676
869
287

960
961
962
963
964

-0.97051
-0.32153
+0.62305
+0.99481
+0.45194

349
677
937
760
512

+0.24104
+0.94689
+0.78217
-0.10167
-0.89204

682
709
455
567
574

915
916
917
918
919

-0.71493
-0.97462
-0. 33824
+0.60911
+0.99646

966
841
829
575
158

-0.69918
+0.22382
+0.94105
+0.79308
-0.08404

616
909
690
134
955

965
966
967
968
969

-0.50644
-0.99921
-0.57330
+0.37969
+0.98360

362
043
778
140
406

-0.86227
-0.03973
+0.81934
+0.92511
+0.18034

308
052
009
320
150

920
921
922
923
924

+0.46766
-0.49110
-0.99835
-0. 58772
+0.36325

523
037
056
184
562

-0.88390
-0.87110
-0.05741
+0.80906
+0.93168

567
299
224
306
952

970
971
972
973
974

+0.68319
-0.24533
-0.94831
-0.77940
+0.10607

568
966
084
942
744

-0.73023
-0.96943
-0.31734
+0.62651
+0.99435

535
718
294
493
787

925
926
927
928
929

+0.98025
+0. 69601
-0.22814
-0.94254
-0.79037

754
520
031
467
781

+0.19772
-0.71802
-0.97362
-0.33408
+0.61261

493
705
827
015
972

975
976
977
978
979

+0.89403
+0.86002
+0.03530
-0.82186
-0.92342

718
327
793
936
374

+0.44799
-0.51025
-0.99937
-0.56967
+0.38378

277
482
648
601
195

930
931
932
933
934

+0. 08845 877

+0.88596
+0. 86892
+0.05299
-0.81165

676
100
328
622

+0.99607
+ 0.46374
-0.49495
-0.99859
-0.58413

984
875
080
487
542

980
981
982
983
984

-0.17598
+0.73325
+0.96834
+0.31314
-0.62995

660
181
189
290
823

+0.98439
+0.67995
-0.24962
-0.94970
-0.77662

256
719
769
602
902

935
936
937
938
939

-0.93007
-0.19338
+0.72110
+0.97260
+0.32990

273
467
037
905
546

+0.36737
+0.98112
+0.69283
-0.23244
-0.94401

544
302

-0.99387
-0.44403
+ 0.51405
+0.99952
+0.56603

867
164
603
296
309

+ 0.11047 712

398

985
986
987
988
989

+0.89601
+0.85775
+0.03088
-0.82438

111
661
464
252

940
941
942
943
944

-0.61611
-0.99567
-0.45982
+ 0.49879
+0.99881

169
859
319
154
962

-0.78765
+0.09286
+0.88801
+0.86672
+0.04857

880
625
049
199
328

990
991
992
993
994

-0.

38786
-0.98516
-0.67670
+ 0.25391
+0.95108

499
179
538
083
260

-0.92171
-0.17162
+0.73625
+0.96722
+0.30893

620
825
392
763
672

945
946
947
948
949

+0.58053
-0.37148
-0.98196
-0.68963
+0.23674

755
806
927
246
926

-0.81423
-0.92843
-0.18904
+ 0.72415
+0.97157

347
773
062
957
078

995
996
997
998
999

+0.77383
-0.11487
-0.89796
-0.85547
-0.02646

341
465
748
315
075

-0.63338
-0.99338
-0.44006
+0.51784
+0.99964

919
000
182
716
985

950

+0.94546 479

+0.32572 431

.000

+0.82687 954

For x>1000

see

Example

16.

061
706

+0.56237 908

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

186
Table 4.9

CIRCULAR TANGENTS, COTANGENTS, SECANTS AND COSECANTS FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

X

tan X

sec x

cot X

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.00000
0.01000
0.02000
0.03000
0.04002

oooo
0333
2667
9003
1347

99.99666
49.99333
33.32333
24.98666

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.05004
0.06007
0.07011
0.08017
0.09024

1708
2104
4558
1105
3790

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.10033
0.11044
0.12057
0.13073
0.14092

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

CSC X

66
32
27
52

1.00000
1.00005
1.00020
1.00045
1.00080

00
00
00
02
05

19.98333
16.64666
14.26237
12.47332
11.08109

06
19
33
19
49

1.00125
1.00180
1.00245
1.00320
1.00406

27
50
86

467
582
934
732
189

9.96664
9.05421
8.29329
7.64892
7.09612

44
28
49
55
94

1.00502
1.00608
1.00724
1.00850
1.00988

0.15113
0.16137
0.17165
0.18196
0.19231

522
946
682
953
984

6.61659
6.19657
5.82557
5.49542
5.19967

15
54
68
56
16

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.20271
0.21314
0.22361
0.23414
0.24471

004
244
942
336
670

4.93315
4.69169
4.47188
4.27088
4.08635

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.25534
0.26602
0.27675
0.28755
0.29841

192
154
814
433
279

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.30933
0.32032
0.33138
0.34252
0.35373

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43

oo

a;

-1 cot x

esc

xa;-l

100.00166
50.00333
33.33833
25.00666

35
39
79

0.00000
0.00333
0.00666
0.01000
0.01333

20.00833
16.67667
14.29738
12.51334
11.12612

58
09
76
32
53

0.01666
0.02000
0.02334
0.02667
0.03001

61

35
99
07

10.01668
9.10926
8.35336
7.71401
7.16624

0.03335
0.03669
0.04003
0.04338
0.04672

558
628
845
223
776

0.01668
0.01835
0.02003
0.02170
0.02338

614
925
365
946
680

1.01135
1.01293
1.01462
1.01642
1.01832

64
80
61
16
55

6.69173
6.27674
5.91078
5.58566
5.29495

21
93
84

0.05007
0.05342
0.05677
0.06013
0.06348

516
458
615
000
628

0.02506
0.02674
0.02842
0.03011
0.03180

578
653
915
379
054

49
81
35
77
78

1.02033
1.02246
1.02469
1.02704
1.02950

88
26
78
58
78

5.03348
4.79708
4.58232
4.38639
4.20693

95
57
93
73
71

0.06684
0.07020
0.07357
0.07693
0.08030

512
667
105
841
889

0.03348
0.03518
0.03687
0.03857
0.04027

955
092
477
124
044

3.91631
3.75909
3.61326
3.47760
3.35106

74
41
32
37
28

1.03208
1.03477
1.03759
1.04052
1.04357

50
89
10
27
57

4.04197
3.88983
3.74908
3.61852
3.49708

25
14
94
56
77

0.08368
0.08705
0.09044
0.09382
0.09721

264
978
046
483
302

0.04197
0.04367
0.04538
0.04709
0.04881

250
754
569
707
181

625
751
941
487
688

3.23272
3.12180
3.01759
2.91949
2.82696

81
50
80
61
00

1.04675
1.05005
1.05347
1.05703
1.06072

16
22
94
51
13

3.38386
3.27805
3.17897
3.08600
2.99861

34
83
74
99
68

0.10060
0.10400
0.10740
0.11080
0.11421

519
147
202
697
648

0.05053
0.05225
0.05397
0.05570
0.05744

003
186

744

0.36502
0.37640
0.38786
0.39941
0.41105

849
285
316
272
492

2.73951
2.65672
2.57822
2.50367
2.43276

22
80
89
59
50

1.06454
1.06849
1.07258
1.07681
1.08118

02
38
47
50
74

2.91632
2.83869
2.76536
2.69599
2.63027

08
75
87
57
48

0.11763
0.12104
0.12447
0.12790
0.13133

070
976
383
306
759

0.05917
0.06091
0.06266
0.06441
0.06617

792
976
601
678
222

322
120
255
102
053

2.36522
2.30080
2.23927
2.18044
2.12413

24
12
78
95
20

1.08570
1.09036
1.09518
1.10015
1.10527

44
89
36

0.44

0.42279
0.43463
0.44657
0.45862
0.47078

15
57

2.56793
2.50872
2.45242
2.39882
2.34775

25
20
03
48
15

0.13477
0.13822
0.14167
0.14513
0.14859

758
318
456
185
524

0.06793
0.06969
0.07146
0.07324
0.07502

246
763
789
336
418

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.48305
0.49544
0.50796
0.52061
0.53338

507
877
590
084
815

2.07015
2.01837
1.96863
1.92082
1.87480

74
22

1.11055
1.11600
1.12161
1.12740
1.13335

94
60
91
22
91

2.29903
2.25251
2.20805
2.16553
2.12483

27
55
98
72

0.15206
0.15554
0.15902
0.16251
0.16600

486
089
348
280
901

0.07681
0.07860
0.08040
0.08220
0.08401

051
247
022
390
366

0.50

0.54630 249
["(-5)2]

61
05
73

1.83048 77

13

37
09

07

1.13949 39

-5)2
[(

00

67

83
70
72
39

24
65

00

2.08582 96

000
335
684
060
476

0.00000
0.00166
0.00333
0.00500
0.00666

000
668
349
053
791

944
096
805
621

0.00833
0.01000
0.01167
0.01334
0.01501

576
420
334
330
419

480

0.16951 228

[(-7)9]
]

689
034

0.08582 964

[(

7,8]
4

Compilation of tan x and cot x from National Bureau of Standards, Table of circular and hyperbolic tangents and cotangents for radian arguments, 2d printing. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR TANGENTS, COTANGENTS, SECANTS AND COSECANTS
FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS
tan x

sec x

cot x

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.54630
0.55935
0.57256
0.58591
0.59942

249
872
183
701
962

1.83048
1.78776
1.74653
1.70672
1.66825

772
154
626
634
255

1.13949
1.14581
1.15231
1.15900
1.16589

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.61310
0.62694
0.64096
0.65516
0.66955

521
954
855
845
565

1.63104
1.59502
1.56013
1.52632
1.49352

142
471
894
503
784

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.68413
0.69891
0.71390
0.72911
0.74454

681
886
901
473
382

1.46169
1.43078
1.40073
1.37152
1.34310

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.76020
0.77610
0.79225
0.80866
0.82533

440
491
417
138
611

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.84228
0.85952
0.87706
0.89491
0.91308

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

187
Table 4.9

CSC X

39
07

38
77
70

2.08582
2.04843
2.01255
1.97810
1.94501

96
63
78
89
07

1.17298
1.18028
1.18778
1.19551
1.20345

68
21
81
06
53

1.91319
1.88257
1.85311
1.82473
1.79739

00
90
45
78
41

595
125
873
626
429

1.21162
1.22003
1.22868
1.23758
1.24673

83
59
47
16
39

1.77103
1.74560
1.72106
1.69737
1.67449

22
45
62
57
37

1.31543
1.28848
1.26222
1.23661
1.21162

569
559
118
155
759

1.25614
1.26583
1.27580
1.28605
1.29660

92
52
04
34
31

1.65238
1.63101
1.61034
1.59034
1.57100

34
23
84
01

838
867
790
753
953

1.18724
1.16342
1.14016
1.11742
1.09518

183
833
258
140
285

1.30745
1.31863
1.33013
1.34196
1.35415

93
17
09

77
38

1.55227
1.53413
1.51656
1.49954
1.48304

03
35
54
35
60

0.93159
0.95045
0.96966
0.98926
1.00924

646
146
833
154
629

1.07342
1.05213
1.03128
1.01085
0.99083

615
158
046
503
842

1.36670
1.37962
1.39293
1.40664
1.42076

11
24
10
08
67

1.46705
1.45154
1.43650
1.42190
1.40775

27
43
25
99
03

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

1.02963
1.05045
1.07171
1.09343
1.11563

857
514
372
292
235

0.97121
0.95196
0.93308
0.91455
0.89635

460
830
500
085
264

1.43532
1.45032
1.46580
1.48175
1.49821

42
96
02
42
08

1.39400
1.38066
1.36771
1.35513
1.34292

78
78
62
96
52

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

1.13833
1.16155
1.18532
1.20966
1.23459

271
586
486
412
946

0.87847
0.86091
0.84365
0.82667
0.80997

778
426
058
575
930

1.51519
1.53271
1.55080
1.56948
1,58878

02
39
46
63
44

1.33106
1.31953
1.30833
1.29745
1.28688

09
53
72
63
25

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

1.26015
1.28636
1.31326
1.34087
1.36923

822
938
370
383
448

0.79355
0.77738
0.76146
0.74578
0.73033

115
169
169
232
510

1.60872
1.62933
1.65065
1.67270
1.69552

58
92
49
52
44

1.27660
1.26661
1.25691
1.24747
1.23830

62
84
05
40
10

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

1.39838
1.42835
1.45920
1.49095
1.52367

259
749
113
827
674

0.71511
0.70010
0.68530
0.67070
0.65630

188
485
649
959
719

1.71914
1.74361
1.76897
1.79525
1.82252

92
84

1.22938
1.22071
1.21228
1.20409
1.19613

40
57
91
77

1.00

1.55740 772
(

0.64209 262

- 4)I
5

~n

37
95
32

1.85081 57
[(

- fl]

05

51

1.18839 51

R-4)2- 1
]

188

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR TANGENTS, COTANGENTS, SECANTS AND
COSECANTS
FOR RADIAN ARGUMENTS

Table 4.9

tan x

,r

cot x

sec x

CSC x

1.02
1.03
1.04

1.55740
1.59220
1.62813
1.66524
1.70361

77
60
04
40
46

0.64209
0.62805
0.61420
0.60051
0.58698

262
942
141
260
722

1.85081
1.88019
1.91070
1.94243
1.97542

15
89
08

47

1.18839
1.18087
1.17356
1.16645
1.15954

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

1.74331
1.78442
1.82702
1.87121
1.91709

53
48
82
73
18

0.57361
0.56040
0.54733
0.53441
0.52162

970
467
693
147
342

2.00976
2.04552
2.08279
2.12166
2.16223

32
49
43
31
06

1.15283
1.14632
1.13999
1.13384
1.12787

02
11
01

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

1.96475
2.01433
2.06595
2.11975
2.17587

97
82
53
01
51

0.50896
0.49644
0.48403
0.47175
0.45958

811
096
759
371
520

2.20460
2.24890
2.29524
2.34378
2.39466

44
16
97
77
75

1.12207
1.11644
1.11098
1.10569
1.10055

33
69
71
05
37

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

2.23449
2.29579
2.35998
2.42726
2.49789

69
85
11
64
94

0.44752
0.43557
0.42373
0.41198
0.40033

802
829
221
610
638

2.44805
2.50413
2.56310
2.62518
2.69063

57
48
57
99
21

1.09557
1.09074
1.08607
1.08154
1.07715

35
67
04
17
79

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

2.57215
2.65032
2.73275
2.81981
2.91192

16
46
42
57
99

0.38877
0.37731
0.36593
0.35463
0.34341

957
227
119
310
486

2.75970
2.83270
2.90997
2.99188
3.07885

36
55
35
25
30

1.07291
1.06881
1.06485
1.06102
1.05732

64
46

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

3.00956
3.11326
3.22363
3.34135
3.46720

97
91
32

0.33227
0.32120
0.31020
0.29928
0.28841

342
577
899
023
670

3.17135
3.26993
3.37517
3.48778
3.60853

77
04
57
15
36

1.05375
1.05032
1.04700
1.04382
1.04076

41
14

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

3.60210
3.74708
3.90334
4.07230
4.25561

24

0.27761
0.26687
0.25619
0.24556
0.23498

565
440
034
088
350

3.73833
3.87822
4.02940
4.19329
4.37153

41
33

74
31
10

1.03782
1.03499
1.03229
1.02970
1.02723

00
85
53
88
77

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

4.45522
4.67344
4.91305
5.17743
5.47068

0.22445
0.21397
0.20353
0.19314
0.18279

572
509
922
574
234

4.56607
4.77923
5.01379
5.27312
5.56133

06
14
49
60
39

1.02488
1.02263
1.02050
1.01848
1.01656

07
65
39
18
93

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

5.79788
6.16535
6.58111
7.05546
7.60182

0.17247
0.16219
0.15194
0.14173
0.13154

673
663
983
413
734

5.88349
6.24592
6.65666
7.12597
7.66731

01

95
38
61

76

1.01476
1.01306
1.01147
1.00999
1.00861

51
85
85
43
52

1.45
1.46

1.47
1.48
1.49

8.23809
8.98860
9.88737
10.98337
12.34985

28
76
49
93
64

0.12138
0.11125
0.10113
0.09104
0.08097

732
194
908
6660
2601

8.29856
9.04406
9.93781
11.02880
12.39027

45
25
58
87
66

1.00734
1.00616
1.00510
1.00413
1.00327

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

14.10141
16.42809
19.66952
24.49841
32.46113

99
17
78
04
89

0.07091
0.06087
0.05084
0.04081
0.03080

4844
1343
0061
8975
6066

14.13683
16.45849
19.69493
24.51881
32.47653

29
92
14
14
83

1.00251
1.00185
1.00129
1.00083
1.00047

27
44

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

48.07848
92.62049
+1255.76559
- 108.64920
52.06696

25

9325
6746
6327
3933
6034

48.08888
92.62589
+1255.76598
- 108.65380
52.07657

10

36
96

0.02079
0.01079
+ 0.00079
- 0.00920
- 0.01920

45
97
55
18

1.00021
1.00005
1.00000
1.00004
1.00018

63
83
03
24
44

1.60

34.23253 27

- 0.02921

1978

1.00
1.01

00
57

10

78
98
79
18
12
81

74
86
37
61

63
15

For a>1.6, use 4.3.44.

57

80
08
85

34.24713 56

01
42
90

98
17

01
06
39

79
05

98

05

95
15
62

29
13
09
15

1.00042 66

-55)2

51
20

-45>8
]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS
rois oi
OF A DE
DEGREE
GREE
'

sin e
u

cos

189
Table 4.10
90 -0

o.o
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.00000
0.00174
0. 00349
0.00523
0. 00698

00000
53283
06514
59638
12602

00000
65898
15224
31420
97962

1.00000
0.99999
0.99999
0.99998
0.99997

00000
84769
39076
62922
56307

00000
13288
57790
47427
05395

90.0
89.9
89.8
89.7
89.6

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

00872
01047
0. 01221
0.01396
0. 01570

65354
17841
70008
21803
73173

98374
16246
35247
39145
11821

0.99996
0. 99994
0.99992
0.99990
0.99987

19230
51693
53696
25240
66324

64171
65512
60452
09304
81661

89.5
89.4
89.3
89.2
89.1

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0. 01745
0.01919
0.02094
0.02268
0. 02443

24064
74423
24198
73335
21781

37284
99690
83357
72781
52653

0.99984
0.99981
0.99978
0.99974
0.99970

76951
57121
06834
26093
14897

56391
21644
74845
22698
81183

89.0
88.9
88.8
88.7
88.6

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.02617
0. 02792
0.02966
0.03141
0.03315

69483
16387
62440
07590
51783

07873
23569
85111
78128
88526

0.

99965
0.99961
0.99955
0.99950
0.99945

73249
01150
98601
65603
02159

75557
40354
19384
65732
41757

88.5
88.4
88.3
88.2
88.1

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.

03489
0.03664
0. 03838
0.04013
0.04187

94967
37087
78090
17925
56537

02501
06556
87520
32560
29200

0.99939
0.99932
0.99926
0.99919
0.99912

08270
83937
29164
43951
28300

19096
78656
10621
14446
98858

88.0
87.9
87.8
87.7
87.6

04361
04536
0.04710
0. 04884
0. 05059

93873
29881
64507
97697
29400

65336
29254
09643
95613
76713

0.99904
0.99897
0.99888
0.99880
0.99871

82215
05697
98749
61373
93571

81858
90715
61970
41434
84186

87.5
87.4
87.3
87.2
87.1

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.05233
0.05407
0.05582
0.05756
0.05930

59562
88129
15049
40269
63735

42944
84775
93164
59567
75962

0.99862
0.99853
0.99844
0.99834
0.99823

95347
66703
07641
18166
98279

54574
26212
81981
14028
23765

87.0
86.9
86.8
86.7
86.6

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

0. 06104
0.06279
0. 06453
0.06627
0. 06801

85395
05195
23082
39004
52906

34857
29313
52958
00000
65248

0.99813
0.99802
0.99791
0.99780
0.99768

47984
67284
56182
14682
42788

21867
28272
72179
92050
35605

86.5
86.4
86.3
86.2
86.1

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0.06975
0. 07149
0.07323
0. 07497
0.07671

64737
74443
81971
87268
90281

44125
32686
27632
26328
26819

0.99756
0.99744
0.99731
0.99718
0.99705

40502
07829
44772
51335
27522

59824
30944
24458
25116
26920

86.0
85.9
85.8
85.7
85.6

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0.07845
0.08019
0.08193
0.08367
0. 08541

90957
89243
85086
78433
69231

27845
28859
30041
32315
37367

0.99691
0.99677
0.99663
0.99649
0.99634

73337
88784
73868
28592
52961

33128
56247
18037
49504
90906

85.5
85.4
85.3
85.2
85.1

5.0

0.08715 57427 47658

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

90 -e

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.99619 46980 91746

85.0

cos e

sin 6

ra

-57 ' 4

For conversion from radians

to degrees see

['

Example

14.

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

190

CIRCl JLAR ilNES

Table 4.10

sin

5.0

90 -e

cos e

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.08715
0. 08889
0.09063
0.09237
0. 09410

57427
42968
25801
05874
83133

47658
66442
97780
46562
18514

0.99619
0. 99604
0.99588
0.99572
0.99556

46980
10654
43986
46981
19646

91746
10770
15970
84582
03080

84.9
84.8
84.7
84.6

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

0.09584
0.09758
0. 09931
0.10105
0. 10279

57525
28997
97497
62971
25367

20224
59149
43639
82946
87247

0.99539
0.99522
0.99505
0. 99488
0.99470

61983
73999
55699
07088
28171

67179
81831
61226
28788
17174

84.5
84.4
84.3
84.2
84.1

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

0.10452
0.10626
0.10799
0.10973
0.11146

84632
40713
93557
43110
89322

67653
36233
06023
91045
06325

0.99452
0.99433
0.99415
0.99396
0.99376

18953
79441
09639
09554
79191

68273
33205
72315
55180
60596

84.0
83.9
83.8
83.7
83.6

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

0.11320
0.11493
0.11667
0.11840
0.12013

32137
71504
07370
39683
68388

67907
92867
99333
06501
34647

0.99357
0.99337
0.99317
0.99296
0.99275

18556
27656
06495
55081
73419

76587
00396
38486
06537
29446

83.5
83.4
83.3
83.2
83.1

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.12186
0.12360
0.12533
0.12706
0. 12879

93434
14767
32335
46086
55965

05147
40493
64304
01350
77563

0.99254
0.99233
0.99211
0.99189
0.99167

61516
19378
47013
44425
11623

41322
85489
14478
90030
83090

83.0
82.9
82.8
82.7
82.6

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

0.13052
0. 13225
0.13398
0.13571
0. 13744

61922
63902
61854
55724
45460

20052
57122
18292
34304
37147

0.99144
0.99121
0.99098
0.99074
0.99050

48613
55402
31997
78404
94632

73810
51542
14836
71444
38309

82.5
82.4
82.3
82.2
82.1

8.0
8.1

0.13917
0.14090
0.14262
0.14435
0. 14608

31009
12319
89337
62010
30285

60065
37583
05512
00973
62412

0.99026
0.99002
0.98977
0.98952
0.98927

80687
36577
62309
57890
23329

41570
16558
07789
68969
62988

82.0
81.9
81.8
81.7
81.6

8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

0.14780
0.14953
0.15126
0.15298
0.15471

94111
53434
08202
58362
03862

29611
43710
47219
84038
99468

0.98901
0.98875
0. 98849
0.98822
0.98795

58633
63810
38868
83814
98657

61917
47006
08684
46553
69389

81.5
81.4
81.3
81.2
81.1

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

0.15643
0.15815
0.15988
0.16160
0.16332

44650
80672
11876
38211
59622

40231
54484
91835
03361
41622

0.98768
0.98741
0.98713
0.98685
0.98657

83405
38067
62650
57164
21616

95138
50911
72988
06807
06969

81.0
80.9
80.8
80.7
80.6

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

0.16504
0.16676
0.16848
0.17020
0.17192

76058
87467
93795
94991
91002

60678
16102
65003
66033
79410

0.98628
0.98599
0.98570
0.98540
0.98510

56015
60370
34690
78984
93261

37231
70505
88854
83490
54774

80.5
80.4
80.3
80.2
80.1

98480 77530 12208

80.0

8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5

10.0
90

0.

17364 81776 66930

cos

-e

W
sin 6

"(-4)2"
1

0.

85.0'

6-

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

191

THS OF A DEGREE
cos

sin 6

Table 4.10
90 -e

10.0
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4

0.17364
0.17536
0.17708
0.17880
0.18051

81776
67260
47403
22151
91452

66930
91987
19583
16350
50560

0.98480
0.98450
0.98419
0.98388
0.98357

77530
31799
56079
50379
14708

12208
74437
69242
33542
13386

80.0
79.9
79.8
79.7
79.6

10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9

0.18223
0.18395
0.18566
0.18738
0.18909

55254
13506
66153
13145
54429

92147
12720
85577
85725
89891

0.98325
0.98293
0.98261
0.98228
0.98195

49075
53491
27965
72507
87126

63955
49554
43615
28689
96444

79.5
79.4
79.3
79.2
79.1

11.0
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4

0.19080
0.19252
0.19423
0.19594
0.19765

89953
19665
43512
61442
73403

76545
25907
19972
42518
79126

0.98162
0.98129
0.98095
0.98061
0.98027

71834
26639
51553
46585
11746

47664
92245
49192
46613
21722

79.0
78.9
78.8
78.7
78.6

11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9

0.19936
0.20107
0.20278
0.20449
0.20620

79344
79211
72953
60518
41853

17197
45965
56512
41790
96630

0.97992
0.97957
0.97922
0.97886
0.97850

47046
52495
28106
73887
89851

20830
99344
21766
61685
01778

78.5
78.4
78.3
78.2
78.1

12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4

0.20791
0.20961
0.21132
0.21303
0.21473

16908
85629
47964
03862
53271

17759
03822
55389
74977
67063

0.97814
0.97778
0.97741
0.97704
0.97667

76007
32367
58942
55744
22783

33806
58606
86096
35264
34168

78.0
77.9
77.8
77.7
77.6

12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9

0.21643
0.21814
0.21984
0.22154
0.22325

96139
32413
62043
84976
01160

38103
96543
52838
19467
10951

0.97629
0.97591
0.97553
0.97514
0.97476

60071
67619
45439
93543
11941

19933
38747
45857
05563
91222

77.5
77.4
77.3
77.2
77.1

13.0
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4

0.22495
0.22665
0.22835
0.23004
0.23174

10543
13074
08701
97371
79034

43865
36855
10656
88104
94157

0.97437
0.97397
0.97357
0.97317
0.97277

00647
59672
89028
88727
58782

85235
79052
73160
77088
09397

77.0
76.9
76.8
76.7
76.6

13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9

0.23344
0.23514
0.23683
0.23853
0.24022

53638
21131
81460
34575
80424

55905
02590
65619
78581
77264

0.97236
0.97196
0.97154
0.97113
0.97071

99203
10005
91199
42799
64815

97677
78546
97646
09636
78191

76.5
76.4
76.3
76.2
76.1

14.0
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4

0.24192
0.24361
0.24530
0.24699
0.24868

18955
50117
73858
90127
98871

99668
86023
78803
22743
64855

0.97029
0.96987
0.96944
0.96901
0.96858

57262
20152
53498
57314
31611

75996
84747
95139
06870
28631

76.0
75.9
75.8
75.7
75.6

14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9

0.25038
0.25206
0.25375
0.25544
0.25713

00040
93582
79445
57579
27931

54441
43114
84806
35791
54696

0.96814
0.96770
0.96726
0.96682
0.96637

76403
91704
77527
33886
60793

78108
81971
75877
04459
21329

75.5
75.4
75.3
75.2
75.1

15.0

0.25881 90451 02521

0.96592 58262 89068

75.0

90 -e

cos
{

~n

sin e

['-J' ]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

192
Table 4.10

CIRCULAR SINES A

15.0
15.1

cos

sin

90 -e

90451
45086
91786
30499
61174

02521
42648
40865
65373
86809

0. 96592
0.96547
0.96501
0. 96455
0. 96409

58262
26308
64944
74184
54042

89068
79225
72311
57798
34110

75.0'

15.2
15.3
15.4

0.25881
0.26050
0.26218
0.26387
0.26555

15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9

0.26723
0.26891
0.27060
0.27228
0.27395

83760
98206
04459
02470
92186

78257
15266
75864
40574
92432

0.96363
0.96316
0.96269
0.96221
0.96174

04532
25667
17464
79935
13095

08623
97658
26479
29285
49211

74.5
74.4
74.3
74.2
74.1

16.0
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4

0.27563
0.27731
0.27899
0.28066
0.28234

73558
46533
11060
67089
14568

16999
02378
39229
20788
42876

0.96126
0.96077
0.96029
0.95980
0. 95931

16959
91541
36856
52919
39745

38319
57594
76943
75187
40058

74.0
73.9
73.8
73.7
73.6

16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9

0.28401
0.28568
0.28736
0.28903
0.29070

53447
83674
05198
17969
21935

03923
04974
49712
44472
98252

0.95881
0.95832
0.95782
0.95731
0.95681

97348
25744
24948
94975
35840

68193
65133
45315
32067
57607

73.5
73.4
73.3
73.2
73.1

17.0
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4

0.29237
0.29404
0.29570
0.29737
0.29904

17047
03252
80500
48740
07922

22737
32304
44047
77786
56087

0.95630
0.95579
0.95527
0.95476
0. 95424

47559
30147
83621
07995
03285

63035
98330
22344
02797
16277

73.0
72.9
72.8
72.7
72.6

17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9

0.30070
0.30236
0.30403
0.30569
0.30735

57995
98907
30609
53049
66177

04273
50445
25490
63106
99807

0.95371
0.95319
0.95266
0.95212
0.95159

69507
06677
14812
93927
44038

48227
92947
53586
42139
79438

72.5
72.4
72.3
72.2
72.1

18.0
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4

0.30901
0.31067
0.31233
0.31399
0.31564

69943
64296
49185
24559
90369

74947
30732
12233
67405
47102

0.95105
0.95051
0.94997
0.94942
0.94887

65162
57316
20515
54776
60116

95154
27784
24653
41904
44497

72.0
71.9
71.8
71.7
71.6

18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9

0.31730
0.31895
0.32061
0.32226
0.32391

46564
93092
29905
56952
74181

05092
98070
85676
30511
98149

0.94832
0. 94776
0.94721
0. 94664
0.94608

36552
84100
02777
92601
53588

06199
09586
46029
15696
27545

71.5
71.4
71.3
71.2
71.1

19.0
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4

0.32556
0.32721
0.32886
0.33051
0.33216

81544
78989
66467
43927
11318

57157
79104
38583
13223
83703

0.94551
0.94494
0.94437
0.94380
0.94322

85755
89121
63702
09515
26579

99317
57531
37481
83229
47601

71.0
70.9
70.8
70.7
70.6

19.5

19.7
19.8
19.9

0.33380
0.33545
0.33709
0.33873
0.34037

68592
15697
52584
79202
95502

33771
50255
23082
45291
13050

0.94264
0.94205
0.94147
0.94088
0.94028

14910
74527
05448
07689
81270

92178
87297
12038
54225
10419

70.5
70.4
70.3
70.2
70.1

20.0

0.34202 01433 25669

0.93969 26207 85908

70.0

90 -0

cos

sin 8

19.6'

'54)2

" 7)4
5

74.9
74.8
74.7
74.6

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

193

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE

cos

sin e

Table 4.10
90 -B

20.0
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4

0.34202
0. 34365
0.34529
0. 34693
0. 34857

01433
96945
81989
56515
20473

25669
85616
98535
73256
21815

0.93969
0.93909
0.93849
0.93788
0.93728

26207
42520
30227
89346
19894

85908
94709
59556
11898
91892

70.0
69.9
69.8
69.7
69.6

20.5
20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9

0.35020
0. 35184
0.35347
0.35510
0. 35673

73812
16484
48437
69624
79993

59467
04702
79257
08137
19625

0. 93667
0.93605
0.93544
0.93482
0.93420

21892
95357
40308
56763
44743

48398
38973
29867
96014
21030

69.5
69.4
69.3
69.2
69.1

21.0
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4

0.35836
0.35999
0.36162
0. 36325
0. 36487

79495
68081
45700
12304
67843

45300
20051
82092
72978
37620

0.93358
0.93295
0.93232
0.93169
0.93105

04264
35348
38012
12275
58158

97202
25489
15512
85549
62528

69.0
68.9
68.8
68.7
68.6

21.5
21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9

0.36650
0.36812
0.36974
0.37136
0.37298

12267
45526
67572
78355
77825

24297
84678
73829
50235
75809

0.93041
0.92977
0.92913
0.92848
0.92783

75679
64858
25715
58268
62538

82025
88251
34056
80914
98920

68.5
68.4
68.3
68.2
68.1

22.0
22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4

0.37460
0.37622
0. 37784
0. 37945
0.38107

65934
42631
07868
61595
03763

15912
39366
18467
29005
50274

0.92718
0.92652
0.92587
0.92520
0.92454

38545
86308
05848
97183
60336

66787
71837
09995
85782
12313

68.0
67.9
67.8
67.7
67.6

0.38268
38429
0.38590
0.38751
0.38912

34323
53226
60423
55864
39501

65090
59804
24319
52103
40206

0.92387
0.92321
0.92253
0.92186
0.92118

95325
02171
80894
31515
54055

11287
12981
56246
88501
65721

67.5
67.4
67.3
67.2
67.1

23.0
23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4

0.39073
0. 39233
0. 39394
0.39554
0.39714

11284
71166
19095
55025
78906

89274
03561
90951
62965
34781

0.92050
0.91982
0.91913
0.91844
0.91775

48534
14973
53392
63813
46256

52440
21738
55234
43087
83981

67.0
66.9
66.8
66.7
66.6

23.5
23.6
23.7
23.8
23.9

0.39874
0.40034
0.40194
0.40354
0.40514

90689
90325
77766
52963
15867

25246
56895
55960
52390
79863

0.91706
0.91636
0.91566
0.91495
0.91425

00743
27295
25933
96678
39552

85124
62240
39561
49825
34264

66.5
66.4
66.3
66.2
66.1

24.0
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4

0.40673
0.40833
0. 40992
0.41151
0.41310

66430
04603
30338
43586
44298

75800
81385
41573
05109
24542

0.91354
0.91283
0.91212
0.91140
0.91068

54576
41772
01161
32766
36608

42601
33043
72273
35445
06177

66.0
65.9
65.8
65.7
65.6

24.5
24.6
24.7
24.8
24.9

0.41469
0.41628
0.41786
0.41945
0.42103

32426
07922
70738
20824
58133

56239
60401
01077
46177
67491

0.90996
0.90923
0.90850
0.90777
0.90704

12708
61090
81775
74785
40142

76543
47069
26722
32909
91465

65.5
65.4
65.3
65.2
65.1

25.0

0.42261 82617 40699

0.90630 77870 36650

65.0

22.5
22.6
22.7
22.8
22.9

90

-e

0.

cos

sin 6

ra

(-7)4"
[

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

194

CIRCULAR
CIRC
ULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE

Table 4.10

sin 8

25.0
25.1
25.2
25.3
25.4

cos

90 -8

42261
42419
0. 42577
0.42735
0.42893

82617
94227
92915
78633
51334

40699
45390
65073
87192
03146

0.90630
0.90556
0.90482
0.90408
0.90333

77870
87990
70524
25496
52928

36650
11140
66020
60778
63301

65.0
64.9
64.8
64.7
64.6

25.5
25.6
25.7
25.8
25.9

0.43051
0. 43208
0. 43365
0.43523
0. 43680

10968
57488
90845
10993
17883

08295
01982
87544
72328
67702

0.90258
0.90183
0.90107
0.90031
0.89955

52843
25264
70213
87714
77789

49861
05114
22092
02194
55180

64.5
64.4
64.3
64.2
64.1

26.0
26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4

0.

43837
0.43993
0.44150
0. 44307
0. 44463

11467
91698
58527
11908
51791

89077
55915
91745
24180
84927

0.89879
0. 89802
0.89725
0. 89648
0.89571

40462
75757
83696
64303
17602

99167
60616
74328
83441
39413

64.0
63.9
63.8
63.7
63.6

26.5
26.6
26.7
26.8
26.9

0.44619
0.44775
0.44931
0. 45087
0.45243

78131
90878
89986
75406
47093

09809
38770
15897
89431
11783

0.89493
0.89415
0.89337
0.89258
0. 89179

43616
42368
13883
58184
75296

02025
39368
27838
52125
05214

63.5
63.4
63.3
63.2
63.1

27.0
27.1
27.2
27.3
27.4

0.45399
0. 45554
0. 45709
0. 45864
0.46019

04997
49072
79270
95544
97847

39547
33516
58694
84315
83852

0.89100
0.89021
0.88941
0.88861
0. 88781

65241
28046
63732
72326
53851

88368
11127
91298
54949
36401

63.0
62.9
62.8
62.7
62.6

27.5
27.6
27.7
27.8
27.9

0.46174
0.46329
0. 46484
0. 46638
0. 46792

86132
60351
20457
66403
98142

35034
19862
24620
39891
60573

0.88701
0.88620
0.88539
0.88458
0.88376

08331
35792
36257
09752
56300

78222
31215
54416
15084
88693

62.5
62.4
62.3
62.2
62.1

28.0
28.1
28.2
28.3
28.4

0.

46947
0.47101
0. 47255
0. 47408
0.47562

15627
18812
07648
82090
42090

85891
19410
69054
47116
70275

0.

88294
0.88212
0.88130
0.88047
0. 87964

75928
68660
34520
73535
85728

58927
17668
64992
09162
66617

62.0
61.9
61.8
61.7
61.6

28.5
28.6
28.7
28.8
28.9

0.47715
0. 47869
0. 48022
0.48175
0.48328

87602
18579
34974
36741
23832

59608
40607
43189
01715
55002

0.87881
0. 87798
0.87714
0.87630
0.87546

71126
29754
61637
66800
45270

61965
27981
05589
43864
00018

61.5
61.4
61.3
61.2
61.1

29.0
29.1
29.2
29.3
29.4

0.48480
0. 48633
0.48785
0.48938
0.49090

96202
53804
96591
24517
37536

46337
23490
38733
48846
15141

0.87461
0. 87377
0.87292
0.87206
0.87121

97071
22230
20772
92724
38111

39396
35465
69810
32121
20189

61.0
60.9
60.8
60.7
60.6

29.5
29.6
29.7
29.8
29.9

0.

49242
0.49394
0. 49545
0. 49697
0.49848

35601
18665
86684
39610
77397

03467
84231
32408
27555
53830

0.87035
0. 86949
0.86863
0.86776
0. 86689

56959
49295
15144
54533
67489

39900
05219
38191
68928
35603

60.5
60.4
60.3
60.2
60.1

30.0

0.50000 00000 0Q000

0.86602 54037 84439

60.0

90

0.

0.

-8

cos
(
:

sin 8

- 4)2
5

- 7H
5

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

195

^THS OF A DEGREE
sin 8

cos

Table 4.10
90 -8

30.0
30.1
30.2
30.3
30.4

0.50000
0.50151
0.50301
0.50452
0.50603

00000
07371
99466
76238
37641

00000
59457
30235
15019
21164

0.86602
0.86515
0. 86427
0. 86339
0.86251

54037
14205
48019
55506
36692

84439
69704
53705
06772
07257

60.0
59.9
59.8
59.7
59.6

30.5
30.6
30.7
30.8
30.9

0.50753
0.50904
0.51054
0.51204
0.51354

83629
14157
29179
28648
12520

60704
50371
11606
70572
58170

0.86162
0.86074
0. 85985
0.85895
0.85806

91604
20270
22715
98969
49057

41526
03944
96873
30664
23645

59.5
59.4
59.3
59.2
59.1

31.0
31.1
31.2
31.3
31.4

0.51503
0.51653
0.51802
0.51951
0.52100

80749
33288
70093
91118
96318

10054
66642
73130
79509
40576

0.85716
0. 85626
0.85536
0. 85445
0. 85355

73007
70846
42601
88301
07972

02112
00328
60507
32807
75327

59.0
58.9
58.8
58.7
58.6

31.5
31.6
31.7
31.8
31.9

0.52249
0.52398
0.52547
0.52695
0.52843

85647
59059
16510
57954
83347

15949
70079
72268
96678
22347

0.85264
85172
0.85081
0. 84989
0. 84897

01643
69341
11094
26929
16876

54092
43048
24051
86864
29141

58.5
58.4
58.3
58.2
58.1

32.0
32.1
32.2
32.3
32.4

0.52991
0.53139
0.53287
0.53435
0. 53582

92642
85795
62760
23493
67949

33205
18083
70730
89826
78997

0.84804
0.84712
0.84619
0.84526
0. 84432

80961
19213
31661
18332
79255

56426
82137
27564
21856
02015

58.0
57.9
57.8
57.7
57.6

32.5
32.6
32.7
32.8
32.9

0.53729
0.53877
0.54024
0.54170
0.54317

96083
07850
03204
82102
44499

46824
06863
77655
82740
50671

84339
84245
0.84151
0.84056
0.83961

14458
23970
07819
66034
98645

12886
07148
45306
95684
34413

57.5
57.4
57.3
57.2
57.1

33.0
33.1
33.2
33.3
33.4

0.54463
0.54610
0.54756
0.54902
0.55048

90350
19610
32234
28179
07400

15027
14429
92550
98132
84996

0.83867
0.83771
0.83676
0.83580
0. 83484

05679
87166
43134
73613
78632

45424
20439
58962
68270
63407

57.0
56.9
56.8
56.7
56.6

33.5
33.6
33.7
33.8
33.9

0.55193
0.55339
0. 55484
0.55629
0. 55774

69853
15492
44274
56155
51089

12058
43344
47999
00305
79690

0.

83388
0.83292
0. 83195
0.83098
0.83001

58220
12407
41221
44692
22850

67168
10099
30483
74328
95367

56.5
56.4
56.3
56.2
56.1

34.0
34.1
34.2
34.3
34.4

0.55919
0.56063
0.56208
0.56352
0. 56496

29034
89945
33778
60489
70034

70747
63242
52131
37571
24938

0.82903
0.82806
0.82708
0.82609
0.82511

75725
03346
05742
82944
34982

55042
22494
74562
95764
78295

56.0
55.9
55.8
55.7
55.6

34.5
34.6
34.7
34.8
34.9

0.56640
0.56784
0.56927
0.57071
0. 57214

62369
37450
95234
35676
58734

24833
53101
30844
84432
45516

0.82412
0.82313
0.82214
0.82114
0.82015

61886
63685
40410
92091
18758

22016
34442
30737
33704
73772

55.5
55.4
55.3
55.2
55.1

35.0

0.

81915 20442 88992

55.0

57357 64363 51046

90 -e

cos
-

0.

0.

0.

0.

sin 8

-4)2]

[
716-654

64

14

-P

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

196

CIRCULAR SINES

Table 4.10

90 -e

cos e

sin 6

35.0
35.1
35.2
35.3
35.4

0.57357
0.57500
0.57643
0. 57785
0.57928

64363
52520
23161
76243
11723

51046
43279
69793
83505
42679

0.

81915
0.81814
0.81714
0.81613
0.81512

20442
97174
48983
75900
77957

88992
25023
35129
80160
28554

55.0
54.9
54.8
54.7
54.6

35.5
35.6
35.7
35.8
35.9

0.58070
0. 58212
0. 58354
0. 58495
0. 58637

29557
29701
12113
76749
23567

10940
57289
56118
87215
35789

0.81411
0.81310
0.81208
0.81106
0.81004

55183
07610
35268
38189
16404

56319
47028
91806
89327
45796

54.5
54.4
54.3
54.2
54.1

36.0
36.1
36.2
36.3
36.4

0.58778
0.58919
0.59060
0.59201
0.59341

52522
63573
56676
31787
88866

92473
53342
19925
99220
03701

0. 80901
0.80798
0.80696
0. 80592
0. 80489

69943
98838
03121
82822
37973

74947
98031
43802
48516
55914

54.0
53.9
53.8
53.7
53.6

36.5
36.6
36.7
36.8
36.9

0.

59482
0.59622
0. 59762
0. 59902
0. 60042

27867
48749
51469
35985
02253

51341
65616
75521
15586
25884

0.80385
0.80281
0. 80177
0.80073
0.79968

68606
74751
56442
13709
46584

17217
91115
43754
48733
87091

53.5
53.4
53.3
53.2
53.1

37.0
37.1
37.2
37.3
37.4

0.

60181
60320
0. 60459
0.60598
0. 60737

50231
79877
91148
84002
58397

52048
45282
62375
65711
23287

0.79863
0.79758
0. 79652
0. 79547
0. 79441

55100
39288
99180
34808
46205

47293
25229
24196
54896
35418

53.0
52.9
52.8
52.7
52.6

37.5
37.6
37.7
37.8
37.9

0.

60876
0.61014
0.61152
0.61290
0.61428

14290
51639
70401
70536
52000

08721
01268
85831
52976
98943

0.79335
0.79228
0.79122
0.79015
0. 78908

33402
96433
35329
50123
40848

91235
55191
67490
75690
34691

52.5
52.4
52.3
52.2
52.1

38.0
38.1
38.2
38.3
38.4

0.61566
0.61703
0. 61840
0. 61977
0.62114

14753
58751
83953
90317
77802

25658
40749
57554
95140
78310

0.78801
0.78693
0.78585
0. 78477
0. 78369

07536
50219
68931
63705
34573

06722
61337
75402
33083
25840

52.0
51.9
51.8
51.7
51.6

38.5
38.6
38.7
38.8
38.9

0.62251
0.62387
0. 62524
0.62660
0. 62796

46366
95967
26563
38113
30576

37620
09386
35705
64461
49338

0.

78260
0.78152
0.78043
0. 77933
0. 77824

81568
04724
04073
79649
31485

52414
18819
38330
31474
26021

51.5
51.4
51.3
51.2
51.1

39.0
39.1
39.2
39.3
39.4

0.62932
0. 63067
0. 63202
0. 63338
0.63473

03910
58074
93026
08726
05132

49837
31286
64851
27550
02268

0.77714
0.77604
0. 77494
0.77384
0.77273

59614
64070
44887
02097
35734

56971
66546
04180
26506
97351

51.0
50.9
50.8
50.7
50.6

0.63607
63742
0. 63876
0.64010
0. 64144

82202
39897
78175
96994
96315

77764
48690
15598
84955
69158

0.77162
0.77051
0.76939
0.76828
0.76716

45833
32427
95550
35235
51518

87720
75789
46895
93523
15300

50.5
50.4
50.3
50.2
50.1

0.76604 44431 18978

50.0

39.5
39.6
39.7
39.8
39.9
40.0

0.

0.

0.

64278 76096 86539

90 -e

cos

sin 6

{
1

~}T]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

197

CIRCULAR SINES AND COSINES TO TENTHS OF A DEGREE

90 -e

cos

sin 6

Table 4.10

0.64278
0. 64412
0. 64545
0. 64678
0. 64811

76096
36297
76877
97795
99010

86539
61387
23951
10460
63131

0.76604
0.76492
0.76379
0.76266
0.76153

44431
14009
60286
83296
83075

18978
18432
34642
95688
36737

50.0
49.9
49.8
49.7
49.6

64944
65077
65209
65342
65474

80483
42172
84038
06039
08137

30184
65851
30392
90105
17340

0.76040
0.75927
0.75813
0.75699
0.75585

59656
13073
43361
50556
34691

00031
34881
97652
51756
67640

49.5
49.4
49.3
49.2
49.1

0.65605
0. 65737
0. 65868
0. 66000
0.66131

90289
52457
94601
16679
18653

90507
94096
18680
60937
23652

0.75470
0.75356
0.75241
0.75126
0.75011

95802
33923
49088
41335
10696

22772
01638
95724
03511
30460

49.0
48.9
48.8
48.7
48.6

66262
66392
66523
66653
66783

00482
62126
03546
24702
25554

15737
52242
54361
49452
71047

0.74895
0.74779
0.74663
0.74547
0.74431

57207
80904
81822
59996
15462

89002
98532
85391
82862
31154

48.5
48.4
48.3
48.2
48.1

42.0
42.1
42.2
42.3
42.4

0.66913
0. 67042
0. 67172
0. 67301
0.67430

06063
66189
05893
25135
23875

58858
58799
22990
09773
83723

0.74314
0.74197
0.74080
0.73963
0.73845

48254
58409
45962
10949
53406

77394
75616
86750
78610
25884

48.0
47.9
47.8
47.7
47.6

42.5
42.6
42.7
42.8
42.9

0.67559
0. 67687
0. 67815
0. 67944
0. 68072

02076
59696
96698
13042
08689

15660
82661
68071
61517
58918

0.73727
0.73609
0.73491
0.73372
0.73254

73368
70871
45951
98645
28987

10124
19734
49960
02876
87379

47.5
47.4
47.3
47.2
47.1

43.0
43.1
43.2
43.3
43.4

0.68199
0. 68327
0. 68454
0.68581
0. 68708

83600
37736
71059
83529
75108

62499
80799
28689
27376
04423

0.73135
0.73016
0.72896
0.72777
0.72657

37016
22766
86274
27576
46709

19170
20752
21412
57210
70976

47.0
46.9
46.8
46.7
46.6

43.5
43.6
43.7
43.8
43.9

0.

68835
68961
69088
69214
69340

45756
95437
24110
31738
18282

93754
35670
76858
70407
75813

0.72537
0.72417
0.72296
0.72176
0.72055

43710
18614
71459
02280
11116

12288
37468
09568
98362
80330

46.5
46.4
46.3
46.2
46.1

44.0
44.1
44.2
44.3
44.4

0.

69465
69591
69716
69841
69966

83704
27965
51028
52854
33405

58997
92314
54565
31006
13365

0.71933
0.71812
0.71691
0.71569
0.71447

98003
62977
06076
27337
26796

38651
63189
50483
03736
32803

46.0
45.9
45.8
45.7
45.6

44.5
44.6
44.7
44.8
44.9

0.70090
0.70215
0.70339
0.70463
0.70587

92642
30529
47028
42099
15706

99851
95162
10504
63595
78681

0.71325
0.71202
0.71079
0.70957
0.70833

04491
60459
94738
07365
98377

54182
90996
72992
36521
24529

45.5
45.4
45.3
45.2
45.1

45.0

0.70710 67811 86548

0.70710 67811 86548

45.0

90 -e

cos

40.0
40.1
40.2
40.3
40.4

40.5
40.6
40.7
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.1
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.7
41.8
41.9

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

-<
1

e
>

sin 6
(

2]
[

"/ )3

198

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR TANGENTS, COTANGENTS, SECANTS AND COSECANTS
TO FIVE TENTHS OF A DEGREE

Table 4.11

tan

cot

sec

CSC 8

90 -8

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0

0.00000
0.00872
0.01745
0.02618
0.03492

00000
68677
50649
59215
07694

00000
90759
28217
69187
91747

114.58865
57.28996
38.18845
28.63625

01293
16307
92970
32829

09608
59424
25609
15603

1.00000
1.00003
1.00015
1.00034
1.00060

000
808
233
279
954

114.59301
57.29868
38.20155
28.65370

348
850
001
835

90.0
89.5
89.0
88.5
88.0

2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5

0.04366
0.05240
0.06116
0.06992
0.07870

09429
77792
26201
68119
17068

08512
83041
50484
43510
24618

22.90376
19.08113
16.34985
14.30066
12.70620

55484
66877
54760
62567
47361

31198
28211
99672
11928
74704

1.00095
1.00137
1.00186
1.00244
1.00309

269
235
869
190
220

22.92558
19.10732
16.38040
14.33558
12.74549

563
261
824
703
484

87.5
87.0
86.5
86.0
85.5

5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0

0.08748
0.09628
0.10510
0.11393
0.12278

86635
90481
42352
56083
45609

25924
97538
65676
01645
02904

11.43005
10.38539
9.51436
8.77688
8.14434

23027
70801
44542
73568
64279

61343
38159
22585
69956
74594

1.00381
1.00462
1.00550
1.00646
1.00750

984
509
828
973
983

11.47371
10.43343
9.56677
8.83367
8.20550

325
052
223
147
905

85.0
84.5
84.0
83.5
83.0

7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5

0.13165
0.14054
0.14945
0.15838
0.16734

24975
08347
10013
44403
26090

87396
02391
49128
24536
81419

7.59575
7.11536
6.69115
6.31375
5.97576

41127
97223
62383
15146
43644

25150
84209
17409
75043
33065

1.00862
1.00982
1.01110
1.01246
1.01390

896
757
613
513
510

7.66129
7.18529
6.76546
6.39245
6.05885

758
653
908
322
796

82.5
82.0
81.5
81.0
80.5

10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0

0.17632
0.18533
0.19438
0.20345
0.21255

69807
90449
03091
22994
65616

08465
31534
37718
23699
70022

5.67128
5.39551
5.14455
4.91515
4.70463

18196
71743
40159
70310
01094

17709
19137
70310
71205
78454

1.01542
1.01703
1.01871
1.02048
1.02234

661
027
670
657
059

5.75877
5.48740
5.24084
5.01585
4.80973

049
427
307
174
435

80.0
79.5
79.0
78.5
78.0

12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5

0.22169
0.23086
0.24007
0.24932
0.25861

46626
81911
87590
80028
75843

42940
25563
80116
43180
55890

4.51070
4.33147
4.16529
4.01078
3.86671

85036
58742
97700
09335
30948

62057
84155
90417
35844
98738

1.02427
1.02630
1.02841
1.03061
1.03290

951
411
519
363
031

4.62022
4.44541
4.28365
4.13356
3.99392

632
148
757
550
916

77.5
77.0
76.5
76.0
75.5

15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.

0.26794
0.27732
0.28674
0.29621
0. 30573

91924
45440
53857
34949
06814

31122
59838
58808
62080
58660

3.73205
3.60588
3.48741
3.37594
3.27085

08075
35087
44438
34225
26184

68877
60874
40908
91246
84141

1.03527
1.03774
1.04029
1.04294
1.04569

618
221
944
891
176

3.86370
3.74197
3.62795
3.52093
3.42030

331
754
528
652
362

75.0
74.5
74.0
73.5
73.0

17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5

0.31529
0.32491
0.33459
0.34432
0.35411

87888
96962
53195
76132
85725

78983
32906
02073
89665
30698

3.17159
3.07768
2.98868
2.90421
2.82391

48023
35371
49627
08776
28856

63212
75253
42893
75823
00801

1.04852
1.05146
1.05449
1.05762
1.06084

913
222
231
068
870

3.32550
3.23606
3.15154
3.07155
2.99574

952
798
530
349
431

72.5
72.0
71.5
71.0
70.5

20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0

0.36397
0.37388
0.38386
0.39391
0.40402

02342
46794
40350
04756
62258

66202
84804
35416
14942
35157

2.74747
2.67462
2.60508
2.53864
2.47508

74194
14939
90646
78956
68534

54622
26824
93801
64307
16296

1.06417
1.06760
1.07114
1.07478
1.07853

777
936
499
624
474

2.92380
2.85545
2.79042
2.72850
2.66946

440
095
811
383
716

70.0
69.5
69.0
68.5
68.0

22.5

0.41421 35623 73095

2.61312 593

67.5

0.0

90 -8

cote

2.41421 35623 73095

tan

'(-5)1
5)1

[<-

00

1.08239 220
esc 8

00

sec 8

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

cm CULAB
tan

199

TANG ENTS, COTANGENTS, SECANTS AND COSECANTS

TO FIVE TENTHS OF A DEGREE

cot

sec

Table 4.11
90 -8

esc 8

22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5

0.41421
0. 42447
0. 43481
0.44522
0. 45572

35623
48162
23749
86853
62555

73095
09604
60933
08536
32584

2.41421
2. 35585
2.29984
2.24603
2. 19429

35623
23658
25472
67739
97311

73095
23753
36257
04216
65038

08239
1. 08636
1.09044
1.09463
1. 09894

220
038
110
628
787

2.61312
2.55930
2.50784
2. 45859
2.41142

593
467
285
334
102

67.5
67.0
66.5
66.0
65.5

25.0
25.5
26.0
26.5
27.0

0.

46630
0.47697
0. 48773
0. 49858
0.50952

76581
55326
25885
16080
54494

54998
98160
65861
53431
94429

2.14450
2. 09654
2.05030
2.00568
1.96261

69205
35990
38415
97082
05055

09558
88174
79296
59020
05150

1.10337
1.10792
1.11260
1.11740
1.12232

792
854
194
038
624

2.36620
2. 32282
2.28117
2.24115
2.20268

158
050
203
845
926

65.0
64.5
64.0
63.5
63.0

27.5
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5

52056
0.53170
0. 54295
0. 55430
0.56577

70505
94316
56996
90514
27781

51746
61479
38437
52769
87770

1.92098
1.88072
1.84177
1. 80404
1. 76749

21269
64653
08860
77552
40162

71166
46332
33458
71424
42891

1.12738
1.13257
1.13789
1.14335
1. 14895

195
005

554

2.16568
2. 13005
2. 09573
2. 06266
2.03077

057
447
853
534
204

62.5
62.0
61.5
61.0
60.5

30.0
30.5
31.0
31.5
32.0

0. 57735
0.58904
0.60086
0. 61280
0. 62486

02691
50164
06190
07881
93519

89626
20551
27560
39932
09327

1.73205
1.69766
1. 66427
1. 63185
1.60033

08075
31193
94823
16871
45290

68877
26089
50518
28789
41050

1. 15470
1.16059
1. 16663
1.17282
1. 17917

054
210
340
770
840

2.00000
1.97029
1.94160
1.91388
1.88707

000
441
403
086
991

60.0
59.5
59.0
58.5
58.0

0.63707
64940
0. 66188
0. 67450
0. 68728

02608
75931
55611
85168
09586

07493
97510
95691
42426
01613

1.

56968
53986
1.51083
1.48256
1.45500

55771
49638
51936
09685
90286

17490
14583
14901
12740
72445

1.18568
1.19236
1.19920
1.20621
1.21340

905
329
494
795
641

1.86115
1.83607
1.81180
1. 78829
1. 76551

900
846
103
165
728

57.5
57.0
56.5
56.0
55.5

35,0
35.5
36.0
36.5
37.0

0.70020
0. 71329
0. 72654
0. 73996
0.75355

75382
30678
25280
10750
40501

09710
97005
05361
28487
02794

1.42814
1.40194
1.37638
1. 35142
1.32704

80067
82944
19204
24379
48216

42114
76336
71173
45808
20410

1.22077
1.22832
1.23606
1.24400
1.25213

459
691
798
257
566

1.

74344
1.72205
1.70130
1.68117
1. 66164

680
082
162
299
014

55.0
54.5
54.0
53.5
53.0

37.5
38.0
38.5
39.0
39.5

0.76732
0.78128
0. 79543
0. 80978
0. 82433

69879
56265
59166
40331
63858

78960
06717
67828
95007
17495

1.30322
1.27994
1.25717
1. 23489
1.21309

53728
16321
22989
71565
70040

41206
93079
18954
35051
92932

1.26047
1.26901
1.27777
1.28675
1.29596

241
822
866
957
700

1.

64267
1.62426
1. 60638
1.58901
1.57213

963
925
793
573
369

52.5
52.0
51.5
51.0
50.5

40.0
40.5
41.0
41.5
42.0

0.

83909
0.85408
0.86928
0. 88472
0.90040

96311
06854
67378
52645
40442

77280
63466
16226
55944
97840

1. 19175
1.17084
1.15036
1.13029
1.11061

35925
95661
84072
43863
25148

94210
12539
21009
61753
29193

1.30540
1.31508
1.32501
1.33519
1.34563

729
700
299
242
273

1. 55572
1.53976
1.52425
1.50916
1.49447

383
904
309
050
655

50.0
49.5
49.0
48.5
48.0

42.5
43.0
43.5
44.0
44.5

0.91633
0.93251
0. 94896
0. 96568
0. 98269

11740
50861
45667
87748
72631

17423
37661
14880
07074
15690

1.09130
1.07236
1. 05378
1. 03553
1.01760

85010
87100
01252
03137
73929

69271
24682
80962
90569
72125

1.

35634
36732
1. 37859
1.39016
1.40203

170
746
847
359
206

1.48018
1.46627
1.45273
1.43955
1.42671

723
919
967
654
819

47.5
47.0
46.5
46.0
45.5

45.0

1.00000 00000 00000

1.41421 356

1.41421 356

45.0

CSC

sec

32.5
33.0
33.5
34.0
34.5

0.

0.

90 -8

cot

1.

1.00000 00000 00000

tan

- 4)3
(

- 5 )4[(

1.

318
407

1.

[T]

4)3

[ -e

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

200

CIl ICULA1 I

Table 4.12

Tl IE

ARC iUMENT 2*
K

IT

7T

sin

FUNCTi [ONS 1 ?OR

cos

tan

l-x

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.00000
01570
0.03141
0.04710
0. 06279

00000
73173
07590
64507
05195

00000
11820
78128
09642
29313

00000
67575
29384
66090
37607

1.00000
0.99987
0. 99950
0. 99888
0. 99802

00000
66324
65603
98749
67284

00000
81660
65731
61969
28271

00000
59864
55700
97264
56195

0.00000
0.01570
0. 03142
0. 04715
0.06291

00000
92553
62660
88028
46672

00000
23664
43351
77480
53649

00000
91632
14782
47448
75722

1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

07845
09410
0. 10973
0.12533
0. 14090

90957
83133
43110
32335
12319

27844
18514
91045
64304
37582

94503
31847
26802
24537
66116

0.

99691
99556
0. 99396
0.99211
0. 99002

73337
19646
09554
47013
36577

33127
03080
55179
14477
16557

97620
01290
68775
83105
56725

0.

07870
09452
0.11040
0. 12632
0. 14232

17068
78311
10278
93784
10757

24618
79282
15818
46108
02942

44806
04901
94497
17478
94229

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.

15643
17192
0. 18738
0.20278
0.21814

44650
91002
13145
72953
32413

40230
79409
85724
56512
96542

86901
54661
63054
48344
55202

98768
0.98510
0. 98228
0. 97922
0. 97591

83405
93261
72507
28106
67619

95137
54773
28688
21765
38747

72619
91802
68108
78086
39896

0.

15838
17452
0.19076
0.20709
0. 22352

44403
79388
02022
00444
64828

24536
94365
18566
27938
97149

29384
08461
74856
70402
10184

0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

23344
0.24868
0. 26387
0. 27899
0. 29404

53638
98871
30499
11060
03252

55905
64854
65372
39229
32303

41177
78824
89696
25185
95777

0.

97236
96858
0. 96455
0.96029
0. 95579

99203
31611
74184
36856
30147

97676
28631
57798
76943
98330

60183
11949
09366
07175
12664

0.24007
0.25675
0.27356
0.29052
0. 30764

87590
63603
90430
68567
01696

80116
67726
82237
31916
59898

03926
78332
23655
45432
29067

0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.30901
0.32391
0. 33873
0. 35347
0. 36812

69943
74181
79202
48437
45526

74947
98149
45291
79257
84677

42410
41440
38122
12472
95915

0.95105
94608
0.94088
0. 93544
0. 92977

65162
53588
07689
40308
64858

95153
27545
54225
29867
88251

57211
31853
47232
32518
40366

0.

32491
34237
36002
37786
39592

96962
65257
21530
85117
80087

32906
28683
95756
75820
97721

32615
05965
62634
93670
26049

0.80
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.38268
0.39714
0.41151
0.42577
0.43993

34323
78906
43586
92915
91698

65089
34780
05108
65072
55915

77173
61375
77405
64886
14083

0. 92387
0.91775
0.91140
0.90482
0. 89802

95325
46256
32766
70524
75757

11286
83981
35445
66019
60615

75613
14114
24821
52771
63093

0.41421
0.43273
0. 45151
0.47056
0. 48989

35623
86422
73130
42812
49450

73095
47425
86983
12251
22477

04880
93197
28945
49308
05270

0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.45399
0.46792
0.48175
0.49545
0.50904

04997
98142
36741
86684
14157

39546
60573
01715
32407
50371

79156
37723
27498
53805
30028

0.89100
0. 88376
0. 87630
0. 86863
0.86074

65241
56300
66800
15144
20270

88367
88693
43863
38191
03943

86236
42432
58731
24777
63716

50952
52947
0. 54975
0. 57038
0.59139

54494
27451
46521
99296
83513

94428
82014
92770
73294
99471

81051
63252
07429
88698
09817

0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

52249
0.53582
0.54902
0.56208
0. 57500

85647
67949
28179
33778
52520

15948
78996
98131
52130
43278

86499
61827
74352
60010
56590

0.

85264
84432
83580
82708
81814

01643
79255
73613
05742
97174

54092
02015
68270
74561
25023

22152
07855
25847
82492
43213

0.61280
0. 63461
0.65687
0. 67959
0.70281

07881
92975
72224
92982
17712

39931
44148
01279
24526
40357

99664
10071
37691
52184
33761

0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.

0.

58778
60042
61290
62524
63742

52522
02253
70536
26563
39897

92473
25884
52976
35705
48689

12917
04976
49336
17290
71017

0.80901
0. 79968
0.79015
0. 78043
0.77051

69943
46584
50123
04073
32427

74947
87090
75690
38329
75789

42410
53868
36516
73585
23080

0.72654
0.75082
0. 77567
0.80115
0. 82727

25280
12380
95110
10705
19459

05360
38764
49613
58751
72475

88589
68575
10378
23382
63403

0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0. 64944
0.66131
0. 67301
0. 68454
0. 69591

80483
18653
25135
71059
27965

30183
23651
09773
28688
92314

65572
87657
33872
67373
32549

0. 76040
0.75011
0. 73963
0. 72896
0.71812

59656
10696
10949
86274
62977

00030
30459
78609
21411
63188

93817
54151
69747
52314
83037

0.

85408
0.88161
0. 90992
0.93906
0. 96906

06854
85923
99881
25058
74171

63466
63189
77737
17492
93793

63752
11465
46579
35255
27618

0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51

0.50

0.70710 67811 86547 52440

1.00000 00000 00000 00000

0.50

cot K x

1-3

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

COS

ra

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.70710 67811 86547 52440

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

7T

sin

2*

ra

- 4)11
(
[

201

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS FOR THE ARGUMENT

Table 4.12

\x

7T

sec

cot

00

71

CSC

l-x

c !*

99500
03934
52283
44576

1.00000
1. 00012
1.00049
1.00111
1.00197

00000
33827
36832
13587
71730

00000
39761
37144
85243
71142

00000
81169
42400
76109
10978

63.
31.

66459
83622
21.22851
15.92597

53060
52090
50958
11099

00564
97622
16816
08654

58546
95566
17580
59358

1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96

0.05 12.70620 47361 74704 64602

0.06 10. 57889 49934 05635 52417
0.07 9. 05788 66862 38928 19329
0.08 7.91581 50883 05826 84427
0.09 7. 02636 62290 41380 19848

1.00309
1. 00445
1. 00607
1.00794
1.01007

21984
78193
57361
79708
68726

82825
57019
86291
09297
13784

50283
51480
90575
28943
19104

12.74549
10. 62605
9.11292
7. 97872
7. 09717

48431
37962
00161
97555
00264

82374
83115
49841
59476
69225

28619
99865
72675
60149
38129

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

63.65674
31.82051
21.20494
15. 89454

11628
59537
87896
48438

71580
73958
88751
65303

oo

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

6.31375
5.72974
5.24218
4. 82881
4. 47374

15146
16467
35811
73521
28292

75043
24314
13176
92759
11554

09898
86192
73758
97818
62415

1.01246
1.01511
1.01803
1.02121
1.02467

51257
57576
21481
80406
75534

88002
62501
91042
26567
55900

93136
87437
38259
47910
33566

6. 39245
5.81635
5.33671
4.93127
4.58414

32214
10329
14122
53949
38570

99661
24944
92458
49859
27373

54704
03199
78659
96253
56913

0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

16529
89474
3. 65538
3.44202
3.25055

97700
28549
43546
25766
08012

90417
29859
52259
69218
99836

20387
33474
73004
62809
37634

1.02841
1.03243
1. 03674
1.04134
1. 04625

51936
58714
49162
80947
16303

65208
17339
32016
70681
39647

54585
88710
53065
14007
78848

4.28365
4.02107
3. 78970
3. 58434
3.40089

75697
22333
11465
36523
40753

31185
75967
59780
72161
61802

03924
50952
81919
57038
31848

0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

3.

07768
2.92076
2.77760
2. 64642
2.52571

35371
09892
68539
32102
16894

75253
98816
14974
86631
47304

40257
40048
88865
86514
99451

1.05146
1.05698
1.06283
1.06901
1. 07552

22242
70790
39243
10439
73070

38267
93232
36113
98926
22247

21205
61183
96396
01199
78234

3.23606
3.08720
2.95213
2.82905
2. 71647

79774
66268
47928
56388
18916

99789
08416
09339
91501
65871

69641
38088
97327
64260
74307

0.80
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0..29

2.41421
2.31086
2.21475
2.12510
2. 04125

35623
36538
44978
81731
39671

73095
82410
13361
57202
21703

04880
63708
51875
76115
26026

1.08239
1.08961
1.09720
1.10518
1.11355

22002
58646
91341
35787
15511

92393
48705
29537
56399
90413

96880
30888
26252
59380
37268

2.61312
2.51795
2.43004
2. 34863
2.27304

59297
36983
88648
46560
15214

52753
10349
55296
54351
61957

05571
34110
52041
86300
72361

0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1.96261
1. 88867
1.81899
1.75318
1.69090

05055
13416
32472
66324
76557

05150
31067
81066
72237
85011

58230
67620
27571
08332
24674

1.12232
1. 13152
1.14115
1.15123
1.16178

62376
17133
30035
61494
82810

34360
97749
92241
81376
72765

80715
42882
17245
51287
98515

2.20268
2.13707
2. 07574
2.01833
1. 96447

92645
26325
96076
18280
66988

85266
27611
48793
89559
67248

62156
85837
05903
43676
48330

0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

1.63185
1.57574
1.52235
1.47145
1.42285

16871
78599
45068
53158
60774

28789
68651
96131
19969
31870

61767
08688
24085
04283
59031

1.17282
1. 18437
1.19644
1.20907
1.22227

76966
39497
79450
20434
01770

14008
36918
89806
06541
86068

94955
17500
17366
15436
14117

1.91388
1.86627
1.82141
1. 77909
1.73911

08554
47167
79214
54854
45497

30942
00567
74081
79867
30640

72280
54120
38479
33350
74960

0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

1.37638
1.33187
1. 28919
1.24820
1.20879

19204
49515
22317
40363
23504

71173
02597
85066
53049
09609

53820
59439
67042
43751
13115

1.23606
25049
1.26557
1.28134
1. 29783

79774
29154
44560
42308
62271

99789
09784
72090
20677
84727

69641
85573
15648
31999
12712

1.70130
1.66550
1.63156
1.59937
1.56881

16167
01910
87575
90408
45035

04079
65749
13749
68062
05365

86436
08074
73007
88301
75750

0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

1. 17084
1.13427
1.09898
1.06489
1.03191

95661
73492
56505
18403
99492

12539
55405
36301
24791
80495

22520
46422
56382
86700
57182

1.31508
1.33313
1.35202
1.37180
1. 39251

69998
59054
53634
11480
27141

90784
50172
40027
64918
49012

80424
40410
12805
28453
49662

1.53976
1.51214
1. 48585
1.46081
1.43696

90432
58610
64735
98491
16493

22366
31226
81717
22513
57094

30748
40092
76608
12750
20394

0.55
0.54
0,53
0.52
0.51

0.50

1.00000 00000 00000 00000

1.41421 35623 73095 04880

0.50

l-x

4.

3.

1.

1.41421 35623 73095 04880

TV

CSC

tan 2 x

F ,x

- 4)1
]

sec;

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

202

HARMONIC ANALYSIS

Table 4.13
2s

0.

-1.

3
4

S-

1
2

0.64278
0. 98480
0. 86602
0. 34202

76097
77530
54038
01433

50000
0. 86602
1.00000
0. 66602
0. 50000
0.00000

00000
54038
00000
54038
00000
00000

0.

40673
0. 74314
0. 95105
0. 99452
0. 86602
0. 58778
0.20791

66431
48255
65163
18954
54038
52523
16908

0.

34202
0. 64278
0. 86602
0. 98480
0. 98480
0. 86602
0. 64278
0. 34202
0.00000

01433
76097
54038
77530
77530
54038
76097
01433
00000

0.29475
0. 56332
0. 78183
0.93087
0.99720
0. 97492
0. 86602
0. 68017
0.43388
0. 14904

51744
00580
14825
37486
37972
79122
54038
27378
37391
22662

25881
0.50000
0.70710
0. 86602
0. 96592
1.00000
0. 96592
0. 86602
0.70710
0.50000
0. 25881
0. 00000

90451
00000
67812
54038
58263
00000
58263
54038
67812
00000
90451
00000

s-

+ 0.50000 00000

86602 54038
0. 86602 54038
0.00000 00000
0.

-0.50000 00000
-1. 00000 00000

0.76604
+ 0.17364
-0.50000
-0. 93969

5= =

2
3
4
5

0.

12
0.86602
0.50000
+ 0.00000
-0.50000
-0. 86602
-1. 00000

00000 00000

44431
81777
00000
26208

0.58778
0.95105
0.95105
0.58778
0.00000

52523
65163
65163
52523
00000

54038
00000
00000
00000
54038
00000

0.46472
0.82298
0.99270
0.93501
0.66312
0.23931

31720
38659
88741
62427
26582
56643

s--

2
3

4
5
6
7

0.91354
0.66913
+ 0.30901
-0.10452
-0. 50000
-0. 80901
-0. 97814

54576
06064
69944
84633
00000
69944
76007

0.

38268
0.70710
0. 92387
1.00000
0.92387
0.70710
0. 38268
0. 00000

34324
67812
95325
00000
95325
67812
34324
00000

26208
44431
00000
81777
81777
00000
44431
26208
00000

0.32469
0.61421
0.83716
0. 96940
0.99658
0.91577
0. 73572
0.47594
0.16459

94692
27127
64782
02659
44930
33266
39107
73930
45903

28058
87743
98019
10244
00936
09340
00000
18718
88679
08262

0.28173
0.54064
0.75574
0.90963
0.98982
0.98982
0.90963
0.75574
0. 54064
0.28173
0.00000

25568
08174
95743
19953
14419
14419
19953
95743
08174
25568
00000

58263
54038
67812
00000
90451
00000
90451
00000
67812
54038
58263
00000

0.24868
0.48175
0.68454
0. 84432
0.95105
0.99802
0.98228
0.90482
0.77051
0.58778
0.36812
0.12533

98872
36741
71059
79255
65163
67284
72507
70525
32428
52523
45527
32336

-0.30901 69944
-0.80901 69944
-1.00000 00000

5-

s-

s= = 18

1
2

3
4
5

6
7
8
9

93969
0. 76604
0.50000
+0. 17364
-0. 17364
-0.50000
-0. 76604
-0. 93969
-1. 00000
0.

2
3

4
5

6
7

8
9

10

95557
0. 82623
0.62348
0. 36534
+ 0.07473
-0.22252
-0.50000
-0.73305
-0. 90096
-0. 98883

11

2
3

4
5

6
7

8
9

10
11
12

0.

96592
0. 86602
0.70710
0.50000
0. 25881
+ 0.00000
-0. 25881
-0. 50000
-0.70710
-0. 86602
-0. 96592
-1. 00000
0.

08174
19953
14419
95743
25568

60257
47468
66803
48871
07482
18174

0.43388
0.78183
0.97492
0.97492
0.78183
0.43388
0.00000

37391
14825
79122
79122
14825
37391
00000

= 16
0.92387
0.70710
0.38268
+ 0.00000
-0. 38268
-0.70710
-0.92387
-1. 00000

95325
67812
34324
00000
34324
67812
95325
00000

0.36124
0.67369
0.89516
0.99573
0.96182
0.79801
0.52643
0.18374

16662
56436
32913
41763
56432
72273
21629
95178

72417
05094
81581
54872
93455
54247
15716
37512
13034

0.30901
0.58778
0.80901
0.95105
1.00000
0.95105
0.80901
0.58778
0.30901
0.00000

69944
52523
69944
65163
00000
65163
69944
52523
69944
00000

29736
35328
07340
50130
48383
48383
50130
07340
35328
29736
00000

0.26979
0.51958
0.73083
0.88788
0.97908
0.99766
0.94226
0.81696
0.63108
0.39840
0.13616

67711
39500
59643
52184
40877
87692
09221
98930
79443
10898
66491

94581
0. 78914
0. 54694
+ 0.24548
-0. 08257
-0.40169
-0. 67728
-0. 87947
-0. 98636

95949
84125
0. 65486
0. 41541
+0. 14231
-0.14231
-0.41541
-0. 65486
-0. 84125
-0. 95949
-1. 00000
0.
0.

0.96858
0. 87630
0.72896
0. 53582
0. 30901
+ 0. 06279
-0.18738
-0. 42577
-0. 63742
-0.80901
-0.92977
-0.99211

0.70710 67812
+ 0.00000 00000

-0.70710 67812
-1.00000 00000

0.84125 35328
+ 0.41541 50130

-0.14231 48383
-0.65486 07340
-0.95949 29736

0.90096 88679
0.62348 98019
+ 0.22252 09340

s= =

-0.22252
-0.62348
-0.90096
-1.00000

09340
98019
88679
00000

17
0.93247
0.73900
0.44573
+ 0.09226
-0.27366
-0.60263
-0.85021
-0.98297

22294
89172
83558
83595
29901
46364
71357
30997

s= =20

=19
0.

=8

= 14

88545
0.56806
+ 0.12053
-0. 35460
-0. 74851
-0.97094

0.95105
0.80901
0.58778
0.30901
+0.00000
-0.30901
-0.58778
-0.80901
-0.95105
-1.00000

65163
69944
52523
69944
00000
69944
52523
69944
65163
00000

s= =23

=25

s= =24
1

0.54064
0.90963
0.98982
0.75574
0.28173

s= =22

s= =21

0.

67812
00000
67812
00000

=13

10

-0.80901 69944

a==11

0.80901 69944

0.

= 15

0.70710
1.00000
0.70710
0.00000

=10
+ 0.30901 69944

s-

+ 0.30901 69944

=5

0.95105 65163
0.58778 52523

=7
+0.62348 98019
-0.22252 09340
-0. 90096 88679

0.78183 14824
0.97492 79122
0.43388 37391

=9

2ff
COS
i

+ 0.00000 00000

00000 00000
0.00000 00000
1.

=6
1

2w

s==4

-0.50000 00000

86602 54038

sin
s

A"

s= =3

tier

COS

sin

COS

sin

2w

2irr

31611
66801
86274
67950
69944
05196
13146
92916
39898
69944
64859
47013

0.96291
0.85441
0.68255
0.46006
+ 0.20345
-0.06824
-0.33487
-0.57668
-0.77571
-0.91721
-0.99068

72874
94046
31432
50378
60131
24134
96122
03221
12907
13015
59460

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

203

INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

Table 4.14

arctan x
00000 00000
0. 00099 99996
0.00199 99973
0.00299 99910
0.00399 99786

00
67
33
00
67

0.050
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054

08568
21344
34632
48442
62784

06
17

0.

05002
05102
05202
05302
05402

97

arctan x
04995 83957
0.05095 58518
0. 05195 32065
0.05295 04578
0. 05394 76036

00499
0.00599
0. 00699
0. 00799
0. 00899

99583
99280
98856
98293
97570

34
02
70
40
12

0.055
0.056
0.057
0.058
0.059

0.05502
0. 05602
0.05703
0. 05803
0.05903

77669
93107
09107
25679
42835

81
15
14
92
64

05494
05594
0. 05693
0.05793
0. 05893

46421
15712
83890
50936
16829

07
34
60
23
64

00999
01099
0.01199
0.01299
0.01399

96666
95563
94240
92677
90854

87
66
50
41
41

0.060
0.061
0.062
0.063
0.064

0.

06003
0.06103
0. 06203
0. 06304
0. 06404

60584
78936
97902
17491
37713

45
52
01
09
94

0.

05992
06092
06192
06291
06391

81551
45081
07400
68489
28327

21

38
58
26
89

57
45
40
42
52

0.01499
0.01599
0. 01699
0. 01799
0. 01899

88751
86348
83626
80563
77141

52
76
17
78
62

0.065
0.066
0.067
0.068
0.069

0.06504
0. 06604
0.06705
0. 06805
0.06905

58580
80101
02286
25146
48691

75
69
97
79
36

0.

06490
06590
06690
06789
06889

86896
44176
00148
54791
08087

93
90
29
63
46

13335
15438
17750
20283
23045

73
06
53
16
97

0.01999
0. 02099
0.02199
0.02299
0.02399

73339
69138
64516
59456
53935

73
17
97
20
92

0.070
0.071
0.072
0.073
0.074

07005
07105
0. 07206
0.07306
0. 07406

72930
97875
23535
49921
77043

88
58
68
42
03

0.

06988
07088
07187
07287
07386

60016
10558
59695
07407
53674

35
85
56
09
06

0.02500
0. 02600
0.02700
0.02800
0. 02900

26048
29302
32815
36599
40663

99
25
77
58
72

0. 02499
0.02599
0.02699
0. 02799
0.02899

47936
41437
34418
26861
18744

19
08
68
07
33

0.075
0.076
0.077
0.078
0.079

0.

07507
0.07607
0.07707
0. 07807
0. 07908

04910
33534
62925
93093
24048

77
87
62
26
07

07485
07585
07684
07784
07883

98477
41796
83614
23909
62663

11
89
08
37
48

0.030
0.031
0.032
0.033
0.034

0.03000
0. 03100
0.03200
0.03300
0. 03400

45018
49673
54638
59924
65540

23
15
51
37
77

0.

02999
03099
0.03198
0.03298
0. 03398

10048
00753
90840
80288
69077

57
89
39
21
46

0.080
0.081
0.082
0.083
0.084

0.08008
0.08108
0. 08209
0. 08309
0. 08409

55800
88360
21738
55944
90989

34
35
40
79
83

07982
08082
08181
08281
08380

99857
35471
69486
01882
32642

12
05
04
86
31

0.035
0.036
0.037
0.038
0.039

0.03500
0. 03600
0.03700
0.03800
0.03900

71497
77805
84473
91512
98932

75
38
72
81
73

0.

03498
0.03598
0. 03698
0. 03798
0. 03898

57188
44600
31295
17251
02450

29
82
22
64
25

0.085
0.086
0.087
0.088
0.089

08510
08610
0. 08711
0. 08811
0.08911

26883
63637
01260
39763
79156

84
15
09
00
23

08479
08578
0. 08678
0. 08777
0.08876

61745
89172
14904
38923
61208

23
45
84
27
65

0.040
0.041
0.042
0.043
0.044

0.

04001
04101
04201
04301
04401

06743
14955
23578
32622
42097

54

0.

31
12
04
16

0.

03997
04097
04197
04297
04397

86871
70494
53301
35270
16382

23
77
05
30
71

0.090
0.091
0.092
0.093
0.094

0.09012
0.09112
0.09213
0.09313
0.09413

19450
60655
02781
45839
89840

15
11
49
68
07

08975
09075
0. 09174
0.09273
0. 09372

81741
00503
17475
32638
45972

90
96
79
38
74

04501
04601
0. 04701
0. 04801
0.04901

52013
62381
73210
84511
96293

56
33
57
37
83

0.

04496
04596
0. 04696
0. 04796
0.04896

96618
75957
54381
31868
08400

52

97
30
77

0.09514
0.09614
0.09715
0. 09815
0.09916

34793
80709
27598
75471
24339

06
05
48

65

0.095
0.096
0.097
0.098
0.099

09471
09570
0. 09669
0.09768
0. 09867

57459
67080
74816
80648
84557

88
87
76
65
66

0.04995 83957 22

0.100

0.

arcsin x

0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004

00000
0.00100
0.00200
0.00300
0.00400

00000
00001
00013
00045
00106

00
67
33
00
67

0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009

0.00500
0.00600
0.00700
0.00800
0.00900

00208
00360
00571
00853
01215

34
01
68
36
04

0.

0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014

0.01000
0.01100
0.01200
0.01300
0.01400

01666
02218
02880
03661
04573

74
45
19
95
74

0.

0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.019

0.01500
0.01600
0.01700
0.01800
0.01900

05625
06827
08189
09721
11433

0.02000
02100
0.02200
0.02300
0. 02400

0.025
0.026
0.027
0.028
0.029

0.020
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.024

0.045
C46
0.047
0.048
0.049
0.

0.050

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

05002 08568 06
6
(
[

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

X
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

28
51

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

75
32

10016 74211 62

0.

22
77
61
05

42

09966 86524 91

For use and extension of the table see Examples 21-25.

4.3.45.

arcsin x
0.

T]

r\

For other inverse functions see 4.4 and

=1.57079 63267 95

Compilation of arcsin x from National Bureau of Standards, Table of arcsin

Press, New York, N.Y., 1945 (with permission).

x.

Columbia Univ.

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

204

INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

Table 4.14
x

arctan x

arcsin x

0.100
0.101
0.102
0.103
0.104

0.10016
0.10117
0.10217
0.10318
0.10418

74211
25099
77012
29961
83957

0.09966
0.10065
0.10164
0.10263
0. 10362

86524
86531
84558
80587
74599

91

11
25
53
41

0.105
0.106
0.107
0.108
0.109

0. 10519
0.10619
0.10720
0. 10821
0. 10921

39010
95131
52329
10617
70003

40
00
72
08
62

0.10461
0.10560
0. 10659
0. 10758
0.10857

0.110
0.111
0.112
0.113
0.114

0.11022
0.11122
0.11223
0.11324
0. 11424

30499
92116
54863
18752
83793

88
41
77
55
32

0.

0.115
0.116
0.117
0.118
0.119

0.11525
0. 11626
0.11726
0.11827
0.11928

49996
17373
85933
55688
26648

68
23

0.

0.120
0.121
0.122
0.123
0.124

0.12028
0. 12129
0. 12230
0. 12331
0. 12431

98823
72225
46865
22751
99897

95
97
07
92
22

0.125
0.126
0.127
0.128
0.129

0.12532
0.12633
0.12734
0.12835
0. 12936

78311
58006
38990
21277
04875

68
02
98
29
72

0.

0.130
0.131
0.132
0.133
0.134

0.13036
0.13137
0. 13238
0. 13339
0. 13440

89797
76052
63651
52606
42926

03

0.135
0.136
0.137
0.138
0.139

0.

13541
13642
0. 13743
0.13844
0. 13945

0.140
0.141
0.142
0.143
0.144

0.

0.145
0.146
0.147
0.148
0.149

0.

0.

0.150

arcsin x

arctan x

0.15056
0. 15167
0. 15259
0. 15360
0. 15461

82727
97940
14716
33066
53001

77
40
20
23
61

0.

89
97

0.150
0.151
0.152
0.153
0.154

14888
14986
0.15084
0. 15182
0. 15279

99476
77989
53616
26338
96139

09
58
21
59
37

66576
56498
44346
30103
13750

33
23
99
93
39

0.155
0.156
0.157
0.158
0.159

15562
15663
0. 15765
0. 15866
0.15967

74533
97672
22431
48819
76848

44
86
01
05
15

0.15377
0. 15475
0. 15572
0.15670
0. 15768

63001
26906
87838
45780
00713

20
78
86
19
58

10955
0.11054
0.11153
0. 11252
0.11350

95267
74637
51840
26859
99674

74
38
74
25
40

0.160
0.161
0.162
0.163
0.164

0. 16069
0.16170
0. 16271
0. 16373
0. 16474

06529
37874
70893
05599
42001

52
35
88
34

0.

99

0.

15865
15963
16060
16157
16255

52621
01487
47294
90024
29661

86
91
61
91
78

11449
11548
0.11647
0. 11745
0.11844

70267
38620
04714
68531
30052

67
60

0.165
0.166
0.167
0.168
0.169

0.

16575
16677
16778
16880
16981

80113
19943
61505
04810
49868

10
96
87
17
19

16352
16449
0. 16547
0. 16644
0.16741

66188
99587
29841
56935
80850

21
25
97
49
93

11942
12041
0.12140
0.12238
0.12337

89260
46135
00659
52814
02582

18
12
40
72
82

0.170
0.171
0.172
0.173
0.174

0.17082
0. 17184
0. 17285
0.17387
0. 17489

96691
45290
95678
47864
01862

29
84
23
87
19

16839
16936
17033
17130
17227

01571
19080
33360
44396
52169

48
34
78
07
54

12435
12533
0. 12652
0.12730
0. 12829

49945
94884
37381
77418
14977

47
45
58
71
71

0.175
0.176
0.177
0.178
0.179

0.

17590
17692
17793
17895
17996

57681
15334
74832
36187
99410

64
66
75
40
13

17324
17421
17518
17615
17712

56664
57864
55752
50312
41528

52
43
68
74
10

50040
82588
12605
40070
64968

48
96
10
89
35

0.180
0.181
0.182
0.183
0.184

0.

45
16
95

0.12927
0.13025
0.13124
0. 13222
0. 13320

18098
18200
18302
18403
18505

64512
31505
00402
71212
43949

47
97
20
76
25

17809
17906
18002
18099
18196

29382
13858
94941
72613
46859

31
94
59
91
59

34624
27710
22194
18087
15401

67
15
25
85
83

0.13418
0.13517
0. 13615
0.13713
0.13811

87279
06986
24071
38516
50303

52
49
35
25
34

0.185
0.186
0.187
0.188
0.189

18607
18708
0.18810
0. 18912
0. 19014

18623
95246
73830
54387
36928

31
57
71
40
36

18293
18389
18486
18583
18679

17662
85005
48874
09250
66119

35
94
16
85
87

14046
14147
14248
14349
14450

14147
14334
15975
19079
23659

10
56
13
77
42

13909
0.14007
0.14105
0.14203
0.14301

59414
65832
69539
70518
68749

82
92
90
03
65

0.190
0.191
0.192
0.193
0.194

0.19116
0. 19218
0. 19319
0. 19421
0. 19523

21465
08009
96574
87169
79808

99
17
63
18

0.18776
0.18872
0. 18969
0.19065
0.19161

19465
69270
15520
58198
97288

14
59
22
05
15

14551
14652
14753
14854
14955

29725
37287
46358
56947
69067

04
64
19
71
22

0.

14399
14497
0. 14595
0. 14693
0.14791

64217
56902
46789
33858
18093

09

0.

19625
19727
0. 19829
0. 19931
0.20033

74501
71261
70100
71030
74061

64
85
69
03
80

0.

33
19

0.195
0.196
0.197
0.198
0.199

19258
19354
0.19450
0. 19547
0. 19643

32774
64641
92873
17453
38367

60
55
18
71
38

0.15056 82727 77

0.

14888 99476 09

0.200

0.20135 79207 90

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

r]

62

61
42
32

01

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

58
83

73
63
90

74
00

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

ri

[
2

= 1.57079

63267 95

T]

31

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

19739 55598 50

T]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

205

INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

X

arctan x

arcsin x

0.200
0.201
0.202
0.203
0.204

0.20135
0.20237
0.20339
0.20442
0.20544

79207
86480
95890
07451
21175

90
31
97
90
10

0.19739
0. 19835
0.19931
0.20027
0.20123

55598
69131
78950
85040
87384

50
40
44
06
69

0.250
0.251
0.252
0.253
0.254

0.205
0.206
0.207
0.208
0.209

0.20646
0.20748
0.20850
0. 20952
0.21055

37072
55156
75438
97931
22647

61
48
81
68
22

0.20219
0.20315
0.20411
0.20507
0.20603

85968
80777
71793
59003
42391

83
01
81
83
73

0.255
0.256
0.257
0.258
0.259

0.210
0.211
0.212
0.213
0.214

0.21157
0.21259
0.21362
0.21464
0.21566

49597
78794
10251
43979
79990

58
93
46
39
96

0.20699
0.20794
0.20890
0.20986
0.21082

21942
97639
69469
37416
01465

20
97
83
57
06

0.215
0.216
0.217
0.218
0.219

0.21669
0.21771
0.21874
0.21976
0.22078

18298
58914
01850
47119
94733

42
06
19
15
28

0.21177
0.21273
0.21368
0.21464
0.21559

61600
17806
70070
18375
62706

0.220
0.221
0.222
0.223
0.224

0.22181
0. 22283
0.22386
0.22489
0.22591

44704
97046
51770
08889
68415

97
62
66
55
75

0.21655
0.21750
0.21845
0.21941
0. 22036

0.225
0.226
0.227
0.228
0.229

0.22694
0.22796
0.22899
0.23002
0.23105

30361
94740
61563
30844
02595

79
17
45
22
07

0.230
0.231
0.232
0.233
0.234

0.23207
0.23310
0. 23413
0.23516
0.23618

76828
53557
32794
14552
98843

63

0.235
0.236
0.237
0.238
0.239

0.23721
0.23824
0.23927
0.24030
0.24133

0.240
0.241
0.242
0.243
0.244

'

arcsin x

Iable 4.14

arctan x

0.25268
0.25371
0. 25474
0.25577
0. 25681

02551
31886
63988
98871
36548

42
28
49
33
08

0.

24497
0.24591
0. 24686
0. 24780
0. 24873

86631
96179
01284
01933
98113

51
77
53

0.25784
25888
0.25991
0.26095
0.26198

77032
20336
66475
15461
67307

07
66
22
18
97

0.24967
0.25061
0.25155
0. 25249
0.25343

89810
77010
59702
37870
11502

38
99
05
29
51

0.260
0.261
0.262
0.263
0.264

0.26302
0.26405
0.26509
0.26613
0. 26716

22029
79638
40148
03573
69927

08
02
31

0.

53
28

25436
0.25530
0. 25624
0.25717
0.25811

80585
45106
05051
60408
11163

53
23
53
40
83

20
92
19
04
53

0.

265
0.266
0.267
0.268
0.269

0.26820
0. 26924
0.27027
0.27131
0. 27235

39223
11474
86696
64900
46102

20
95
22
75
31

0.25904
0.25997
0.26091
0.26184
0.26277

57304
98818
35692
67913
95468

89
68
33
04
05

03049
39389
71712
00001
24243

76
87
05
53
57

0.270
0.271
0.272
0.273
0.274

0.27339
0. 27443
0. 27547
0.27651
0. 27754

30314
17551
07827
01155
97549

67
69
21
13
38

0.26371
0.26464
0.26557
0.26650
0.26743

18344
36530
50011
58777
62813

62
10
84
27
84

0.22131
0.22226
0. 22321
0.22416
0.22511

44423
60526
72538
80444
84229

48

0.275
0.276
0.277
0.278
0.279

0.27858
0. 27962
0.28067
0.28171
0.28275

97023
99592
05269
14069
26005

92
75
90
43
45

0.

26836
0.26929
0.27022
0.27115
0.27208

62109
56650
46425
31422
11628

06
49
71
39
19

56
53
26
48

0.22606
0.22701
0. 22796
0.22891
0.22986

83879
79380
70718
57877
40844

94
96
22
34
03

0.280
0.281
0.282
0.283
0.284

0.28379
0. 28483
0.28587
0.28692
0.28796

41092
59343
80773
05397
33228

08
51
93
58
75

0.27300
0.27393
0. 27486
0.27578
0.27671

87030
57618
23377
84298
40366

87
19
99
14
55

85680
75077
67045
61598
58749

94
44
78
80
37

0.23081
0.23175
0.23270
0.23365
0. 23459

19604
94143
64447
30501
92293

03
10
07
80
19

0.285
0.286
0.287
0.288
0.289

0.28900
0.29004
0.29109
0.29213
0. 29318

64281
98570
36110
76915
20999

74
89
61
30
43

0.27763
0.27856
0.27948
0.28041
0.28133

91571
37900
79341
15882
47512

20
08
26
83
95

0.24236
0.24339
0. 24442
0. 24545
0. 24648

58510
60894
65915
73585
83917

39
77
47
45
73

0.23554
0. 23649
0. 23743
0.23837
0.23932

49807
03029
51947
96545
36809

21
83
10
10
95

0.290
0.291
0.292
0.293
0.294

0.29422
0.29527
0. 29631
0.29736
0. 29840

68377
19064
73073
30420
91120

49
01
57
76
25

0.28225
0.28317
0.28410
0. 28502
0.28594

74219
95991
12816
24683
31580

81
65
76
46
14

0.245
0.246
0.247
0.248
0.249

0.24751
0. 24855
0.24958
0.25061
0.25164

96925
12621
31018
52130
75970

34
33
81
88
69

0.24026
0.24121
0. 24215
0.24309
0.24403

72727
04284
31467
54261
72654

81
90
47
82
29

0.295
0.296
0.297
0.298
0.299

0.29945
0.30050
0.30154
0.30259
0.30364

55186
22634
93479
67735
45417

70
85
45
30
24

0.

28686
0.28778
0.28870
0.28962
0.29053

33495
30417
22334
09235
91109

23
18
53
83
69

0.250

0.25268 02551 42

0.24497 86631 27

0.300

0.30469 26540 15

T]

61

37
19
53

0.

T]

[
7T

1.57079 63267 95
o

27
19

0.29145 67944 78

-n

[<-

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

206

IN ^ERSE CI RCUU LR
1

Table 4.14
X

arcsirt

arctan x

arctan x

0.300
0.301
0.302
0.303
0.304

0.

30469
0.30574
0. 30678
0. 30783
0. 30888

26540
11118
99168
90704
85740

15
95
60
09
46

0.29145
0.29237
0.29329
0.29420
0.29512

67944
39729
06453
68104
24672

78
79
47
62
09

0.350
0.351
0.352
0.353
0.354

0.35757
0.35863
0.35970
0.36077
0.36184

11036
88378
69995
55905
46125

46
55
85
70
51

0.33bb7
0.33756
0.33845
0.33934
0.34023

48193
54100
54442
49211
38398

87
58
85
81
61

0.305
0.306
0.307
0.308
0.309

0.

30993
31098
0. 31203
0.31309
0.31414

84292
86376
92005
01196
13964

78
19
83
91
68

0. 29603
0.29695
0.29786
0. 29877
0. 29969

76144
22511
63761
99883
30866

75
55
46
52
80

0.355
0.356
0.357
0.358
0.359

0.36291
0.36398
0.36505
0.36612
0.36719

40672
39564
42819
50454
62486

71
82
39
05
46

0.34112
0.34200
0.34289
0.34378
0.34467

21994
99990
72378
39149
00294

49
70
56
42
69

0.310
0.311
0.312
0.313
0.314

0.31519
0. 31624
0.31729
0.31835
0. 31940

30324
50291
73881
01108
31990

41

43
12
88
18

0.30060
0.30151
0. 30242
0. 30334
0. 30425

56700
77373
92875
03195
08322

42
55
41
25
38

0.360
0.361
0.362
0.363
0.364

0.36826
0.36933
0.37041
0.37148
0.37255

78934
99815
25147
54949
89237

37
54
84
16
46

0.34555
0.34644
0.34732
0.34820
0.34909

55805
05674
49891
88449
21339

82
30
68
54
52

0.315
0.316
0.317
0.318
0.319

0.

32045
0.32151
0.32256
0. 32361
0. 32467

66540
04775
46710
92361
41743

50
38
42
24
51

0.30516
0.30607
0.30697
0. 30788
0. 30879

08246
02955
92441
76691
55696

16
99
31
62
46

0.365
0.366
0.367
0.368
0.369

0.37363
0.37470
0.37578
0.37685
0.37793

28030
71347
19204
71621
28616

75

0.34997
0.35085
0.35173
0.35261
0.35350

48553
70082
85919
96054
00481

30
60
21
93
64

0.320
0.321
0.322
0.323
0.324

0.32572
0.32678
0.32784
0. 32889
0. 32995

94872
51765
12436
76902
45178

95
31
42
11
29

0.

30970
0.31060
0.31151
0.31242
0. 31332

29445
97928
61134
19053
71675

42
14
29
60
84

0.370
0.371
0.372
0.373
0.374

0.37900
0.38008
0.38116
0.38224
0.38331

90206
56411
27249
02738
82897

96
93
69
73
61

0.35437
0.35525
0. 35613
0.35701
0.35789

99191
92175
79426
60937
36698

23
68
98
18
38

0.325
0.326
0.327
0.328
0.329

0.33101
0.33206
0. 33312
0. 33418
0. 33524

17280
93225
73029
56707
44276

89
91
38
38
04

0.31423
0.31513
0. 31603
0. 31694
0. 31784

18990
60988
97658
28991
54976

84
47
63
30
47

0.375
0.376
0.377
0.378
0.379

0.38439
0.38547
0.38655
0.38763
0.38871

67744
57299
51579
50604
54393

96
45
83
92
57

0.35877
0.35964
0.36052
0.36139
0.36227

06702
70942
29409
82096
28995

71
35
56
58
76

0.330
0.331
0.332
0.333
0.334

0.

33630
0.33736
0.33842
0. 33948
0. 34054

35751
31150
30487
33781
41047

54
09
98
50
05

0.31874
0.31964
0.32055
0. 32145
0. 32235

75604
90864
00747
05244
04343

21
60
81
03
49

0.380
0.381
0.382
0.383
0.384

0.38979
0.39087
0.39195
0.39304
0.39412

62964
76337
94530
17563
45455

74
42
68
64

70099
05400
34890
58562
76408

46

51

0.36314
0.36402
0.36489
0.36576
0.36663

0.335
0.336
0.337
0.338
0.339

0.

34160
34266
0. 34372
0. 34479
0.34585

52301
67559
86840
10158
37531

02
88
15
39
21

0.32324
0. 32414
0. 32504
0.32594
0. 32684

98036
86313
69164
46580
18551

48
34
46
25
19

0.385
0.386
0.387
0.388
0.389

0.39520
0.39629
0.39737
0.39846
0.39954

78225
15893
58477
05998
58474

54
06
48
24
89

0.36750
0.36837
0.36924
0.37011
0.37098

88421
94594
94920
89390
77999

81
90
36
92
35

0.340
0.341
0.342
0.343
0.344

0.

34691
34798
0. 34904
0.35010
0.35117

68975
04507
44144
87902
35798

27
29
03
30
98

32773
32863
0.32953
0. 33042
0.33131

85067
46120
01700
51797
96403

81
66
37
60
04

0.390
0.391
0.392
0.393
0.394

0.40063
0.40171
0.40280
0.40389
0.40497

15927
78374
45836
18333
95884

01
28

0.37185
0.37272
0.37359
0.37445
0.37532

60738
37601
08580
73668
32860

49
18
36
96
01

0.345
0.346
0.347
0.348
0.349

0.35223
0.35330
0. 35437
0. 35543
0. 35650

87850
44075
04488
69108
37952

97
25
84

0.

33221
0.33310
0.33399
0. 33489
0. 33578

35507
69101
97176
19722
36731

47
67
49
83

0.40606
0.40715
0.40824
0.40933
0.41042

78510
66231
59066
57035
60160

0.37618
0.37705
0.37791
0.37878
0.37964

86146
33521
74978
10510
40109

53

63

0.395
0.396
0.397
0.398
0.399

0.350

0.

33667 48193 87

0.400

0.41151 68460 67
(
"48)6
[
]

0.

0.

0.

81
29

35757 11036 46

0.
0.

0.

~n

f]
=
2 1.57079

63267 95

12
71
69

34

44
27
67
57
00
02
81
60

09
12
04
40

62
43
12
93

0.38050 63771 12
(

-48>8

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

207

INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

arctan x

0.400
0.401
0.402
0.403
0.404

0.41151
0.41260
0.41370
0.41479
0.41588

68460
81956
00668
24616
53822

67
42
29
80
54

0.38050
0.38136
0.38222
0.38308
0.38394

63771
81487
93250
99056
98896

0.405
0.406
0.407
0.408
0.409

0.41697
0.41807
0.41916
0.42026
0.42135

88306
28088
73190
23632
79435

20
50
29
45
96

0.38480
0.38566
0.38652
0.38738
0.38824

92765
80656
62562
38477
08395

0.410
0.411
0.412
0.413
0.414

0.42245
0.42355
0.42464
0.42574
0.42684

40621
07211
79225
56685
39613

87
31
49
70
30

0.38909
0.38995
0.39080
0.39166
0.39251

0.415
0.416
0.417
0.418
0.419

0.42794
0.42904
0.43014
0.43124
0.43234

28029
21956
21415
26427
37015

74
53
30
72
57

0.420
0.421
0.422
0.423
0.424

0.43344
0.43454
0.43565
0.43675
0.43785

53200
75005
02450
35559
74353

0.425
0.426
0.427
0.428
0.429

0.43896
0.44006
0.44117
0.44227
0.44338

0.430
0.431
0.432
0.433
0.434

Table 4.14
arctan x

0.450
0.451
0.452
0.453
0.454

0.46676
0.46788
0.46900
0.47012
0.47124

53390
54404
61761
75486
95604

47
09
03
20
59

0.42285
0.42368
0.42451
0.42534
0.42617

39261
52156
58823
59257
53454

33
87
89
92
56

0.47237
0.47349
0.47461
0.47574
0.47686

22141
55121
94570
40513
92976

29
50
53
79
80

0.42700
0.42783
0.42865
0.42948
0.43031

41409
23118
98576
67780
30725

43

69
85

0.455
0.456
0.457
0.458
0.459

72310
30215
82104
27971
67810

55
54
62
64
48

0.460
0.461
0.462
0.463
0.464

0.47799
0.47912
0.48024
0.48137
0.48250

51985
17564
89741
68540
53988

19
68
12
46
75

0.43113
0.43196
0.43278
0.43361
0.43443

87407
37821
81965
19833
51422

19
96
51
80
81

0.39337
0.39422
0.39507
0.39592
0.39677

01615
29379
51097
66763
76371

09
43
52
44
29

0.465
0.466
0.467
0.468
0.469

0.48363
0.48476
0.48589
0.48702
0.48815

46112
44937
50489
62796
81884

18
67
64
55

0.43525
0.43607
0.43690
0.43772
0.43854

76728
95747
08474
14907
15041

58
19
74
40
36

70
03
60
49
90

0.39762
0.39847
0.39932
0.40017
0.40102

79915
77389
68788
54105
33336

22
43
14
66
29

0.470
0.471
0.472
0.473
0.474

0.48929
0.49042
0.49155
0.49269
0.49382

07780
40510
80101
26582
79978

14
26
88
08
07

0.43936
0.44017
0.44099
0.44181
0.44263

08872
96398
77613
52515
21100

85
14
55
43
17

18856
69088
25073
86833
54391

10
44
36
39
16

0.40187
0.40271
0.40356
0.40440
0.40525

06474
73514
34450
89278
37990

40
42
79
00
60

0.475
0.476
0.477
0.478
0.479

0.49496
0.49610
0.49723
0.49837
0.49951

40317
07626
81934
63268
51655

17
82
59
16
34

0.44344
0.44426
0.44507
0.44589
0.44670

83364
39303
88916
32196
69143

20
99
06
95
24

0.44449
0.44560
0.44670
0.44781
0.44892

27769
06990
92078
83054
79943

36
78

0. 40609
0.40694
0.40778
0. 40862
0.40946

80583
17050
47386
71587
89646

18
34
77
18
31

0.480
0.481
0.482
0.483
0.484

0.50065
0.50179
0.50293
0.50407
0.50522

47124
49702
59418
76300
00377

05
34
39
52
13

0.44751
0.44833
0.44914
0.44995
0.45076

99751
24018
41941
53515
58739

57
60
03

0.435
0.436
0.437
0.438
0.439

0.45003
0.45114
0.45226
0.45337
0.45448

82767
91550
06314
27084
53882

0.41031
0.41115
0.41199
0.41283
0.41366

01558
07319
06924
00366
87642

96
97
22
64
17

0.485
0.486
0.487
0.488
0.489

0.50636
0.50750
0.50865
0.50979
0.51094

31676
70228
16060
69201
29681

79
19
14
57
57

0.45157
0.45238
0.45319
0.45400
0.45480

57608
50120
36271
16059
89480

36
20
55
33
51

0.440
0.441
0.442
0.443
0.444

0.45559
0.45671
0.45782
0.45894
0.46005

86733
25661
70688
21838
79137

96
07
99
71

0.41450
0.41534
0.41618
0.41701
0. 41785

68745
43672
12417
74976
31343

85
70
83
36
48

0.490
0.491
0.492
0.493
0.494

0.51208
0.51323
0.51438
0.51553
0.51668

97529
72774
55445
45573
43186

34
22
69
34
93

0.45561
0.45642
0.45722
0.45803
0.45883

56532
17211
71514
19440
60984

11
17
78
06
16

0.445
0.446
0.447
0.448
0.449

0.46117
0.46229
0.46340
0.46452
0.46564

42608
12275
88162
70294
58695

35
10
25
19
40

0.41868
0.41952
0. 42035
0.42118
0.42202

81514
25484
63248
94802
20141

38
34
66
67
75

0.495
0.496
0.497
0.498
0.499

0.51783
0.51898
0.52013
0.52129
0.52244

48316
60991
81242
09100
44594

32
55
77
26
47

0.45963
0.46044
0.46124
0.46204
0.46284

96144
24917
47301
63293
72890

30
71
65
45

0.450

0.46676 53390 47

0.42285 39261 33

500

31
92
67
71

28
71
44
99

11

12
02

97
39
72
46
14
34

0.52359 87755 98
"(-7)1
[<-]

"(-

= 1.57079
2

02

63267 95

21
60
36
28

61

11

44

0.46364 76090 01

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

208

INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

Table 4.14
X

arctan x

arcsin x

arcsin x

arctan x

0.500
0.501
0.502
0.503
0.504

0.52359
0.52475
0.52590
0. 52706
0. 52822

87755
38615
97203
63552
37691

51
91
20
54

0.46364
0. 46444
0.46524
0. 46604
0. 46684

76090
72889
63286
47278
24863

01
58
62
61
09

0.550
0.551
0.552
0.553
0.554

0.58236
0. 58356
0.58476
0. 58596
0.58716

42378
20792
08688
06104
13082

69
89
33
84
43

0.50284
0.50361
0. 50437
0. 50514
0. 50590

32109
06410
74226
35557
90402

28
37
73
57
12

0.505
0.506
0.507
0.508
0.509

0.52938
0.53054
0.53170
0. 53286
0. 53402

19653
09468
07169
12787
26354

22
69
56
56
61

46763
46843
0.46923
0.47002
0. 47082

96037
60799
19147
71077
16589

63
83
34
82
00

0.555
0.556
0.557
0.558
0.559

0. 58836
0.58956
0.59076
0.59197
0.59317

29661
55882
91785
37411
92803

37
10
32
92
04

50667
50743
0.50820
0. 50896
0. 50972

38759
80629
16011
44903
67306

68
53
02
52
43

0.510
0.511
0.512
0.513
0.514

0.

53518
53634
0.53751
0. 53867
0. 53984

47902
77464
15071
60756
14552

76
20
30
57
69

0.47161
47240
0.47320
0.47399
0. 47478

55678
88344
14584
34396
47777

62
38
20
82

0.560
0.561
0.562
0.563
0.564

0.59438
0. 59559
0.59680
0.59801
0. 59922

58000
33044
17978
12842
17681

01
41
05
95
37

0.51048
0.51124
0.51200
0. 51276
0. 51352

83219
92641
95572
92011
81958

17
21
04
19
22

0.515
0.516
0.517
0.518
0.519

0.54100
0.54217
0. 54334
0. 54451
0. 54568

76492
46608
24935
11504
06350

49
96
25
67
69

0.

47557
0.47636
0. 47715
0.47794
0.47873

54727
55242
49320
36961
18161

17
22
97
45
73

0.565
0.566
0.567
0.568
0.569

0.

60043
60164
60285
60407
60528

32535
57448
92463
37623
92971

81
99
89
71
89

0.

51428
0.51504
0. 51580
0.51655
0. 51731

65412
42374
12842
76817
34297

69
25

0.520
0.521
0.522
0.523
0.524

0.

54685
54802
0. 54919
0.55036
0.55154

09506
21007
40885
69176
05913

96
28
61

0.47951
0.48030
0.48109
0. 48187
0.48266

92919
61234
23102
78523
27495

93
17
64
54

0.

60650
60772
0.60894
0. 61016
0.61138

58552
34408
20584
17125
24076

13
36
75

12

0.570
0.571
0.572
0.573
0.574

0.51806
0. 51882
0. 51957
0. 52032
0.52108

85284
29776
67774
99277
24285

57
79
41
27
22

0.525
0.526
0.527
0.528
0.529

0.55271
0. 55389
0.55506
0. 55624
0. 55742

51130
04864
67148
38017
17507

97
46
37
69
59

48344
48423
0.48501
0.48579
0.48657

70015
06083
35696
58854
75554

67
50
94
40
29

0.575
0.576
0.577
0.578
0.579

0.61260
0. 61382
0.61505
0. 61627
0.61750

41480
69384
07833
56872
16548

49
37
09
37
17

0.

52183
0.52258
0.52333
0. 52408
0. 52483

42798
54815
60338
59366
51898

14
96

0.530
0.531
0.532
0.533
0.534

0.55860
0. 55978
0. 56096
0.56214
0. 56332

05653
02490
08055
22382
45509

43
72
18
69
33

0.

48735
48813
48891
48969
49047

85795
89575
86893
77747
62137

05
18
19
65
12

0.580
0.581
0.582
0.583
0.584

0.

61872
61995
0. 62118
0. 62241
0.62364

86906
67994
59858
62545
76102

72
52
34
21
44

0.52558
0.52633
0.52707
0. 52782
0. 52857

37935
17477
90524
57076
17134

52

0.535
0.536
0.537
0.538
0.539

0.56450
0. 56569
0.56687
0. 56806
0. 56924

77471
18305
68047
26734
94404

34
17
44
97
76

0.49125
0.49203
0. 49280
0. 49358
0. 49435

40060
11515
76502
35018
87062

25
68
10
23
83

0.585
0.586
0.587
0.588
0.589

0. 62488
0.62611
0.62734
0. 62858
0. 62982

00577
36018
82473
39990
08619

61
60
54
87
28

0.52931
0.53006
0.53080
0. 53154
0. 53229

70697
17765
58340
92420
20007

0.540
0.541
0.542
0.543
0.544

0.57043
0.57162
0.57281
0. 57400
0.57519

71094
56840
51680
55653
68796

00
08
58
28
15

0.49513
0.49590
0.49668
0. 49745
0. 49822

32634
71732
04355
30502
50171

68
62
48
17
59

0.590
0.591
0.592
0.593
0.594

0.63105
0. 63229
0.63353
0. 63477
0. 63602

88407
79405
81662
95228
20152

78
66
50

41101
55702
63811
65427
60552

77
73
18

17
84

0.53303
0. 53377
0.53451
0. 53525
0. 53599

0.545
0.546
0.547
0.548
0.549

0.57638
0.57758
0. 57877
0.57997
0.58116

91147
22745
63628
13835
73406

36
29
51
79
12

0.49899
0.49976
0.50053
0.50130
0.50207

63362
7G074
70305
64056
51324

71
50
98
22
28

0.595
0.596
0.597
0.598
0.599

0.63726
63851
0. 63975
0. 64100
0.64225

56487
04281
63587
34455
16938

42
17
66
57

0.53673
0.53747
0. 53821
0.53894
0.53968

49185
31328
06980
76143
38817

66
39
90
74
48

0.550

0.58236 42378 69

50284 32109 28

0.600

0.

0.

0.

T]

98

11

07

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

48

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

r]

[
o

1.57079

00

64350 11087 93
(

7T

74
01

63267 95

0.
0.

62
09

38

57
63
82
28
19.

76
23
86
93

53
20

0.54041 95002 71

7)2
5

52

18
96

8,S
4
]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

INVERSE
X

0.600
0.601
0.602
0.603
0.604

CI[RCUL, 4R

arctan x

arcsin x

SINES

209

AND TANGENTS
X

'

arcsin x

fable 4.14

arctan x

0.64350
64475
0. 64600
0. 64725
0. 64851

11087
16956
34595
64059
05401

93
07
63
60
26

0.54041
0.54115
0. 54188
0.54262
0.54335

95002
44700
87910
24633
54871

71
04
15
69
37

0.650
0.651
0.652
0.653
0.654

0.70758
0.70890
0.71021
0.71153
0.71285

44367
10818
92154
88447
99773

25
82
53
93
14

0.57637
0.57707
0.57777
0. 57848
0.57918

52205
78870
99113
12935
20337

91
95
37
07
94

24

0. 54408
0.54481
0.54555
0.54628
0.54701

78623
95892
06676
10978
08798

92
10
70
51
38

0.655
0.656
0.657
0.658
0.659

0.71418
0.71550
0.71683
0.71815
0.71948

26204
67817
24688
96892
84506

76
97
45
45
75

0.57988
0.58058
0.58128
0. 58197
0.58267

21323
15895
04053
85800
61138

94

72081
0.72215
0.72348
0.72481
0.72615

87608
06276
40587
90622
56459

70
21
76
40
74

0.58337
0.58406
0. 58476
0. 58545
0.58615

30069
92596
48720
98443
41768

94
49

01

0.

0.605
0.606
0.607
0.608
0.609

0.

64976
0.65102
0.65228
0.65353
0. 65479

58674
23932
01230
90622
92163

34
38
58

0.610
0.611
0.612
0.613
0.614

65606
65732
0.65858
0. 65985
0. 66111

05909
31915
70237
20931
84055

25
05
00
44
09

0.

54774
0.54846
0.54919
0.54992
0.55065

00137
84995
63375
35276
00699

16
75
05
01
59

0.660
0.661
0.662
0.663
0.664

0.

66238
66365
66492
66619
66746

59665
47818
48573
61988
88121

02

0.55137
0.55210
0.55282
0.55354
0.55427

59646
12118
58116
97640
30692

79
61
10
33
38

0.665
0.666
0.667
0.668
0.669

0.

72749
0.72883
0.73017
0.73151
0.73286

38180
35864
49593
79449
25515

02
16
44
49

0.

58684
58754
0.58823
0. 58892
0.58961

78696
09230
33372
51125
62489

50
63
77

57273
77384
91026
98201
98910

39
48
82
62
07

0.670
0.671
0.672
0.673
0.674

0. 73420
0.73555
0.73690
0.73825
0.73961

87874
66610
61807
73551
01927

53
44
69
41
39

0.59030
0.59099
0.59168
0.59237
0.59306

67469
66065
58281
44118
23579

35
77
44
66
77

0.615
0.616
0.617
0.618
0.619

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

51

67
84
69
78

0.

01
13

31
57

31

49
17

11
89

0.620
0.621
0.622
0.623
0.624

0.

66874
0.67001
0.67129
0. 67257
0. 67385

27032
78778
43421
21020
11636

20

0.55499
0.55571
0. 55643
0.55715
0. 55787

0.625
0.626
0.627
0.628
0.629

0.67513
0.67641
0. 67769
0. 67898
0. 68026

15329
32161
62193
05488
62108

37
29
62
41
12

0.55859
0. 55931
0.56003
0.56075
0.56147

93153
80932
62249
37105
05501

44
97
97
74
63

0.675
0.676
0.677
0.678
0.679

0.74096
0.74232
0. 74367
0. 74503
0.74639

47022
08922
87716
83492
96338

03
43
32
13
96

0.

59374
59443
0.59512
0. 59580
0.59649

96667
63383
23729
77710
25326

11
05
99
32
49

0.630
0.631
0.632
0.633
0.634

0.68155
0. 68284
0. 68413
0. 68542
0.68671

32115
15574
12547
23100
47295

63

67439
22919
71943
14513
50631

00
24
75
97
37

0.680
0.681
0.682
0.683
0.684

0.

74776
0.74912
0. 75049
0.75186
0. 75323

26346
73605
38206
20242
19805

60
52
91
68
42

0.

66
04
93

0.56218
0.56290
0. 56361
0.56433
0.56504

59717
0.59786
0. 59854
0.59922
0. 59990

66580
01476
30014
52198
68031

93
11
52
66
06

0.635
0.636
0.637
0.638
0.639

0.68800
0. 68930
0. 69060
0. 69189
0. 69319

85200
36878
02396
81821
75218

74
97
37
73

0.56575
0.56647
0.56718
0. 56789
0.56860

80297
03513
20281
30602
34478

42
63
53
67
63

0.685
0.686
0.687
0.688
0.689

0.75460
0.75597
0.75735
0.75872
0. 76010

36988
71885
24592
95204
83816

49
95
63
10
68

0.60058
0.60126
0.60194
0. 60262
0. 60330

77514
80650
77443
67894
52006

26
81
31
35
54

0.640
0.641
0.642
0.643
0.644

0.

69449
69580
0.69710
0. 69840
0.69971

82656
04201
39923
89889
54169

27
68
13
23
09

0.56931
0.57002
0.57073
0.57143
0. 57214

31911
22901
07451
85562
57237

01
42
52
98
47

0.690
0.691
0.692
0.693
0.694

0.76148
0. 76287
0. 76425
0.76564
0. 76703

90527
15434
58636
20231
00322

48
36

0.
0.

84
15

60398
60466
0.60533
0. 60601
0. 60668

29782
01224
66336
25119
77577

53
96
52
88
76

0.645
0.646
0.647
0.648
0.649

0.70102
0.70233
0.70364
0.70495
0.70626

32832
25948
33589
55824
92726

27
84
34
80
76

0.57285
0. 57355
0. 57426
0.57496
0.57567

22476
81282
33656
79600
19116

73
48
48
51
38

0.695
0.696
0.697
0.698
0.699

76841
76981
0.77120
0.77260
0.77399

99008
16391
52574
07661
81757

00
29
75
95
30

60736
60803
0.60870
0. 60938
0.61005

23712
63528
97025
24209
45081

89
01
88
28
01

0.650

0.70758 44367 25

57637 52205 91

0.700

0.77539 74966 11

0.

T]

02
71
53
54

24

35

0.

ri

0.
0.

[
T
1.57079 63267 95

'J'

00

0.

0.

0.

0.61072 59643 89
8
(
[
]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

210

IN ^ERSE CI RCUULR SSINES

Table 4.14
X

arcsin x

arctan x

AND TANGENTS
arcsin x

0.700
0.701
0.702
0.703
0.704

0.77539
0.77679
0. 77820
0.77960
0.78101

74966
87394
19149
70339
41072

11
52
57
20
23

0.61072
0.61139
0.61206
0. 61273
0.61340

59643
67900
69854
65507
54863

89
75
44
83
79

0.750
0.751
0.752
0.753
0.754

0.705
0.706
0.707
0.708
0.709

0.78242
0.78383
0.78524
0.78666
0.78807

31458
41608
71633
21647
91762

43
47
95
44
45

0.

61407
61474
0.61540
0. 61607
0. 61674

37925
14695
85176
49371
07284

25
10
29

0.710
0.711
0.712
0.713
0.714

0.

78949
0.79091
0.79234
0. 79376
0.79519

82093
92755
23866
75542
47901

46
96
39
24
99

0.

61740
61807
61873
61939
62006

58917
04273
43356
76168
02712

52
76

0.715
0.716
0.717
0.718
0.719

0.79662
0.79805
0. 79948
0.80092
0.80236

41065
55152
90285
46586
24179

16
32
08
13
26

0.

62072
62138
62204
62270
62336

0.720
0.721
0.722
0.723
0.724

0.80380
0.80524
0. 80668
0.80813
0.80958

23189
43742
85965
49986
35935

33
33
35
66
64

0.725
0.726
0.727
0.728
0.729

0.81103
0. 81248
0.81394
0. 81540
0. 81685

43942
74140
26660
01637
99207

88

28
58
37

0.730
0.731
0.732
0.733
0.734

0.81832
0. 81978
0.82125
0. 82272
0. 82419

19506
62672
28844
18163
30770

32
31
52
44
85

0.

0.735
0.736
0.737
0.738
0.739

0.

82566
0.82714
0. 82862
0.83010
0. 83158

66809
26424
09761
16968
48191

86
94
92
01
83

0.

0.740
0.741
0.742
0.743
0.744

0.83307
0.83455
0. 83604
0. 83754
0. 83903

03583
83294
87477
16286
69878

0.745
0.746
0.747
0.748
0.749

0.84053
0. 84203
0. 84353
0.84504
0.84655

48410
52041
80932
35244
15141

0.750

arctan x

84806
84957
0.85109
0. 85260
0.85413

20789
52355
10007
93916
04254

81
56
70
63
45

0.755
0.756
0.757
0.758
0.759

85565
0.85718
0.85870
0.86024
0. 86177

41195
04914
95588
13398
58524

04
02
84

27
09
26

0.760
0.761
0.762
0.763
0.764

0.86331
0. 86485
0. 86639
0. 86794
0. 86949

22991
37009
44769
46274
41526

86
97
70
14
45

0.765
0.766
0.767
0.768
0.769

0.

62402
62468
0.62533
0. 62599
0. 62665

30529
13287
89802
60077
24116

77
26
10
48
63

0.770
0.771
0.772
0.773
0.774

0.

62730
62796
0.62861
0.62927
0. 62992

81922
33499
78848
17975
50882

76
95
54
17

0.775
0.776
0.777
0.778
0.779

63057
0.63122
0. 63188
0.63253
0.63318

77572
98048
12315
20375
22232

15
79
41
38
04

63383
63448
0.63512
0.63577
0. 63642

17888
07348
90616
67693
38584

42
24
24
83
93

63707
63771
0. 63836
0.63900
0. 63965

98
95
39
42
77

0.

0.84806 20789 81
-(

11

64350
64414
64477
64541
64605

11087
08016
98804
83456
61974

93
53
75
20

0.

34363
00626
60767
14789
62697

37
40

74
85

64669
64733
64796
64860
64923

31150
31459
59639
15879
00370

16
55
86
89
42

64987
0.65050
0. 65113
0. 65176
0. 65240

04494
40183
69769
93255
10645

12

87104
0.87259
0. 87415
0. 87571
0. 87727

13304
54876
25283
24724
53401

26
26
38
65
29

0.65303
0. 65366
0. 65429
0. 65492
0. 65555

21942
27151
26276
19320
06286

83
99
46
05
59

87884
88040
88198
88355
88513

11516
99276
16888
64562
42511

69
42
33
55
51

0.

65617
65680
65743
65805
65868

87179
62003
30762
93459
50098

91
87
31
11
15

88671
88829
0. 88988
0. 89147
0.89306

50950
90095
60166
61386
93979

00
19
70
58
43

0.65931
0. 65993
0. 66055
0.66118
0.66180

00683
45218
83707
16154
42563

33
55
72
79
67

0.780
0.781
0.782
0.783
0.784

89466
89626
0.89786
0. 89947
0.90108

58172
54195
82279
42661
35578

34
03
83
72
41

0.

66242
66304
66366
66428
66490

62938
77282
85600
87896
84174

33
73
83

78
99
06
42
50

0.785
0.786
0.787
0.788
0.789

90269
90431
0.90593
0.90755
0.90917

61270
19980
11956
37444
96699

38
87
01
80
17

66552
66614
66676
66738
66799

74437
58690
36936
09181
75427

26

03292
61821
14174
60355
00366

76
64
63
21
89

0.790
0.791
0.792
0.793
0.794

0.91080
0. 91244
0.91407
0.91571
0.91736

89974
17527
79620
76517
08485

07
48
46
23
19

66861
66922
0. 66984
0.67045
0.67107

35679
89941
38217
80511
16827

28
25
24

34213
61897
83423
98795
08015

19
63

76
14
33

0.795
0.796
0.797
0.798
0.799

0.91900
0.92065
0.92231
0.92396
0. 92563

75795
78720
17539
92532
03983

02

0.

64029
64093
64157
64221
64286

67
49
24
15

67168
67229
0. 67290
0. 67352
0.67413

47170
71543
89950
02397
08886

20
22
79
05
15

0.

64350 11087 93

0.800

0.92729 52180 02

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

7)3

78
52

11

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

[
7T

1.57079 63267 95

T]

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

52

30
75
45

48
28
25
18

62
09

12
71
07
24

32
61

67474 09422 24
(

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

IN VERSE C [RCUL 4R SINES
arc tan x

arcsin x

09422
04009
92652
75354
52120

24
49
08
19

0.

67778
0.67838
0. 67899
0.67959
0.68020

0.

01

52938
65272
36361
66824
57289

25
62
41
29

70449
0.70507
0.70565
0.70623
0.70681

40642
43293
40219
31425
16914

42
58
63
16
73

22953
87859
46841
99904
47052

77
65
90
74
41

0.855
0.856
0.857
0.858
0.859

1.02555
1.02748
1. 02941
1.03136
1.03331

08395
20794
95147
32127
32420

76
40
10
41
77

0.70738
0.70796
0.70854
0.70912
0.70969

96692
70764
39133
01805
58784

96
42
73
50
34

0.68080
0.68141
0. 68201
0.68261
0.68321

88289
23619
53046
76576
94212

16
25
96
55
31

0.860
0.861
0.862
0.863
0.864

1.03526
1. 03723
1.03920
1.04117
1. 04316

96724
25749
20218
80867
08445

81
68
39
05
30

0.71027
0.71084
0. 71141
0.71199
0.71256

10074
55681
95609
29862
58446

87
72
52
92
55

68382
68442
0.68502
0. 68562
0.68621

05958
11819
11799
05903
94134

54
54
62
10
31

0.865
0.866
0.867
0.868
0.869

1.04515
1. 04714
1.04915
1.05116
1. 05317

03716
67458
00463
03538
77506

61
63
62
76
61

0.71313
0.71370
0.71428
0.71485
0.71542

81365
98623
10225
16176
16481

07
14
41
56
25

64
36
79
76
60

0. 68681
0.63741
0.68801
0. 68860
0.68920

76497
52997
23637
88423
47358

59
28
73
31
39

0.870
0.871
0.872
0. 873
0.874

1.05520
1. 05723
1.05927
1.06131
1.06337

23205
41489
33231
99317
40653

49
91
01
03
78

0.71599
0. 71656
0.71712
0.71769
0.71826

11144
00169
83563
61329
33471

16
99
41
12
82

21999
39880
03884
14428
71937

29
56
00
17
77

0.68980
0.69039
0. 69098
0. 69158
0.69217

00447
47694
89104
24681
54429

34
55
41
33
71

0.875
0.876
0.877
0.878
0.879

1. 06543
1.06750
1.06958
1.07166
1. 07376

58165
52793
25500
77266
09094

11

43
24
67
07

0.71882
0.71939
0.71996
0.72052
0.72109

99996
60907
16208
65906
10005

22
02
94
70
03

0.97910
0.98090
0.98270
0.98450
0.98631

76843
29583
30600
80344
79274

68
19
05
64
13

69276
69335
0.69395
0.69454
0.69513

78353
96458
08747
15226
15898

97
54
85
33
44

0.880
0.881
0.882
0.883
0.884

07586
07797
1.08008
1. 08221
1.08435

22004
17041
95270
57780
05681

54
59
75
22
59

0.72165
0.72221
0.72278
0. 72334
0.72390

48508
81422
08750
30498
46670

65
30
71
64
83

835
836
837
838
839

0.98813
0.98995
0.99177
0.99360
0. 99544

27852
26551
75847
76228
28187

56
06
95
94
22

0.69572
0.69630
0. 69689
0.69748
0. 69807

10768
99841
83121
60612
32319

63
36

55

0.885
0.886
0.887
0.888
0.889

08649
08864
1.09080
1. 09297
1.09515

40110
62227
73218
74295
66698

49
36
22
43
56

0.72446
0.72502
0.72558
0.72614
0.72670

57272
62307
61780
55697
44062

04
01
53
34
23

840
841
842
843
844

0.99728
0.99912
1.00097
1.00283
1. 00469

32223
88847
98574
61930
79448

72
18
39
35
46

0.69865
0.69924
0.69983
0. 70041
0.70100

98247
58399
12781
61398
04252

21
85
94
02
59

0.890
0.891
0.892
0.893
0.894

1.

09734
09954
1.10175
1.10396
1.10619

51695
30581
04685
75362
44002

23
99
30
43
56

0.72726
0.72782
0.72837
0.72893
0. 72949

26879
04155
75893
42098
02775

97
34
12

1.00656
1. 00843
1.01031
1.01220
1. 01408

51670
79147
62439
02114
98751

67
75
41
56
50

0.70158
0.70216
0.70274
0.70333
0.70391

41350
72695
98292
18146
32261

19
35
60
49
58

0.895
0.896
0.897
0.898
0.899

1.10843
1.11067
1.11293
1.11520
1. 11748

12027
80894
52092
27151
07636

75
12
94
85
13

0.73004
0.73060
0.73115
0.73170
0.73226

57928
07564
51686
90299
23408

87
24

0.

845
846
847
848
849

0.

850

1.

0.70449 40642 42

0.900

1.11976 95149 99

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0,

0.

0.
0.
0.

0,

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

52180
37414
59980
20178
18310

02
22
83
64
25

0.

805
806
807
808
809

0.93567
0.93736
0.93905
0. 94074
0. 94244

54682
29604
43392
96363
88840

12
66
28
49
95

810
811
812
813
814

0.

94415
94585
0. 94757
0.94928
0.95100

21151
93626
06601
60416
55415

54
48
38
29
87

815
816
817
818
819

0.95272
0.95445
0.95618
0.95792
0.95966

91949
70370
91039
54318
60576

40
88
18
04
23

820
821
822
823
824

0.96141
0.96316
0.96491
0. 96667
0. 96843

10187
03531
40991
22958
49827

825
826
827
828
829

0.97020
0.97197
0. 97375
0.97553
0.97731

830
831
832
833
834

arctan x

arcsin x

67474
0.67535
0. 67595
0. 67656
0. 67717

92729
92896
0.93063
0.93231
0.93399

Table 4.14

01598
01788
1.01979
1.02170
1.02362

0.

0.

AN D TANGE NTS

0.850
0.851
0.852
0.853
0.854

0.

800
801
802
303
804

211

0.

0.

01598 52938 15
(

T]

0.

0.

0.
0.

11
34

1.

1.

1.
1.

1.

r]

[
=

0-64-15

1.

716-654

1.

1.57079 63267 95

15

0.

02
00
01

73281 51017 87
-

- -6)11

11
09

f]

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

212

INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

Table 4.14
arcsin x

X
0.900
0.901
0.902
0.903
0. 904

1.

11976
1. 12206
1.12437
1. 12670
1.12903

95149
91337
97886
16524
49026

99
93
21
29
45

0.905
0.906
0.907
908
0.909

1.13137
1. 13373
1. 13610
1. 13848
1. 14087

97213
62953
48166
54823
84946

39

0.910
0.911
0.912
0.913
0.914

1.

14328
1.14570
1. 14813
1.15057
1.15303

40618
23976
37219
82610
62474

50
58
91
10

1.15550
15799
1. 16049
1.16300
1. 16553

0.915
0.916
0.917
0.918
0.919

0.920
0.921
0.922
0.923
0.924

arctan
0.73281 51017
0.73336 73133
0.73391 89759
0.73447 00900
0.73502 06562

87
38
38
70
16

0.950
0.951
0.952
0.953
0.954

1.25323
1.25645
1.25970
1.26298
1.26630

58975
42223
47250
84259
64000

03
06
03
28
67

arctan x
0.75976 27548
0.76028 81166
0.76081 29540
0.76133 72674
0.76186 10574

1.26965
1.27304
1.27647
1.27994
1.28345

97812
97667
76222
46878
23838

42
20
92
88
00

0.76238
0.76290
0.76342
0.76395
0.76447

.<

arcsin a

76
70
28
43
14

1.

00421
1.00412
1.00404
1.00395
1.00387

42513
90197
38274
86742
35601

43244
70690
92916
09927
21729

37
08
23

1.00378
1.00370
1.00361
1.00353
1. 00344

84851
34492
84523
34944
85754

36954
88542
40518
92883
45635

0.73557
0.73612
0.73666
0.73721
0.73776

06748
01464
90715
74506
52841

62

13

0.955
0.956
0.957
0.958
0.959

25725
93163
55160
11721
62850

17
30
36
22
76

0.960
0.961
0.962
0.963
0.964

1.28700
1.29059
1.29423
1.29792
1.30165

22175
57917
48124
10987
65939

87
69
14
43
20

0.76499
0.76551
0.76603
0.76655
0.76707

28327
29724
25927
16941
02769

11

12

0.73831
0.73885
0.73940
0.73995
0.74049

55

1.00336
1. 00327
1.00319
1.00310
1.00302

79206
35274
33215
75647
65266

90
19
50
25
04

0.74104
0.74158
0.74212
0.74267
0.74321

08553
48835
83700
13153
37199

83
32
10
04
05

0.965
0.966
0.967
0.968
0.969

1.30544
1.30928
1.31317
1.31713
1.32115

33771
36776
98896
45907
05615

97
35
52
19
54

0.76758
0.76810
0.76862
0.76913
0.76965

83418
58892
29196
94335
54315

33
33
53
92
49

1.00293
1.00285
1.00277
1.00268
1.00260

98775
52302
06215
60515
15201

1.16808
17063
1.17321
1.17580
1.17841

04852
97273
45487
52550
21615

14
16
95
71

0.74375
0.74429
0.74483
0.74537
0.74591

55842
69089
76944
79411
76495

99
76
25

0.970
0.971
0.972
0.973
0.974

1.32523
1.32937
1.33359
1.33789
1.34226

08092
85940
74601
12711
42528

80
93
02
79
47

0.77017
0.77068
0.77120
0.77171
0.77222

09140
58815
03345
42735
76990

20
06
05
14
34

1.00251
00243
1.00234
1. 00226
1.00217

70272
25728
81570
37796
94406

0.74645
0.74699
0.74753
0.74807
0.74860

68203
54537
35503
11107
81353

00
35

0.975
0.976
0.977
0.978
0.979

1.34672
1.35126
1.35590
1.36064
1.36549

10414
67425
69996
80777
69629

93
45
85
70
42

0.77274
0.77325
0.77376
0.77427
0.77478

06115
30116
48996
62761
71417

63

1.00209
1.00201
1.00192
1.00184
1.00175

51400
08777
66538
24682
83208

46246
05790
59991
08855
52384

06
63
99
06

0.

980
981
982
983

0.77529
0.77580
0.77631
0.77682
0.77733

74968
73418
66774
55040
38220

77
45
17

0.984

14844
04644
39033
32129
15119

72
29
32
70

76

1.37046
1.37555
1.38077
1.38614
1.39167

91

1.00167
1.00159
1.00150
1.00142
1.00133

42116
01406
61077
21129
81563

0.77784
0.77834
0.77885
0.77936
0.77986

16321
89347
57303
20194
78024

67
44
23
04
85

1.00125
1.00117
1.00108
1. 00100
1.00091

42376
03570
65143
27096
89428

0.78037
0.78087
0.78138
0.78188
0.78238

30800
78526
21207
58848
91453

67

98

1.00083
1.00075
1.00066
1.00058
1.00050

52139
15228
78695
42540
06762

0.78289
0.78339
0.78389
0.78439
0.78489

19029
41580
59111
71627
79133

81
64
47
31
14

1.00041
1.00033
1.00025
1.00016
1.00008

71361
36336
01689
67417
33520

1.

1.

96
99
12
83

31

89
84
30

35

97

0.925
0.926
0.927
0.928
0.929

1.

18103
18367
1. 18633
1. 18900
1.19170

55939
58892
33953
84725
14936

97

0.930
0.931
0.932
0.933
0.934

1.19441
1.19714
1. 19989
1.20266
1.20544

28444
29249
21492
09472
97647

77
75
92
69

0.74914
0.74968
0.75021
0.75075
0.75128

0.935
0.936
0.937
0.938
0.939

1.20825
1.21108
1.21394
1.21681
1.21971

90645
93272
10524
47598
09898

07
10
70
22
74

0.75181
0.75235
0.75288
0.75341
0.75394

90586
23463
51022
73268
90205

03
79
96
49
30

0.985
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.989

1.39737
1.40326
1.40937
1.41572
1.42233

40056
84832
59766
16538
60557

99
96
46

0.940
0.941
0.942
0.943
0.944

1.22263
1.22557
1.22854
1.23153
1.23455

03055
32932
05645
27575
05382

22
59
81
05
02

0.75448
0.75501
0.75554
0.75607
0.75659

01838
08172
09212
04964
95431

34
55
86

0.990
0.991
0.992
0.993
0.994

1.42925
1.43653
1.44422
1.45240
1.46119

68534
14207
07408
56012
69689

70
77

0.945
0.946
0.947
0.948
0.949

1.23759
1.24066
1. 24376
1. 24689
1.25004

46027
56791
45292
19509
87811

74
62
24
90
06

0.75712
0.75765
0.75818
0.75871
0.75923

80619
60534
35179
04559
68681

86

0.995
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.999

1.47075
1.48132
1.49331
1.50754
1.52607

46131
37665
72818
02279
12396

83
90

0.950

1.25323 58975 03

1.000

1.57079 63267 95

1.

For arctan

x,

x>l

)4

]
see

09
44
71
35

00

92
62
36

22

57

05

08
90
48

0.75976 27548 76
7
(
[

0.

0.
0.

16

31

98

32

67
63

71
20
26

78

78
75
02

01
45
95
51
12

49
32

15

81633 97
0.78539
"
(

T]

Example 22.
arcsin .6=|-[2(1-.t)]I/W

81

|=1.57079 63267 95

1.

1.00000 00000

213

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

HYPERBOLIC FUr ACTIONS

Table 4.15

X
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.00000
0.01000
0.02000
0.03000
0.04001

0000
0167
1333
4500
0668

cosh x
1.00000 0000
1.00005 0000
1.00020 0007
1.00045 0034
1.00080 0107

tanh
0.00000
0.00999
0.01999
0.02999
0.03997

X
000
967
733
100
868

100.00333
50.00666
33.34333
25.01333

33
65
27
19

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.05002
0. 06003
0. 07005
0. 08008
0.09012

0836
6006
7181
5361
1549

1.00125
1.00180
1. 00245
1.00320
1.00405

0260
0540
1001
1707
2734

0.04995
0.05992
0. 06988
0.07982
0. 08975

838
810
589
977
779

20.01666
16.68666
14.30904
12.52665
11.14109

39
19
00
53
49

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.10016
0.11022
0. 12028
0.13036
0. 14045

6750
1968
8207
6476
7782

1.00500
1.00605
1.00720
1.00846
1.00981

4168
6103
8644
1907
6017

09966
10955
0.11942
0.12927
0. 13909

800
847
730
258
245

10.03331
9.12754
8.37329
7.73559
7.18946

11
62
50
23
29

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.15056
0.16068
0. 17082
0.18097
0.19114

3133
3541
0017
3576
5232

1.01127
1.01282
1.01448
1.01624
1. 01810

1110
7330
4834
3787
4366

14888
15864
0.16838
0.17808
0. 18774

503
850
105
087
621

6.71659
6.30324
5.93891
5.61542
5.32633

18
25
07
64
93

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.20133
0.21154
0.22177
0.23203
0.24231

6003
6907
8966
3204
0645

1.02006
1.02213
1.02429
1. 02656
1.02893

6756
1153
7764
6806
8506

19737
20696
0.21651
0.22602
0. 23549

532
650
806
835
575

5.06648
4.83169
4.61855
4.42422
4.24636

96
98
23
37
11

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.25261
0.26293
0.27329
0.28367
0.29408

2317
9250
2478
3035
1960

1.03141
1.03399
1.03667
1.03945
1.04234

3100
0836
1973
6777
5528

0.24491
0.25429
0.26362
0.27290
0.28213

866
553
484
508
481

4.08298
3.93243
3.79326
3.66427
3.54440

82
24
93
77
49

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.30452
0. 31498
0.32548
0.33602
0. 34658

0293
9079
9364
2198
8634

1.04533
1.04843
1.05163
1.05494
1.05835

8514
6035
8401
5931
8957

0.29131
30043
0.30950
0.31852
0. 32747

261
710
692
078
740

3.43273
3.32848
3.23094
3.13951
3.05364

84
38
55
26
59

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.35718
0. 36782
0.37850
0.38921
0.39996

9729
6544
0142
1590
1960

1.06187
1.06550
1.06923
1.07307
1.07701

7819
2870
4473
2999
8834

0.33637
34521
0.35399
0.36270
0.37136

554
403
171
747
023

2.97286
2.89675
2.82492
2.75704
2.69280

77
36
49
28

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.41075
0.42158
0. 43245
0. 44337
0. 45433

2326
3767
7368
4214
5399

1.08107
1.08523
1.08950
1. 09388
1.09837

2372
4018
4188
3309
1820

37994
38847
0. 39693
0.40532
0.41364

896
268
043
131
444

2.63193
2.57418
2.51933
2.46717
2.41753

24
36

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.46534
0. 47639
0. 48749
0. 49864
0.50984

2017
5170
5962
5505
4913

1.10297
1.10767
1.11249
1.11742
1.12247

0169
8815
8231
8897
1307

0.42189
43008
0.43819
0. 44624
0. 45421

901
421
932
361
643

2.37023
2.32512
2.28206
2.24092
2.20159

55
60
66
84
36

0.50

0.52109 5305

sinr X
i

1.12762 5965
(

T]

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.46211 716

coth x
OO

32

32
85
52

2.16395 34

For coth x, r < .1 use 4.5.67.

Compilation of tanh ,< and coth x from National Bureau of Standards, Table
of circular and hyperbolic tangents and cotangents for radian arguments, 2d
printing.

Columbia Univ.

Press,

New

York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission)

214

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

HYPE RBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Table 4.15
X

tanhx

cosh X

sinh x

coth x

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.52109
0.53239
0.54375
0.55516
0.56662

5305
7808
3551
3669
9305

1.12762
1.13289
1.13827
1. 14376
1.14937

5965
3387
4099
8639
7557

0.46211
0.46994
0.47770
0.48538
0.49298

716
520
001
109
797

2.16395
2.12790
2.09336
2.06023
2.02844

34
77
40
68
71

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.57815
0.58973
0.60137
0.61307
0.62483

1604
1718
0806
0032
0565

1.15510
1.16094
1. 16689
1.17296
1. 17915

1414
0782
6245
8399
7850

0.50052
0.50797
0.51535
0.52266
0.52989

021
743
928
543
561

1.99792
1.96859
1.94039
1.91326
1.88716

13
14
39
98
42

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.63665
0.64854
0.66049
0.67250
0.68459

3582
0265
1802
9389
4228

1.18546
1.19189
1. 19843
1.20510
1.21188

5218
1134
6240
1190
6652

0.53704
0.54412
0.55112
0.55805
0.56489

957
710
803
222
955

1.86202
1.83780
1.81446
1.79194
1.77022

55
59
04
70

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.69674
0.70897
0.72126
0.73363
0.74606

7526
0500
4371
0370
9732

1.21879
1.22582
1.23297
1.24024
1.24764

3303
1834
2949
7362
5801

0.57166
0.57836
0.58497
0.59151
0.59798

997
341
988
940
200

1.74926
1.72901
1.70946
1.69056
1.67229

10
67
05
16
11

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.75858
0.77117
0.78384
0.79658
0.80941

3702
3531
0477
5809
0799

1.25516
1. 26281
1.27059
1. 27849
1.28652

9006
7728
2733
4799
4715

0.60436
0.61067
0.61690
0.62306
0.62914

778
683
930
535
516

1.65462
1.63752
1.62098
1.60496
1.58945

16
73
38
81
83

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.82231
0.83530
0.84837
0.86153
0.87477

6732
4897
6593
3127
5815

1.29468
1.30297
1.31138
1.31993
1. 32862

3285
1324
9661
9138
0611

0.63514
0.64107
0.64692
0.65270
0.65840

895
696
945
671
904

1.57443
1.55987
1.54576
1.53208
1.51881

38
51
36
17
27

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.88810
0.90152
0.91503
0.92863
0.94232

5982
4960
4092
4727
8227

1.

33743
34638
35546
36468
37403

4946
3026
5746
4013
8750

0.66403
0.66959
0.67506
0.68047
0.68580

677
026
987
601
906

1.50594
1.49345
1.48132
1.46955
1.45813

07
06
81
95
18

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.95611
0.96999
0.98397
0.99805
1.01223

5960
9306
9652
8397
6949

1.

38353
1.39316
1.40293
1. 41284
1. 42289

0892
1388
1201
1309
2702

0.69106
0.69625
0.70137
0.70641
0.71139

947
767
413
932
373

1.44703
1.43624
1.42577
1.41558
1.40569

25
99
26
98
13

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

1.02651
1.04089
1.05538
1.06997
1.08467

6726
9155
5674
7734
6791

1.43308
44342
1. 45390
1. 46453
1.47530

6385
3379
4716
1444
4627

0.71629
0.72113
0.72589
0.73059
0.73522

787
225
742
390
225

1.39606
1.38670
1.37760
1.36874
1.36013

73
82
51
95
29

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

1.09948
1.11440
1.12943
1.14457
1.15982

4318
1794
0711
2572
8891

1.48622
1. 49729
1.50851
1.51988
1.53140

5341
4680
3749
3670
5582

0.73978
0.74427
0.74870
0.75306
0.75736

305
687
429
591
232

1.35174
1.34358
1.33564
1.32790
1.32037

76
60
08
50
20

1.00

1.17520 1194

1.

1.
1.

1.

1.

1.54308 0635
(

0.76159 416

-/)2
]

-f

62

1.31303 53

<_ 4)2

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

HYI 'ERBOLIC FUNCTI ONS
sinh X

cosh x

215
Table 4.15

tanh x

coth x

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

1.17520
1. 19069
1.20629
1.22202
1.23788

1194
1018
9912
9437
1166

1.54308
1.55490
1.56689
1.57903
1.59133

0635
9997
4852
6398
5848

0.76159
0.76576
0.76986
0. 77390
0.77788

416
202
654
834
807

1.31303
1.30588
1.29892
1.29214
1.28553

53
87
64
27
20

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

1.25385
1.26995
1.28618
1.30254
1.31902

6684
7589
5491
2013
8789

1.60379
1.61641
1.62919
1.64213
1.65524

4434
3400
4009
7538
5283

0.78180
0.78566
0.78946
0.79319
0.79687

636
386
122
910
814

1.27908
1.27280
1.26668
1.26071
1.25489

91
90
67
75
70

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

1.33564
1.35239
1.36928
1.38631
1.40347

7470
9717
7204
1622
4672

1.66851
1.68195
1.69556
1.70934
1.72329

8554
8678
6999
4878
3694

0.80049
0.80406
0.80756
0.81101
0.81441

902
239
892
926
409

1.24922
1.24368
1.23828
1.23301
1.22787

08
46
44

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

1.42077
1.43822
1.45581
1.47354
1.49142

8070
3548
2849
7732
9972

1.73741
1.75170
1.76617
1.78082
1.79565

4840
9728
9790
6471
1236

0.81775
0.82103
0.82427
0.82745
0.83057

408
988
217
161
887

1.22286
1.21796
1.21319
1.20852
1.20397

15
76
15
99
96

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

1.50946
1.52764
1.54597
1. 56446
1.58311

1355
3687
8783
8479
4623

1.81065
1.82584
1.84120
1.85676
1.87249

5567
0966
8950
1057
8841

0.83365
0.83667
0.83965
0.84257
0.84545

461
949
418
933
560

1.19953
1.19520
1.19096
1.18683
1.18279

75
08
65
19
42

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

1.60191
1.62088
1.64001
1. 65930
1. 67875

9080
3730
0470
1213
7886

1.88842
1.90453
1.92084
1.93733
1.95402

3877
7757
2092
8513
8669

0.84828
0.85106
0.85379
0.85648
0.85912

364
411
765
492
654

1.17885
1.17499
1.17123
1.16756
1.16397

10
96
77
29
29

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

1.69838
1.71817
1.73814
1.75828
1.77859

2437
6828
3038
3063
8918

1.97091
1.98799
2.00527
2.02276
2.04044

4230
6884
8340
0324
4587

0.86172
0.86427
0.86678
0.86924
0.87167

316
541
393
933
225

1.16046
1.15703
1.15369
1.15041
1.14722

55
86

1.35
1.36
1.37
1,38
1.39

1.79909
1.81976
1. 84062
1.86166
1.88288

2635
6262
1868
1537
7374

2.05833
2.07642
2.09472
2.11324
2.13196

2896
7039
8828
0090
2679

0.87405
0.87639
0.87869
0.88095
0.88317

329
307
219
127
089

1.14409
1.14104
1.13805
1.13513
1.13228

50
05
50
66
37

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

1.90430
1.92590
1.94770
1.96969
1.99188

1501
6060
3212
5135
4029

2.15089
2.17004
2.18941
2.20900
2.22881

8465
9344
7229
4057
1788

0.88535
0.88749
0.88959
0.89166
0.89369

165
413
892
660
773

1.12949
1.12676
1.12410
1.12149
1.11894

47
80
21
54
66

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

2.

01427
2.03686
2.05965
2. 08265
2.10586

2114
1627
4828
3996
1432

2.24884
2.26909
2.28958
2.31029
2.33123

2402
7902
0313
1685
4087

0.89569
0.89765
0.89957
0.90146
0.90332

287
260
745
799
474

1.11645
1.11401
1.11163
1.10930
1.10702

41
67
30
17
16

1.50

2.12927 9455
(

2.35240 9615

-45>S

)3

63
66

01

79
02

m m

0.90514 825

1.10479 14

216

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Table 4.15
X

tanh

cosh X

sinh c

coth x

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

2.

12927
2.15291
2.17675
2.20082
2.22510

9455
0408
6654
0577
4585

2.35240
2. 37382
2. 39546
2.41735
2. 43948

9615
0386
8541
6245
5686

0.90514
0.90693
0. 90869
0.91042
0.91212

825
905
766
459
037

1.10479
1.10260
1.10047
1.09838
1.09634

14
99
60
86
65

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

2. 24961
2.27434
2.29930
2. 32449
2. 34991

1104
2587
1506
0357
1658

46185
48447
2.50734
2.53046
2. 55383

9078
8658
6688
5455
7270

0.91378
0.91542
0.91702
0.91860
0.92014

549
046
576
189
933

1.09434
1.09239
1.09048
1.08861
1.08678

87
42
19
09
01

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

2.

37556
2.40146
2. 42759
2. 45397
2.48059

7953
1807
5809
2572
4735

57746
60134
62549
64990
67457

4471
9421
4508
2146

0.92166
0.92316
0. 92462
0. 92606
0. 92747

855
003
422
158
257

1.08498
1.08323
1.08152
1.07984
1.07819

87
58
04
18
90

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

2.

50746
2.53458
2.56196
2.58959
2. 61748

4959
5932
0366
0998
0591

69951
72472
2.75020
2. 77596
2.80200

4868
4912
7431
4974
0115

0.

92885
0.93021
0.93155
0. 93286
0. 93414

762
718
168
155
721

1.07659
1.07501
1.07347
1.07197
1.07049

13
78
77
04
51

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

2.
2.

64563
67404
2.70273
2.73168
2.76091

1934
7843
1158
4749
1511

2.
2.
2.

82831
85491
88179
2. 90896
2.93643

5458
3635
7306
9159
1912

0.

93540
93664
0. 93786
0.93905
0. 94022

907
754
303
593
664

1.06905
1.06763
1.06625
1.06489
1.06357

10
75
38
93
34

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

2.79041
2. 82019
2.85026
2. 88060
2.91124

4366
6265
0186
9136
6148

2.96418
2.99224
3.02059
3. 04924
3. 07820

8310
1129
3175
7283
6318

0.

94137
0.94250
0. 94360
0. 94469
0. 94576

554
301
942
516
057

1.06227
1.06100
1.05976
1.05854
1.05735

53
46

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

2. 94217
2.97339
3. 00491
3. 03673
3. 06886

4288
6648
6349
6545
0417

10747
13705
3. 16694
3. 19715
3.22767

3176
0785
2100
0113
7844

0. 94680
0.94783
0. 94883
0. 94982
0. 95079

601
185
842
608
514

1.05618
1.05503
1.05392
1.05282
1.05175

26
95
02
43
13

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

3.10129
3. 13403
3. 16708
3. 20045
3. 23414

1178
2071
6369
7378
8436

25852
28970
3.32121
3. 35304
3. 38522

8344
4701
0031
7484
0245

0.95174
0.95267
0.95359
0. 95449
0. 95537

596
884
412
211
312

1.05070
1.04967
1.04866
1.04767
1.04671

05
17
42
76
15

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

3.26816
3. 30250
3. 33717
3.37218
3. 40752

2912
4206
5754
1022
3510

41773
45058
3. 48378
3. 51732
3.55122

1531
4593
2716
9220
7460

0.95623
0.95708
0.95791
0.95873
0. 95953

746
542
731
341
401

1.04576
1.04483
1.04393
1.04304
1.04217

53
88
14
28
25

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

3. 44320
3.47923
3.51560
3.55233
3. 58941

6754
4322
9816
6874
9168

58548
62009
3. 65506
3. 69040
3.72611

0826
2743
6672
6111
4594

0.96031
0.96108
0. 96184
0.96258
0. 96331

939
983
561
698
422

1.04132
1.04048
1.03966
1.03886
1.03808

02
55
79
72
29

2.00

3.62686 0408
i

~n

2.
2.

2.
2.

2.
2.
2.
2.

2.

3.
3.

3.
3.

3.

3.

3.
3.

Am

0.

05
25
01

m m m

3.76219 5691

0.96402 758

1.03731 47

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

217

B YPERBOLK : FUNCTIONS
sinh X

cosh

Table 4.15
coth X

tanh X

3.76219
14431
4.56790
5. 03722
5.55694

5691
3170
8329
0649
7167

0.96402
0.97045
0. 97574
0.98009
0. 98367

75801
19366
31300
63963
48577

1.

03731
1.03044
1.02485
1. 02030
1. 01659

47207
77350
98932
78022
60756

4481
2228
3106
8354
1075

6.13228
6.76900
7.47346
8.25272
9.11458

9480
5807
8619
8417
4295

0.98661
0.98902
0.99100
0.99263
0.99396

42982
74022
74537
15202
31674

1.01356
1.01109
1.00907
1.00742
1.00607

73098
43314
41460
31773
34973

10.
11.

01787
07645
12.24588
13.53787
14.96536

4927
1040
3997
7877
3389

10.06766
11.12150
12.28664
13.57476
14.99873

1996
0242
6201
1044
6659

0.99505
0.99594
0. 99668
0.99728
0.99777

47537
93592
23978
29601
49279

1.00496
1.00406
1.00332
1. 00272
1. 00223

98233
71152
86453
44423
00341

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

16.54262
18.28545
20.21129
22.33940
24.69110

7288
5361
0417
6861
3597

16.57282
18.31277
20.23601
22.36177
24.71134

4671
9083
3943
7633
5508

0.99817
0.99850
0.99877
0. 99899
0.99918

78976
79423
82413
95978
08657

1.00182
1.00149
1.00122
1.00100
1.00081

54285
42872
32532
14040
98059

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

27.28991
30.16185
33. 33566
36.84311
40.71929

7197
7461
7732
2570
5663

27.
30.

30823
17843
33.35066
36.85668
40.73157

2836
0136
3309
1129
3002

0.99932
0. 99945
0.99955
0. 99963
0.99969

92997
08437
03665
18562
85793

1.00067
1.00054
1.00044
1.00036
1.00030

11504
94581
98358
82794
15116

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

45. 00301 1152

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

62686
02185
4.45710
4.93696
5. 46622

0408
6742
5171
1806
9214

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

05020
69473
7.40626
8.19191
9.05956

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

3.
4.

6.

6.

4.

49.73713
54.96903
60.75109
67.14116

1903
8588
3886
6551

45.01412
49. 74718
54.97813
60. 75932
67. 14861

0149
3739
3865
3633
3134

0.99975
0.99979
0. 99983
0. 99986
0.99988

32108
79416
45656
45517
91030

1.00024
1.00020
1.00016
1.00013
1.00011

68501
20992
54618
54666
09093

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

74.20321
82. 00790
90.63336
100.16590
110.70094

0578
5277
2655
9190
9812

74.20994
82.01400
90.63887
100.17090
110.70546

8525
2023
9220
0784
6393

0.99990
0.99992
0.99993
0.99995
0.99995

92043
56621
91369
01692
92018

1.00009
1. 00007
1.00006
1. 00004
1.00004

08040
43434
08668
98333
07998

5.5
5.6
5,7
5.8
5.9

122.34392
135.21135
149.43202
165.14826
182.51736

2746
4781
7501
6177
4210

122.34800
135.21505
149.43537
165.15129
182.52010

9518
2645
3466
3732
3655

0.99996
0. 99997
0.99997
0.99998
0.99998

65972
26520
76093
16680
49910

1.00003
1.00002
1.00002
1.00001
1.00001

34040
73488
23912
83323
50092

6.0

201.71315 7370

201.71563 6122

0.99998 77117

1.00001 22885
(

-<

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

218

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Table 4.15
X
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

201.71315
222.92776
246. 37350
272.28503
300.92168

7370
3607
5831
6911
8157

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

332.57006
367.54691
406. 20229
448.92308
496. 13685

4803
4437
7128
8938
3910

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

548. 31612 3273

605. 98312 4694

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

sinhx

cosh

669.71500 8904
740. 14962 6023

817.99190 9372

904.02093 0686
1104.17376 9530
1220.30078 3945
1348.64097 8762

77117
99391
17629
32560
44785

1.

00001
1.00001
1.00000
1.00000
1. 00000

22885
00610
82372
67441
55216

448.92420 2713
496. 13786 1695

0.

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

54794
62988
69697
75190
79687

1.00000
1. 00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

45207
37012
30303
24810
20313

548.31703
605.98394
669. 71575
740. 15030
817.99252

0.

99999
0.99999
0. 99999
0. 99999
0. 99999

83369
86384
88852
90873
92527

1.00000
1. 00000
1. 00000
1. 00000
1. 00000

16631
13616
11148
09127
07473

99999
99999
0. 99999
0. 99999
0.99999

93882
94991
95899
96642
97251

1.

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

06118
05009
04101
03358
02749

99999
99999
0. 99999
0.99999
0. 99999

97749
98157
98491
98765
98989

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1. 00000

02251
01843
01509
01235
01011

0.

332.57156 8242

0.

367. 54827 4805

406. 20352 8040

0.

5155
9799
5490
1562
0624

1220.30119 3680
1348. 64134 9506

1490. 47882 5790

1490.47916
1647. 23418
1820.47529
2011.93632
2223. 53348

5872
6339
2653
1416

coth x

99998
0.99998
0. 99999
0.99999
0.99999

6122
6475
5262
3215
9715

904. 02148 3770

999. 09819 7778
1104. 17422 2357

999. 09769 7326

1647.23388
1820.47501
2011.93607
2223.53326

tanh x

201.71563
222.93000
246. 37553
272.28687
300. 92334

1252
9411
0993
1170
6284

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

1.

1.
1.

1.

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2457. 38431 8415

2457. 38452 1884

2715.82970
3001.45602
3317.12192
3665.98670

3629
5338
7772
1384

2715.82988
3001.45619
3317. 12207
3665. 98683

7734
1923
8505
7772

0.99999
0. 99999
0. 99999
0. 99999
0. 99999

99172
99322
99445
99546
99628

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1. 00000
1. 00000

00828
00678
00555
00454
00372

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

4051.54190
4477. 64629
4948. 56447
5469. 00955
6044. 19032

2083
5908
8852
8370
3746

4051.54202
4477. 64640
4948. 56457
5469. 00964
6044. 19040

5493
7574
9892
9795
6471

0. 99999
0.99999
0. 99999
0. 99999
0.99999

99695
99751
99796
99833
99863

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1. 00000
1.00000

00305
00249
00204
00167
00137

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

6679. 86337 7405

7382. 39074 8924

6679. 86345 2257

7382. 39081 6653

8158.80356 8366
9016.87243 6188
9965. 18519 4028

8158.80362 9649
9016. 87249 1640
9965.18524 4202

0.99999
0.99999
0. 99999
0. 99999
0. 99999

99888
99908
99925
99939
99950

1.00000
1. 00000
1.00000
1.00000
1. 00000

00112
00092
00075
00061
00050

.0.0

11013.23287 4703

11013.23292 0103

0.

99999 99959

1.

00000 000 41
(

[(-*]
for

x0,

sinh

z~cosh x~\

ex

For x>10, tanhx~][-2e~ 2x cothz~l+2e,

[
-2

* to

- 8)7
5

10D.

219

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE ARGUMENT
e~ **

gire

sinh

cosh

irx

Table 4.16

*x

tanh

ttx

ttx

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1.00000
1.03191
1.06484
1.09883
1.13390

00000
46153
77733
19803
07803

1.00000
0.96907
0.93910
0.91005
0.88191

00000
24263
13674
72407
13783

0.00000
0.03142
0.06287
0.09438
0.12599

00000
10945
32029
73698
47010

1.00000
1.00049
1.00197
1. 00444
1. 00790

00000
35208
45704
46105
60793

0.

00000
0. 03140
0.06274
0.09396
0.12500

00000
55952
93000
97111
63906

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.17008
1.20743
1.24596
1.28573
1.32676

87875
17210
64399
09795
45892

0.85463
0.82820
0.80258
0.77776
0.75371

59992
41813
98355
76792
32120

0.15772
0.18961
0.22168
0.25398
0.28652

63942
37699
83022
16502
56886

1.01236
01781
1.02427
1. 03174
1.04023

23933
79512
81377
93294
89006

0. 15580
0.18629
0. 21643
0.24616
0.27544

03292
43856
36952
60434
21974

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

1.36910
1.41280
1.45789
1.50441
1.55243

77706
23184
13610
94029
23694

0.73040
0.70781
0.68592
0.66470
0.64415

26910
31080
21659
82576
04440

0.31935
0.35249
0.38598
0.41985
0.45414

25398
46052
45975
55727
09627

1.

04975
06030
1.07190
1.08456
1.09829

52308
77132
67634
38303
14067

30421
33244
0. 36009
0.38711
0. 41349

61929
55730
15776
92833

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1.60197
1.65310
1.70586
1.76030
1.81648

76513
41518
23348
42750
37088

0.62422
0.60492
0.58621
0.56808
0.55051

84336
25628
37756
36059
41583

0.48887
0.52409
0.55982
0.59611
0.63298

46088
07945
42796
03346
47753

1.11310
1.12901
1.14603
1.16419
1. 18349

30425
33573
80552
39405
89335

0.43919
0. 46420
0. 48848
0.51203
0. 53484

97777
24748
66406
69673
18637

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1.87445
1.93427
1.99601
2.05971
2.12544

60876
86325
03910
22948
72203

0.53348
0.51698
0.50099
0.48550
0.47048

80911
85988
93958
47001
92177

0.67048
0.70864
0.74750
0.78710
0.82747

39982
50169
54976
37973
90013

1.20397
1.22563
1.24850
1.27260
1.29796

20893
36157
48934
84975
82190

55689
57818
0.59872
0. 61849
0. 63751

33069
66683
05188
64181
86920

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

2.19328
2.26327
2.33550
2.41004
2.48696

00507
77398
93782
62616
19609

0.45593
0.44183
0.42817
0.41492
0.40209

81278
70677
21192
97945
70227

0.86867
0.91072
0.95366
0.99755
1.04243

09615
03361
86295
82336
24691

32460
1.35255
1.38184
1.41248
1. 44452

90893
74038
07487
80280
94918

65579
67333
0. 69014
0.70624
0. 72164

42026
21140
36583
19035
15276

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

2.56633
2.64823
2.73275
2.81996
2.90996

23952
59064
33366
81081
63054

0.38966
0.37760
0.36593
0.35461
0.34364

11374
98638
13069
39395
65907

1.08833
1.13531
1.18341
1.23267
1.28315

56289
30213
10148
70843
98573

1.

47799
1.51292
1. 54934
1.58729
1.62680

67663
28851
23218
10238
64481

0.73635
0.75041
0. 76381
0. 77659
0.78876

85995
03695
50706
17313
00021

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

3.00283
3.09867
3.19756
3.29961
3.40491

67606
11407
40381
30643
89460

0.33301
0.32271
0.31273
0.30306
0.29369

84355
89833
80681
58385
27474

1.33490
1.38797
1.44241
1.49827
1.55561

91626
60787
29850
36129
30993

1.

66792
1.71069
1.75515
1.80133
1.84930

75980
50620
10531
94514
58467

0.

80033
0.81135
0.82181
0. 83175
0. 84118

99933
21279
70068
52873
75743

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

3.51358
3.62572
3.74143
3.86084
3.98405

56243
03579
38283
02496
74810

0.28460
0.27580
0.26727
0.25901
0,25100

95433
72607
72113
09757
03946

1.61448
1.67495
1.73707
1.80091
1.86652

80405
65486
83085
46370
85432

1. 89909
1.95076
2. 00435
2.05992
2.11752

75838
38093
55198
56127
89378

0.

85013
85861
86665
87426
88146

43239
57589
17947
19762
54241

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

4.11120
4.24241
4.37780
4.51752
4.66170

71429
47373
97717
58864
09873

0.24323
0.23571
0.22842
0.22136
0.21451

75614
48138
47266
01040
39731

1.93398
2.00334
2.07469
2.14808
2.22359

47907
99617
25226
28912
35071

2.17722
2.23906
2.30311
2. 36944
2.43810

23522
47756
72491
29952
74802

88828
89472
0.90081
0.90657
0.91201

07899
62194
93236
71557
61950

0.50

4.81047 73810
(

0.20787 95764

4)6

[ -e

Compiled from British Association

ra
for the

2.30129 89023

Advancement

ra
of Science,

1.

1.

1.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

2.50917 84787

0.

91715 23357

W]

Mathematical Tables,

76928.

-; 5)9]

[
vol.

I.

Circular

and

hyperbolic functions, exponential, sine and cosine integrals, factorial function and allied functions, Hermitian
probability functions, 3d ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1951 (with permission).
errors

have been corrected.

Known

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

220
Table 4.16

E]0ONEN TIAL

AND HYP EItBOLIC FL NCTIOr *S FOR TfIE ARGl JMENT

e~ -irx

girl

cosh

sinh nX

TTX

vx

tanh

irx

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

4.81047
4. 96400
5.12242
5.28590
5.45460

73810
19160
61276
63869
40558

0.20787
0.20145
0.19521
0.18918
0.18333

95764
03654
99944
23136
13637

2.30129
2.38127
2.46360
2.54836
2.63563

89023
57753
30666
20366
63461

2.50917
2.58272
2. 65882
2.73754
2.81896

84787
61407
30610
43503
77098

0.91715
0.92200
0.92657
0.93089
0.93496

23357
08803
65378
34251
50714

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

5.

62868
5.80832
5.99369
6. 18497
6. 38237

56460
29831
33767
97951
10460

0.17766
0.17216
0.16684
0. 16168
0.15668

13694
67343
20350
20156
15832

2.72551
2.81807
2.91342
3.01164
3.11284

21383
81244
56709
88897
47314

2.90317
2.99024
3.08026
3. 17333
3.26952

35077
48587
77058
09054
63146

0.93880
0.94242
0.94583
0.94904
0.95207

44259
38675
52160
97460
82009

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

6. 58606
6.79625
7.01315
7.23697
7.46794

19627
35967
34158
55091
07985

0.15183
0.14713
0.14258
0.13817
0.13390

58020
98890
92093
92710
57214

3.21711
32455
3.43528
3. 54939
3. 66701

30804
68538
21032
81191
75386

3.

36894
3.47169
3.57787
3. 68757
3.80092

88823
67428
13125
73901
32600

0.95493
0.95761
0.96014
0.96252
0.96477

08086
72978
69151
84417
02118

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

7.70627
7.95222
8. 20601
8. 46790
8.73815

72563
01304
21768
38986
37941

0.12976
0.12575
0.12186
0.11809
0.11444

43423
10461
18713
29793
06500

3.78825
3.91323
4. 04207
4. 17490
4. 31185

64570
45422
51527
54597
65720

3.91802
4. 03898
4.16393
4.29299
4.42629

07993
55883
70240
84390
72220

0.96688
0.96886
0.97073
0.97249
0.97414

01293
56859
39783
17255
52857

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

9.01702
9. 30480
9.60176
9.90819
10.22441

86109
36103
28381
94054
57779

0.11090
0. 10747
0.10414
0.10092
0.09780

12784
13709
75422
65114
50993

4.
4.
4.

45306
59866
74880
4.90363
5.06330

36663
61197
76480
64470
53393

4.56396
4.70613
4.85295
5. 00456
5.16111

49447
74906
51901
29584
04386

0.97570
0.97716
0.97853
0.97983
0.98104

06726
35718
93563
31019
96015

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

10.55072
10. 88744
11.23491
11.59347
11.96347

40742
63743
50371
30285
42604

0.09478
09184
0.08900
0. 08625
0.08358

02248
89025
82388
54299
77587

5.22797
5. 39779
5. 57295
5.75360
5. 93994

19247
87359
33992
87993
32508

32275
48964
5. 66196
5.83986
6. 02353

21495
76384
16379
42292
10095

0.98219
0.98326
0.98427
0.98522
0.98612

33800
87071
96111
98912
31297

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

12.34528
12.73927
13.14584
13.56539
13.99832

39392
89270
81133
27988
70916

0.08100
0. 07849
0. 07606
0.07371
0.07143

25922
73785
96451
69955
71077

6.13214
6. 33039
6. 53488
6.74583
6. 96344

06735
07743
92341
79017
49919

6.21314
6.40888
6. 61095
6.81955
7. 03488

32657
81528
88792
48972
20996

0.98696
0.98775
0.98849
0.98919
0.98984

27033
17946
34022
03509
53014

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

44507
14.90608
15.38180
15.87271
16. 37928

83157
74333
94795
40119
55735

0.06922
0.06708
0.06501
0.06300
0.06105

77313
66855
18571
11981
27239

7. 18792
7.41950
7. 65839
7.90485
8.15911

52922
03739
88112
64069
64248

7.25715
48658
7.72341
7.96785
8.22016

30235
70594
06683
76050
91487

0.99046
0.99103
0.99158
0.99209
0.99257

07591
90830
24938
30818
28142

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

16.90202
17.44144
17.99808
18.57248
19.16521

41717
57711
28034
46925
83968

0.05916
0.05733
0.05556
0. 05384
0.05217

45113
46965
14735
30919
78557

42142
69205
8.97126
9.25932
9.55652

98302
55373
06650
08003
02706

8.48059
8.74939
9. 02682
9.31316
9.60869

43415
02338
21384
38922
81263

0.99302
0.99344
0.99384
0.99421
0.99456

35419
70066
48468
86036
97268

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

19.77686
20.40804
21.05935
21.73145
22.42500

89693
01345
48847
60946
71560

0.05056
0.04900
0.04748
0.04601
0.04459

41212
02956
48354
62446
30738

9.86315
10.17951
10.50593
10.84271
11.19020

24240
99195
50247
99250
70411

9.91371
10.22852
10.55341
10.88873
11.23480

65453
02151
98601
61696
01149

0.99489
0.99520
0.99550
0.99577
0.99603

95797
94443
05263
39591
08084

1.00

23.14069 26328

14.

0.

0.04321 39183
(

- 5,

3]

3.

8.
8.

11.54873 93573

5.
5.

7.

11.59195 32755

0.99627 20762

['"I' ]

-65H

221

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Table 4.17
arctanh x
0.54930 6144
0.56272 9769
0.57633 9754
0.59014 5160
0.60415 5603

arctanh x
0.00000 0000
0.01000 0333
0.02000 2667
0.03000 9004
0.04002 1353

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

arcsinh x
0.48121 1825
0.49013 8161
0.49902 8444
0.50788 2413
0.51669 9824

9190
4058
2959
4912
8941

0.05004
0.06007
0.07011
0.08017
0.09024

1729
2156
4671
1325
4188

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.52548
0.53422
0.54293
0.55159
0.56023

0448
4074
0505
9562
1077

0.61838
0.63283
0.64752
0.66246
0.67766

1313
3186
2844
2707
6068

0.09983
0.10977
0.11971
0.12963
0.13954

4079
9366
3851
6590
6654

0.10033
0.11044
0.12058
0.13073
0.14092

5347
6915
1028
9850
5576

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.56882
0.57738
0.58589
0.59437
0.60282

4899
0892
8932
8911
0733

0. 69314
0.70892
0.72500
0.74141
0.75817

7180
1359
5087
6144
3745

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.14944
0.15932
0.16919
0.17904
0.18887

3120
5080
1636
1904
5015

0.15114
0.16138
0.17166
0.18198
0.19233

0436
6696
6663
2689
7169

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.61122
0.61958
0.62791
0.63620
0.64445

4314
9584
6485
4970
5005

0.77529
0.79281
0.81074
0.82911
0.84795

8706
3631
3125
4038
5755

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.19869
0.20848
0.21826
0.22801
0.23775

0110
6350
2908
8972
3749

0.20273
0.21317
0.22365
0.23418
0.24477

2554
1346
6109
9466
4112

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.65266
0.66083
0.66897
0.67707
0.68512

6566
9641
4227
0332
7974

0.86730
0.88718
0.90764
0.92872
0.95047

0527
3863
4983
7364
9381

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.24746
0.25715
0.26682
0.27646
0.28608

6462
6349
2667
4691
1715

0.

25541
0.26610
0.27686
0.28768
0.29856

2812
8407
3823
2072
6264

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.69314
0.70112
0.70907
0.71697
0.72484

7181
7988
0441
4594
0509

0.97295
0.99621
1.02032
1.04537
1.07143

5074
5082
7758
0548
1684

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.29567
0.30523
0.31477
0.32428
0.33376

3048
8020
5980
6295
8352

0. 30951
0.32054
0. 33164
0. 34282
0.35409

9604
5409
7108
8254
2528

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.73266
0.74045
0.74820
0.75592
0.76359

8256
7912
9563
3300
9222

1.09861
1.12702
1.15681
1.18813
1.22117

2289
9026
7465
6404
3518

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.34322
0.35264
0.36203
0.37140
0.38073

1555
5330
9121
2391
4624

36544
37688
0. 38842
0.40005
0.41180

3754
5901
3100
9650
0034

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.77123
0.77883
0.78640
0.79392
0.80141

7433
8046
1177
6950
5491

1.25615
1.29334
1.33307
1.37576
1.42192

2811
4672
9629
7657
5871

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.39003
0.39930
0.40854
0.41774
0.42691

5320
4001
0208
3500
3454

0.42364
0.43561
0. 44769
0.45989
0.47223

8930
1223
2023
6681
0804

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.80886
0.81628
0.82365
0.83100
0.83830

6936
1421
9091
0091
4575

1.47221
1.52752
1.58902
1.65839
1.73804

9490
4425
6915
0020
9345

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.43604
0.44515
0.45421
0.46325
0.47224

9669
1759
9359
2120
9713

0.48470
0.49731
0.51007
0.52298
0.53606

0279
1288
0337
4278
0337

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.84557
0.85280
0.86000
0.86716
0.87428

2697
4617
0498
0507
4812

83178
94591
09229
29755
64665

0823
0149
5720
9925
2412

0.50

0.48121 1825

0.54930 6144

1.00

0.88137
J-1V
01.JI 3587

x
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

arcsinh x
0.00000 0000
0.00999 9833
0.01999 8667
0.02999 5502
0.03998 9341

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.04997
0.05996
0.06994
0.07991
0.08987

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.

0.

t]

(-6)51

For use of the table see Examples 26-28.

Qo(x) (Legendre Function

Second Kind) =arctanh

a?(|a;|<l)

=arccoth

a;(|a?|>l)

Compiled from Harvard Computation Laboratory, Tables of inverse hyperbolic

functions.
Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1949 (with permission).

222

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table 4.17

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

arccosh x

arccosb X

arcsinh x

(x 2 -l)*

arcsinh x

(x 2 -l)*

0.88137
88842
0. 89544
0.90242
0. 90937

3587
7007
5249
8496
6928

1.00000
0. 99667
0.99338
0.99011
0.98687

000
995
621
848
641

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

1.19476
1.20029
1.20580
1.21128
1.21674

3217
7449
6263
9840
8362

0.86081
0.85849
0.85618
0.85389
0.85161

554
806
528
706

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

0.91629
0.92317
0.93001
0.93682
0. 94360

0732
0094
5204
6251
3429

0.98365
0.98046
0.97730
0.97415
0.97103

968
798
099
841
994

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

1.22218
1.22759
1.23297
1.23833
1.24367

2008
0958
5390
5478
1400

0.84935
0.84710
0.84486
0.84264
0.84043

324
368
823
676
913

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

0.95034
0.95705
0.96373
0.97037
0.97698

6930
6950
3684
7331
8088

0.96794
0. 96487
0.96182
0.95880
0.95579

529
415
625
131
904

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

1.24898
1.25427
1.25953
1. 26477
1.26999

3328
1436
5895
6877
4549

0.83824
0.83606
0.83389
0.83174
0.82960

520
483
788
424
376

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

0.98356
0.99011
0.99662
1.00310
1.00955

6154
1729
5013
6208
5514

0.95281
0.94986
0.94692
0.94401
0.94111

918
146
561
139
853

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

1.27518
1. 28036
1.28550
1.29063
1.29573

9081
0639
9389
5495
9120

0.82747
0.82536
0.82326
0.82117
0.81909

632
179
005
097
443

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

1.01597
02235
1. 02871
1.03503
1.04133

3134
9270
4123
7896
0792

0.93824
0.93539
0.93256
0.92975
0.92696

678
589
563
576
604

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

1.30082
1.30587
1.31091
1.31593
1.32092

0427
9576
6727
2038
5666

0.81703
0.81497
0.81293
0.81091
0.80889

032
850
888
132
572

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

1. 04759
1.05382
1.06002
1.06619
1. 07233

3013
4760
6237
7645
9185

0.92419
0.92144
0.91871
0.91600
0.91331

624
613
550
411
175

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

1.32589
1. 33084
1. 33577
1. 34068
1. 34557

7767
8496
8006
6450
3978

0.80689
0.80489
0.80291
0.80095
0.79899

197
994
954
066
318

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

07845
08453
1.09058
1. 09661
1.10260

1059
3467
6610
0688
5899

0.91063
0.90798
0.90534
0.90272
0.90012

821
328
676
843
810

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

1. 35044
1.35528
1.36011
1.36491
1.36970

0740
6886
2562
7914
3089

0.79704
0.79511
0.79318
0.79127
0.78937

701
203
816
527
328

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

1.10857
1.11451
1.12042
1.12630
1.13215

2442
0515
0317
2042
5887

0.89754
0.89498
0. 89243
0.88990
0. 88738

557
064
313
284
959

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

1.

37446
1.37921
1.38393
1.38864
1.39333

8228
3477
8975
4863
1280

0.78748
0.78560
0.78373
0.78187
0.78002

209
160
170
231
334

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

1.13798
1.14378
1. 14955
1.15529
1.16101

2046
0715
2086
6351
3703

0.

88489
0.88241
0.87995
0.87750
0.87507

320
348
026
336
261

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

1.39799
1.40264
1.40727
1.41188
1.41647

8365
6254
5083
4987
6099

0.77818
0.77635
0.77453
0.77272
0.77093

468
625
796
971
142

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

1. 16670
1.17236
1. 17800
1. 18361
1.18920

4331
8425
6174
7765
3384

0.87265
0.87025
0. 86787
0.86550
0. 86315

784
888
557
774
523

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

1.42104
1.42560
1.43013
1. 43465
1.43915

8552
2476
8002
5259
4374

0.76914
0.76736
0.76559
0.76383
0.76208

300
437
544
612
633

1.50

1.19476 3217

86081 788

2.00

1.44363 5475

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

0.

1.

1.
1.

0.

[<-ri

"46)3

j-,-6,3-]

788

0.76034 600
5'

['I

223

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

arcsinh

x In x

arccosh

x In

x-

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17

04288
23983
05002
51134
66000

0.68299
0.68399
0.68494
0.68584
0.68668

37571
74947
69555
25981
48518

0.16

0.70300
0.70205
0.70115
0.70029
0.69948

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

0.69872
0.69801
0.69734
0.69672
0.69615

53043
15527
56533
78946
85462

0.68747
68821
0. 68889
0.68952
0.69010

41175
07683
51504
75836
83616

7
7
8
8
9

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07

0.

06

0.69563
0.69516
0.69474
0.69436
0.69404

78573
60572
33542
99357
59680

0. 69063
0.69111
0.69154
0.69191
0.69224

77531
60018
33269
99235
59631

10
11
13
14
17

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

0.69377
0.69354
0.69337
0.69324
0.69317

15954
69408
21047
71656
21796

0.69252
69274
0.69292
0.69304
0.69312

15938
69403
21046
71656
21796

20
25
33

0.00

0.69314 71806

0.45
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.41

0.74031
0.73836
0.73646
0.73458
0.73274

01215
90921
10057
64641
60676

0.63817
0.64079
0.64334
0.64580
0.64819

79566
95268
16670
61207
45429

0.40
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.36

0.73094
0.72917
0.72743
0.72573
0.72407

04145
01001
57167
78524
70912

0.65050
0.65274
0.65491
0.65701
0.65904

85051
95004
89477
81952
85249

3
3

0.35
0.34
0.33
0.32
0.31

0.72245
0.72086
0.71932
0.71781
0.71634

40117
91873
31846
65636
98766

0.66101
0.66290
0.66473
0.66650
0.66820

11555
72458
78974
41577
70226

3
3
3

0.30
0.29
28
27
0.26

0.71492
0.71353
0.71219
0.71089
0.70963

36678
84725
48165
32154
41742

0.66984
0.67142
0.67294
0.67440
0.67580

74382
63038
44732
27575
19258

0.25

0.70841 81861

2
2

2
2

2
2

3
3
3

4
4
4

0.67714 27078

T]

<.i>=nearest integer to

OF

cos xn cosh x n =l

4.73004
7.85320
10.99560
14.13716
17.27875

ROOTS
n
1

2
3

4
5

.1^=4

ri

<x>
4
4
4

0.47
0.46

For n>5,

r In x
27078
57947
18411
14660
52541

xn

arccosh

0.67714
0.67842
0.67965
0. 68082
0.68193

07164
90940
77884
90778
51194

ROOTS

x In x
81861
57326
72820
32895
41963

0.62381
0.62685
0.62981
0.63268
0.63547

arcsinh

0.70841
0.70724
0.70611
0.70503
0.70399

82946
16011
48341
85962
34908

0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

0.75048
0. 74839
0.74632
0.74428
0.74228

50
49
48

Table 4.17

FUNCTIONS

IC

OF

07
46
78
55
96

[2n+l]*

cos x a cosh

xa
1.87510
4.69409
7. 85475
10.99554
14.13716

41
11

74
07
84

For n>5, xn=l [2-l>

x,,

)6
]

0.

0.

0.69314 71806
6
(
[

5
5

6
6

50
100
00

x.

Table 4.18

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

224

ROOTS X n OF

Table 4.19

-X

X2

xi

X3

tan

* \Xn
=

X7

a"8

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

3.14159
2.99304
2.86277
2.75032
2.65366

6.28319
5.99209
5.76056
5.58578
5.45435

9.42478
9.00185
8.70831
8.51805
8.39135

12.56637
12.02503
11.70268
11.52018
11.40863

15.70796
15.06247
14.73347
14.56638
14.46987

18.84956
18.11361
17.79083
17.64009
17.55621

21.99115
21.17717
20.86724
20.73148
20.65782

25.13274
24.25156
23.95737
23.83468
23.76928

28.27433
27.33519
27.05755
26.94607
26.88740

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

2.57043
2.49840
2.43566
2.38064
2.33208

35403
27587
21370
16331
12176

8.30293
8.23845
8.18965
8.15156
8.12108

11.33482
11.28284
11.24440
11.21491
11.19159

14.40797
14.36517
14.33391
14.31012
14.29142

17.50343
17.46732
17.44113
17.42129
17.40574

20.61203
20.58092
20.55844
20.54146
20.52818

23.72894
23.70166
23.68201
23.66719
23.65561

26.85142
26.82716
26.80971
26.79656
26.78631

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

2.28893
2.25037
2.21571
2.18440
2.15598

5.08698
5.05750
5.03222
5.01031
4.99116

8.09616
8.07544
8.05794
8.04298
8.03004

11.17271
11.15712
11.14403
11.13289
11.12330

14.27635
14.26395
14.25357
14.24475
14.23717

17.39324
17.38298
17.37439
17.36711
17.36086

20.51752
20.50877
20.50147
20.49528
20.48996

23.64632
23.63871
23.63235
23.62697
23.62235

26.77809
26.77135
26.76572
26.76096
26.75688

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

2.13008
2.10638
2.08460
2.06453
2.04597

4.97428
4.95930
4.94592
4.93389
4.92303

8.01875
8.00881
7.99999
7.99212
7.98505

11.11496
11.10764
11.10116
11.09538
11.09021

14.23059
14.22482
14.21971
14.21517
14.21110

17.35543
17.35068
17.34648
17.34274
17.33939

20.48535
20.48131
20.47774
20.47457
20.47172

23.61834
23.61483
23.61173
23.60897
23.60651

26.75333
26.75023
26.74749
26.74506
26.74288

1.00

2.02876

4.91318

7.97867

11.08554

14.20744

17.33638

20.46917

23.60428

26.74092

x-i

X3

X4

X5

X7

X8

X9

-1.00
-0.95
-0.90
-0.85
-0.80

,02876
,01194
,99465
,97687
,95857

91318
90375
89425
88468
87504

7.97867
7.97258
7.96648
7.96036
7.95422

11.08554
11.08110
11.07665
11.07219
11.06773

14.20744
14.20395
14.20046
14.19697
14.19347

17.33638
17.33351
17.33064
17.32777
17.32490

20.46917
20.46673
20.46430
20.46187
20.45943

23.60428
23.60217
23.60006
23.59795
23.59584

26.74092
26.73905
26.73718
26.73532
26.73345

-0.75
-0.70
-0.65
-0.60
-0.55

1.93974
1.92035
1.90036
1.87976
1.85852

4.86534
4.85557
4.84573
4.83583
4.82587

7.94807
7.94189
7.93571
7.92950
7.92329

11.06326
11.05879
11.05431
11.04982
11.04533

14.18997
14.18647
14.18296
14.17946
14.17594

17.32203
17.31915
17.31628
17.31340
17.31052

20.45700
20.45456
20.45212
20.44968
20.44724

23.59372
23.59161
23.58949
23.58738
23.58526

26.73159
26.72972
26.72785
26.72598
26.72411

-0.50
-0.45
-0.40
-0.35
-0.30

1.83660
1.81396
1.79058
1.76641
1.74140

4.81584
4.80575
4.79561
4.78540
4.77513

7.91705
7.91080
7.90454
7.89827
7.89198

11.04083
11.03633
11.03182
11.02730
11.02278

14.17243
14.16892
14.16540
14.16188
14.15835

17.30764
17.30476
17.30187
17.29899
17.29610

20.44480
20.44236
20.43992
20.43748
20.43503

23.58314
23.58102
23.57891
23.57679
23.57467

26.72225
26.72038
26.71851
26.71664
26.71477

-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05

1.71551
1.68868
1.66087
1.63199
1.60200

4.76481
4.75443
4.74400
4.73351
4.72298

7.88567
7.87936
7.87303
7.86669
7.86034

11.01826
11.01373
11.00920
11.00466
11.00012

14.15483
14.15130
14.14777
14.14424
14.14070

17.29321
17.29033
17.28744
17.28454
17.28165

20.43259
20.43014
20.42769
20.42525
20.42280

23.57255
23.57043
23.56831
23.56619
23.56407

26.71290
26.71102
26.70915
26.70728
26.70541

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

57080
53830
50442
46904
43203

4.71239
4.70176
4.69108
4.68035
4.66958

7.85398
7.84761
7.84123
7.83484
7.82844

10.99557
10.99102
10.98647
10.98192
10.97736

14.13717
14.13363
14.13009
14.12655
14.12301

17.27875
17.27586
17.27297
17.27007
17.26718

20.42035
20.41790
20.41545
20.41300
20.41055

23.56194
23.55982
23.55770
23.55558
23.55345

26.70354
26.70166
26.69979
26.69792
26.69604

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

39325
35252
30965
26440
21649

4.65878
4.64793
4.63705
4.62614
4.61519

7.82203
7.81562
7.80919
7.80276
7.79633

10.97279
10.96823
10.96366
10.95909
10.95452

14.11946
14.11592
14.11237
14.10882
14.10527

17.26428
17.26138
17.25848
17.25558
17.25268

20.40810
20.40565
20.40320
20.40075
20.39829

23.55133
23.54921
23.54708
23.54496
23.54283

26.69417
26.69230
26.69042
26.68855
26.68668

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

1.16556
1.11118
1.05279
0.98966
0.92079

4.60422
4.59321
4.58219
4.57114
4.56007

7.78988
7.78344
7.77698
7.77053
7.76407

10.94994
10.94537
10.94079
10.93621
10.93163

14.10172
14.09817
14.09462
14.09107
14.08752

17.24978
17.24688
17.24398
17.24108
17.23817

20.39584
20.39339
20.39094
20.38848
20.38603

23.54071
23.53858
23.53646
23.53433
23.53221

26.68480
26.68293
26.68105
26.67918
26.67730

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

0.84473
0.75931
0.66086
0.54228
0.38537

4.54899
4.53789
4.52678
4.51566
4.50454

7.75760
7.75114
7.74467
7.73820
7.73172

10.92704
10.92246
10.91788
10.91329
10.90871

14.08396
14.08041
14.07686
14.07330
14.06975

17.23527
17.23237
17.22946
17.22656
17.22366

20.38357
20.38112
20.37867
20.37621
20.37376

23.53008
23.52796
23.52583
23.52370
23.52158

26.67543
26.67355
26.67168
26.66980
26.66793

1.00

0.00000

4.49341

7.72525

10.90412

14.06619

17.22075

20.37130

23.51945

26.66605

For

xi

x -0,

see

X2

ji, s

of Table 10.6.

S..-C4

X5

a'6

<x>=nearest integer

to

x.

<x>

- 2
- 2
- 2
-

- 2
- 3
- 3
- 3
-

5
7

-10
-20

20

10
7
5

4
3
3
3
2
2

2
2
2
1

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

KOL ITS
X

xi

*2

x3

x4

OF

<

lOt Xn

= \x n

*6

*5

225
Table 4.20

x1

*8

*9

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.57080
1.49613
1.42887
1.36835
1.31384

4.71239
4.49148
4.30580
4.15504
4.03357

7.85398
7.49541
7.22811
7.04126
6.90960

10.99557
10.51167
10.20026
10.01222
9.89275

14.13717
13.54198
13.21418
13.03901
12.93522

17.27876
16.58639
16.25936
16.10053
16.01066

20.42035
19.64394
19.32703
19.18401
19.10552

23.56194
22.71311
22.41085
22.28187
22.21256

26.70354
25.79232
25.50638
25.38952
25.32765

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

1.26459
1.21995
1.17933
1.14223
1.10820

3.93516
3.85460
3.78784
3.73184
3.68433

6.81401
6.74233
6.68698
6.64312
6.60761

9.81188
9.75407
9.71092
9.67758
9.65109

12.86775
12.82073
12.78621
12.75985
12.73907

15.95363
15.91443
15.88591
15.86426
15.84728

19.05645
19.02302
18.99882
18.98052
18.96619

22.16965
22.14058
22.11960
22.10377
22.09140

25.28961
25.26392
25.24544
25.23150
25.22062

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

1.07687
1.04794
1.02111
0.99617
0.97291

3.64360
3.60834
3.57756
3.55048
3.52649

6.57833
6.55380
6.53297
6.51508
6.49954

9.62956
9.61173
9.59673
9.58394
9.57292

12.72230
12.70847
12.69689
12.68704
12.67857

15.83361
15.82237
15.81297
15.80500
15.79814

18.95468
18.94523
18.93734
18.93065
18.92490

22.08147
22.07333
22.06653
22.06077
22.05583

25.21190
25.20475
25.19878
25.19373
25.18939

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

0.95116
0.93076
0.91158
0.89352
0.87647

3.50509
3.48590
3.46859
3.45292
3.43865

6.48593
6.47392
6.46324
6.45368
6.44508

9.56331
9.55486
9.54738
9.54072
9.53473

12.67121
12.66475
12.65904
12.65395
12.64939

15.79219
15.78698
15.78237
15.77827
15.77459

18.91991
18.91554
18,91168
18.90825
18.90518

22.05154
22.04778
22.04447
22.04151
22.03887

25.18563
25.18234
25.17943
25.17684
25.17453

1.00

0.86033

3.42562

6.43730

9.52933

12.64529

15.77128

18.90241

22.03650

25.17245

X3

X\

X5

26

X7

X8

X9

X\

X-2

1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80

0.86033
0.84426
0.82740
0.80968
0.79103

3.42562
3.41306
3.40034
3.38744
3.37438

6.43730
6.42987
6.42241
6.41492
6.40740

9.52933
9.52419
9.51904
9.51388
9.50871

12.64529
12.64138
12.63747
12.63355
12.62963

15.77128
15.76814
15.76499
15.76184
15.75868

18.90241
18.89978
18.89715
18.89451
18.89188

22.03650
22.03424
22.03197
22.02971
22.02745

25.17245
25.17047
25.16848
25.16650
25.16452

0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55

0.77136
0.75056
0.72851
0.70507
0.68006

3.36113
3.34772
3.33413
3.32037
3.30643

6.39984
6.39226
6.38464
6.37700
6.36932

9.50353
9.49834
9.49314
9.48793
9.48271

12.62570
12.62177
12.61784
12.61390
12.60996

15.75553
15.75237
15.74921
15.74605
15.74288

18.88924
18.88660
18.88396
18.88132
18.87868

22.02519
22.02292
22.02066
22.01839
22.01612

25.16254
25.16055
25.15857
25.15659
25.15460

0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30

0.65327
0.62444
0.59324
0.55922
0.52179

3.29231
3.27802
3.26355
3.24891
3.23409

6.36162
6.35389
6.34613
6.33835
6.33054

9.47749
9.47225
9.46700
9.46175
9.45649

12.60601
12.60206
12.59811
12.59415
12.59019

15.73972
15.73655
15.73338
15.73021
15.72704

18.87604
18.87339
18.87075
18.86810
18.86546

22.01386
22.01159
22.00932
22.00705
22.00478

25.15262
25.15063
25.14864
25.14666
25.14467

0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05

0.48009
0.43284
0.37788
0.31105
0.22176

3.21910
3.20393
3.18860
3.17310
3.15743

6.32270
6.31485
6.30696
6.29906
6.29113

9.45122
9.44595
9.44067
9.43538
9.43008

12.58623
12.58226
12.57829
12.57432
12.57035

15.72386
15.72068
15.71751
15.71433
15.71114

18.86281
18.86016
18.85751
18.85486
18.85221

22.00251
22.00024
21.99797
21.99569
21.99342

25.14268
25.14070
25.13871
25.13672
25.13473

0.00000

3.14159

6.28319

9.42478

12.56637

15.70796

18.84956

21.99115

25.13274

-5)l-j

[<-*"]

0.00

[(-3,3]

[(

- 5)2]

[(

[<-*]

1X> = nearest integer

to

X.

[<->]

:-/>']

o>
1
1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3

4
5

10
20

Exponential Integral and Related Functions

5.

Walter

Gatjtschi

and William

F.

Cahill

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties

228
228
231

Exponential Integral
Sine and Cosine Integrals

5.1.
5.2.

Numerical Methods
5.3. Use and Extension

233
233

of the Tables

References

Table
x

235

5.1. Sine,

-1

Cosine and Exponential Integrals

x~ 2 [Ci(x)1n

Si(a;),

(0<z< 10)

238

xy]

arMEiCa:) In xy], x~ [E1 (x)+1d. x+y], x=0(.01).5,

1

Si(z), Ci(z),

Si(), Ci(z),

Table

5.2. Sine,

10S
10D;Ei(x),
9D;x=.5(.01)2
(x),
10J);xe- x 'Ei{x),xex Ei(x), 9D; x=2(.l)10

Cosine and Exponential Integrals for Large Arguments

(10<x<co)

243

7D; xe~ x Ei(x), $D xe zE {x)

10D
x+Ci(x) sin x, g(x) = si{x) sin xC\(x)

9T>;x2g(x),

xf(x),

/()= si(z)

cos

cos x

x- 1 =.l(-.005)0

Table

5.3. Sine and Cosine Integrals for Arguments tx

Si(0, Cin(;), z=0(.l)10, 7D

(0<x< 10)

5.4. Exponential Integrals E n (x) (0<x<2)

E (x)x In x, En (x), n=3, 4, 10, 20, a;=0(.01).5
En (x), n=2, 3, 4, 10, 20, x=.5(.01)2, 7D
Table 5.5. Exponential Integrals E n {x) for Large Arguments (2 <x <
(x+n)exEn (x), n=2, 3, 4, 10, 20,
=.5(-.05).l(-.01)0, 5D

Table

244

245

a;-

Table
ze

Table

Exponential Integral for Complex Arguments (|2|<29)

z=x+iy, x
6D
19(1)20, y=0(l)20,

5.6.
x

248

249

251

E (z),

Exponential Integral for Small Complex Arguments (|z|<5)

z=x+iy, z=-4(.5)-2, y=0(.2)l, 6D
E:(z)+ln z, z=x+iy,
6D
2(.5)2.5, y=0(.2)l,
5.7.

e'Etiz),

x=

The authors acknowledge the assistance of David S. Liepman in the preparation and
checking of the tables, Robert L. Durrah for the computation of Table 5.2, and Alfred E.
Beam for the computation of Table 5.6.
1

Guest worker, National Bureau of Standards, from the American University.

Purdue University.)
2
National Bureau
716-654

64

16

of Standards.

(Presently

(Presently

NASA.)
227

Exponential Integral and Related Functions

5.

Mathematical Properties
Explicit Expressions for a n (z)

Exponential Integral

5.1.

Definitions

EW-I't dt

5.1.1

Ei(z)

5.1.2

5.1.8

(|arg

= P^dt=-p
J X

+^)
nv

---(l + g +|

...+iL)
}

i+

(x>l)

Jo

(x>0)

li(x)=-p^-=Ei(lnx)
*

5.1.3

(I+2+I7+
2!

/?(z)

5.1.9

z\<j)

ydt

J-co

* n {z)=n\z- n -h-*

and

5.1.4

;(S)=

dt
I 1^

(rc=0, 1,2,

.;

^2>0)

5.1.5
/ CO

()=

5.1.6

e-"^

**-"<&

(g)=

j8n

(n=0, 1,2,..

.;

^2>0)

(n=0, 1,2,...)

In 5.1.1

it is

assumed that the path

of integration

excludes the origin and does not cross the negative

real axis.

Analytic continuation of the functions in 5.1.1,

and 5.1.4 for n^>0 yields multi-valued func-

5.1.2,

2=0 and 2=a>. 3

tions

with branch points at

They

are single-valued functions in the 2-plane

cut along the negative real axis. 4

The

function

the logarithmic integral, has an additional

li(g),

Figure

branch point at 2=1.

5.1.

y=Ei(x) and

y=E {x).
x

Interrelations

5.1.7

#i( xi0) = Ei(x)TMr,

-Ei(x) = i[E

Some authors
(l

e-'jdt/t
We

Ein(z).
4

as

(-x+iO)+E (-x-iO)]
l

[5.14],

[5.16]

use the entire function

the basic function and denote

have Ein(z)=^ (z)+ln

1

Various authors define the integral

Ei(z).

it

by

+ y.
I

(e l /t) dt

z-plane cut along the positive real axis and denote

by

(*>0)

in the
it

For z=a;>0 additional notations such as

also

Ei(a;)

(e.g., in [5.10], [5.25]), E*(x) (in [5.2]), Ei*(x) (in [5.6]) are
then used to designate the principal value of the integral.
Correspondingly, E (x) is often denoted by Ei( x).
x

228

Figure

5.2.

y=E

n (x)

w=0,

1, 2, 3, 5,

10

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

229

Symmetry Relation
n=0

n=l

n=2

n=3

n=4

n=6

n=5

En (z)=E~Jz~)

5.1.13

Recurrence Relations
5.1.14

En+l (z)=-[e-*-zEn (z)\

zu n (z)

5.1.15
2.5

2.0

1.5

Figure

5.3.

3.0

3.5

y=a n (x)

(n=l,2,3,

n _ 1 (z)

.)

.)

5.1.16

= (-l) n e*-e-*+n(3 n ^(z)

zt3 n (z)

n=0(l)6

= e- +na

(71=1,2,3,

Inequalities

(n=l,2,3,

.)

[5.8], [5.4]

5.1.17

^E

(x)<En+1 (x)<En (x)

(x>0;7i=l,2,3,

.)

lb

5.1.18

EKxXEn-^E^x)

(z>0;ti=1,2,3,

.)

5.1.19

x-\-n

<e*En (x)<

(x>0;w=l,2,3,...)
X-f-71 l

5.1.20
i

\ In

(l+^<e^(x)<ln (l+)

(*>0)

5.1.21

Figure

d
dx

y=pn (x)

5.4.

n=0,

1, 2, 5,

<*><>;=m,3,...)

L[fk]>

10, 15

Continued Fraction

Series Expansions

5.1.22

5.1.10

Ei(x)=y+lnx+jt ,

(x>0)

a-i^
f^(?ffff^-)
+ +
3

5.1.11

Special Values

(|arg 2|<tt)

5.1.12

(z) n
(n-l)\

=o

5.1.23

1
Sn (0) = 71-1

(71>1)

(mn-\-l)m\

m^nl
(|arg 2|<tt)

m=l

y=. 57721 56649

Tfl

5.1.25
.

is

E (z)=-

5.1.24

Euler's constant.

aQ (z)=

e~*

>

/3

(2)=-sinh

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

230

Derivatives

dEJz)_

5.1.26

-En-^Z)

dz

5.1.36

(71=1,2,3,...)

e~ at sin

bt

cft=arctan-

+J E' (a+i&)
r

(a>0,6

real)

5.1.27

5.1.37

[**(.)]-^l**(.)]
(-l)-(n-l)!

Definite

[5.11],

[5.6],

involving

En (x)

see

tables

'(l-cos

see

For integrals

_8,

(l cos

bt)

(a>0,6real)

dt^ln^l+^-EM
+^E {a^ib) (a>0,6real)
l

[5.9].)

b+t
,

e~

dt=E (z)+lnz+y
l

r^dt=~Ei(x)-\nx-y

5.1.40

Jo

5.1.29

/; b+t

_l
+^?i(-o+i6)

5.1.39
5.1.28

bt) Jt

5.1.38

integrals

of

[5.13].

[5.12],

(71=1,2,3,...)

Indefinite Integrals

more extensive

(For
[5.3],

and

(x>0)

5.1.41

dt=e- iab E (-iab)

(a>0, &>0)

C e ix
2
2
J a +r

^=2~ [~"^i( m:) e E {aix)]

a

5.1.30

+const.

~p

/;

iat

dt=e ab E

(o>0, 6>0)

(ab)

a l -\-3r

5.1.31

^~

jx =

(aix)+e aE

e -E 1

iat

5.1.43
o

a +x
J\-nn
2

00

5.1.32

e- at -e- bt
:

dt

in -b

E\{t)dt=2

5.1.33

dz= ~\ Jf ( ia-^i(-x+m))+const. (o>0)

.1.44

;.

xe
J, +x'

In 2

dx=&(e E
ia

(x+ia))+const.

Relation to Incomplete

5.1.34

5.1.47

^r- [ln(l+a)+Z;M^

(a>-l>

5.1.35

at

Function

En (z) = z n - T(l-n, z)
a n (z) = z- n T(n+l, z)
2-"- [r(n+l, - 2 )-r(n+l,
B (2) =
1

/3

Relation to Spherical Bessel Functions

z)]

(see 10.2)

5.1.48

a (z)=yJ^K^z), ft>00=^/f AGO

5.1.49

txM=<yl^Km (2),

dt=ir arctan - -\-JE { a-\-ib)

x

(see 6.5)

5.1.46

n (t)dt=

Gamma

(a>0)

5.1.45

e~ at

(aix)]

dt=e- ai (-^i{ab)+%T)
(a>0,6>0)

J"

+const.

/;

5.1.42

Cb

(a>0,6>0)

^(z)

= -^I

3/2

(z)

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Number-Theoretic Significance of

5.1.50
7r(x) is

li (x)

ir(x) = 0Ux\n

number

the

all

non-

(x-*co)

x)

of primes less

a = -.57721 566
at = .99999 193
a2 = .24991 055

li (a;)

(Assuming Kiemann's hypothesis that

real zeros of $(z) have a real part of f)

231
a3
a4
ab

= .05519
= -.00976
= .00107

968
004
857

l<x<C

5.1.54

than or equal

xe

x 2 -{-aiX-\-a2

E (x)
l

x 2 -\-biX+b 2

to x.

M*)

e(x)|<5X10- 6

^ = 2.334733

6i=3.330657

a2 = .250621

200

b2

= 1.681534

10<X<co

5.1.55

xe xEi(x)

_xM-aiX-fa2
x 2 -\-biX-\-b 2

fa(x)

(x)|<10- 7

=4.03640
02=1.15198

&!=5.03637
b 2 =4. 19160

a,

l<X<o

5.1.56

xe*Edx)=

KilKiTltTt>

x*+6 x 3 +6 2 x 2 +o 3 x+64

<

<*>

400

200

600

800

>x

1000

(x)|<2X10- 8

h=

Oi= 8.57332 87401

Figube

y=li(x) and y=w(x)

5.5.

Asymptotic Expansion
5.1.51
'

E,

~*/i

n w (w +l)

t\

(w+l)(n+2)

= 18.05901

5.2.

61486
30827
3.95849 69228

6 3 =21.09965

b4

Sine and Cosine Integrals

'

'

Z'

Z"

Definitions

(|args|<|7r)

5.1.52

M-

~X

^~

w
(1

sint
s
5.2.1

Representation of E n (x) for Large n

9.57332 23454

6 2 =25.63295

69730
8.63476
08925
(h=
a4 = .26777 37343
a2

5.2.2

si( 2)

Ci( 2 )

-.36^-

<ig(7i,

n(6x 2

Snx+n

2
)

(x+w) 6

;)<^l+

+ ^_ 1 )^-

Polynomial and Rational Approximations

5.1.53

'i(x)+ln

(*>0)

5.2.4

Chi(z)

+<iiX+a2x2 +a3xz +a4x i -\-a 5y; 6 +e(x)

The approximation

MTAC

5.1.53

is

from E. E.

shi( 2

Allen,

Note

)=r

dt

g+ J"

Some authors

[5.14],

si

(|arg z|<tt)

dt

nh

dt

COsh

= T +ln

/~ 1 A

[5.16]

(|arg z\<ir)

use the entire function

cos t)dt/t
Cin(z).
We have

as the basic function and denote

(1

240 (1954); approximations 5.1.54 and

5.1.56 are from C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital
computers, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955;
approximation 5.1.55 is from C. Hastings, Jr., Note 143,
MTAC 7, 68 (1953) (with permission).
169,

t1

cos

5.2.3

0<a;<l

x=a

h(x)|<2X106

= 7+ln2+

H2(n,z)}
4

-i

2a; )

=/;

8,

Cin(z)
7

The

Cinh(z)=

notations
I

it

by

= -Ci(z)+lnz+Y.

Sih(z)=

sinh

dt/t,

(cosh tl)dt/t have also been proposed [5.14.]

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

232

si(g)=Si(2)~

5.2.5

CiW^+ln.+gy^

5.2.16

,2n+l

Auxiliary Functions

Shi(2)=2

5.2.17
5.2.6
5.2.7

= Ci(z) sin z si(z) cos z

g(z) = Ci(z) cos z si(s) sin z

SS(2+l)(2n+l)l

/(2)

Sine and Cosine Integrals in

Terms of

cuw-r+h .+5^5,

5.2.18

Auxiliary

Symmetry Relations

Functions
5.2.8

= ~ f(z)

Si(z)

Si(-2) = -Si(2), Si(z)=Si(g)

5.2.19

cos zg(z) sin 2

5.2.20

Ci(2)=/(2) sin zg(z) cos

5.2.9

Ci(-z)=Ci(z)-iir

Integral Representations

5.2.10

sii(2)

= -JV

(0<arg 2<t)

Ci(I)=Ci(3)
Relation to Exponential Integral

cos (2 sin Z)d

5.2.21

Si(%=,[ES*)-Ei(-iz))+l
5.2.11

Ci(z)-hE1 (z)=
,,

r~ e~ zt

f " sin*

5.2.12

Jo
5.2.13

9(z)=

r +2

+l

dt

(^2>0)

dt

(^2>0)

r~ te~ zt

cos<

(|arg

g|<|)

sin (2 sin )g^

dt--

Jo

+l

5.2.22

Si(ix)-^[Ei(a;)+'

(x>0)

(a;)]

5.2.23

Ci( 2 )=-|

5.2.24

K()4-J&(-w)]

(|arg

Ci(w>^ [BiC*) ^t(sB)]+|

2|<|)

(x>0)

Value at Infinity

lim Si(x)=-

5.2.25

T_00

Integrals

(For

more extensive

tables

integrals

of

see

[5.3], [5.6], [5.11], [5.12], [5.13].)

5.2.26

r^dt=-si(z)
cosj

i.2.27

Figure

5.6.

ySi(x) and yCi(x)

j;

dt= Ci

(|arg2|<7r)

(|arg 2|<7r)

(2)

(^a>0)

arctan a

(^a>0)

r e-'Ci(0^=2^1n(l+a

Series Expansions

5.2.14

o./ N
S1{Z)

= f.

(-1)"2 2B+1
(2n+l)(2n+l)\

>.2.29

-0 '

si

(0<fc=

Q>

/% 00

5.2.15

/ 00

cos

Jo

Ci (*)<#
(t)dt=

I
I

Jo

sii
sin

si

(t)dt=

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

~

CP(t)dt=j

5.2.31

Ci (0

5.2.32

si

si

l<x<a>

5.2.37

(t)dt=

233

(t)dt=In 2
|e(x)|<10-*

5.2.33
1

(l-e- at ) cos

/.

6*

,.

Oi= 7.547478

61

02=1.564072

62

= 15.723606
= 12.723684

l<x<>

5.2.38

+@E (a+ib)

(a real,

6>0)

+fl 1 j 6 +o2 x 4 +03a: 2

+6

a;

-S(

a;

Asymptotic Expansions
5.2.34

5.2.35

^)~p(l-p+fi-p+-

dg

l<>

x 6 +6 2a; 4 +63a; 2

+oA _L

+V +W
>.

(x)|<5X10- 7

Oi= 38.027264

6j= 40.021433

2=265.187033

62 =322.624911

o3 =335.677320

63

o4 = 38.102495

6 4 =157.105423

= 570.236280

l<x<>

5.2.39

Rational Approximations

+OiX 6 +02a; 4 +03X 2 +04

*)+(*)
6
4
\x +b^
!X +6 2 x + 63^+64
3

9W ~x

l<x<oo

5.2.36

|e(x)|<3X10- 7

Oj= 42.242855

(x)|<2X10-

02

61=

= 302.757865

62

63

0!=7.241163

6i=9.068580

o3 =352.018498

02=2.463936

b 2 =7. 157433

o4

48.196927

= 482.485984
= 11 14.978885

64= 449.690326

21.821899

Numerical Methods
5.3.

Use and Extension of the Tables

Example

Example 1. Compute Ci (.25) to 5D.

From Tables 5.1 and 4.2 we have

Compute

5D.
Table 5.2 we find
From Table 4.8,
/(20) = .049757, o(20) = .002464.
Using 5.2.8
sin 20 = .912945, cos 20 = .408082.
Since

3.

1/20

= .05

Si (20) to

from

Ci(.25)-ln(.25)-Y
(.25)

Ci

(.25)

= (.25)

.249350,

(-.249350) +

Si(20)=|/(20) cos 20-o(20)

.54824.

= -.82466.

Example 2. Compute Ei (8) to 5S.

From Table 5.1 we have x<T*Ei (x) = 1.18185 for
x=8. From Table 4.4, e 8 =2.98096X10 3 Thus
.

Ei

20

= 1 .570796 - .022555 =

(- 1 .38629)
.577216

sin

(8) =440.38.

8
From C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital
computers, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955
(with permission).

Example

4.

Compute

En (x), n=l(l)N,

to

5S

x= 1.275,

JV=10.
than about five, the recurrence
relation 5.1.14 can be used in increasing order of n
without serious loss of accuracy.
By quadratic interpolation in Table 5.1 we get
1276
i (1.275) = .1408099, and from Table 4.4, e"
for

If

is

less

= .2794310.

yields

The recurrence formula

5.1.14 then

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

234
n

#(1.275)

.1408099

#,(1.275)

.0430168

.0998984

.0374307

.0760303

.0331009

.0608307

.0296534

.0504679

10

.0268469

10 6#(12.3)

191038
199213
208098
217793
228406
240073
252951
267234
283155
300998
.321117
343953

12

11

10

8
7

w=10

Interpolating directly in Table 5.4 for

we get 2io(1.275) = 0268470 as a check.

Example 5. Compute En (x), n=l(l)N,

5
to

5S

forz=10, iV=10.

as in this example, x

If,

appreciably larger

is

and N<x, then the recurrence relation

be safely used in decreasing order of
From Table 5.5 for ar =.l we get
n([5.5]).
(xlQ)e xE10 (x) = 1.02436 so that E1Q (10) =2.32529
-6
Using this as the initial value we obtain
X10
column (2).
than

may

10#(10)

(1)

(2)

.41570

.41570

.38300

.38302

.35500

.35488

.33000

.33041

.31000

.30898

.28800

.29005

.27667

.27325

.25333

.25822

.25084

.24472

.22573

.23253

direction

to

column

for

generate

19

20

>0

n without

in increasing order of

accuracy.

From

= .0676676,

so

we

5.1.25

loss of

we nave o(2)=21-2
e

get

.710510

Independent calculation with 5.1.8 yields the

The underlined

(1).

En (x), n = l(l)N,

to

5S

same residt for a 5 (2).

The functions a Q (x) and i(x) can be obtained
from Table 10.8 Ubing 5.1.48, 5.1.49.
Example 8. Compute n (x), n-=0(l)N to 6S
for x=l, N=5.
Use the recurrence relation 5.1.16 in increasing
order of n if
x>.368iV+.184

n (x)

18

.169169

is

tion to generate

17

.321421

appreciably larger than x, and x appreciably larger than five, then the recurrence relation 5.1.14 should be used in the backward direcTV

16

z=12.3, iV=20.

If

15

1.84394

Compute

6.

13

14

.101501

figures are in error.

Example

12

(2)

for

(12.3)

.0676676

From Table 5.2 we get xe I'1 (x) .915633 so

that i1 (10)=4.15697X10- 6 as a check. Forward
recurrence starting with Z?i(10)=4.1570X10" 6
yields the values in

re

191038
183498
176516
170042
164015
158397
153144
148226
143608

From Tables 5.2 and 5.5 we find E (12.3) = .343953

X10~ 6 "20(12.3) = 143609 X10~ 6 as a check.
Example 7. Compute a(2) to 6S for n= 1(1)5.
The recurrence formula 5.1.15 can be used for
all

10#(10)

five

5.1.14

10 6

n<Cn and

n (x)

for

in the forward

n^>n

where

and

in decreasing order of

From

5,1.9

with

In

n otherwise

n=5 we

correctly

rounded to 6D.

formula

5.1.16

carrying

9D

iV+ .821

get

5 (1)

[5.5].

= .324297

Using the recurrence

order of n and
we get the values in column (2).
in

decreasing

n ={x).

From

5.1.52, with

0n(l)

n =12, x=12.3, we have

2.35040 2

,-12.3

EnM--

(1

24.;

+ .02032 -.00043

Using the recurrence relation

we

get

(1)

.00001)
= 1.91038

X10- 7

5.1.14, as indicated,

P(l)
(2)

2.35040 2389

-.73575 8880

-.73575 9269

.87888 3849

.87888 4629

-.44950 9722

-.44950 7383

.55236 3499

-.32434 3774

.55237 2854

-.32429

Using forward recurrence instead, starting with

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

(1)=2 sinh 1=2.350402 and again carrying 9D,
obtain column (1). The underlined figures
The above shows that three signifiare in error.
cant figures are lost in forward recurrence, whereas
about three significant figures are gained in backward recurrence!
/3

with

we

we

An

alternative procedure

arbitrary value for

To illustrate,
n=ll we get

[5.1]).

zero at
n

sufficiently large

with

starting

P(l)

11

to start with

is

A2=2 =.2578 .1057i. Thus

ct)

(zo)/fc!

/(g)

.280560

.552373

-.206984

-.449507

.319908

.878885

-.253812

-.735759

.404621

(Az)*/<*>(3o)/fc!

107895;
012795;
000155i
000212;

= .063261

functions

/3

(x)

from Table 10.8 using

and

can be obtained

ft (a:)

alternative procedure

2=3.2578

for

+6.8943i.

perform bivariate
of

Compute

10.

z= 4.2

for

Ei(z)

+ 12.7i.
Using the formula at the bottom of Table 5.6

From Table
Zoe'oEi (20)

to

and imaginary parts

5.1.48, 5.1.49.

Compute E^z)

9.

is

result.

ze*Ex {z).

Example
Example

000004;

=3+6i and

Ag=.2578 + .8943i we get the same

An

ooono;

-.004716;

Repeating the calculation with

2.350402

107895;
002435;

.105354i
-.022075i

.000332

interpolation in the real

The

<T Z =.031510

E (z)-

-.
+.
+.
-.

059898
003460
-. 000094
-. 000003
.

value

0(1)

10

-.
+.
+.
-.

059898
008174
001859
000088

an

(see also

the

with 5.1.27

get

.324297

0.

235

5.6

we have

for z

=Zo+M/o=3+7i

= .934958 + .095598i,
e'oEx (go) = .059898 -

.711093

SExip)**

-3.784225 + 12.7i
.010389

.278518

+ -1.90572+ 12.7i7+ 2.0900+12.7i

107895i.

'

From

Taylor's formula wiihf(z)=e zEi(z)

= -.0184106-. 0736698t

we have

/(z)=/(zo+A2)=/(zo)+-^)

(g)-1.87133-4.70540i.

1!

/"(zo)

(Az) 2

2!

+
References

Texts
[5.1]

F.

On

Corbat6,

J.

the computation of auxiliary

functions for two-center integrals by

high-speed computer,

J.

Chem. Phys.

means
24,

[5.3]

[5.7]

A. Erdelyi et
1,

Book

Co., Inc.,

New

York,
[5.9]

W.

to the
J.

[5.5]

W.

Some elementary

Gautschi,

gamma and

Math. Phys.
Gautschi,

integrals,

(1961).

J.

inequalities relating

incomplete

gamma

function,

C. Hastings,

Assoc.

computation of certain
8, 21-40

Comput. Mach.

Jr.,

Approximations

for digital

com-

Mathematical problems of radiative

Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics
and Mathematical Physics, No. 31 (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1934).
V. Kourganoff, Basic methods in transfer problems
(Oxford Univ. Press, London, England, 1952).

E.

[5.10] F.

38, 77-81 (1959).

Recursive

Austria,

Hopf,

equilibrium,

N.Y., 1954).
[5.4]

Integraltafel

1955).

Tables of integral transforms, vols.

al.,

Hofreiter,

puters (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J.,

[5.8]

2 (McGraw-Hill

N.

Wien and Innsbruck,

1949-50).

al.,

N.Y., 1953).

and

Grobner

(Springer- Verlag,

Higher transcendental functions,

2 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,

A. Erdelyi et
vol.

W.

452-453

(1956).
[5.2]

[5.6]

of a

[5.11]

Losch and F. Schoblik, Die Fakultat und verwandte Funktionen (B. G. Teubner, Leipzig,
Germany, 1951).

N. Nielsen, Theorie des Integrallogarithmus (B. G.

Teubner, Leipzig, Germany, 1906).

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

236
[5.12] F. Oberhettinger,

Tabellen zur Fourier Transforma-

tion (Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Gottingen, Heidel-

[5.13]

I.

berg, Germany, 1957).

M. Ryshik and I. S. Gradstein, Tables of series,
products and integrals (VEB Deutscher Verlag
der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Germany, 1957).

[5.14] S. A. Schelkunoff,

Proposed symbols

1-e-

[5.16] F. G. Tricomi,

Rome,

[5.25]

[5.26]

vol.
I.
Circular and
hyperbolic functions, exponential, sine and cosine
integrals, etc., 3d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press,

[5.18]

[5.19]

Cambridge, England, 1951). Ei(x) In x, Ei(x)

-In x, Ci(x)-ln x, Si(x), x=0(.l)5, 11D; Ei(x),
10-llS;#,(x),x = 5(.I)15, 13-14D;
x = 5(.l)15,
Si(x), Ci(x), x = 5(.l)20(.2)40,
10D.
L. Fox, Tables of Weber parabolic cylinder functions
and other functions for large arguments, Mathematical Tables, vol. 4, National Physical Laboratory (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London,
England, 1960). e~*Ei(x), e^E^x), x- 1 = 0(.001).l,
10D; /(x), fif(x), x-^OCOOl).!, 10D.
J. W. L. Glaisher, Tables of the numerical values
of

the sine-integral,

nential

London

[5.20]

Roy.

Trans.

[5.27]

molecular

[5.28]

a(x), n\e n {x),

905, Baltimore, Md.
(1957).
x=.05(.05)15, n=0(l)18, 9S.
[5.21] F. E. Harris, Tables of the exponential integral
Ei(x), Math. Tables Aids Comp. 11, 9-16 (1957).
#i(x), e x E x {x), Ei(x), e~ I Ei(x), x=l(l)4(.4)8(l)50,
18-19S.

Harvard University, The Annals

tion Laboratory, vols. 18, 19; Tables of the generalized sine- and cosine-integral functions, parts
I,

S(a,x)--

6D;

Jo

dx, C(a, x)

'

r-

Ss(a,

x)

cos xdx,

6D

Cs(a, x)

[5.30]

Harvard University, The Annals

exponential-integral
Press,

Cambridge,

functions

Mass.,

(Harvard

1949).

E(a,

Univ.
x)

Miller,

r,= 01 (.01). 2,
.

a=0 o (2)60 o (l)

Tables of generalized exponential

Mathematical Tables, vol. 3, National

Physical Laboratory (Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, London, England, 1958).
(x + n)e x E n (x),
x=0(.01)l,
n=l(l)8, x = 0(.l)20, n=l(l)24,
x-^OCOOl)^, n= 1(1)24; 8D.
J. Miller, J. M. Gerhauser, and F. A. Matsen,
Quantum chemistry integrals and tables (Univ. of
Texas Press, Austin, Tex., 1959). a(x), x=.12o

the

= 0(l)16,

14S;/3(x),x

= 0(.125)24.875,

12-14S.

and R. P. Hurst, Simplified calculation of

exponential integral, Math. Tables Aids

Comp.
e^(x),

12,

187-193

(1958).

e-*Ei(x),

Ei(x),

Ei{x), x=.2(.05)5(.l)10(.2)20(.5)50(l)80;

16S.

Bureau of Standards, Tables of sine,

and exponential integrals, vol. I (U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,

National
cosine

1940).

Si(x),

Ci(x),

Ei(x),

= 0(.l)10;

^.(x), x

= 0(.0001)2,

9D.
National Bureau of Standards, Tables of sine, cosine
and exponential integrals, vol. II (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1940).
9-10 D
Si(x), Ci(x), Ei(x), Ei(x), x = 0(.001)10,
10D; Ei(x),
or S; Si(x), Ci(x), x=10(.l)40,
x

[5.33]

Computa-

e ia ,

[5.31] J. Miller

6D;u = ^Jx~*+a?,
of the

5-6D.

F.

(.125)25,n

x)-

tion Laboratory, vol. 21; Tables of the generalized

90,

71=0(1)16,

sin xdx,

Jo

Cc(a,x)= P^-^(l-cosx)dx,
u
JO

Sc(a,

0<a<25, 0<x<25.
[5.23]

=-

integrals,

[5.32]

sin xdx,

-jr

x=.95(.0001)1.05,

A. Amemiya, E. Ishiguro, T. Kimura,

Table of molecular integrals (Maruzen Co.. Ltd.,
Tokyo, Japan, 1955)
a(x), x= .25(.25)9(.5) 19(1)
25, n=0(l)15,
US; /3n (x), x=.25 (.25)8(.5)19(1)
25, n = 0(l)8,
US.
M. Mashiko, Tables of generalized exponential-,
sine- and cosine-integrals, Numerical Computation Bureau Report No. 7, Tokyo, Japan (1953).
+ lnlzl^C^+hi Z-iS.ti), z=He i, =0(.05)
o
o
a=0(2)60
5,
(l)90
6D; ze'E,{z)=A a {y,) exp

[5.29] G.

dx,

sin

|l-x|,

zsinw
1949).

li(x)-ln

(Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.,

II

5S.

M. Kotani,

[i*Gf)], 2

Computa-

of the

0<x<16,

E^

A n {x)

integrals

si(x),

and the
auxiliary functions d(x), The Johns Hopkins
Univ. Applied Physics Laboratory, CM Report

[5.22]

7S;

160,

auxiliary

and

6D.

Soc.

367-388 (1870). Si(x), Ci(x), Ei(x),

18D, x=l(.l)5(l)15, 11D.
-Ei(x), x = 0(.01)l,
B. S. Gourary and M. E. Lynam, Tables of the

of Ci(x)

K. A. Karpov and S. N. Razumovskil, Tablitsy

integral' nogo logarifma (Izdat. Akad.
Nauk
SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1956).
li(x),
x=
0(.0001) 2.5 (.001) 20 (.01)200 (.1) 500 (1) 10000 (10)
25000,

and expo-

cosine-integral

Philos.

integral,

2/=0(l)20, 13S.
E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, 4th
ed. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1945).
-Ei(z), Ei(x), x = 0(.01)l(.l)5(l)15, 46S; Si(x), Ci(x), x=0(.01)l(.l)5(l) 15(5) 100(10)
200(100) 10'W, generally 4-5S; maxima and

minima
of Science,

Hershey, Computing programs for the comU.S. Naval Proving

Ground, Dahlgren, Va., NPG Report No. 1646
(1959).
-Eii-z),z=x + iy, x= -20(1)20,

Italy, 1954).

Advancement

plex exponential integral,

Tables
[5.17] British Association for the
Mathematical Tables,

dx, Ec(a,x)

[5.24] A. V.

Funzioni ipergeometriche confluenti

(Edizioni Cremonese,

6D; u = Vx 2 +a J 0<a<10,

dx,

0<x<10.

cosine

[5.15] J.

JT

cos u

/o

for the modified

and exponential integral, Quart. Appl.

Math. 2, 90 (1944).
Todd, Evaluation of the exponential integral for
large complex arguments, J. Research NBS 52,
313-317 (1954) RP 2508.

sin

dx, Es(a, x)

& (x),x=10(.l)15,

7-11S.

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

[5.34]

National Bureau of Standards, Table of sine and

cosine integrals for arguments from 10 to 100,
Math. Series 32 (U.S. Government

7=25(25)1000,

Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1954).

exp(

Applied

[5.35]

Si(x),

Ci(x),x=10(.01)100, 10D.
National Bureau of Standards, Tables of functions

and

Computation Laboratory, Applied Math.

37 (U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C., 1954). E n (x), n = 0(l)20,
x=0(.01)2(.l)10, 4-9S; E 2 (x)-xlnx, x = 0(.01)

(.0001).
[5.38] V.

Series

7S;#

Office,

6D,

3 (x)

+ x

D.C.,

2/=0(.02)l,

1958).

E^+ln

x=-l(.l)0,

kinetik
1959).

(Akademie-Verlag,

AE kT
kT AE

exp

Berlin,

/-AE\ kT
ex]

z,

kT ')'AE

Germany,

(^>

/-AE\ dT
/AE\
jrr AE
E\kf)'A-El exp {-jf-)
exp
x
'jf
y-kf)
v/'AE\

CT

),

),

t-^dt,
(x- )^i(x- );x = .01

E\{x~ l ),

1-x-i exp

exp

Pagurova, Tables of the exponential integral

e~ xu u~'du. Translated from the Rus-

by D. G. Fry (Pergamon Press, New York,

N.Y.; Oxford, London, England; Paris, France,
E n (x), n=0(l)20, x = 0(.01)2(.l)10, 41961).
9S; E 2 (x)-x In x, x=0(.01)5, 7S; tf 3 (x) + |x 2 In x,
x = 0(.01).l, 7S; e*E n (x), n=2(l)10, x=10(.l)20,
7D; e*E y (x), *=0(.1)1, x=.01(.01)7(.05)12(.l)20,
7 S or D.
Tablitsy integral'nogo sinusa i kosinusa (Izdat.
Akad. Nauk SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1954).
sian

y=

6D, x = 0(.02)4, ?/=0(.02)3(.05)10,

0(.1)1; Edz),
x=0(l)20, 2/=0(l)20, x=-3.1(.l)0, 2/=0(.l)3.1,
x=-4.5(.5)0, 2/=0(.l)4(.5)10, x=-10(.5)-4.5,
6D,
2/=0(.5)10, x= -20(1)0, y=0(l)20;e*Ei(z),
x=4(.l)10, 2/=0(.5)10.
S. Oberlander, Tabellen von Exponentialfunktionen
und-integralen zur Anwendung auf Gebieten der
Thermodynamik, Halbleitertheorie und Gas-

_1

x"1 ,

3-4S;

5-6S.

1,

-s;

Washington,

x = 0(.02)l,

I.

),x exp

E,(x)-.

lnx, x=0(.01).l, 7S.

[5.36] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the exponential integral for complex arguments, Applied Math. Series 51 (U.S. Government Printing
.5,

_1

T= 150(10)390,

x-iexp (x-^E^x-

of zeros of functions, Collected short tables

of the

[5.37]

237

[5.39]

Si(x),

Ci(x), x

= 0(.0001)2(.001)10(.005)100,

Ci(x)-lnx,x=0(.0001).01,
[5.40]

7D;

7D.

Tablitsy integral'noi pokazatel'nol funktsii (Izdat.

Akad. Nauk SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1954).

Ei(x),' 1 (x),x=0(.0001)1.3(.001)3(.0005)10(.l)15,

[5.41]

7D.
D. K. Trubey, A table of three exponential integrals, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report
2750, Oak Ridge, Tenn. (June 1959).
E (x),
x

2 (x),

6S.

3 (x),

= 0(.0005).l(.001)2(.01)10(.l)20,

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

238
Table

SINE,

5.1

COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS

x -2 [Ci(x)

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1.00000
0.99999
0.99997
0.99995
0.99991

00000
44444
77781
00014
11154

In x 7]
-0.25000 00000
-0.24999 89583
-0.24999 58333
-0.24999 06250
-0.24998 33339

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.99986
0.99980
0.99972
0.99964
0.99955

11215
00216
78178
45127
01094

-0.24997
-0.24996
-0.24994
-0.24993
-0.24991

39598
25030
89639
33429
56402

1.01264
1.01520
1.01777
1.02036
1.02295

0202
2272
5836
0958
7705

0.98763
0.98519
0.98276
0.98035
0.97794

75971
77714
86889
02898
25142

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.99944
0.99932
0.99920
0.99906
0.99891

46111
80218
03455
15870
17512

-0.24989
-0.24987
-0.24985
-0.24982
-0.24979

58564
39923
00480
40244
59223

1.02556
1.02818
1.03081
1.03346
1.03611

6141
6335
8352
2259
8125

0.97554
0.97315
0.97078
0.96841
0.96606

53033
85980
23399
64710
09336

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.99875
0.99857
0.99839
0.99820
0.99799

08435
88696
58357
17486
66151

-0.24976
-0.24973
-0.24969
-0.24966
-0.24962

57422
34850
91516
27429
42598

1.03878
1.04146
1.04415
1.04686
1.04957

6018
6006
8158
2544
9234

0.96371
0.96138
0.95905
0.95674
0.95443

56702
06240
57383
09569
62237

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.99778
0.99755
0.99731
0.99706
0.99680

04427
32390
50122
57709
55242

-0.24958
-0.24954
-0.24949
-0.24944
-0.24940

37035
10749
63752
96056
07674

1.05230
1.05504
1.05780
1.06057
1.06334

8298
9807
3833
0446
9719

0.95214
0.94985
0.94758
0.94531
0.94306

14833
66804
17603
66684
13506

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.99653
0.99625
0.99595
0.99565
0.99533

42813
20519
88464
46750
95489

-0.24934
-0.24929
-0.24924
-0.24918
-0.24912

98618
68902
18540
47546
55938

1.06614
1.06894
1.07176
1.07459
1.07743

1726
6539
4232
4879
8555

0.94081
0.93857
0.93635
0.93413
0.93192

57528
98221
35046
67481
94997

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.99501
0.99467
0.99432
0.99396
0.99360

34793
64779
85570
97288
00064

-0.24906
-0.24900
-0.24893
-0.24886
-0.24879

43727
10933
57573
83662
89219

1.08029
1.08316
1.08604
1.08894
1.09185

5334
5293
8507
5053
5008

0.92973
0.92754
0.92536
0.92319
0.92103

17075
33196
42845
45510
40684

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.99321
0.99282
0.99242
0.99201
0.99158

94028
79320
56078
24449
84579

-0.24872
-0.24865
-0.24857
-0.24850
-0.24842

74263
38813
82887
06507
09693

1.09477
1.09771
1.10066
1.10363
1.10660

8451
5458
6108
0481
8656

0.91888
0.91674
0.91460
0.91248
0.91036

27858
06533
76209
36388
86582

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.99115
0.99070
0.99025
0.98978
0.98930

36619
80728
17063
45790
67074

-0.24833
-0.24825
-0.24816
-0.24808
-0.24799

92466
54849
96860
18528
19870

1.10960
11260
1.11562
1.11866
1.12170

0714
6735
6800
0991
9391

0.90826
0.90616
0.90407
0.90199
0.89992

26297
55048
72350
77725
70693

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.98881
0.98831
0.98780
0.98728
0.98675

81089
88008
88010
81278
67998

-0.24790
-0.24780
-0.24771
-0.24761
-0.24751

00913
61685
02206
22500
22600

1.12477
1. 12784
1.13094
1.13404
1.13716

2082
9147
0671
6738
7432

0.89786
0.89581
0.89376
0.89173
0.88970

50778
17511
70423
09048
32920

0.50

0.98621 48361
[(-6)11

x-^\{x)

See

Examples 1-2

-0.24741 02526

7=0.57721 56649
.

x- [&i(x) lnx 7]
1.00000 0000
1.00250 5566
1.00502 2306
1.00755 0283
1.01008 9560
l

1.

1.14030 2841

x~^[Ei{x)+\nx+y\
1.00000 00000
0.99750 55452
0.99502 21392
0.99254 97201
0.99008 82265

0.88768 41584

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

SINE,

COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS

239
Table

5.1

X
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.49310
0.50268
0.51225
0.52179
0.53132

74180
77506
15212
84228
81492

40788
32390
37358
07938
-0.11099 04567

0.45421
0.48703
0.51953
0.55173
0. 58364

9905
2167
0633
0445
5931

0.55977
0.54782
0.53621
0.52495
0.51400

3595
2352
9798
1510
3886

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0. 54084
0.55033
0.55981
0.56926
0.57870

03951
48563
12298
92137
85069

-0.09529
-0.07998
-0.06503
-0. 05044
-0.03618

95274
55129
65744
14815
95707

0.61529
0. 64667
0.67781
0.70872
0.73940

0657
7490
8642
5720
9764

0.50336
0.49301
0.48296
0.47317
0.46364

4081
9959
0034
3433
9849

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.58812
0.59752
0.60691
0.61627
0.62561

88096
98233
12503
27944
41603

-0.02227
-0.00867
+0.00460
0. 01758
0.03026

07070
52486
59849
17424
03686

0.

76988
0.80015
0.83022
0. 86011
0.88983

1290
0320
6417
8716
5949

0.45437
0.44535
0.43656
0.42799
0.41965

9503
3112
1854
7338
1581

63493
64423
0.65351
0. 66277
0.67200

50541
51831
42557
19817
80721

0.

04264
05475
06659
07815
08946

98293
77343
13594
76659
33195

0.91938
0.94877
0.97801
1.00711
1.03607

6468
8277
9042
6121
6576

0.41151
0.40358
0.39585
0.38830
0.38095

6976
6275
2563
9243
0010

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.68122
0. 69041
0. 69958
0.70873
0.71785

22391
41965
36590
03430
39660

0.10051
0.11131
0.12187
0.13220
0. 14229

47070
79525
89322
32879
64404

1.06490
1. 09361
1.12220
1.15068
1.17905

7195
4501
4777
4069
8208

0.37376
0.36675
0.35991
0.35323
0.34671

8843
9981
7914
7364
3279

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

72695
73603
0.74508
0.75411
0.76311

42472
09067
36664
22494
63804

0.15216
0.16180
0.17123
0.18045
0. 18946

36010
97827
98110
83335
98290

1.20733
1.23551
1.26360
1.29161
1.31954

2816
3319
4960
2805
1753

0.34034
0.33411
0.32803
0.32208
0.31627

0813
5321
2346
7610
7004

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.77209
0.78105
0. 78997
0. 79888
0. 80776

57855
01921
93293
29277
07191

0.19827
0.20688
0.21530
0. 22352
0.23156

86160
88610
45859
96752
78824

1.

34739
37518
1.40290
1.43056
1.45816

6548
1783
1910
1245
3978

0.31059
0.30504
0.29961
0.29429
0.28910

6579
2539
1236
9155
2918

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0. 81661
0.82543
0.83423
0. 84300
0.85175

24372
78170
65953
85102
33016

0.23942
0. 24709
0. 25459
0.26192
0.26907

28368
80486
69153
27264
86687

1.

48571
51321
1.54067
1. 56808
1.59546

4176
5791
2664
8534
7036

0.28401
0.27904
0.27417
0.26941
0.26474

9269
5070
7301
3046
9496

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

86047
0.86916
0. 87782
0. 88645
0.89506

07107
04808
23564
60839
14112

27606
28289
0. 28955
0.29606
0. 30241

78305
32065
77018
41358
52458

1.62281
1.65012
1. 67741
1.70467
1.73191

1714
6019
3317
6891
9946

0.26018
0.25571
0.25133
0.24704
0.24285

3939
3758
6425
9501
0627

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.90363
0.91218
0.92070
0.92919
0.93765

80880
58656
44970
37370
33420

30861
31466
0.32056
0. 32631
0.33193

36908
20547
28495
85183
14382

1.75914
1.78635
1.81355
1. 84074
1. 86793

5612
6947
6941
8519
4543

0.23873
0.23470
0.23075
0.22689
0.22309

7524
7988
9890
1167
9826

1.00

0.94608 30704

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

Si(x)

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

Ci(x)

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

33740 39229

[*-f

Ei(x)

-0. 17778
-0. 16045
-0. 14355
-0. 12707

1.

1.

1.89511 7816

['I?

<

" 5H
5

Elbe)

0.21938 3934
(
-55M
]
[

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

240
Table

5.1

SINE,

COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS

Ci(x)

Si(x)

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

0.94608
0. 95448
0. 96285
0.97119
0.97949

30704
26820
19387
06039
84431

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

98777
99602
1. 00423
1.01241
1.02056

52233
07135
46846
69091
71617

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

1. 02868
1.03677
1. 04482
1.05284
1.06083

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

Ei( x)

Ei(x)

0.33740
0. 34273
0. 34793
0. 35300
0. 35793

39229
82254
65405
10067
37091

1.89511
1.92230
1. 94948
1.97667
2.00387

7816
1085
7042
8325
7525

0.21938
0.21574
0.21217
0.20867
0.20523

3934
1624
1083
0559
8352

0.36273
36741
0.37196
0. 37638
0. 38069

66810
19060
13201
68132
02312

2.03108
2.05830
2.08554
2.11280
2.14007

7184
9800
7825
3672
9712

0.20187
0.19857
0.19533
0.19216
0.18904

2813
2347
5403
0479
6118

52187
08583
38608
40082
10845

38487
38893
0. 39288
0.39671
0. 40043

33774
80142
58645
86134
79090

2.16737
2.19470
2.22205
2.24943
2.27684

8280
1672
2152
1949
3260

0.18599
0.18299
0.18005
0.17716
0.17433

0905
3465
2467
6615
4651

1.06878
1.07670
1. 08459
1. 09244
1.10026

48757
51696
17561
44270
29760

40404
40754
0.41093
0.41421
0. 41738

53647
25593
10390
23185
78816

2.

30428
2.33176
2.35928
2. 38684
2.41444

8252
9062
7800
6549
7367

0.17155
0.16882
0.16615
0.16352
0.16094

5354
7535
0040
1748
1567

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

1.10804
1.11579
1.12351
1.13119
1.13883

71990
68937
18599
18994
68160

0.

42045
0.42342
0. 42629
0.42906
0. 43172

91829
76482
46760
16379
98802

2.44209
2.46978
2.49752
2.52531
2.55315

2285
3315
2442
1634
2836

0.15840
0.15592
0.15347
0.15108
0.14872

8437
1324
9226
1164
6188

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

14644
1.15402
1.16155
1.16906
1.17652

64157
05063
88978
14023
78340

43430
43677
43915
44144
44363

07240
54665
53815
17205
57130

2.58104
60899
2.63700
2.66507
2.69320

7974
8956
7673
5997
5785

0.14641
0.14414
0.14191
0.13971
0.13756

3373
1815
0639
8989
6032

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

1. 18395
1.19135
1.19870
1.20602
1.21331

80091
17459
88649
91886
25418

44573
44775
0. 44967
0.45151
0. 45326

85675
14723
55955
20863
20753

2.72139
74965
2.77798
2.80637
2. 83484

8880
7110
2287
6214
0677

0.13545
0.13337
0.13133
0.12932
0.12735

0958
2975
1314
5224
3972

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

1.22055
1.22776
1.23493
1.24207
1.24916

87513
76460
90571
28180
87640

0. 45492
0.45650
0. 45800
0.45941
0.46075

66752
69811
40711
90071
28349

2.86337
2.89198
2.92067
2.94943
2.97828

7453
8308
4997
9263
2844

0.12541
0.12351
0.12164
0.11980
0.11799

6844
3146
2198
3337
5919

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

1.25622
1.26324
1.27022
1.27717
1.28407

67328
65642
81004
11854
56658

0.

46200
46318
0. 46427
0.46529
0. 46624

65851
12730
78995
74513
09014

3.

00720
3.03621
3. 06530
3. 09448
3. 12375

7464
4843
6691
4712
0601

0.11621
0.11447
0.11275
0.11106
0.10940

9313
2903
6090
8287
8923

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

1.29094
1.29776
1.30455
1.31130
1.31801

13902
82094
59767
45473
37788

0.46710
0. 46790
0. 46862
0.46927
0. 46984

92094
33219
41732
26848
97667

3.15310
3.18255
3.21209
3.24172
3.27145

6049
2741
2355
6566
7042

0.10777
0.10617
0.10459
0.10304
0.10151

7440
3291
5946
4882
9593

1.50

1.32468 35312

0.

0.

1.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

47035 63172

['" 6,5]

T]

2.

2.

3.30128 5449
(

t "]

0.10001 9582

[<-r]

241

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGR ALS

SINE,

Table

5.1

X
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

1.32468
1.33131
1.33790
1.34445
1.35096

35312
36664
40489
45453
50245

47035
47079
0.47116
0.47146
0. 47169

63172
32232
13608
15952
47815

3.30128
3.33121
3.36124
3.39137
3.42161

5449
3449
2701
4858
1576

0.10001
0.09854
0.09709
0.09566
0.09426

9582
4365
3466
6424
2786

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

1.35743
1.36386
1.37025
1.37660
1.38291

53577
54183
50823
42275
27345

47186
47196
0.47200
0.47197
0.47188

17642
33785
04495
37932
42164

3.45195
48240
3.51296
3.54363
3. 57442

4503
5289
5580
7024
1266

0.09288
0.09152
0.09018
0.08887
0.08758

2108
3960
7917
3566
0504

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

1.38918
1.39540
1.40159
1.40773
1.41384

04859
73666
32640
80678
16698

0.

47173
0.47151
0. 47124
0. 47091
0. 47052

25169
94840
58984
25325
01507

3.60531
3. 63633
3. 66746
3.69871
3.73009

9949
4719
7221
9099
1999

0.08630
0.08505
0.08382
0.08261
0.08142

8334
6670
5133
3354
0970

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

1.41990
1.42592
1.43190
1.43784
1.44373

39644
48482
42202
19816
80361

0.47006
46956
0. 46899
0. 46837
0. 46769

95096
13580
64372
54812
92169

3. 76158
3.79320
3. 82495
3. 85682
3. 88882

7569
7456
3310
6783
9528

0.08024
0.07909
0.07795
0.07683
0.07573

7627
2978
6684
8412
7839

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

1.44959
1.45540
1.46117
1.46690
1.47258

22897
46507
50299
33404
94974

0.46696
0.46618
0. 46534
0. 46445
0. 46351

83642
36359
57385
53716
32286

3.92096
95322
3. 98562
4. 01816
4. 05084

3201
9462
9972
6395
0400

0.07465
0.07358
0.07253
0.07150
0.07048

4644
8518
9154
6255
9527

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

1.47823
1.48383
1.48939
1.49491
1.50038

34189
50249
42379
09830
51872

0.46251
46147
0. 46038
0.45924
0.45804

99967
63568
29839
05471
97097

4.

08365
4.11660
4.14970
4. 18294
4. 21633

3659
7847
4645
5736
2809

0.06948
0.06850
0.06753
0.06657
0.06563

8685
3447
3539
8691
8641

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

1.50581
1.51120
1.51655
1.52185
1.52711

67803
56942
18633
52243
57165

0.

45681
45552
0.45419
0.45281
0.45139

11294
54585
33436
54262
23427

4.

24986
4.28355
4. 31738
4.35137
4. 38551

7557
1681
6883
4872
7364

0.06471
0.06380
0.06290
0.06202
0.06115

3129
1903
4715
1320
1482

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

1.53233
1.53750
1.54263
1.54772
1.55277

32813
78626
94066
78621
31800

0.

0.

44992
44841
44685
44526
44362

47241
31966
83813
08948
13486

4.41981
4. 45427
4. 48888
4.52366
4.55860

6080
2746
9097
6872
7817

0.06029
0.05945
0.05862
0.05780
0.05699

4967
1545
0994
3091
7623

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

1.55777
1.56273
1.56764
1.57252
1.57735

53137
42192
98545
21801
11591

0.44194
0.44021
0. 43845
0.43665
0. 43481

03497
85005
63991
46388
38088

4.

59371
62898
4. 66442
4.70003
4.73582

3687
6242
7249
8485
1734

0.05620
0.05542
0.05465
0.05389
0.05314

4378
3149
3731
5927
9540

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

1.58213
1.58687
1.59157
1.59623
1.60084

67567
89407
76810
29502
47231

0.43293
0.43101
0.42906
0. 42707
0. 42504

44941
72752
27288
14273
39391

4.77177
4.80791
4. 84422
4.88071
4.91738

8785
1438
1501
0791
1131

0.05241
0.05169
0.05097
0.05027
0.04958

4380
0257
6988
4392
2291

2.00

1.60541 29768

Ci(x)

Si(x)

-r]

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.42298 08288

Ei(x)

3.

3.

4.

4.95423 4356
(

)2

Ei(x)

0.04890 0511

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

242
Table

sir <JE,

5.1

COSINE AND

Si(z)

E3 CPONENTI^ IL INTI lGRALS

xe~ x~EA{x)

Ci(x)

xe xEi{x)

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.

60541
1. 64869
1. 68762
1.72220
1.75248

29768
86362
48272
74818
55008

0.42298
0.40051
0.37507
0. 34717
0.31729

08288
19878
45990
56175
16174

1.34096
1.37148
1. 39742
1.41917
1.43711

5420
6802
1992
1534
8315

0.72265
0.73079
0.73843
0.74562
0.75240

7234
1502
1132
2149
4829

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.77852
1.80039
1.81821
1. 83209
1.84219

01734
44505
20765
65891
01946

0.28587
0.25333
0.22008
0.18648
0.15289

11964
66161
48786
83896
53242

1.45162
1.46303
1. 47166
1. 47780
1.48174

5159
3397
2153
8187
6162

0.75881
0.76488
0.77063
0.77610
0.78130

4592
2722
6987
2123
0252

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.84865
1.85165
1.85140
1.84808
1.84191

25280
93077
08970
07828
39833

0.11962
0.08699
0.05525
+0.02467
-0.00451

97860
18312
74117
82846
80779

1.

48372
1.48398
1.48274
1.48017
1. 47646

9204
9691
0191
4491
8706

0.78625
0.79097
0.79548
0.79979
0.80391

1221
2900
1422
1408
6127

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.

83312
1.82194
1. 80862
1.79339
1.77650

53987
81156
16809
03548
13604

-0.03212
-0.05797
-0.08190
-0.10377
-0. 12349

85485
43519
10013
81504
93492

1.47178
1.46625
1. 46003
1.45321
1.44590

2389
9659
0313
0902
5765

0.80786
0.81165
0.81529
0.81878
0.82214

7661
7037
4342
8821
8967

1.75820
73874
1.71836
1.69731
1. 67583

31389
36265
85637
98507
39594

-0.14098
-0.15616
-0.16901
-0.17950
-0.18766

16979
53918
31568
95725
02868

1.43820
1.43020
1.42195
1.41354
1.40501

8032
0557
6813
1719
2424

0.82538
0.82849
0.83149
0.83439
0.83718

2600
6926
8602
3794
8207

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.65414
1.63246
1.61100
1.58997
1.56955

04144
03525
51718
52782
89381

-0.19349
-0.19704
-0.19839
-0.19760
-0.19477

11221
70797
12468
36133
98060

1.

39641
1.38780
1.37920
1. 37066
1.36219

9030
5263
9093
3313
6054

0.83988
0.84249
0.84501
0.84745
0.84982

7144
5539
7971
8721
1778

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

1.54993
1.53125
1.51367
1.49731
1. 48230

12449
32047
09468
50636
00826

-0.19002
-0.18347
-0.17525
-0.16550
-0.15438

97497
62632
36023
59586
59262

35383
34558
1. 33748
1.32953
1.32175

1278
9212
6755
7845
3788

0.85211
0.85432
0.85648
0.85856
0.86059

0880
9519
0958
8275
4348

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.46872
1.45666
1.44619
1.43735
1.43018

40727
83847
75285
91823
43341

-0.14205 29476
17494
-0.11441 07808
-0.09944 06647
-0.08393 26741

1.

31414
1.30671
1.29947
1.29241
1.28555

3566
4107
0536
6395
3849

0.86256
0.86447
0.86633
0.86813
0.86989

1885
3436
1399
8040
5494

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.42468
1. 42086
1.41870
1.41817
1.41922

75513
73734
68241
40348
29740

-0.
-0.

72439
25290
30193
82206
14110

1.27888
1.27240
1.26612
1.26002
1.25411

3860
6357
0373
4184
5417

0.87160
0.87327
0.87489
0.87647
0.87801

5775
0793
2347
2150
1816

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.42179
1.42581
1.43120
1.43786
1.44570

42744
61486
53853
84161
24427

+ 0.01110 15195

24839
1.24284
1.23748
1.23228
1.22726

1155
8032
2309
9952
6684

0.87951
0.88097
0.88240
0.88379
0.88515

2881
6797
4955
8662
9176

7.0

1.45459 66142

0.07669 52785

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.

[<"; 4)5]

-0. 12867

06805
05198
-0.03587
-0.01988
-0.00418

0.02582
0.03985
0. 05308
0.06539

31381
54400
07167
23140

-84H
]

1.
1.

1.

1.22240 8053
[<-*>]

0.88648 7675

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS

SINE.

Ci(r)

SiCO
1. 45459 66142
1.46443 32441
1.47508 90554
1. 48643 64451
1.49834 47533

.!'

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.

07669
0.08690
0. 09595
0.10378
0.11035

52785
68881
70643
86664
76658

..e-'EitO
1.22240 8053
1.21770 9472
1.21316 6264
1.20877 3699
1.20452 7026

243

Table

,W^(.,)
0.88648 7675
0.88778 5294
0.88905 3119
0.89029 2173
0.89150 3440

7.7
7.8
7.9

1.51068
1.52331
1.53610
1.54893
1.56167

15309
37914
92381
74581
10702

0.11563
0.11959
0.12224
0.12358
0.12363

32032
75293
58319
59542
80071

1.20042
1.19645
1.19261
1.18890
1.18531

1500
2401
5063
4881
7334

0.89268
0.89384
0.89497
0.89608
0.89717

7854
6312
9666
8737
4302

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

1.57418
1.58636
1.59809
1.60927
1.61980

68217
66225
85106
75419
65968

0.12243
0.12001
0.11644
0.11176
0.10607

38825
66733
00055
72931
09196

1.18184
1.17849
1.17524
1.17210
1. 16906

7987
2509
6676
6376
7617

0.89823
0.89927
0.90029
0.90129
0.90227

7113
7888
7306
6033
4695

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

1. 62959
1.63856
1.64665
1.65379
1. 65993

70996
96454
45309
21861
35052

0.

09943
0.09193
0.08367
0.07475
0. 06528

13586
62396
93696
97196
03850

16612
16327
16052
1.15785
1.15526

6526
9354
2476
2390
5719

0.90323
0.90417
0.90509
0.90600
0.90688

3900
4228
6235
0459
7415

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

1.66504
1.66908
1.67204
1.67392
1. 67472

00758
43056
94480
95283
91725

0.

05534
0.04506
0. 03455
0.02391
0.01325

75313
93325
49134
33045
24187

1.15275
1.15032
1.14797
1.14568
1.14347

9209
9724
4251
9889
3855

0.90775
0.90861
0.90944
0.91027
0.91107

7602
1483
9530

2177
9850

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

1.67446
1.67315
1.67084
1. 66756
1.66338

33423
69801
45697
96169
40566

+ 0.00267 80588

1.14132
1.13923
1.13720
1.13524
1.13332

347b
6185
9523
1130
8746

0.91187
0.91265
0.91341
0.91416
0.91490

2958
1897
7043
8766
7418

0.0

1.

7.5
7.6

-0.00770
-0.01780
-0.02751
-0.03676

65834 75942

-0.

70361
40977
91811
39563

04545 64330

1.
1.

1.

0.91563 3339

1.13147 0205
2
(

[<T]

Table 5.2

SINE,

COSINE AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

J.

,,/(.)

a <7(.')

0.100
0.095
0.090
0.085
0.080

0.98191
0.98353
0.98509
0. 98660
0.98803

0351
4427
9171
1776
9405

0.94885
0.95323
0.95748
0.96160
0.96557

0.075
0,070
0.065
0.060
0.055

0.98940
0.99070
0.99193
0.99308
0.99415

9188
8244
3o95
2682
2385

0.96938
0.97302
0.97649
0.97976
0.98283

56
98

0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030

0.99514
0.99604
0.99685
0.99758
0.99821

0052
3013
8722
4771
8937

0.98563
0.98830
0.99068
0.99282
0.99469

24

0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005

0.99875
0.99920
0.99955
0.99980
0.99995

9204
3795
1207
0239
0015

0.99629
0.99761
0.99865
0.99940
0.99985

0.000

1.00000 0000

-i-

1.

f(.y)

2~ 1.57079
See Example 3.

33394
68286
15844
90998
09399

11
11
12
13

1.09014
1. 08283
1. 0757S
1. 06896
1.06236

087
054
038
548
365

0.93427
0.93317
0.94212
0.94614
0.95022

87466
42450
92486
56670
55126

13
14
15
17
18

12
37

1.05595
1. 04972
1.04366
1.03775
1. 03198

591
640
194
135
503

0.95437
0.95858
0. 96286
0.96722
0.97165

09099
41038
74711
35311
49596

20
22
25
29
33

57
89
60
12
01

1. 02635
1.02085
1.01547
1.01020
1.00505

451

228
157
625
077

0.97616
0.98075
0.98543
0.99019
0.99504

46031
54965
08813
42287
92646

40
50
67

23

35

47
17

52
81

0-64-17

00000 00

63268

0.91563
0.91925
0. 92293
0.92665
0.93044

cos .i </(.!) sin

7T

.,-,(,.)

021
671
377
739
775

m m
Si(,

716-654

.re-'EiC.)

1.13147
1.12249
1.11389
1. 10564
1.09773

39
18
44
17

1.00000 000
)6
[<1 ]
.1-

Ci(,) = ./(.-) sin

1.00000 00000

.i~!/(.r)

<r>=nearest integer

to

COS
./.

<

10

100
200
OO

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

244

SINE

Table 5.3
X

AND COSINE INTEGRALS FOR ARGUMENTS

Si (-as)

Cin(-.r)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.00000
0.31244
0.61470
0.89718
1.15147
1.37076
1.55023
1.68729
1.78166
1.83523

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

1.85193
1.83732
1.79815
1.74191
1.67621
1.60837
1.54487
1.49103
1.45072
1.42621

70
28
90
10
68
27
36

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.41815
1.42569
1.44667
1.47794
1.51568
1.55583
1.59441
1.62792
1.65355
1.66945

16
13
38
03
40

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.67476
1.66968
1.65535
1.63369
1.60721
1.57870
1.55099
1.52667
1.50788
1.49612

18
11

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.49216
1.49599
1.50687
1.52343
1.54382
1.56593
1.58755
1.60664
1.62147
1.63080

5.0

1.63396 48
(

00

18
01
92

74
22
35
94
12
65

0.00000
0.02457
0.09708
0.21400
0.36970
0.55679
0.76666
0.98995
1.21719
1.43932

28
67
75
10
77
63
93
42
68

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.

63396
1.63088
1. 62211
1. 60871
1.59212
1. 57408
1.55635
1. 54064
1. 52839
1.52065

48
98
92
21
99
24
75
82
53
96

3.32742
3.36670
3.40335
3.43582
3.46297
3.48419
3.49941
3.50911
3.51426
3.51619

23
50
81
68
82
47
45
89
89
81

1.51803
1.52060
1. 52794
1.53921
1.55318
1.56843
1. 58344
1.59679
1. 60723
1. 61383

39
20
77
04
17
12
97
62
30
85

3.51647
3.51674
3.51857
3.52330
3.53192
3.54500
3.56264
3.58447
3.60972
3.63727

44
38
25
06
30
55
55
72
10
15

3.66581
3.69395
3.72034
3.74385
3.76362
3.77914
3.79032
3.79749
3.80131
3.80274

26
05
97
98
13
64
22
21
91

3.80295
3.80315
3.80453
3.80812
3.81467
3.82466
3.83818
3.85496
3.87444
3.89576

83
88
16
97
68
15
61
05
52

3.91792
3.93984
3.96047
3.97890
3.99443
4.00666
4.01551
4. 02119
4. 02422
4.02537

84
77
61
22
58
94
22
22
80
29

1.64827
1.83737
2.00168
2.13821
2.24595
2.32581
2.38040
2.41370
2.43067
2.43680

75

96
98
75
30

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

2.43765
2.43844
2.44365
2.45676
2.48004
2.51446
2.55975
2.61452
2.67647
2.74269

34
23
73
95
47
40
53
59
93
41

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

1.61608
1. 61388
1.60756
1.59785
1. 58578
1. 57257
1.55954
1. 54794
1.53885
1.53309

55
08
18
21
13
88

76
49
77
63

88
92
62
49
19
20

2.80993
2.87498
2.93491
2.98737
3.03074
3. 06427
3.08807
3.10310
3.11100
3.11393

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

1.53113
1.53306
1.53860
1. 54713
1.55776
1.56940
1. 58091
1.59117
1. 59922
1. 60433

13
26
67
99
52
54
06
06

12
24
40
40
74
04
15
04
45
69

3.11435
3.11475
3.11746
3.12441
3.13699
3.15595
3. 18134
3.21256
3.24843
3.28734

65
82
60
61
91
79
84

60607
60435
59942
1.59180
1.58232
1.57191
1.56161
1.55241
1.54519
1. 54059

69
85
00
91
00
16

51

37
05

10
60
16
62
05

02
82

48
51
22
41
82

73
25
51
38

53
95

74
85
92

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

3.32742 23

0.0

Ci

odd.

are

h+o)

T]

We

are

have

values of Si (a;)

maximum

SiM-

81

84
50

11

29

12
46
00
74

?(>0

odd, and

n>0

is

minimum

even, and

(_1) B

(_!)

H)*

56

[(-4)7]

7+ln 7r=1.72194 55508

is

Ci(.r) if

Cii[("+iy

01

4.02553 78

[,-4)7]

if

values of

96

53902 91

1.

['

maximum
T

1.

1.
1.

"(-3)61

Ci()=7+ln x+ln ;r-Cin(w)

Si(nir)

Cin(r)

Si(T.r )

(C

00

*x

values

minimum

if

n>0

values

(-

2!

4!

HP HP

(-)

is

if

even.

n>0

is

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS
X

j?2(z)

Es (x)

In x

245
Table 5.4

E(x)

E4 (x)

E 2 o(x)

Em(x)

0.50000
0.49027
0.48096
0.47199
0.46332

00
66
83
77
39

0.33333
0. 32838
0.32352
0.31876
0.31408

33
24
64
19
55

0.11111
0.10986
0. 10863
0.10742
0.10622

11
82
95
46
36

0.05263
0.05207
0.05153
0.05099
0. 05045

16
90
21

88

34
94
93

0.45491
0.44676
0.43883
0.43111
0.42360

45
63
85

97
96

0.30949
0. 30498
0.30055
0.29620
0.29193

89
54

0.10503
0.10386
0. 1027C
0. 10155
0.10042

63
24
18
44
00

04992
0.04940
0.04888
0.04837
0.04786

60
19
33
02

0.95280
0.94755
0.94220
0.93676
0.93123

35
26
71
72
36

0.41629
0.40915
0.40219
0. 39539
0. 38876

15
57
37
77
07

0.28773
0.28360
0.27955
0.27556
0.27164

61
90
24
46
39

0.09929
0.09818
0. 09709
0. 09600
0.09493

84
96
34
95
80

0.04736
0.04686
0.04637
0.04588
0. 04540

00
29
10
43

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.92560
0.91988
0.91407
0.90817
0.90217

67
70
48
06
50

0.38227
0.37593
0.36974
0.36367
0. 35774

61
80
08
95
91

0.26778
0.26399
0.26026
0.25660
0.25299

89
79
96
26
56

09387
0.09283
0. 09179
0.09077
0. 08975

86
12
56
18
95

0.04492
0.04445
0. 04398
0.04352
0.04306

62
47

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.89608
0.88991
0.88364
0.87728
0.87083

82
09
33
60
93

0.35194
0. 34626
0. 34070
0.33525
0. 32991

53
38
05
18
42

24944
0.24595
0.24252
0.23914
0.23581

72
63
16
19
62

0.08875
0.08776
0.08679
0. 08582
0.08486

87
93
10
38
75

0.04261
0.04217
0.04172
0.04129
0. 04085

79
07
82
03
71

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.86430
0.85767
0.85096
0.84416
0.83728

37
97
76
78
08

0.32468
0.31955
0. 31453
0. 30960
0.30477

41
85
43
86
87

0.23254
0.22932
0.22615
0.22303
0.21995

32
21
17
11
93

0.08392
0.08298
0.08206
0.08114
0. 08024

20

57

0.04042
0.04000
0. 03958
0.03916
0.03875

85
43
46
93
84

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.83030
0.82324
0.81610
0.80886
0.80155

71
69
07
90
21

0.30004
0.29539
0.29083
0.28636
0.28197

18
56
74
52

0.216.93 52
0.21395 81

65

24
93
60
27
90

0.03835
0.03794
0.03755
0.03715
0.03676

18

0.21102 70
0.20814 11
0.20529 94

0.07935
0.07846
0. 07759
0.07673
0. 07587

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.79415
0.78666
0.77909
0.77144
0.76370

04
44
43

93
16
13
65
55

0.20250
0.19974
0. 19703
0. 19435
0. 19172

13
58
22
97
76

0.07503
0.07420
0. 07337
0.07255
0.07175

50
06

0.

55

07
39

0.27766
0.27344
0.26929
0.26521
0.26121

97
31

03638
0.03600
0.03562
0.03524
0.03487

22
06
31
95
98

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.75588
0.74798
0.73999
0.73193
0.72378

43
23
82
24
54

0.25728
0.25342
0.24963
0.24591
0.24225

64
76
73
41
63

0.18913
0. 18658
0. 18406
0.18158
0. 17914

52
16
64
87
79

0.07095
0.07016
0. 06938
0.06861
0. 06785

57
71
75
67
45

0.

03451
0.03415
0.03379
0.03343
0. 03308

40
21
39
96
89

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.71555
0.70724
0.69886
0.69039
0.68184

75
91
05
21
43

0.23866
0.23513
0.23166
0.22825
0.22489

25
13
12
08
90

0.17674
0. 17437
0.17204
0. 16974
0. 16747

33
44
05
10
53

0.

06710
0.06635
0.06561
0.06489
0.06417

09
58
91
07
04

03274
0.03239
0.03205
0.03172
0.03139

20
87
90
29
03

0.50

0.67321 75

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1.00000
0.99572
0.99134
0.98686
0.98229

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.97762
0.97285
0.96798
0.96301
0.95795

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

00
22
50

87
39
11
08

ra

See Examples 4

6.

09
27

0.22160 44
(

)5

0.

0.

16524 28
rc-5)i
L 4 ]

0.

72
30
92

0.06345 83

0.

0.

11

58

24

27

82
66
98

95
15
76
78

0.03106 12
l

-37>7
]

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

246

EXP3NE> [tial int]EGRA LS En (x)

Table 5.4
X

E 2 {x)

E,(x

Ei(x)

E 2 o(x)

Eio(x)

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.32664
0.32110
0.31568
0.31038
0.30518

39
62
63
07
62

0.22160
0.21836
0.21518
0.21205
0.20897

44
57
18
16
39

0.

16524
0. 16304
0. 16087
0. 15873
0.15663

28
30
53
92
41

0.

06345
0. 06275
0.06205
0. 06136
0.06068

83
42
80
96
89

0.03106
0.03073
0.03041
0.03009
0.02977

12
56
34
46
91

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.30009
0.29511
0.29023
0.28545
0.28077

96
79
82
78
39

0.

20594
0.20297
0. 20004
0.19716
0. 19433

75
15
48
64
53

0.

15455
0.15251
0.15050
0. 14851
0.14655

96
50
00
39
65

0.06001
0.05935
0. 05869
0. 05804
0. 05739

59
05
25
19
86

0.02946
0.02915
0.02885
0.02855
0.02825

70
81
25
01
08

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.27618
0.27168
0.26727
0.26295
0.25871

39
55
61
35
54

0.

19155
18881
0.18611
0. 18346
0. 18085

06
14
66
56
73

14462
14272
0.14085
0.13900
0.13718

71
53
07
28
13

0.

05676
05613
0.05551
0. 05489
0. 05428

26
36
18
69
89

0.02795
0.02766
0.02737
0.02708
0.02680

48
18
19
50

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.25455
0.25048
0.24648
0.24256
0.23872

97

0.17829
0. 17576
0.17328
0. 17083
0. 16842

10
58
10
58
94

0.13538
0. 13361
0. 13187
0. 13014
0. 12845

55
53
01
95
33

0. 05368
0.05309
0.05250
0. 05192
0. 05134

77
33
55
43
97

0.02652
0.02624
0.02596
0.02569
0.02542

04
25
75
54
62

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.23494
0.23124
0.22761
0.22404
0.22054

71
46
14
57
61

0.

16606
0.16373
0. 16143
0. 15917
0. 15695

12
03
60
78
49

0. 12678
0.12513
0. 12350
0. 12190
0. 12032

08
19
61
31
24

0.

05078
0.05021
0. 04966
0. 04911
0. 04857

15
96
40
47
15

0.02515
0.02489
0.02463
0.02437
0.02412

98

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.21711
0.21373
0.21042
0.20717
0.20398

09
88
82
77
60

0.

15476
15261
15049
14840
14634

67
25
17
37
79

0.11876
0.11722
0.11571
0. 11421
0. 11274

38
70
15
70
33

0.

04803
04750
04697
04645
04594

44
33

0.02386
0.02361
0.02337
0.02312
0.02288

92
91
17
69
46

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.20085
0.19777
0.19475
0.19178
0.18886

17
36
04

0.
0.

38
07
81
55
24

0.

11129
10985
0. 10844
0.10704
0. 10567

00
67
33
93
44

0.

04543
04493
04443
04394
04346

76
56
91

10
41

14432
14233
0. 14036
0. 13843
0.13653

28

0.02264
0.02240
0.02217
0.02194
0.02171

49
78
31
08
11

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.18599
0. 18318
0.18041
0.17769
0.17502

86
33
73
94
87

13465
13281
0. 13099
0.12920
0. 12744

81
22
43
37
01

0.

10431
10298
0.10166
0.10036
0. 09907

85
12
22
12
80

0.

04298
04250
0. 04203
0.04157
0.04111

29
82
89
49
60

0.02148
0.02125
0.02103
0.02081
0.02059

37
87
61
58
78

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.17240
0.16982
0.16728
0.16479
0.16234

41
47
95
77
82

0.

12570
12399
12230
12064
11901

30
19
63
59
02

09781
09656
0. 09533
0.09411
0.09291

23
39
24
77
94

0.

04066
04021
03976
03933
03889

22
35
98
11
73

0.02038
0.02016
0.01995
0.01974
0.01954

21
87
75
86
18

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.15994
0.15757
0.15524
0.15295
0.15070

04
32
59
78
79

0.

11739
11581
0. 11424
0.11270
0.11118

88
13
72
63
80

0.09173
0.09057
0. 08942
0. 08828
0.08716

74
13
11
63
69

0.

03846
03804
03762
03720
03679

83
41
46
98
96

0.01933
0.01913
0.01893
0.01873
0.01854

72
47
44
62
01

1.00

0.14849 55

0.

44
74
67
06

[<-)']

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

10969 20
(

T]

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.08606 25

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

81

88
53

82

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

03639 40

-.
[(

62
53
72
19

0.01834 60

12

"37)4
]

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS En (x)

E2 (x)

E(r)

55
99
04
63
68

0.10969
0.10821
0.10676
0.10533
0.10392

20
79
54
42
38

0.08606
0. 08497
0. 08389
0.08283
0. 08179

25
30
81
76

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

0. 13797
0.13596
0.13399
0.13206
0.13015

13
91
96
22
62

0.10253
0.10116
0.09981
0. 09848
0.09717

39
43
45

0. 08075
0. 07974
0. 07873
0. 07774
0.07676

90
06
57
42
59

0.

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

0.

12828
0.12643
0.12462
0.12283
0.12107

11
62
10
50
75

0.09588
0. 09460
0.09335
0.09211
0.09089

07580
07484
0. 07390
0.07298
0.07206

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

0.11934
0.11764
0.11597
0. 11432
0.11270

81
62
31
08

08969
08850
0.08734
0. 08618
0.08505

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

0.11110
0.10953
0. 10798
0. 10646
0.10496

41
25
55
27
37

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

0.10348
0.10203
0.10060
0.09919
0. 09781

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

14849
0.14631
0.14418
0.14207
0. 14000

Table 5.4

E1Q (r)

Et(r)

247

EW {,)

29
63
41
63

0.01834
0.01815
0.01796
0.01777
0. 01758

60
39
39
59
98

03443
03405
03367
0. 03330
0.03294

28
35
85
77
10

0.01740
0.01722
0.01704
0. 01686
0.01668

57

0.

07
83
85
12
61

0.03257
0.03221
0.03186
0. 03151
0.03116

84
98
52
45
78

0. 01651
0.01634
0.01616
0.01600
0.01583

37
09
99
07
33

32
22
30
53
91

03082
03048
0.03015
0.02981
0. 02949

49
58

88
37

0.07116
0.07027
0.06939
0.06852
0.06766

89
10

0.01566
0.01550
0.01534
0.01518
0.01502

76
37
14
09

0.08393
0. 08283
0.08174
0. 08067
0.07961

47
15
39
17
46

06682
06599
0.06516
0. 06435
0.06355

42
04
75
55
40

0.02916
0. 02884
0.02852
0.02821
0.02790

68
61
90
55
54

0.01486
0. 01470
0.01455
0. 01440
0.01425

49
94
55

31
53
51
70
06

0. 07857
0.07754
0. 07653
0.07553
0.07454

23
47
16
26
76

0.06276
0.06198
0.06121
0. 06045
0.05970

31

02759
0.02729
0.02699
0. 02669
0. 02640

88
55
57
59

0.01410
0.01395
0. 01381
0.01366
0.01352

35
59
00
55
26

0.09644
0.09510
0.09377
0.09247
0.09119

55
15
80
47
13

0. 07357
0.07261
0.07167
0.07074
0. 06982

63
86
42
29
46

0.05896
0.05822
0.05750
0.05679
0. 05609

09
99
85

0.02611
0. 02582
0. 02554
0.02526
0. 02498

59
91
55
51
78

0.01338
0.01324
0. 01310
0.01296
0. 01283

11
12
27
57
01

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

0.08992
0.08868
0. 08745
0.08624
0.08506

75
29
71
99
10

0. 06891
0.06802
0.06714
0. 06627
0.06542

91
60
53
68
03

0. 05539
0.05471
0.05403
0.05337
0.05271

98
51
93
22

35
23
41

0.01269
0.01256
0. 01243
0.01230
0.01217

59

37

0.02471
0. 02444
0.02417
0.02390
0.02364

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

0.08388
0.08273
0.08160
0. 08048
0. 07937

99

06457
0.06374
0. 06292
0.06211
0. 06131

55

0.05206
0. 05142
0.05078
0. 05016
0.04954

37

0.

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

0.

0.06052
0.05974
0.05897
0.05822
0.05747

27

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

0.

0.

14

65

04
13
89

07829
07722
0.07616
0.07513
0.07410

30
33
94
13

07310
0.07210
0.07112
0.07016
0.06921

08

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

0.06828
0.06735
0. 06645
0. 06555
0. 06467

07
87
02

1.60

0.

0.

85

80

98
60

64

49
26

06380 32
(

)5

42
31
09

74
21
49
53

0.

32

0.

83

0.

02

24
07
04
11

52

82
17

55

0.

0.

0.

0,

13

25
22
19
15

64
36

22
89
37
66

0.04893
0. 04833
0. 04774
0.04715
0.04657

74

70
32
67
72

04325
04273
0. 04220
0. 04169
0.04118

61
25
65

80

0. 05673
0.05601
0.05529
0.05459
0.05389

95
35

39

0.04600
0. 04544
0. 04488
0.04433
0.04379

0.05320
0.05252
0.05185
0.05119
0.05054

64

0.

93

83
92
92
81

0.

07
87
35
47

73
08

0.04990 57

0.

48

04068 25
)2
(
[
]

03639
0.03599
0.03559
0.03520
0. 03481

40

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

02338
0.02313
0. 02287
0.02262
0. 02237

05

91

88
65
72

06
70
61
80

35
33
49
84

21

32

26

31
17

17
31

0.01204
0.01191
0.01179
0.01167
0. 01154

52
19
99

91
96
14
44
86

58
98

0.02213
0.02189
0.02165
0.02141
0.02117

27
01

82

0.01142
0.01130
0.01119
0.01107
0. 01095

0.02094
0.02071
0.02048
0.02026
0.02004

61
67
97
53
33

0.01084
0.01073
0.01061
0.01050
0.01039

40
07
85
75
77

0.01982
0.01960
0. 01939
0.01917
0.01896

38
67
21
98
98

0.01028
0.01018
0.01007
0.00996
0.00986

90

01

28

15

50
97
56

m m

0.01876 22

0.00976 24

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

248

EXP( )NE NTIAL INT EGI 4AILS (*)

Table 5.4

E2 (x)

06380
0. 06294
0. 06210
0.06126
0. 06044

32
64
20

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

0.05964
0. 05884
0. 05805
0. 05728
0. 05652

13
46
94
54
26

0. 04682
0.04622
0. 04564
0.04506
0. 04449

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

0.05577
0.05502
0. 05429
0. 05357
0. 05286

06
94
88
86
86

0.

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

0.05216
05147
0.05079
0.05012
0. 04946

87
88
86
81
70

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

0.04881
0. 04817
0. 04753
0. 04691
0. 04629

53
27

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

0.

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

0.

2.00

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

04569
04509
04450
04392
04334

0. ,50

,45

0.

0. .40

0. ,35
0, ,30

25

0. ,20

0.

0.

15
10

0.

09
08
07
06
05
04
03
02

0.

01

0.

00

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

92
46

87

0.
0.
0.
0.

04990
04927
04864
04802
04742

#4(.r)

25
66
70
36
64

0.

01876
0.01855
0. 01835
0. 01815
0.01795

22
68
38
30
43

0.03826
03779
03734
0. 03688
0. 03643

52
99

0.01775
0. 01756
0. 01737
0. 01718
0. 01699

79
37

03599
03556
03512
03470
03428

70
04
93

0.

37

0.
0.

79
42
24
27
50

0.

34

01680
01662
01644
01626
01608

92
54
34
34

0.

20

0.

67
99

0.
0.

13

0.

09

84

0.
0.

39
72
82

06
70
92

0.

61
67
45

0.

04123
04072
04020
0. 03970
0.03920

93
11
97
51
71

0.

03386
03345
0.03305
0. 03265
0. 03225

84
86
39
44
98

0.01590
0.01573
0.01556
0. 01539
0. 01522

53

03871
0. 03823
0. 03775
0.03728
0. 03681

57

03187
0. 03148
0.03110
0. 03073
0. 03035

02
55
56
04
99

0.

01505
01489
01473
01457
01441

90
45
18
10
19

03635
03590
03545
03501
03457

40
01
21

41
28

0.

00

0.

0.

0.01425
0. 01409
0. 01394
0. 01379
0.01364

46

37

02999
02963
02927
02892
02857

0.

02823
02789
0.02755
0. 02722
0. 02690

23

0.

30
79

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

15

0.

28
24
03
63

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

08
22
00

39

0.
0.

0.

03414
03371
03329
03288
03247

04006
03954
03903
03852
03802

60
55
22
59
67

0.

03207
03167
0.03128
0. 03089
0.03051

27

0.

75

0.

46
17

0.

87
40
31
61

03753 43

0.
0.

0.

['I'

0.

0.

29

00878
00869
00860
00851
00842

90
72
63
64
74

0.

00833
0.00825
0. 00816
0. 00808
0. 00799

94
22
60
07
63

00791
00783
0.00774
0.00766
0.00758

28

00750
00742
0. 00735
0.00727
0. 00719

81
97
21
53
93

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

67
43

0.01277
01263
0. 01249
0. 01236
0.01222

34
41
64
01
54

00675
00668
0. 00661
0.00655
0. 00648

35
63
07

0.

42

0.

98
62
33
12

99
93
95
04
20

0.
0.

0.01209 21
[

02

84
74
74

0.

00712
00704
0.00697
0. 00690
0. 00683

56
18

0.

0.01349
01334
0.01320
0.01305
0.01291

18

61
03

0.

24

0.

0.00926
0.00916
0.00907
0. 00897
0. 00888

0.

0.

90
51
29

0.

0.02502 28

03013 34

)2

0.

70
02

02657
02625
0.02594
0. 02563
0. 02532

39
12

0.

61
38

03
22
18
91
38

0.

0.

59

04278
04222
04167
04112
04059

0.

0.

24
04
95
96
07

0.

37

67
27

00976
00966
00955
00945
00936

0.

16
16

04393
04338
04283
04229
04176

0.

2 0(r)

JBio()

04068
04018
03969
03921
03873

57

0.

T]

00641 43
l

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS En (x) FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

Table 5.5
a !

98
97

0.

30
80
86
46
59

[<1

0.

E3 (x)

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

(x+2)e*E2 (x)

(x+S)e

Ez (x)

(+4)etf4 (*;

(*fl0)*fflo (*)

1.10937
1. 09750
1.08533
1. 07292
1. 06034
1. 04770
1. 03522
1.02325
1.01240

1.11329
1.10285
1. 09185
1.08026
1. 06808
1.05536
1.04222
1. 02895
1.01617

1.10937
1.10071
1.09136
1. 08125
1.07031
1. 05850
1. 04584
1.03247
1.01889

06926
06586
1 .06187
1 05712
1. .05138
1 04432
1, .03550
1, .02436

1.01045
00861
1. 00688
1. 00528
1.00384
1.00258
1.00152
1. 00071
1.00019
1.00000

1.01377
1.01147
1.00927
1. 00721
1.00531
1.00361
1.00217
1.00103
1.00027
1.00000

01624
1.01366
1.01116
1. 00878
1. 00654
1. 00451
1. 00275
1.00133
1. 00036
1.00000

02182
,01917
1. ,01642
1. 01360
1. 01074
1. 00790
1. 00516
1. 00271
1. 00081
1. 00000

FT]

[<f]

[<-f]

['

1.

1.

1 .07219
1

1,

1.

<r>=nearest integer to

T]

(.

c+:20)e*E20 (x)

04270
i, 04179
i, 04067
l. ,03932
l. 03762
i. 03543
i. 03249
l. ,02837
i. 02222
l,

i.
i.

i.
i.

i.

i.
i.
i.
i.
i.

['

02060
01883
01688
01472
01234
00973
00692
00401
00137
00000

T]

<x>
2
2
3
3

3
4
5

10
11

13
14
17
20
25
33
50
100

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

249

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table 5.6

ze z E\ (z)

9?

./

3t

y\x

-19

-18

./

St

-17

m
-16

.'A

-15

1.059305
1.059090
1.058456
1.057431
1.056058

0.000000
0.003539
0.007000
0.010310
0.013410

1.063087
1.062827
1.062061
1.060829
1.059190

0.000001
0.004010
0.007918
0.011633
0.015079

1.067394
1.067073
1.066135
1.064636
1.062657

0.000002
0.004584
0.009032
0.013226
0.017075

1.072345
1.071942
1.070774
1.068925
1.066508

0.000006
0.005296
0.010403
0.015172
0.019486

1.078103
1.077584
1.076102
1.073783
1.070793

0.000014
0.006195
0.012118
0.017579
0.022432

8
9

1.054391
1.052490
1.050413
1.048217
1.045956

0.016252
0.018806
0.021055
0.022996
0.024637

1.057215
1.C54981
1.052565
1.050037
1.047458

0.018202
0.020969
0.023364
0.025391
0.027066

1.060297
1.057655
1.054829
1.051905
1.048958

0.020512
0.023505
0.026044
0.028141
0.029824

1.063659
1.060510
1.057187
1.053795
1.050421

0.023272
0.026499
0.029167
0.031306
0.032960

1.067318
1.063538
1.059610
1.055664
1.051797

0.026598
0.030055
0.032823
0.034957
0.036527

10
11
12
13
14

1.043672
1.041402
1.039177
1.037018
1.034942

0.025993
0.027086
0.027940
0.028581
0.029034

1.044880
1.042345
1.039882
1.037515
1.037-259

0.028412
0.029461
0.030245
0.030796
0.031148

1.046045
1.043212
1.040490
1.037901
1.035456

0.031130
0.032102
0.032781
0.033211
0.033431

1.047129
1.043967
1.040965
1.038140
1.035501

0.034183
0.035034
0.035567
0.035836
0.035888

1.048081
1.044559
1.041259
1.038192
1.035359

0.037609
0.038282
0.038616
0.038677
0.038520

15
16
17
IP
19

1.032959
1.031076
1.029296
1.027620
1.026046

0.029326
0.029477
0.029511
0.029445
0.029296

1.033123
1.031110
1.029222
1.027456
1.025809

0.031330
0.031363
0.031286
0.031110
0.030854

1.033162
1.031019
1.029025
1.027174
1.025459

0.033476
0.033377
0.033162
0.032855
0.032474

1.033049
1.030780
1.028685
1.026756
1.024981

0.035765
0.035502
0.035129
0.034672
0.034150

1.032754
1.030365
1.028180
1.026183
1.024360

0.038193
0.037735
0.037179
0.036552
0.035873

20

1.024570

0.029080

1.024275

0.030534

1.023872

0.032037

1.023349

0.033532

1.022695

0.035160

1.084892
1.084200
1.082276
1.079313
1.075560

0.000037
0.007359
0.014306
0.020604
0.026075

1.093027
1.092067
1.089498
1.085635
1.080853

0.000092
0.008913
0.017161
0.024471
0.030637

1.102975
1.101566
1.098025
1.092873
1.086686

0.000232
0.011063
0.020981
0.029507
0.036422

1.115431
1.113230
1.108170
1.101137
1.093013

0.000577
0.014169
0.026241
0.036189
0.043843

1.131470
1.127796
1.120286
1.110462
1.099666

0.001426
0.018879
0.033700
0.045218
0.053451

1.071279
1.066708
1.062046
1.057448
1.053021

0.030642
0.034303
0.C37117
0.039174
0.040580

1.075522
1.069960
1.064412
1.059054
1.053997

0.035599
0.039405
0.042169
0.044041
0.045176

1.079985
1.073185
1.066578
1.060352
1.054606

0.041724
0.045552
0.048115
0.049644
0.050359

1.084526
1.076197
1.068350
1.061159
1.054687

0.049336
0.052967
0.055093
0.056057
0.056158

1.088877
1.078701
1.069450
1.061235
1.054046

0.058817
0.061886
0.063225
0.063322
0.062566

1.048834
1.044928
1.041320
1.038010
1.034989

0.041444
0.041867
0.041938
0.041734
0.041321

1.049303
1.044997
1.041080
1.037537
1.034344

0.045719
0.045801
0.045531
0.044999
0.044277

1.049380
1.044674
1.040464
1.036713
1.033378

0.050452
0.050084
0.049384
0.048452
0.047365

1.048933
1.043853
1.039389
1.035473
1.032040

0.055640
0.054695
0.053465
0.052056
0.050547

1.047807
1.042417
1.037766
1.033752
1.030282

0.061249
0.059584
0.057719
0.055758
0.053773

19

1.032241
1.029717
1.027486
1.025437
1.023580

0.040751
0.040066
0.039301
0.038481
0.037629

1.031474
1.028895
1.026579
1.024499
1.022628

0.043422
0.042477
0.041475
0.040444
0.039401

1.030414
1.027781
1.025438
1.023352
1.021489

0.046180
0.044941
0.043679
0.042417
0.041170

1.029026
1.026377
1.024043
1.021981
1.020155

0.048991
0.047428
0.0*5883
0.044374
0.042912

1.027274
1.024658
1.022375
1.020375
1.018617

0.051808
0.049894
0.048049
0.046282
0.044599

20

1.021696

0.036759

1.020942

0.038361

1.019824

0.039950

1.018533

0.041505

1.017066

0.043001

1.152759
1.146232
1.134679
1.120694
1.106249

0.003489
0.026376
0.044579
0.057595
0.065948

1.181848
1.169677
1.151385
1.131255
1.111968

0.008431
0.038841
0.060814
0.074701
0.082156

1.222408
1.199049
1.169639
1.140733
1.115404

0.020053
0.060219
0.085335
0.098259
0.102861

1.278884
1.233798
1.186778
1.146266
1.114273

0.046723
0.097331
0.122162
0.130005
0.128440

1.353831
1.268723
1.1963J1
1.142853
1.105376

0.105839
0.160826
0.175646
0.170672
0.158134

1.092564
1.080246
1.069494
1.060276
1.052450

0.070592
0.072520
0.072580
0.071425
0.069523

1.094818
1.080188
1.067987
1.057920
1.049645

0.085055
0.084987
0.083120
0.080250
0.076885

1.094475
1.077672
1.064339
1.053778
1.045382

0.102411
0.099188
0.094613
0.089537
0.084405

1.089952
1.071684
1.057935
1.047493
1.039464

0.122397
0.114638
0.106568
0.098840
0.091717

1.079407
1.061236
1.048279
1.038838
1.031806

0.143879
0.130280
0.118116
0.107508
0.098337

11
12
13
14

1.045832
1.040241
1.035508
1.031490
1.028065

0.067197
0.064664
0.062063
0.059482
0.056975

1.042834
1.037210
1.032539
1.028638
1.025359

0.073340
0.069803
0.066381
0.063128
0.060070

1.038659
1.033231
1.028808
1.025171
1.022152

0.079462
0.074821
0.070524
0.066576
0.062962

1.033205
1.028260
1.024300
1.021090
1.018458

0.085271
0.079488
0.074315
0.069688
0.065542

1.026459
1.022317
1.019052
1.016439
1.014319

0.090413
0.083544
0.077561
0.072320
0.067702

15
16
17
18
19

1.025132
1.022608
1.020426
1.018530
1.016874

0.054573
0.052291
0.050135
0.048106
0.046201

1.022583
1.020219
1.018192
1.016444
1.014929

0.057215
0.054559
0.052094
0.049806
0.047684

1.019626
1.017494
1.015681
1.014129
1.012790

0.059658
0.056638
0.053874
0.051341
0.049015

1.016277
1.014452
1.012912
1.011600
1.010476

0.061817
0.058460
0.055424
0.052670
0.050161

1.012577
1.011130
1.009915
1.008887
1.008009

0.063610
0.059962
0.056694
0.053752
0.051092

1.015422

0.044413

1.013607

0.045714

1.011629

0.046875

1.009505

0.047870

1.007254

0.048675

1
2

3
A
5
6
i

y\x
l

2
3

4
5

6
7

8
9

10
11
12
13

14
15
16

17
18

y\x
I

3
4
5
6
7

8
9

10

20

For

-12

-13

-14

_9

-7

|z|>4, linear interpolation will yield

yield about six decimals.

See Examples 9 -10-

-10

-11

-6

_5

about four decimals, eight-point interpolation will

250

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table 5.6

ze z Ei (z)

m
-2

j\*

-l

1.438208
1.287244
1.185758
1.123282
1.085153

0.230161
0.263705
0.247356
0.217835
0.189003

1.483729
1.251069
1.136171
1.080316
1.051401

0.469232
0.410413
0.328439
0.262814
0.215118

1.340965
1.098808
1.032990
1.013205
1.006122

0.850337
0.561916
0.388428
0.289366
0.228399

0.697175
0.813486
0.896419
0.936283
0.957446

1.155727
0.578697
0.378838
0.280906
0.222612

1.061263
1.045719
1.035205
1.027834
1.022501

0.164466
0.144391
0.128073
0.114732
0.103711

1.035185
1.025396
1.019109
1.014861
1.011869

0.180487
0.154746
0.135079
0.119660
0.107294

1.003172
1.001788
1.001077
1.000684
1.000454

0.187857
0.159189
0.137939
0.121599
0.108665

0.969809
0.977582
0.982756
0.986356
0.988955

0.183963
0.156511
0.136042
0.120218
0.107634

14

1.018534
1.015513
1.013163
1.011303
1.009806

0.094502
0.086718
0.080069
0.074333
0.069340

1.009688
1.008052
1.006795
1.005809
1.005022

0.097181
0.088770
0.081673
0.075609
0.070371

1.000312
1.000221
1.000161
1.000119
1.000090

0.098184
0.089525
0.082255
0.076067
0.070738

0.990887
0.992361
0.993508
0.994418
0.995151

15
16
17
18
19

1.008585
1.007577
1.006735
1.006025
1.005420

0.064959
0.061086
0.057640
0.054555
0.051779

1.004384
1.003859
1.003423
1.003057
1.002747

0.065803
0.061786
0.058227
0.055052
0.052202

1.000070
1.000055
1.000043
1.000035
1.000028

0.066102
0.062032
0.058432
0.055224
0.052349

0.995751
0.996246
0.996661
0.997011
0.997309

20

1.004902

0.049267

1.002481

0.049631

1.000023

0.049757

0.997565

2
3

4
5
6
7
8

10
11
12
13

y\x

0.577216
0.621450
0.798042
0.875873
0.916770

0.000000
0.343378
0.289091
0.237665
0.198713

0.940714
0.955833
0.965937
0.972994
0.978103

0.169481
0.147129
0.129646
0.115678
0.104303

0.097396
0.088911
0.081769
0.075676
0.070419

0.981910
0.984819
0.987088
0.988891
0.990345

0.094885
0.086975
0.080245
0.074457
0.069429

0.065838
0.061812
0.058246
0.055066
0.052214

0.991534
0.992518
0.993342
0.994038
0.994631

0.065024
0.061135
0.057677
0.054583
0.051801

0.049640

0.995140

0.049284

0.596347
0.673321
0.777514
0.847468
0.891460

0.000000
0.147864
0.186570
0.181226
0.165207

0.722657
0.747012
0.796965
0.844361
0.881036

0.000000
0.075661
0.118228
0.132252
0.131686

0.786251
0.797036
0.823055
0.853176
0.880584

0.000000
0.045686
0.078753
0.096659
0.103403

0.825383
0.831126
0.846097
0.865521
0.885308

0.000000
0.030619
0.055494
0.072180
0.081408

0.852111
0.855544
0.864880
0.877860
0.892143

0.000000
0.021985
0.040999
0.055341
0.064825

0.919826
0.938827
0.952032
0.961512
0.968512

0.148271
0.132986
0.119807
0.108589
0.099045

0.907873
0.927384
0.941722
0.952435
0.960582

0.125136
0.116656
0.107990
0.099830
0.092408

0.903152
0.921006
0.934958
0.945868
0.954457

0.103577
0.100357
0.095598
0.090303
0.084986

0.903231
0.918527
0.931209
0.941594
0.950072

0.085187
0.085460
0.083666
0.080755
0.077313

0.906058
0.918708
0.929765
0.939221
0.947219

0.070209
0.072544
0.072792
0.071700
0.069799

14

0.973810
0.977904
0.981127
0.983706
0.985799

0.090888
0.083871
0.077790
0.072484
0.067822

0.966885
0.971842
0.975799
0.979000
0.981621

0.085758
0.079836
0.074567
0.069873
0.065679

0.961283
0.966766
0.971216
0.974865
0.977888

0.079898
0.075147
0.070769
0.066762
0.063104

0.957007
0.962708
0.967423
0.971351
0.974646

0.073688
0.070080
0.066599
0.063300
0.060206

0.953955
0.959626
0.964412
0.968464
0.971911

0.067447
0.064878
0.062242
0.059630
0.057096

15
16
17
18
19

0.987519
0.988949
0.990149
0.991167
0.992036

0.063698
0.060029
0.056745
0.053792
0.051122

0.983791
0.985606
0.987138
0.988442
0.989561

0.061921
0.058539
0.055485
0.052717
0.050199

0.980414
0.982544
0.984353
0.985902
0.987237

0.059767
0.056723
0.053941
0.051394
0.049057

0.977430
0.979799
0.981827
0.983574
0.985089

0.057322
0.054644
0.052162
0.049861
0.047728

0.974858
0.977391
0.979579
0.981478
0.983135

0.054671
0.052371
0.050200
0.048160
0.046245

20

0.992784

0.048699

0.990527

0.047900

0.988395

0.046909

0.986410

0.045749

0.984587

0.044449

0.871606
0.873827
0.880023
0.889029
0.899484

0.000000
0.016570
0.031454
0.043517
0.052380

0.886488
0.888009
0.892327
0.898793
0.906591

0.000000
0.012947
0.024866
0.034995
0.042967

0.898237
0.899327
0.902453
0.907236
0.913167

0.000000
0.010401
0.020140
0.028693
0.035755

0.907758
0.908565
0.910901
0.914531
0.919127

0.000000
0.008543
0.016639
0.023921
0.030145

0.915633
0.916249
0.918040
0.920856
0.924479

0.000000
0.007143
0.013975
0.020230
0.025717

0.910242
0.920534
0.929945
0.938313
0.945629

0.058259
0.061676
0.063220
0.063425
0.062714

0.914952
0.923283
0.931193
0.938469
0.945023

0.048780
0.052667
0.054971
0.056047
0.056211

0.919729
0.926481
0.933096
0.939359
0.945154

0.041242
0.045242
0.047942
0.049570
0.050349

0.924336
0.929836
0.935365
0.940731
0.945812

0.035208
0.039123
0.041986
0.043936
0.045128

0.928664
0.933175
0.937807
0.942398
0.946833

0.030334
0.034063
0.036944
0.039060
0.040514

14

0.951965
0.957427
0.962128
0.966178
0.969673

0.061408
0.059735
0.057855
0.055877
0.053874

0.950850
0.955987
0.960495
0.964444
0.967903

0.055725
0.054790
0.053560
0.052146
0.050627

0.950427
0.955176
0.959421
0.963201
0.966559

0.050481
0.050135
0.049444
0.048514
0.047425

0.950535
0.954870
0.958814
0.962379
0.965591

0.045711
0.045818
0.045563
0.045038
0.044319

0.951035
0.954959
0.958586
0.961913
0.964949

0.041413
0.041861
0.041948
0.041755
0.041347

15
16
17
18
19

0.972699
0.975326
0.977617
0.979622
0.981384

0.051894
0.049966
0.048109
0.046332
0.044641

0.970935
0.973597
0.975940
0.978009
0.979839

0.049062
0.047489
0.045935
0.044419
0.042951

0.969539
0.972185
0.974538
0.976632
0.978500

0.046236
0.044992
0.043724
0.042456
0.041205

0.968477
0.971067
0.973393
0.975481
0.977357

0.043463
0.042516
0.041512
0.040477
0.039431

0.967710
0.970214
0.972484
0.974540
0.976402

0.040780
0.040095
0.039329
0.038508
0.037653

0.982938

0.043036

0.981465

0.041538

0.980169

0.039980

0.979047

0.038388

0.978090

0.036781

2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13

y\x
l
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13

20

If

|a

|>10 or y > 10 then

10

(see [5.15])
,

2t?
e]{2)

0.711093

0.278518

0.010389

% + 0.415775 + z+2.29428'z+6.2900 +
Ci(y)+*
(y
Ei(igr)

si (j)

real)

<3xl0-e.
'
'

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

251

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table 5.6

ze z E\ (z)

J
y\x

J
12

11

14

13

15

0.922260
0.922740
0.024143
0.926370
0.929270

0.000000
0.006063
0.011902
0.017321
0.022171

0.927914
0.928295
0.929416
0.931205
0.933560

0.000000
0.005212
0.010258
0.014991
0.019295

0.932796
0.933105
0.934013
0.935473
0.937408

0,000000
0.004528
0.008932
0.013098
0.016934

0.937055
0.937308
0.938055
0.939261
0.940870

0.000000
0.003972
0.007847
0.011540
0.C14974

0.940804
0.941014
0.941636
0.942643
0.943994

0.000000
0.003512
0.006949
0.010242
0.013331

0.932672
0.936400
0.940297
0.944229
0.948093

0.026361
0.029857
0.032670
0.034847
0.036453

C.936356
0.939462
0.942757
0.946132
0.949500

0.023091
0.026339
0.029036
0.031205
0.032887

0.939729
0.942338"
0.945140
0.948047
0.950985

0.020373
0.023378
0.025934
0.028052
0.029756

0.942316
0.945024
0.947419
0.949933
0.952502

0.018095
0.020867
0.023273
0.025315
0.027004

0.945640
0.947522
0.949582
0.951765
0.954018

0.016169
0.018725
0.020980
0.022931
0.024582

14

0.951816
0.955347
0.958659
0.961739
0.964583

0.037566
0.038261
0.038612
0.038684
0.038534

0.952792
0.955958
0.958968
0.961800
0.964447

0.034134
0.035004
0.035552
0.035833
0.035893

0.953895
0.956729
0.959454
0.962049
0.964499

0.031081
0.032068
0.032761
C.033201
0.033428

0.955075
0.957610
0.960073
0.962443
0.964702

0.028365
0.029426
0.030221
0.030781
0.031140

0.956296
0.958563
0.960787
0.962947
0.965026

0.025949
0.027052
0.027915
0.028564
0.029024

15
16
17
18
19

0.967199
0.969597
0.971789
0.973792
0.975621

0.038211
0.037756
0.03720C
0.036572
0.035893

0.966907
0.969184
0.971285
0.973220
0.974999

0.035775
0.035515
0.035144
0.034687
0.0341o6

0.966799
0.96894?
0.970946
0.972802
0.974521

0.033479
0.033384
0.033172
0.032865
0.032485

0.966843
0.968860
0.970752
0.972521
0.974172

0.031327
0.031370
0.031293
0.031117
0.030862

0.967011
0.968897
0.970680
0.972359
0.973936

0.029320
0.029476
0.029512
0.029448
0.029301

20

0.977290

0.035179

0.976634

0.033597

0.976112

0.032049

0.975709

0.030542

0.975414

0.029086

l
2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13

20

19

18

17

16

y\x
0.944130
0.944306
0.944829
0.945678
0.946824

0.000000
0.003128
0.006196
0.009150
0,011940

0.947100
0.947250
0.947693
0.948416
0.949395

0.000000
0.002804
0.005560
0.008223
0.010754

0.949769
0.949897
0.950277
0.950898
0.951741

0.000000
0.002527
0.005016
0.007430
0.009735

0.952181
0.952291
0.952619
0.953156
0.953887

0.000000
0.002290
0.004549
0.006745
0.008853

0.954371
0.954467
0.954752
0.955219
0.955856

0.000000
C.002085
0.004144
0.006151
0.008084

0.948226
0.949842
0.951624
0.953527
0.955509

0.014529
0.016886
0.018994
0.020847
0.022445

0.950600
0.951995
0.953545
0.955212
0.956960

0.013121
0.015296
0.017265
0.019019
0.020555

0.952782
0.953995
0.955349
0.956815
0.958363

0.011904
0.013916
0.015753
0.017409
0.018878

0.954793
0.955853
0.957043
0.958337
0.959712

0.010847
0.012709
0.014425
0.015986
0.017387

0.956650
0.957581
C.958631
0.959779
0.961004

0.009922
0.011649
0.013253
0.014723
0.016056

14

0.957530
0.959559
0.961568
0.963531
0.965443

0.023797
0.024917
0.C25823
0.026534
0.027070

0.958758
0.960576
0.962391
0.964181
0.965931

0.021878
0.022998
0.023927
0.024679
0.025271

0.959966
0.961598
0.963238
0.964863
0.966472

0.020163
0.021270
0.022207
0.022984
0.023616

0.961144
0.962612
0.964097
0.965582
0.967052

0.018628
0.019712
0.020645
0.021436
0.022094

0.962288
0.963611
0.964956
0.966310
0.967658

0.017250
0.018305
0.019227
0.020021
0.020694

15
16
17
18
19

0.967230
0.969038
0.970712
0.972300
0.973800

0.027453
0.027700
0.027831
0.027862
0.027809

0.967628
0.969264
0.970832
0.972328
0.973751

0.025720
0.026041
0.026249
0.026361
0.026388

0.968039
0.969558
0.971023
0.972430
0.973775

0.024114
0.024493
0.024765
0.024943
0.025038

0.968496
0.969906
0.971273
0.972594
0.973863

0.022629
0.023052
0.023375
0.023607
0.023760

0.968990
0.970297
0.971571
0.972808
0.974004

0.021255
0.021712
0.022075
0.022352
0.022552

20

0.975215

0.027685

0.975099

0.026343

0.975057

0.025062

0.975079

0.023842

0.975155

0.022684

1
2

3
4
5
6
7

8
9

10
11
12
13

EXPONENTIAL INTEGRAL FOR SMALL COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

&E {z)
./
-/
.^
m

Table 5.7

.'/

//,'

y\x
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

-4.0
-0.359552
-0.347179
-0.333373
-0.318556
-0.303109
-0.287369

-0.057540
-0.078283
-0.096648
-0.112633
-0.126301
-0.137768

.'/

S,

-3.0

-3.5
-0.094868
-0.119927
-0.141221
-0.158890
-0.173169
-0.184355

-0.420509
-0.400596
-0.379278
-0.357202
-0.334923
-0.312894

E
y\x
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6

0.8
1.0

V X
o'.o

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

-2.0
-4.261087
-4.219228
-4.094686
-3.890531
-3.611783
-3.265262

0.000000
0.636779
1.260867
1.859922
2.422284
2.937296

0.5
-0.133374
-0.126168
-0.104687
-0.069328
-0.020743
+ 0.040177

0.000000
0.157081
0.312331
0.463961
0.610264
0.749655

-1.5
-2.895820
-2.867070
-2.781497
-2.641121
-2.449241
-2.210344

0.000000
0.462804
0.917127
1.354712
1.767748
2.149077

1.0
0.219384
0.224661
0.240402
0.266336
0.302022
0.346856

0.000000
0.12621C
0.251143
0.373547
0.492229
0.606074

-0.156411
-0.185573
-0.208800
-0.226575
-0.239500
-0.248231

-0.494576
-0.462493
-0.429554
-0.396730
-0.364785
-0.334280

(z)

0.000000
0.342700
0.679691
1.005410
1.314586
1.602372

1.5
0.505485
0.509410
0.521123
0.540441
0.567061
0.600568

-0.580650
-0.528987
-0.478303
-0.429978
-0.384941
-0.343719

-0.257378
-0.289009
-0.310884
-0.324774
-0.332047
-0.334043

.'//

_2 .0
-0.670483
-0.587558
-0.510543
-0.441128
-0.380013
-0.327140

-0.425168
-0.451225
-0.463193
-0.464163
-0.457088
-0.444528

+ln z

-1.0
-1.895118
-1.875155
-1.815717
-1.718135
-1.584591
-1.418052

-2.5

0.000000
0.103432
0.205962
0.306707
0.404823
0.499516

-0.5
-1.147367
-1.133341
-1.091560
-1.022911
-0.928842
-0.811327

0.000000
0.258840
0.513806
0.761122
0.997200
1.218731

2.0
0.742048
0.745014
0.753871
0.768490
0.788664
0.814107

0.000000
0.086359
0.172075
0.256515
0.339075
0.419185

-0.577216
-0.567232
-0.537482
-0.488555
-0.421423
-0.337404

0.000000
0.199556
0.396461
0.588128
0.772095
0.946083

9 .5
0.941206
0.943484
0.950289
0.961532
0.977068
0.996699

0.000000
0.073355
0.146246
0.218215
0.288822
0.357653

Gamma

6.

Function and Related Functions

Philip

J.

Davis

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties

255

6.1.

Gamma

6.2.
6.3.

Beta Function
Psi (Digamma) Function

6.4.

Polygamma Functions

255
258
258
260
260
263

6.5.
6.6.

Function

Incomplete Gamma Function

Incomplete Beta Function

Numerical Methods
6.7.

6.8.

263

Use and Extension of the Tables

Summation of Rational Series by Means

263
of

Polygamma Func264

tions

References

Table

6.1.

265

Gamma, Digamma and Trigamma

T(x), In T(x),

Table

6.2.

6.3.

z=l(.005)2,

yp'ix),

i3)

Gamma

and Digamma
(l<n< 101)

T(n),

US

l/r(n)-,

T(n+%),

f(n),

9S

267

271

Functions for Integer and Half272

10D

n\/[(2Tr)inn +i]e~ n ,

8S

10D

(x),x=l(M)2,

Integer Values

10D

Tetragamma and Pentagamma Functions (1< x < 2)

4>"(x),i,

Table

if,(x),

Functions (l<x<2)

\nnf(n),

8D

8D

n= 1(1) 101
Table

6.4.

Logarithmsof the
log 10 r(n),

Gamma Function (l<w< 101)

8S

log l0

r(w+i),

8S

log l0 r(ri+i),

8S

logio

rOH-f),
In r(n)

274

8S

(n J)

In

n+n,

8D

71=1(1)101

National Bureau of Standards.

253

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

254

Page

Table

6.5. Auxiliary

tions

Functions

Table
In

Table

and Digamma Func276

x+ h~ x

6.6. Factorials for

],

In T(x)

(x f) In x+cc,

In x\p(x)

8D

x- x =.015 (-.001)0,

n\,

Gamma

(66<z<o)
x\/[(2ir)?x

Table

for

Large Arguments (100 <n< 1000)

276

20S

n=100(100)1000,

Gamma Function for Complex Arguments

T (x+ iy) x= 1 (.1)2, y=0 (.1)10, 12D

6.7.

277

6.8.

Digamma Function

for

Complex Arguments

4<(x+iy),x=l(.l)2,y=0(.l)10,

#*(l+iy),

288

5D

10D

@f(l+iy)-\ny,y- =.ll
1

(-.01)0,

8D

The author acknowledges the assistance of Mary Orr in the preparation and checking of
the tables; and the assistance of Patricia Farrant in checking the formulas.

Gamma

6.

Function and Related Functions

Mathematical Properties

6.1.

Gamma

(Factorial) Function

Euler's Integral

'-/."

6.1.1

(@z>0)

t'-'e-'dt

t"

/:

e-

kt

(^z>0,m>0)

dt

Formula

Euler's

6.1.2

r(2)

= lim

n\n z
2(3+1)

(2^0,-1,-2,1..)

(z+n)

Euler's Infinite Product

^ = ^5[(l +|)

6.1.3

f
T

e -.]

(|.|<-)

=Lm.[ +H+i+---+i- lnm]

1

= .57721

56649.

Y is known as Euler's constant and is given to 25

decimal places in chapter 1. T{z) is single valued
and analytic over the entire complex plane, save
for the points

z=n(n=0,

1,

...

2,

possesses simple poles with residue

reciprocal 1/T

(2)

is

where

( l)"/n!.

Figure
,

2=

1, 2,

y=l/T(x)

Its

6.1.9

n(n=0,

y=T(x),

it

an entire function possessing

simple zeros at the points

Gamma function.

6.1.

r(3/2)

= |7r*=.88622 69254

= ()!

.).

Hankel's Contour Integral

6.1.10

i-Wl)-

**"

te~ 3)

<

rft)

(|s|<

6.1.4

r(J) =3.62560 99082

The path

of integration

starts at

real axis, circles the origin in the counterclockwise

direction

and returns
Factorial

6.1.11

r (re

+i)=i=^i=^r(i)

to the starting point.

and

II

r(l)

Notations

n( 2)=2!=r(2+i)

6.1.5

on the

00

= 2.67893 85347.

6.1.12

rc+ii-

6.1.13

r(K+i

'-^-g-^ rtt)

Integer Values
6.1.6

r(n+l) = 1-2-3

(nl)n=n\

8 -"-

;( 3

"-

1>

r(})

6.1.T

=0=

lim
z-7i

r(

z)

(-n-1)!

(n=0, 1,2,..

.)

r(f)

= 1.35411

79394.

Fractional Values
6.1.8

g-'V^r^ 1.77245 38509.

= (-)!

r(|)

= 1.22541

67024

255

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

256

Recurrence Formulas

y sinh

6.1.16

V (jl JrZ )

= (n-l + z)(n-2+z)
= (n-l + z)\
= (n I+j8)(n 2+s)
T(z)T(l

(l

(1

7n/

6.1.30

r(i+ty)r(*-iy) = |r(i+iy)|=^

6.1.31

r(l+*y)r(l-iy) = |r(l+iy)|"=

6.1.32

r(i+iy)r(|-%)=

+ g)r(l + 2)
+ 2)2!

Formula

Reflection

6.1.17

r(iy)T(-iy) = \T(vy)\*--

6.1.29

T(z+i) = zT(z)=z\=z(z-l)\

6.1.15

z) = zT( z)T(z)=ltcscirz

Power

Try

i5

ttV2

V.

^_

Series

6.1.33

"-!:

1+t

(0<^2<1)

dt

In r(l

+ z)=-ln(l+2)+z(l- 7

+S(-l)"[fN-l]2>

Duplication Formula

(|*|<2)

n=2

r(22)=(27r)r*2 2 *-* r(g) r(g+i)

6.1.18

Triplication

f (n)

is

the

Riemann Zeta Function

(see

chapter

23).

Formula

Series Expansion 2 for l/r(z)

r(32)=(27r)- 1 3 3r -^r(2)r(2+^)r(2+|)

6.1.19

T(nz) = (2Tr)^ a

6.1.20

- n)

nnz -^nv(z+^)
fc

=o

Binomial Coefficient
2!

6.1.21

c:>

w!(2 w)!

ck z
^VT=Z!
1 \Z)
k=l

6.1.34

Gauss' Multiplication Formula

1.

0.

0.
0.

r(g+i)

r(w+i)r(2 w+i)

0.

0.
0.

Pochhammer's Symbol

6.1.22

(2)0=1,

10
(z) n

=z(z+l)(z+2)

6.1.24

6.1.25

(z+n-1)--

11

Function in the Complex Plane

r(i)

arg

= r(z); In T(z)=ln

r(s+ly)

6.1.27

arg

r(x+iy)=j^(z)+S (^-arctan

^J

(x+^0,-1,-2,
where

\f,(z)=T'(z)/T(z)

6.1.28

r(l+iy)=iyr(iy)

0.

00012

13

-0. 00000
0.

00000

-0.00000

16

0.

17

0.

18

-0.

19

0.

20
21
22
23
24
25
26

T(x+iy)\<\T(x)\

0.00116
0. 00021

0. 00002

15

n R+^r-vfl
= n=0
(x+n)

0.

00000
57721
65587
04200
16653
04219
00962
00721

12

14
T(z)

T(2+l)=arg r(2)+arctan^

T(x)
6.1.26

T(z)

Gamma
6.1.23

0.

-0.
0.

-0.
-0.
0.

0.

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

(l*l<-)

J*

00000
56649
80715
26350
86113
77345
19715
89432
51675
52416
80502
01348
12504
11330
02056
00061
00050
00011
00001
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

000000
015329
202538
340952
822915
555443
278770
466630
918591
741149
823882
547807
934821
272320
338417
160950
020075
812746
043427
077823
036968
005100
000206
000054
000014
000001

)
2 The coefficients c
Davis, Tables of
k are from H. T.
higher mathematical functions, 2 vols., Principia Press,
Bloomington, Inch, 1933, 1935 (with permission); with

corrections due to H. E. Salzer.

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Polynomial Approximations

Error

0<X<1

6.1.35
1

\e(x)\<5XlQ-

a2
a3

= 57486
= .95123
= .69985
.

for

Asymptotic Expansion

6.1.42

5
T(x+ 1) =x\= 1 +a x+a2 x2Jra 3x 3 +aix 4 +a5x + (x)

a,

Term

257

If

R n {z) =

In

(2)

-(2|)

In 2

.42455 49

46

a4

63

a 5 =-. 10106 78

+ 2-i In

(2*0

B
-Si2m(2m
2m

l)2 2m

"

88

then

0<x<l

6.1.36

T(x+l)=x\=l + b x+b 2 x 2 +
1

+&

8
8 z +e(z)

b2

= 57719
= .98820

63

=-.

1652

6S

5891
89705 6937
91820 6857

65

h=

67

68

R n((Z <
)\
;|

]-g2, +2 lg(g)
(2n+l)(27i+2)|2|

2n+1

where

|6(x)|<3X10- 7
6,

= 75670
= .48219
= 19352
= 03586
.

4078
9394
7818
8343

i(2)

For

and

2 real

than the

first

=upper bound |2 2/(w2 +2 2 )|

positive,

R n is less

in absolute

value

term neglected and has the same

sign.

Formula

Stirling's

6.1.43
6.1.37

_^

1 z~

iP

*&-<-* (2-)

^ln T(iy)=0g In

,1.1

518402
I + i2i+288i--6l84(
1

=tlz(A)
\y sinh Try/

(2->oo in |arg2|<7r)

-|

24883202

T(iy)

lot
J9_

~ In

(2tt)

wy%\n

x-j- -

x\=\2irxx+ *expl

(x>0,

O<0<1)

j^ In r (iy)

arg T(iy)

= arg

T(iy)

= Mn T(iy)

Asymptotic Formulas

'3/lny y iir S7.

+ b)~^e-

az

(az)

az+ "- i

(|arg z|<ir,

a>0)

6.1.40

l!/!-

In

2-2+i

In

For

1? see

(2tt)

7?

S 2m(2m-l)2

(2

ro

in

<7r)

!()-(*-*)

In

6.1.46

li

M-^=l

6.1.47

chapter 23

2-2+i

In (2.)

^-^

,,_ a

r(2+q)
r(2+6)

(o-6)(o+6-i:
ii_

22

6
1

12602
3

From

C.

I68O2

(2^00 in

-1

]im(2ir)-*|T(z+iy)|* ,r|f, |y|*-*=l

6.1.41

In

-\y-'B 2n
(fJ->+)

6.1.45

r(g)~(gi)

'^i(2n-l)(2n)y2n

6.1.39

In

6.1.44

6.1.38

T{az

(y-*+

y,

|arg

+AC2

2|<V)

Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital

computers, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955
(with permission).

as

)(

^6

1)

- a +6-l)| +

2>oo along any curve joining 2=0 and 2=,

25^ b, 61,
z^ a, a 1,

providing

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

258

Continued Fraction
,

6.1.48

T(z)+z-(z-i)

In

gp
2
1

12'

(Z3

0^2

(2x)
^5

~30'

>

(^2>0)

+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2 +
_ 1
_ 53 as 195
aaai

22999
22737

a4 -

ttl

2|ln

In

71'
371

2T0'

29944523
109535241009
a D6 =
V ~
19733142'
48264275462

<Ly

-'

Formula 4
-2

r'Ysin\

7T

\cos/

Jo

1-3-5

ax

2-4-6
(2w)

(2n)

~2 2n

2 2n (n\) 2

,j_r 1 _i+_i

/
/

-5

Figure

1
J

8/^128/1?

Ti n i

-4

/2n\
Tfo+j)
\n)~~Trhr{n+l)

_^

-3

(2n 1)

6.1.49

r
1

Wallis'

6.2.

Psi function.

y=\j/{x)=d\n T(x)/dx

(n>a>)

Some

Definite Integrals

Integer Values

6.1.50

lr (2 )=j;[( 2 -i),--5^p]

3- i) l n 2 2+-| In

+2 f-

z>0)

*"

Beta Function

1*' 1

Jo
>o
(sin t) 2

*- 1

(cos

= 7 2ln 2= 1.96351

00260 21423

i)

(i

2w ~ l

+ ty + w
\z

B(z,w)= _,

T(z+w)

6.3.

Psi

f(n+*)=-T-21n2+2(l+|+

dt

+3^1)

Recurrence Formulas
5

*GM-i)=*(s)+-

6.3.5

(n>l)

=B(w,z)

(Digamma) Function

^(2) =d[ln

6.3.1

dt

(ggz>0,?w>0)
6.2.2

6,3.4

(l-t)"- dt=

Jo

=2

(n>2)

6.3.3
^()

(^2>0)

6.2.1

B(z,w)=

= 7, f(n) = -y+^Jr

2ir

(f/s)

"-l

6.2.

^(i)

6.3.2

Fractional Values

arctan

Jo

71-1

dt

r (z)]/dz= T'(z)/T (2)

Some authors employ

the special double factorial nota-

6.3.6

tion as follows:

=2-4-6
=1-3-5
(2n-l)
(2w)

Some authors write 4>(z) =3- In

polygamma

functions.

yp(n+z)--

(2n-l)=w~i
az

the

(2n)=2 n

T(z +

1)

T(n+i)

and similarly for

(n 1)+2

'

(w 2)+z

+^+^++(

+*

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Formula

Reflection

6.3.7

\p(l

z)=\p(z) + T

259

6.3.19

cot

^(l+M/WnrfJb

irz

2ny 2n

Duplication Formula

*(2g)-**(g)+Wr(a+i) +ln

b.3.8

Psi Function in the

=ln2/+T^4
I2y

252?/

+
(y-<)

Extrema 6 of

T(x)

T'(x n )

6.3.10

Zeros of

\j/{x)

= i(x n =
)

T(xn)

"n

<fTl/(iy)=%y- +\TCo\h.Try

6.3.11

./iKi+iy) =i tann

6.3.12

S*Q.+iy) = -+\

6.3.13

+ 1.462

+ 0. 886

-0. 504

-3. 545

-1.573
-2.611

+ 2. 302

-3.
-4.
-5.
-6.

+ 0. 245

^2/

Trcoth

Try

=y,(n*+y*)- 1

n=l

6
7

Series Expansions

= -T+l:(-l) n r(n)2 n -

6.3.14 tA(l+2)

(|s|<l)

)=

r(x

+2 =

2 -i-i 7r cot itZ (1

g^-l+1 7
6.3.20

-S[f(2n+l)-l]2 2n

(|

xn

-0. 888

635
653
667
678

-0. 053
+0. 009
-0. 001

= 1.46163

x
6.3.15

^(l

'

Complex Plane

+(z)='Mz)

6.3.9

120?/

'

-88560

21449

68362

31944

10889

= -n+ (In w)-

2 |<2)

+o[(ln n)~ 2

Definite Integrals

6.3.21

6.3.16

jfci

(e^-1,-2 -3,

n(n+z)

(^2>0)

6.3.17

Jo

^(1+^=1-7-^

(i+o*J

= ln2 -2^- 2

+Zi (-D n+1 [f(2n+l)-%

(i

<

+2 2 )(e ^-l)
2

2'

Marg s|<
(|y|<2)

|j

6.3.22

( oo<y<oo)

dt

Asymptotic Formulas
6.3.18
1

# 2n

jj=i

2n2 2n

lKg)~ln.2- 22
22

=ln

22

122 2

'

=
Jo

1202 4

2522 6

(2^00
716-654

64

18

"
'

"

"

From W.

gamma
in |arg2|<7r)

(l+i"'"/!

and applications of the

Iwanami Syoten, Tokyo, Japan, 1952

Sibagaki, Theory

function,

(with permission)

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

260
6.4.

Polygamma Functions 7

Series Expansions

6.4.9
6.4.1

^)(l+2) = (-l)+i |~7i!f(n+l)

'
(n=l,2,3,

1^

r-

=(-1) n+1

l-t

Jo

(n)

(2),(n=0,l,

2!

6.4.10

a single valued analytic

.), is

'W2).+^^!^...]
(M<i)

(<^2>0)

dt

^>(g)

1!

= (-l)+ w!S

(z+k)-"- 1

fc=0

(2^0,-1-2,...)

function over the entire complex plane save at

the points

2= m(ra=0,l,2,

where

it

pos-

Asymptotic Formulas

(n+1).

sesses poles of order

6.4.11
n!
r(n 1)! __
ww
i\
_l)n-l^l_^_
^)
(2 )_
+

Integer Values

6.4.2
*<>(l)

= (-l)+n!$-(+l)

(n= 1,2,3,

+S
=

.)

6.4.3
(m,
i/-

(2fc+n-l)!"l
-^2*

(2fc)!2

fc

6.4.12

(n

+ !) = ( l)

ro

m!

t+i+

i-1
n+1

^22 2 ^62 3

(n)

a) = (-l)

n+1

!(2

re+1

"
*

'

22

arg 2|<V)

1
6

62 8

102 10

'

62 12

arg 2 |<7r)
I

6.4.14

it=i

W ~g" V~ V
1

7i"32 9

'*

U_r"2 13

(2^00 in

Recurrence Formula

arg 2 |<x)
I

(2+ 1) =^ (n) (z) + (- l)n!2-"-

^<">

302 9

(z->in

^(71+^=^-4 2 (2fc-l)-

6.4.6

422 7

-l)f(n + l)
(n=l,2

6.4.5

11
^62

11

*"(2)~

6.4.4

302 5

(z^>cd in

6.4.13
Fractional Values

(2->oom|arg2|<ir),

1.1

.,,,1,1,1
(2) ~-+?T- 4

f f(m+l) + l

fj

2*+'

6.5.

Incomplete

Gamma

Function

(see also 26.4)

Formula

Reflection

6.5.1

6.4.7
(n

^ >(l-2)

+ (-l)

+ty

(n)

(2) = (-l)V^COt7r2

^-m E

-**"

(@a>0)

dt

6.5.2
Multiplication Formula

y{a,x)=P(a,x)T(a)=

6.4.8

*"" !")

= ^4+5 [* w

W +*""(

e-

a~x

dt

(@a>0)

6.5.3

+^)

T(a, x)

=T(a)y(a,x)=

e-'f-'dt
J

+***'( 2+

h) +

+*" s+1
,

-s)]

6.5.4

7*(a, j)
7

known

trigamma function. ^", ^ (3) ^ (4) are

the tetra-, penta-, and hexagamma functions respectively.
Some authors write \j/{z) d[\n T(z+l)]/dz, and similarly
^'

is

for the

as the

polygamma

functions.

= a- aF(a,

^"r^fa *)

7*
a;

is

a single valued analytic function of a and

possessing no finite singularities.

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Figube

6.3.

Y*(

From

F. G. Tricomi, Sulla funzione

gamma

Incomplete
'

'

r(a)Jo

gamma function.
e-H"-

dt

incompleta, Annali di Matematica, IV, 33, 1950 (with permission).

261

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

262
6.5.5

y(%,.x*)=2

6.5.16

- t2

dt=^ erf x

Probability Integral of the x -Distribution

2

Vt

P(X2 \v) =

X2

t*"-

r(i,x 2 )=2 fe"

6.5.17

e~ht

(Pearson's

Form

of the Incomplete

Gamma

dt=^ erfc

f^ xt*(-2-,-x )= fVd<
2

6.5.18

6.5.6

Function)

T(-n,x)=t^ [^(x)-e-g ^^-

6.5.19

fuJJ+i

e-H'dt

r few;) =***' [C(x,a) iS(x,a)]

6.5.20

=P(p+l,Wy/p + l)
Recurrence Formulas
/* CO

6.5.7

a~

C(x,a)=\

{0ta<\)

cos tdt

P(a+l,x)=P(a,x)-

6.5.21
/* CO

a-1

S(x,a)=j

6.5.8

sin

{0ta<\)

tdt

y(a-\-l,x)=ay(a,x) x a e~ x

6.5.22
6.5.9

r(o+i)

y*(al,x)=xy*(a,x) +

6.5.23
/ CO

S(aO=l

e- I(

re

^i=j;

n-1

r(a)

r(l n,x)
Derivatives

and

Differential Equations

6.5.10

6.5.24
Oi n

(X)

e- xt t*dt=x-*- 1 T(l+n,x)

__fq*-inx=-* (.)-]nx

(*)
6.5.11

\pt)

&n

21

"I

d7(o,)
6.5.25

Incomplete Gamma Function as a Confluent

Hypergeometric Fuction (see chapter 13)

6.5.12

y(a,x)=a- x a e- xM(l,
1

dx

xa

=a;a _ lc _,

dx

6.5.26

5"

+ a,x)

dx

=a~

^r(a,a)

- [x- a r(a,x)]

= (-l)"x-

a-n

r(a+n,x)
(=0,1,2, ...)

M(a, l-\-a,x)
6.5.27

Special Values

jy;-

dx

[e*xV (a,x)]=e xxa

-n

y*(a n,x)

6.5.13

(n=0,l,2,...)
rytlt

rutA

P(n,x)=l-f
6.5.28

= le n -i(x)e-

^-+^+ + )^+ a
1

:c

'>'*

=0

Series

For relation to the Poisson distribution, see

Developments

26.4.

6.5.29

7*( n, x)x n

6.5.14

y*(a,z)=e-*2~Z

/ CO

6.5.15

r(0,

x)=

e-'t- 1

dt=E

(x)

T(a+n+l)

T(a)

(-8)'

^o

(a+n)n!

(MO)

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Definite Integrals

6.5.30
y(a,

263

x+y)y(a,

6.5.36

x)

(a l)(a 2)

(a n)

[l-e-e n (y)]

n=0

(^(a+c)>0,^6>-l)

(\y\<\4
6.5.37

Continued Fraction

f>-ir(4,t)(ftJM

6.5.31

Jo
X

T(a,x)=ex
v

I a

(\\a;+ +
1

2 a

x+

(^(o+6)>0,

+ x+
(*>0,|a|O)

Asymptotic Expansions

6.6.

Incomplete Beta Function

Bx {a,b)=

6.6.1

<^a>0)

a
t

-\l-ty-

dt

6.5.32

Ix (a,b)=B x (a,b)/B(a,b)

6.6.2

For
/
(

z> oo

s|<^

in |arg

statistical applications, see 26.5.

.3*r\

Suppose 2?(a,2)= u n+ i(a,2)+ ... is the

mainder after n terms in this series. Then if
are real, we have for n^>a
,

Symmetry

Ix (a,b) = 1-/1-3(6,0)

6.6.3
re-

Relation to Binomial Expansion

a,

J,(a,n^a+l)=S (t)p V--p) n - i

i

6.6.4

\Rn(a,z)\<\un+1 (a,z)\

R n (a,z) = sign

and sign

6.5.33

7(0,2)

lim

6.5.34

For binomial

u n+1 (a,z).

Recurrence Formulas

a+n

,{l)
~2
^o (a+n)n\
z

for

e n {an)

distribution, see 26.1.

(a^+-)
a>l

6.6.5

Ix (a,b)=xlx (a 1,6) + (1 x)Ix (a,b 1)

6.6.6

(a+6 ab)Ix (a,b)

=a(lx)lx (a+l,bl)+blx (a,b+l)

6.5.35

6.6.7

(o+6)/*(o,6)

=a/,(o+ 1,6) +6/I (a,6+ 1)

Relation to Eypeigeometric Function

(z-^co in

arg z\<^^ir)

Bx (a,b)=a~ x
1

6.6.8

F(a,l

6;

o+l;

x)

Numerical Methods
6.7.

Use and Extension of the Tables

The

Example

1.

Compute

Using

r(6.38) to 8S.

the recurrence relation 6.1.16 and Table 6.1

we

have,
r(6.38)

= [(5.38) (4.38) (3.38) (2.38) (1.38)]r(1.38)

= 232.43671.

Example
6.4

and

2.

Compute

In T(56.38), using

linear interpolation

In T(56.38)

= (56.38!) In

in/2

(56.38)

We

Table

have

-(56.38)

+/

(56.38).

error of linear interpolation in the table of

the function f2

is

smaller than 10~ 7 in this region.

92041 67 and In T(56.38)

2 (56.38)
169.85497 42.
Direct interpolation in Table 6.4 of log 10 T(n)
eliminates the necessity of employing logarithms.
However, the error of linear interpolation is .002 so
that log 10 r(n) is obtained with a relative error
of 10- 6

Hence,

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

264

Example

3.

Compute

Using the

^(6.38) to 8S.

6.8.

recurrence relation 6.3.6 and Table 6.1.

6 38 =5k+ik+3k + 2k+m+* (l
= 1.77275 59.
>

38)

Summation of Rational Series by Means

of Polygamma Functions

An

to a finite series of psi

The method

Example 4. Compute ^(56.38). Using Table

we have ^(56.38) =ln 56.38-/3 (56.38).
The error of linear interpolation in the table of
-7
the function f3 is smaller than 8X10
in this
6.3

region.

plicit

Let the general term of an

Compute

5.

r(l i) =ln

Example

r(l +i)

and

Table

Taking

r(+i).

In

we

have,
In

r(i+#)=ln r(f+ii)-ln

(i+*i)

The logarithms

of

complex numbers are found

Compute

7.

of 6.1.18,

= {n+p )\n+p y

d3 (n)

= (n+ yi y(n+y y

=2 (n+a
die

wn

k)

(n+am

*"

(n+fr)

(rc+ys ) 3

r(3+7i) using the

Taking the logarithm

'2*

(n+p k ) s

frj (w+|8jt)

In

duplication formula 6.1.18.

d2 {n)

t=i

4.1.2.

Example

/S,-,

1)

= .11239-.75073t
from

(n+a )(n+a2

where p(n) is a polynomial of degree m+2r+3s

and y are
at most and where the constants a,,
distinct. Expand u n in partial fractions as follows

= -.23419+.03467i

(^ In -|+i arctan

p(n)

d 1 (n)d 2 (n)d 3 (n)

where
d1 (ri) =

the logarithm of the recurrence relation 6.1.15

have

the
6.7,

= - .6509 + .3016i.

Compute

6.

From

r(l i).

In

6.1.23

infinite series

the form

71

principle

and polygamma functions.

triple root.

un =

Example

a ra-

be illustrated by writing the exformula when the denominator contains a

Hence,/3 (56.38) = .00889 53 and ^(56.38) =

reflection

is

may always be reduced

will

4.023219.

in

whose general term

infinite series

tional function of the index

+s 0+7*)
Clk

c 2k

C3k

0+7*) 2

(n+7*)

jfti

we have
41n2ir=

(f+7i)ln2=
In

z) a*+T, 6i*+z; c=0.

.91894

k=l

1.73287+

4. 85203i

r(f+f)= 3.31598+

2.32553i

In

r(2+fi) = -2.66047+ 2.93869i

In

r(3+7i) = 5.16252+10.11625i

Example

8.

Compute

In T(3-\-7i) to

the asymptotic formula 6.1.41.

In (3

+ 7i) =2.03022

15

We

5D

Then, we

express

X) u n

in

terms of the

n=l

constants appearing in this partial fraction expansion as follows

using

have

+ 1.16590

may

k=l

k=l

n=l

j=l

45i

Then,

+ 7t) = -3. 0857779+17.1263119^

- (3 7i) = 3. 0000000 - OOOOOOOi

(2.5+7i) In

(3

ci^(i+t,)+2
-T,
=
j=l
;

c 2J

f (l+yj

7.

ln(2jr)=
[12(3+7i)]~ 1

-f360(3 + 7t)
In

3 ]-

=
=

.9189385

.0043103.0000059-

r(3 + 7i) = 5.

16252

0100575i

-S|f'(iH).

.0000022*

+10. 11625*

Higher order repetitions in the denominator are

handled similarly. If the denominator contains

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

only simple or double roots, omit the correspond
ing lines.

265

Therefore

s= 16^(1) - 16t(l J) +<'(!) + ^'(1|) = .013499.

Example

Find

9.

Example

11.

Evaluate

s=Xj

i(+l)(2+l)(4+l)

We

have,

(see also 6.3.13)

(n2 +l)(n2 +4)

6\n+i n-ij

we have

n2ij

12 \7i+2i

ai=l,

Cfi=-^, CL$=\, fll=3,

02= 1,

03=3'
Hence, ai=7-> a^^ -^- a3 == To~> a
12 "
'

Thus,

i(7!?+D(w*+4)

Since

T+
(n+l)(2+l)(4n+l) n+1 Ti+f^n+j'

1
1

*i

'

cti=i, <X2=

s= -W?) +f(W-U0-i)=- 047198.

=w
12

a3 =2i, a4 =

i,

2%,

and therefore

Example
Find

10.

S^ n (8w+l)

s=

16

Since

s=-^ [^(l+t)-^(l-i)]+^

n (8n+l)
2

bKl+2i)-*(l-2i)].

By

16

reduces to

6.3.9, this

"
'
2,
r
r 'h
r
w" 7^+|" ?^2 (n+|)

*=|^^(l+i)-|^lA(l+2i).
we have,
fr=0, ft=i,

&n=-16,

6 12 =16, 6 21 =1, 6 22 =1.

From Table

6.8,

s=. 13876.

References
Tables

Texts
[6.1]

E. Artin, Einfiihrung in die TheOrie der

Gamma-

[6.9]

funktion (Leipzig, Germany, 1931).

[6.2]

[6.3]

E. Bohmer, Differenzengleichungen und bestimmte Integrate, chs. 3, 4, 5 (K. F. Koehler,

Leipzig, Germany, 1939).

P.

tion, vol. II, pp.

Switzerland, 1955).
[6.4]

A. Erdelyi et

al.,

52-61

(Birkhauser,

Hill

Book

[6.10]

rial

Basel,

Higher transcendental functions,

Co., Inc.,

New

= 0(.01)10,

j/

= 0(.01)4,

Research Laboratory,

numbers and

6D.

table of the facto-

their reciprocals

IOOO! to 20 significant digits.

from

l!

through

Technical Note No.

Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1951.

[6.11] British Association for the

Advancement

of Science,

Mathematical tables, vol. 1, 3d ed., pp. 40-59

(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
The gamma and polygamma functions.
1951).

(McGraw-

York, N.Y., 1953).

Approximations for digital computers (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J.,

Hastings,

Ballistic

381,

vol. 1, ch. 1, ch. 2, sec. 5; vol. 2, ch. 9

[6.5] C.

In T(x+iy), x

Handbuch der Laplace-Transforma-

Doetsch,

G.

A. Abramov, Tables of In r(z) for complex argument. Translated from the Russian by D. G.
Fry (Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y., 1960).

Jr.,

Also

1+

f'logio

(t)\dt,

= 0(.01)l,

10D.

1955).
[6.6]'F.

Losch and F. Schoblik, Die Fakultat und verwandte Funktionen (B. G. Teubner, Leipzig,

Germany, 1951).

W.

[6.8]

E. T. Whittaker

modern

and G. N. Watson,

H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical

functions, 2 vols. (Principia Press, Bloomington,
Ind., 1933, 1935).

of the

Sibagaki, Theory and applications of the gamma

function (Iwanami Syoten, Tokyo, Japan, 1952).

[6.7]

[6.12]

course of

analysis, ch. 12, 4th ed. (Cambridge

Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).

if/

w (x)

Extensive,

many

gamma and polygamma

and

place tables
functions up to

of their logarithms.

Duarte, Nouvelles tables de logio n\ a 33 decimates depuis n=l jusqu'a w = 3000 (Kundig,
Geneva, Switzerland; Index Generalis, Paris,

[6.13] F. J.

France, 1927).

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

266
[6.14]

National Bureau of Standards, Tables of n\ and

[6.18] E. S. Pearson,

T(n Jr^) for the first thousand values of n, Applied Math. Series 16 (U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., 1951).
n\, 16S;r(n+-|),

Computers No. VIII (Cambridge Univ. Press,

Cambridge, England, 1922). Log, T(p), p = 2(.l)
5(.2)70(1)1200, 10D.

8S.
[6.15]

National Bureau of Standards, Table of Coulomb

wave functions, vol. I, pp. 114-135, Applied
Math. Series 17 (U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., 1952).

[6.19] J.

>

Peters, Ten-place logarithm tables, vol.

I,

Ap-

pendix, pp. 58-68 (Frederick Ungar Publ. Co.,

New

^[r'(l + ti7)/r(l+iu],i, = 0(.005)2(.01)6(.02)10(.l)

20(.2)60(.5)110 10D;argr(l

Table of the logarithms of the comarguments 2 to 1200, Tracts for

plete T-function,

York, N.Y., 1957).

+ i'u),u = 0(.01)l(.02)

n\,

n=l(l)43, 54D; Log,

(n!)-,

n = l(l)60, exact;
n = l(l)1200,

(n!),

18D.

3(.05)10(.2)20(.4)30(.5)85, 8D.
[6.16]

National Bureau of Standards, Table of the gamma

function for complex arguments, Applied Math.
Series 34 (U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C., 1954).
In T(x+iy), x

= 0(.l)10, y = 0(.l)10,

rocal of the

gamma

ment (Univ.

of

1950).

function for complex arguToronto Press, Toronto, Canada,

3= -.5 (.01). 5,

2/=0(.01)l, 6D.

12D.
[6.21]

[6.17]

Stanley and M. V. Wilkes, Table of the recip-

[6.20] J. P.

Contains an extensive bibliography.

National Physical Laboratory, Tables of Weber
parabolic cylinder functions, pp. 226-233 (Her
Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England,

M. Zyczkowski, Tablice funkcyj eulera i pokrewnych

(Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warsaw,
Extensive tables

Poland,

1954).

involving

gamma and

of

integrals

beta functions.

1955).

Real and imaginary parts

a

= 0(.l)5(.2)20,

8D;

of In r(-jfc+-Jfa), k

= 0(1) 3,

For references to tabular material on the incomplete

(|r(*+i*o)/r(i+4to)l)-^

gamma and

= 0(.02)1(.1)5(.2)20,

in

8D.

chapter

incomplete beta functions, see the references

26.

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

267

GAMMA, DIGAMMA AND TRIGAMMA FUNCTIONS

X

In

T(x)

r(-')

Table 6.1

f'(x)

1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020

1.00000
0.99713
0.99432
0.99156
0.98884

00000
85354
58512
12888
42033

0.00000
-0.00286
-0.00569
-0.00847
-0.01121

00000
55666
03079
45187
84893

-0.57721
-0.56902
-0.56088
-0.55280
-0.54478

56649
09113
54579
85156
93105

1.64493
1.63299
1.62121
1.60958
1.59811

40668
41567
35283
91824
81919

0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020

1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045

0.98617
0.98354
0.98097
0.97843
0.97594

39633
99506
15606
82009
92919

-0.01392
-0.01658
-0.01921
-0.02179
-0.02434

25067
68539
18101
76511
46490

-0.53682
-0.52892
-0.52107
-0.51327
-0.50553

70828
10873
05921
48789
32428

1.58679
1.57562
1.56459
1.55371
1.54296

76993
49154
71163
16426
58968

0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045

1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070

0.97350
0.97110
0.96874
0.96642
0.96415

42656
25663
36495
69823
20425

-0.02685
-0.02932
-0.03175
-0.03414
-0.03650

30725
31868
52537
95318
62763

-0.49784
-0.49020
-0.48262
-0.47509
-0.46761

49913
94448
59358
38088
24199

1.53235
1.52188
1.51154
1.50133
1.49124

73421
35001
19500
03259
63164

0.050
0.055
0.060
0.065
0.070

1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095

0.96191
0.95972
0.95757
0.95545
0.95338

83189
53107
25273
94882
57227

-0.03882
-0.04110
-0.04335
-0.04556
-0.04773

57395
81702
38143
29148
57114

-0.46018
-0.45279
-0.44546
-0.43818
-0.43094

11367
93380
64135
17635
47988

1.48128
1.47145
1.46173
1.45214
1.44266

76622
21556
76377
19988
31755

0.075
0.080
0.085
0.090
0.095

1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120

0.95135
0.94935
0.94739
0.94547
0.94359

07699
41778
55040
43149
01856

-0.04987
-0.05197
-0.05403
-0.05606
-0.05806

24413
33384
86341
85568
33325

-0.42375
-0.41661
-0.40951
-0.40246
-0.39545

49404
16193
42761
23611
53339

1.43329
1.42404
1.41490
1.40587
1.39695

91508
79514
76482
63535
22213

0.100
0.105
0.110
0.115
0.120

1.125
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145

0.94174
0.93993
0.93815
0.93641
0.93471

26997
14497
60356
60657
11562

-0.06002
-0.06194
-0.06383
-0.06569
-0.06751

31841
83322
89946
53867
77212

-0.38849
-0.38157
-0.37469
-0.36786
-0.36107

26633
38268
83110
56106
52291

1.38813
1.37941
1.37080
1.36229
1.35387

34449
82573
49288
17670
71152

0.125
0.130
0.135
0.140
0.145

1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170

0.93304
0.93140
0.92980
0.92823
0.92669

09311
50217
30666
47120
96106

-0.06930
-0.07106
-0.07278
-0.07447
-0.07612

62087
10569
24716
06558
58106

-0.35432
-0.34761
-0.34095
-0.33432
-0.32774

66780
94768
31528
72413
12847

1.34555
1.33733
1.32920
1.32117
1.31322

93520
68900
81752
16859
59322

0.150
0.155
0.160
0.165
0.170

1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195

0.92519
0.92372
0.92229
0.92088
0.91951

74225
78143
04591
50371
12341

-0.07774
-0.07933
-0.08089
-0.08242
-0.08391

81345
78240
50733
00745
30174

-0.32119
-0.31468
-0.30821
-0.30178
-0.29539

48332
74438
86809
81156
53259

1.30536
1.29760
1.28991
1.28232
1.27480

94548
08248
86421
15358
81622

0.175
0.180
0.185
0.190
0.195

1.200
1.205
1.210
1.215
1.220

0.91816
0.91685
0.91557
0.91432
0.91310

87424
72606
64930
61500
59475

-0.08537
-0.08680
-0.08820
-0.08956
-0.09090

40900
34780
13651
79331
33619

-0.28903
-0.28272
-0.27643
-0.27019
-0.26398

98966
14187
94897
37135
37000

1.26737
1.26002
1.25275
1.24556
1.23845

72054
73755
74090
60671
21360

0.200
0.205
0.210
0.215
0.220

1.225
1.230
1.235
1.240
1.245

0.91191
0.91075
0.90962
0.90852
0.90744

56071
48564
34274
10583
74922

-0.09220
-0.09348
-0.09472
-0.09593
-0.09711

78291
15108
45811
72122
95744

-0.25780
-0.25166
-0.24556
-0.23949
-0.23345

90652
94307
44243
36791
68341

1.23141
1.22445
1.21756
1.21074
1.20400

44258
17702
30254
70707
28063

0.225
0.230
0.235
0.240
0.245

1.250

0.90640 24771

1.19732 91545

0.250

In y\

y\

r-

.->.\9

OQ a

K.x-*i

mnlAC

-0.09827 18364

[<".

id.

-0.22745 35334

-In

dy

d2
i

y\

)7

)2

log l0 e=0.43429 44819

Compiled from H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical functions, 2 vols. (Principia
Press, Bloomington, Ind., 1933, 1935) (with permission). Known error has been corrected.

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

268

GA MMA. DIG AMMA VND TRIG AMMA FUNCTIOr *s

Table 6.1

In r(x)

r(x)

*'(&)

f(z)

X
1.250
1.255
1.260
1.265
1.270

0.90640
0.90538
0.90439
0.90343
0.90250

24771
57663
71178
62946
30645

-0.09827
-0.09939
-0.10048
-0.10154
-0.10258

18364
41651
67254
96809
31932

-0.22745
-0.22148
-0.21554
-0.20964
-0.20376

35334
34266
61686
14193
88437

1.19732
1.19072
1.18418
1.17772
1.17131

91545
50579
94799
14030
98301

0.250
0.255
0.260
0.265
0.270

1.275
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295

0.90159
0.90071
0,89986
0.89904
0.89824

71994
84765
66769
15863
29947

-0.10358
-0.10456
-0.10550
-0.10642
-0.10731

74224
25269
86634
59872
46519

-0.19792
-0.19211
-0.18634
-0.18059
-0.17487

81118
88983
08828
37494
71870

1.16498
1.15871
1.15250
1.14635
1.14027

37821
22990
44385
92764
59053

0.275
0.280
0.285
0.290
0.295

1.300
1.305
1.310
1.315
1.320

0.89747
0.89672
0.89600
0.89530
0.89464

06963
44895
41767
95644
04630

-0.10817
-0.10900
-0.10981
-0.11058
-0.11133

48095
66107
02045
57384
33587

-0.16919
-0.16353
-0.15790
-0.15231
-0.14674

08889
45526
78803
05782
23568

1.13425
1.12829
1.12238
1.11654
1.11075

34350
09915
77175
27706
53246

0.300
0.305
0.310
0.315
0.320

1.325
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345

0.89399
0.89337
0.89278
0.89221
0.89167

66866
80535
43850
55072
12485

-0.11205
-0.11274
-0.11341
-0.11404
-0.11465

32100
54356
01772
75756
77697

-0.14120
-0.13569
-0.13020
-0.12475
-0.11932

29305
20180
93416
46279
76069

1.10502
1.09934
1.09372
1.08816
1.08265

45678
97037
99497
45379
27136

0.325
0.330
0.335
0.340
0.345

1.350
1.355
1.360
1.365
1.370

0.89115
0.89065
0.89018
0.88973
0.88931

14420
59235
45324
71116
35074

-0.11524
-0.11579
-0.11632
-0.11682
-0.11730

08974
70951
64980
92401
54539

-0.11392
-0.10855
-0.10321
-0.09789
-0.09259

80127
55827
00582
11840
87082

1.07719
1.07178
1.06643
1.06112
1.05587

37361
68773
14226
66696
19286

0.350
0.355
0.360
0.365
0.370

1.375
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395

0.88891
0.88853
0.88818
0.88785
0.88754

35692
71494
41041
42918
75748

-0.11775
-0.11817
-0.11857
-0.11894
-0.11929

52707
88209
62331
76353
31538

-0.08733
-0.08209
-0.07687
-0.07168
-0.06652

23825
19619
72046
78723
37297

1.05066
1.04550
1.04040
1.03533
1.03032

65216
97829
10578
97036
50881

0.375
0.380
0.385
0.390
0.395

1.400
1.405
1.410
1.415
1.420

0.88726
0.88700
0.88676
0.88654
0.88635

38175
28884
46576
89993
57896

-0.11961
-0.11990
-0.12017
-0.12041
-0.12063

29142
70405
56559
88823
68406

-0.06138
-0.05627
-0.05118
-0.04611
-0.04107

45446
00879
01337
44589
28433

1.02535
1.02043
1.01555
1.01072
1.00593

65905
36002
55173
17518
17241

0.400
0.405
0.410
0.415
0.420

1.425
1.430
1.435
1.440
1.445

0.88618
0.88603
0.88590
0.88580
0.88572

49081
62361
96587
50635
23397

-0.12082
-0.12099
-0.12114
-0.12125
-0.12135

96505
74307
02987
83713
17638

-0.03605
-0.03106
-0.02609
-0.02114
-0.01621

50697
09237
01935
26703
81479

1.00118
0.99648
0.99181
0.98719
0.98261

48640
06113
84147
77326
80318

0.425
0.430
0.435
0.440
0.445

1.450
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470

0.88566
0.88562
0.88560
0.88560
0.88563

13803
20800
43364
80495
31217

-0.12142
-0.12146
-0.12148
-0.12148
-0.12145

05907
49657
50010
08083
24980

-0.01131
-0.00643
-0.00158
+0.00325
0.00806

64226
72934
05620
39677
64890

0.97807
0.97357
0.96911
0.96469
0.96031

87886
94874
96215
86921
62091

0.450
0.455
0.460
0.465
0.470

1.475
1.480
1.485
1.490
1.495

0.88567
0.88574
0.88583
0.88594
0.88607

94575
69646
55520
51316
56174

-0.12140
-0.12132
-0.12122
-0.12110
-0.12095

01797
39621
39528
02585
29852

0.01285
0.01762
0.02237
0.02710
0.03180

71930
62684
39013
02758
55736

0.95597
0.95166
0.94739
0.94316
0.93896

16896
46592
46509
12052
38700

0.475
0.480
0.485
0.490
0.495

1.500

0.88622 69255

0.93480 22005

0.500

-0.12078 22376

0.03648 99740

d2

''

y
(

In

- )4

/!

;.

dy

lose,. ,

^=0.43429 44819

i//!

.'/

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

269

GAM [MA, DI GAMMA A ND TRI GAMMA ^UNCTK >NS

Table 6.1

In

r(.r)

+' (x)

*{x)

r(.r)

1.500
1.505
1.510
1.515
1.520

0.88622
0.88639
0.88659
0.88680
0.88703

69255
89744
16850
49797
87833

-0.12078
-0.12058
-0.12037
-0.12013
-0.11986

22376
81200
07353
01860
65735

0.03648
0.04115
0.04579
0.05041
0.05502

99740
36543
67896
95527
21146

0.93480
0.93067
0.92658
0.92252
0.91850

22005
57588
41142
68425
35265

0.500
0.505
0.510
0.515
0.520

1.525
1.530
1.535
1.540
1.545

0.88729
0.88756
0.88786
0.88817
0.88851

30231
76278
25287
76586
29527

-0.11957
-0.11927
-0.11893
-0.11858
-0.11820

99983
05601
83580
34900
60534

0.05960
0.06416
0.06871
0.07323
0.07773

46439
73074
02697
36936
77400

0.91451
0.91055
0.90663
0.90274
0.89888

37552
71245
32361
16984
21253

0.525
0.530
0.535
0.540
0.545

1.550
1.555
1.560
1.565
1.570

0.88886
0.88924
0.88963
0.89005
0.89048

83478
37830
91990
45387
97463

-0.11780
-0.11738
-0.11693
-0.11647
-0.11598

61446
38595
92928
25388
36908

0.08222
0.08668
0.09113
0.09556
0.09997

25675
83334
51925
32984
28024

0.89505
0.89125
0.88749
0.88375
0.88005

41371
73596
14249
59699
06378

0.550
0.555
0.560
0.565
0.570

1.575
1.580
1.585
1.590
1.595

0.89094
0.89141
0.89191
0.89242
0.89296

47686
95537
40515
82141
19949

-0.11547
-0.11494
-0.11438
-0.11380
-0.11321

28415
00828
55058
92009
12579

0.10436
0.10873
0.11309
0.11742
0.12174

38544
66023
11923
77690
64754

0.87637
0.87272
0.86911
0.86552
0.86196

50766
89402
18871
35815
36921

0.575
0.580
0.585
0.590
0.595

1.600
1.605
1.610
1.615
1.620

0.89351
0.89408
0.89468
0.89529
0.89592

53493
82342
06085
24327
36685

-0.11259
-0.11195
-0.11128
-0.11060
-0.10990

17657
08127
84864
48737
00610

0.12604
0.13033
0.13459
0.13884
0.14307

74528
08407
67772
53988
68404

0.85843
0.85492
0.85145
0.84800
0.84457

18931
78630
12856
18488
92455

0.600
0.605
0.610
0.615
0.620

1.625
1.630
1.635
1.640
1.645

0.89657
0.89724
0.89793
0.89864
0.89936

42800
42326
34930
20302
98138

-0.10917
-0.10842
-0.10765
-0.10687
-0.10606

41338
71769
92746
05105
09676

0.14729
0.15148
0.15566
0.15983
0.16398

12354
87158
94120
34529
09660

0.84118
0.83781
0.83446
0.83115
0.82785

31730
33330
94315
11790
82897

0.625
0.630
0.635
0.640
0.645

1.650
1.655
1.660
1.665
1.670

0.90011
0.90088
0.90166
0.90247
0.90329

68163
30104
83712
28748
64995

-0.10523
-0.10437
-0.10350
-0.10261
-0.10170

07282
98739
84860
66447
44301

0.16811
0.17222
0.17632
0.18040
0.18447

20776
69122
55933
82427
49813

0.82459
0.82134
0.81812
0.81493
0.81176

04826
74802
90092
48001
45875

0.650
0.655
0.660
0.665
0.670

1.675
1.680
1.685
1.690
1.695

0.90413
0.90500
0.90588
0.90678
0.90770

92243
10302
18996
18160
07650

-0.10077
-0.09981
-0.09884
-0.09785
-0.09684

19212
91969
63351
34135
05088

0.18852
0.19256
0.19658
0.20058
0.20457

59282
12015
09180
51931
41410

0.80861
0.80549
0.80239
0.79931
0.79626

81094
51079
53282
85198
44350

0.675
0.680
0.685
0.690
0.695

1.700
1.705
1.710
1.715
1.720

0.90863
0.90959
0.91057
0.91156
0.91258

87329
57079
16796
66390
05779

-0.09580
-0.09475
-0.09368
-0.09259
-0.09147

76974
50552
26573
05785
88929

0.20854
0.21250
0.21645
0.22037
0.22429

78749
65064
01462
89037
28871

0.79323
0.79022
0.78723
0.78427
0.78132

28302
34645
61012
05060
64486

0.700
0.705
0.710
0.715
0.720

1.725
1.730
1.735
1.740
1.745

0.91361
0.91466
0.91573
0.91682
0.91793

34904
53712
62171
60252
47950

-0.09034
-0.08919
-0.08802
-0.08683
-0.08562

76741
69951
69286
75466
89203

0.22819
0.23207
0.23594
0.23980
0.24364

22037
69593
72589
32061
49038

0.77840
0.77550
0.77262
0.76976
0.76692

37011
20396
12424
10915
13714

0.725
0.730
0.735
0.740
0.745

1.750

0.91906 25268

0.76410 18699

0.750

-0.08440 11210

0.24747 24535

d2
I r!

ra

In y\

"
(
[

r]

logi n

la,Ji

e=0.43429 44819

- 6H
(

)3
]

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

270

GAMMA, DIGAMMA AND TRIGAMMA FUNCTIONS

Table 6.1

r(x)

In

*'

x
1.750
1.755
1.760
1.765
1.770

0.91906
0.92020
0.92137
0.92255
0.92376

25268
92224
48846
95178
31277

-0.08440
-0.08315
-0.08188
-0.08060
-0.07929

11210
42192
82847
33871
95955

0.24747
0.25128
0.25508
0.25887
0.26264

24535
59559
55103
12154
31686

0.76410
0.76130
0.75852
0.75576
0.75302

18699
23773
26870
25950
19003

0.750
0.755
0.760
0.765
0.770

1.775
1.780
1.785
1.790
1.795

0.92498
0.92622
0.92748
0.92876
0.93006

57211
73062
78926
74904
61123

-0.07797
-0.07663
-0.07527
-0.07389
-0.07249

69782
56034
55386
68509
96070

0.26640
0.27014
0.27387
0.27759
0.28129

14664
62043
74769
53776
99992

0.75030
0.74759
0.74491
0.74224
0.73960

04040
79107
42268
91617
25271

0.775
0.780
0.785
0.790
0.795

1.800
1.805
1.810
1.815
1.820

0.93138
0.93272
0.93407
0.93545
0.93684

37710
04811
62585
11198
50832

-0.07108
-0.06964
-0.06819
-0.06672
-0.06523

38729
97145
71969
63850
73431

0.28499
0.28866
0.29233
0.29598
0.29962

14333
97707
51012
75138
70966

0.73697
0.73436
0.73177
0.72919
0.72663

41375
38093
13620
66166
93972

0.800
0.805
0.810
0.815
0.820

1.825
1.830
1.835
1.840
1.845

0.93825
0.93969
0.94114
0.94261
0.94410

81682
03951
17859
23634
21519

-0.06373
-0.06220
-0.06066
-0.05910
-0.05752

01353
48248
14750
01483
09071

0.30325
0.30686
0.31046
0.31405
0.31763

39367
81205
97335
88602
55846

0.72409
0.72157
0.71907
0.71658
0.71411

95297
68426
11662
23333
01788

0.825
0.830
0.835
0.840
0.845

1.850
1.855
1.860
1.865
1.870

0.94561
0.94713
0.94868
0.95025
0.95184

11764
94637
70417
39389
01855

-0.05592
-0.05430
-0.05267
-0.05102
-0.04935

38130
89276
63117
60260
81307

0.32119
0.32475
0.32829
0.33182
0.33533

99895
21572
21691
01056
60467

0.71165
0.70921
0.70679
0.70438
0.70199

45396
52546
21650
51138
39461

0.850
0.855
0.860
0.865
0.870

1.875
1.880
1.885
1.890
1.895

0.95344
0.95507
0.95671
0.95837
0.96006

58127
08530
53398
93077
27927

-0.04767
-0.04596
-0.04424
-0.04251
-0.04075

26854
97497
93824
16423
65875

0.33884
0.34233
0.34581
0.34928
0.35273

00713
22577
26835
14255
85596

0.69961
0.69725
0.69491
0.69258
0.69027

85089
86512
42236
50790
10717

0.875
0.880
0.885
0.890
0.895

1.900
1.905
1.910
1.915
1.920

0.96176
0.96348
0.96523
0.96699
0.96877

58319
84632
07261
26608
43090

-0.03898
-0.03719
-0.03538
-0.03356
-0.03172

42759
47650
81118
43732
36054

0.35618
0.35961
0.36304
0.36645
0.36985

41612
83049
10646
25136
27244

0.68797
0.68568
0.68341
0.68116
0.67892

20582
78965
84465
35696
31293

0.900
0.905
0.910
0.915
0.920

1.925
1.930
1.935
1.940
1.945

0.97057
0.97239
0.97423
0.97609
0.97797

57134
69178
79672
89075
97861

-0.02986
-0.02799
-0.02609
-0.02419
-0.02226

58646
12062
96858
13581
62778

0.37324
0.37661
0.37998
0.38334
0.38668

17688
97179
66424
26119
76959

0.67669
0.67448
0.67228
0.67010
0.66793

69903
50194
70846
30559
28044

0.925
0.930
0.935
0.940
0.945

1.950
1.955
1.960
1.965
1.970

0.97988
0.98180
0.98374
0.98570
0.98768

06513
15524
25404
36664
49838

-0.02032
-0.01836
-0.01639
-0.01439
-0.01239

44991
60761
10621
95106
14744

0.39002
0.39334
0.39665
0.39996
0.40325

19627
54805
83163
05371
22088

0.66577
0.66363
0.66150
0.65938
0.65728

62034
31270
34514
70538
38134

0.950
0.955
0.960
0.965
0.970

1.975
1.980
1.985
1.990
1.995

0.98968
0.99170
0.99375
0.99581
0.99789

65462
84087
06274
32598
63643

-0.01036
-0.00832
-0.00626
-0.00419
-0.00210

70060
61578
89816
55291
58516

0.40653
0.40980
0.41306
0.41631
0.41955

33970
41664
45816
47060
46030

0.65519
0.65311
0.65105
0.64900
0.64696

36104
63266
18450
00505
08286

0.975
0.980
0.985
0.990
0.995

2.000

1.00000 00000

0.64493 40668

1.000

)2
]

+(?)

0.00000 00000

m
In//!

r(.r)

lc

g,

0.42278 43351

T In?/!

(*)

d2
i

dy

(
[

f]

r=0.43429 44819

f]

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

271

TETRAGAMMA AND PENTAGAMMA FUNCTIONS

X

4"{x)

*(3)(z)

Table 6.2

+(x)

+"(x)

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

-2.40411
-2.34039
-2.27905
-2.21996
-2.16303

38063
86771
42052
85963
63855

6.49393
6.25106
6.01969
5.79918
5.58891

94023
18729
49890
38573
68399

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

-0.82879
-0.81487
-0.80129
-0.78803
-0.77509

66442
76121
51399
87419
83287

1.40909
1.37489
1.34177
1.30967
1.27856

10340
70527
21104
56244
88154

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

-2.10815
-2.05523
-2.00419
-1.95493
-1.90737

80219
94833
19194
13213
82154

5.38832
5.19686
5.01404
4.83939
4.67247

23132
56970
67303
69702
74947

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

-0.76246
-0.75012
-0.73807
-0.72630
-0.71480

41904
69793
76946
76669
85441

1.24841
1.21917
1.19082
1.16332
1.13663

46160
75841
38216
08979
77770

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

-1.86145
-1.81709
-1.77423
-1.73279
-1.69272

73783
75731
13035
45852
67342

4.51287
4.36020
4.21411
4.07424
3.94028

67903
88083
11755
35447
60737

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

-0.70357
-0.69259
-0.68185
-0.67136
-0.66110

22779
11105
75627
44220
47316

1.11074
1.08561
1.06121
1.03752
1.01452

47490
33658
63792
76835
22608

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

-1.65397
-1.61647
-1.58017
-1.54503
-1.51100

01677
02206
49731
50903
36723

3.81193
3.68891
3.57095
3.45780
3.34922

80220
64540
50416
29554
38402

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

-0.65107
-0.64125
-0.63166
-0.62226
-0.61308

17793
90881
04061
96973
11332

0.99217
0.97046
0.94937
0.92886
0.90893

61290
62927
06973
81843
84502

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

-1.47803
-1.44608
-1.41512
-1.38510
-1.35598

61144
99765
48602
22950
56308

3.24499
3.14490
3.04875
2.95636
2.86754

48647
58422
84139
52925
95589

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

-0.60408
-0.59528
-0.58667
-0.57823
-0.56997

90841
81112
29593
85490
99702

0.88956
0.87072
0.85239
0.83456
0.81722

20066
01433
48922
89940
58660

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

-1.32773
-1.30033
-1.27372
-1.24790
-1.22282

99375
19112
97857
32496
33691

2.78214
2.69999
2.62093
2.54484
2.47158

40092
05478
96227
97000
67746

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

-0.56189
-0.55397
-0.54621
-0.53861
-0.53116

24756
14738
25238
13291
37320

0.80034
0.78392
0.76793
0.75237
0.73721

95719
47929
68005
14300
50564

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

-1.19846
-1.17479
-1.15179
-1.12943
-1.10769

25147
42923
34794
59642
86881

2.40102
2.33304
2.26752
2.20436
2.14345

39143
08348
35032
37678
90132

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

-0.52386
-0.51671
-0.50970
-0.50283
-0.49609

57084
33630
29242
07396
32712

0.72245
0.70807
0.69407
0.68042
0.66712

45705
73565
12710
46226
61527

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

-1.08655
-1.06599
-1.04599
-1.02652
-1.00757

95925
75682
24073
47586
60850

2.08471
2.02802
1.97332
1.92051
1.86951

18367
97472
48830
37473
69616

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

-0.48948
-0.48300
-0.47665
-0.47042
-0.46431

70921
88813
54207
35909
03677

0.65416
0.64153
0.62921
0.61720
0.60549

50169
07680
33389
30270
04793

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

-0.98912
-0.97116
-0.95366
-0.93662
-0.92002

86236
53479
99322
67177
06808

1.82025
1.77266
1.72667
1.68221
1.63923

90339
81419
59295
73161
03178

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

-0.45831
-0.45242
-0.44665
-0.44098
-0.43542

28188
81007
34549
62055
37563

0.59406
0.58292
0.57205
0.56144
0.55108

66772
29238
08299
23020
95304

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

-0.90383
-0.88806
-0.87268
-0.85768
-0.84306

74031
30426
43070
84281
31376

1.59765
1.55743
1.51852
1.48085
1.44439

58792
77157
21649
80478
65370

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

-0.42996
-0.42460
-0.41934
-0.41417
-0.40909

35876
32537
03805
26631
78630

0.54098
0.53112
0.52149
0.51208
0.50290

49774
13668
16733
91127
71324

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

1.50

-0.82879 66442

1.40909 10340

0.50

2.00

-0.40411 38063

0.49393 94023

1.00

d2

f/2

d'i

lny[
dfi

T]

[<-f]

Compiled from H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical

Bloomington, Ind., 1933, 1935) (with permission).

&"
(

functions.. 2 vols.

TL

(Principia Press,

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

272
Table 6.3

GAMMA AND DIGAMMA FUNCTIONS FOR INTEGER AND HALF-INTEGER VALUES

0)1.00000
0)1.00000
0)2.00000
0)6.00000
1)2.40000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

2)1.20000
7.20000
3)5.04000
4 4.03200
5)3.62880

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

6)3.62880
7)3.99168
8)4.79001
(
9)6.22702
(
(10)8.71782

00000
00000
60000
08000
91200

(12)1.30767
(13 2.09227
14)3.55687
(15)6.40237
(17)1.21645

43680
89888
42810
37057
10041

25

(18)2.43290
(19)5.10909
(21)1.12400
(22)2.58520
(23)6.20448

20082
42172
07278
16739
40173

26
27
28
29
30

(25)1.55112
(26)4.03291
(28)1.08888
(29)3.04888
(30)8.84176

10043
46113
69450
34461
19937

31
32
33
34
35

(32)2.65252
(33)8.22283
(35 2.63130
(36)8.68331
(38)2.95232

85981
86542
83693
76188
79904

36
37
38
39
40

(40)1.03331
(41)3.71993
(43)1.37637
(44)5.23022
(46)2.03978

47966
32679
53091
61747
82081

41
42
43
44
45

(47)8.15915
(49)3.34525
(51)1.40500
(52)6.04152
(54)2.65827

28325
26613
61178
63063
15748

46
47
48
49
50

(56)1.19622
(57)5.50262
(59)2.58623
(61)1.24139
(62)6.08281

22087
21598
24151
15593
86403

51

(64)3.04140 93202

3
4

6
7
8
9

2
(
(

10
11
12
13

14
15
16
17

18
19
20
21
22

23
24

0)1.00000
1.00000
- 1 5.00000
- 1)1.66666
- 2)4.16666

000
000
000
667
667

3)8.33333
3)1.38888
- 4)1.98412
- 5)2.48015
- 6)2.75573

333
889
698
873
192

7)2.75573
8)2.50521
- 9)2.08767
-10 1.60590
-11)1.14707

192
084
570
438
456

-13)7.64716
-14 4.77947
-15)2.81145
-16)1.56192
-18)8.22063

373
733
725
070
525

-19)4.11031
-20)1.95729
-22)8.89679
-23)3.86817
-24)1.61173

762
411
139
017
757

-26)6.44695
-27)2.47959
-29)9.18368
-30)3.27988
-31)1.13099

029
626
986
924
629

-33)3.76998
-34)1-21612
-36)3.80039
-37)1.15163
-39)3.38715

763
504
076
356
754

-41)9.67759
-42)2.68822
-44)7.26546
-45)1.91196
-47)4.90246

296
027
018
320
976

-48)1.22561
-50)2.98931
-52)7.11740
-53)1.65521
-55)3.76184

744
083
673
087
288

-57)8.35965
-58)1.81731
-60)3.86662
-62)8.05547
-63)1.64397

084
540
851
607
471

-65)3.28794 942

(
(

(
(
(

(
(

(
(

I
(

(
(

(
(

(
(
(

(
f

(
(

0-1)!

M)

*()

755
712
452
830
399

0.57721
0.27036
0.17582
0.13017
0.10332

566
285
795
669
024

1.70611
1.87278
2.01564
2.14064
2.25175

76684
43351
14780
14780
25891

1.01397
1.01196
1.01046
1.00929
1.00836

285
776
565
843
536

0.08564
0.07312
0.06380
0.05658
0.05083

180
581
006
310
250

23
37
21
18
61

2.35175
2.44266
2.52599
2.60291
2.67434

25891
16800
50133
80902
66617

1.00760
1.00696
1.00642
1.00596
1.00557

243
700
958
911
019

0.04614
0.04224
0.03895
0.03613
0.03370

268
497
434
924
354

'12)5.18999
13 8.56349
15)1.49861
16)2.77243
17)5.40624

85
74
21
23

2.74101
2.80351
2.86233
2.91789
2.97052

33283
33283
68577
24133
39922

1.00522
1.00491
1.00463
1.00439
1.00417

124
343
988
519
501

0.03157
0.02970
0.02803
0.02654
0.02520

539
002
490
657
828

19)1.10827
20)2.38280
21 5.36130
23)1.25990
24)3.08677

98
16
36
63
05

3.02052
3.06814
3.11359
3.15707
3.19874

39922
30399
75853
58462
25129

1.00397
1.00379
1.00362
1.00347
1.00333

584
480
953
806
872

0.02399
0.02289
0.02189
0.02097
0.02013

845
941
663
798
331

25)7.87126
27)2.08588
28)5.73618
30)1.63481
31)4.82269

49
52
43
25
69

3.23874
3.27720
3.31424
3.34995
3.38443

25129
40513
10884
53741
81327

1.00321
1.00309
1.00298
1.00287
1.00278

Oil
105
050
758
154

0.01935
0.01863
0.01796
0.01734
0.01675

403
281
342
046
925

33)1.47092
34)4.63340
36 1.50585
37)5.04462
39)1.74039

26
61
70
09
42

3.41777
3.45002
3.48127
3.51158
3.54099

14660
95305
95305
25608
43255

1.00269
1.00260
1.00252
1.00245
1.00238

170
748
837
392
372

0.01621
0.01570
0.01522
0.01477
0.01435

574
637
803
796
374

40)6.17839
42)2.25511
43)8.45668
45)3.25582
47)1.28605

94
58
42
34
02

3.56956
3.59734
3.62437
3.65068
3.67632

57541
35319
05589
63484
73740

1.00231
1.00225
1.00219
1.00213
1.00208

744
474
534
899
546

0.01395
0.01357
0.01321
0.01287
0.01255

318
438
560
530
208

48)5.20850
50)2.16152
51)9.18649
53)3.99612
55)1.77827

35
90
81
67
64

3.70132
3.72571
3.74952
3.77278
3.79551

73740
76179
71417
29557
02284

1.00203
1.00198
1.00193
1.00189
1.00185

455
606
983
570
354

0.01224
0.01195
0.01167
0.01140
0.01115

469
200
297
668
226

56)8.09115
58)3.76238
60 1.78713
61)8.66760
63)4.29046

74
82
44
18
29

3.81773
3.83947
3.86074
3.88158
3.90198

24506
15811
81768
15102
96734

1.00181
1.00177
1.00173
1.00170
1.00166

321
460
759
210
803

0.01090
0.01067
0.01045
0.01023
0.01003

895
602
283
879
333

65)2.16668 38

''

[
'

[
'

'

<

<

93
04
10
28
78

-0.57721
+0.42278
0.92278
1.25611

2)2.87885
3)1.87125
4)1.40344
5 1.19292
6)1.13327

28
43
07
46
84

7)1.18994
8)1.36843
9)1.71054
10)2.30923
11)3.34838

n)

1.08443
1.04220
1.02806
1.02100
1.01678

-1)8.86226
0)1.32934
0)3.32335
1)1.16317
1)5.23427

56649
43351
43351
76684
1.5061] 76684

V("-l )!

u!=(2r)*wB +*e-/i(n)
*(n) compiled

r(n+|)

l/r(n)

r(n)

(n-|)l
B

r(n)=(&)*n -*e-/i()

30

3.92198 96734
-{In

(it
v

1.00163 530

-D!

#(*)=ln -/s()

(2*)*

=2.50662 82746 31001

from H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical functions, 2

Bloomington, Ind., 1933, 1935) (with permission).

0.00983 596

vols. (Principia Press,

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

273

GAMMA AND DIGAMMA FUNCTIONS FOR INTEGER AND HALF-INTEGER VALUES

l/r(n)

r(n)

r(n+i)

A ()

51
52
53
54
55

64)3.04140
66)1.55111
67)8.06581
69)4.27488
71)2.30843

93202
87533
75171
32841
69734

(- 65)3.28794 942
(- 67)6.44695 964
- 68)1.23979 993
(- 70)2.33924 515
(- 72)4.33193 547

56
57
58
59
60

73)1.26964
74)7.10998
76)4.05269
78)2.35056
80)1.38683

03354
58780
19505
13313
11855

(- 74)7.87624
- 75)1.40647
(- 77)2.46749
(- 79)4.25430
(- 81)7.21068

631
255
571
295
296

61
62
63

81)8.32098
83)5.07580
85)3.14699
87)1.98260
89)1.26886

71127
21388
73260
83154
93219

82)1.20178
84)1.97013
86)3.17763
(- 88)5.04386
(- 90)7.88103

049
196
219
062
221

90)8.24765
92)5.44344
94)3.64711
96)2.48003
98)1.71122

05921
93908
10918
55424
45243

91)1.21246
i- 93)1.83707
95)2.74189
97)4.03220
99)5.84376

649
044
619
028
852

91
93
95
97
99

6.68774
4.44735
3.00196
2.05634
1.42915

71
72
73
74
75

(100)1.19785
(101)8.50478
(103)6.12344
(105)4.47011
(107)3.30788

71670
58857
58377
54615
54415

(-101)8.34824
(-102)1.17580
(-104)1.63306
(-106)2.23707
(-108)3.02307

074
856
744
868
930

(101
(102
(104
(106
(108

1.00755
7.20403
5.22292
3.83884
2.85994

76
77
78
79
80

(109)2.48091
(111 1.88549
(113)1.45183
(115)1.13242
(116)8.94618

40811
47017
09203
81178
21308

-110)4.03077
-112)5.30364
-114)6.88785
-116)8.83058
-117)1.11779

240
789
441
257
526

(110
(112
(114
(116
(117

2.15925
1.65183
1.28016
1.00493
7.98921

64
12
92

81
82
83
84
85

(118)7.15694
(120)5.79712
(122)4.75364
(124)3.94552
(126)3.31424

57046
60207
33370
39697
01346

-119)1.39724
-121)1.72499
-123)2.10364
-125)2.53451
-127)3.01728

408
269
962
761
287

(119
(121
(123
(125
(127

86
87
88
89
90

(128)2.81710
(130)2.42270
(132)2.10775
(134 1.85482
(136)1.65079

41144
95384
72984
64226
55161

-129)3.54974
-131)4.12760
-133)4.74437
-135)5.39134
-137)6.05768

456
995
926
006
546

(129
(131
(133
(135
(137

91
92
93

94
95

(138)1.48571
(140)1.35200
(142)1.24384
(144)1.15677
(146)1.08736

59645
15277
14055
25071
61567

139)6.73076
{: 141)7.39644
143)8.03961
145)8.64474
147)9.19653

163
134
016
211
415

96
97
98
99
100

(148)1.03299
(149)9.91677
(151)9.61927
(153 9.42689
(155)9.33262

78488
93487
59682
04489
15444

-149)9.68056
-150)1.00839
-152)1.03957
-154)1.06079
-156)1.07151

227
190
928
519
029

101

(157)9.33262 15444

64
65
66
67
68
69
70

(
(

(
(

(n-1)!
=(&)* +L -"/i00

158)1.07151 029

M)

65
67
68
70
72

2.16668
1.11584
5.85817
3.13412
1.70809

38
21
12
16
63

3.92198
3.94159
3.96082
3.97969
3.99821

96734
75166
82858
62103
47288

1.00163
1.00160
1.00157
1.00154
1.00151

530
383
355
438
628

0.00983
0.00964
0.00946
0.00928
0.00911

596
620
363
784
846

73
75
77
79
81

9.47993
5.35616
3.07979
1.80167
1.07199

44
29
37
93
92

4.01639
4.03425
4.05179
4.06903
4.08598

65470
36899
75495
89288
80814

1.00148
1.00146
1.00143
1.00141
1.00138

919
304
780
341
984

0.00895
0.00879
0.00864
0.00849
0.00835

514
758
546
852
648

82 6.48559 51
84 3.98864 10
86 2.49290 06
88 1.58299 19

90 1.02102 98

4.10265
4.11904
4.13517
4.15105
4.16667

47481
81907
72229
02388
52388

1.00136
1.00134
1.00132
1.00130
1.00128

704
498
362
292
286

0.00821
0.00808
0.00795
0.00783
0.00771

912
619
750
284
203

50
04
15
36

18205
19721
21213
22684
24133

98542
13693
67425
26248
53785

1.00126
1.00124
1.00122
1.00120
1.00119

341
455
623
845
118

0.00759
0.00748
0.00737
0.00726
0.00715

489
125
096
388
986

70

4.25562
4.26970
4.28359
4.29729
4.31080

10927
55998
44887
31188
66323

1.00117
1.00115
1.00114
1.00112
1.00111

439
807
220
675
172

0.00705
0.00696
0.00686
0.00677
0.00668

878
052
495
197
148

99657
78604
48734
53862
36140

1.00109
1.00108
1.00106
1.00105
1.00104

709
283
894
540
220

0.00659
0.00650
0.00642
0.00634
0.00626

337
756

28
57

4.32413
4.33729
4.35028
4.36310
4.37576

6.43131
5.24152
4.32425
3.61075
3.05108

87
47
79
53
83

4.38826
4.40060
4.41280
4.42485
4.43675

36140
92931
44150
26078
73697

1.00102
1.00101
1.00100
1.00099
1.00098

933
677
452
255
087

0.00618
0.00610
0.00603
0.00596
0.00589

554
995
619
419
389

2.60868
2.25650
1.97444
1.74738
1.56390

05
86
50
38
85

4.44852
4.46014
4.47164
4.48300
4.49424

20756
99825
42354
78718
38268

00096 946
00095 831
00093 676
00092 635

0.00582
0.00575
0.00569
0.00562
0.00556

522
814
258
850
584

1.41533
1.29503
1.19790
1.12004
1.05843

72

36
60
22

4.50535
4.51634
4.52721
4.53796
4.54860

49379
39489
35142
62023
45002

1.00091
1.00090
1.00089
1.00088
1.00087

617
620
646
691
757

0.00550
0.00544
0.00538
0.00532
0.00527

457
463
598
858
239

1.01081
9.75431
9.51045
9.36780
9.32096

00
69
90
21
31

4.55913
4.56954
4.57985
4.59006
4.60016

08160
74827
67610
08426
18527

1.00086
1.00085
1.00085
1.00084
1.00083

843
947
070
210
368

0.00521
0.00516
0.00511
0.00505
0.00500

738
350

)
f

(
(

(
(
(

(
(

(149
(150
(152
(154
(156

24
35
87
23

(158)9.36756 79

l/(n-l)!
r()

Table 6.3

= (2^) i "" i p-/i()

(n-*)l

4.61016 18527

,00094 741

1.00082 542

(-7)2

^ (H-l)!

*()=lntt-/3 (n)

[(-7)2]
(

2 -)

395

247
302

072
901
833

0.00495 866
(-6)11

[(-6)1]

=2.50662 82746 31001

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

274

LOGARITHMS

Table 6.4
n
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

log 10 r

0)
000
000
000
125

0.00000
0.00000
0.30103
0.77815
1.38021

1?

logic r

( )F

THE GAMMA FUNCTION

n +i)

log 10 r

851
023
702
576
79

-0.05245
+0.12363
0.52157
1.06564
1.71885

-0.04915
+0.07578
0.44375
0.96663
1.60345

n+ i)
506
620
621
43

log 10 r (n+i)

68

-0.04443
+0.17741
0.60338
1.16765
1.83666

477
398
271

/2 ('0

41
09

1.00000
0.96027
0.94661
0.93972
0.93558

000
923
646
921
323

05
05
30

2.33045
3.13208
3.99739
4.91820
5.88824

66
89
04
91
59

2.45921
3.27213
4.14719
5.07661
6.05433

95
28
41
30
66

2.58998
3.41389
4.29850
5.23635
6.22163

86
73
39
60
27

0.93281
0.93083
0.92934
0.92819
0.92726

466
524
980
400
910

30
57
70
03
8

6.90248
7.95684
9.04792
10.17286
11.32921

63
40
45

7.07552
8.13622
9.23313
10.36346
11.52483

59
37
38

7.24966
8.31660
9.41927
10.55493
11.72126

15
83
06

0.92651
0.92588
0.92534
0.92488
0.92449

221
137
753
990
327

10

2.07918
2.85733
3.70243
4.60552
5.55976

11
12
13
14
15

6.55976
7.60115
8.68033
9.79428
10.94040

16
17
18
19
20

12.116500
13.320620
14.551069
15.806341
17.085095

12.514847
13.727922
14.966804
16.230045
17.516352

12.715167
13.932651
15.175689
16.442861
17.732896

12.916241
14.138090
15.385245
16.656311
17.950042

0.92414
0.92383
0.92356
0.92332
0.92310

619
993
769
409
485

21
22
23
24
25

18.386125
19.708344
21.050767
22.412494
23.792706

18.824561
20.153619
21.502573
22.870550
24.256751

19.044649
20.377088
21.729270
23.100338
24.489504

19.265313
20.601105
21.956492
23.330629
24.722740

0.92290
0.92272
0.92256
0.92241
0.92227

649
615
149
055
169

26
27
28
29
30

25.190646
26.605619
28.036983
29.484141
30.946539

25.660444
27.080949
28.517642
29.969940
31.437301

25.896045
27.319290
28.758623
30.213468
31.683290

26.132109
27.558078
29.000035
30.457412
31.929681

0.92214
0.92202
0.92191
0.92181
0.92171

350
481
460
198
621

31
32
33
35

32.423660
33.915022
35.420172
36.938686
38.470165

32.919221
34.415228
35.9Z4878
37.447757
38.983473

33.167590
34.665900
36.177784
37.702829
39.240648

33.416347
34.916950
36.431055
37.958255
39.498167

0.92162
0.92154
0.92146
0.92138
0.92131

661
262
371
944
942

36
37
38
39
40

40.014233
41.570535
43.138737
44.718520
46.309585

40.531658
42.091963
43.664060
45.247636
46.842397

40.790876
42.353169
43.927200
45.512661
47.109258

41.050429
42.614701
44.190658
45.777995
47.376420

0.92125
0.92119
0.92113
0.92107
0.92102

329
073
146
524
182

41
42
43
44
45

47.911645
49.524429
51.147678
52.781147
54.424599

48.448061
50.064362
51.691044
53.327866
54.974597

48.716713
50.334761
51.963150
53.601639
55.249999

48.985659
50.605448
52.235536
53.875686
55.525670

0.92097
0.92092
0.92087
0.92083
0.92079

101
262
648
244
035

46
47
48
49
50

56.077812
57.740570
59.412668
61.093909
62.784105

56.631014
58.296908
59.972075
61.656322
63.349462

56.908011
58.575464
60.252157
61.937899
63.632504

57.185269
58.854276
60.532491
62.219723
63.915788

0.92075
0.92071
0.92067
0.92063
0.92060

010
156
462
919
518

65.620510

0.92057 250

34

51

12

25

64.483075

65.051318

log 10 (n-1)

log 10 (-!)

In r()=ln (n-1) !=("-{) In

8
6

65.335796
(n-\)
n

log,

n-n+f2 (n)

log 10 (n-j)
In

10=2.30258 509299

compiled from E. S. Pearson, Table of the logarithms of the complete r-f unction, arguments
2 to 1200. Tracts for Computers No. VIII (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1922) (with

logjo r(n)

permission)

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

275

LOGARITHMS OF THE GAMMA FUNCTION

Table 6.4

logio r (")

logjo r (n+i)

log 10 r ("+i)

51
52
53
54
55

64.483075
66.190645
67.906648
69.630924
71.363318

65.051318
66.761717
68.480496
70.207494
71.942561

65.335796
67.047603
68.767762
70.496116
72.232512

65.620510
67.333720
69.055256
70.784961
72.522683

0.92054
0.92051
0.92048
0.92045

108
084
173
367

56
57
58
59
60

73.103681
74.851869
76.607744
78.371172
80.142024

73.685548
75.436313
77.194720
78.960637
80.733936

73.976805
75.728854
77.488522
79.255677
81.030194

74.268279
76.021606
77.782531
79.550922
81.326654

0.92042
0.92040
0.92037
0.92035
0.92032

661
051

530
095
741

61
62

65

81.920175
83.705505
85.497896
87.297237
89.103417

82.514493
84.302190
86.096910
87.898542
89.706978

82.811950
84.600825
86.396705
88.199479
90.009038

83.109604
84.899655
86.696691
88.500604
90.311284

0.92030
0.92028
0.92026
0.92024
0.92022

464
261
127
061
057

66
67
68
69
70

90.916330
92.735874
94.561949
96.394458
98.233307

91.522113
93.343845
95.172075
97.006708
98.847650

91.825280
93.648101
95.477405
97.313096
99.155080

92.128629
93.952538
95.782913
97.619659
99.462684

0.92020
0.92018
0.92016
0.92014
0.92012

115
231
401
625
900

63
64

log 10 r

O+j)

/2 ()
0.9205~7 250

71
72
73
74
75

100.07841
101.92966
103.78700
105.65032
107.51955

100.69481
102.54810
104.40744
106.27274
108.14393

101.00327
102.85758
104.71791
106.58420
108.45636

101.31190
103.16722
105.02855
106.89582
108.76895

0.92011
0.92009
0.92008
0.92006
0.92004

223
593
008
465
964

76
77
78
79
80

109.39461
111.27543
113.16192
115.05401
116.95164

110.02091
111.90363
113.79200
115.68594
117.58540

110.33430
112.21797
114.10727
116.00214
117.90250

110.64785
112.53246
114.42269
116.31848
118.21976

0.92003
0.92002
0.92000
0.91999
0.91998

502
078
690
338
019

81
82
83
84

85

118.85473
120.76321
122.67703
124.59610
126.52038

119.49029
121.40056
123.31614
125.23696
127.16296

119.80830
121.71946
123.63591
125.55760
127.48445

120.12646
122.03850
123.95583
125.87838
127.80610

0.91996
0.91995
0.91994
0.91993
0.91991

733
479
254
059
892

86
87
88
89
90

128.44980
130.38430
132.32382
134.26830
136.21769

129.09407
131.03025
132.97143
134.91756
136.86857

129.41642
131.35344
133.29545
135.24239
137.19421

129.73891
131.67676
133.61959
135.56735
137.51999

0.91990
0.91989
0.91988
0.91987
0.91986

752
638
550
486
446

91
92
93
94
95

138.17194
140.13098
142.09477
144.06325
146.03638

138.82442
140.78505
142.75041
144.72044
146.69511

139.15086
141.11228
143.07842
145.04923
147.02467

139.47743
141.43964
143.40657
145.37815
147.35435

0.91985
0.91984
0.91983
0.91982
0.91981

428
433
459
505
572

96
97
98
99
100

148.01410
149.99637
151.98314
153.97437
155.97000

148.67435
150.65813
152.64639
154.63909
156.63619

149.00467
150.98920
152.97820
154.97164
156.96946

149.33511
151.32039
153.31013
155.30430
157.30285

0.91980
0.91979
0.91978
0.91978
0.91977

659
764
887
028
186

159.30574
(-!)!

0.91976 361

101

157.97000
log 10 (><-!)!

158.63763
log 10 (-|)!

158.97163
log 10 (-!)!

lnr()=ln (n-l)!=(n-|) In n-n+f2 (n)

716-654

64

19

log,

In

10=2.30258 509299

rc-7)2i

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

276
Table 6.5

AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS FOR

GAMMA AND DIGAMMA FUNCTIONS

<x>

h(x)
852
519
186
853
520

hi*)
1.00125 077
1.00116 735
1.00108 391
1.00100 050

1.00091 708

0.92018
0.92010
0.92002
0.91993
0.91985

0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006

1.00083
1.00075
1.00066
1.00058
1.00050

368
028
689
350
012

0.91977
0.91968
0.91960
0.91952
0.91943

186
853
520
187
853

0.00500
0.00450
0.00400
0.00350
0.00300

833
675
533
408
300

100
111
125
143
167

0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001

1.00041
1.00033
1.00025
1.00016
1.00008

675
339
003
668
334

0.91935
0.91927
0.91918
0.91910
0.91902

52C

0.00250
0.00200
0.00150
0.00100
0.00050

208
133
075
033
008

200
250
333
500
1000

0.000

1.00000 000

0.015
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.011

187
853
520
187

0.91893 853
"(-8)]
"]'

(-8)1"

0.00751
0.00701
0.00651
0.00601
0.00551

875
633
408
200
008

67
71
77
83
91

0.00000 000

00

(-8)21

x\=(2ir)hx +ie- xfi{x)

r (x) = (2x)

hx - h~ xfi (x)

r(x)=ln (z-l)!=(z-) In x-x+f2(x)

In

xfr(x)

=ln x-fz{x)

(2x)*=2.50662 82746 31001

<x>= nearest integer

Table 6.6

100
200
300
400
500

157)9.3326
374)7.8865
614)3.0605
(
868)6.4034
(
(1134)1.2201

to x.

FACTORIALS FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

21544
78673
75122
52284
36825
r(n+i)

39441
64790
16440
66238
99111

52682
50355
63604
95262
00687

n
600
700
800
900
1000

n\

(1408)1.2655 72316 22543 07425

(1689)2.4220 40124 75027 21799
(1976)7.7105 30113 35386 00414
(2269)6.7526 80220 96458 41584
(2567)4.0238 72600 77093 77354
r(n+l)
the factorial numbers and their reciprocals

Compiled from Ballistic Research Laboratory, A table of

from 1! to 1000! to 20 significant digits, Technical Note No. 381, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.(1951)
(with permission)

277

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table 6.7

=1.0

^lnr(z)

0.00000
0.05732
0.11230
0.16282
0.20715

2.14258 42092 96
2.27743 81922 04

- 2.41323 81411 84

96929
46746
40468
35089
89631

51
55

98
04
00

5.52205
5.70228
5.88415
6.06762
6.25267

31255
61315
11702
21500
37967

15
35
39
13
05

8.35533
8.50478
8.65434
8.80401
8.95379

65025
23991
30931
51829
54158

11
25
23
10
79

6.43928
62742
6.81707
7.00820
7.20081

16159
18579
14837
81345
01014

76
44

9.10368
9.25366
9.40375
9.55393
9.70421

06798
79950
45067
74783
42849

32
08
21
72

7.39485
7.59032
7.78719
7.98545
8.18508

62984
62351
99928
82004
20125

36
84
77
68
03

9.85458
-10.00503
-10.15558
-10.30621
-10.45692

24074
94267
30186
09489
10687

86
90
86
48
39

8.38605
8.58835
8.79196
8.99687
9.20305

30880
35709
60705
36442
97799

89
62
87
29
25

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

-10.60771
-10.75857
-10.90952
-11.06054
-11.21163

13103
96829
42693
32217
47589

15
95
78

9.41050
9.61920
9.82913
10.04027
10.25261

83803
37472
05671
38971
91518

71628
87756
79970
32818
31369

10.46615
10.68085
10.89672
11.11373
11.33188

20903
88047
57081
95241
72758

24
12
77
57
53

62762
41183
86662
80464
06390

02
09
85
79
90

50701
02037
51346
91814
18794

28
08
66
77
55

0.16293
0.11546
0.06219
0.00341
+ 0.06061

97694
87935
86983
66314
28742

80
89
29
77
95

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

0.12964
0.20345
0.28184
0.36461
0.45158

63163
94738
56584
40489
81524

10

33
26
50
41

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.54260
0.63751
0.73616
0.83843
0.94420

44058
09190
63516
89130
54730

46
79
96
39

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

07710
67132
17459
02965
22746

69
86
32
76
73

7.60995
7.75877
7.90772
8. 05680
8.20600

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

70
05
89
37
53

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.23448
1.35931
1.48608
1.61459
- 1.74464

1.87607 87864 31

42978
41933
03424
19085
91013

68
39
81
65
49

- 2.00876 41504 71

4. 64634
4.81799
4.99142
5.16659
5.34347

03204
66142
05805
67844
07241

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

00
74

48
76
06
30
29

0.30164
0.28826
0.26733
- 0.23921
- 0.20430

- 0.65092 31993 02
- 0.76078 39588 41

57

72180
75979
74421
12034
36194

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

65

6.86806
7.01613
7.16436
7.31275
7.46128

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

- 0.24405
- 0..27274
- 0.29282
- 0.30422

47

88
86
83
68

05

0.19094
0.26729
0.35276
0.44597
- 0.54570

30515
22484
96127
53960
42761

85746
38691
74050
21885
25956

91
87
76
42

0.87459 04638 95
0.99177 27669 59
1.11186 45664 26

81589
3.97816
4.14237
4.30850
4.47650

82989
38104
63511
56029
0.30707 43756

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

3.

87
14
60
49
05

53
84
35
29
03

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.03247 62923 18
- 0.07194 62509 00
- 0.12528 93748 21
-

41445
24635
30533
85885
21547

00
17
44
68
16

0.00000 00000 00
- 0.00819 77805 65

jHnrCz)

6.13032
6.27750
6.42487
6.57242
6.72016

00000
29404
22226
06721
58263

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

54991
00682
86908
87835
51286

|lnr(4

./lnr(z)

15

6.

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

3.24414
3.38482
- 3.52603
- 3.66772
- 3.80988

42995
90223
43067
81104
12618

90
77
09
88
23

1.05335
1.16576
1.28135
1.40001
1.52165

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

3.95246
4.09546
- 4. 23884
- 4.38258
- 4.52667

71261
13204
14660
69752
88647

89
51
71
28
16

1.64619
1.77355
1.90365
2.03642
2.17179

26242
09225
10190
07096
14436

69
91
19
93
05

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-11.36279
-11.51402
-11.66532
-11.81669
-11.96812

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

- 4.67109 95934 09
- 4.81583 29197 96

2.30969
2.45007
2.59287
2.73802
2.88548

80565
85299
37713
74148
56389

73
47

12.11961 61192 81
12.27117 08338 67

19
20
27

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-12.42278 59312 81
-12.57446 01059 08
12.72619 20940 29

11.55115
11.77153
11.99300
12.21556
12.43920

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

3.03519
3.18711
3.34118
3.49736
3.65561

69999
22793
43443
80186
99647

22
89
27
15
12

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

12.87798
-13.02982
-13.18172
-13.33367
-13.48567

12.66389
12.88964
13.11642
13.34423
13.57307

3.81589 85746 15

10.0

2.54990 68424 95

- 2.68737 61537 50
-

2.82558 56411 91
2.96448 14617 89
3.10401 54399 01

4.96086 37766 87

- 5.10617 81606 63
-

5.25176 30342 30

5. 39760
5.54369
- 5.69002
- 5.83657
- 5.98334

62389
64183
29483
58764
58655

84
04
73
54
32

6.13032 41445 53

5.0

52

06720
46547
28939
42765
77234

92
48
04
02
81

48
01

44
89
51
47
95

-13.63773 21882 47

15

12
02
93

12

42
62

80
09

13.80291 29742 30

Linear interpolation will yield about three figures; eight-point interpolation will yield about eight figures.

For

outside the range of the table, see Examples 5-8.

^lnr(z)=ln|r(z)|

../In r(z)=arg r(z)

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

278
Table

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

6.7

3-1.1

J In T(z)

^lnr(z)

5?lnr0)

0.00000 00000 00

^lnr(z)

- 0.08230 97383 98
- 0.11905 06275 18
- 0.15086 79240 09

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

5.96893
6.11415
6.25959
6.40526
6.55114

91493
43840
93585
53566
41480

52
05
61
40
20

3.96198
4.12446
4.28888
4.45521
4.62340

63258
68364
73284
12743
34819

60
90
80
47
04

0.17666 11398 43

5.5
5. 6

5.7
5.8
5.9

6.69722
6.84350
6.98998
7. 13663
7.28347

79531
94110
15495
77586
17659

89
69
70

4.

- 0. 19566 16788 64
- 0.20740 35526 60

19

79343
4.96525
5.13885
5.31419
5.49124

00232
81683
63238
39750
16322

04
67
91
77
40

67
74
12
38
00

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

7.43047
7.57764
7.72498
7.87247
8.02011

76136
96383
24519
09237
01645

25
95
72
38
61

5.66997
5.85035
6.03236
6.21597
6.40116

07803
38321
40835
56726
35407

94
46
50
90
92

0.04217 34907 11
+ 0.00751 65191 79
0.06275 56777 30
0.12329 53847 15
0.18890 25358 69

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

8.16789
8.31582
8.46388
8.61208
8.76041

55118
25159
69271
46838
19021

88
69
17
95
72

6.58790
6.77617
6.96594
7.15720
7.34992

33956
16773
55256
27497
17993

67
32
30
24
20

0.25935
0.33446
0.41402
0.49786
0.58582

93780 23
29085 79
66085 82
64745 04

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

8.90886
9.05744
9.20613
9.35494
9.50386

48649
00129
39357
33637
51603

60
63
92
73
25

7.54408
7.73966
7. 93664
8.13500
8.33473

17375
22151
34464
61862
17082

09
13
25
70
71

26
43
67
81
98

0.67775
0.77349
0.87292
0.97592
1.08236

04868
56148
80949
26515
17859

09
91
66
07
08

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

9.65289
9.80203
9.95127
-10.10061
-10.25005
-

63148
39359
52455
75726
83482

29
83
81
94
21

8.53580
8.73819
8.94190
9.14690
9.35317

17842
86648
50606
41251
94376

76
33
84
84
01

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

- 3.13305 11644 50
- 3.27053 57144 30
- 3.40863 75892 32
- 3.54731 92273 03
- 3.68654 63804 17

1.19213
1.30513
1.42127
1.54045
1.66258

51297 05

1463194

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

-10.39959
-10.54922
-10.69894
-10.84875
-10.99865

50997
54469
70966
78390
55435

80
17
06
24
72

9.56071
9.76949
9. 97950
10. 19072
10. 40315

49872
51583
47158
87913
28704

49
85
43
49
84

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

- 3.82628
- 3.96651
- 4.10720
- 4. 24832
- 4.38985

25
20
64
81
40

1.78758
1.91537
2.04588
2.17904
2.31478

18092
46664
59340
52440
56943

68
26
24
32
26

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-11.14863
-11.29870
-11.44885
-11.59907
11.74937

81551
36905
02353
59405
90196

38
72
71
42
53

10.61676
10.83154
11.04748
11.26457
11.48278

27802
46772
50362
06394
85664

52
22
14
86
18

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

- 4.53177 96812 84
- 4.67407 71584 70
- 4.81672 93009 83

2.45304
2.59375
2.73687
2.88232
3.03007

36058
83010
19016
91437
72080

25
13
54
48
09

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-11.89975
-12.05021
-12.20073
-12.35133
-12.50199

77460
04501
55171
13844
65394

43
83
88
58
43

11.70212
11.92257
12. 14411
12.36673
12.59043

61836
11355
13354
49565
04241

32
62
15
33
06

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

- 5.24665 34450 28

5.39056
- 5.53476
- 5.67923
- 5.82396

3.18006
3.33224
3.48657
3.64299
3.80148

55643
58288
16324
84993
37357

29
43
07
84
79

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

-12.
-12.
-13.

65272
80352
95439
10532
25631

95175
89000
33123
14220
19372

33
52
60
44
14

12.81518
13.04099
13.26783
13.49570
13. 72459

64072
18113
57709
76423
69974

43
65
12
49
44

5.0

3.96198 63258 60

10.0

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

- 0.04987 24412 60
- 0.05702 02290 38
- 0.07824 35801 68
- 0.11291 43470 17
- 0.16008 21257 99

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.21858
0.28718
0.36464
0.44978
0.54157

96764
99839
38731
83131
54093

09
43
53
87
11

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.63908
0.74153
0.84825
0.95868
1.07235

78153
80620
85646
73364
26519

48
74
26
97
67

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

- 1.18885 84815 22
- 1.30787 15575 95
- 1.42911 03402 04
- 1.55233 58336 11
- 1.67734 40572 49

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.80395
1.93203
2.06142
2.19203
2.32375

99248
22878
99239
82866
68617

63
13
46
29
01

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

2.45649
2.59018
2.72473
2.86010
2.99622

70097
01959
65306
35591
52529

77368
45962
05882
14278
47017

4.95971 95242 44

- 5.10303 23779 21

92519
71881
54339
28961

72
64
89
29

5.96893 91493 52

- 0.04206 65443 76

0.21167 10325 55
- 0.20843 91333 00
-

0.19781
0.18000
0.15525
0.12383
0.08605

78257
55175
33222
93047
08957

4032150

8858177
51595 43
17547 76

12.

-13.

96

13. 40736 36048 74

13. 95449 36168 27

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

279

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table 6.7

.1=1.2

J\nT{z)
0.00000 00000 00
- 0.02865 84973 21
- 0.05586 39903 67
- 0.08025 91592 09

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

- 0.23614 32688 51
- 0.29824 98509 35

0.36884 83560 49

- 0.12588 00935 13
- 0.12948 68069 28

- 0.44697 73864 90
- 0.53174 22756 96

- 0.12663 80564 16
- 0.11720 77278 71

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

- 0.62233 46814 87
- 0.71803 95313 44
- 0.81823 34133 20
- 0.92237 79303 78
- 1.03001 06294 86

- 0.10119

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.08537
0.09169
0.11050
0.14135
0.18352

40900
75124
89067
09532
07443

03
13

86
62
57

^lnr(z)

0.10066 05658 03

0.11610 77219 87

5.80731
5.95057
6.09410
6.23788
6.38192

52672
66519
47211
94064
11972

85
39
91
81
10

4.10609
4. 26883
4.43349
4.60005
4. 76847

64053
00575
40204
23089
02339

70
53
01
91
50

6.52619
6.67069
6.81541
6.96034
7.10548

11003
06038
16425
65682
81209

82
24
98
97
15

4.93871
5.11075
5.28455
5.46008
5.63732

43339
23127
29803
61980
28266

56
64
68
02
55

7.25082
7.39636
7.54208
7.68798
7.83406

94030
38562
52390
76072
52949

54
29
70
47
57

5.81623
5.99679
6. 17897
6.36275
6.54810

46788
44733
57929
30441
14200

41
73
16
11
83

7.98031
8.12672
8.27329
8.42002
8.56690

28978
52570
74450
47512
26702

26
99

20

6.73499
6.92341
7.11333
7.30473
7. 49759

68651
60416
62984
56416
27064

55
24
34
32
69

8.71392
8.86109
9.00839
9.15583
9.30340

68896
32795
78818
69016
66975

74
24
89
37
98

7.69188
7.88759
8.08470
8.28319
8.48303

67310
75313
54778
14729
69297

43
86
77
22
94

9.45110
9.59892
9.74686
9.89492
10.04309

37743
47746
64719
57641
96669

60
01
23
38
84

8.68422
8.88673
9.09055
9. 29565
9.50203

37525
43171
14530
84265
89238

82
55
96
39
50
08
36
34
77
40

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

48344
85726
92764
57562
15201

90
52
14
65
47

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

0.07868
- 0.04983
- 0.01483
+ 0.02611

23932
51937
21090
25273
49712

./lnr(z)

1.14073
1.25421
1.37015
1.48829
1.60844

52341
22047
01536
83245
01578

62
39
37
09
57

0.07278
0.12495
0.18241
0.24494
0.31234

61
38
01
48
35

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.73038
1.85397
- 1.97906
- 2.10553
- 2.23325

78680
79144
72374
01371
56848

93
87
32
17
33

0.38442 80719 73

0.54192 29484 31
0.62700 37140 16
0.71610 23338 39

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

55727
23232
77928
19177
16568

43
46
95
39
77

0.80907
0.90579
1.00612
1.10996
1.21718

9056143
29987 33
49784 62

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

- 3.02130 00992 07
- 3.15562 57049 65
- 3.29066 16590 00
- 3.42636 53170 56
- 3.56269 77297 54

1.32769
1.44137
1.55815
1.67794
1.80064

01044
93510
91278
08829
07379

18
29
68
56
67

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

-10.19138
-10.33977
-10.48828
-10.63688
-10.78559

53082
99221
08443
55067
14331

31
46
04
01
66

9.70967
9.91855
10.12866
10.33998
10.55250

70361
72443
44054
37387
08134

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

- 3.69962 32317 85
- 3.83710 90860 24

1.92617
2.05448
2.18547
2.31908
2.45526

91533 49

-10.93439
-11.08329
-11.23229
-11.38138
-11.53055

62350
76070
33237
12352
92646

38
93

33836 08
91746 67
29835 70

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

11
53
46

10.76620
10.98107
11. 19709
11.41426
11.63257

15360
21389
91694
94790
02129

90

2.59393
2.73503
2.87852
3.02434
3.17242

28374
96019
67976
04316
88424

55
03
01
86
26

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-11.67982
-11.82917
-11.97861
-12.12813
-12.27773

54041
77123
43111
33832
31694

57
44
70
78
04

11.85198
12.07251
12.29413
12.51683
12.74059

88011
29482
06252
00607
97329

32
35
48
77
36

25560
41545
81537
08902
04167

43
72
79
31
32

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

-12.42741
-12.57716
-12.72700
-12.87690
-13.02688

19659
81225
00401
61685
50046

29
64
42
35
68

12.96542
13. 19130
13.41821
13.64615
13.87511

83615
49005
85311
86543
48849

35
92
47
64
16

-13. 17693 50906 38

14. 10507

70446 23

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

2.36214
2.49211
2.62307
2.75497
2.88773

- 3.97512 51741 07
- 4.11364 37264 61
- 4.25263 90859 57
- 4.39208 75003 42
-

4.53196
- 4.67225
- 4.81293
- 4.95399
-

69393
69332
84293
36651

70
23
30
50

5.09540 60548 36

0.4610109100 87

69945 69
43715 71

0621184

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

- 5.23716 00880 20
- 5.37924 12391 93
- 5.52163 58863 97

5.66433 12381 00

3.32274
3.47523
3.62985
3.78657
3.94533

5.0

5.80731 52672 85

4.10609 64053 70

10.

10
17

05

38
76
19

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

280

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table 6.7

1=1.3
^lnr(g)

/lnr(z)

5.64541
5.78673
5.92835
6.07026
6.21246

41381
23355
35606
64370
02140

33
37
66
51
03

4.24823
4.41126
4.57620
4.74303
4.91171

90621
31957
66023
39118
10050

27
95
67
17
12

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

6.35492
6.49765
6.64062
6.78384
6.92730

47217
03305
79133
88113
48028

66
97
72
55
21

5.08220
5.25448
5.42851
5.60427
5.78172

49501
39434
72533
51684
89485

77
72
50
12
09

0.08822 25250 96
0.13255 01649 50

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

7.07098
7.21489
7.35900
7.50332
7.64785

80742
11938
70872
90147
05510

52
62
13
58
98

5.96085
6.14161
6.32399
6.50795
6. 69349

07788
37268
17016
94158
23498

45
52
49
99
81

0.00000
0.01671
0.03225
0.04549
0.05544

45
02
19
27
40

0.06126 78750 55

- 0.60048 45154 05
0.69006 62005 12
- 0.78427 03001 02
- 0.88259 13601 03
- 0.98458 61322 90

0.10817
0.11383
0.13070
0.15843
0.19649

48095
61080
20636
10081
12771

08
85
90
49
78

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.24420
0.30082
0.36553
0.43754
0.51609

93680
34434
39002
53407
74046

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

00000
99199
84033
95427
82296

00

34
35
81
06

- 0.06229 79103 48
- 0.05805 28252 04
- 0.04820 73993 35
-

JHnr(z)

^lnr(z)

2/

0.03257 37450 94

0.01107 52190 48
+ 0.01627 90894 04
0.04941 70710 23

76158
86148
54162
19237
44011

16
04
82
14
63

0.18223
0.23711
0.29699
0.36171
0.43110

70479
09920
65855
93463
85022

17
47
44
93
51

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

- 7.79256 55658 27
- 7.93746 82058 02
- 8.08255 28787 24
- 8.22781 42379 13
- 8.37324 71681 76

6.88056
7.06915
7.25924
7.45081
7.64382

67176
94350
80896
09123
67501

38
45
76
38

1.08986
1.19809
1.30898
1.42227
1.53773

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.65517
1.77442
1.89533
2.01776
2.14159

68709
71431
34239
14331
19646

10
91
28
34
87

0.50499
0.58323
0.66565
0.75212
0.84250

87656
13926
47394
44759
35670

67
09
67
30
42

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

2.26671
2.39304
- 2.52049
- 2.64897
- 2.77843

88222
70725
15659
56799
02497

04
18
37
18
03

0.93666
1.03447
1.13583
1.24061
1.34872

21049
70464
18965
63628
60013

03
53
15
56
87

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

2.90879
3.04000
- 3.17201
- 3.30478
- 3.43825

26554
60402
86387
31979
64765

06
26
60
94
05

1.46006
1.57453
1.69204
1.81251
1.93586

18633
01525
18960
26335
21235

96
07
57
69
97

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

3.9

3.57239
3.70717
- 3.84254
- 3.97848
- 4.11497

88099
37325
76469
95346
07016

07
19
59
95
98

2.06201
2.19089
2.32243
2.45657
2.59324

40693
58627
83465
55932
47004

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

- 4.25196 45543 18
- 4.38944 64012 12
- 4.52739 32778 30
- 4.66578 37904 84
- 4.80459 79774 65

2.73238
2.87394
3.01785
3.16407
3.31255

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

4.94381 71850 33

5.0

8.51884
8.66460
8.81052
8.95659
9.10282

67726
83606
74362
96875
09770

68
78
48
66
73

7.83827
8.03413
8.23138
8.43001
8.63000

50411
57901
95458
73795
08640

67
50
91
19
04

9.24918
9.39569
- 9.54234
- 9.68911
- 9.83602

73322
49368
01230
93636
92650

19
29
14
11
88

8.83132
9.03396
9.23790
9.44313
9.64964

20546
34708
80780
92714
08601

97
43
23
58

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

- 9.98306
-10.13022
-10.27751
-10.42491
-10.57242

65608
81051
08670
19248
84612

89
96
60
88
54

9.85739
10.06639
10.27661
10.48804
10.70066

70516
24378
19810
10011
51627

25
12
47
24
91

37
45
44
86
59

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-10.72005
-10.86779
-11.01564
-11.16359
-11.31165

77580
71917
42292
64236
14105

15
09
16
64
63

10.91447
11.12944
11.34557
11.56283
11.78123

04638
32237
00727
79415
40512

39
30
24
00
20

56006
08855
56433
73073
55163

34
80
48
22
23

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-11.45980
-11.60806
-11.75641
-11.90485
-12.05339

69041
06939
06415
46773
07978

59
74
49
52
49

12.00074
12.22136
12.44306
12.66585
12.88971

59040
12739
81981
49686
01243

23
31
38
64
51

5.22340 19323 94
5.36373 57615 52
5.50441 10199 31

3.46324
3.61609
3.77105
3.92809
4.08717

19848
03828
62237
67607
08902

78
59
32
19
55

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

-12.20201
-12.35073
-12.49953
-12.64841
-12.79738

70627
15923
25649
82148
68295

34
02
49
10
12

13.11462
13.34058
13.56757
13. 79559
14.02462

24431
09350
48342
35935
68767

99
03
95
62
33

5.64541 41381 33

4.24823 90621 27

10.0

- 5.08342 39564 42
-

64

12.94643 67480 34

22

14.25466 45529 28

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

281

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table 6.7

x=lA
^lnr(z)

*/lnr(z)

0.01439 47989 49

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.01124 72025 18
0.00401 77865 38
+ 0.00775 78473 84
0.0244165124 32
0.04618 11610 42

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

- 0.11961 29141 72
- 0.12473 21357 76
- 0.16515 59551 89
- 0.19978 93616 12

- 0.01405 93840 03

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

- 0.24337 34438 09
- 0.29530 16779 62

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

- 0.57345 12921 03
- 0.65748 16506 41

0.14000 01552 88

- 0.35492 46161 10
- 0.42158 20669 55
- 0.49462 85345 46

0.00000 00000 00
- 0.00597 40017 43
-

0.01097 08056 66

J\nT(z)

^lnr(z)

5.48319
5.62258
5.76231
5.90236
6.04272

80511
51037
08530
26637
85898

50
75
59
68
90

4.38842
4.55177
4.71703
4.88416
5.05313

59888
72808
54898
59286
51119

87
10
14
80
86

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

6.18339
6.32435
- 6.46560
- 6.60711
- 6.74889

73257
81614
09417
60288
42683

62
11
01
99
24

5.22391
5.39646
5.57075
5.74676
5.92446

06968
14275
70829
84279
71670

84
35
41
33
92

82199
58409
11986
57618
80933

73
92
37
52
40

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

- 0.83914 04638 04
- 0.93588 32199 21

0.07317
0.10545
0.14300
0.18575
0.23362

6.89092
7.03320
- 7.17572
- 7.31847
- 7.46144

69567
58135
29534
08625
23750

80
18
78
98
25

6.10382
6.28481
6.46741
6.65160
6.83734

59013
80874
79988
06901
19628

94
01
09
96
28

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

- 1.03605 77156 27
- 1.13933 54742 88
- 1.24542 63479 49
- 1.35407 41615 64
- 1.46505 26007 14

0.28650
0.34425
0.40674
0.47383
0.54537

41540
53337
45404
07041
20299

26
92
87

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

7.60463
7.74802
- 7.89163
- 8.03543
- 8.17942

06520
91624
16647
21899
50262

25
64
23
02

83323
69984
58155
32663
84351

73
03
67

34

7.02461
7.21340
7.40368
7.59543
7.78862

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.57816
1.69322
1.81008
1.92859
2.04863

85
19
54
09
08

0.62122
0.70126
0.78534
0.87333
0.96512

82885
23803
13608
70735

81
49
50
61

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

8.32360
8.46796
- 8.61250
- 8.75721
- 8.90209

47045
59849
38438
34627
02169

82
44
82
90
54

7.98325
17928
8. 37669
8.57548
8.77562

09839
11291
96196
77156
71692

40
83
29
28
98

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

2.17009 23032 73

1.06059
1.15962
1.26210
1.36794
1.47704

19035
08468
60952
54704

1659147

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

9.04712
9.19232
9.33767
- 9.48318
- 9.62883

96653
75409
97419
23233
14889

17
21
53
58
78

8.97710
9.17988
9.38397
9.58934
9.79598

02057
95050
81856
97875
82575

23
80
34
68
76

1.58930
1.70463
1.82296
1.94420
2.06828

19987
82510
63729
62885
16678

43
60
35
89
10

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

9.77462
9.92055
-10.06662
-10.21282
-10.35915

35841
50889
26112
28810
27447

76
05
05
76
20

10.00387
10.21300
10.42335
10.63490
10.84764

79341
35337
01372
31773
84263

91
97
94

2.1951197123 13

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-10.50560
-10.65218
-10.79888
-10.94570
-11.09264

91591
91868
99915
88327
30623

10
81
05
39
27

11.06157
11.27666
11.49290
11.71027
11.92878

19846
02694
00045
82098
21916

19
74
92
57
70

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-11.23969
-11.38684
-11.53411
-11.68148
-11.82895

01199
75293
28946
38972
82920

39
27
97
65
01

12.14839
12.36911
12.59092
12.81381
13.03776

95336
80877
59658
15312
33912

59
89
40
39
29

11.97653 39045 38

-12.41984 73048 02
12.56780 73587 55

13.26277
13.48882
13 71590
13 94401
14 17313

03893
15982
63127
40430
45087

53
45
03
46
16

12.71585 87212 03

14.40325 7632142

0.74620 06322 98

14562
32702
03838
23663
37884

- 2.29286 69947 17
-

2.41686 69570 58

- 2.54201 00734 84
- 2.66822 19640 86
-

50784
79116
43245
29542
67001

21

26

6499100
92
95
18
02

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

2.79543
2.92358
- 3.05262
- 3.18249
- 3.31314

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

- 3.44454 22757 38

3.57663
- 3.70940
- 3.84279
- 3.97678

98160
25331
64130
99482

21
00
02
49

2.32465
2.45680
2.59153
2.72875

09517 70
90502 77
06235 98

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

- 4.11135 39012
- 4.24646 10946
- 4.38208 62246
- 4.51820 56949
- 4.65479 74683

79
69
51
47
75

2.86842
3.01048
3.15487
3.30155
3.45047

43947 56
30870 18

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8

3.60157
3.75482
3.91017
4.06758

97913
94580
98712
92973

4.9

- 4.79184 09340 18
- 4.92931 67880 70
- 5.06720 69267 30
- 5.20549 43497 23
- 5.34416 30732 30

33
13
52
81
4.2270175662 27

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

5.0

- 5.48319 80511 50

4.38842 59888 87

10.0

95
75
92
71
61

5067188

7950177
79836 24
42563 18

12.12420 86282 47
12.27198 04214 52

8.

20
12

72
58

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

282
Table

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

6.7

SB-1.5

S In T(z)

i^lnr(z)

J\nT(z)

M\nT{z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.12078
0.12545
0.13938
0.16238
0.19412

22376
03928
53175
37050
35254

35
11
79
76
45

0.00000
0.00378
0.00839
0.01460
0.02315

00000
68415
39012
80536
34211

00
10
17
11
15

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

5.32063
5.45809
5.59594
5.73414
5.87269

00229
92990
21987
48816
42552

09
12
69
77
05

4.52667
4.69038
4.85599
5.02345
5.19275

02683
46594
23475
93914
29984

19
51
89
30
42

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.23418
0.28208
0.33728
0.39923
0.46739

63474
36136
34790
54301
08704

70
63
33
20
08

0.03466
0.04969
0.06866
0.09191
0.11969

89612
46638
64150
83319
06415

75
36
66
43
60

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

6.01157
6.15078
6.29030
6.43012
6.57022

79223
41337
17435
01693
93551

61
33
55
96
39

5.36384
5.53669
5.71128
5.88757
6.06554

14702
41510
13794
44426
55330

24
65
95
18
63

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.54121
0.62021
0.70391
0.79189
0.88375

88685
70896
84698
44573
56946

47
71
97
28
74

0.15214
0.18935
0.23137
0.27816
0.32969

09934
73091
07067
75270
99180

52
01
73
32
52

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

6.71061
6.85128
6.99220
7.13338
7.27481

97369
22117
81085
91616
74856

14

6.24516
6.42641
6.60926
6.79368
6.97965

77083
48526
16403
35022
65928

65
40
83
65
01

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.97915
1.07776
1.17931
1.28355
1.39024

09391
48736
53061
01134
41643

81
47

0.38589
0.44666
0.51189
0.58148
0.65532

47712
10201
54441
71805
11610

67
49
75
09
93

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

7.41648
7.55838
7.70051
7.84285
7.98541

55529
61727
24706
78711
60804

97
29
26
49
40

7.16715
7.35616
7.54665
7.73860
7.93200

77597
45152
50081
79984
28323

60
22
65
87
86

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

- 1.49919 63725 85
- 1.61022 69592 23
- 1.72317 49667 28

0.73328
0.81524
0.90111
0.99075
1.08407

06816
92850
21116
68430
43370

91
60
92
94
92

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

8.12818
8.27114
8.41430
- 8.55766
- 8.70119

10705
70647
85238
01333
67916

51
52
40
52
34

8.12681
8.32303
8.52064
8.71960
8.91991

94190
82082
01697
67728
99676

02
45
48
67
60

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

2.07215
2.19146
- 2.31210
- 2.43397
- 2.55701

12706
31061
04795
68277
34593

83
38
77
27
17

1.18095
1.28130
1.38502
1.49201
1.60219

90329
91860
69784
85397
39035

08
05
97
98
70

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

8.84491
8.98880
9.13286
9.27709
9.42149

35986
58456
90053
87224
08057

81
98
22

21668
62284
54395
35008
45113

12
17

65
13

9.12156
9.32451
9.52876
9.73429
9.94108

97
92
82

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

2.68113
2.80628
2.93239
- 3.05941
- 3.18729

86746
69972
85022
82284
56630

74
89
62
63
57

1.71546
1.83175
1.95097
2.07306
2.19793

69204
51411
96800
50684
91011

67
18
61
28
06

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

9.56604
9.71074
- 9.85560
-10.00060
-10.14575

12192
60753
16271
42619
04950

67
60
36
46
41

10.14912
10.35839
10.56838
10.78057
10.99345

29545
36845
19135
31993
34334

01
06
53
69
60

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

42885
11840
66733
40135
91197

64
65
10
44
27

2.32553
2.45577
2.58861
2.72398
2.86182

26824
96733
67421
32197
09608

38
92
82
35
36

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-10.29103
-10.43646
-10.58201
-10.72770
-10.87352

69636
04212
77325
58681
19000

22
40
09
09
77

11.20750
11.42272
11.63909
11.85659
12.07521

88298
59143
15140
27478
70166

51
12
53
60
56

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

- 3.97020 03195 93
- 4.10295 81356 26
- 4.23628 50905 75
- 4.37015 55336 09
-

4.50454 54845 89

3.00207
3.14468
3.28961
3.43680
3.58620

42115
94828
54314
27461
40415

08
47
23
51
07

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-11.01946
-11.16552
-11.31170
-11.45800
-11.60442

29973
64215
95229
97367
45796

44
28
33
84
38

12.29495
12.51578
12.73770
12.96070
13.18476

19944
56196
60868
18385
15581

46
58
20
99
47

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

4.63943 24943 00

37568
80616
47663
32380
43223

62
79
05
55
09

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

-11.75095
-11.89758
-12.04433
-12.19118
-12.33813

16459
86050
31977
32337
65886

94
76
78

5.04687 17934 63
5.18354 90163 32

3.73777
3.89146
4.04724
4.20506
4.36488

13.40987
13.63602
13.86321
14.09142
14.32063

41617
87918
48100
17910
95157

61
31
75
27
82

5.32063 00229 09

4.52667 02683 19

10.0

5.0

81
19
92

1.83789 60327 96

- 1.95426 04180 71

3.31598
3.44544
- 3.57562
- 3.70650
- 3.83803

- 4.77479 55187 51
- 4.91061 48059 11
-

36
67
09
07

59

95

12.48519 12016 51

14.55085 79659 84

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

283

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table

6.7

<r=1.6
y

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

S\nT(z)

^lnr(z)
-

0.11259 17656 97

- 0.11687 93076 07
- 0.12968 70233 13
- 0.15085 38452 14

- 0.18012 29875 82
- 0.21715 76591 72
-

0.26155
- 0.31289
- 0.37068
- 0.43448

99560
07142
83847
55339

50
69
40
80

- 0.50382 21960 58

38696
00046
38858
05247
57347

89
70
50
67
10

4.66298
4.82709
4.99309
5.16092
5.33057

63139
89421
00410
64732
61938

40
23
26
77
29

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

5.83943
5.97689
- 6.11470
- 6.25283
- 6.39128

60752
88014
18170
36319
33226

49
04
24
59
66

5.50200
5.67519
5.85009
6.02670
6.20497

82001
24850
99922
25740
29518

33
30
08
71
79

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

6.53004
6.66909
6.80843
6.94806
7.08795

04959
52554
81708
02492
29088

33
28
20
33
41

6.38488
6.56641
6.74953
6.93421
7.12044

46780
21003
03284
52011
32570

37
90
11
79
25

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.07705
0.09944
0.12527
0.15488

74009
39491
90746
59553

90
75
90
99
0.1885104588 87

8363144
42738
11405
95580
63293

00000
17953
08547
98346

5.15767
5.29324
5.42921
5.56558
5.70232

00
11
67
69
0.0577147266 93

0.00000
0.01272
0.02614
0.04092

J In r(z)

^lnr(z)

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

- 0.74076 95833 61
- 0.82810 01661 20

0.22632
0.26845
0.31495
0.36583
0.42110

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.91903
1.01326
- 1.11052
- 1.21057
- 1.31318

10002
27864
43845
08228
11150

05
52
66
70
50

0.54459
0.61268
0.68490
0.76114

72874
83586
11588
48080

22
73
51
60

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

7.22810
7.36851
- 7.50917
- 7.65007
- 7.79120

79544
75545
42208
07879
03956

00
64
19
17
68

7.30819
7.49743
7.68816
7.88034
8.07395

17047
83963
18010
09808
55670

52
44
64
67
43

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

60399
59861
89215
85219
24696

85
47
98
99
22

0.84132
0.92534
1.01310
1.10450
1.19945

42695
23984
14934
44515
56127

09
61
56
88
07

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.41815
1.52531
1.63449
1.74555
1.85836

7.93255
8.07413
8.21592
8.35792
- 8.50012

64719
27171
30888
17887
32493

90
08
20
32
99

8.26898
8.46541
8.66321
8.86237
9.06288

57380
21983
61583
93155
38358

27
05
45
10
78

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.97279
2.08873
2.20609
2.32478
2.44471

09238
51557
63358
44606
74052

15
24
10
95
94

1.29786
1.39963
1.50467
1.61290
1.72424

13618
05453
47448
84436
91120

36
39
81
93
48

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

- 8.64252
- 8.78511
- 8.92789
- 9. 07085

21222
32665
17384
27813
- 9.21399 18168

97
62
38
87
02

9.26471
9.46784
9. 67227
9.87797
10. 08493

23369
78710
39098
43290
33943

30
61
48
61
44

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

- 2.56582 00865 46

1.8386172327 21

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

9.35730
9.50078
9.64443
9. 78824
9.93220

44352
63884
35813
20648
80292

92
89
39
48
58

10.29313
10.50256
10.71321
10.92505
11.13808

57475
63937
06886
43268
33302

61
51
60
31
08

-10.07632
-10.22059
-10.36501
-10.50957
-10.65427

77975
78196
46660
50232
56879

98

2.71789 54457 96
2.85396 49506 80
2.99247 17222 46

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

20
67
55
66

11.35228
11.56764
11.78414
12.00178
12.22054

40372
30924
74364
42963
11767

42
55
58
80
06

3.13336
3.27658
3.42209
3.56983
3.71976

23649
55399
18672
38320
56948

89
89
73
36
92

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-10.79911
-10.94408
-11.08918
-11.23442
-11.37977

35626
56506
90522
09602
86562

11
53
76
86
21

12.44040
12.66136
12.88341
13.10652
13.33070

58504
63509
09632
82170
68786

89
22
56
40
75

3.87184
4.02602
4.18226
4.34053
4.50078

34062
45248
81404
48000
64388

62

92
46
81
72

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

-11.52525 95066
11.67086 09597
-11.81658 05418
-11.96241 58543
-12.10836 45707

64
45
21
24
60

13.55593
13.78220
14.00950
14.23781
14.46714

59442
46327
23791
88286
38298

57
06
60
23
57

4.66298 63139 40

10.0

- 0.57825 58588 66
- 0.65736 82809 44

0.480712003131

2.68802
- 2.81126
- 2.93548
- 3.06063

37258
51983
64586
40331

40
53
59
69

1.95593
2.07613
2.19913
2.32487

85710
44463
94046
42495
25626

48
00
31
22
62

2.45329 27106 82

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

3.18665
3.31351
- 3.44115
- 3.56955
- 3.69866

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

- 3.82845 04545 47
- 3.95888 63415 67
- 4.08994 07464 23

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

5.0

89
00
78
75

4.22158 61190 90
4.35379 66759 32

4.48654
4.61981
4.75358
- 4.88782
- 5.02253

82548
81847
51673
91705
13317

65
38
33
81
74

5.15767 38696 89

62824 65
26817 55

5722155
74784 17

2.5843187608 00

-12.25442 44338 60

14.69746 74295 03

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

284
Table

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

6.7

.1=1.7

J In r(z)

^lnr(z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

- 0.09580 76974 07
- 0.09977 01624 55
- 0.11161 35203 43

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

- 0.19275 44989
- 0.23410 41754
- 0.28203 01468
- 0.33614 32007

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.00000
0.02095
0.04250
0.06524
0.08970

48506 20
54480 34

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

43
11
30
35
- 0.39604 36829 33

0.11638
0.14573
0.17810
0.21382
0.25312

82473
09476
70108
42284
66649

83
06
82
85
29

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

0.46133 26441 19

0.29619
0.34317
0.39413
0.44912
0.50817

91243
32455
44205
88915
05624

57
42
39
80
82

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

72307
60866
84280
36123
23052

84
03
02
89
04

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

0.13120 82417 20
- 0.15834 67099 43
-

- 0.53162 06562 78

- 0.60653 43029 30
- 0.68572 05552 37
- 0.76884 93610 19
- 0.85561 48134 32
- 0.94573 52538 42

00000 00

5310147
9978199

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

- 1.03895 26210 76
- 1.13503 13039 83
- 1.23375 66975 90

0.57124
0.63832
0.70935
0.78428
0.86303

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

09
05
53
10
15

0.94552
1.03169
1.12144
1.21470
1.31138

91079 51

42030 73
27144 41

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

- 1.87191 64452 44
- 1.98459 17246 80

1.41140
1.51467
1.62113
1.73069
1.84327

07152
73744
35114
18813
73680

26
45
76
34
71

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

71071 34

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

3.05650
3.18079
- 3.30594
- 3.43189
- 3.55860

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0

1.33493
1.43838
1.54394
1.65147
1.76084

36116
46369
85411
87389
18623

2.09876 65571 99

- 2.21434 84448 82
- 2.33125 26629 53

2.44940 14805
34658
28670
90603
60594

4654137
7259194

61
89
03
59
79

1.95881
2.07724
2.19847
2.32246
2.44914

20770
91341
27115
14379
68105

24
33
93
84
24

2.57844
2.71030
2.84468
2.98150
3.12073

23336
76079
17064
97744

3.68605
3.81419
- 3.94300
- 4.07245
- 4.20250

29448
63503
57284
17902
70933

47
82
13
59
22

3.26231
3.40619
3.55233
3.70067
3.85118

4.33314
4.46434
- 4.59607
- 4.72832
- 4.86107

58930
40087
87027
85697
34372

01
52
47
79
26

- 2.56872
- 2.68915
- 2.81062
- 2.93309
-

4.99429 42740 24

0553198
95064 74
81077 41
28100 87

J lnr(z)

2? In r(z)

y
-

4.99429
5.12797
5.26209
5.39663
5.53159

42740
31077
29486
77210
21994

24
01
79
79
12

H.IWK

5.66694
5.80267
5.93877
6.07522
6.21202

19505
32805
31855
93070
98903

53

6.34916
6.48662
6.62438
6.76246
6.90082

4.96193
5.12834
5. 29658
5.46661

98064
49448
25830
04404
72692

85
28
88
97
91

5.

28
61
76

63842
5.81196
5.98722
6.16416
6.34275

28098
77481
36749
30480
91548

55
03
88
45
66

37463
02160
91385
08200
60067

25
75
04
42
27

6.52298
6.70481
6. 88823
7.07320
7.25970

60784
86640
24881
38287
96365

05
24
89
20
25

7.03947
7.17840
7.31759
7.45705
7.59675

58582
19241
61209
07120
82876

98
47
77

7.44772
7. 63723
7.82821
8.02063
8.21449

75087
56630
29137
86480
28045

22
84
39
35
37

7.73671
7.87690
8.01732
8.15798
8.29885

17475
42834
93640
07198
23295

34
81
69
22
23

8.40975
8.60640
8.80443
9.00381
9.20452

58520
87697
30279
05701
37958

62
25
13
63
73

8.43993
8.58123
8.72273
8.86442
9.00631

84073
33910
19301
88760
92716

80
02
22
30
38

9.40655
9.60988
9.81450
10.02039
10.22753

55438
90763
80646
65738
90498

14
93
38
46
84

9.14839
9.29066
9.43310
9.57572
9.71851

83421
14862
42680
24089
17806

51
98
75
73
54

10.43592
10.64552
10.85634
11.06835
11.28154

03060
55107
01750
01418
15743

85
28
59
23
00

14

18
82

8955142

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

9.86146 83980
-10.00458 84128
10.14786 81072
10.29130 38884
10.43489 22827

47
32
85
74
58

11.49590
11.71141
11.92807
12.14585
12.36475

09457
50295
08891
58692
75866

89
52
58
46
47

83125
87555
29614
53013
17677

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

10.57862
-10.72251
10.86654
11.01070
11.15500

96
27

39218
30109
32377
32259
18323

81
93
08
06
86

81399
14505
12791
73474
95775

16
47
90
23
51

16
67
22
80

99
93
33
46
02

4.00380 99034 45

4.1585187339 90
4.31526 87017 23
4.47402 1603194
4.63474 05290 18
4.79738 98064 85

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
10.

99305
35816
00900
64100
95918

14
32
83

12.58476
12.80586
13.02804
13.25129
13.47560

-11.29944 67777
-11.4440151979
-11.5887121674
-11.73353 50824
-11.87848 14172

28
25
47
91
43

13.70095
13.92735
14.15477
14.38320
14.61264

-12. 02354 87208 09

14. 84308 80868 68

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

285

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table

6.7

.r=1.8

J In r(z)

^lnr(a)
-

0.07108 38729 14

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

- 0.07476 57386 86
- 0.08577 55297 09
- 0.10400 76857 32

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

- 0.20006 82029 53
- 0.24498 08149 51
- 0.29581 07721 71

- 0.12929 22486 30
-

0.16140 31015 52

0.35221 50054 25

- 0.41384 67690 74

^lnr(z)

y
-

./lnr(z)

0.00000
0.02858
0.05769
0.08782
0.11946

00000
63331
29209
58538
40495

00
36
31
91
57

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

4.83045
4.96226
- 5.09454
- 5.22728
- 5.36046

68451
53555
72216
53433
35143

13
54
70
89
73

4.92989
5.09490
5.26176
5.43043
5.60088

76263
86275
50781
56009
97905

84
80
04
62
12

0.15304
0.18897
0.22758
0.26916
0.31396

83729
35429
31014
73612
39650

82
70
17
58
50

5.5
5,6
5.7
5.8
5.9

5.49406
5.62807
- 5.76248
- 5.89728
- 6.03244

63619
92920
84380
06145
32737

68
13
56
63
64

5.77309
5.94703
6.12266
6.29996
6.47891

81726
21669
40498
69207
46681

78
16
86
68
58

05120
86472
90315
66950
63857

09
00
88
54
23

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

6.16796
6.30383
- 6.44003
- 6.57656
- 6.71341

44658
28019
74202
79546
45046

02
05
92
04
23

6.

65948
6.84164
7.02537
7.21065
7.39746

19384
41059
72437
80966
40550

99
65
42
53
43

76090
82204
76814
77029
03441

92

7.58577
7.77556
7.96681
8.15950
8.35362

31298
39290
56346
79813
12360

85
39
11
46
30

8.54913
8.74603
8. 94429
9.14390
9.34484

61778
40794
66893
62145
53042

15
54
74
64
25

0.62673 30272 43
0.70596 59713 03

0.36216
0.41389
0.46927
0.52836
0.59119

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.78884
0.87511
0.96452
1.05684
1.15188

75850
45440
30468
83111
37223

80
57
26
80
02

0.65777
0.72809
0.80213
0.87984
0.96117

76436
94297
42229
15616
10434

65
11
48
08
30

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.24943
1.34934
- 1.45143
- 1.55556
- 1.66161

97659
28469
40669
80105
15761

29
99
35
11
22

1.04606
1.13445
1.22628
1.32148
1.41997

48267
96865
86841
25078
05387

65

98
72
65
49

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

- 7.54062 79930 63
- 7. 67944 33488 49

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

28703
01786
10163
12619
43688

84
38
61
95
12

1.52168
1.62654
1.73449
1.84544
1.95935

16884
50508
04020
85788
17594

90
69
35
28
45

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

8.23714
8.37714
- 8.51737
- 8.65781
- 8.79845

58220
99935
37469
15513
80804

35
16
39
42
75

9.54709
9.75064
9.95547
10.16156
10.36890

70341
48917
27618
49130
59844

42
54
74
30
02

2.33181 06516 27
- 2.44831 66432 13

2.07613
2.19572
2.31807
2.44311
2.57078

36663
97074
70690
47704
36890

29
49

52
17
62

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

8.93930
9.08035
9.22159
9.36303
9.50464

82029
69727
96207
15461
83091

08
14
08
81
20

10.57748
10.78727
10.99827
11.21046
11.42383

09733
52232
44124
45427
19293

12
56
32
62
59

2.70102
2.83378
2.96901
3.10665
3.24665

65631
79764
43304
38058
63186

50
90
05
79
51

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

9.64644
9.78841
- 9.93056
-10.07288
-10.21535

56228
93471
54816
01596
96421

63
63
43
06
85

11.63836
11.85404
12.07086
12.28881
12.50786

31904
52376
52667
07487
94213

38
37
34
37
31

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

- 0.48036 32669 52
- 0.55143 15880 74

1.76944
1.87895
1.99003
2.10259
2.21654

6.85056
6.98801
- 7.12575
- 7.26377
- 7.40207

65
17
87

98

- 7.81850 94055 06
- 7.95781 94361 78
- 8.09736 69787 03
-

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

- 2.92545 51190 19
- 3.04723 78253 42
- 3.16992 13469 31

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

3.54295
3.66884
- 3.79543
- 3.92270
- 4.05063

85286
07212
43338
85028
42744

89
13
26
21
24

3.38897
3.53355
3.68036
3.82935
3.98047

34693
84906
61916
29025
64181

93
21
47
75
31

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-10.35800
-10.50079
-10.64375
-10.78685
-10.93010

03128
86719
13321
50132
65382

01
24
05
67
43

12.72802
12.94927
13.17160
13.39499
13.61944

92806
85734
57894
96541
91215

69
79
90
43
87

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

4.17918
4.30833
- 4.43805
- 4.56833
- 4.69913

44552
34763
72703
31585
97495

05
48
06
96
61

4.13369
4.28897
4.44626
4.60554
4.76676

59419
20315
65448
25879
44644

14
17
66
92

38

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

-11.07350
-11.21704
-11.36071
-11.50453
-11.64847

28285
09003
78605
09034
73069

39
12
47
33
06

13.84494
14.07147
14.29902
14.52758
14.75715

33679
17848
39730
97368
90776

42
17
75
21
29

5.0

- 4.83045 68451 13

4.92989 76263 84

10.0

2.56599 45147 78

- 2.68478 15548 41
- 2.80461 97009 53

3.29346 24159 89
3.41782 06949 39

-11.79255 44293 69

14.98772 21889 61

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

286
Table

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

6.7

x=1.9
>lnr(z)

^?lnr(z)

J lnr(z)

^lnr(z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.03898
0.04242
- 0.05270
- 0.06974
- 0.09340

42759
16648
43596
53071
38158

23
18
13
16
25

0.00000
0.03569
0.07184
0.10889
0.14726

00000
47077
49288
51730
87453

00
36
73
33
39

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

4.66612
4.79608
4.92654
5.05749
5.18891

81728
44074
53878
30552
02823

77
24
64
47
51

5.06052
5.22603
5.39337
5.56250
5.73340

77830
70297
36626
72499
82679

38
75
27
47
93

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.12349
0.15978
0.20201
0.24990
0.30315

16727
08372
20244
35004
95035

26
30
82
09
34

0.18735
0.22952
0.27407
0.32128
0.37139

90383
28050
56544
97690
36389

60
02
06
64
55

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

5.32078
5.45308
5.58582
5.71896
5.85249

08121
92008
07663
15389
82177

05
98
21
41
50

5.90604
6. 08039
6.25643
6.43412
6. 61345

80662
88340
35684
60432
07797

49
38
02
49
49

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.36147
0.42455
0.49209
0.56381
0.63943

78527
64621
86372
71504
71834

10
11
39
20
98

0.42457
0.48097
0.54071
0.60385
0.67046

34706
58618
13247
82827
72268

81
37
70
52
81

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

5.98641
6.12070
6.25535
6.39035
6.52569

81289 78
91879 56
98637 85

30179
86894
43917
73625
54565

35
96

65169 71

6.79438
6. 97689
7. 16097
7.34658
7.53371

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.71869 82795 42

0.74056
0.81415
0.89123
0.97177
1.05574

4797147

- 0.80135 54698 30
- 0.88717 97447 03
- 0.97595 80247 42

45936 43

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

6.66136
6.79734
6.93363
7.07023
7.20711

19179
57285
87392
21291
74449

75
54
01
12
04

7.72233
7.91243
8. 10397
8.29695
8.49134

71224
13806
78029
64920
80626

13
57
64
80
65

1.14309
1.23379
1.32776
1.42496
1.52533

88592
01934
50714
65323
52787

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

7.34428
7.48173
7.61944
7.75742
7.89565

65807
17598
55170
06825
03667

56
49
18
11
87

8.68713
8.88429
9.08281
9. 28267
9.48385

36229
47573
35092
23655
42409

72
07
45
74
11

8.03412
8.17284
8.31180
8.45098
8.59039

79462
70499
15468
55343
33269

62
43
79
75
14

9.68634
9.89012
10.09517
10.30148
10.50903

24629
07585
32398
43916
90590

88
45
33
76
64

8.73001
8.86985
9.00990
9.15015
9.29060

94457
86090
57226
58714
43111

32
10
31
69
75

10.71782
10.92782
11.13901
11.35140
11.56495

24352
00504
77608
17379
84588

78
91
39
39

9.43124
9.57207
9.71309
9.85429
9.99566

64604
78935
43338
16464
58330

23
85
13
97
75

11.77967
11.99553
12.21253
12.43065
12.64988

46963
75096
42358
24807

OHIO

13
87
42
06
27

10.13721 30251 72

- 1.06749 27687 53
- 1.16160 13318 68

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

- 1.25811 51641 83
- 1.35687 89195 14
- 1.45774 95259 72
- 1.56059 52554 63

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

- 1.66529 48176 11
- 1.77173 64947 51
- 1.87981 73280 00
- 1.98944 23595 80
- 2.10052 39332 16

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

- 2.21298 10520 42
- 2.32673 87919 77
- 2.44172 77675 72
- 2.55788 36468 15

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

2.79346
2.91277
- 3.03304
- 3.15421
- 3.27625

14569
62346
29224
66305
54337

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

01294
40173
27007
39057
73167

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0

34
57
39
75
28

1.6288105662 06
09179
46926
05315
77068

80
69
67
08

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.19063
2.31146
2.43498
2.56113
2.68985

63887
78475
46022
05263
09205

13
36
00
98
60

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

96

2.82109
2.95480
3.09093
3.22943
3.37025

25566
37012
41220
50808
93162

19
40
91
91
16

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

42
08
49
84
71

3.51336
3.65869
3.80622
3.95589
4.10767

10185
57993
06560
39339
52859

24
21
50
63
66

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

10.27892 94790
10.42081 15703
10.56285 57891
10.70505 87350

52
58
26
54

12.87020
13.09161
13.31410
13.53765
13.76225

52464
62520
17307
05165
16677

75
42
41
78
85

4.26152 56312 41
4.41740 71132 72
4.57528 30577 67

-10.84741
-10.98992
-11.13258
-11.27539
-11.41834

08
64
48
93
66

13.98789
14.21456
14.44226
14. 67096
14.90067

44603
83815
31243
85811
48382

16
73
75
36
65

24
38
14
10

4.02462 44269 53
4.40780 72434 44
4.53669 57418 38

4.7351179308 60
4.89687 72979 01

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

4.66612 81728 77

5.06052 77830 38

10.0

- 4.15174 84023 59
- 4.27948 39577 56
-

6140147

16
14
59

1.73533
1.84483
1.95726
2.07254

2.67514 67111 48

3.39912
3.52277
3.64718
- 3.77231
- 3.89813
-

76239 52
58296 55

9146566

71130
77287
74849
33771
24904

-11.56143 19955 88

29

15.13137 21707 60

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

287

GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table

6.7

:r=2.0

J In r(2)

.^lnr(z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.00000 00000 00
- 0.00322 26151 39
- 0.01286 59357 41
- 0.02885 74027 79
-

0.05107 93722 62

J In T(z)

^lnr(z)

0.00000
0.04234
0.08509
0.12863
0.17335

00000
57120
33372
61223
05507

00
74
06
10
97

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

4.50127
4.62939
- 4.75805
- 4.88723
- 5.01690

58755
88796
70222
13522
38831

42
82
52
76
33

5.18929
5.35533
5. 52318
5.69281
5.86418

93415
82031
54439
16137
81052

60
27
62
11
00

5.14705
5. 27767
5.40874
5.54024
5.67217

75299
60518
39987
66615
00274

57
81
03
82
24

03728
6.21208
6. 38854
6.56665
6. 74637

71248
16640
54709
30238
95048

73
30
43

6.92770
11059
29503
7.48100
7.66847

07748
33491
43738
16040
33815

95

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.07937
0.11354
- 0.15338
- 0.19863
- 0. 24904

37235
77183
06308
06626
17059

30
40
81
31
66

0.21958
0.26767
0.31789
0.37051
0.42574

93100
56897
96132
53392
07261

95
80
02
47
44

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.30434
0.36428
- 0.42859
- 0.49700
- 0.56926

96090
77010
14442
21701
99322

22
76
42
52
58

0.48375
0.54471
0.60872
0.67588
0.74624

78429
46524
74700
39160
61166

30
35
17
88
63

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.64515 55533 76

0.81985
0.89672
0.97687
1.06028
1.14693

39537
82178
35612
11909
12720

67
63
07
26
53

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

6.47183
6. 60636
- 6.74121
- 6.87639
- 7.01188

78858
41013
94789
46872
07803

22
16
19
45
50

7.85742
8.04784
8.23970
8.43299
8.62768

86143
67567
77898
22035
09788

76
00
07
86
99

14
42
76
48
57

1.23679
1.32983
1.42601
1.52528
1.62759

50341
65907
44920
30352
33595

04
26
94
04
36

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

7.14766
7.28375
7.42012
7.55676
7.69368

91771
16419
02668
74543
59017

18
82
81
62
46

8.82375
9.02119
9.21999
9.42011
9.62155

55706
78914
02960
55664
68973

27
05
14
09
45

1.73289
1.84113
1.95225
2.06621
2.18294

43555
34120
70264
12994
23322

35
22
63
71
91

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

7.83086 85862 69

- 7.96830 87511 38
- 8.10599 98924 36
- 8. 24393 57468 08
- 8.38211 02798 83

9.82429
10.02832
10.23361
10.44016
10.64794

78825
25016
51072
04128
34810

87
83
54
09
35

65434
09185
32043
20582
71597

67
18
52
60
50

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

- 0.72443 19760 33
- 0.80688 50339 42

- 0.89231 37613 78
- 0.98053 03476 69

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.07135
1.16463
1.26021
1.35795
1.45772

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.55940 61080 61

98302
96040
88108
76568
66961

- 1.66288 49866 52

1.76806 06566 17
1.87483 80234 65
1.98312 89631 02

2.09285 17530 93

- 5.80450 07366 29
- 5.93722 60439 25
- 6.07033 37820 31
-

6.20381 23278 98
6.33765 05713 36

6.

7.
7.

56
97

13

76
81
76

8.52051
8.65915
8.79800
8.93708
9.07636

76753
23247
88177
19330
66296

67
82
87
47
28

10.85694
11.06716
11.27857
11.49116
11.70492

97125
48351
48933
62386
55194

60
59
86
10
45

96725
59137
17297
48693
33364

52
86
01
62
76

2.42987 92551 37
2.54462 26813 03

2.30239
2.42452
2.54926
2.67657
2.80639

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

2.66046
2.77736
2.89525
3.01410
3.13386

73
84
78
30
42

2.93868
3.07340
3.21048
3.34989
3.49158

92920
03990
36221
33215
50837

59
47
88
16
57

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

9.21585
9.35555
- 9.49544
- 9.63552
- 9.77579

80388
14566
23361
62811
90392

55
37
92
84
11

11.91983
12.13589
12.35308
12.57138
12.79079

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

- 3.25449 29213 81
- 3.37595 28711 45
- 3.49820 88720 59
- 3.62122 74039 03
- 3.74497 69383 89

3.63551
3.78164
3.92992
4.08032
4.23280

57202
32567
69172
71023
53645

41
78
45
23
81

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

- 9.91625
-10.05689
-10.19770
-10.33869
-10.47985

64956
46678
96994
78553
55166

49
12
20
49
49

13.01129
13. 23287
13. 45553
13.67924
13.90401

53818
94959
44022
90499
26078

23
63
19
21
95

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

4.38732
4.54384
4.70234
4.86276
5.02509

43808
79226
08252
89562
91831

43
20
48
20
32

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

-10.62117
-10.76266
-10.90431
-11.04611
-11.18806

91758
54322
09881
26442
72959

12
81
75
29
27

14.12981
14.35664
14.58449
14.81334
15.04319

44581
41900
15940
66565
95540

93
46
42
09
92

5.0

- 4.50127 58755 42

5.18929 93415 60

10.0

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

- 2.20393 05460 64
- 2.31629 48844 77

3.86942
3.99455
4.12032
- 4.24671
- 4.37370

83499
32717
79709
62029
46968

77912
19873
31366
63216
79930

99
65
90
20
87

-11.33017 19298 27

15.27404 06485 34

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

288

D1GAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table 6.8

=1.0

m{z)

H*\ z )

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

-0.57721
-0.56529
-0.53073
-0.47675
-0.40786

56649
77902
04055
48934
79442

0.00000
0.16342
0.32064
0.46653
0.59770

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

1.61278
1.63245
1.65175
1.67068
1.68926

48446
69889
20861
42228
67162

1.47080
1.47276
1.47464
1.47646
1.47820

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-0.32888
-0.24419
-0.15733
-0.07088
+ 0.01345

63572
65809
61258
34022
20154

0.71269
0.81160
0.89563
0.96655
1.02628

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.70751
1.72543
1.74303
1.76034
1.77735

21687
25175
90807
25988
32733

1.47989
1.48151
1.48308
1.48459
1.48605

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.09465
0.17219
0.24588
0.31576
0.38196

03206
05426
65515
20906
28134

1.07667
1.11938
1.15580
1.21413

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.79408
1.81053
1.82672
1.84265
1.85833

08018
44105
28842
45939
75219

1.48746
1.48883
1.49015
1.49143
1.49267

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.44469
0.50420
0.56072
0.61448
0.66570

79402
34618
00645
06554
39172

1.23772
1.25843
1.27675
1.29306
1.30766

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.87377
1.88898
1.90396
1.91872
1.93327

92858
71602
80964
87422
54582

1.49387
1.49504
1.49617
1.49727
1.49833

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.71459
0.76132
0.80607
0.84899
0.89021

15154
74328
84807
54079
42662

1.32081
1.33271
1.34353
1.35341
1.36246

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.94761
1.96175
1.97569
1.98944
2.00300

43346
12062
16663
10799
45959

1.49937
1.50037
1.50135
1.50230
1.50323

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.92985
0.96803
1.00485
1.04039
1.07474

78387
70243
21252
40175
51976

1.37080
1.37849
1.38561
1.39222
1.39838

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.01638
2.02959
2.04262
2.05549
2.06820

71585
35177
82397
57159
01717

1.50413
1.50501
1.50586
1.50669
1.50751

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.10798
1.14016
1.17137
1.20164
1.23104

07107
89703
24783
84581
94107

1.40413
1.40951
1.41455
1.41928
1.42374

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08074
2.09313
2.10537
2.11746
2.12941

56749
61434
53524
69410
44191

1.50830
1.50907
1.50982
1.51056
1.51127

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.25962
1.28741
1.31446
1.34081
1.36649

36033
54995
61381
34679
26435

1.42794
1.43191
1.43566
1.43922
1.44259

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14122
2.15289
2.16442
2.17582
2.18710

11731
04718
54716
92217
46687

1.51197
1.51266
1.51332
1.51398
1.51462

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.39153
1.41597
1.43983
1.46314
1.48593

62879
47255
61892
70060
17620

1.44580
1.44885
1.45175
1.45452
1.45716

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.19825
2.20928
2.22018
2.23097
2.24165

46616
19555
92160
90229
38740

1.51524
1.51585
1.51645
1.51703
1.51760

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.50821
1.53001
1.55135
1.57224
1.59272

34505
36052
24197
88550
07370

1.45969
1.46210
1.46441
1.46663
1.46876

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25221
2.26266
2.27301
2.28325
2.29338

61882
83093
25085
09877
58823

1.51816
1.51871
1.51925
1.51978
1.52029

5.0

1.61278 48446

1.47080

0.0

2.30341 92637

1.52080

1.1870-7

'(-

'(-

-3)2

5)5'

("

5)1
2

y#(l+yHTCoth7^y
*(*) to 5D,

computed by M. Goldstein, Los Alamos

AUXILIARY FUNCTION FOR

y-l
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

My)956

0.00100
0.00083
0.00067
0.00053
0.00040
0.00030

417
555
368
853
011

-6)2

<y>
9

10
11
13
14
17

y-

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

a+(l+iy)-\ny+fi(y)

<y> nearest integer to

y.

Scientific

Laboratory

&+(l+iy)

My)
0.00020
0.00013
0.00007
0.00003
0.00000
0.00000
'(-

839
335
501
333
833
000

6)2
3

<J>
20
25
33
50
100
00

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

DIGA MMA
i

FUI 1CTION F< )R

289

CC MPLEX A RGUMEN' rs

= l.l

Table 6.8

x = 1.2

@H Z

@*(z)

-H(z)

m{z)

H{z)

.'/

m{z)

H{z)

-0.42375
-0.41451
-0.38753
-0.34490
-0.28961

>#(*)
0.00000
0.14258
0.28082
0.41099
0.53042

.'/

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

1.61498
1.63457
1.65378
1.67264
1.69115

1.45097
1.45332
1.45557
1.45774
1.45983

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

-0.28904
-0.28169
-0.26014
-0.22578
-0.18064

0.00000
0.12620
0.24926
0.36640
0.47552

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

1.61756
1.63705
1.65617
1.67494
1.69336

1.43125
1.43396
1.43658
1.43910
1.44152

0.5

-0.22498
-0.15426
-0.08023
-0.00509
+0.06954

0.63764
0.73229
0.81484
0.88630
0.94792

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.70933
1.72718
1.74473
1.76197
1.77893

1.46184
1.46378
1.46565
1.46746
1.46921

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-0.12710
-0.06753
-0.00412
+0.06130
0.12730

0.57530
0.66517
0.74519
0.81589
0.87806

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.71146
1.72924
1.74672
1.76390
1.78079

1.44386
1.44612
1.44829
1.45039
1.45243

0.14255
0.21327
0.28131
0.34649
0.40880

1.00102
1.04687
1.08660
1.12119
1.15146

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.79561
1.81201
1.82815
1.84404
1.85968

1.47090
1.47253
1.47411
1.47565
1.47713

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.19280
0.25707
0.31960
0.38012
0.43846

0.93260
0.98046
1.02252
1.05960
1.09240

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.79740
1.81375
1.82983
1.84567
1.86126

1.45439
1.45629
1.45813
1.45991
1.46164

1.9

0.46829
0.52507
0.57930
0.63111
0.68067

1.17810
1.20169
1.22269
1.24148
1.25839

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.87508
1.89025
1.90519
1.91992
1.93443

1.47857
1.47996
1.48132
1.48263
1.48391

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.49459
0.54851
0.60028
0.64999
0.69774

1.12153
1.14752
1.17082
1.19179
1.21074

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.87661
1.89173
1.90663
1.92132
1.93579

1.46331
1.46493
1.46651
1.46803
1.46952

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.72813
0.77363
0.81730
0.85928
0.89967

1.27368
1.28755
1.30021
1.31179
1.32243

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.94874
1.96284
1.97675
1.99047
2.00401

1.48515
1.48635
1.48752
1.48866
1.48977

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.74362
0.78775
0.83022
0.87114
0.91060

1.22794
1.24362
1.25796
1.27112
1.28323

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.95006
1.96413
1.97800
1.99169
2.00519

1.47096
1.47236
1.47372
1.47505
1.47634

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.93858
0.97610
1.01234
1.04736
1.08124

1.33224
1.34131
1.34972
1.35753
1.36482

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.01736
2.03054
2.04356
2.05640
2.06908

1.49085
1.49190
1.49292
1.49392
1.49489

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.94868
0.98546
1.02103
1.05546
1.08881

1.29442
1.30478
1.31441
1.32337
1.33173

7.5
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.01852
2.03167
2.04465
2.05746
2.07012

1.47760
1.47882
1.48001
1.48117
1.48230

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.11405
1.14586
1.17671
1.20667
1.23578

1.37162
1.37800
1.38398
1.38960
1.39489

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08160
2.09397
2.10619
2.11826
2.13019

1.49584
1.49676
1.49767
1.49855
1.49940

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.12113
1.15250
1.18295
1.21254
1.24132

1.33955
1.34688
1.35377
1.36024
1.36635

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08262
2.09496
2.10716
2.11921
2.13111

1.48341
1.48448
1.48553
1.48656
1.48756

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.26409
1.29164
1.31847
1.34461
1.37010

1.39989
1.40461
1.40907
1.41331
1.41732

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14198
2.15363
2.16515
2.17654
2.18780

1.50024
1.50106
1.50186
1.50265
1.50341

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.26932
1.29659
1.32315
1.34905
1.37432

1.37211
1.37756
1.38272
1.38761
1.39226

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14288
2.15451
2.16601
2.17738
2.18862

1.48853
1.48949
1.49042
1.49133
1.49222

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.39496
1.41924
1.44294
1.46611
1.48876

1.42114
1.42478
1.42824
1.43154
1.43469

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.19893
2.20995
2.22084
2.23161
2.24228

1.50416
1.50489
1.50561
1.50631
1.50699

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.39898
1.42306
1.44659
1.46959
1.49209

1.39667
1.40088
1.40489
1.40871
1.41236

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.19973
2.21073
2.22160
2.23236
2.24301

1.49310
1.49395
1.49478
1.49560
1.49640

4.5

1.51092
1.53261
1.55384
1.57463
1.59501

1.43771
1.44059
1.44335
1.44600
1.44854

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25283
2.26326
2.27360
2.28382
2.29395

1.50766
1.50832
1.50896
1.50960
1.51021

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.51410
1.53565
1.55676
1.57743
1.59769

1.41586
1.41920
1.42240
1.42547
1.42842

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25354
2.26397
2.27429
2.28450
2.29461

1.49718
1.49794
1.49869
1.49943
1.50015

1.61498
2

1.45097

10.0

2.30397
5

1.51082

5.0

1.61756

10.0

2.30462

1.50085

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3

1.4
1.5

1.6
1.7
1.8

4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0

PI'

['-?

.'/

T]

['i'

m
1.43125

7.'6

T]

['I'

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

290

DIGAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Tab! e 6.8

X=l.<5

m(z)

m{z)

Jt(z)

0.4

-0.06138
-0.05646
-0.04192
-0.01844
+0.01295

Ji(z)
0.00000
0.10223
0.20269
0.29974
0.39204

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

1.62386
1.64311
1.66200
1.68055
1.69878

1.39213
1.39559
1.39891
1.40211
1.40519

5.4

1.62052
1.63990
1.65891
1.67758
1.69591

f*(z)
1.41163
1.41472
1.41769
1.42055
1.42331

0.52298
0.60796
0.68491
0.75404
0.81582

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.71392
1.73161
1.74900
1.76611
1.78292

1.42597
1.42853
1.43101
1.43340
1.43571

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.05100
0.09436
0.14171
0.19183
0.24367

0.47862
0.55886
0.63250
0.69957
0.76033

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.71668
1.73428
1.75158
1.76860
1.78533

1.40817
1.41103
1.41380
1.41648
1.41907

0.24434
0.30262
0.35994
0.41593
0.47035

0.87085
0.91983
0.96341
1.00227
1.03698

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.79947
1.81575
1.83177
1.84754
1.86308

1.43794
1.44011
1.44220
1.44423
1.44619

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.29635
0.34918
0.40163
0.45331
0.50395

0.81517
0.86457
0.90903
0.94907
0.98517

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.80180
1.81800
1.83395
1.84966
1.86513

1.42157
1.42399
1.42634
1.42861
1.43081

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.52310
0.57409
0.62333
0.67084
0.71667

1.06809
1.09605
1.12126
1.14409
1.16483

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.87837
1.89344
1.90829
1.92293
1.93735

1.44810
1.44995
1.45174
1.45348
1.45517

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.55336
0.60144
0.64811
0.69337
0.73722

1.01778
1.04730
1.07409
1.09849
1.12075

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.88036
1.89537
1.91017
1.92475
1.93912

1.43294
1.43502
1.43702
1.43898
1.44087

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.76087
0.80353
0.84470
0.88447
0.92290

1.18373
1.20102
1.21688
1.23148
1.24495

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.95158
1.96560
1.97944
1.99309
2.00655

1.45681
1.45841
1.45996
1.46147
1.46294

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.77968
0.82078
0.86058
0.89913
0.93647

1.14113
1.15984
1.17707
1.19296
1.20768

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.95330
1.96727
1.98106
1.99467
2.00809

1.44271
1.44450
1.44625
1.44794
1.44959

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.96007
0.99604
1.03088
1.06464
1.09739

1.25743
1.26900
1.27976
1.28980
1.29918

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.01984
2.03296
2.04591
2.05869
2.07131

1.46438
1.46577
1.46713
1.46845
1.46974

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.97265
1.00775
1.04179
1.07484
1.10693

1.22133
1.23402
1.24585
1.25689
1.26723

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.02134
2.03442
2.04733
2.06008
2.07267

1.45119
1.45276
1.45428
1.45576
1.45721

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.12917
1.16004
1.19005
1.21923
1.24763

1.30797
1.31621
1.32396
1.33126
1.33814

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08378
2.09610
2.10827
2.12029
2.13217

1.47100
1.47223
1.47342
1.47459
1.47573

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.13813
1.16846
1.19797
1.22670
1.25469

1.27693
1.28604
1.29461
1.30269
1.31032

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08510
2.09739
2.10952
2.12151
2.13337

1.45862
1.46000
1.46134
1.46266
1.46394

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.27529
1.30223
1.32851
1.35413
1.37915

1.34464
1.35080
1.35663
1.36216
1.36742

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14391
2.15552
2.16700
2.17834
2.18956

1.47685
1.47794
1.47900
1.48004
1.48106

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.28196
1.30855
1.33450
1.35983
1.38456

1.31753
1.32436
1.33084
1.33699
1.34283

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14508
2.15666
2.16811
2.17943
2.19063

1.46519
1.46641
1.46760
1.46877
1.46991

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.40357
1.42744
1.45077
1.47358
1.49590

1.37242
1.37718
1.38172
1.38606
1.39020

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.20066
2.21163
2.22249
2.23323
2.24386

1.48205
1.48302
1.48397
1.48490
1.48582

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.40873
1.43235
1.45546
1.47806
1.50019

1.34840
1.35370
1.35876
1.36359
1.36821

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.20170
2.21265
2.22349
2.23421
2.24481

1.47103
1.47212
1.47319
1.47423
1.47525

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.51775
1.53914
1.56010
1.58064
1.60078

1.39416
1.39795
1.40158
1.40507
1.40841

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25437
2.26478
2.27508
2.28528
2.29537

1.48671
1.48758
1.48844
1.48927
1.49010

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.52185
1.54307
1.56387
1.58425
1.60425

1.37263
1.37686
1.38092
1.38481
1.38854

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25531
2.26570
2.27598
2.28616
2.29623

1.47626
1.47724
1.47820
1.47914
1.48006

5.0

1.62052

1.41163

10.0

2.30537

1.49090

5.0

1.62386

1.39213

10.0

- 8)1]

- 8]

0.3
0.4

@f(z)
-0.16919
-0.16323
-0.14567
-0.11748
-0.08009

0.00000
0.11303
0.22372
0.32997
0.43011

5.1
5.2
5.3

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-0.03520
+0.01541
0.07003
0.12718
0.18561

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

y
0.0
0.1
0.2

ra

Ji>{z)

~n

V
5.0

ra

5)2

y
0.0
0.1
0.2
.0.3

m{z)

[(

[(

m
2.30621

1.48096

--r\

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

291

DIGAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

^
X

Table 6.8

~.

1 .U

y
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

**()
0.03649
0.04062
0.05284
0.07266
0.09932

>*(*)
0.00000
0.09325
0.18511
0.27432
0.35978

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

*(*)
1.62756
1.64667
1.66543
1.68386
1.70196

J){z)
1.37278
1.37658
1.38025
1.38378
1.38719

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

**(*)
0.12605
0.12955
0.13995
0.15687
0.17976

>*(*)
0.00000
0.08566
0.17023
0.25268
0.33214

y
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

^V(z)
1.63162
1.65057
1.66919
1.68748
1.70546

Sftz)
1.35357
1.35773
1.36173
1.36558
1.36930

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.13189
0.16935
0.21064
0.25479
0.30091

0.44066
0.51640
0.58668
0.65144
0.71078

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.71976
1.73725
1.75445
1.77137
1.78801

1.39047
1.39364
1.39670
1.39965
1.40251

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.20790
0.24050
0.27674
0.31581
0.35697

0.40789
0.47942
0.54642
0.60875
0.66642

5.5
5.6

5.7
5.8
5.9

1.72313
1.74051
1.75760
1.77441
1.79095

1.37289
1.37635
1.37969
1.38293
1.38605

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.34824
0.39614
0.44411
0.49175
0.53878

0.76494
0.81424
0.85907
0.89980
0.93684

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.80439
1.82051
1.83638
1.85201
1.86741

1.40528
1.40796
1.41055
1.41306
1.41549

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.39957
0.44305
0.48692
0.53082
0.57445

0.71957
0.76840
0.81319
0.85423
0.89183

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.80724
1.82327
1.83906
1.85460
1.86992

1.38908
1.39200
1.39484
1.39759
1.40025

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.58497
0.63018
0.67432
0.71732
0.75916

0.97054
1.00127
1.02932
1.05500
1.07855

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.88258
1.89752
1.91225
1.92677
1.94109

1.41786
1.42015
1.42237
1.42453
1.42663

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.61757
0.66001
0.70167
0.74244
0.78228

0.92629
0.95790
0.98693
1.01363
1.03824

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.88501
1.89989
1.91455
1.92900
1.94326

1.40284
1.40534
1.40778
1.41014
1.41244

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.79983
0.83935
0.87772
0.91499
0.95118

1.10020
1.12015
1.13857
1.15563
1.17146

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.95521
1.96914
1.98287
1.99643
2.00981

1.42866
1.43065
1.43257
1.43445
1.43628

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.82115
0.85905
0.89597
0.93193
0.96694

1.06096
1.08197
1.10144
1.11953
1.13635

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.95731
1.97118
1.98487
1.99837
2.01169

1.41467
1.41684
1.41895
1.42101
1.42301

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.98634
1.02050
1.05370
1.08598
1.11738

1.18618
1.19990
1.21271
1.22469
1.23592

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.02301
2.03604
2.04891
2.06162
2.07417

1.43805
1.43978
1.44147
1.44312
1.44472

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.00102
1.03421
1.06653
1.09801
1.12867

1.15204
1.16668
1.18039
1.19324
1.20530

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.02485
2.03784
2.05066
2.06332
2.07583

1.42496
1.42686
1.42871
1.43051
1.43227

3.0
3.1
3.2

3.3
3.4

1.14794
1.17769
1.20667
1.23491
1.26245

1.24647
1.25639
1.26574
1.27457
1.28290

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08657
2.09882
2.11092
2.12288
2.13470

1.44628
1.44781
1.44930
1.45075
1.45217

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.15856
1.18770
1.21611
1.24383
1.27089

1.21664
1.22733
1.23741
1.24693
1.25594

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08819
2.10040
2.11246
2.12439
2.13617

1.43398
1.43565
1.43728
1.43888
1.44043

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.28931
1.31552
1.34112
1.36612
1.39055

1.29080
1.29828
1.30537
1.31212
1.31853

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14638
2.15794
2.16936
2.18065
2.19182

1.45355
1.45491
1.45623
1.45753
1.45879

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.29731
1.32311
1.34833
1.37297
1.39707

1.26448
1.27257
1.28026
1.28757
1.29454

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14782
2.15934
2.17073
2.18199
2.19313

1.44195
1.44344
1.44489
1.44631
1.44770

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.41443
1.43779
1.46065
1.48302
1.50493

1.32464
1.33047
1.33603
1.34134
1.34642

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.20286
2.21379
2.22460
2.23530
2.24588

1.46003
1.46124
1.46242
1.46358
1.46471

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.42065
1.44373
1.46632
1.48844
1.51012

1.30117
1.30750
1.31354
1.31932
1.32485

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.20415
2.21504
2.22583
2.23650
2.24706

1.44905
1.45038
1.45168
1.45295
1.45420

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.52639
1.54742
1.56804
1.58826
1.60810

1.35128
1.35594
1.36041
1.36470
1.36882

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25635
2.26672
2.27698
2.28714
2.29720

1.46582
1.46691
1.46798
1.46902
1.47004

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.53136
1.55219
1.57262
1.59265
1.61232

1.33014
1.33522
1.34009
1.34476
1.34925

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25751
2.26785
2.27809
2.28822
2.29826

1.45542
1.45661
1.45778
1.45892
1.46005

5.0

1.62756

1.37278

LO.O

2.30716

1.47105

5.0

1.35357

10.0

2.30820

[<r]

[<-f]

D-^]

6)2

[ -S

./>(1.5+%)
716-654

64

20

==^7r

tanh

m
1.63162

iry

^
4^+1
1

-44,6
i

ra

m
1.46115

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

292

DIGAMMA FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX A RGUMEN rs

Table 6.8

x = i:t

m+(z)

J4>(z)

.'/

g$t{z)

J*{z)

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

1.63603
1.65482
1.67328
1.69142
1.70926

>*()
1.33453
1.33902
1.34335
1.34752
1.35154

m{z)

0.20855
0.21156
0.22050
0.23511
0.25494

/*()
0.00000
0.07918
0.15747
0.23407
0.30824

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.28499
0.28760
0.29537
0.30809
0.32541

0.00000
0.07358
0.14644
0.21792
0.28740

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

1.64078
1.65939
1.67769
1.69567
1.71336

1.31566
1.32048
1.32513
1.32961
1.33393

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.27945
0.30803
0.34001
0.37474
0.41161

0.37937
0.44701
0.51086
0.57074
0.62661

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.72680
1.74405
1.76102
1.77772
1.79416

1.35543
1.35918
1.36280
1.36630
1.36969

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.34693
0.37215
0.40053
0.43155
0.46469

0.35437
0.41842
0.47928
0.53675
0.59076

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.73076
1.74787
1.76472
1.78130
1.79762

1.33810
1.34213
1.34603
1.34979
1.35344

.1.0

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.45005
0.48957
0.52973
0.57018
0.61063

0.67852
0.72661
0.77107
0.81211
0.84996

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.81034
1.82627
1.84196
1.85742
1.87266

1.37297
1.37614
1.37922
1.38220
1.38509

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.49947
0.53546
0.57226
0.60955
0.64706

0.64131
0.68847
0.73237
0.77316
0.81103

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.81369
1.82952
1.84511
1.86047
1.87561

1.35697
1.36038
1.36369
1.36690
1.37001

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.65085
0.69065
0.72990
0.76849
0.80636

0.88488
0.91710
0.94685
0.97436
0.99982

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.88767
1.90246
1.91705
1.93143
1.94562

1.38789
1.39061
1.39326
1.39582
1.39832

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.68455
0.72184
0.75879
0.79528
0.83122

0.84617
0.87877
0.90903
0.93713
0.96326

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.89053
1.90525
1.91975
1.93406
1.94817

1.37303
1.37596
1.37881
1.38158
1.38426

2.0
2.1
2.2

2.3
2.4

0.84345
0.87973
0.91519
0.94981
0.98362

1.02342
1.04533
1.06570
1.08468
1.10238

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.95961
1.97342
1.98704
2.00048
2.01375

1.40074
1.40310
1.40539
1.40762
1.40980

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.86655
0.90123
0.93523
0.96853
1.00111

0.98757
1.01022
1.03136
1.05110
1.06957

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.96210
1.97583
1.98939
2.00277
2.01598

1.38688
1.38942
1.39189
1.39430
1.39664

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.01661
1.04879
1,08020
1.11084
1.14075

1.11893
1.13441
1.14893
1.16257
1.17539

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.02685
2.03979
2.05256
2.06518
2.07764

1.41191
1.41398
1.41599
1.41794
1.41986

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.03299
1.06416
1.09463
1.12442
1.15353

1.08687
1.10310
1.11836
1.13270
1.14622

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.02903
2.04191
2.05463
2.06719
2.07960

1.39892
1.40115
1.40332
1.40543
1.40749

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.16993
1.19842
1.22625
1.25342
1.27997

1.18747
1.19886
1.20962
1.21981
1.22945

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08996
2.10212
2.11415
2.12603
2.13778

1.42172
1.42354
1.42531
1.42704
1.42874

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.18200
1.20982
1.23703
1.26363
1.28965

1.15898
1.17103
1.18243
1.19322
1.20345

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.09187
2.10399
2.11597
2.12781
2.13952

1.40950
1.41146
1.41338
1.41525
1.41708

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.30592
1.33129
1.35610
1.38037
1.40413

1.23859
1.24727
1.25553
1.26338
1.27087

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14939
2.16087
2.17222
2.18345
2.19456

1.43039
1.43200
1.43358
1.43513
1.43664

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.31511
1.34003
1.36441
1.38829
1.41168

1.21317
1.22241
1.23119
1.23956
1.24754

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.15109
2.16253
2.17385
2.18504
2.19611

1.41886
1.42061
1.42231
1.42398
1.42561

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.42738
1.45015
1.47246
1.49432
1.51574

1.27800
1.28481
1.29132
1.29755
1.30351

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.20555
2.21642
2.22717
2.23781
2.24834

1.43811
1.43956
1.44097
1.44235
1.44371

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3

4.4

1.43459
1.45704
1.47904
1.50062
1.52178

1.25516
1.26243
1.26939
1.27605
1.28242

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.20707
2.21790
2.22862
2.23923
2.24974

1.42720
1.42876
1.43029
1.43178
1.43324

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.53675
1.55736
1.57758
1.59742
1.61690

1.30922
1.31470
1.31996
1.32501
1.32986

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25877
2.26908
2.27930
2.28941
2.29942

1.44503
1.44633
1.44760
1.44885
1.45007

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.54254
1.56292
1.58291
1.60255
1.62183

1.28854
1.29440
1.30004
1.30545
1.31065

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.26013
2.27042
2.28061
2.29069
2.30068

1.43468
1.43608
1.43745
1.43880
1.44012

1.63603

1.33453

0.0

1.45127

5.0

1.64078

1.31566

10.0

2.31057

1.44142

r-n

rc-4)4i

5.0

~n

2.30933

)2

-i

T]

,2

i?

GAMMA FUNCTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

DIGA MMA

FUIN CTION

293

FO R COD 1PLEX AR GUME\T<

i = 1.9

Table 6.8

1=2.0
y
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

&f(z)
0.42278
0.42480
0.43081
0.44068
0.45420

^(z)

1.64585
1.66428
1.68240
1.70022
1.71775

Sf(z)
1.29698
1.30212
1.30707
1.31185
1.31647

0.00000
0.06441
0.12833
0.19130
0.25288

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

$t(z)
1.65125
1.66948
1.68742
1.70506
1.72242

1.27849
1.28394
1.28919
1.29426
1.29916

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.73500
1.75197
1.76868
1.78513
1.80133

1.32092
1.32522
1.32938
1.33341
1.33730

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.47111
0.49110
0.51380
0.53887
0.56594

0.31269
0.37042
0.42583
0.47874
0.52904

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.73951
1.75633
1.77290
1.78921
1.80528

1.30389
1.30846
1.31288
1.31715
1.32129

0.60749
0.65359
0.69677
0.73714
0.77483

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.81728
1.83300
1.84848
1.86374
1.87878

1.34107
1.34473
1.34827
1.35170
1.35503

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.59465
0.62468
0.65572
0.68751
0.71980

0.57667
0.62165
0.66400
0.70380
0.74116

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.82111
1.83671
1.85208
1.86723
1.88217

1.32530
1.32918
1.33295
1.33660
1.34015

0.71846
0.75338
0.78814
0.82261
0.85669

0.80999
0.84278
0.87335
0.90188
0.92851

6.5

6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.89361
1.90824
1.92266
1.93688
1.95092

1.35826
1.36140
1.36445
1.36741
1.37029

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.75239
0.78510
0.81779
0.85033
0.88262

0.77618
0.80899
0.83973
0.86853
0.89551

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.89690
1.91143
1.92576
1.93990
1.95385

1.34358
1.34692
1.35017
1.35332
1.35639

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.89031
0.92342
0.95598
0.98795
1.01932

0.95338
0.97664
0.99840
1.01879
1.03792

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.96476
1.97843
1.99192
2.00523
2.01838

1.37308
1.37581
1.37846
1.38104
1.38355

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.91459
0.94617
0.97731
1.00798
1.03814

0.92081
0.94454
0.96681
0.98775
1.00743

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.96761
1.98120
1.99462
2.00786
2.02094

1.35937
1.36227
1.36509
1.36784
1.37052

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.05008
1.08022
1.10975
1.13867
1.16698

1.05588
1.07278
1.08868
1.10367
1.11782

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.03136
2.04418
2.05684
2.06935
2.08171

1.38599
1.38838
1.39070
1.39297
1.39518

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.06779
1.09690
1.12548
1.15352
1.18102

1.02597
1.04344
1.05992
1.07548
1.09020

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.03385
2.04661
2.05921
2.07167
2.08397

1.37313
1.37567
1.37815
1.38056
1.38292

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.19470
1.22184
1.24841
1.27442
1.29990

1.13119
1.14384
1.15583
1.16719
1.17798

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.09393
2.10600
2.11793
2.12973
2.14139

1.39734
1.39944
1.40149
1.40350
1.40546

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.20798
1.23442
1.26034
1.28575
1.31067

1.10413
1.11733
1.12985
1.14174
1.15304

8.0

8.4

2.09613
2.10815
2.12003
2.13178
2.14339

1.38522
1.38746
1.38966
1.39180
1.39389

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.32485
1.34929
1.37324
1.39670
1.41970

1.18823
1.19798
1.20727
1.21613
1.22458

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.15292
2.16432
2.17560
2.18675
2.19778

1.40738
1.40925
1.41108
1.41286
1.41461

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.33510
1.35905
1.38254
1.40558
1.42818

1.16379
1.17403
1.18379
1.19310
1.20200

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.15487
2.16623
2.17746
2.18858
2.19957

1.39593
1.39793
1.39988
1.40179
1.40366

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.44226
1.46437
1.48606
1.50734
1.52822

1.23265
1.24037
1.24775
1.25482
1.26160

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.20870
2.21950
2.23019
2.24077
2.25124

1.41632
1.41800
1.41964
1.42124
1.42281

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.45036
1.47212
1.49348
1.51446
1.53505

1.21050
1.21864
1.22643
1.23389
1.24105

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.21045
2.22121
2.23187
2.24241
2.25284

1.40548
1.40727
1.40902
1.41074
1.41241

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.54872
1.56885
1.58861
1.60803
1.62710

1.26810
1.27434
1.28033
1.28610
1.29164

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.26160
2.27186
2.28202
2.29207
2.30203

1.42435
1.42586
1.42733
1.42878
1.43020

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.55527
1.57514
1.59466
1.61385
1.63270

1.24792
1.25452
1.26086
1.26696
1.27283

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.26318
2.27340
2.28353
2.29356
2.30349

1.41406
1.41566
1.41724
1.41879
1.42030

5.0

1.64585

1.29698

10.0

2.31190

1.43159

5.0

1.65125

1.27849

10.0

[(-4)5]

[(-4)3]

>*(*)
0.00000
0.06870
0.13681
0.20377
0.26908

*#(*)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

&t(z)
0.35618
0.35847
0.36528
0.37644
0.39169

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.41071
0.43309
0.45842
0.48625
0.51614

0.33229
0.39306
0.45110
0.50624
0.55838

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.54770
0.58053
0.61431
0.64872
0.68351

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

[,-4,6]

[,-4)4]

[(-5,4]

[,-5,2]

./4>{2+iy)=^ coth *y-

1+3?/

2y{l+y 2)

8.1
8.2
8.3

J+(z)

2.31332

1.42179

[(-5)4]

[(-5)8]

Error Function and Fresnel Integrals

7.

Walter

Gatjtschi

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties
7.1.

Error Function

7.2.

Repeated Integrals

297
of the Error

297
299
300
302

Function

7.3. Fresnel Integrals

and Indefinite Integrals

7.4. Definite

Numerical Methods
7.5.

304

Use and Extension

304

of the Tables

References

Table

7.1.

308
Error Function and
2

(2/V^)e-*

erf x=(2/*fc)

Derivative

its

P e~

t2

dt,

(0<x<2)

z=0(.01)2,

310

10D

Jo

Table

7.2.

Derivative of the Error Function

2

(2/V^)e-*

Table
xe

7.3.

x2

ericx=(2/^)xe x2

7.4.

8S

t2
e~ dt, x~

Repeated Integrals

-r22

xe

erfc

Ve

7D

t2

z=0(.02)2,

dt,

Function (0< x < 5)

x=2^T (jj+l)^//

317

^T^"'^

6S

Dawson's Integral (0<x<co)

Ve t2dt,

_t22

=. 25 (-.005)0,

of the Error

a;=0(.l)5, to=1(1)6, 10, 11,

7.5.

316

n= 1(1)10, 15D

2r(|+l)i

Table

312

Complementary Error Function (2<x<oo)

eric^m,
Table

z=2(.01)10,

(2<x<10)

319

10D

x- 2 =.25(-.005)0,

9D

Guest worker, National Bureau of Standards, from The American University. (Presently

Purdue University.)

295

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

296

Page

Table

(3/r(l/3))

7.6.

Ce'^dt (0<x<2.3)

7D

x=0(.02)1.7(.04)2.3,

Table

7.7.

C(x)=
Table

7.8.

Fresnel Integrals

C cos (j A dt,

(0<x<5)

S(x)=

Auxiliary Functions

/(aO=[-S(*)]

cos

g(x)=^j- C(x)]

cos

Table

z2

Table

7.11.

15D

z=x+iy, x=0(. 1)3.9, y=0(.l)3,

Complex Zeros
n = l(l)10,

Complex Zeros

of the Error

7.12.

325

6D

Function (l<n< 10)

...

329

8D
of Fresnel Integrals

Zn,ztC(z n)=0,S(2*)=0,n=0(l)5,

Table

323

2
2
(| x )+[~S(x)]sin(| x )

erfc (-iz),

z n erf z n =0,
,

oo)

Error Function for Complex Arguments (0<x<3.9,0<y<3)

= e-

7.10.

7D

x=0(.02)5,

2
)-[i-C(x)]sinQ x 2
(| x
)

w(z)

321

r sin(^ Adt,

(0<x<

x=0(.02)l,x- =l(-.02)0,

Table 7.9.

320

Maxima and Minima

(0<n<5)

329

4D

of Fresnel Integrals

(0<n< 5) ...

C(V4n+l), C(^[4n+^), S(^4n+2), S(V4n+4), n=0(l)5,

329

6D

The author acknowledges the assistance of Alfred E. Beam, Ruth E. Capuano, Lois K.
Cherwinski, Elizabeth F. Godefroy, David S. Liepman, Mary Orr, Bertha H. Walter, and
Ruth Zucker in the preparation and checking of the tables.

Error Function and Fresnel Integrals

7.

Mathematical Properties

7.1.

Error Function

Series Expansions

Definitions

7.1.5

erf

z=~ X)

^^6

n!(2w+l)

2
7.1.1

erf

V T Jo

d=l erf

=V2

7.1.7

fVdA=g-*

w( 2 )=e- 22 ('l+^

7.1.3

2n

Sl-3.

Jr

_2_

erfcs:

7.1.2

7.1.6

2 (-l)

,2re+l

(2n+l)

..

[/2 n+1 / 2 (z

)-/2* + 3/2(3 2)]

erfc(-i2)

r(|+i)
In 7.1.2 the path of integration

path,

(a

H<C-

t>a with

restriction arg

as

= is permissible &t
if

is

subject to the

t-* along the

For/. -iO) see chapter 10.

Symmetry Relations

remains bounded
7.1.9

to the left.)

erf

7.1.10

Integral Representation

erf

7.1.4

Cm

2
,

f"

Tj-co

<r'
2

<ft

2iz
IT

Jo

.4

.6

.8

Figure

1.0

7.1.

1.2

1.4

y=ex '\
p=2(l)6

2= erf

w{z)=2e~ w(z)

7.1.12

w(z)=w{z)

<

(S*>0)

.2

.2

= erf 2

7.1.11
z

e-' dt

(3)

1.6

1.8

2.0

l>

dt.

2.2

.4

.B

12

1.0

1.4

L8

1.6

20

22

2.4

Figure

7.2.

=e
y=e
'

*'
\

Jo
;o

dt.

p=2(l)6

297

24

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

298

7.1.15

1 f-e^j = J_l/2J_3/2_2__

.6

1.4

1.0

2.6

2.2

1.8

/I

3.0

\)
1

3.0

2 Z 2 2 2

z f

\TT
^J-o,

=-^lim

.2

2.6

y-jr

(J^O)

*=i 2

w->

*"

10/

207
2.2

307
40

i/
1.8

x[ n)

and fl|n) are the zeros and weight factors of

the Hermite polynomials. For numerical values

see chapter 25.

.3

50,

Value at Infinity

60X\

1.4

7.1.16

.4

erf

2->l

2-^ oo hi |arg z\<J^)

1.0

id\^\
.5

Maximum and

B0

Integral

X-

^^-^-

.7

_
\

[7.31]

.8
.9

Dawson's

Inflection Points for

.6

.6

.2

F(x)=e-*

90

1.0

dt

-.2

7.1.17

^(.92413 88730

7.1.18

F(l. 50197 52682

= .54104 42246

= .42768 66160

-.6
3

1.0

Derivatives

7.1.19
10

1.4

^-eriz=(-ir-j=Hn (z)e-S

(=0,

1, 2,

.)

- 1.8

00

7.1.20
2.2

null

w (+2)

(g)

_}_22w

(n+1)

(z)

+2(w+l)w (n1 (2) =0

(7i=0,l,2, ...)

-60

120 +180 -120

Figure

7.3.

60

120 180 -120

-60

60

120

w m (z)=w(z),

Altitude Chart of w(z).

w'(z)

= -2zw(z)+^.
\ir

(For the Hermite polynomials H(z) see chapter

22.)

Inequalities

[7.11], [7.17]

7.1.13

Relation to Confluent Hypergeometric Function

(see

chapter 13)

+Vz +2
2

<e*

e~'

dt<

(For other inequalities see

(x>0)

7.1.21

The Normal Distribution Function With Mean

[7.2].)

Standard Deviation a

(see

and

chapter 26)

Continued Fractions
7.1.14

Asymptotic Expansion
7.1.23

*M>--3.V <*>>

^ze

erf C

2~l+Z)

m=l

(-1)

l-3...(2m-l)
(22

(->,

|arg2|<^

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

If

R n (z)

is

7.1.29

7.1.24

g,(g)

= (-l)'

1,3

^^

Vg r

fl= /." e "'(

1+ ?)"""* d '

al

real,

a;

2|<|)

is less

in absolute value

same

than

sign.

_ x2

7r

[(1 cos

2xy)-\-i sin 2xy]

- *" 2

Z) Z2j^Z2 Unix, y)+ig n (x,y)]+e(x,y)

71=1 n -)-4x

where

y)=2x2x

jn{%,

R n (x)

neglected term and of the

first

+-e

^<i)

(larg

|ff|<l

For

x+^

erf (x-\-iy)=erf

the

Approximation for Complex Error

Function [7.19]

Infinite Series

n terms then

the remainder after

299

cosh

g n (x,y)=2x coshny

cos 2xy-\-n sinh 7M/ sin 2xy

tm/

sin 2xt/+7i sinh.

ny cos 2xy

\e(x,y)\^10- 1& erf (x+iy)\

\

Repeated Integrals of the Error Function

7.2.

Rational Approximations

<z< oo

(0

Definition

7.1.25
7.2.1
erf

+^ )e~

x=l-(a^+a2^ 2

x2

|e(x)|<2.5X10a x =. 34802 42

#=.47047

f=

+6(^),

"f+^

*"

erfc 3

-I"

a2

= -.09587

98

i"

erfc

(n=0,l,2,...)

erfc<ft

2=-p

z2

2= erfc

erfc

a3 =- 74785 56
7.1.26
erf

Differential

x=l-(a t+a
1

2
2t

+a +a +a
3

3t

it

5t

)e-

x2

+e(x),

Equation

g +22 |-^=o

7.2.2
l-\-px

?y=Ai n

|e(x)|<1.5X10- 7
a = .25482 9592
^=.32759 11
a 3 = 1.42141 3741
a2 = -.28449 6736
1

a4

=- 1.45315

(^1

and

B are

2+5i"

i" erfc 2

7.2.3

__2_

Power

[l+a x+a 2 x2 -\-a 3 x3 +ai xi

1

|e(x)|<5X10-

2=^ .-*

Jz

IT
\ir

x=

Series

7.2.4

erfc

2=X)
fc=0

on-*

2*~*ifc!r

^=.278393

a2 =. 230389

= .000972

a4 = .078108

a3

(*+)

Recurrence Relations
7.2.5

7.1.28
erf x

( l)*g

(2)

constants.)

7.1.27

erf

erfc

Expression as a Single Integral

a 5 = 1.06140 5429

2027

erfc

=1

[l+a!X+a 2 x

Mz

6 16

+(*)

erfc

2=

n_1 erfc

2+
2r&

= .00927 05272
a = -00027 65672
a3
5

erfc 2

(7i=l,2,3,...)

a 2 =. 04228 20123

a4

n 2

|e(x)|<3X10- 7
!=. 07052 30784

= .00015

20143

7.2.6

2(w+l) (n+2)i n+2

a 6 =. 00004 30638

erfc 2

= (2ti+1 +22 )i" erfc

2

2-5 i" -2

erfc 2

(7i=l,2,3,...)

2
Approximations 7.1.25-7.1.28 are from C. Hastings, Jr.,
Approximations for digital computers. Princeton Univ.
Press, Princeton, N. J., 1955 (with permission).

3
ra

The terms
n+6,

+ 4,

in this series corresponding to fc=ra+2,

are understood to be zero.
.

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

300

Relation to the Confluent Hypergeometric Function

(see chapter 13)

Value at Zero
7.2.7

7.2.12
i"

erfc

0=-

(n=-l,0,l,2,

2r

...)
i"

(1+0

erfc

*2

z=e

n
J

7n
rQ+i)

M ("2~
V

Ix

9' 2

y)

M (l +1 'H

Relation to Parabolic Cylinder Functions (see

chapter 19)
7.2.13

2=(^)| Vi{*fo

erfc

Asymptotic Expansion
7.2.14
i

- 2'
22

oo

erfc Z'
V^F (2 2 )

B+1

(-l) m (2m+n)!
w!m!(22) 2m

^o

fa-**,
7.3.

|arg

s|

<3)

Fresnel Integrals
Definition

7.3.1

1.0

1.4

1.2

= r cos (it^dt

1.8

1.6

7.3:2

Figure

C(z)

S(z)=C sm(^Adt

Repeated Integrals of the Error Function.

7.4.

=2

n=0,

"r

The
1

("f+ )

following functions are also in use:

ineitox

1, 2, 4, 8, 14,

7.3.3

22

Cx

f
cos^,0 (x)-^J
V2-J
*

cos

dt

Derivatives

7.2.8

erfc

g= i""

7.3.4
1

(n=0,l,2,

erfc z

.)

^-^r^^^^r^
2
f c?i,

sin

7.2.9

2 (x)--

dt

AuxiUary Functions

dn
dz

(e

z2

erfc z)

= (-\)

2 n\e

z2 '\ n

7.3.5

erfc 2

(n=0,l,2,...)

Relation to

Hh n (z)
1

7.2.10

i"

erfc z{2

Relation
7.2.11

to

(see 19.14)

^)-g-7(8)] cos

~W

(-l) n i n erfc2 + i n

erfc

(see

( g)

)-[i-C(S )]sin (|

s2

**)

7.3.6

Hh n U2z)

Hermite Polynomials

/<0)=g-flf(*)] cos (|

2 n ~hi\

n {iz)

22

)+[I-^( 2 )]sin

Interrelations

chapter 22)

(|

7.3.';

C(x)=C1

2
(a;A/D=t7 (|^)

(| *)

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

7.3.8

S(x)

= S (x^)=S

7.3.14

2
(| x )

S(s)
7.3.9

7.3.10

C(g)=|+/(g)

sin

(|

S'(3)=i-/(3) cos

)-<?(z) cos

(J

301

)-^(3)

sin

(|

(j

(HSr

( 1)V* +1
3

+sin

,4n+3

(4ti+3)

,in+l

(47i+l)

(2)=J 1/2 (3)+J 5/2 ( 2 )+J9/2 ( 2 ) +

7.3.15

<72

7.3.16

S 2 (s)=J3/2 (0)+J7/2 (s)+J11/2 (s)+

(HsT7

(_1)V

For Bessel functions

Jn+1/2 (z)

see chapter 10.

Series Expansions

7311

c(z)=^r

(- 1 )"^/2 ) 2n

Symmetry

7.3.12

owg^Si
+sm

(-l)V
3

7.3.17

C(-z)=-C(z),

7.3.18

C{iz)=iC{z),

A - (-1)'
(-1)V" +1
,2^
(2 Vn3TTT (4w+3)
2

^"^o

S{iz)

= -iS(z)

,in+l

C(z)=C{z),

7.3.19

S(z~)=S(zJ

(4ra+l)

/tt

cy cV -f>

S(-z) = -S(z)

Value at Infinity

,An+3

7.3.20

7.3.13

Relations

-,4n+l

C{x)-

2 " +1

(-l)"fr/2)
2
(271+1)1(4^+3)

(a;^co)

S(x)-

Derivatives

7.3.21

e^(x)

dM^-rxgW,

=7rx/(a;)

dx

Relation to Error Function (see

7.1.1, 7.1.3)

7.3.22

C(z)+iS(z)=peTf[^

(l-i)z~j

^^_,1^[| (1+
7.3.23

7.3.24

g( x

)=@^i w

y (z )=y^l*

tI

(i

i)

,^(i+t)

, )2

]}

x~jy

.]j.

Relation to Confluent Hypergeometric Function (see

chapter 13)
7.3.25

C(z)+iS(z) = zMQ,^,

i|s 2

Relation to Spherical Bessel Functions (see chapter 10)

Figure

7.5.

Fresnel Integrals.

v=C(x), y=S{x)

7.3.26

C (2)=!
2

C J-i(t)dt,S (z)=^ Ji(t)dt

2

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

302

Asymptotic Expansions
7.3.27

T2 /( 2

)~i+S

(-1)

7.4.2

(4m 1)

(irz )

Itt

2m

(z->co, |arg

2|<|)

7.3.28
1

(7T2

m=0

R
(

f)

(z),

Rn
l

g)

fly( g ) = (-l)"

- at2

"
e

~^dt=^J^e-

|argz|<|^

are the remainders after n terms

(z)

(@a>0,

'

(T

=^l)

^l

(/>
.

,./,

.A

n\

2n+l e -at*df-

real,

n=0>

1,2,...)

7.4.6

l,3

(T

|<l,

(g)

|0

+1)

first

(J*a>0)

7.4.7

f ro

less in

neglected term and

(2xt)dt=-r e-* 2
Va

sin

Jo

the

'a

e t2 dt

Jo

7.4.8

absolute
of

r^/Va

e-<*

(|arg2|<|)

|<l

Rif) (x) and Rig) (x) are

value than the

(,)

^2fyH ,arg2|<4)

"-r^fBJ.
(/)

(m>0;n=0,l,2,...)

2a n+l

e~ at2 cos (2xt)dt=-= -\/~

fly( g )=(-i) w

^a>0

7.4.5

n " 1)

2
e-'t "-*

f-

[0

m>0)

JW^m^a/i

7.3.30

same

T(2n-

7.3.31

(^a>0)

Va

7.4.4

7.3.29

For x

Va

erfc^-

7.4.3

in 7.3.27, 7.3.28, respectively, then

Q(/).

b2 -" c
a

2m+1

(z->c,

If

(4m+l)

<.ati+2bt+c)dt=-J-e
e-W+M+ddt^J-i

az

Jo V^

+2

(m>0, @z>0)

\tt

sign.

7.4.9

Rational Approximations

(0<z<

e~

7.3.32

'<fe

J.

^W" 2+1.792x+3 104^ +'W

lWIS.X10-

V<(

+ 3)

az

erfc

V^z

V^
(^a>0,2^0,|arg2|<7r)

7.4.10
7.3.33

#00 = 2+4. 142x+3.492x2 +6. 670a; 3

1

[v^r%' ^-^Ei(ax )]

e(x)

Jo

*+z

|e(x)|<2X10" 3

(a>0,x>0)
(For more accurate approximations see

[7.1].)

7.4.11
7.4.

Definite

and Indefinite Integrals

e~

For a more extensive

list of

integrals see [7.5],

[7.8], [7.15].

a'

dt

+x

= JL e^
TV

2x

T2

erfc

Va*

(<*>0,

z>0)

(a>0)

,2
/ CD

yjT
~2

7.4.1

Approximations 7.3.32, 7.3.33 are based on those given

Hastings, Jr., Approximations for calculating Fresnel
integrals, Approximation Newsletter, April 1956, Note 10.
4

7.4.12

r^^ell-MVa)

7.4.13

in C.

[See also

MTAC

10, 173, 1956.]

=tt ^(x+ty)
f" / ig-1^
2
2
J. m (x-t) +y

(xreal,2/>0)

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

7.4.24

7.4.14
.-,2.
(

f"

=7rj%(*+w)
*~*\f/f
2

J_ (x-t) +y

sin

(*real,y>0)

(t )
i

5B-Ch^)J
j

7t

7.4.15

Jo

+ [|-S (a/^)1 sin

__ jw(x+iy)
+(x 2 +y 2 ) 2 2^ y-c

2 xye~ t2dt
i

^^VHB-KV^)]

/.

7.4.16

~ 2(x -y )t
2

/2

7.4.25

(xreal,y>0)

/a

|~1

+ i[l- s (ivDJ <*>

2
2
[f -(x -y )]<r' cfc
=tt2^
f^ w(s+^)
2 2
2
2
2
2
y-w
+(x
-y
i*-2(x
)*
+2/ )
J
2

f-

303

cos(a6)

(a6)

(^a>0, ^&>0)

{ah)

7.4.26

(xreal,y>0)
7.4.17

V e~

Or
at

erf bt

dt=- e& erfc

Jo

26

~G -<7 (Vv\)] sin

^a>0, m>o)

(#a>0,|arg&|<|)
7.4.27
7.4.18

sin

(20

erfc 6f

Wb) ](a>0,m>0)
dt=f- [l-e~

jv^>^{[KK)

7.4.19

7.4.28

Y ev^Ttdt=l^/^
J"

((a+6)>0)

7.4.20
"

e"

a(

erfc

-W^ cft=i

"2

(^a>0, ^6>0)
7.4.29

7.4.21

f"

f" e-c(

g-2(V^c+V6c)
6

(a-i

erfc

(jat+Jf) dt-

2
l

J)dt=

VVtt/

Jo

2a(V

+l-a) J Va 2 +l

~V6(Va+V&)

(^a>0)

(^6>0, <^c>0)

7.4.30

7.4.22

rv. CoS( ^vK[l-<W;)>

-G-KlVDKiD} ^>

/.*

-' s

(Ji)

dt

2a(VaM: l+a) i Va 2 +l

(^a>0)

0)

7.4.23

7.4.32

re -(ax2+2te+e) da;= l

+CI- s (iVi)] sin

(0}

*>

o)

/*

er f

^3.+

A + ponst.
(a 5^0)

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

304

7.4.38

7.4.33

JV-S*-[>*f(+i)
+ e-

2a6

erf(ax-~Y] +const.

cos (ax2 -\-2bx-\-c)dx

(a 5^0)

7.4.34

f e~^dx=-^

e-

2* 2

+w(
7.4.35

erf

+%

1-

xdx=x

erf

J'

[to

iax

+sin

(+)

+ const.

x+-f
yx

-a;2

(^)s[A/| (a3:+6) ]j. +const

(a^O)
7.4.39

+const.
I

sin

(a.r

+2&2+c)d:c

7.4.36

(V erf 6xrfx=i [e

a*

erf

bx-e ib

erf

>

(fa-;|rY|

+const.

(a 5^0)

-sin

(*=") tf[^|

(ax+6)]}+const.

7.4.37

+^ --![to(v5+* VI) +w (-y 5s +*

7.4.40

fc(x)dx=xC(x) --

sin

7.4.41

fs(x)dx=xS(x)+^

cos

2
(| x )+const.

VD]}

+ const.

(a 5^0)

(| xA+const.

Numerical Methods
7.5.

Use and Extension of the Tables

Example

1.

Compute

erf

and

.745

e-

erf

.745=. 70467 80779 + (.5) (.00652 58247) X

[1

(745)2

using Taylor's series.

it

With the aid of Taylor's theorem and

can be shown that

- (.005) (.74) + (.00000 83333) (.0952)]

= .70792 8920

7.1.19
e -(.745)2

=:v^

(.65258 24665) [1-.0074

+ (.000025) (.0952) + (.00000

erf (x -\-ph)=evi x

00833) (.74) (1.9048)

= .57405 7910.
+-| e-$ph [l-phx +p>h

(2x -l)~]

As a check the computation was repeated with

x =.75,

<*o+#*= e -'%[l-2phx

+p h
a

(24-l)

-|^

A3 x (2xg-3)]+77

2.

We

l/x 2 =. 0434028.

\p\^h-

|r,|<3.2X10- 10 if h=10~ 2
With x =.74, p .5 and using Table 7.1
,

have

Compute

linear interpolation in

erfc

where |e|< 1.2X lO" 10

p= .5.

Example

4.8=-^
4.o

erfc x to

5S for x=4.8.

With Table 7.2 and

Table 7.3, we obtain

10
(1.11253) (lO" ) (.552669)

*
Z

= (1.1352)10-".

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Example

3.

Compute

e~

z2
I

t2

7.1

-=. e -<i
V7T

we have

l/x2 =. 0236686

With

and

interpolation

linear

(8 -

w,

erfc 1.72

(.058565) (1 .2920 X 10")/1 .0087 X 10

3
i

4.

Compute

using

erfc 1.72

Table

erfc

1. 72

(.058565) (2.603 1X10 10)/1. 0087 X10

/(8.65)

i^erfc

From Table
i]n

erfcl.72=-(1.72)(.01499 72) + (.5) (.05856 50)

Perfc

= .0034873
1.72 = -(.86) (.0034873) + (.25) (.01499
= .0007502.

Note the

loss of

two

^t{=^

e l2i* erfc

4.6

=-

x2

961382, cos

=S'(.87767 30169)

(x>0).

17
16
15
14
13

12

(1)
(2)

2.1011
1.3831
9.8005
(5) 6.4143
(6) 4.1666
(3)

11

(4)

3.44
4.3834
2.5399

10
9
8

(4)

6
5
4
3

<(1.72)

20310
31808
08938
5. 43432
4.97691
5.

u-

58
80
01
70
11

43280
41573
45093
39999
46990

06
97
88
44
94

.03689
07808
.15061
- -. 19432
26308
- -.

42
80
99
70
89

42732 63
691 63
756 60
674 79

(5.24)

42718 63
6 52
9 39

.42717 71
61

42717 67

427177

**

>; a.72)

(71

(11)

(8)

(11) 6.0064
(12) 2.5830
(13) 1.0087

2.5879
1.5569
8.9787
(9) 4.9570
(10) 2.6031

57172.

Sj(a)

= .31865

Example 8. Compute S2 (5.24) to 6D.

Enter Table 7.7 in the column headed by
Using Aitken's scheme of interpolation

S
iJ?(1.72)

275218.

yll)

.,

With x=1.72, ra=15 we obtain

(H=-

= .5+ (.036797) (- .961382)

- (.000159) (- .275218) = .46467.

ft(l.l)-S (l.l

5.

<(1.72)

= .000159.

Example 7. Compute ^(l.l) to 10D.

Using 7.3.8 and 7.3.10 we obtain by 6-pt interpolation in Table 7.8

5.

#(8.65)

Using 7.3.9
(8.65)

significant digits.

(l

72)

Example 5. Compute i* erfc 1.72 for k=\, 2, 3

by backward recurrence.
Let the sequence w"(x)(n=m, m 1,
1, 0,
1) be generated by backward use of the recurrence relation 7.2.5 starting with w +2 =0, w% +1 = l.
Then, for any fixed k, (see [7.7]),

lim

= .036797,

50.

Using the recurrence relation 7.2.5 and Table 7.1

13

Example 6. Compute C(8.65) using Table 7.8.

With 2=8.65, l/x=. 115607 we have from Table
7.8 by linear interpolation

7.1,

1.72 = .05856

13

= 1.5114X10-*.

the

recurrence relation and Table 7.1.

7.2.1, using

=7.5013X10- 4

f 'V(ft=(.506143)/(6.5) = .077868.

Example

13

= 3.4873 X10~

By

=. 058565.

(.058565) (6.0064 X10")/l. 0087 X10

1. 72

erfc

Table 7.5

e-

Thus,

z=6.5.

in

From Table

5S for

to

dt

305

(8)

-1

1.2920

Example

9.

Compute

iS2 (5.24)

using Taylor's

and Table 7.8.

Using 7.3.21 we can write Taylor's series f or/2 {u)

series

=:f

\\V) and

92 {U)

=9

Vr

in the

form

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

306
fi (u)=c

By

y+ ^ (u-u y+

+c (u-u )+^ (u-u

1

numerical integration, using Table 9.1,

.,

10

- d+c
02 (w) =

I F (0?=.41826

2 (u 1*o)

c3

+g (^-^o)

d (^-0
+

+^t

where

=/

(w

cx

c*+2= c*+(

=g

tt

(u

Using the fact that the remainder terms of the

asymptotic expansion are less in absolute value
than the first neglected terms, we can estimate

|fVo(0-?o(*)] t\=
VttJh, L
IJ10

l-3...(2fe-l)

1)'

V27ra (2Wo)*

^2

1, 2,

c2

n2

72

15

2 12 -4!

-I

4
(*=0,

00.

-5!

18 ' 2

<ft

= 7.33X10"

7
.

Finally,

Consulting Table 7.8 we chose w =l/.185638

5.386819
5.386819, thus having wu =5.24
-.146819. From Table 7.8

=
=

/2 (w

= .168270,

Hence, applying the

g2 (u

J,

?o(Oy= ^V2[l-C (10)-5'

2

2 (5.24)

23107 coslO+sinlO
2150400
Vio^

= .015030.

Using the 4th formula at the bottom of Table 7.8

using Tables 7.8 and 4.8.

S2 (5.24) = .5- (.170436) (.503471)

- (.015030) (- .864012) = .42718.

Example

Compute

10.

Jn+ $(2)

as described

Compute

y (t)

dt

[Y

C
J_

T 10

dt

Cm

.wf=J rc)7+J
i

By

8D

.39527 290

is

Compute w(.44 + .67i) using

(t) is

Table 7.9 along the

linear interpolation in

y=.6 and f/=.7

+ .6t).6(.522246 + .167880i) + .4(.498591

+ .202666i) = .512784+.181794

w(.44

+ .7i) w .6 (.487556 +

the

147975i)

+ .4 (.467521

+ .179123i) = .479542 + .160434i.

[y.-r.(0]

F)

'10
10

By

hnear interpolation along the y-direction at

=.44

dt
t

w(.44

where

+ .67i).3(.512784 + .181794i) + .7(.479542

+ 160434t) = .4895 15 + 166842i
.

dn(-|)
2

128t )

The

correct answer

is

.489557 +.166889i

*^

v-j

cos

128*

H)

8<Vk<

Example 13. Compute <%w(z) for 2=.44 .6H.

Bivariate linear interpolation, as described in
Example 12, is most accurate if z lies near the
center or along a diagonal of one of the squares
of the tabular grid [7.6].

represents the

first

expansion 9.2.2.

bi-

io

(Table

w(.44

a;

F () =<-

12.

x-direction at

decompose the integral into three parts

dt

correct to

Bessel function of thesecond kind defined in 9.1.16.]

We

22.

11.2).

56284.

by numerical

integration using Tables 9.1 and 7.8.

Hence

^=.41826 00-.02298 78=.39527

Example

= .49129 + .06852 + .00297 + .00006 =

11.

(0

.02298 78,

variate linear interpolation.

^(2)=J3 /2(2)+J7/2 (2)+Ju/2 (2)+J15/2 (2)+

Example

J!1

The answer

$2(2) using 7.3.16.

Generating the values of

in chapter 10 we find

(10)]

5953819 cos 10 sin 10

2688000
^/i^r

= .014483.

series above,

/2 (5.24) = .170436,

two terms

of the

asymptotic

It

is

not as accurate for

of a side of a square, as in this

z near the midpoint

example. However,

we may introduce an

auxil-

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

iary square (see diagram) which contains z close
Bivariate linear interpolation can
to its center.
then be applied within this auxiliary square.

z=h

values of w(z) needed at s=fi, and

are easily approximated by the average of the four
neighboring tabular values. Furthermore the

The

|so Xi|
\Z

I^o

fi

Compute w(7+2i).
Using the second formula at the end of Table 7.9
Example

16.

2o

.5124242

w(7+2i) = (-2+7i)(

72474+28i

+flwi)=- 021853 + 07501(-

by

parts to be used are given

307

Example 17. Compute erf

From 7.1.3, 7.1.12 we have

S2l

erf

z=l e-

z2

w(iz)

i
Using Tables
erf

= le

v2 - x2

(2+i).

(cos 2xy

(z=z+iy).

2xy)w(y+ix)

sin

7.9, 4.4, 4.6

(2+i) = l e~ 3 (cos

4 i

4)w(l+2i)

sin

= 1.003606-.0112590*.
+

= .4 M,

z=z +.l(j>1 ip2 ) Thus with Zq

.45+.65i,
f 2 =.45+.55i, Pi=A, p 2 =-l,
ft

where

we

get

from Table 7.9

Example

From

Compute

18.

((o+M V2 \

S,

we have

7.3.22, 7.3.8, 7.3.18

#w(fi)l(-522246 + .498591 + .487556 + .467521)

= .493979

^w(f2 )i(-522246 + .498591 + .561252 + .533157)

_ii

= .528812

^w(z)[l-(.4 + .l)]{[l-(.4-.l)].522246

+ (.4-.l).528812} + (.4 + .l)X

.493979+(.4-.l).498591} = .509789.

{[l-(.4-.l)]

The

correct answer

is

Straightforward

.509756.

bivariate interpolation gives .509460.

Example

14.

Compute J%(.39+.6K)

to

Setting 2
7.1.12,

w(z

w '( 2o )

= .522246 + .167880i
= -.21634 + .36738i,

From

-..

(i

_ 1);

=( ^-\-i ) V2 and making use

|]

of 7.1.11,

and Table 7.9

S,((!-K)V2)=

6D

l-i

T"T~

using Taylor's series.

Let z = .39+.61i, 2 = -4 + .6i.

and using Table 7.9, we have

7.1.20,

,1+*

3
C S

2
.

3\

_l Sm

3\

ij
/3

W
,

V2+2

/l

.990734-. 681619^.
z-z

(zo)= .215 .185i, (z-z

2
)

= (-l+i)10"

=-2iX10-

Jw{z) = 167880 .002 1634 -.0036738

Example

19.

Compute

"
I

g-a/ a -8t cos (20d<

using Table 7.9.

+ .0000430=. 162086.

Setting
7.1.12

Example 15. Compute

From 7.1.11, 7.1.12

64

21

and using

7.1.3,

cob

8<

(a>0,x,?/real).

and 4.6

w(.4- 1.3i) =4.33342+8.04201i.

716-654

in 7.4.2

J\~- <w*4-^-(^)
w(.4+1.3i).

7.9, 4.4

b=y+ix, c=0
find

w(.41.3i).

w(A 1.3i)=w(A 1.3i)=2e _< -*Using Tables

we

Hence from Table

7.9

"
e

-wi-8i cos (2<)d*=V5

^w(2+3i)

= .231761.

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

308

References
Texts

[7.22]

functions,

Boersma, Computation of Fresnel integrals,

Math. Comp. 14, 380 (1960).
A. V. Boyd, Inequalities for Mills' ratio, Rep.
Statist. Appl. Res. Un. Jap. Sci. Engrs. 6, 44-46

[7.1] J.

[7.2]

[7.3]

[7.4]

[7.5]

[7.6]

[7.7]

England, 1958).

Tables
[7.23]

(1959).

Numerische Werte des FehlerO.

integrals fur ifnir, Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 31,
393-394 (1951).
A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
vol. 2 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., Toronto, Canada, London, England, 1953).
Tables of integral transforms,
vol. 1 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., Toronto, Canada, London, England, 1954).
W. Gautschi, Note on bivariate linear interpolation
for analytic functions, Math. Tables Aids Comp.
13, 91-96 (1959).
W. Gautschi, Recursive computation of the repeated integrals of the error function, Math.

Math. Phys.
8D.
[7.24] P. C.

(Springer- Verlag,

Austria,

- *'"^

Proc.

Manchester

Lit.

Philos.

C. Hastings,

-Dp(z)

Jr.,

Approximations for

[7.26]

-1
(Z>!)

Komatu, Elementary

Y.

inequalities

Rep. Statist. Appl.

Engrs. 4, 69-70 (1955-57).

ratio,

[7.12]

[7.13]

[7.14]

[7.15]

On

E. Kreyszig,

Res.

for

e p (e

[7.27] B.

London,

[7.28]

[7.17]

?/=-10(.l)-9.2;

Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1954).

z=x; x = 0(.001)2(.01)10;

New

e^dt

dispersion

York, N.Y. and

6S.

=e -z2
Akad. Nauk

e? 2 dx

SSSR.,

5D;

5D;
z=iy 2/=0(.001)3(.0002)5,

5S.

[7.29]

on "Elementary inequalities
for Mills' ratio" by Yusaku Komatu, Rep.
Statist. Appl. Res. Un. Jap. Sci. Engrs. 4, 110

l+Tr

z=pe;0=2.5 o (2.5 o )3O(1.25)35(.625)4O;

p=p9 (.001) p ;(.01)p9' (.0002)5, 0<p<p;<p;' <5,

K.

A.

Karpov,

Tablitsy funktsii F(z)

-K

e* 2 dx

v kompleksnoi oblasti (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR.,

Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1958). z= P e u

A remark

H. O. Pollak,

e-ek

The plasma

kompleksnoi oblasti (Izdat.

Austral.

Phys. 13, 13-20 (1960).

K. A. Karpov, Tablitsy funktsii w(z)

berg,

9,

England, 1961).
if/ww(z), i-Jirw'{z),
x=0(.l)9.9, 2/=-9.1(.l)10; x=var.

z=x+iy;

tion (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Gottingen, Heidel-

J.

=e~ z2

D. Fried and S. D. Conte,

function (Academic Press,

(.1)9.9,

erfc

+x )-

C(x), S(x),

the zeros of the Fresnel integrals,

Germany, 1957).
R. Philip, The function inv

complex argument.
Translated from the
Russian by D. G. Fry (Pergamon Press, New
York, N.Y., 1961). w(z),z=x+iy; x,?/=0(.02)3;
x = 3(.l)5, ?/ = 0(.l)3; x=0(.l)5, t/ = 3(.l)5; 6D.

Sci.

Canad. J. Math. 9, 118-131 (1957).

Th. Laible, Hohenkarte des Fehlerintegrals, Z.
Angew. Math. Phys. 2, 484-486 (1951).
F. Losch and F. Schoblik, Die Fakultat (B. G.
Teubner, Leipzig, Germany, 1951).
F. Oberhettinger, Tabellen zur Fourier Transforma-

[7.16] J.

for

Mills'

Un. Jap.

eK^+x )-^-'^

values of the function w{z)

1955).
[7.11]

K. Roy, The

B 6, 155-164
x=0(l)20, 12D.
V. N. Faddeeva and N. M. Terent'ev, Tables of

com-

digital

S.

their tabulation, Appl. Sci. Res.

(1956).

Mem.

puters (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J.,

p,

and

(1936).
[7.10]

table of

CP (x) = (p!)-

85-102

Soc. 80,

x=0(.01)2.5,

d\ for complex values of

R. B. Dingle, Doreen Arndt and

D. R. Hartree, Some properties and applications of

the repeated integrals of the error function,

J.

Roy. Soc. London { A } 245, 189P =0(.01).8, arg p=0(l)45, 4D.

1949-50).
[7.9]

du,

integrals

Integraltafel

Wien and Innsbruck,

and

15, 227-232 (1961).

Grobner and N. Hofreiter,

W.

1 *''

211 (1952).
[7.25]

162-163 (1951).

30,

Philos. Trans.

al.,

of the integral

Clemmow and Cara M. Munford, A

Vd"")^

Comp.
[7.8]

M. Abramowitz, Table

Emersleben,

A. Erdelyi et

A treatise on the theory of Bessel

2d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, London,

G. N. Watson,

= 45 O (.3125 O )48.75 O (.625 O )55 O (1.25 O )65 O (2.5 O )9O,

0< P9 < p ;<p;' <5, 5D;
P = w (.001)pj(.01) P
;'

(1955-57).

2=s;a;=0(.001)10,
[7.18] J. B. Rosser,

Theory and application

of

e~ x2 dx

and
[7.30] J.

2
e-v f dy
e~* dx (Mapleton House, Brooklyn,
J
N.Y., 1948).
H. E. Salzer, Formulas for calculating the error
function of a complex variable, Math. Tables
Aids Comp. 5, 67-70 (1951).
2

Kaye,

5S.

table of the first eleven repeated inte-

grals of the error function, J.

Math. Phys.

34,

[7.19]

[7.20]

H. E.
J.

[7.21] F.

Salzer,

Complex

zeros of the error function,

Franklin Inst. 260, 209-211 (1955).

G. Tricomi, Funzioni ipergeometriche confluenti

(Edizioni Cremonese,

Rome,

Italy, 1954).

119-125 (1955). ierfc

6D.
1(1)11,

x,

x=0(.01).2(.05)l(.l)3,

=[7.31] B.

Lohmander and

y=e~^

S. Rittsten,

e' dt,

Table of the function

Kungl. Fysiogr. Sallsk.

Lund

Forh. 28, 45-52 (1958). x = 0(.01)3(.02)5,

10D; x=.5(.5)10, 20D.
x-=0(.005).2,
Contains also 20 D values for maximum and inflection points.

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

[7.32]

Miller and A. R. Gordon, Numerical

evaluation of infinite series and integrals which
arise in certain problems of linear heat flow,

W. Lash

electrochemical diffusion, etc.,

J.

[7.34]

F(s)=e-**J"; e*dt; x=0(.01)1.99,

x=2(.01)4(.05)7.5(.l)10(.2)12,
[7.33]

[7.35]

6D;

41,

ed.

(U.S.

8S.

Government Printing

Office,

(2/Vir)e-*

erf x, x

= 0(.0001)l(.001)5.6,

erfc x,

x=4(.01) 10,

8S.

x==o( oi)50
-

[7.36] A.

6-7D.

van Wijngaarden and W.

Nauk

C(x), S(x),
.58,

7S;

x=

C(x),

L. Scheen, Table of

Fresnel integrals, Verh. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch.,

C(x),

15D;

'

Tablitsy integralov Frenelya (Izdat. Akad.

Afd. Natuurk.

Washington, D.C., 1954).

(2/Vir)e-*

KVv)'

SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1953).

S{x), x=0(.001)
0(.001)25, 7D;
x = 0(.001) .101, 7S.

National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the error

function and its derivative, Applied Math. Series

2d

T. Pearcey, Table of the Fresnel integral (Cambridge Univ. Press, London, England, 1956).

KV?)

Phys. Chem. 35,

2785-2884 (1931).

309

S(x),

No. 4, 1-26 (1949).

5D. (Also contains
the coefficients in Taylor and

Sec. I,

19,

= 0(.01)20,

numerical values of
asymptotic expansions.)

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

310

ERROR

Table 7.1
2

-,*

FU1NCTIO JN

erf x

AND TS DERIVATIVE
I

.!

-,*

erf X

^7^

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1.12837
1.12826
1.12792
1.12736
1.12657

91671
63348
79057
40827
52040

0.00000
0. 01128
0.02256
0. 03384
0.04511

00000
34156
45747
12223
11061

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.87878
0.86995
0.86103
0.85204
0.84297

25789
15467
70343
34444
51813

0.52049
0.52924
0.53789
0. 54646
0. 55493

98778
36198
86305
40969
92505

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.12556
1.12432
1.12286
1.12118
1.11927

17424
43052
36333
06004
62126

0.05637
06762
0.07885
0.09007
0.10128

19778
15944
77198
81258
05939

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.83383
0.82463
0.81536
0.80604
0.79666

66473
22395
63461
33431
75911

0.56332
0.57161
0. 57981
0. 58792
0.59593

33663
57638
58062
29004
64972

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13

0.14

1.11715
1.11480
1.11224
1.10946
1.10647

16068
80500
69379
97934
82654

11246
0.12362
0.13475
0.14586
0. 15694

29160
28962
83518
71148
70331

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.78724
0.77777
0.76826
0.75872
0.74914

34317
51846
71442
35764
87161

60385
61168
61941
62704
63458

60908
12189
14619
64433
58291

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1.10327
1.09985
1.09623
1.09240
1.08837

41267
92726
57192
56008
11683

0. 16799
0.17901
0.18999
0.20093
0.21183

59714
18132
24612
58390
98922

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.73954
0.72992
0.72027
0.71061
0.70095

67634
18814
81930
97784
06721

64202
64937
65662
66378
67084

93274
66880
77023
22027
00622

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

08413
1.07969
1.07506
1.07023
1.06522

47871
89342
61963
92672
09449

0.22270
0.23352
0.24429
0.25502
0.26570

25892
19230
59116
25996
00590

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.69127
0.68159
0.67191
0.66224
0. 65258

48604
62792
88112
62838
24665

67780
68466
69143
69810
70467

11938
55502
31231
39429
80779

1.06001
1.05462
1.04904
1.04329
1.03736

41294
18194
71098
31885
33334

0.27632
0.28689
0.29741
0. 30788
0. 31828

63902
97232
82185
00680
34959

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.64293
0.63329
0.62368
0.61408
0.60452

10692
57399
00626
75556
16696

0.71115
0. 71753
0. 72382
0.73001
0.73610

56337
67528
16140
04313
34538

1.03126
02498
1.01855
1.01195
1.00519

09096
93657
22310
31119
56887

0.32862
0.33890
0.34912
0.35927
0.36936

67595
81503
59948
86550
45293

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.59498
0.58548
0.57601
0.56659
0.55720

57863
32161
71973
08944
73967

0.74210
0.74800
0. 75381
0. 75952
0.76514

09647
32806
07509
37569
27115

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.99828
0.99122
0.98401
0.97665
0.96916

37121
10001
14337
89542
75592

0.37938
0.38932
0.39920
0.40900
0.41873

20536
97011
59840
94534
87001

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.54786
0.53858
0.52934
0.52016
0.51103

97173
07918
34773
05514
47116

0.

77066
0.77610
0. 78143
0. 78668
0.79184

80576
02683
98455
73192
32468

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.

96154
0.95378
0.94590
0.93789
0.92977

12988
42727
06256
45443
02537

0.42839
0.43796
0.44746
0.45688
0.46622

23550
90902
76184
66945
51153

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.50196
0.49296
0.48402
0.47515
0.46635

85742
46742
54639
33132
05090

0.

79690
0.80188
0. 80676
0.81156
0. 81627

82124
28258
77215
35586
10190

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.92153
0.91318
0.90473
0.89617
0.88752

20130
41122
08685
66223
57337

0.47548
0.48465
0.49374
0.50274
0.51166

17198
53900
50509
96707
82612

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.45761
0.44896
0.44037
0.43187
0.42345

92546
16700
97913
55710
08779

82089
82542
0. 82987
0. 83423
0.83850

08073
36496
02930
15043
80696

0.50

0.87878 25789

0.52049 98778

1.00

0.41510 74974

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1.

1.

See Example

0.

0.

)S

T]

T]

1.
x
erf.T=2= i e-t 2<h

0.88622 69255

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.84270 07929
(

T]

311

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

ERROR FUNCTION AND

erf x

>-x>

ITS

DERIVATIVE

p-x

Table 7.1

erf x

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

0.41510
40684
0. 39867
0.39058
0.38257

74974
71315
13992
18368
98986

0.84270
0.84681
0.85083
0.85478
0.85864

07929
04962
80177
42115
99465

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

0.11893
0.11540
0.11195
0.10859
0.10531

02892
38270
95356
63195
30683

0.96610
0.96727
0.96841
0.96951
0.97058

51465
67481
34969
62091
56899

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

0.

37466
36684
0.35911
0.35147
0.34392

69570
43034
31488
46245
97827

0.86243
0.86614
0.86977
0.87332
0.87680

61061
35866
32972
61584
31019

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

0.10210
0.09898
0.09593
0. 09295
0.09005

86576
19506
17995
70461
65239

0.97162
0.97262
0.97360
0.97454
0.97546

27333
81220
26275
70093
20158

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

0.

33647
0.32912
0.32186
0.31470
0. 30764

95978
49667
67103
55742
22299

0.88020
0.88353
0.88678
0.88997
0.89308

50696
30124
78902
06704
23276

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

0.08722
0.08447
0.08178
0.07917
0. 07662

90586
34697
85711
31730
60821

0.97634
0.97720
0.97803
0.97884
0.97962

83833
68366
80884
28397
17795

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

0.30067
0.29381
0.28704
0.28037
0.27381

72759
12389
45748
76702
08437

0.89612
0.89909
0.90200
0.90483
0.90760

38429
62029
03990
74269
82860

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

0.07414
0.07173
0.06938
0. 06709
0.06487

61034
20405
26972
68781
33895

0.98037
0.98110
0.98181
0.98249
0.98315

55850
49213
04416
27870
25869

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

0.26734
0.26097
0. 25471
0.24854
0. 24248

43470
83664
30243
83805
44335

0.91031
0.91295
0.91553
0.91805
0.92050

39782
55080
38810
01041
51843

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

0.06271
0.06060
0.05856
0.05657
0. 05464

10405
86436
50157
89788
93607

0.98379
0.98440
0.98500
0.98557
0.98613

04586
70075
28274
84998
45950

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

0. 23652
0.23065
0.22489
0.21923
0.21367

11224
83281
58748
35317
10145

0.92290
0.92523
0.92751
0.92973
0.93189

01283
59418
36293
41930
86327

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

0.05277
0.05095
0.04918
0.04747
0.04580

49959
47262
74012
18791
70274

0.98667
0.98719
0.98769
0.98817
0.98864

16712
02752
09422
41959
05487

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

0.20820
0.20284
0. 19757
0. 19241
0. 18734

79868
40621
88048
17326
23172

0.93400
0.93606
0.93806
0.94001
0.94191

79449
31228
51551
50262
37153

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

0.04419
0.04262
0.04110
0.03963
0.03820

17233
48543
53185
20255
38966

0.98909
0.98952
0.98994
0.99034
0.99073

05016
45446
31565
68051
59476

0.18236
17749
0.17271
0.16802
0. 16343

99865
41262
40811
91568
86216

0.94376
0.94556
0.94731
0.94901
0.95067

21961
14366
23980
60353
32958

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

0.03681
0.03547
0. 03417
0.03292
0.03170

98653
88774
98920
18811
38307

0.99111
0.99147
0.99182
0.99215
0.99247

10301
24883
07476
62228
93184

1.35

0.

0.

1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

0.

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

0.

15894
0.15453
0.15022
0. 14600
0.14187

17077
76130
55027
45107
37413

0.95228
0.95385
0.95537
0.95685
0.95829

51198
24394
61786
72531
65696

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

0.03052
0.02938
0.02827
0.02721
0.02617

47404
36241
95101
14412
84752

0.99279
0.99308
0.99337
0.99365
0.99392

04292
99398
82251
56502
25709

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

0.13783
0.13387
0.13001
0.12623
0.12254

22708
91486
33993
40239
00011

0.95969
0.96105
0.96237
0.96365
0.96489

50256
35095
28999
40654
78648

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

0.02517
0. 02421
0.02328
0.02237
0.02150

96849
41583
09986
93244
82701

0.99417
0.99442
0.99466
0.99489
0.99511

93336
62755
37246
20004
14132

1.50

0.

0.96610 51465

2.00

0.02066 69854

11893 02892

T]

0.88622 69255

T]

0.99532 22650
4
(
[

312

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Table 7.2

DERIVATIVE OF THE ERROR FUNCTION

2

-x

2.1782
2.0718
1.9702
1.8731
1.7805

842
409
048
800
771

3.00
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04

4)1.3925
4)1.3113
4)1.2345
4)1.1620
(- 4)1.0936

305
047
698
929
521

3.50
3.51
3.52
3.53
3.54

5.3994
5.0338
4.6921
4.3727
4.0742

268
887
589
530
749

2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59

1.6922
1.6079
1.5275
1.4508
1.3777

136
137
078
325
304

3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09

4)1.0290
5)9.6804
5)9.1048
5)8.5617
5)8.0494

362
434
542
765
817

3.55
3.56
3.57
3.58
3.59

3.7954
3.5349
3.2916
3.0645
2.8524

113
275
626
257
914

650
207
554
043
041

2.60
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64

3)1.3080
3)1.2416
3 1.1783
3)1.1181
3)1.0607

500
455
764
075
090

7.5663
7.1107
6.6812
16.2764
)5.8950

267
499
674
699
187

3.60
3.61
3.62
3.63
3.64

2.6545
2.4699
2.2976
2.1369
1.9871

968
374
636
782
328

930
108
986
910
623

2.65
2.66
2.67
2.68
2.69

1.0060
9.5402
9.0450
8.5738
8.1256

558
778
949
992
247

15.5356
15.1971
14.8783
iA.5782
14.2956

429
360
532
082
707

3.65
3.66
3.67
3.68
3.69

1.8474
1.7171
1.5958
1.4827
1.3773

250
961
281
416
933

3)8.9221 551
378
3)8.1672 930
3)7.8118 164
3)7.4703 176

2.70
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74

4)7.6992
4)7.2937
4)6.9082
4)6.5418
4)6.1936

476
850
932

5)3.7795
5)3.5441
5)3.3227
5)3.1146

636
604
831
997
217

3.70
3.71
3.72
3.73
3.74

6)1.2792
6)1.1879
6)1.1028
6)1.0236
7)9.4998

741
068
445
686
679

i2.9189 025
2.7349 351

2.5620 500
2.3996 135
2.2470 263

3.75
3.76
3.77
3.78
3.79

8.8143
8.1766
7.5835
7.0320
6.5193

219
120
232
473
709

2.00
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04

2)2.0666
2)1.9854
2)1.9070
2)1.8313
2)1.7583

985
636
402
482
088

2.50
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54

2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

1.6878
1.6198
1.5543
1.4911
1.4302

448
806
422
571
545

2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14

1.3715
1.3150
1.2605
1.2081
1.1576

2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19

2)1.1089
2)1.0622
2)1.0171
3)9.7389
3)9.3225

2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24

((-

-l\
3)8.5372

671

378

2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29

3)7.1423
3)6.8273
3)6.5249
3)6.2347
3)5.9562

190
562
776
440
287

2.75
2.76
2.77
2.78
2.79

4)5.8627
4)5.5484
4)5.2499
4)4.9665
4)4.6974

725
722
713
360
632

2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34

3)5.6890
3)5.4327
3)5.1869
3)4.9512
3)4.7253

172
069
067
374
306

2.80
2.81
2.82
2.83
2.84

4.4420
4.1997
3.9698
3.7517
3.5449

794
400
274
508
449

5)2.1037
5)1.9691
5)1.8428
(- 5)1.7242
5)1.6130

210
613
397
768
192

3.80
3.81
3.82
3.83
3.84

6.0428
5.6000
5.1886
4.8065
4.4516

629
632
725
419
637

2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39

3)4.5088
3)4.3013
3)4.1026
3)3.9123
3)3.7301

292
869
681
473
092

2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.89

3.3488
3.1630
2.9868
2.8199
2.6618

688
053
598
597
533

5)1.5086
5)1.4107
5)1.3189
5)1.2328
5)1.1521

387
306
127
243
246

3.85
3.86
3.87
3.88
3.89

4.1221
3.8162
3.5324
3.2689
3.0245

624
867
013
796
971

2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44

3)3.5556
3)3.3886
3)3.2288
3)3.0760
3)2.9298

487
700
871
230
098

2.90
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94

4)2.5121
4)2.3703
4)2.2360
4)2.1090
4)1.9887

089
144
761
184
824

3.40
3.41
3.42
3.43
3.44

5)1.0764
5)1.0056
6)9.3923
:-t)
6)8.7704
6)8.1881

921
235
243
910
894

3.90
3.91
3.92
3.93
3.94

7)2.7979
7)2.5877
7)2.3928
7)2.2121
7)2.0447

245
218
327
788
548

2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49

7899
6563
5285
4064
2897

886
089
285
136
383

2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99

4)1.8750
4)1.7674
4)1.6656
4)1.5694
- 4)1.4784

262
231
619
459
919

3.45
3.46
3.47
3.48
3.49

6)7.6430
I: 6)7.1327
6)6.6551
6)6.2083
6)5.7903

199
211
620
353
503

3.95
3.96
3.97
3.98
3.99

(-

1.8896
1.7459
1.6128
1.4895
1.3754

240
135
098
557
458

(- 3)2.1782 842

3.00

(- 4)1.3925 305

3.50

(- 6)5.3994 268

4.00

(- 7)1.2698 235

2.50

(-

~2

= 0.88622 69255

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

313

DERIVATIVE OF THE ERROR FUNCTION

2

e -*

>-j>

4.00
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04

7)1.2698
7)1.1720
7)1.0816
8)9.9797
8)9.2060

235
776
394
993
694

4.50
4.51
4.52
4.53
4.54

4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09

8)8.4906
8)7.8292
8)7.2178
8)6.6529
8)6.1310

281
207
923
674
313

4.55
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.59

- 9)1.1
- 9)1.0517 423

4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14

8)5.6489
8)5.2036
8)4.7925
8)4.4130
8)4.0627

121
639
517
364
618

8)3.7395 414
8 3.4413 471

8)3.1662 977
8)2.9126 490
8)2.6787 841

1.5670
1.4178
1.2825
1.1598
1.0487

866
169
089
820
702

5.50
5.51
5.52
5.53
5.54

-10)9.5997 127
-10)8.7603 264
-10)7.9927 363

5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08
5.09

(-12)9.4811
(-12)8.5694
(-12)7.7438
(-12)6.9964
(-12)6.3198

285
483
839
533
998

5.55
5.56
5.57
5.58
5.59

4.60
4.61
4.62
4.63
4.64

-10)7.2909 450
-10)6.6494 435
-10)6.0631 724
-10)5.5274 864
-10)5.0381 209

5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14

-12)5.7076
-12)5.1536
(-12)4.6524
(-12)4.1992
(-12)3.7893

270
405
937
391
835

5.60
5.61
5.62
5.63
5.64

4.65
4.66
4.67
4.68
4.69

-10)4.5911 621
-10)4.1830 187
-10)3.8103 962
-10)3.4702 727
(-10)3.1598 772

5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19

-12)3.4188
-12)3.0839
-12)2,7812
-12)2.5077
(-12)2.2607

470
257
580
937
652

5.65
5.66
5.67
5.68
5.69

4.70

-10)2.8766
-10)2.6183
-10)2.3826
-10)2.1678
(-10)1.9719

694
207
973
441
702

5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24

(-12)2.0376
(-12)1.8362
(-12)1.6543
(-12)1.4901
(-12)1.3420

626
094
420
896
568

5.70
5.71
5.72
5.73
5.74

-10)1.7934 357
1.6307 388
1.4825 049
1.3474 759
1.2245 007

25
26
27
28
29

-12)1.2084
-12)1.0878
-13)9.7912
-13)8.8108
-13)7.9271

075
501
433
899
093

5.75
5.76
5.77
5.78
5.79

4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24

8)2.4632
8)2.2645
8)2.0814
8)1.9127
8)1.7574

041
204
463
901
484

4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29

8)1.6143
8)1.4826
1.3614
1.2498
8)1.1472

994
974
673
993
445

4.75
4.76
4.77
4.78
4.79

8)1.0528
9.6595
9)8.8608
9)8.1266
9)7.4517

102
598
977
442
438

4.80
4.81
4.82
4.83
4.84

4.35
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39

9)6.8315
9)6.2616
9)5.7382
9)5.2574
(- 9)4.8160

260
772
144
603
210

4.40
4.41
4.42
4.43
4.44

'4.0388
13.6974
13.3843
13.0970

'

5.00
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04

4.71
4.72
4.73
4.74

(-9)1.
((((-

Table 7.2
2
X2

yir

"\T

4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19

e r

9)1.6552
9)1.5123
9)1.3814
9)1.2616

434
248
699
849

-10)
-lO)
-10
-10)

-10
-10
(-11
(-11

;-i4] 8.2233 160

-14: 7.3659 906

-14 16.5967 265

-14 5.9066 187
-14) 5.2876 480

<

-14] 4.7325 943

-14] 4.2349 585

-14 3.7888 917

-14; 3.3891 310
-14 3.0309 422

-14; 2.7100 675

-14 2.4226
-14; 2.1653
-14) 1.9349
-14)1.7287

780
317
346
067

-14)1.5441
-14)1.3790
-141 1.2313
-14 1.0991
-15)9.8105

499
206
037
900
529

-15)8.7544
-15)7.8104
-1 6.9668
-15)6.2130
(-15)5.5398

193
192
183
917
013

-15)4.9384
-15)4.4015
-15)3.9222
-15 3.4943
-15)3.1126

851
583
232
893
008

'

261
888
821
894
500

5.30
5.31
5.32
5.33
5.34

-13)7.1305 505
-13)6.4127 516
-13 5.7660 568
-13)5.1835 412
-13)4.6589 423

5.80
5.81
5.82
5.83
5.84

-15)2.7719
-15)2.4681
-15)2.1971
-15)1.9555
-15 1.7401

710
247
447
249
279

4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
4.89

-11) 6.8669 377

-11) 6.2315 074

-11 5.6537 456

-11 5.1285 259
-11) 4.6511 675

5.35
5.36
5.37
5.38
5.39

(-13 4.1865 979

-13 3.7613 895
-13 3.3786 913
-13 3.0343 233
-13 2.7245 096

5.85
5.86
5.87
5.88
5.89

-15 1.5481
-15' 1.3770
-15 1.2246
-15 1.0888
-16)9.6798

468
708
543
898
241

4.4107 647
018
673
033
439

4.90
4.91
4.92
4.93
4.94

-11
-11
-11
-11
-11

4.45
4.46
4.47
4.48
4.49

(- 9)2.8336 002
(- 9)2.5920 474

4.50

4.30
4.31
4.32
4.33
4.34

1.1125
1.0105
9.1780
8.3337
(-11) 7.5656

4.2173
3.8233
3.4653
3.1402
2.8451

976
166
660
998
570

5.40
5.41
5.42
5.43
5.44

-13)2.4458
-13)2.1952
-13)1.9699
-13)1.7673
-13)1.5853

396
336
112
627
234

5.90
5.91
5.92
5.93
5.94

-16)8.6032
-16)7.6449
-16)6.7919
-16)6.0329
-16)5.3577

817
380
883
959
479

9)2.3706 118
(-9)2
9)2.1676 596
- 9)1
9)1.9816 862
(

4.95
4.96
4.97
4.98
4.99

-11)2.5772
'-11)2.3340
-11)2.1134
-ll)l.9132
'-ll)l.7317

379
811
428
785
254

5.45
5.46
5.47
5.48
5.49

(-13)1.4217
-13)1.2747
-13)1.1428
-13)1.0242
-14)9.1785

499
989
081
785
895

5.95
5.96
5.97
5.98
5.99

-16)4.7571
-16 4.2229
-16)3.7480
-16)3.3259
-16)2.9507

261
913
801
113
038

(- 9)1.8113 059

5.00

(-11)1.5670 866

5.50

(-14)8.2233 160

6.00

(-

122

69255

(-16)2.6173 012

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

314

DEIilVJlTIVE OF TI IE

Table 7.2

X2

~X

ERR OR FUNCT ION

e X

X2

Mir

6.00
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04

(-16 )
(-16 )
-16 )
-16
(-16

2.6173
2.3211
2.0580
1.8243
1.6169

012
058
187
864
533

6.50
6.51
6.52
6.53
6.54

(-19)5.0525
-19 ) 4.4362
-19 ) 3.8942
(-19 ) 3.4178
(-19)2.9990

800
038
418
066
603

7.00
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04

(-22 ) 5.9159
-22 (5.1425
-22 (4.4694
-22 (3.8835
(-22 3.3738

630
768
005
679
492

7.50
7.51
7.52
7.53
7.54

(-25 (4.2013
-25 (3.6157
-25 (3.1112
(-25 (2.6764
(-25 (2.3020

654
871
033
989
719

6.05
6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09

(-16)1.4328
-16 1.2693
(-16 1.1243
-17)9.9575
(-17)8.8165

188
992
934
277
340

6.55
6.56
6.57
6.58
6.59

(-19)2.6310
-19 2.3078
-19 2.0238
-19 11.7744
(-19 1.5555

921
100
447
651
031

7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09

(-22 ) 2.9304
-22 ) 2.5448
-22 (2.2094
-22 (1.9179
[-22 (1.6645

450
057
736
450
491

7.55
7.56
7.57
7.58
7.59

(-25 (1.9796
-25 (1.7020
-25 (1.4630
-25 (1.2573
(-25 (1.0803

292
094
299

6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14

(-17)7.8047
-17)6.9076
-17)6.1124
-17 (5.4077
(-17 14.7832

211
453
570
268
911

6.60
6.61
6.62
6.63
6.64

(-19 1.3632
-19 1.1945
-19 11.0465
-20 (9.1667
(-20 18.0275

874
852
500
618
879

7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14

[-22 (1.4443
-22 (1.2530
-22 (1.0868
-23 (9.4247
[-23 (8.1713

426
171
181
516
928

7.60
7.61
7.62
7.63
7.64

(-26 (9.2812
-26 (7.9716
-26 16.8455
-26,15.8772
[-26;15.0449

353
752
216
834
849

6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19

;- i7 14.2301 135

[-17 3.7401 616

[-17 3.3062 970
-17 2.9221 768
!-i7; 2.5821 666

6.65
6.66
6.67
6.68
6.69

(-20 17.0285
-20 16.1526
-20 15.3848
-20 14.7118
;-2o; 4.1221

758
575
212
664
880

7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19

'-23)7.0832
-23)6.1388
-23 (5.3192
-23 14.6082
[-23 13.9913

963
620
876
095
893

7.65
7.66
7.67
7.68
7.69

<

2.2812
-17 2.0150
- lT 1.7794
-17 1.5711
-17) 1.3869

620
194
936
830
801

6.70
6.71
6.72
6.73
6.74

13.6055
3.1530
;-2o; 2.7568
-20 2.4098
;-2o; 2.1061

852
937
372
972
973

7.20
7.21
7.22
7.23
7.24

'-23 (3.4564
*-23 12.9925
-23 12.5904
-23,(2.2419
-23[11.9399

408
904
701
351
057

7.70
7.71
7.72
7.73
7.74

-17) 1.2241 281

6.75
6.76
6.77
6.78
6.79

[-20] 1.8404 021

-20' 1.6078 278
*-20) 1.4043 634

-23; 1.6782 295

-20 1.2264 013

-20) 1.0707 765

7.25
7.26
7.27
7.28
7.29

7.75
7.76
7.77
7.78
7.79

-21) 9.3471 286

-21 8.1577 565
-21 7.1183 018
-21} 6.2100 515
-21) 5.4166 048

7.30
7.31
7.32
7.33
7.34

-21) 4.7235 904

7.35
7.36
7.37
7.38
7.39

6.20
6.21
6.22
6.23
6.24
6.25
6.26
6.27
6.28
6.29
6.30
6.31
6.32
6.33
6.34
6.35
6.36
6.37
6.38
6.39

6.40
6.41
6.42
6.43
6.44
6.45
6.46
6.47
6.48
6.49

6.50

)
)

<

;-i7'j
1

-17 1.0801 812

-18 9.5297 064
-18' 8.4057 325
-18] 7.4128 421
-18) 6.5359 252
-18) 5.7615 925
-18) 5.0779 819

-18 4.4745 863

-18) 3.9421 013

6.80
6.81
6.82
6.83
6.84

-18)
-18)
-18)
-18)
-18)

3.4722
3.0578
2.6923
2.3700
2.0859

886
557
486
568
281

6.85
6.86
6.87
6.88
6.89

-18)
-18)
-18)
-18)
-18)

1.8354
1.6148
1.4203
1.2490
1.0982

945
045
650
883
455

6.90
6.91
6.92
6.93
6.94

-19)
-19)
-19)
-19)
-19)

9.6542
8.4849
7.4558
6.5502
5.7534

574
924
503
224
461

6.95
6.96
6.97
6.98
6.99

-19) 5.0525 800

7.00

(
(

(
(
1

(
|

(
(

)
)

[13

-21 4.1184 183

-21 3.5900 610
-21) 3.1288 615
-21) 2.7263 649

-21) 2.3751 704

(
(

-21 2.0688 010

-21 1.8015 892
-21) 1.5685 776
-21) 1.3654 297

7.40
7.41
7.42
7.43
7.44

-21) 1.1883
-21 1.0340
-22) 8.9957
-22) 7.8244
-22) 6.8042

540
356
684
565
967

7.45
7.46
7.47
7.48
7.49

-22) 5.9159 630

7.50

(
1

(
(
|

-24! 8.1077 830

(
(
(

(
(

-24 7.0057
-24' 6.0522
-24 5.2274
-24J 4.5141

026
159
546
841

-24) 3.8974 577

-24) 3.3643 153

-24 2.9035 220

-24 2.5053 400
-24) 2.1613 315

-24) 1.8641 859

7.80
7.81
7.82
7.83
7.84
7.85
7.86
7.87
7.88
7.89

-24 1.6075 712

-24 1.3860 036
-24) 1.1947 351
-24) 1.0296 557

7.90
7.91
7.92
7.93
7.94

-25) 8.8720 826

-25 7.6431 480
-25 6.5831 250
-25 5.6689 820
-25) 4.8808 021

7.95
7.96
7.97
7.98
7.99

-25) 4.2013 654

8.00

(
(

0.88622 69255
2

-23 1.4515 608

-23 (1.2552 558
-23 1.0852 815
-24] 9.3813 574

541
765

14.3296 844

\it (3.7150

594
466
323
1-26 12.3440 839
26 13.1870
r-26<
12.7335
<

'-26)2.0097
-26)1.7227
'-26 1.4763
-26)1.2650
[-26)1.0837

185
031
822
285
147

'-27)9.2820
-27)7.9484
-27)6.8051
-27)5.8251
-27)4.9852

251
723
505
209
310

-27) 4.2655 868

-27) 3.6490 970

-27 3.1210 820

-27 2.6689 356
-27) 2.2818 346

-27) 1.9504 883

(
1

-27 1.6669 236

-27 1.4242 990
-27 1.2167 456
-27[ 1.0392 297

-28) 8.8743 478

-28 7.5766 022
-28 6.4673 396
-28) 5.5193 762
-28) 4.7094 204

-28) 4.0175 202

(
(

(
|

-28 3.4265 874

-28 2.9219 899
-28) 2.4912 008
-28) 2.1234 982

-28)1.8097 068

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

315

DERIVATIVE OF THE ERROR FUNCTION

2
X

z2

2
-7=

e X2

Table 7.2
2

~ -i2

vs

<r*
e

8.00
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04

(-28 ) 1.8097
(-28 11.5419
(-28 1.3135
-28 1.1188
(-29 9.5271

068
762
913
091
911

8.50
8.51
8.52
8.53
8.54

(-32 ) 4.7280
-32 3.9884
-32 ) 3.3639
-32 2.8365
[-32 12.3914

139
601
141
973
628

9.00
9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04

'-36 17.4920
-36 16.2572
-36 15.2249
-36 14.3620
!-36 3.6409

734
800
519
651
535

9.50
9.51
9.52
9.53
9.54

[-40)7.2007
-40)5.9541
-40)4.9223
-40)4.0685
[-40)3.3621

555
351
495
471
678

8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08
8.09

(-29 8.1112 334

-29 6.9043 382
(5.8758 453
[III 14.9995 601
(-29 14.2531 077

8.55
8.56
8.57
8.58
8.59

(-32 12.0157
-32 11.6987
-32 11.4313
-32 11.2057
[-32 11.0155

780
713
316
541
245

9.05
9.06
9.07
9.08
9.09

3.0384
\:lt 12.5351
-36 12.1147
-36 11.7637
!-36 11.4707

441
317
690
559
105

9.55
9.56
9.57
9.58
9.59

'-40)2.7778
-40)2.2946
-40)1.8951
[-40)1.5648
-40) 1.2918

742
629
272
437
638

8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14

(-29 13.6173
(-29 13.0760
(-29 12.6152
(-29 12.2229
(-29] 1.8891

797
612
245
829
933

8.60
8.61
8.62
8.63
8.64

1-33 18.5513
-33 7.1993
-33 (6.0598
-33 15.0997
[-33 14.2908

598
468
819
438
734

9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14

-36' 1.2261 088

837
148
960
925

9.60
9.61
9.62
9.63
9.64

-40)1.0662
-41 8.7992
-41)7.2599
-41)5.9886
'-41)4.9390

907
901
363
802
403

8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19

(-291 1.6052 025

8.65
8.66
8.67
8.68
8.69

'-33 13.6095
-33 13.0358
-33 2.5527
-33 2.1461
-33) 1.8039

760
465
988
817
709

9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19

-37; 4.9230 619

-37 4.0993 592
-37' 13.4127 918
-37 12.8406 437
-37 12.3639 423

9.65
9.66
9.67
9.68
9.69

'-41)4.0725
-41)3.3574
-41 2.7672
-41 2.2804
-41)1.8788

570
141
971
460
710

8.20
8.21
8.22
8.23
8.24

(-30) 7.0875 167

-331 1.5160 228

-33; 1.2737 818
'-33; 1.0700 339

9.20
9.21
9.22
9.23
9.24

-37; 1.9668 449

-37; 1.6361 251

-37 1.3607 427

-37 1.1314 847
-38] 9.4066 395

9.70
9.71
9.72
9.73
9.74

-41)1.5477
-41)1.2746
-41)1.0495
-42)8.6404
-42)7.1118

017
493
600
628

7.8186
-38 6.4974
-38] 5.3984
-38 4.4844
-38] 3.7244

802
888
710
496
373

9.75
9.76
9.77
9.78
9.79

-42)5.8524
-42)4.8150
-42 3.9608
-42)3.2574
-42)2.6784

252
968
401
873
979

-38) 3.0926 112

9.80
9.81
9.82
9.83
9.84

-42)2.2019
-42)1.8098
-42)1.4872
-42)1.2219
-42)1.0037

782
720
907
600
632

-43)8.2436
-43)6.7689
-43)5.5569
-43)4.5609
-43)3.7428

338
179
047
970
271

-43)3.0708
-43)2.5189
-43)2.0658
-43 1.6939
-43)1.3886

096
477
489
130
628

-43)1.1381
-44)9.3271
-44)7.6417
-44 6.2596
-44)5.1265

922
204
477
629
162

-44)4.1976 562

)
)

(-29 1.3636
(-29) 1.1581
(-30 9.8348
(-30] 8.3497

296
801
778
786

-30 6.0148 717

(-30 5.1035 431
-30) 4.3294 262
(-30) 3.6719 947
(-30) 3.1137 725
-30) 2.6398 841

8.70
8.71
8.72
8.73
8.74

8.25
8.26
8.27
8.28
8.29

2.2376 697
1.8963 577
(-30) 1.6067 846

8.75
8.76
8.77
8.78
8.79

8.30
8.31
8.32
8.33
8.34

(-30) 1.3611 569

-30 1.1528 476
-31 9.7622 228
-31 8.2649 206
(-31) 6.9958 710

8.80
8.81
8.82
8.83
8.84

8.35
8.36
8.37
8.38
8.39

(-31)
(-311
-31)
(-31
(-31)

5.9204
5.0094
4.2376
3.5841
3.0307

954
199
977
456
803

8.85
8.86
8.87
8.88
8.89

8.40
8.41
8.42
8.43
8.44

(-31)
(-31)
-31)
(-31)
(-31)

2.5623
2.1658
1.8303
1.5465
1.3064

380
657
736
399
586

8.90
8.91
8.92
8.93
8.94

8.45
8.46
8.47
8.48
8.49

(-31)
( -32)
-32
(-32)
(-32)

1.1034
9.3176
7.8664
6.6399
5.6035

263
012
369
552
774

8.95
8.96
8.97
8.98
8.99

8.50

(-32) 4.7280 139

9.00

-34 8.9869 668

-34J 7.5464 360
-34; 6.3355 422

-34 5.3178 836

-34 4.4627 957
-34 3.7444 525
'-34) 3.1411 074

9.25
9.26
9.27
9.28
9.29

-34; 2.6344
-34 2.2090
-34] 1.8520
-341 1.5523
-34) 1.3009

525
784
172
585
248

9.30
9.31
9.32
9.33
9.34

-34] 1.0899 975

9.35
9.36
9.37
9.38
9.39

-35 9.1308 655

-35 7.6473 600
-35) 6.4036 010
-35] 5.3610 534

-35) 4.4873 418

-35 3.7552 711

-35 3.1420 030
-35] 2.6283 611
-35) 2.1982 476

-35] 1.8381 516

9.40
9.41
9.42
9.43
9.44

-35 1.5367 357

-35 1.2844 884
-35) 1.0734 315
-36] 8.9687 435

9.45
9.46
9.47
9.48
9.49

-36) 7.4920 734

9.50

<

2~

0.88622 69255

-36 11.0219
-37 18.5167
-37 17.0959
-37! 5.9110

-38J

-38 2.5674 566

-38 2.1310 520
-38) 1.7684 718
-38) 1.4672 880

-38) 1.2171 545

-38 1.0094 602

-39 8.3703 932
-39) 6.9392 997
-39) 5.7517 311

-39) 4.7664 456

-39 3.9491 520

-39 3.2713 439
-39] 2.7093 286
-39) 2.2434 186

-39) 1.8572 574

(
1

(
1

9.85
9.86
9.87
9.88
9.89

9.90
9.91
9.92
9.93
9.94

-39 1.5372 589

-39 1.2721 404
-39) 1.0525 343
-40) 8.7066 400

9.95
9.96
9.97
9.98
9.99

-40) 7.2007 555

10.00

<

055

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

316

COMPLEMENTARY ERROR FUNCTION

Table 7.3
2

xex erfc x

0.250
0.245
0.240
0.235
0.230

0.51079
0.51163
0.51247
0.51332
0.51418

14
07
67
94
90

0.225
0.220
0.215
0.210
0.205

0.51505
0.51592
0.51681
0.51769
0.51859

55
92
01
83
40

0.200
0.195
0.190
0.185
0.180

0.51949
0.52040
0.52132
0.52225
0.52318

74

0.175
0.170
0.165
0.160
0.155

0.52413
0.52508
0.52604
0.52701
0.52799

33
55
63
59

0.150
0.145
0.140
0.135
0.130

0.52898
0.52997
0.53098
0.53200
0.53303

25
98
67
35

0.125

0.53406 72
(

Example

0.125
0.120
0.115
0.110
0.105

0.53406
0.53511
0.53617
0.53724
0.53832

72
47
29
20
23

3
3
3
3
3

2
2
2

0.100
0.095
0.090
0.085
0.080

0.53941
0.54051
0.54163
0.54276
0.54390

41
76
32
11
16

3
3
3
3
4

2
2
2
2
2

0.075
0.070
0.065
0.060
0.055

0.54505
0.54622
0.54740
0.54859
0.54980

51
19

4
4
4
4
4

2
2
2

0.55102
0.55226
0.55352
0.55479
0.55608

95
85
32
41
17

4
5

3
3

0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030

3
3
3
3
3

0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005

0.55738
0.55870
0.56005
0.56140
0.56278

65
90
00
99

6
7
8

10

96

14

0.000

0.56418 96

oo

2
2

98

46

02

69
58

5
5
6

[(

2.

24

<> = nearest

1
2
3

xex2 erf c x

-6)B-]

-36)1

[
See

X" 2

2
2
2
2

85
75
45

<x>

<x>

erf c V^tt

0.01218
0.00039
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000

88821
27505
41444
05351
00208

integer to x.

84803
88282
02689
64662
26552
2
erfc a5=-?=

6
7
8
9

10

erfc -ylnw

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00008
00000
00000
00000
00000

25422
33136
01343
00055
00002

fV'ta = l-erfx

compiled from O. Emersleben, Numerische Werte des Fehlerintegrals fur

Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 31,393-394, 1951 (with permission).

erfc V^tt

V^,

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

317

REPEATED INTEGRALS OF THE ERROR FUNCTION

Table 7.4

2 r (|+l)i"erfc
x
o.o
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

(-

1.00000
1)8.32738
1)6.85245
1)5.56938
1)4.46884

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

((_
(((-

1)3.53855
2. 76388
1)2.12869
1)1.61601
1)1.20884

(- 1)1.12021
(- 2)8. 03288

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

(((((-

2)8.90739
2)6.46332
2)4.61706
2)3.24613
2)2.24570

2)5.67901
2)3.95711
2)2.71686
2)1.83748
2)1.22388

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

(((((-

2)1.52836
2)1.02305
3 6. 73408
3)4.35805
3)2.77245

3)8.02626
3)5.18140
3)3.29192
3)2.05795
3)1.26566

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

(((((-

3)1.73350
3)1.06515
4)6.43074
4)3.81436
4)2.22250

4) 7. 65644
4)4.55498
4)2.66457
4)1.53245
5)8.66372

ii

((-

=l

n=2

n=B

1.00000
7 357:
:'
22654

f: !|
(- 1)4.8;
69906
- 1)2.79859

1)1.93408

[-

- 1)1.65244

- 1)1.54061

=4

1.00000
7.36220
5.36163
3. 86125
2. 74894

1)2.29846

;-

- 1)2.09021

1.00000
7. 62409
5.74882
4.28565
3.15756

- 1)1.34438

1)1.17295
- 2)8.21802
- 2)5.68138

,-

2)9.22962

I-

- 2)6.25650

2)4.18643

,-

2)3.87449
- 2 2. 60573
- 2)1.72776
- 2)1.12918
3)7.27211

2)2.76442
2)1.80092
2)1.15720
3)7.33229
- 3 )4. 58017

3)4.61400
3)2.88347
- 3)1.77452
- 3)1.07519
- 4)6.41281

3)2.81992
3)1.71085
3)1.02261
4)6.02074
4)3.49094

4)3.76431
4)2.17431
4)1.23562
5)6.90731
5)3.79773

4)1.99301
4)1.12014
5)6.19670
5)3.37364
5)1.
5)1.80727

!-

,-

,-

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

(((((-

4)1.27195
5)7.14929
5)3.94619
5)2.13882
5)1.13820

3.0

3.4

(((((-

6)5.94664
6)3.05003
6)1.53562
7)7.58899
7)3.68109

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

(- 7)1.75241
(- 8)8.18726
- 8 3. 75373
(- 8)1.68883
(- 9)7.45575

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

(_ 9)3.22966
(- 9 1.37267

(-10)5.72405
(-10)2.34181
(-11)9.39929

-10)8.40124
-10)3.49560
-10)1.42757
-11)5.72196
-11)2.25085

-10)2.51501
-10)1.02533
-11)4.10427
-11)1.61297
-12)6.22316

-11)8.33554
,-11)3.33230
,-H 1.30837
-12)5.04508
-12)1.91041

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

(-11)3.70102
(-11)1.42960
(-12)5.41708
(-12)2.01353
(-13)7.34149

-12)8.68930
-12 3.29184
-12)1.22375
-13)4.46407
-13)1.59785

-12)2.35705
-13)8.76348
-13)3.19826
-13)1.14567
-14)4.02809

-13)7.10366
2. 59364
,-14)9.29786
-14)3.27252
,-14)1.13080

5.0

(-13)2.62561

(-14)5.61169

(_i4) 1.38998

(-15)3.83592

(-1)2.50000 00000

(-2)9.40315 97258

(-2)3.12500

3.1
3.2
3.3

(-1)5.64189 58355
See Examples 4 and 5

5)4.81417
5)2.62896
5)1.41072
6) 7. 43784
6)3.85260

5)2.05339
1.09167
- 6)5.70591
- 6)2.93172
- 6)1.48058

6)1.96029

7 9. 79725

- 7)3.58429

7)4.80916
7 2. 31835
7)1.09748

8)5.10148
8)2.32831
8)1.04329
9)4.58945
9)1.98190

6)9.52500
6)4.93818
6)2.51807
6 1.26274
7)6.22654

7)7.34867

7)3.01870

- 7)1.43874

- 7)1.71780
- 8)8.08871
- 8)3.74180

8)6.74044
8)3.10379
8)1.40460

'-

8)1.70036
9)7.58967
9)3.32733
,- 9)1.43260
-10)6.05736

?) 6. 24636
9)2.72947
?)2.
9)1.17184
-10)4.94271

,,-

-10)2.04800

-13)

318

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Table

REPEATED INTEGRALS OF THE ERROR FUNCTION

7.4.

rg+i)i"erfcx
n = ll
1.00000
6.15727
3.75188
2.26201
1.34906

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

n=b
1.00000
13475
03608
51572
42671

n =6
1.00000
1)6.93283
1)4.75548
1)3.22652
1)2.16478

n = 10
00000
- 1)6.28971
- 1)3.91490

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

65569
11630
43528
89121
17704

- 1)1.43588
- 2)9.41309
- 2)6.09742

- 2)8.84744
- 2)5.27007

- 2 \ 3.90166
- 2):2.46567

- 2)1." 80600
- 2)1. 03859

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

03707
28901
04765
95614
01008

2)1.53850
3)9.47623
3)5.76033
3)3.45489
3)2. 04411

- 3)5.90062
- 3)3.31130
- 3)1.83510

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

80252
06403
19032
54870
00419

(((((-

3)1.19278
4)6.86307
4)3.89303
4 2. 17663
4)1.19930

(- 4)2.89186
- 4)1.52145

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

11492
10810
29497
74988
14767

5)6.51088
5)3.48211
5)1.83427
6)9.51547
- 6)4.86044

- 5 1. 01722

- 6)2. 44418
- 6 1. 20988

- 7)
- 7
)
- 8)

51397
14766
16116
28612
97266

28380
81176
54345
09165
24712

- 9 ) 2.36143
'-10 -9.81330

95086
93401
43354
81094
04564

(-11)2.50393
(-12)9.61928
(-12)3.63661
(-12)1.35283
(-13)4.95149

-13)3 82601
1 37691
-14)4 87328
-14)1 69612
-15)5 80461

(-13)1.78294
(-14)6.31544
(-14)2.20038
(-15)7.54020
(-15)2.54109

6)4.70641

1.

- 1)2.41089
- 1)1. 46861

'-

\-

'"-

2)3.10323

3)1.00415
4)5.42413

5)7.89765

- 5)4.04407
'-

5)2.04244

4.99509
- 6)2.41807
- 6)1.15378
- 7)5.42553
6

2)7.95749
2)4.64127
2)2.67626
2)1.52533
(- 3)8.59126
(((((-

3)4.78106
3)2.62835
3)1.42708
4)7.65146
4)4.05030

4)2.11641
4)1.09146
(- 5)5.55435
5)2.78871
5)1.38116
-

6)6.74666
6)3.24987
- 6)1.54350
'- 7)7.22681
- 7)3.33519
-

7)1.51693
8)6.79864
8)3.00212
- 8)1.30595
- 9)5.59577

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

- 6)2.38278
- 6)1.18695
- 7)5.81672

7)2.80391

- 7)5. 89435
" 7 2 - 82592
- 7)1. 33308

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

7)1.32935
8)6.19798
8)2.84151
8)1.28082
(- 9)5.67576

18684
82454
26835
60145
43265

- 9)
- 9

9)2.47236
9)1.05855
-10)4.45435
-10)1.84200
-11) 7. 48503

03880
36132
80009
30331
91245

-11]

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

(-11)2.98854
(-11)1.17234
(-12)4.51802
(-12)1.71044
(-13)6.36069

14149
39668
66412
18894
26147

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

(-13)2.32332
(-14)8.33482
(-14)2.93656
(-14)1.01604
(-15)3.45215

-14)8.11851
-14)2.86315
-15)9.91898
-15)3.37534
-15)1.12815

-15)1.95316
-16)6.46126
-16)2.10125
-17)6.71719
-17)2.11065

(-16)8.42124
-16)2.74419
-17)8.79230
(-17)2.76954
(-18)8.57626

5.0

(-15)1.15173

(-16)3.70336

(-18)6.51829

(-18)2.61062

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-10
-10
-10)

-11
-12
-12
-12

:-i3

(-3)9.40315 97258

(-3)2.60416 66667

''-

-10 4.01541
-10)1.61759

-11)6.41479

v( +1 )](-6)8.13802 08333

(-6)1.69609 66316

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

319

DAWSON'S INTEGRAL
X

Jo

/dt

Jo

Table 7.5

x- 2

/dt

xe

Jo

<x>

/dt

1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08

0.53807
0.53637
0.53431
0.53192
0.52921

95069
44359
71471
50787
57454

0.250
0.245
0.240
0.235
0.230

0.60268
0.60046
0. 59819
0.59588
0.59351

0777
6027
8606
1008
6018

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

0.00000
0. 01999
0. 03995
0.05985
0. 07965

00000
46675
73606
62071
95389

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

09933
0.11885
0.13818
0.15729
0.17616

59924
46083
49287
70920
19254

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

0.52620
0.52291
0.51935
0.51555
0.51152

66800
53777
92435
55409
13448

0.225
0.220
0.215
0.210
0.205

0.59110
0. 58865
0.58616
0. 58364
0.58109

6724
6517
9107
8516
9080

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

0.19475
0.21303
0.23099
0.24859
0.26581

10334
68833
28865
34747
41727

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

0.50727
0.50282
0.49820
0. 49341
0. 48847

34964
85611
27897
20827
19572

0.200
0.195
0.190
0.185
0.180

0.57852
0.57593
0.57332
0. 57071
0.56809

5444
2550
5618
0126
1778

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

0.28263
0.29902
0.31496
0. 33045
0.34544

16650
38575
99336
04051
71562

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

0.48339
0.47820
0.47290
0.46751
0.46204

75174
34278
38898
26208
28368

0.175
0.170
0.165
0.160
0.155

0.56547
0. 56287
0.56027
0.55770
0.55516

6462
0205
9114
9305
6829

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.35994
0. 37392
0. 38737
0.40028
0.41264

34819
41210
52812
46599
14572

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

0.45650
0.45091
0.44528
0.43962
0.43394

72375
79943
67410
45670
20135

0.150
0.145
0.140
0.135
0.130

0.55265
0.55018
0.54776
0.54538
0.54305

7582
7208
0994
3766
9774

3
3

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

0.42443
0.43566
0.44631
0.45637
0.46586

63835
16609
10184
96813
43551

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

0.42824
42255
0.41686
0.41119
0.40555

90711
51804
92347
95842
40424

0.125
0.120
0.115
0.110
0.105

0.

54079
0.53858
0.53643
0.53435
0.53233

2591
5013
8983
5529
4747

3
3

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

47476
0.48307
0.49080
0.49794
0.50451

32037
58219
32040
77064
30066

1.60
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68

0.39993
0.39436
0. 38883
0.38335
0. 37792

98943
39058
23346
09429
50103

0.100
0.095
0.090
0.085
0.080

0.53037
0. 52847
0.52663
0. 52484
0.52311

5810
7031
5967
9575
4393

0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78

0.51050
0.51592
0.52078
0.52509
0.52886

40576
70382
93010
93152
66089

1.70
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78

0.37255
0.36725
0.36202
0.35686
0.35178

93490
83182
58410
54206
01580

0.075
0.070
0.065
0.060
0.055

0.52142
0.51978
0.51817
0.51661
0.51508

6749
2972
9571
3369
1573

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

0.53210
0.53481
0.53702
0.53873
0.53996

17071
60684
20202
26921
19480

1.80
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88

0.34677
0. 34184
0.33700
0.33223
0.32756

27691
56029
06597
96091
38080

0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030

0.51358
0.51211
0.51067
0.50925
0.50786

1788
1971
0372
5466
5903

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

0.54072
0.54103
0.54090
0.54036
0.53941

43187
49328
94485
39857
50580

1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98

0.32297
0.31847
0.31405
0.30973
0.30549

43193
19293
71655
03141
14372

0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005

0.50650
0.50515
0.50383
0.50253
0.50125

0473
8078
7717
8471
9494

6
7
8

1.00

0.53807 95069

2.00

0.30134 03889

0.000

0.50000 0000

0.

0.

['"
See Ex ample 3.

Compiled from

J.

0.

f'

<> = nearest

integer to

B. Rosser, Theory and application of

J^

y=e~

fV eft,Kungl. Fysiogr. Sallsk.

2

x2

Lund Forh.

2
2
2
2
2
2

2
2

2
2
2
2

2
2

2
3
3

3
3

3
3
3
3

3
3
3

4
4
4
4

4
4

5
5
6

10
14
OO

-n

x.

e~ x*dx and

Mapleton House, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1948; and B. Lohmander and

function

V e~P

S. Rittsten,

2 y'l

dy f

<- x \l.v.

Table of the

28, 45-52, 1958 (with permission).

320

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Table 7.6

pq/.'"

rh

at

/i\

'

d'
X

/1\

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

0.00000
0.02239
0.04479
0.06718
0.08957

00
69
31
72
63

0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78

0.

72276
0.73842
0.75360
0.76829
0.78247

69
49
34
12
88

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

0.98973
0.99109
0.99229
0.99335
0.99429

54
36
70
97
49

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

0.11195
0.13432
0.15667
0.17899
0.20127

67
36
11
22
90

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

0.79615
0.80932
0.82196
0.83408
0.84567

78
16
48
41
73

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

0.99511
0.99583
0.99645
0.99699
0.99746

49
14
52
62
38

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

0.22352
0.24571
0.26783
0.28988
0.31184

24
24
80
71
70

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

0.85674
0.86728
0.87730
0.88680
0.89580

42
62
62
89
05

1.60
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68

0.99786
0.99821
0.99850
0.99875
0.99897

16
65
75
03

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

0.33370
0.35544
0.37704
0.39850
0.41979

37
26
82
45
45

1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08

0.90428
0.91228
0.91979
0.92683
0.93341

86
25
27
11
06

1.70

0.99914 99

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.44090
0.46180
0.48248
0.50293
0.52312

07
96
25

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

0.93954
0.94525
0.95054
0.95543
0.95995

56
09
27
76
30

1.70
1.74
1.78
1.82
1.86

0.99914
0.99942
0.99962
0.99975
0.99984

99
75
05
26
14

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

0.54303
0.56264
0.58194
0.60090
0.61951

28
66
46
80
78

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

0.96410
0.96791
0.97140
0.97457
0.97746

64
62
05
79

1.90
1.94
1.98
2.02
2.06

0.99990
0.99993
0.99996
0.99997
0.99998

01
82
24
76
69

0.60

0.63775
0.65560
0.67304
0.69006
0.70664

57
39
52
30
18

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

0.98008
0.98245
0.98458
0.98649
0.98820

48

52
77

2.10
2.14
2.18
2.22
2.26

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

25
57
77
87
93

0.72276 69

1.40

0.98973 54

2.30

0.99999 97

0.

62

0.64
0.
0.

66
68

0.70

52
51

(
-45)6

66

07

18

" 6)7
5

-55)1

(D =0.89297 95116
-~

Compiled from M. Abramowitz, Table of the integral fV-'dtt,

(with permission)

J.

Math. Phys.

63

30, 162-163, 1951

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

321

FRESNEL INTEGRALS

C(,)=J>sg, 2 )
s(*)=j>n

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

0.00000
0.00062
0.00251
0.00565
0.01005

49
31

00000
0.02000
0.04000
0.05999
0.07999

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

0.01570
0.02261
0.03078
0.04021
0.05089

80
95
76
24
38

0.09999
0.11999
0.13998
0.15997
0.17995

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

0.06283
0.07602
0.09047
0.10618
0.12315

19
65
79

58
04

0.19992
0.21987
0.23980
0.25970
0.27957

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

0.14137
0.16084
0.18158
0.20357
0.22682

17
95
41
52
30

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.25132
0.27708
0.30410
0.33238
0.36191

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

0.39269
0.42474
0.45804
0.49260
0.52841

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

0.56548
0.60381
0.64339
0.68423
0.72633

67
41
82
89

0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78

00

83
33

00

00
00

98
92

75
39
67
41

34

*>^ r

,u

S(t)=S 2 ()

U=

.r

0.00000
00000
0.00003
0.00011
0.00026

00
42
35
31
81

00052
0.00090
0.00143
0.00214
0. 00305

36
47
67
44
31

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

1.90066
1.97040
2.04140
2.11366
2.18717

36
69
69
35

0.

1.57079
1.63425
1.69897
1.76494
1.83217

dt=

v*

(\

*>w,

1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08

0.

co*

'o

(H

C(r)=C2 (u)
0.

Table 7.7

C(r) = C2 (n)

8(x)=8a(u)
91

0.

77989
77926
0.77735
0. 77414
0. 76963

34

0.

11

34
03

0.43825
0.45824
0.47815
0.49788
0.51736

68

0.76380
0.75667
0. 74824
0. 73854
0. 72759

67
60
94
68
68

0.53649
0.55517
0.57331
0.59079
0.60752

79
92
28
66
74

0.62340
0.63831
0.65216
0.66484
0.67626

09
34
19
56
72

0.68633
0.69495
0.70205
0.70755
0.71139

33

63
65
33

68
68

01

29
36
70
56

0.

0.00418
00557
0.00723
0.00919
0.01148

76
30
40
54
16

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

2.26194
2.33797
2.41525
2.49379
2.57359

67
33
64
62
27

0.71543
0.70211
0. 68769
0.67223
0. 65582

77
76
47

0.29940
0.31917
0.33888
0.35851
0.37804

10
31
06
09

70
56

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

2.65464
2.73695
2.82052
2.90534
2.99142

58

0.

19
49
45

63855
0.62051
0.60181
0. 58259
0.56297

05
11

96

0.01411
0.01712
0.02053
0.02435
0.02862

74
85
62
05
15

0.39748
0.41678
0.43594
0.45494
0.47375

08
68
82
40
10

0.03335
0.03858
0.04430
0.05056
0.05736

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

3.07876
3.16735
3.25720
3.34830
3.44067

08
37
33
95
23

0.54309
0.52310
0.50316
0. 48342
0. 46407

58
58
23
80

91
33

0.49234
0.51069
0.52878
0.54656
0.56401

42
69
01
30
31

0.06473
0.07267
0.08122
0.09037
0.10014

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

3.53429
3.62916
3.72530
3.82268
3.92133

17

78
06
99
60

0. 44526
0.42717
0.40997
0. 39385
0. 37895

12
32

54
37
94

0.11054
0.12157
0.13325
0.14557
0.15853

59
28
29
54

1.60
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68

4.02123
4.12239
4.22481
4.32848
4.43341

86
79
38
64
56

36546
35351
0.34325
0. 33481
0. 32830

17
20
29
32

62

0.58109
0.59777
0.61400
0.62976
0.64499

0.76969
0.81430
0.86016
0.90729
0.95567

02
08
81
20
25

0.65965
0.67370
0.68709
0.69977
0.71171

24
12
20

65
89
21
16
88

1.70
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78

4.53960
4.64704
4.75574
4.86569
4.97691

14
39
30
87
11

0.

79
13

0.17213
0.18636
0.20122
0.21668
0.23272

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

1.00530
1.05620
1.10835
1.16176
1.21642

96
35
39

42
83
54
79
90

0.24934
0.26649
0.28414
0.30227
0.32083

14

1.80
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88

5.08938
5.20310
5.31808
5.43432
5.55182

01

0.

58
80
70
25

0.

47

0.72284
0.73312
0.74251
0.75095
0.75840

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

1.27234
1.32952
1.38795
1.44764
1.50859

50
20
56
59
28

0.76482
0.77015
0.77436
0.77741
0.77926

30
63
72
68
95

0.33977
0.35904
0.37859
0.39836
0.41827

1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98

5.67057
5.79058
5.91184
6.03437
6.15814

47

1.00

1.57079 63

2.00

6.28318 53

42
17
59

10

11

25
12

0.77989 34
2

['I'

See Example 8.

For

.r-0:C(.-r)

= .T-|Q

x^

S(a).

11

68
55

94
02
85

42
63

24
89
06
08
09
02

22

98
80
55
63
93
81
12
21

0.43825 91

"336

55

36
91
12

99

95
73
59

05

0.71352
0.71389
0.71248
0.70928
0.70428

62

50
67
77
51

77
78
16
12

0.69750
0.68898
0.67878
0.66697
0.65363

50
88
67

77
07

61

0.63888
0.62286
0.60570
0.58758
0.56867

26
04
83

32382
32145
0. 32122
0.32318
0. 32733

69
02
83
87
25

0.54919
0.52934
0.50935
0.48946
0.46990

73
84
49
94

33363
34203
0. 35244
0.36476
0. 37882

29
39
96
35
93

0.45093
0.43280
0.41573
0.39999
0.38579

88
06
97
44
25

0.

39447
0.41148
0.42963
0. 44866
0. 46830

05
24
33
69
56

0.37334
0.36285
0.35448
0.34838
0.34466

73
37
37
30
65

0.

48825 34

99
29
96

0.

0.

0.

)2

78
63

58
08
84
86

,s
]

13

46

60

0.34341 57

[<n

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

322

F RESNEL INTEGRALS

Table 7.7

(*)- (?")*
X
2.00
2.02
2.04
2.06
2.08

S(x)

G(x)

X
3.00
3.02
3.04
3.06
3.08

0.60572
0.60383
0.59823
0.58910
0.57674

08
73
78
11

79

57
48
87
04
98
34
37
09
45
63

3.10
3.12
3.14
3.16
3.18

0.56159
0.54421
0.52525
0.50543
0.48552

39

0.45570
47535
0.49532
0.51521
0. 53462

46

3.20
3.22
3.24
3.26
3.28

0.46632
0.44858
0.43306
0.42040
0.41113

0.55315
0.57041
0.58602
0.59964
0.61095

16
28
84

3.30
3.32
3.34
3.36
3.38

00
11

34
04
73
06

0.

4.00
4.02
4.04
4.06
4.08

49842
0.51821
0. 53675
0.55284
0.56543

58181
0.59165
0.59791
0.60033
0.59880

59
11
29
66
34

4.10
4.12
4.14
4.16
4.18

0.57369
0.57705
0.57527
0. 56844
0.55700

56
88
76
74

95

97
47
06
35

4.20
4.22
4.24
4.26
4.28

0.

97

0.59334
0. 58416
0.57161
0.55618
0. 53849

54171
0.52362
0. 50396
0.48411
0. 46549

0.40569
0.40431
0.40709
0.41393
0.42455

44
99
96
66
18

0.51928
0.49936
0.47960
0. 46084
0.44393

82

4.30
4.32
4.34
4.36
4.38

44944
0.43712
0.42946
0.42704
0.43006

3.40
3.42
3.44
3.46
3.48

0.43849
0.45514
0.47375
0.49348
0.51340

17
37
96
70

0.42964
0.41864
0.41143
0. 40839
0.40967

95
11
69
28
54

4.40
4.42
4.44
4.46
4.48

3.50
3.52
3.54
3.56
3.58

0.53257
0.55006
0.56501
0.57668
0.58446

24

80
72
83
17

4.50
4.52
4.54
4.56
4.58

0.

43

0.41524
0. 42486
0.43808
0.45428
0.47265

0.58795
0.58694
0.58147
0.57178
0.55838

33
64
10
75
18

0.49230
0.51224
0.53143
0. 54888
0.56366

21

01

0.42051
0.42301
0.43039
0.44217
0.45764

00
81
45

75

0.47579
0.49545
0.51532
0.53405
0.55039

83
71
14
87
41

92
06
08
63
61

0.56319
0.57157
0.57491
0.57295
0.56582

89
23
03
47

12

39
79

0.55399
0.53831
0.51990
0.50011
0.48041

59
55
77
73
08

0.43833
0.45123
0. 46781
0.48679
0.50671

29
59
05
41
95

0.46226
0.44707
0.43599
0.42990
0.42931

80
06
33
86
16

52602
0.54318
0.55680
0. 56578
0.56936

59
11

46
27
57

0.43427
0.44442
0.45897
0.47676
0.49637

30
34
36
89
56

0.56723
0.55954
0. 54691
0.53039
0.51135

67
81
86
13
38

0.51619
0.53457
0.54999
0.56113
0.56702

23
97
67

38

4.60
4.62
4.64
4.66
4.68

28
44

04
56
61
92
91

4.70
4.72
4.74
4.76
4.78

0.49142
0.47232
0.45572
0.44308
0.43554

65
71
30
30

0.56714
0.56146
0.55044
0.53504
0.51659

55
19
52
16
82

87

4.80
4.82
4.84
4.86
4.88

0.43379
0.43802
0. 44786
0. 46244
0. 48042

66
47

0.49675
0.47728
0.45995
0.44637
0.43780

02
00
75
74
82

0.50016
0.51979
0. 53747
0.55150
0. 56051

10
51

0.43506
0.43843
0.44761
0.46175
0.47951

74
48
56

17

4.90
4.92
4.94
4.96
4.98

0.42051 58

5.00

0.56363 12

0.58156
0.59671
0.61000
0.62117
0.62999

41
75
60
32
53

2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28

0.63628
0.63990
0.64075
0.63879
0.63403

60
31

0.

2.30
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38

0.62656
0.61649
0.60402
0.58940
0.57293

17
45
69
65

2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48

0.55496
0.53588
0.51612
0.49614
0.47641

14

35

0.61969
0. 62562
0. 62859
0.62851
0. 62535

2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58

0.45741
0.43961
0.42346
0.40939
0.39777

30
32
72
65
91

0.61918
0.61010
0.59834
0.58415
0. 56790

18
76
06

2.60
2.62
2.64
2.66
2.68

0.38893
0.38312
0.38052
0.38123
0.38525

75
73
80
50
32

0.54998
0.53087
0.51106
0.49110
0.47153

93
53
79
35
52

3.60
3.62
3.64
3.66
3.68

2.70
2.72
2.74
2.76
2.78

0.39249
0.40277
0.41581
0.43125
0.44865

40
39
68
85
46

0.45291
0.43578
0.42066
0.40798
0. 39817

75
98
03
90
24

3.70
3.72
3.74
3.76
3.78

0.54194
0.52334
0.50357
0.48371
0.46487

57
49
70
94
19

0.57498
0. 58220
0.58492
0.58296
0.57641

2.80
2.82
2.84
2.86
2.88

0.46749
0.48720
0.50717
0.52677
0.54538

17
04
21
66
21

0.39152
0.38828
0. 38856
0.39238
0. 39964

84
41
43
50
80

3.80
3.82
3.84
3.86
3.88

0.44809
0.43434
0.42443
0.41894
0.41822

49
86
43
43
16

0. 56561
0.55115
0.53384
0.51466
0. 49472

2.90
2.92
2.94
2.96
2.98

0.56237
0.57718
0.58930
0.59830
0.60384

64
78
60
19

0.41014
0.42353
0.43941
0.45724
0.47643

06
87

3.90
3.92
3.94
3.96
3.98

0.42233
0.43105
0.44389
0.46007
0.47863

27
68

0. 47520
0.45726
0.44198
0.43032
0.42301

3.00

0.60572 08

4.00

0.49842 60

44

11

29
28

56

0.

89

96

38
43
98

75

42

39

45
06

49631 30
)4
(
[
]

sin

For v>5 Si = 0.5 (o.3183099

0.

58
53
56
76
03

96
55
05

62

11
32
02

17

70
51

m
It

61
95
04

46

92
95
12
15

74
32
22
45

24
13
92
79

COS
/

.i'

lopo
'

"

0.15' i\ sin

For

(it

\2

A
i

60

54
05
04

47

50
40

28

69

40
90

34
25

94

m
+t

.,*

V"

sin
=

"V"

+. (ll)

05

67

78

pr\
e(.r)|<3xl0-7

(')

-f 0.19947-^)
"

58
99

0.49919 14

cos
(

?~
>39 M_o.5(o.39B9423-^
>S'2(w)
2

0.

l3 \

0.0968N cos \2
4
x
/

0.

)6

sin

S{,)

0(x)

30
42
29
95
28

2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18

25
28
83

g*)*

0.49631
0.51619
0.53536
0.55311
0.56880

0. 37427
0.38730
0.40223
0.41880
0.43673

85
41
11
03

sin

S(x)

34341
0. 34467
0. 34844
0.35470
0.36334

C(x)

0.48825
0.50820
0.52782
0.54681
0.56482

*(*)=/:

)l<3xl0

323

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS

Table 7.8

f(x) = h(u)

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

00000
41196
88057
07811
44294

00000
39303
20520
66949
00553

0.50000
0.48031
0.46125
0.44281
0.42500

00000
40626
51239
99356
33536

00000
54163
79101
00196
38036

49313
49037
48724
48378
48002

18256
27777
48761
35493
21268

06624
82254
11561
31728
70713

0.

40779
39119
37518
35976
34491

85545
72364
98069
55566
28197

29930
96391
99885
09573
39391

47599
47172
46724
46257
45774

19056
22205
05176
24293
18508

49140
45221
22164
12303
40978

33061
31687
30365
29095
27876

91227
13200
57186
81914
42811

69034
89318
36191
92531
44593

45277
44768
44248
43721
43187

10172
05805
96860
60487
60273

56087
06203
81319
95888
53913

26705
25582
24505
23472
22483

92929
83796
66166
90703
08578

81728
24420
57772
35799
07150

42648
42105
41560
41013
40466

46973
59227
24246
58491
68313

90789
36507
90070
35691
67950

21534
20626
19756
18923
18126

72003
34704
52322
82774
86555

95520
48744
49727
60398
47172

39920
39375
38833
38294
37759

50585
93295
76127
71004
42617

25702
63563
15400
26771
52882

17364
16634
15936
15269
14631

26996
70480
86623
48414
32329

13238
39628
13733
00876
91905

37228
36702
36181
35666
35157

48922
41612
66571
64292
70288

35620
87842
25476
98472
80259

14021
13437
12880
12347
11838

18419
90361
35503
44874
13187

37684
59907
06985
03863
25611

34655
34159
33670
33188
32713

15463
26474
26065
33382
64271

82434
67053
33192
57734
72503

11351
10886
10441
10016
09611

38821
23788
73696
97688
08389

06517
79214
22082
77848
91866

0.09223
0.08852
0.08498
0.08159
0.07836

21832
57381
37656
88446
38619

05037
23702
77045
61614
62362

0.07527
0.07231
0.06949
0.06679
0.06420

20035
67451
18433
13255
94813

30280
87932
26312
49021
13093

0.00000
0.00062
0.00251
0.00565
0.01005

00000
30718
22872
76462
91487

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

0.01570
0.02261
0.03078
0. 04021
0.05089

79632
94671
76080
23859
38009

67949
05847
05180
65949
88155

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

0.06283
0. 07602
0. 09047
0.10618
0.12315

18530
65422
78684
58316
04320

71796
16873
23386
91335
20720

0.14137
16084
0.18158
0.20357
0.22682

16694
95438
40553
52039
29895

11541
63797
77490
52619
89183

0.

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.25132
0.27708
0.30410
0.33238
0.36191

74122
84720
61688
05027
14736

87183
46620
67492
49800
93544

0.

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

0.39269
0.42474
0.45804
0.49260
0.52841

90816
33267
42088
17280
58843

98724
65340
93392
82880
33803

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

0.56548
0.60381
0. 64339
0. 68423
0.72633

66776
41080
81754
88799
62215

46163
19958
55190
51857
09960

0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78

0.76969
0.81430
0.86016
0.90729
0.95567

02001
08158
80685
19583
24852

29499
10474
52885
56732
22015

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

1.00530
1.05620
1.10835
1.16176
1.21642

96491
34501
38881
09632
46754

48734
36888
86479
97506
69968

0.32246
0.31786
0.31334
0.30889
0.30452

31553
45283
12993
39917
29200

61284
60796
49704
09068
36579

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

1.27234
1.32952
1.38795
1.44764
1.50859

50247
20109
56343
58947
27922

03866
99200
55971
74177
53819

0.30022
0.29600
0.29186
0.28780
0.28380

82096
98149
75359
10340
98467

95385
76518
51781
91658
20271

1.00

1.57079 63267 94897

(

0.27989 34003 76823

7
['to' ]

)2

[
]
See Examples 6, 7, and 9.

716-654

64

C(.r)=2+/(a;) sin

\^A-g{x)

S(x)=-f(x) cos

(|*-

22

9(x)=92 (u)

0.50000
0.49969
0.49880
0.49739
0.49548

00000
83185
32741
48667
30964

)-</W

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.06174 08526 09645

['If]

cos

fexA

C2 {n)=^+fo{u)

sin -</2() cos u

sin

ga*)

s 2 ()=i-/2 ()

cos

u-g2 (u)

sin u

324

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS

Table 7.8

<x>

g(x)=g2 {u)

/(aO=/a()
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92

0.63661
0.61140
0.58670
0.56251
0.53883

97723
96293
87822
72308
49753

67581
81825
13963
63995
31921

0.27989
0.27597
0.27197
0.26788
0.26371

34003
33733
11505
56989
60682

76823
36442
76851
47656
37287

0.06174
0.05933
0.05693
0.05456
0.05220

08526
31378
89827
06112
03510

09b45
64174
01255
91100
52931

0.90
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82

0.51566
0.49299
0.47084
0.44919
0.42806

20156
83517
39836
89113
31349

17741
21455
43063
82565
39962

0.25946
0.25512
0.25069
0.24618
0.24157

14023
09512
40835
02994
92449

65674
80091
25766
44393
31459

0.04986
0.04754
0.04525
0.04299
0.04075

06317
39838
30354
05078
92107

93636
94725
03048
69390
68723

0.80
0.78
0.76
0.74
0.72

0.40743
0.38731
0.36771
0.34861
0.33002

66543
94695
15805
29873
36899

15252
08436
19515
48488
95354

0.23689
0.23211
0.22725
0.22230
0.21726

07256
47216
14019
11393
45250

57089
24632
06110
53995
44609

0.03856
0.03640
0.03428
0.03220
0. 03017

20343
19405
19524
51407
46086

27312
75704
44132
19129
88637

0.70
0.68
0.66
0.64
0.62

0.31194
0.29437
0.27731
0.26075
0.24471

36884
29827
15728
94587
66404

60115
42770
43318
61761
98098

0.21214
0.20693
0.20164
0.19627
0.19082

23821
57789
60404
47584
37987

60229
65521
80635
00004
55563

0.02819
0.02626
0.02439
0.02257
0.02082

34743
48498
18186
74093
45674

19381
36510
13588
32978
44482

0.60
0.58
0.56
0.54
0.52

0.22918
0.21415
0.19964
0.18563
0.17214

31180
88914
39606
83256
19864

52329
24454
14474
22387
48194

0.18529
0.17969
0.17401
0.16827
0.16245

53067
17083
57076
02799
86594

79209
86674
89207
47273
19322

0.01913
0.01751
0.01596
0.01448
0.01307

61240
47623
29821
30628
70253

35536
30357
58470
73722
60097

65939
31590
77420
09631
30137

24659
42015
66589
52815
00215

2
2
2

3
3

<u>
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
2

2
2

2
3
3

3
3
3

3
2
2

4
4

2
2

4
5
5
5

2
2

0.50
0.48
0.46
0.44
0.42

0.15915
0.14667
0.13470
0.12324
0.11229

49430
71955
87438
95879
97278

91895
53491
32980
30364
45641

0.15658
0.15065
0.14466
0.13862
0.13253

43216
09597
24548
28400
62592

36302
56320
29603
34552
29647

0.01174
0.01049
0.00931
0.00822
0.00720

0.40
0.38
0.36
0.34
0.32

0.10185
0.09192
0.08250
0.07359
0.06518

91635
78951
59224
32456
98646

78813
29879
98839
85692
90440

0.12640
0.12023
0.11403
0.10780
0.10154

69204
90456
68174
43252
55126

94864
93806
47880
41741
32988

0.00626
0.00540
0.00461
0.00390
0.00327

36346
21018
72197
73235
02912

49122
72942
27002
12822
03254

0.30
0.28
0.26
0.24
0.22

0.05729
0.04991
0.04303
0.03666
0,03081

57795
09901
54966
92988
23969

13082
53618
12048
88373
82591

0.09526
0.08896
0.08264
0.07631
0.06997

41276
36786
73969
82087
87161

74844
39974
33180
00913
16730

0.00270
0.00220
0.00176
0.00139
0.00107

35642
41768
87922
37442
50825

68526
84885
53708
77909
02743

0.20
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12

0. 02546
0.02062
0.01629
0.01247
0.00916

47908
64806
74661
77475
73247

94703
24710
72610
38405
22093

0.06363
0.05727
0.05091
0.04455
0.03819

11887
75644
94597
81874
47805

04012
30652
59575
32960
44642

0.00080
0.00058
0.00041
0.00027
0.00017

86180
99686
45999
78633
50279

82883
10701
18234
97799
00844

7
8

48
61
80
109

0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02

0.00636
0.00407
0.00229
0.00101
0. Q0025

61977
43665
18311
85916
46479

23676
43153
80523
35788
08947

0.03183
0.02546
0.01909
0.01273
0.00636

00214
44738
85179
23855
61974

15118
95252
38105
39770
14061

0.00010
0.00005
0.00002
0.00000
0.00000

13057
18732
18849
64845
08105

94484
17470
44630
30524
69272

10
13
17
25
50

157
245
436
982
3927

0.00

0.00000 00000 00000

00

00

0.00000 00000 00000

0.00000 00000 00000

T]

OW^ +/(*) on grf)- g(x) cos (l^)

Q()=g +/2OO sin u gi(u) cos

S(*)=g-/() cos

S2 (w)=g-

(^'-

)-f/W

sin

/|.r2J

<.t>= nearest integer to

x.

-.in

7
7
8
9

2
2

3
3

3
3

4
4
4
5

5
6
6

10
11
12
14
15
17
20
23

27
32
39

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

325

ERROR FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

w(z)=e~

z2

erfc (-

\z)

z--

Table 7.9

-x+iy

g$w(z) Jw(z)

@w(z) Jw(z)

e&w{z) jw(z)

3iw{z) Jw(z)

X- =0

*=0.1

x= =0.2

x= 0.3

@w(z) Jw{z)
*=0.4

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

1.000000
0.896457
0.809020
0.734599
0.670788

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.990050
0.888479
0.802567
0.729337
0.666463

0.112089
0.094332
0.080029
0.068410
0.058897

0.960789
0.864983
0.783538
0.713801
0.653680

0.219753
0.185252
0.157403
0.134739
0.116147

0.913931
0.827246
0.752895
0.688720
0.632996

0.318916
0.269600
0.229653
0.197037
0.170203

0.852144
0.777267
0.712146
0.655244
0.605295

0.406153
0.344688
0.294653
0.253613
0.219706

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.615690
0.567805
0.525930
0.489101
0.456532

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.612109
0.564818
0.523423
0.486982
0.454731

0.051048
0.044524
0.039064
0.034465
0.030566

0.601513
0.555974
0.515991
0.480697
0.449383

0.100782
0.087993
0.077275
0.068235
0.060563

0.584333
0.541605
0.503896
0.470452
0.440655

0.147965
0.129408
0.113821
0.100647
0.089444

0.561252
0.522246
0.487556
0.456579
0.428808

0.191500
0.167880
0.147975
0.131101
0.116714

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.427584
0.401730
0.378537
0.357643
0.338744

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.426044
0.400406
0.377393
0.356649
0.337876

0.027242
0.024392
0.021934
0.019805
0.017951

0.421468
0.396470
0.373989
0.353691
0.335294

0.054014
0.048393
0.043542
0.039336
0.035671

0.413989
0.390028
0.368412
0.348839
0.331054

0.079864
0.071628
0.064510
0.058329
0.052936

0.403818
0.381250
0.360799
0.342206
0.325248

0.104380
0.093752
0.084547
0.076538
0.069538

1.5

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.321585
0.305953
0.291663
0.278560
0.266509

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.320825
0.305284
0.291072
0.278035
0.266042

0.016329
0.014905
0.013648
0.012536
0.011547

0.318561
0.303290
0.289309
0.276470
0.264648

0.032463
0.029643
0.027154
0.024948
0.022987

0.314839
0.300009
0.286406
0.273892
0.262350

0.048210
0.044051
0.040377
0.037118
0.034217

0.309736
0.295506
0.282417
0.270346
0.259186

0.063393
0.057978
0.053186
0.048931
0.045139

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.255396
0.245119
0.235593
0.226742
0.218499

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.254978
0.244745
0.235256
0.226438
0.218224

0.010664
0.009874
0.009165
0.008526
0.007949

0.253732
0.243628
0.234251
0.225531
0.217404

0.021236
0.019669
0.018260
0.016991
0.015845

0.251677
0.241783
0.232592
0.224033
0.216047

0.031626
0.029304
0.027217
0.025335
0.023633

0.248844
0.239239
0.230300
0.221963
0.214172

0.041748
0.038706
0.035968
0.033498
0.031263

2.5

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.210806
0.203613
0.196874
0.190549
0.184602

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.210557
0.203387
0.196668
0.190360
0.184429

0.007427
0.006952
0.006520
0.006125
0.005764

0.209813
0.202710
0.196050
0.189796
0.183912

0.014806
0.013862
0.013002
0.012216
0.011498

0.208582
0.201589
0.195028
0.188861
0.183056

0.022090
0.020687
0.019409
0.018241
0.017172

0.206879
0.200039
0.193613
0.187566
0.181868

0.029234
0.027389
0.025706
0.024168
0.022759

3.0

0.179001 0.000000

0.178842 0.005433

0.178368 0.010839

*=0.6

X= 0.5

x= 0.7

0.177581 0.016192

0.176491 0.021466

*=0.9

x= 0.8

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.778801
0.717588
0.663223
0.614852
0.571717

0.478925
0.408474
0.350751
0.303124
0.263563

0.697676
0.651076
6.608322
0.569238
0.533581

0.535713
0.459665
0.396852
0.344645
0.300989

0.612626
0.580698
0.549739
0.520192
0.492289

0.576042
0.497744
0.432442
0.377688
0.331535

0.527292
0.509299
0.489710
0.469480
0.449244

0.600412
0.522932
0.457569
0.402194
0.355082

0.444858
0.439421
0.430271
0.418736
0.405763

0.610142
0.536087
0.472773
0.418491
0.371813

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.533157
0.498591
0.467521
0.439512
0.414191

0.230488
0.202666
0.179123
0.159087
0.141945

0.501079
0.471453
0.444434
0.419766
0.397216

0.264268
0.233206
0.206787
0.184200
0.164793

0.466127
0.441712
0.418998
0.397906
0.378341

0.292432
0.259136
0.230646
0.206155
0.185005

0.429418
0.410264
0.391936
0.374518
0.358043

0.314828
0.280290
0.250532
0.224789
0.202429

0.392021
0.377977
0.363957
0.350182
0.336799

0.331544
0.296692
0.266427
0.240057
0.217004

1.0
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.391234
0.370363
0.351335
0.333942
0.318001

0.127202
0.114460
0.103395
0.093744
0.085288

0.376571
0.357637
0.340241
0.324229
0.309463

0.148036
0.133501
0.120838
0.109759
0.100026

0.360200
0.343375
0.327766
0.313273
0.299804

0.166660
0.150681
0.136706
0.124435
0.113620

0.342511
0.327900
0.314176
0.301294
0.289208

0.182932
0.165868
0.150877
0.137661
0.125971

0.323899
0.311537
0.299741
0.288519
0.277865

0.196783
0.178990
0.163281
0.149370
0.137012

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.303355
0.289866
0.277412
0.265890
0.255205

0.077851
0.071283
0.065461
0.060283
0.055661

0.295820
0.283192
0.271479
0.260598
0.250469

0.091443
0.083845
0.077096
0.071081
0.065701

0.287274
0.275602
0.264718
0.254554
0.245050

0.104054
0.095563
0.088001
0.081245
0.075190

0.277869
0.267228
0.257237
0.247851
0.239027

0.115594
0.106355
0.098103
0.090710
0.084068

0.267766
0.258203
0.249151
0.240586
0.232482

0.126002
0.116164
0.107348
0.099427
0.092291

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.245276
0.236031
0.227407
0.219347
0.211800

0.051521
0.047804
0.044454
0.041428
0.038686

0.241025
0.232204
0.223952
0.216219
0.208961

0.060876
0.056534
0.052617
0.049073
0.045859

0.236152
0.227810
0.219978
0.212616
0.205686

0.069748
0.064842
0.060409
0.056391
0.052741

0.230724
0.222905
0.215535
0.208581
0.202013

0.078085
0.072680
0.067785
0.063342
0.059298

0.224813
0.217552
0.210676
0.204160
0.197982

0.085845
0.080009
0.074712
0.069894
0.065500

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.204723
0.198074
0.191818
0.185924
0.180361

0.036196
0.033929
0.031859
0.029966
0.028231

0.202139
0.195717
0.189664
0.183950
0.178549

0.042936
0.040271
0.037836
0.035607
0.033561

0.199155
0.192992
0.187170
0.181662
0.176447

0.049417
0.046384
0.043608
0.041064
0.038728

0.195804
0.189928
0.184362
0.179084
0.174074

0.055610
0.052238
0.04915C
0.046315
0.043708

0.192120
0.186554
0.181265
0.176237
0.171452

0.061486
0.057811
0.054439
0.051339
0.048485

3.0

0,175105 0.026636

1.1

0.173437 0.031680

0.171502 0.036577

w;(x)=e-* 2 +

See Examples 12-19.

% e"*

f*e< 2

0.169315 0.041306

0.166895 0.045851

dt

w(-x+iy)=w(x+iy)

w(x-iy)^2ey2 ~ x2 (cos 2xy+i sin 2xy)-w(x+iy)

w(iy)=ev 2 erfc

w;[(l+i)]=e-2 2 jl + (i-l)[c(2|)+iS(2M)]|

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

326

ERROR FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table 7.9

w(z)=e~

8#w{z) ./w(z)

0tw(z) Jw(z)

*-1.0

*-l.l

z =x+iy

erfc (-iz)
itfw{z)

Jw{z)

*=1.2

5&w{z)

J w{z)
:

%w{z) Jw(z)

x=\A

*=1.3

0.367879
0.373170
0.373153
0.369386
0.363020

U.607158
0.538555
0.478991
0.427225
0.382166

0.298197
0.312136
0.319717
0.322586
0.321993

0.593761
0.532009
0.477439
0.429275
0.386777

0.236928
0.257374
0.270928
0.279199
0.283443

0.572397
0.518283
0.469488
0.425667
0.386412

0.184520
0.209431
0.227362
0.239793
0.247908

0.545456
0.499216
0.456555
0.417491
0.381908

0.140858
0.168407
0.189247
0.204662
0.215711

0.515113
0.476535
0.440005
0.405823
0.374110

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.354900
0.345649
0.335721
0.325446
0.315064

0.342872
0.308530
0.278445
0.252024
0.228759

0.318884
0.313978
0.307816
0.300807
0.293259

0.349266
0.316128
0.286815
0.260847
0.237800

0.284638
0.283540
0.280740
0.276693
0.271752

0.351299
0.319910
0.291851
0.266757
0.244295

0.252654
0.254784
0.254895
0.253461
0.250858

0.349611
0.320368
0.293927
0.270040
0.248462

0.223262
0.228026
0.230578
0.231385
0.230826

0.344868
0.318022
0.293453
0.271015
0.250549

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.304744
0.294606
0.284731
0.275174
0.265967

0.208219
0.190036
0.173896
0.159531
0.146712

0.285402
0.277407
0.269401
0.261476
0.253697

0.217306
0.199046
0.182742
0.168151
0.155066

0.266189
0.260213
0.253985
0.247628
0.241233

0.224168
0.206108
0.189878
0.175271
0.162100

0.247381
0.243266
0.238695
0.233813
0.228733

0.228967
0.211343
0.195398
0.180957
0.167863

0.229205
0.226767
0.223710
0.220192
0.216340

0.231897
0.214902
0.199416
0.185299
0.172423

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.257128
0.248665
0.240578
0.232861
0.225503

0.135242
0.124954
0.115702
0.107361
0.099824

0.246112
0.238752
0.231635
0.224775
0.218176

0.143305
0.132711
0.123147
0.114495
0.106650

0.234870
0.228592
0.222436
0.216428
0.210587

0.150205
0.139441
0.129684
0.120822
0.112760

0.223542
0.218309
0.213086
0.207912
0.202818

0.155975
0.145167
0.135326
0.126353
0.118158

0.212253
0.208014
0.203684
0.199315
0.194947

0.160668
0.149927
0.140103
0.131106
0.122858

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.218493
0.211816
0.205457
0.199402
0.193634

0.092998
0.086801
0.081162
0.076021
0.071324

0.211839
0.205760
0.199935
0.194356
0.189014

0.099523
0.093035
0.087116
0.081706
0.076753

0.204926
0.199452
0.194166
0.189072
0.184165

0.105411
0.098700
0.092562
0.086936
0.081773

0.197827
0.192953
0.188208
0.183599
0.179131

0.110662
0.103795
0.097495
0.091706
0.086378

0.190608
0.186324
0.182112
0.177985
0.173954

0.115286
0.108325
0.101919
0.096015
0.090567

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.188139
0.182903
0.177910
0.173147
0.168602

0.067024
0.063080
0.059456
0.056118
0.053041

0.183901
0.179008
0.174324
0.169840
0.165546

0.072208
0.068031
0.064186
0.060639
0.057363

0.179444
0.174903
0.170538
0.166342
0.162310

0.077024
0.072651
0.068617
0.064890
0.061440

0.174805
0.170623
0.166582
0.162681
0.158916

0.081467
0.076933
0.072742
0.068863
0.065266

0.170024
0.166201
0.162487
0.158883
0.155389

0.085532
0.080873
0.076557
0.072553
0.068834

3.0

0.164261 0.050197

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.161434 0.054331

*-1.7

*=1.6

X =1.5

0.158435 0.058243

0.155285 0.061926

0.152005 0.065375

x=1.9

x=1.8

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.105399
0.134049
0.156521
0.173865
0.186984

0.483227
0.451763
0.421076
0.391665
0.363828

0.077305
0.105843
0.128895
0.147272
0.161702

0.451284
0.426168
0.400837
0.375911
0.351803

0.055576
0.083112
0.105929
0.124612
0.139717

0.420388
0.400743
0.380161
0.359313
0.338676

0.039164
0.065099
0.087090
0.105522
0.120793

0.391291
0.376214
0.359721
0.342479
0.324985

0.027052
0.051038
0.071811
0.089592
0.104641

0.364437
0.353066
0.340004
0.325873
0.311161

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.196636
0.203461
0.207990
0.210664
0.211846

0.337720
0.313397
0.290847
0.270016
0.250823

0.172820
0.181177
0.187245
0.191423
0.194049

0.328777
0.306990
0.286517
0.267378
0.249556

0.151751
0.161171
0.168379
0.173725
0.177513

0.318584
0.299261
0.280846
0.263418
0.247012

0.133288
0.143369
0.151366
0.157578
0.162268

0.307609
0.290613
0.274180
0.258431
0.243439

0.117233
0.127644
0.136134
0.142949
0.148310

0.296240
0.281392
0.266823
0.252681
0.239067

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.211837
0.210881
0.209182
0.206902
0.204177

0.233171
0.216954
0.202067
0.188403
0.175862

0.195407
0.195734
0.195228
0.194053
0.192347

0.233009
0.217678
0.203494
0.190384
0.178275

0.180002
0.181414
0.181938
0.181733
0.180933

0.231630
0.217253
0.203847
0.191366
0.179762

0.165667
0.167977
0.169373
0.170003
0.169997

0.229244
0.215857
0.203272
0.191471
0.180425

0.152418
0.155452
0.157569
0.158906
0.159585

0.226046
0.213656
0.201914
0.190821
0.180367

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.201115
0.197806
0.194320
0.190717
0.187043

0.164349
0.153773
0.144054
0.135113
0.126883

0.190222
0.187772
0.185073
0.182189
0.179172

0.167092
0.156765
0.147226
0.138412
0.130262

0.179651
0.177983
0.176008
0.173792
0.171390

0.168980
0.158969
0.149674
0.141045
0.133033

0.169465
0.168500
0.167183
0.165579
0.163746

0.170099
0.160457
0.151458
0.143063
0.135234

0.159709
0.159369
0.158641
0.157593
0.156282

0.170534
0.161300
0.152637
0.144516
0.136908

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.183335
0.179623
0.175930
0.172276
0.168674

0.119298
0.112302
0.105842
0.099870
0.094343

0.176064
0.172901
0.169710
0.166513
0.163330

0.122723
0.115744
0.109277
0.103280
0.097713

0.168849
0.166206
0.163493
0.160737
0.157958

0.125590
0.118674
0.112243
0.106260
0.100689

0.161733
0.159580
0.157320
0.154982
0.152591

0.127931
0.121118
0.114761
0.108827
0.103285

0.154757
0.153059
0.151224
0.149281
0.147256

0.129781
0.123108
0.116858
0.111003
0.105519

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.165136
0.161669
0.158281
0.154975
0.151753

0.089222
0.084472
0.080061
0.075960
0.072142

0.160175
0.157060
0.153993
0.150981
0.148030

0.092541
0.087732
0.083254
0.079082
0.075191

0.155175
0.152402
0.149649
0.146927
0.144243

0.095499
0.090660
0.086143
0.081925
0.077982

0.150165
0.147722
0.145274
0.142834
0.140411

0.098107
0.093265
0.088735
0.084493
0.080519

0.145172
0.143045
0.140892
0.138725
0.136555

0.100378
0.095558
0.091037
0.086794
0.082809

3.0

0.148618 0.068585

0.145144 0.071558

0.141602 0.074293

0.138012 0.076794

0.134391 0.079065

w(x)=e-^+%e-^^e^dt

See Examples 12-19.

- x2
'

w(-x+iy)=w(x+iy)

w(x-iy)=2e'J 2

w(iy yev 2 erfc

[(l+i)]=e-2i2Jl + (i_l)[c(2g)+iS(^]j

(cos 2xy+i sin 2xy)-w(x+iy)

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

327

ERROR FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

'

w(z)=e- z erfc (-iz)

@w(z)

J w(z)
r

@w(z

x= 2.0

,/w(z)

z -x+iy

mw(z) Jw(z)

3tw(z) Jw(z)

x= 2.2

x=2.3

x= =2.1

Table 7.9

@w(z) J-w{z)

x=2A

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.018316
0.040201
0.059531
0.076396
0.090944

0.340026
0.331583
0.321332
0.309831
0.297529

0.012155
0.031936
0.049726
0.065521
0.079385

0.318073
0.311886
0.303894
0.294574
0.284327

0.007907
0.025678
0.041927
0.056586
0.069655

0.298468
0.293982
0.287771
0.280232
0.271710

0.005042
0.020958
0.035728
0.049248
0.061473

0.281026
0.277795
0.272968
0.266865
0.259775

0.003151
0.017397
0.030792
0.043211
0.054585

0.265522
0.263201
0.259435
0.254478
0.248566

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.103359
0.113836
0.122574
0.129768
0.135600

0.284786
0.271881
0.259031
0.246396
0.234096

0.091422
0.101765
0.110558
0.117948
0.124081

0.273482
0.262308
0.251016
0.239772
0.228703

0.081182
0.091245
0.099943
0.107383
0.113679

0.262499
0.252844
0.242947
0.232968
0.223037

0.072408
0.082092
0.090585
0.097963
0.104309

0.251953
0.243617
0.234952
0.226111
0.217219

0.064890
0.074132
0.082345
0.089576
0.095884

0.241914
0.234714
0.227129
0.219302
0.211349

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3

1.4

0.140240
0.143840
0.146541
0.148466
0.149725

0.222213
0.210805
0.199904
0.189529
0.179687

0.129097
0.133125
0.136286
0.138689
0.140432

0.217904
0.207442
0.197366
0.187705
0.178478

0.118941
0.123277
0.126788
0.129570
0.131709

0.213253
0.203692
0.194410
0.185446
0.176827

0.109709
0.114251
0.118019
0.121092
0.123548

0.208376
0.199660
0.191133
0.182840
0.174814

0.101336
0.105999
0.109942
0.113232
0.115935

0.203368
0.195438
0.187620
0.179965
0.172510

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.150415
0.150622
0.150418
0.149870
0.149032

0.170371
0.161572
0.153274
0.145457
0.138100

0.141604
0.142283
0.142540
0.142434
0.142021

0.169691
0.161343
0.153429
0.145938
0.138855

0.133284
0.134367
0.135021
0.135305
0.135269

0.168569
0.160680
0.153161
0.146009
0.139217

0.125454
0.126877
0.127873
0.128495
0.128792

0.167078
0.159646
0.152526
0.145721
0.139229

0.118109
0.119812
0.121096
0.122010
0.122597

0.165281
0.158299
0.151576
0.145120
0.138933

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.147953
0.146675
0.145234
0.143660
0.141982

0.131180
0.124674
0.118558
0.112810
0.107408

0.141347
0.140453
0.139375
0.138145
0.136789

0.132164
0.125849
0.119891
0.114272
0.108973

0.134959
0.134414
0.133669
0.132755
0.131699

0.132773
0.126667
0.120885
0.115413
0.110236

0.128805
0.128574
0.128130
0.127506
0.126726

0.133045
0.127161
0.121569
0.116258
0.111218

0.122897
0.122945
0.122773
0.122411
0.121884

0.133015
0.127363
0.121972
0.116834
0.111942

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.140220
0.138395
0.136523
0.134619
0.132693

0.102329
0.097554
0.093062
0.088837
0.084859

0.135331
0.133791
0.132187
0.130533
0.128842

0.103977
0.099265
0.094822
0.090631
0.086677

0.130524
0.129252
0.127900
0.126483
0.125016

0.105339
0.100709
0.096330
0.092189
0.088273

0.125814
0.124792
0.123676
0.122484
0.121229

0.106436
0.101901
0.097601
0.093523
0.089658

0.121215
0.120424
0.119530
0.118548
0.117492

0.107286
0.102858
0.098648
0.094646
0.090842

3.0

0.130757 0.081113

0.127125 0.082944

0.123510 0.084568

X= 2.6

x= 2.7

X= 2.5

0.116375 0.087227

*=2.8

*=2.9

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.001930
0.014698
0.026841
0.038226
0.048773

0.251723
0.250050
0.247092
0.243042
0.238092

0.001159
0.012635
0.023653
0.034087
0.043849

0.239403
0.238187
0.235838
0.232504
0.228337

0.000682
0.011037
0.021057
0.030626
0.039656

0.228355
0.227458
0.225569
0.222800
0.219268

0.000394
0.009778
0.018918
0.027707
0.036064

0.218399
0.217722
0.216181
0.213858
0.210843

0.000223
0.008769
0.017134
0.025225
0.032967

0.209377
0.208854
0.207577
0.205607
0.203014

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.058437
0.067205
0.075088
0.082112
0.088317

0.232420
0.226190
0.219546
0.212614
0.205504

0.052885
0.061167
0.068691
0.075467
0.081521

0.223482
0.218077
0.212247
0.206103
0.199744

0.048090
0.055890
0.063043
0.069548
0.075416

0.215093
0.210387
0.205258
0.199804
0.194111

0.043930
0.051264
0.058046
0.064266
0.069927

0.207232
0.203119
0.198594
0.193741
0.188638

0.040304
0.047194
0.053611
0.059543
0.064986

0.199873
0.196262
0.192256
0.187927
0.183344

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.093751
0.098466
0.102518
0.105960
0.108848

0.198307
0.191099
0.183943
0.176889
0.169977

0.086885
0.091598
0.095702
0.099243
0.102264

0.193255
0.186707
0.180163
0.173670
0.167270

0.080670
0.085338
0.089451
0.093044
0.096155

0.188258
0.182311
0.176328
0.170357
0.164438

0.075043
0.079632
0.083718
0.087328
0.090492

0.183354
0.177950
0.172480
0.166990
0.161519

0.069944
0.074431
0.078462
0.082059
0.085245

0.178568
0.173654
0.168651
0.163603
0.158547

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.111233
0.113165
0.114690
0.115851
0.116689

0.163237
0.156692
0.150359
0.144249
0.138368

0.104811
0.106925
0.108647
0.110016
0.111067

0.160996
0.154872
0.148918
0.143147
0.137569

0.098820
0.101076
0.102957
0.104498
0.105730

0.158604
0.152882
0.147292
0.141851
0.136571

0.093239
0.095601
0.097608
0.099288
0.100671

0.156099
0.150758
0.145518
0.140395
0.135403

0.088044
0.090482
0.092584
0.094376
0.095882

0.153515
0.148534
0.143625
0.138807
0.134094

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.117239
0.117534
0.117606
0.117481
0.117184

0.132720
0.127305
0.122121
0.117164
0.112428

0.111834
0.112347
0.112635
0.112723
0.112633

0.132191
0.127015
0.122042
0.117271
0.112699

0.106683
0.107386
0.107864
0.108140
0.108238

0.131459
0.126522
0.121762
0.117180
0.112775

0.101783
0.102649
0.103293
0.103737
0.104002

0.130553
0.125851
0.121303
0.116911
0.112676

0.097127
0.098133
0.098922
0.099513
0.099925

0.129498
0.125027
0.120688
0.116484
0.112419

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.116737
0.116160
0.115471
0.114685
0.113816

0.107909
0.103597
0.099487
0.095570
0.091838

0.112389
0.112008
0.111508
0.110904
0.110210

0.108322
0.104136
0.100133
0.096309
0.092657

0.108177
0.107975
0.107648
0.107213
0.106682

0.108546
0.104489
0.100601
0.096876
0.093310

0.104105
0.104066
0.103898
0.103617
0.103236

0.108597
0.104674
0.100905
0.097284
0.093810

0.100177
0.100284
0.100261
0.100122
0.099879

0.108493
0.104707
0.101058
0.097546
0.094168

3.0

0.112878 0.088283

0.109439 0.089170

See Examples 12-19.

w(x)=e-^ +

w(-x+iy)=w(x+iy)
w(iy

ye

y2

erfc

0.106067 0.089898

2l
-

0.102767 0.090479

0.099544 0.090921

e~ x2 fV 2 dt

w(x-iy)=2ey2 - x2 (cos 2xy+i sin 2xy)~w(x+iy)

4(l+i)u]=e- 2 '" 2 |l+(i-l)[c(2M)+iS(2u)]|

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

328

ERROR FUNCTION FOR COMPLEX ARGUMENTS

Table 7.9

@w(z) Jw{z)

0tw(z) Jw(z)

*=3.0

*-3.1

erfc(-iz)

?Jw(z) Jw(z)

-x+iy

*=3.2

*=3.3

o.o
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.000123
0.007943
0.015627
C.023095
0.030279

0.201157
0.200742
0.199669
0.197980
0.195732

0.000067
0.007254
0.014338
0.021250
0.027929

0.193630
0.193292
0.192376
0.190915
0.188951

0.000036
0.006670
0.013225
0.019639
0.025862

0.186704
0.186421
0.185630
0.184354
0.182626

0.000019
0.006167
0.012252
0.018222
0.024032

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.037126
0.043598
0.049665
0.055311
0.060529

0.192984
0.189798
0.186239
0.182368
0.178243

0.034328
0.040407
0.046141
0.051509
0.056501

0.186532
0.183709
0.180534
0.177061
0.173340

0.031849
0.037565
0.042983
0.048083
0.052854

0.180484
0.177970
0.175128
0.172003
0.168637

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.065318
0.069685
0.073641
0.077202
0.080385

0.173918
0.169445
0.164866
0.160223
0.155551

0.061114
0.065350
0.069216
0.072722
0.075883

0.169418
0.165339
0.161145
0.156872
0.152553

0.057289
0.061387
0.065151
0.068589
0.071711

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.083210
0.085697
0.087870
0.089749
0.091355

0.150880
0.146236
0.141640
0.137113
0.132667

0.078712
0.081229
0.083450
0.085394
0.087080

0.148217
0.143888
0.139588
0.135335
0.131146

0.092711
0.093835
0.094748
0.095467
0.096010

0.128317
0.124071
0.119936
0.115919
0.112023

0.088525
0.089749
0.090767
0.091597
0.092255

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.096393
0.096632
0.096739
0.096729
0.096613

0.108249
0.104600
0.101076
0.097674
0.094395

0.092754
0.093110
0.093336
0.093442
0.093442

3.0

0.096402 0.091236

*=3.4

0.180061
0.179369
0.178245
0.176715

0.000010
0.005728
0.011394
0.016966
0.022403

0.174362
0.174152
0.173542
0.172545
0.171181

0.029643
0.035022
0.040144
0.044989
0.049544

0.174808
0.172560
0.170006
0.167184
0.164132

0.027670
0.032738
0.037582
0.042185
0.046532

0.169475
0.167455
0.165151
0.162596
0.159821

0.165072
0.161349
0.157502
0.153567
0.149572

0.053801
0.057757
0.061413
0.064773
0.067844

0.160886
0.157480
0.153948
0.150320
0.146623

0.050615
0.054428
0.057971
0.061246
0.064258

0.156858
0.153738
0.150490
0.147141
0.143717

0.074529
0.077055
0.079306
0.081297
0.083044

0.145545
0.141510
0.137488
0.133495
0.129548

0.070636
0.073158
0.075423
0.077445
0.079236

0.142882
0.139120
0.135357
0.131609
0.127892

0.067012
0.069518
0.071785
0.073823
0.075646

0.140239
0.136731
0.133209
0.129691
0.126192

0.127031
0.123003
0.119068
0.115233
0.111503

0.084562
0.085867
0.086974
0.087900
0.088657

0.125660
0.121840
0.118099
0.114442
0.110875

0.080811
0.082182
0.083364
0.084370
0.085213

0.124219
0.120600
0.117045
0.113560
0.110153

0.077263
0.078687
0.079930
0.081004
0.081921

0.122723
0.119296
0.115919
0.112602
0.109349

0.107881
0.104370
0.100969
0.097680
0.094502

0.089259
0.089719
0.090050
0.090263
0.090368

0.107403
0.104027
0.100751
0.097575
0.094499

0.085905
0.086458
0.086883
0.087190
0.087391

0.106827
0.103586
0.100433
0.097369
0.094396

0.082690
0.083324
0.083832
0.084225
0.084511

0.106166
0.103057
0.100026
0.097073
0.094202

0.093345 0.091434

*=3.5

0fw(z) Jw(z)

w(z) ./w(z)

X 3.6

0.090375 0.091523

C. 180302

0.084700 0.091413

0.087493 0.091513

*=3.9

*=3.8

*=3.7

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.000005
0.005340
0.010633
0.015846
0.020944

0.168830
0.168645
0.168102
0.167212
0.165990

0.000002
0.004995
0.009952
0.014841
0.019632

0.163662
0.163498
0.163011
0.162211
0.161111

0.000001
0.004685
0.009339
0.013935
0.018446

0.158821
0.158673
0.158235
0.157513
0.156516

0.000001
0.004406
0.008786
0.013115
0.017370

0.154273
0.154140
0.153743
0.153088
0.152183

0.000000
0.004153
0.008282
0.012368
0.016389

0.149992
0.149871
0.149510
0.148913
0.148088

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.025897
0.030677
0.035263
0.039637
0.043785

0.164456
0.162633
0.160548
0.158227
0.155698

0.024297
0.028812
0.033158
0.037316
0.041274

0.159725
0.158075
0.156181
0.154066
0.151755

0.022847
0.027118
0.031239
0.035195
0.038974

0.155260
0.153760
0.152034
0.150102
0.147985

0.021529
0.025574
0.029486
0.033253
0.036861

0.151040
0.149672
0.148094
0.146324
0.144380

0.020326
0.024162
0.027880
0.031469
0.034916

0.147044
0.145792
0.144346
0.142721
0.140931

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.047698
0.051370
0.054798
0.057984
0.060928

0.152988
0.150124
0.147132
0.144038
0.140862

0.045023
0.048556
0.051869
0.054962
0.0578^5

0.149271
0.146637
0.143878
0.141014
0.138067

0.042565
0.045962
0.049161
0.052159
0.054958

0.145703
0.143277
0.140727
0.138074
0.135336

0.040301
0.043567
0.046653
0.049558
0.052279

0.142279
0.140039
0.137680
0.135218
0.132671

0.038212
0.041352
0.044328
0.047139
0.049783

0.138993
0.136922
0.134735
0.132448
0.130076

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.063637
0.066116
0.068374
0.070419
0.072260

0.137628
0.134354
0.131058
0.127755
0.124460

0.060491
0.062936
0.065176
0.067217
0.069068

0.135056
0.131999
0.128913
0.125812
0.122709

0.057557
0.059962
0.062177
0.064206
0.066058

0.132530
0.129674
0.126782
0.123869
0.120947

0.054819
0.057179
0.059362
0.061374
0.063219

0.130054
0.127384
0.124673
0.121935
0.119182

0.052260
0.054572
0.056720
0.058708
0.060540

0.127633
0.125133
0.122591
0.120016
0.117422

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.073908
0.075373
0.076666
0.077796
0.078774

0.121185
0.117940
0.114735
0.111578
0.108474

0.070736
0.072232
0.073563
0.074739
0.075770

0.119617
0.116545
0.113503
0.110500
0.107540

0.067738
0.069254
0.070615
0.071829
0.072902

0.118027
0.115120
0.112234
0.109377
0.106556

0.064903
0.066433
0.067815
0.069058
0.070166

0.116425
0.113673
0.110935
0.108218
0.105530

0.062222
0.063759
0.065156
0.066420
0.067556

0.114817
0.112212
0.109614
0.107031
0.104469

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.079611
0.080316
0.080898
0.081366
0.081730

0.105431
0.102451
0.099538
0.096696
0.093927

0.076664
0.077430
0.078076
0.078612
0.079044

0.104631
0.101777
0.098981
0.096247
0.093577

0.073845
0.074663
0.075366
0.075961
0.076455

0.103777
0.101044
0.098362
0.095734
0.093162

0.071149
0.072013
0.072764
0.073411
0.073959

0.102875
0.100260
0.097688
0.095163
0.092688

0.068572
0.069474
0.070267
0.070959
0.071555

0.101935
0.099433
0.096968
0.094543
0.092162

3.0

0.081996 0.091230

If

*>3.9or j 3 w(z)

If

6ory>6

0.079381 0.090973

w(z) = izl

0.076855 0.090649

0.5124242
0.05176536\
2752551 z2 -2.724745f ?K2)
"

0.072061 0.089826

0.074415 0.090265

0.4613135
0.09999216 0.002883894 \
+
2
vz -0.1901635 z
-5.5253437/
1.7844927
|i?(*)i<10-

(Z)

, ..

'(z)\

, rt

lO" 6

ERROR FUNCTION AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

329

COMPLEX ZEROS OF THE ERROR FUNCTION

erf z =0

Xn

1.45061
2.24465
2.83974
3.33546
3.76900

z n *7!.+ '2/n

Xn

Vn

616
928
105
074
557

Table 7.10

1.88094
2.61657
3.17562
3.64617
4.06069

300
514
810
438
723

15899
51631
84797
15876
45219

6
7
8
9

10

erf z=erf

Vn

4.43557
4.78044
5.10158
5.40333
5. 68883

840
940
031
791
220

144
764
804
264
744

(-z)=erf z=erf (-z n )=0

V"^ ""^
2

- 1

From H.
1955

E. Salzer,

Complex

/T^r

function, J. Franklin

the error

zeros of

(n>0)

Inst. 260, 209-211,

(with permission).

COMPLEX ZEROS OF FRESNEL INTEGRALS

C(z.)=0

Zn

=xn + iljn

S(zl)=0

Zn

= xn +*yn

Xn

Vn

0.0000
1. 7437
2.6515
3. 3208
3.8759
4.

Xn

0.0000
0. 3057
0.2529
0. 2239
0.2047

3611

0.

Table 7.11

Vn

0.0000
2.

0.0000
0. 2886
0.2443
0. 2185
0.2008

0093

2.8335
3. 4675
4.0026

1909

4.

4742

0.

1877

U
C
t
(
(
(
C
C, - x (C
z
=
=
z
s {Zn) =g(- n) =g(?n) g (-Zn) S (' n) =g(-iz n ) = s (~^n)= g (lZn ) =
I

in( T V4-i)

i
Xw "- Vpur^i
*

x2(4n -1)3/2

>(*V4w-l)
Vn
*--^4ft-l

(>0)
ln

~9

In

(W

w)

ln(27rVw)
Vn-

2ttVw

MAX! MA AND MINIMA OF FRESNEL INTEGItAL S

ft

Mn =C(^n+l)
Mn

H= C(V4n + 3)

Mn = 8{^j4:n + 2)

Table 7.12

5(V4 w + 4)

Ml

rrin

3
4

779893
0.640807
0.605721
0.588128
0.577121

0.321056
0.380389
0.404260
0.417922
0.427036

0.713972
0. 628940
0. 600361
0. 584942
0.574957

0.343415
0. 387969
0.408301
0.420516
0. 428877

0.

569413

0.433666

0.567822

0.435059

0.

1
2

Mn

>r2(4ft+l)2-3

t3(4w+1)5/2

mn ~2

^(471+3)2-3
7r3(4n+3)5/2
(ft

Mn ~2 +
1

r2(4ft+2)2-3

From G. N. Watson,

7r3(4ft+2)5/ 2

n ~2

32^3(ft+l)5/2

treatise on the theory of Bessel functions, 2d ed.

Press, Cambridge, England, 1958 (with permission).

16^(71 + 1)2-3

Cambridge Univ.

8.

Legendre Functions
Irene A. Stegun

Contents
Page
332

Mathematical Properties
Notation
Equation
Relations Between Legendre Functions
Values on the Cut

332
332
333
333
333
333
334
335
335
335
335
336
337
337
337
339
339
340
342

8.1. Differential
8.2.
8.3.

8.4. Explicit

Expressions

Recurrence Relations
Values
8.7. Trigonometric Expansions
8.8. Integral Representations
8.9. Summation Formulas
8.10. Asymptotic Expansions
8.11. Toroidal Functions
8.12. Conical Functions
8.5.

8.6. Special

8.13. Relation to Elliptic Integrals

8.14. Integrals

Numerical Methods
8.15. Use and Extension

of the Tables
References
Table 8.1. Legendre Function-First Kind P n (x) (x<l)
x=0(.01)l, n=0(l)3, 9, 10, 5-8D
Table 8.2. Derivative of the Legendre Function-First Kind P'n (x)
344
(x<l)
x=0(.01)l, n=l(l)4, 9, 10, 5-7D
Table 8.3. Legendre Function-Second Kind Q(x) (x<l)
346
x=0(.01)l, n=0(l)3, 9, 10, 8D
Table 8.4. Derivative of the Legendre Function-Second Kind Q'n (x)
(x<l)
348
x=0(.01)l, 7i=0(l)3, 9, 10, 6-8D
Table 8.5. Legendre Function-First Kind P(x) (x>l)
350
x=l(.2)10, 7i=0(l)5, 9, 10, exact or 6S
Table 8.6. Derivative of the Legendre Function-First Kind P'n (x)
351
(x>l)
x=l(.2)10, 7i=l(l)5, 9, 10, 6S
Table 8.7. Legendre Function-Second Kind Q n (x) (x>l)
352
x=l(.2)10, n=0(l)3, 9, 10, 6S
Table 8.8. Derivative of the Legendre Function-Second Kind Q'n (x)
(x>l)
353
x=l(.2)10, 7i=0(l)3, 9, 10, 6S
The author acknowledges the assistance of Ruth E. Capuano, Elizabeth F. Godefroy,

David S. Liepman, and Bertha H. Walter

and examples.
1

in the preparation

and checking

of the tables

National Bureau of Standards.

331

Legendre Functions

8.

Mathematical Properties
Notation

8.1. Differential

The conventions used

and

are z=x-\-iy, x, y real,

always means a real number
I<x< 1 with cos 8=x where

likewise a real

is

(1_2)

in particular, x

in the interval

integers or zero;

number; n and m are positive

and n are unrestricted except

(x) for

Pnm {x)

(Degree

g=l,

and order n with

j<

at

n, v arbi-

Py( z )> Qt ( z ) Associated Legendre Functions (Spherical Harmonics) of the First and Second Kinds 2
|arg(g-fcl)|<7r,

T%(x) for (-l) mP0)

for P?(g), 0?(s) for

|arg 2J<7r

(g2-l)i"= (2-l)^( 2 +l)i"

(For P(z),
chapter 22.)

W{z)

singularities

branch points

as ordinary

oo

trary complex constants.)

n\P n (x)
(2n-l)H

(-l) mP%(x)

for

d^- 2z dz~ +[v(v+1) -l=z-> =0

Solutions

where otherwise indicated.

Other notations are
n

Equation

8.1.1

(^z>l)

#(g)

m=0, Legendre polynomials,

see

8.1.2

Q?(a) for *"*$? (a)

Sin

Q?(z) for

SlU

+U)7r

(|1-2|<2)

<2f (e)
V7T

(For P(a,

Various other definitions of the functions occur

as well as mixing of definitions.

8.1.3

<#(g)

= e^2 M r(y +^+ 1)

r

Ha 2 -l)^p(l+|+| |+|+g; F+J

may

geometric function, see

be obtained by means of
v

V6-H>
815 n(a)
P'to -

2 V-*r(-^-,) 2 -^ (2 2_i),/ 2r(

transformation

the

(2

T +
.-"<*W-

/l

\
J

H)
,

,f M. 3.
y
m
F77-/1
(2-2-2' 1+ 2-2- 2'

F(0, *>)=

.'

v
[

sin m<p)

m=n.

0)

A'
J

pb '(--! H-fH*")

+1) -''

(k i<i)

F(-,, l+i

(|2

!|<1)

!+*?)
1

!+>;

i-

^)

called surface harmonics of the first kind, tesseral for

(|i e|<2)

m<Cn and

sectoral

With O<0<tt, 0<<p<2ir, they are everywhere one valued and continuous functions on the surface
= sin 6 cos <p, y = sine sin <p and z=cos0.

unit sphere x 2 +2/ 2 +2 2 =l where x

332

Pr(cos

'

for

hyper-

the

,3.

m.

2"

The functions

of

G+H) r H-i)

+rMd+i)*b-i)- '* (->

2

formulas

-i)" /2 r(i+!

*%p^
1

l+

^(,2+2-2' "2
2T(+i03 H ""

_,_ M)
1

8-1-6

M. 1.

j_
2- 2
^T?(("2-2' 2+2-2-

P?(g)=2.K^-D-J

8.1.5

(|*|>D

[8.1].)
'

8.1.4

see chapter 15.)

Forms

Alternate

(Additional forms

6; c; z)

of the

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS
'

333

a+ -+?)
v

2r

1+ 2~2/

zT

(>+!+!)

giijirt^-v)

/l

/x

^V2~2~2
\2^2

,1+

m. 3.

(|*

2-2'2'V

|<1)

2/

Wronskian

(Upper and lower signs according as j^-gO.)

8.1.8
8.3.2

F(P^),<2?( 2 )}=

P$(z)=:e^P>;(xiO)

'

_ z )r
(1

(^l?)

r (n=sr)

8.3.3

= -Mre-" T [e-* ''^(x+<0)

i

!F{P(2),(2)J=-(2 -l)-'

8.1.9
8.2.

-e-to'Q'ixiO)]

Relations Between Legendre Functions

8.3.4
i
i
Q'i(x)= :ke- >*[e-v> *Q v {x+i$)+e^Q v (x iO)]
,1

lx

Negative Degree

(Formulas for P?(x) and Qt(x) are obtained with

P v _ (z)=P?(z)

8.2.1

(1

8.2.2

Q*_i(z)=

21 by (1 x)e u
2+1 by x+1 for z=xiD.)

the replacement of

)e

i,r
,

TTe "* COS V7rP?(2)

8.4. Explicit

+Q?G0

sin

[TT^+^U/sin [tt^-m)]

Negative Argument (^/zlgO)

Po()

(z

1)

by

Expressions

(a;=cos
8.4.1

=l

0)

Po(x)

=l

8.2.3

P?(-z)=e* rP?(z)-i>

e-'"

sin

[tt^+m)]^^)

7T

8.4.2

^)=|ln(ji)

Qo(,)=iln(i|)

8.2.4

=xP(il;f;x 2 )

Negative Order
8.2.5

8.2.6

8.4.3

a-"(^)=6Degree

^ r('+M+l) #

+5

Pi(z)

=z

(x)=x=cos0

a( x)^ln(l|)-l

ti=|ln(?i)-l
(g)

8.4.5

and Order a+J

^2>0

(z)=(3z2 -1)

(x)=M3a;2 -l)

=J(3 cos 20+1)

8 2 7

p-e-J|

,
1/
~'-V(g -i)

8.4.6

\^

*r)vr(-F-M)
(K

Q2 (3)=|p2 (2)ln(j^)

&(*)

8.2.8

3x
2*

32
'2

=-i(i7T) 1/2 r(- <-M)(s 2 -i) 1/4 e-^ P?(2)

,r

8.5.

8.3.

Values on the Cut

(Both

P>i

Recurrence Relations

and Q?

satisfy the

same recurrence

relations.)

(-1<3<1)

Varying Order

8.3.1

8.5.1

PZ(x)=Ue ii*P!:(x+iO)+e-i "P ;(x-iO)]

i

P? +1 (s) = (s2 -1)- {("-m)sP?(3)-("+m)P?-i(2)}

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

334

8.6.9

8.5.2
(2

2_ 1) ^i) =

(i;

dz

+ M)(,_ M+ l)( 2 2_ 1) ip r

l(

2)

PT(a)=(^)

-i*P>M

{[z+(z2 -l) 1/2 ]' + *

^a^

-[z+^-l)

Varying Degree

1/2

]-"-*}

8.5.3
(y

-M+l)P?+i(2)=(2+l)aP?(8)-('+M)-P:-i(a)

8.6.10
Ql( 2

8.5.4

(z

= i(i w.)V2( 02 _ 1 )-lM[2+ (^_ 1 )l/2]-,-i

-l) ^^=^Pif(2)-(v+M)P?-i(s)
8.6.11

Varying Order and Degree

^(^)=^(2x) 1/2
8.5.5

P? +1 (2)=P^

(2)

+ (2v+l)(2

-l)4Pr

1/

%+( 2 -l) ]
2

1/2

(2)

8.6.12

Special Values

8.6.

^^"

x=0

PKcos 9)=(4t)"*

(sin 0)~* cos [(*+*)*]

8.6.1

8.6.13

Pf(0)
=2"*--* cos [M+/)]r(ii'+i/+i)/r(ii'-*M+i)
8.6.2

0(cos 0)=-{f7r)4

(sin 0)"4 sin [(*+*)*]

8.6.14

^(0) =

-2"-M

1
P;i(cos'0)=(i7r)-('+f)- (sin 0)~* sin [(v+*)0]

sin

[M*+M)]T(*'+iM+*)/B(i'-i/+l)
8.6.15

8.6.3

Q r i(cos0)=-(27r)i(2'+l)2+ 1 7r-*sm

(sin0)-i cos [(v+*)0]

[M"+m)] r(^+^+i)/r(^-lM+i)

8.6.4

P:"{z)-

8.6.16

L dx

2M

X=o

[M"+ M)l

cos

r(4F+i/+i)/r-(J-*M+*)

2-"0 2 -l)*"
r(F+i)

P^icosd)-

8.6.17

ey
r(v+i)

2 ""(sin

8.6.5

M=0, y=w

M=m=l,

2, 3,

(Rodrigues' Formula)
.

8.6.6

^P,

Pr(z)

= (z

P"(aj)

= (- i)(i -x

-l)* m

8.6.18
"2"w!

ete

^2"

2 )J'

dmPr {x)

8.6.19

&(x)=4P n (x)

In

^pW^Cx)

dx"

8.6.7

where

^( = (3 -l)i-^M,
2

2)

Qr(x)-=(-l) m (l-a;2 )^

dm Q y (x)
dx m

2n
'5(w-2)

8.6.8

Pj(2)

= (2

= t^.-.(^.-()
2

-l)-

/"(27r)-

1/ 2

{[2+(2 2 -l) 1 / 2 ]"+i

+ [2+(2

-l)

1/2

]---i}

TF_,(z)=0

P- 5 (x)+..

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

335

=0,1

5P

8.6.20

'(

[
8.6.21

r dP^'( cos

] =2

g ) "|

ov

|_

8.6.22

g)

In (cos $0)

=-tan^-2cot|0ln(cos^)

J=o

PPy~^

S g)

=-itan^sin ^+sin0ln(cos^)
2

Trigonometric Expansions (O<^0<Or)

8.7.

0)=x-^+'(sin

8.7.1

P?(cos

8.7.2

$(cos

8.7.3

P,( COS(

8.7.4

,(cos

0) =7r

^(sin

0)"

r
0)"

y^ S
+

,)=^|;[sin

f+

1)

(M+

M?

+1)t

k+*M^M+l)

m +l),+|i sin (B+3) 9+

)=|3! [co

(+l) fl+ |Lcs (+3, 9+

8.8.
(z

^(g)= r(

8.8.1

"~''~ 1
*)

(sinn

^^|l|| cos (+5)+

^ )2

"

+1

and

.]

.]

(^(-m)>^>-1)

-!)"^ f"[2+(2 2 -l)^coshi]->'-''- (sinh0 2

1

8.8.2

ff(g)=

8.8.3

C.(8)=4f (s-0- 1 P*(0*=(-i) ,,+I .(-)

(g

[(,+M-2&+l)0]

Integral Representations

^^r( "+i) X" (2+cosh

w^2i7 w>+Mt!l

cos

^^a|?L sin (+5)

not on the real axis between

^n [(,++2*+l)*]

(^(vm+1)>0)

(For other integral representations see

8.9.

[8.2].)

Summation Formulas

8.9.1

(2m+l)Pm ( 2 )Pm a) = (n+l)[P n+1 ^)P n (2)-Pn (^P n+1 ( 2)]

(f-)S
771=0

8.9.2

(?-2)S(2m+l)Pm ( 2)Qm (|)=l-(+l)[PB+1 (s)Qn (|)-PB (g)(2

71

m=0

8.10.

),

+1 tt)]

Asymptotic Expansions

For fixed z and v and ,^V>oo 8.10.1-8.10.3 are asymptotic expansions if 3 is not on the
between oo and 1 and + and +1. (Upper or lower signs according as J^2^0.)

real

axis

8.10.2

Q&)=W r r ^+|
(

far

1)

(i=i)

^- y |/<- F
)

'

sin

i<7r

sin

/i7T

"+ 1 1+ ^
'

(iTT)'
'

- e=F "'

7"*""' " +1;

1+m; i-iz)

' 2)

(fxiT^-"'

v+1; 1+m;

*~* 2)

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

336
8.10.3

^) r

;%y [>- (Sf n-

v,

*-

H-u i+

"(Si)*"
With

by p,

F( " Fi r+lj 1+m;

*+

w]

an asymptotic expansion for P7"(z) for fixed z and and

p
oo and 1.
For fixed z and ju and 3%v->> 8.10.4 and 8.10.6 are asymptotic expansions if z is not on the real
axis between = and 1 and +< and +1; 8.10.5 if z is not on the real axis between and +1.
if 2 is

ju

replaced

8.1.2

is

not on the real axis between

i>

r(

1)

8.10.4

p?(z)=(2tt)-*(z 2 -i)- 1/4

8.10.5

r()=^flfHM- vl1

r (t+| )

{[g+^-i^TO+M, i-M? t +*; z ^-i)0

fc-C^-WWtt+ft

+ie"- cos M7r[z-(02 -i)*r^(i+M, |-m; i+j;

The

8.10.7

related asymptotic expansion for

P:(cos

g)

= r(r j'|| 1) (**

(

8.10.8

#(cos g)=

Pt v (z) may be

sin *)" cos [(*+*)

1)

r (|+|)

[.7]

and

"^.f^*

"a^-^^*

derived from 8.10.4 together with 8.2.1.

0-^+^f

1+OOr

(2^0)* cos K"+^+l+f]+0("-

For other asymptotic expansions, see

l-ju;f+v;

(eK*-, f>0)

[8.9].

Toroidal Functions (or Ring Functions)

8.11.

(Only special properties are given; other properties and representations follow from the earlier
sections.)

= [T{l-p)}-

8.11.1

P?_ } (cosh v )

8112

P (on*h V}\irn^vsn

8.11.3

8114

2 2\l-e-^)-^e-^ + ^F{h-ti,

r(n+m+|)(sinh y) m
f*
r (n _ m+ i) 2V5Fr(m+|) Jo

h+v-p; 1-2 M l-e~ 2^

;

(sin y)

"^

(cosh ij+cos ^ sinh

ij)

B+m+*

1
i
Qj_ 4 (cosh r,)=[r(l+0]- V^Fe '-r(i+''+M)(l-e- 2'')''e- (, + i ''P(i+M,
'

O"
,(cosh^W-i(cosh,)-

~ 1)mr(w+ ^
r (cogh
r(ri _ m +
j
,

coshmtdt
?+cogh ^ ginh

^+"+m; 1+f;

e~ 2n )

^ n+i

(7>>m)
(

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

337

Conical Functions

8.12.

8.13.2

P_j(cosh7

8.13.3

fl _,

(P_VHx(cos0),e*-Hx(cos0))
(Only special properties are given
properties

as

other

and representations follow from

earlier

v= |+iX

sections with
2

(X,

a real parameter) and

= COS 6.)

K A-anh |)

)=r|cosh|l

W _^x(^)

Q_ i (coshj )=2e-" /2ii'(e-'')

8.13.4

8.13.5
8.12.1

P_i+,x(cos0)

4X 2 +1 2
l-

p (,)=|(,+Vi^D(

sin'

22

^f2+32) s^|+

(4X2+1

(0<*O)

/^^)

Pj(cosh

8.13.6

=- ^ # (Vl-^"
/2

17)

')

7T

8.13.7

P_ i+rt (cos

8.12.2

6)

=P_*_
9

8.12.3

Joo

x(cos 6)

cosh \tdt

P_. +iX (cos0)=- f

"T

-y/2

(cos

i cos

0)

8.12.4

#_$=ra(cos

0)

cos \tdt

= i sinh X^
J

-^2 (cosh t-\-cos 6)

+ /.

V2(cosh

t cos

0)

8.12.5

P_j +i x( cos

8.13.9

P_j(cos)=^Ain|)

5)

+ Q_

{x)=k{^^

i _ iX (cos (9)]

Relation to Elliptic Integrals

(see

Q.

8.13.10

[Q_ i+i x(cos

8.13.1

P_j(x)=|ii:(^=i)

e)

cosh Xt

8.13.

8.13.8

cosh Xfr^

8.13.11

chapter 17)

P^-^K (VS)

AW J[(1 /0)-i (^)]

8.13.12

&(*)=#

/^)-2 (^y/^)

(A

8.14. Integrals
8.14.1

j"

(x)Q p (x)dx=[(p-v)( P +v+l)]-i

(<% P ><%v>0)

Q,(x)Q;(x)da;=[(p-')(p+v+l)]-Wp+l)-^(i;+l)]

8.14.2

(#(p+f)>-1, p+f+1^0;

Jj
j,

8.14.3

[Q v {x)\

1,a

[P > (x)I\fa=

J-i

2, 3,

.)

{0tv>-\)
smirvsmT P [yKv+l)-t(p+l)] + Trsm

(wp-irv)}

7T

J-i
8.14.6

1,

(x)PP (x)dx=-9 [(p-v)( P +v+l)]- 1 {2

dx=(2v+\)- +'{v+l)

-1

8.14.5

p?^

- 2(Bi
>7J'+^
^("+2)

(p+,,+ 1^0)

(y+l >

(x)Qp (x)dx=[(pv)(p-{-v-\-l)]~

[4/(v Jrl)\l/(p-\-l)][l

+ cos

p-w

cos vk\-k sin (e7r p?r)]

(p+v+1^0;

v,

p^-1, -2, -3,

.)

[^(x)] 2^=(2.+l)- 1 {|7r2 -^(.+l)[l

8.14.7

J_

+ (cos.7r)

]}

(v^-1, -2, -3,

.)

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

338
8.14.8

Py(x)QP (x)dx=[(v-p)( P +v+l)]- 1

/l-cos

(/wr W)

-| sin

m> cos

ir[f(?+l)$(p+l)]\

(@v>0, @p>0, p*v)

8.14.9

C P (x)Q (x)dx=--(2v+l)v

(@v>0)

sm2vTnfr'(v+l)

(m,n,

positive integers)
*

8.14.13

8.14.10

[P^(x)] 2dx=(n+h)~ 1 (n+m)\/(n-m)\

8.14.14

8.14.11

PS(x)Pf (x)dx=0

(l-a;2 )- 1 [Pr(a;)Nx=(7i+m)!/m(n-m)!

\l^n)

8.14.15
1

(Mm)

p^(a;)P4(x)(l-x 2 )- 1cZx=0

8.14.12

^2-p-irCl+p)

Py(x)x pdx-

II

r(i+ip-^)r(| P +i,+|)
(# P >-i)

8.14.16

f'

(sin

ti-'P-'fcos

2-Mrr(j+lM)r(j-iM)

tWt-

(^(aM)>0)

8.14.17

Pr m (2)=(s2 -i)- im

rp,()((*2) w

8.14.18

m
m 2
m
Q: (2)=(-i) (0 -i)-*

For other

J"

integrals, see [8.2], [8.4]

Q,(g)(dg)*
2.0

and chapter

22.

i.5

1.0

Li

.6

L
.8

1.0

A
/

-1.0

-1.5

Figure

8.1.

P(cos

0).

w=0(l)3.

Figure

8.2.

Pk(x).

n=l(l)3, x<l.

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

339

Q
i

10

^^-

i\

io-'

-\

-\\
\

E\
\

\
\

\\

"

\
\

IO

Figure

P n (x).

8.3.

^S

=
-

123456789

Qo

1 \

ICf

r\

\
\

\
10

n=0(l)3, x>l.

IO"

Q n ;x)
i

1.5

IO

.5

Figure

8.5.

Q n (x).

ra=0(l)3,

10

x>l.

\
1:

^f- \
\

-.5

7
/

\
234 56789

Numerical Methods

,/;},
/ /

'-o

8.15.

Use and Extension of the Tables

/
<"
x

Computation of P n (x)

//
'

'

''

For

all

values of x there

is

very

little loss

of

significant figures (except at zeros) in using the

-1.0

recurrence relation 8.5.3 for increasing values of n.

qT

Example 1.

Figure
716-654

64

23

8.4.

Q n (x).

n=0(l)3, x<l.

and x=2.6

for

Compute P n (x)
=2(1)8.

for x=. 31415 92654

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

340
P(.31415 92654)

Pn(2.6)

2.6
9.64
40.04
174. 952
786. 74336
3604. 350016
16729. 51005
78402. 55522

.31415 92654
-.35195 59340
.39372 32064
.04750 63122
.34184 27517
15729 86975
-.20123 39354
-.25617 29328

2
3

4
5
6

7
8

Example

3.

Ten terms

in the series for

Compute Q 5 (x)

and

8 (2.6)

5
Using
Q 6 (2.Q) =4.8182 4468 X10~
with increasing values of n carrying ten
.

significant figures

we obtain

Table 22.9 carrying ten

= -.25617 2933
8 (.31415 92654)

Q(2.6)

.40546
05420
.00868
00148
00026
,00004

very

to

loss

significant

of

figures.

However, for x^>l, the recurrence relation 8.5.3

should be used only for decreasing values of n,
after having first obtained Q n using the formulas
in terms of hypergeometric functions.
Example 2. Compute Q n {x) for x= .3141 5 92654

and

aid of 8.4.2

8.4.4

Qn (.31415
.

we obtain

For
easily

all

values of

Example

Compute

4.

of 8.13.

Q-\(x) for x=2.6.

K(.5),

we

32515 34813

Q i (x)=Pt (x)]n

W = - P +| Pu giving
3

Table

17.1 for

find

e-'<2 6

>=V4i*(v';^i)
= (.74535 59925) (1.90424
= 1.41933

1417)

7751.

together with

(jz^)-W (x)
s

/v+2
+ 1.
~- vk~>

expansion oi Fl

in

92654)

Using the results of Example

where

Pj(x) and Q$(x) are most

x,

computed by means

.29190 60854
.59974 26989

find

8.4.4.

Computation of P\{x), Q\{x)

we

81

where Q and Qi are obtained using 8.4.2 and

-. 89785 00212
-.58567 85953

8.6.19.

51081
928
364
95
49

Using 8.13.3 and interpolating

and to=0(1)4.

With the

of 8.5.3 for increasing values of

little

Computation of Q n (x)
leads

= 78402.55526.

For <0, use

^~> v-\--', -=
F ( ~>
2
\ 2
227

figures giving

8.5.3

P&(x) using

significant figures,

x=2.6.

of 8.1.3 are necessary to obtain nine significant

Computing

for

&C31415

92654)

1\

3.
v ~ro' ~i
.

>

ot

,
*** 1

3 are

necessary to obtain comparable accuracy.

.59974 26989.

References
Texts
[8.1]

vol.

1,

[8.7]

al.,

York, N.Y., 1953).

[8.2]

E.

of spherical

and

ellip-

harmonics (Chelsea Publishing Co., New

York, N.Y., 1955).
Lense, Kugelfunktionen (Akademische Verlags-

soidal

[8.3] J.

gesellschaft, Leipzig,
[8.4]

[8.5]

Germany,

M. MacRobert, Spherical harmonics, 2d rev. ed.

(Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1948).
W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger, Formulas and
theorems for the special functions of mathematical physics (Chelsea
York, N.Y., 1949).

[8.6]

G. Prasad,

Publishing

Co.,

vanced)

(Mahamandal

India, 1932).

Press,

Benares

City,

I, II,

Legendre

III (Gauthier-

France, 1957).

theory,

NBS

Applied Math. Series 19 (U.S.

Office, Washington, D.C.,

1952).
[8.9]

R. C. Thorne, The asymptotic expansion of Legendre

functions of large degree and order, Philos. Trans.
Roy. Soc. London 249, 597-620 (1957).

Tables
[8.10]

on spherical harmonics and

the functions of Bessel and Lame, Part II (Ad-

Tome

Government Printing

New

treatise

Fonctions spheriques de

C. Snow, Hypergeometric and Legendre functions

with applications to integral equations of potential

1950).

T.

Robin,

Villars, Paris,
[8.8]

W. Hobson, The theory

L.

fonctions spheroidales.

Higher transcendental functions,

ch. 3 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New

A. Erd61yi et

H. Bateman, Some problems

in potential theory,

Mess, of Math., 617, 52,73-75(1922). P n (cosh<r),

Q(cosh a), PI (cosh "), Qn(cosh a); cosh <r=l.l,
n = 0(l)20, 10D; cosh o-=1.2, 2, 3; n=0(l)10,
exact or 10 D.

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS
[8.11]

Centre National d'Etudes des Telecommunications,

Tables des fonctions de Legendre associees.
Fonction associee de premiere espece P"(cos 0)
(Editions de La Revue d'Optique, Paris, France,
= O(1)9O
m=0(l)5,
ra=-(.l)10,
1952).
(variable

[8.12]

[8.13]

number

**:(),

(-l) m+1

p?(x),

7i=i(i)io,

^ Q:(x),n=0(l)l0,m(<n)=0(l)i,x=l(.l)10,

6S or exact; i-P;(ix), i~ n j- P:(ix), ?r=l(l)10,

Centre National d'Etudes des Telecommunications,

Tables numerique des fonctions associees de
Fonctions associees de premiere
Legendre.
espece PT(cos 0) (Editions de La Revue d'Optique>
n=-|(.l)10, m=0(l)2,
Paris, France, 1959).
= O(1)18O (variable number of figures).

i***mlQ;(ix), in+lm-l jL Q^({X)

= 0(1)4,

= 0(.l)10,

R. 0. Gumprecht and G. M. Sliepeevich, Tables of

functions of the first and second partial derivatives of Legendre polynomials (Univ. of Michigan
Values of [xw n
Press, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1951).
and x n 10 for 7 = 0(10 o )170
-(l-a;2)ir]-

m = 0(l)4,x=l(.l)10,

n=l(l)420,

E. Lynam, Table of Legendre functions for

complex arguments TG-323, The Johns Hopkins

PUx),

Bordeaux and

P n (x), [ p n {t)dt, ti=1(1)10;

Applied

Physics

Laboratory,

Baltimore,

H.

N.Y.,

n=l(l)10,

1945).

P:(cos

7?i(<n) =0(1)4,

0),

P"(cos

= O(1)9O,

0),

6S;

= 0(l)n, x = 0(.01)l,

Tallqvist,

Nova

Tafeln der

SeehssteUige

Series

A,

II,

0),

11

32 ersten
Fenn.,

Acta Soc.

Sci.

(1938).

P n (cos

0),

[8.19]

n=l(l)32, 0(10')90; 6D.

H. Tallqvist, Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Nova

[8.20]

6D.
H. Tallqvist, Tafeln der Kugelfunktionen P^cos 0)
II,

National Bureau of Standards, Tables of associated

New

PUQdt, 71=0(1)8,

Kugelfunktionen P(cos

bis

Legendre functions (Columbia Univ. Press,

"
i

5S.
[8.18]

(1958).

York,

n=-l(l)4,

4(1937).

32

Math.,
[8.16]

P?-l(x),

4-6S.

(Gauthier-Villars,

Paris, France, 1933).

5S.

M.

Md.

7rt(<7l)

G. Prevost. Tables des fonctions spheriques et de

leurs integrates

Univ.

= 0(1)10,

Jo

(1)180,
[8.15]

71

(-l)+i^Q+i

(-l)-Qr-i(x),

[8.17]

PZ+i (x),

6S;

1957).
[8.14]

(-i)o:(ao,

of figures).

G. C. Clark and S. W. Churchill, Table of Legendre

polynomials P(cos 0) for n = 0(l)80 and = 0
(1)180, Engineering Research Institute Publications (Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Mich..

341

[8.21]

71

(cos 0), Soc. Sci.

VI,

Series A,

P n {x), = 1(1)16, z = 0(.00l)l,

10(1932).

Fenn. Comment. Phys.P(cos 0), n = 25(l)32,

= O(1)9O, 5D.
H. Tallqvist, Tafeln der 24 ersten Kugelfunktionen
P(cos 0), Soc. Sci. Fenn. Comment. Phys.-Math.,
VI, 3(1932).
P n (cos 8), n=l(l)24, = O(1)9O,
5D.

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

342

LEGENDRE FUNCTION FIR! sT KIND V*)

Table 8.1

Po(x)

Pi(x)

=x

P9 (x)

Ps(x)

P2(X)

arccos x

00000
42703
85400
88.28086
87.70755

=1

-0.50000
-0. 49985
-0. 49940
-0. 49865
-0.49760

0.00000
-0.01499
-0.02998
-0.04493
-0.05984

49625
49460
-0.49265
-0.49040
-0. 48785

-0.07468
-0.08946
-0.10414
-0.11872
-0.13317

75
00
25

95
44
74
77
37

-0.48500
-0.48185
-0. 47840
-0. 47465
-0.47060

-0.14750
-0.16167
-0.17568
-0.18950
-0.20314

00
25

34
38
10
02
58

-0. 46625
-0.46160
-0. 45665
-0. 45140
-0. 44585

Pio(x)

0.00000
0. 02457
0. 04893
0. 07285
0. 09614

000
330
045
701
188

-0.24609
-0.24474
-0.24069
-0.23400
-0.22473

37
14
84

0.11857
0.13996
0.16012
0.17885
0.19599

899
890
040
206

35
11
68
20

366

-0.21298
-0.19887
-0.18254
-0.16418
-0.14397

00
75
00

0.21138
0.22489
0.23637
0.24572
0.25285

764
042
363
526
070

-0.12212
-0.09887
-0.07447
-0.04918
-0.02328

50
86
93
90
12

-0.21656
-0.22976
-0.24271
-0.25542
-0.26785

25
00
75
00
25

0.25767
0.26013
0.26020
0.25785
0.25309

367
706
358
632
918

+0.00296
0.02925
0.05529
0.08080
0.10549

18

-0.
-0.

-0.28000
-0.29184
-0.30338
-0.31458
-0.32544

00
75
00
25
00

0.

77.29096 70
76.70292 82
76.11345 96

44000
43385
-0.42740
-0.42065
-0. 41360

24595
0.23647
0.22472
0.21078
0.19477

712
631
407
870
914

0.12907
0.15126
0.17181
0.19047
0.20700

20
74
75
36
49

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

75.52248
74. 92993
74. 33573
73. 73979
73.14204

78
79
31
53
40

-0.40625
-0.39860
-0.39065
-0.38240
-0. 37385

-0.33593
-0.34606
-0.35579
-0.36512
-0.37402

75
00
25
00
75

0.17682
0.15707
0.13569
0.11286
0. 08879

442
305
215
642
707

0.22120
0.23287
0.24185
0.24801
0.25124

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

72.54239
71.94076
71.33707
70.73122
70.12312

69
95
51
45
59

-0.36500
-0.35585
-0. 34640
-0. 33665
-0. 32660

-0.38250
-0.39052
-0.39808
-0.40515
-0.41174

00
25
00
75
00

06370
03780
+0. 01135
-0. 01539
-0. 04219

038
634
691
566
085

0.25147
0.24865
0.24278
0.23389
0.22203

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

69.51268
68. 89980
68. 28438
67. 66631
67. 04550

49
39
27

31625
-0.30560
-0. 29465
-0. 28340
-0. 27185

-0.41781
-0.42336
-0.42836
-0.43282
-0.43670

25
00

-0. 06876 185

-0. 09483 780

75
00
25

-0.12014 608
-0. 14441 472
-0.16737 489

0.20732
0.18987
0.16988
0.14754
0.12310

48

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

66.42182
65.79516
65. 16541
64. 53243
63. 89611

15

-0. 26000
-0. 24785
-0. 23540

00
75
00
25
00

-0.18876
-0. 20832
-0. 22581
-0. 24101
-0. 25369

356
609
900
269
426

0.09683
0.06904
0.04006
+0.01024
-0.02002

39

-0.22265
-0.20960

-0.44000
-0.44269
-0.44478
-0.44623
-0.44704

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

63.
62.

84

-0.19625
-0.18260
-0.16865
-0. 15440
-0. 13985

-0.44718
-0.44666
-0.44544
-0.44352
-0.44087

75
00
25
00
75

-0.26367
-0.27076
-0.27484
-0.27577
-0. 27348

022
932
521
908
225

-0.05035
-0.08032
-0.10952
-0.13752
-0.16389

0.50

60.00000 00

-0.12500

-0.43750 00

00

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

90.
89.
88.

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

87. 13401

86.56018
85.98601
85.41143
84. 83639

60
72
28
43
29

-0.
-0.

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

84.26082
83. 68468
83.10789
82. 53040
81.95215

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

81.
80.

37307
79310
80.21218
79. 63024
79.04721

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

78. 46304 10
77. 87764 77

26
80
87
72

73

06

52

25
99
88

25631
61289
61.96570
61. 31459
60. 65941

61

25
35
80

-0.

-54 ' 5

['I

P2 (aO=i(- l+3x
(

1260 -

75
00
25
00

00

75

0.

0.

-0.

5' 9

~n

P 9 (z) = ^s

00

2
)

18480x 2

26789 856
['-c

P3 (x) = \ (-3+5x2
+72072x

102960x 6

(+l)P+i(x)

+48620x8)

= (2n+l)xPn (x) -nPn-i{x)

coefficients of other polynomials, see chapter 22.

20
81
85
42

02

14
52
62
81

63
91

89

37
73
00
83
72
73
91
71

69
45

30
72
64
51
87

- 4H

P lo (x) = ~(-252+13860x2 -120120x4 +36036Ox6-437580x8+184756xio)

For

02

-0.18822 86

4' 4

69
64

343

LEGENDEE FUNCTIONS

LEGENDRE FUNCTION FIRST KIND P n (x)

Po(x)

X
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

=l

Pi(x)=x

P 2 (x)

arccos x

60. 00000

00
59.33617 03

66774 85
99454 51
57.31636 11
58.
57.

Table 8.1

Ps(x)

P9(x)

-0.12500
-0.10985
-0. 09440
-0. 07865
-0. 06260

-0.43750
-0.43337
-0.42848
-0.42280
-0.41634

25
00
75

-0. 04625
-0. 02960

Pio(x)

00

-0.26789
-0.25900
-0.24682
-0.23139
-0.21283

856
667
215
939
321

-0.18822
-0.21010
-0.22914
-0.24498
-0.25728

25
00
75
00
25

-0.19126
-0.16686
-0.13985
-0.11051
-0. 07914

025
000
552
366
497

-0.26575
-0.27014
-0.27023
-0.26590
-0.25704

30
92

00

75
00
25
00

-0.04610
-0. 01178
+0. 02337
0.05890
0. 09430

304
332
862
951
141

-0.24366
-0.22580
-0.20360
-0.17728
-0.14714

27
16
19
16
41

554
693
981
410
270

-0.11358 05
-0.07707 01
-0.03818 08

00

86
83
92
73
92

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

55. 94420 22
55. 24977 42
54. 54945 74

53.84299 18

0.

02215

-0.40906
-0.40096
-0.39201
-0.38222
-0.37155

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

53.13010
52.41049
51.68386
50.94987
50.20818

04000
0.05815
0. 07660
0. 09535
0.11440

-0.36000
-0.34754
-0.33418
-0.31988
-0.30464

0.65
0,66
0.67
0.68
0.69

49.45839
48.70012
47. 93293
47.15635
46.36989

-0.27126
-0.25309
-0.23392
-0.21372

00
25

11

0.13375
0.15340
0.17335
0.19360
0.21415

-0. 28843 75

72
52
69

00
75

0.12901
0.16248
0.19412
0.22334
0.24952

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

45.57299
44.76508
43. 94551
43.11360
42.26858

60
47
96
59
44

0.23500
0.25615
0.27760
0.29935
0.32140

-0.19250
-0.17022
-0.14688
-0.12245
-0.09694

00
25
00
75
00

0.27205
0.29036
0.30385
0.31199
0.31430

993
111
323
698
004

0.08580
0.12686
0.16625
0.20299
0.23605

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

41.40962
40.53580
39. 64611
38.73942
37. 81448

21
21

-0.
-0.
-0.
+0.

07031
04256
01366
01638
04759

25
00

0.31033
0.29973
0.28226
0. 25777
0.22625

185
981
712
224
012

0.26437 45
0.28693 19

85

0.34375
0.36640
0.38935
0.41260
0.43615

0.31078 93
0.31029 79

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

36.86989
35.90406
34.91520
33.90126
32.85988

76
86
62
20
04

0.46000
0.48415
0.50860
0. 53335
0.55840

0.

0.18785
0.14292
0. 09201
+0. 03591
-0. 02431

528
678
529
226
874

0.30052
0.28094
0.25124
0.21139
0.16170

87
52
19
50

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

31. 78833 06

71

58375
60940
0. 63535
0. 66160
0.68815

0. 26031
0.30014
0.34125
0.38368
0.42742

25
00
75

-0. 08730 820

30.68341
29.54136
28.35763
27.12675

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

25.84193
24. 49464
23.07391
21.56518
19. 94844

28
85
81

36

0.71500
0.74215
0.76960
0. 79735
0.82540

0.95

18.19487
16.26020
14.06986
11.47834
8.10961

23
47
77
09
44

85375
88240
0. 91135
0. 94060
0.97015

0.%
0.97
0.98
0.99

1.00

56.63298 70

-0.01265
+0. 00460

24
70
55
75

0.

05
81

11
46

0.
0.

05
66
31

50

0.

0.

1.00000

0.00000 00

0.

08000
0.11360
0.14842
0.18446
0. 22176

Pio(x)

00
75
00

+0. 00243 30

0.04403 37
58
31
89
76
08

0.-30271 79

98

25

456
544
627
610

0.10291
+0.03622
-0.03655
-0.11300
-0.18989

23
91
86
29
29

0.47250
0.51892
0. 56672
0.61589
0.66646

00
75
00
25
00

-0.36951
-0.39827
-0.40826
-0. 39414
-0.34981

049
146
421
060
919

-0.26314
-0.32768
-0.37731
-0.40457
-0.40058

56
58
58
43
29

0.71843
0.77184
0. 82668
0. 88298
0. 94074

75

-0. 26842 182

-0.14220
+0.03750
0.28039
0. 59724

-0.35488
-0.25524
-0.08749
+0.16470
0.52008

03

00
25

00

00
75

1.00000 00
4' 2

['I

642
397
609
553

1.00000 000

j^ (-252+13860x

i'-n

]
P*(X) = ^(-3+5x 2

8
)

-120120x4+360360x6-437580x8+184756x 1

= (2+l)xP(x) -nP n

coefficients of other polynomials, see chapter 22.

.(x)

34
40
81
90

1.00000 00

[<-*]

=~ (1260-18480x +72072x*-102960x +48620x

(m+l)P*+i(x)

For

00

25

97

-0.15134
-0.21433
-0.27376
-0.32665

P2 (x) = (- -l+3x 2

P9 (x)

75
00
75

85

28

<>)

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

344

DERIVATIVE OF THE LEGENDRE FUNCTION--FIRST KIND

Table 8.2

P [(x) = l
X

P'n (x)

P'2 (x)=3x

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

Pfo)
-1.50000
-1.49925
-1.49700
-1.49325
-1. 48800

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

-1.48125
-1. 47300
-1. 46325
-1. 45200
-1. 43925

-0. 37281 25

-0.44622
-0. 51899
-0.59104
-0. 66224

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

42500
40925
-1.39200
-1. 37325
-1.35300

-0.73250
-0. 80170
-0. 86976
-0. 93655
-1. 00198

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

p;

Pfa)
2.46093
2.45011
2.41773
2.36405
2.28948

75
64
75
34
35

0.00000
0.27023
0.53765
0.79949
1.05299

00
41
93
17
82

25

2.19461
2.08018
1.94709
1.79639
1.62929

13
11
32
87
31

1.29552
1.52449
1.73750
1.93223
2.10657

98
05
25
29

00
75
00
25
00

1.44710
1.25130
1.04346
0.82528
0.59853

87
64
68
00
47

2.25858
2.38654
2.48895
2.56453
2.61230

-1. 06593 75
-1.12832 00

73
88

2.63150
2.62168
2.58266
2.51458
2.41783

28
25

-1.18902 25
-1. 24794 00
-1.30496 75

0.36510
+0.12694
-0.11392
-0.35546
-0.59555

-1.20000
-1. 16925
-1. 13700
-1.10325
-1. 06800

-1.36000
-1. 41293
-1. 46366
-1. 51207
-1. 55808

-0.83208
-1.06295
-1.28602
-1.49923
-1.70052

96

33
35

54
18
94

2.29315
2.14154
1.96431
1.76306
1.53966

37
43

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

-1. 03125

-0.99300
-0. 95325
-0. 91200
-0. 86925

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

60156
64242
68054
71584
74819

-1.88793
-2.05954
-2.21355
-2.34823
-2.46202

72
92
15
78
63

1.29625
1.03524
0.75926
0.47115
+0.17398

99
77
26
77
30

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

82500
77925
73200
68325
-0.63300

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

77750
80365
82656
84610
86218

-2.55347
-2.62129
-2.66437
-2.68178
^2.67279

51
80
95
96
74

-0.12903
-0.43453
-0.73903
-1.03894
-1.33065

87

75
00
25
00

96

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

-0. 58125
-0. 52800

87468
88352
88857
88974
88691

75
00
25
00
75

-2.63688
-2.57375
-2.48336
-2.36588
-2.22176

47

-0.47325
-0. 41700
-0.35925

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

07
14
52

-1.61052
-1.87493
-2.12030
-2.34318
-2.54023

10
43
21
74

-0.30000
23925
-0.17700
-0.11325
-0. 04800

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

88000
86888
85346
83362
80928

00
25
00
75
00

-2.05172
-1.85672
-1.63802
-1.39715
-1.13592

35
69
86
50

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

+0. 01875

08700
0.15675
0.22800
0.30075

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

78031
74662
70809
66464
61614

25
00
75
00
25

-0.85640
-0.56096
-0.25222
+0.06693
0.39337

76
53
30
29

0.50

0.37500

-1. 56250 00

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

Pi(x)

00000
-0. 07498
-0.14986
-0. 22452
-0. 29888
0.

-1.
-1.

33125
30800
28325
25700
22925

-0.

0.

4' 2

['I

Pio(x)

25
00
75
00

00
75
00

00

25
00
75

00
25
00

75
00
25
00

2
)

76
01

27

03

82

01

91

[xP(x)-P+i(x)]

90

18

81
04

68

51

90
23
72

81

-3.02208
-2.96573
-2.86699
-2.72566
-2.54206

63
83
80

[
2
)

= j^ (27720-480480x 2 +2162160x 4 -3500640x 6 +1847560x8)

w+1
1-x2

73

80
24

36
75

(1260-55440x 2 +360360x 4 -720720x 6 +437580x8)

P'n(x)-

05

-2.70832
-2.84451
-2.94616
-3.01090
-3.03674

-63>3

P(x)=(-60+140x

(x)

13
51

96

30
98

-2.31712 34

0.72372 44

-r ]

P'3 (x)=(-3+15x
P'9(x)

00

)5

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

345

DERIVATIVE OF THE LEGENDRE FUNCTION FIRST KIND

P'i(x)

=l

p' {x)
n

Table 8.2

P2(x)=3x

P's(x)

P'i(x)

p'io(x;

0.72372
1. 05439
1.38160
1.70137
2.00958

44
75
24
21
86

- 2.31712 34
- 2.05232 40
- 1.74978 82
- 1.41226 67

2.30201
57431
2.82213
3.04106
3.22677

29
87
05

- 0. 64649 54
- 0.22698 16
+ 0.21005 92

49
77

0. 65868 10
1.11234 92

3.37501
3.48166
3.54283
3.55487
3.51451

44

1.56397
2.00598
2.43034
2. 82C66
3.19230

68
45

25
00
25
00
75

3.41888
3.26561
3. 05294
2.77978
2.44582

50

03
82

3.51243
3.78017
3.98677
4.12369
4.18284

07
74
13
16
84

0.75250
0.93844
1.13134
1.33279
1.54142

00
25
00
75

2.05168
1.59897
1.09043
+ 0.53008
- 0. 07667

93
66
73
28
36

4.15678
03888
3. 82364
3.50693
3. 08626

18
45

2.71875
2.83200
2. 94675
3. 06300
3.18075

1.75781
1.98208
2.21432
2.45466
2.70318

25
00
75

- 0.72287 14
- 1.39984 93

49
26

00

25

- 2.80201 52
- 3.49987 45

2.56116
1.93351
1.20791
+ 0.39215
- 0.50239

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

30000
42075
54300
66675
79200

2.96000
3.22521
3.49894
3.78127
4.07232

00
75
00
25
00

4.17348 81
- 4.80308 26
- 5.36607 64
- 5.83686 10
- 6.18657 35

- 1.46023 77

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

3.91875
4.04700
4.17675
4.30800
4.44075

4.37218
4.68098
4.99880
5.32576
5.66195

75
00
25
00
75

- 6.38285 68
- 6.38961 06
- 6.16672 97
- 5.66983 23

- 6.29851 03
- 7. 00851 07
- 7.50840 93
- 7.72711 51
- 7.58303 90

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

4.57500
4.71075
4. 84800
4.98675
5.12700

6.00750
6.36249
6.72704
7.10124
7.48522

00

- 3.65335 89
- 2.02101 73
+ 0.1115C 20

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

5.26875
5.41200
5.55675
5.70300
5.85075

7.87906
8.28288
8.69677
9.12086
9.55523

1.00

6.00000

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.37500
0.45075
0.52800
0. 6CS75
0.68700

1.56250
1.50360
1.43936
1.36965
1.29438

00
75
00
25
00

55
57
58
59

76875
0.85200
0.93675
1,02300
1.11075

1.21343
1.12672
1.03412
0.93554
0.83086

75
00
25
00
75

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

1.20000
1.29075
1.38300
1.47675
1.57200

0.72000
0.60283
0.47926
0.34917
0. 21248

00
25
00
75
00

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

66375
76700
86675
96800
07075

06906
0.08118
0.23835
0.40256
0.57390

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

2.17500
2.28075
2.38800
2.49675
2.60700

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

56

0.

0.

2.

00

10.24405
15.14351
20.95987
27.79800
35. 77086

25
00
75
00
25

P'9 (x)

=~ (1260- 55440x

58
11

J^

- Pn+

(x)

01

25
43

+360360X- -720720x 6 + 437580*8)

[xPn (X)

03
04
73
14

55.00000 00

P'io(x)= jgL (27720-480480x 2 +2162160x 4 -3500640x 6 +1847560x 8 )

P'n(x)

96

7. 04763
13.11571
20.70612
30.04600
41.38561

70
59
66
16
77

- 60 + 140x 2

71
05

79

1'2

[s

72
03
20

6.98312
5.82184
3.98006
1.32394
+ 2.29628

45.00000 00

P\ (x) = |

2.

00

82

31
08

- 2.46122 91
- 3.48002 97
- 4.48547 21
- 5.43990 91

81447 18
6.16433 35

75

= i( - 3 +15x

4.

- 4.84997 54

10.00000 00

P's(x)

84
51

00

60
00
57
63

- 2.09708 32

25

1.04315 43

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

346

LEGENDRE FUNCTION SECOND KIND QU*)

Table 8.3
X

Qo(x)

Q 2 (x)

Qi(x)

0.00000
0.01000
0.02000
0. 03000
0.04002

000
033
267
900
135

-1.00000
-0. 99990
-0. 99959
-0. 99909
-0. 99839

000
000
995
973
915

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.05004
0.06007
0. 07011
0. 08017
0. 09024

173
216
467
133
419

-0.99749
-0.99639
-0. 99509
-0. 99358
-0. 99187

791
567
197
629
802

-0. 09983 321

-0. 11971 169

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.10033
0.11044
0.12058
0.13073
0.14092

535
692
103
985
558

-0. 98996 647

-0. 98785 084
-0. 98553 028
-0. 98300 382
-0. 98027 042

-0. 19866 264

-0. 21821 885
-0. 23768 596

0.

-0.25705 567
-0. 27631 958

0.

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.15114
0.16138
0.17166
0.18198
0. 19233

044
670
666
269
717

-0. 97732 893

29546
-0.31449
-0.33339
-0.35214
-0.37075

923
610
158
699
353

0.

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.20273
0.21317
0.22365
0.23418
0. 24477

255
135
611
947
411

-0. 95945 349

-0.38920
-0. 40748
-0.42559
-0. 44351
-0.46123

232
439
062
180
857

0.

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0. 25541
0.26610
0. 27686
0. 28768
0.29856

281
841
382

-0. 93614 680

-0. 93081 181

-0.

207
626

-0.92524 677
-0. 91944 902
-0. 91341 578

47876
-0.49607
-0.51315
-0.53000
-0. 54661

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.30951
0.32054
0.33164
0.34282
0.35409

960
541
711
825
253

-0.90714
-0.90063
-0. 89387
-0. 88686
-0. 87960

412
092
293
668
854

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.36544
0.37688
0.38842
0.40005
0.41180

375
590
310
965
003

-0.87209
-0. 86432
-0.85628
-0. 84797
-0.83939

469
108
345
733
799

-0.

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.

42364
43561
0. 44769
0.45989
0. 47223

893
122
202
668
080

-0. 83054 043

-0.82139
-0. 81196
-0.80224
-0. 79221

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

48470
49731
0.51007
0.52298
0.53606

028
129
034
428
034

-0.78188
-0.77123
-0.76026
-0. 74896
-0. 73733

0.50

0.

0.

0.

0.

54930 614
(

-0.97417
-0. 97081
-0. 96724
-0. 96345
-0.95523
-0. 95079
-0. 94613
-0. 94125

-0.

bbi
669
699
829
179

0.65667
65229
0. 64711
0. 64114
0. 63439

917
261
475
873
817

-0. 36143 026

-0.34216
-0.31978
-0. 29448
-0. 26647

62686
61856
60948
59964
58903

720
044
299
048
905

-0.23599
-0.20330
-0. 16869
-0.13245
-0. 09491

57768
56558
55275
53918
52489

532
646
016
465
868

50990
0.49420
0. 47781
0.46074
0.44300

145
081
685
962
900

-0.56297
-0.57906
-0. 59488
-0.61041
-0. 62564

000
867
933

-0. 40634 921

-0. 40452 191

000
181
584
860
513

562
750
565
538

-0.19414
-0.22828
-0.25995
-0.28879
-0.31447

321
745
321
038
701

595
891
616
792
050

-0.33672
-0.35527
-0.36990
-0.38044
-0.38675

259
122
435
330
142

-0. 05638 395

-0. 01721 959
+0. 02223 260
0. 06161 670
0.10057 361

-0.38873
-0.38634
-0.37958
-0.36850
-0.35318

587
905
962
308
198

155
314
388
476
738

0. 13874
17577
0.21130
0.24499
0. 27652

395
093
336
861
557

-0.33376
-0.31043
-0.28343
-0.25302
-0.21951

565
947
378
221
969

0.42461
0.40557
0.38591
0.36562
0. 34474

393
719
059
819
467

0.30556
0.33182
0.35502
0.37489
0.39122

765
571
089
746
551

-0.18327
-0.14469
-0.10417
-0.06219
-0.01920

994
251
949
173
468

466
608
256
313
662

0.32327
0.30123
0. 27864
0.25551
0.23187

542
647
459
723
261

0.40380
0.41246
0.41705
0.41749
0.41371

351
080
981
822
084

+0.02428
0.06776
0.11072
0.15262
0.19295

610
975
534
723
076

64057
-0.65517
-0. 66944
-0.68337
-0. 69694

159
633
887
690
784

0.20,772 970

0.18310
0.15802
0.13251
0.10658

825
883
285
256

0.40567
0.39339
0.37693
0.35638
0.33189

128
336
227
546
317

0.23117
0.26680
0.29934
0.32833
0.35334

811
432
337
437
774

940
935
443
845

-0.71014
-0.72296
-0.73538
-0. 74739
-0.75897

872
624
670
600
958

0.08026
0.05357
+0. 02654
-0.00080
-0. 02843

114
267
221
418
939

0.30363
0.27184
0.23679
0.19877
0.15815

867
811
006
461
208

0.37399
0.38991
0.40082
0.40646
0.40665

123
596
218
477
845

487
681
694
755
044

-0.77012
-0.78080
-0.79102
-0.80074
-0. 80996

243
904

-0. 05633 524

-0. 08446 239

336
877
804

-0.11259 034
-0.14128 732
-0.16992 027

0.11531
0. 07067
+0. 02471
-0.02210
-0. 06923

136
773
030
100
897

0.40128
0.39028
0.37368
0.35158
0.32415

259
551
827
779
933

81866 327

-0. il 9865 477

4)1
( -5

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

399
463

-0.13954 199
-0. 15931 602
-0.17902 563

-0.

813
667
312
594

402
566
642
421

-0.

[<-."]

]
Qo(x)

Q 2 (x)=**f

= |ln(^)

'"()"

3x
2

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

-0.39905 538
-0.38999 553
-0. 37741 852

0.

-0.11616 303

Qi(s)=|

= arctanh

x (Table 4.17)

is

>mh

Qs(x)=- (5x 2 -3>l(lf)-5|

included here for completeness.

0.29165 814

PS*]

(+l)Q n+ i(x) = (2n+l)xQ*(x) -nQn Qo(x)

Qio(x)

0.00000
-0.04056
-0.08068
-0.11993
-0.15789

"55)4

66666
0. 66626
0. 66506
0. 66306
0.66027

0.

72534 693

" 5)2

00000
01999
03998
05996
07991

Qg(x)

Qt(x)

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

i(x)

-4

~n

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

347

LEGENDRE FUNCTION SECOND KIND

Qo(x)

Q2

Qi(x)

Qio

Qg(x)

Qs(x)

(a;)

-0.81866
-0.82681
-0. 83440
-0. 84141
-0. 84782

Tablt 8.3

Qn(x)

'7)

-0.19865
-0. 22745
-0.25628
-0.28510
-0.31386

477
494
339
113
748

-0.11616
-0.16231
-0.20711
-0. 24999
-0.29035

303
372
759
263
406

+0.29165
0.25442
0.21286
0.16748
0.11884

-0.34253
-0.37107
-0. 39942
-0.42753
-0.45537

994
413
362
983
186

-0.32762
-0.36122
-0.39060
-0.41523
-0. 43463

069
172
386
901
218

+0. 01449 441

-0. 03973 144
-0. 09422 630

-0.48286
-0.50996
-0.53661
-0. 56274
-0.58830

632
718
553
938
338

-0. 44832

986
864
410
989
693

-0. 20044 847

-0.45592
-0.45708
-0.45151
-0.43903

-0.25030
-0.29671
-0.33872
-0. 37537

577
648
031
391

-0.87130
-0.86838
-0. 86445
-0.85948

380
239
768
352
-0. 85341 027

-0. 61320
-0.63739
-0. 66077
-0.68327
-0.70481

855
196
634
969
480

-0.41952
-0.39296
-0.35943
-0.31915
-0. 27244

271
048
834
810
363

-0.

40576
-0.42904
-0. 44442
-0.45121
-0. 44884

815
673
606
636
377

963
946
561
902
526

-0. 84618 438

-0. 83774 785
-0. 82803 775

-0.
-0.

593

868
199
823
296
280

-0.21974
-0.16166
-0. 09892
-0. 03241
+0. 03684

878
443
467
178
038

-0.

-0. 80451

72528
74460
-0.76264
-0.77931
-0. 79447

43687
-0.41503
-0.38323
-0.34160
-0.29049

329
236
471
431
884

-0.27028
-0.24287
-0. 21434
-0. 18461
-0.15356

369
654
763
097
897

-0.79054
-0. 77498
-0. 75773
-0.73868
-0.71769

669
679
539
Oil
507

-0. 80799 424

-0.81973
-0. 82952
-0.83721
-0. 84258

225
866
016
586

0.10764
0. 17866
0.24840
0.31523
0.37739

474
149
151
275
063

-0.23053
-0.16259
-0. 08787
-0. 00787
+0. 07559

218
543
565
146
560

229
903
746
640
352

-0.12111
-0. 08710
-0.05140
-0. 01384
+0. 02578

017
649
968
678
575

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

69463
66934
64164
61130
57809

835
890
264
745
671

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

84544
84555
84263
83641
82652

435
002
849
078
589

0.43299
0.48006
0.51654
0.54037
0. 54946

312
146
781
123
418

0.16037
0. 24398
0. 32364
0.39624
0. 45844

522
961

1.25615
1. 29334
1.33307
1.37576
1.42192

281
467

989
642
928
554
403

-0. 54172 080

963
766
587

06772
0.11227
0.15977
0.21067
0.26551

-0.50183
-0.45802
-0.40979
-0.35650

576
786
212
171

-0. 81259 105

-0. 79414 886
-0. 77065 991
-0. 74147 880

0.54183
0.51562
0. 46925
0.40147
0.31159

191
828
273
508
776

0.50669
0.53731
0. 54659
0.53099
0.48727

156

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

1.47221
1.52752
1.58902
1.65839
1.73804

949
443
692
002
934

0.32499
0.39004
0.46190
0.54230
0.63376

754
723
476
272
638

-0.29736
-0.23134
-0.15708
-0.07268
+0. 02458

306
775
489
272
593

-0.66270
-0.61090
-0. 54880
-0.47419
-0.38399

0.19967 037

336
297

-0.42137 701

0.41282
0.30602
+0. 16680
-0. 00265
-0.19666

291
901
029
428
273

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

1.83178
1. 94591
2. 09229
2.29755
2. 64665

082
015
572
993
241

0.74019
0.86807
1.02952
1.25160
1.62018

178
374
685

0.13888
0.27707
0.45181
0.69108
1. 08264

288
112
370
487
984

-0.27356
-0.13540
+0.04408
0. 29436
0.70624

330
204
092
613
831

58752
72921
81464
78406
-0.48875

-0.40421
-0. 60564
-0. 76587
-0. 81720
-0.59305

502
435
179
735
105

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.54930
0. 56272
0.57633
0. 59014
0. 60415

614
977
975
516
560

-0. 72534 693

-0. 71300 782

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.61838
0. 63283
0. 64752
0.66246
0. 67766

131
319
284
271
607

-0. 65989 028

-0. 64561 342
-0. 63091 198

-0. 85360 014

-0. 85873 186

-0.61577 163
-0.60017 702

-0. 86695 267

-0. 86993 970

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

69314
70892
0.72500
0. 74141
0.75817

718
136
509
614
374

-0. 58411 169

-0.56755
-0.55049
-0. 53290
-0. 51476

797
685
783
880

-0. 87227 411

-0. 87377 622
-0. 87446 461

77529
79281
0.81074
0. 82911
0. 84795

871
363
313
404
576

-0,49605
-0.47674
-0.45680
-0.43620
-0. 41491

584
300
211
245
053

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.

86730
88718
0. 90764
0. 92872
0.95047

053

0.

386
498
736
938

-0.39288
-0.37009
-0.34649
-0.32202
-0.29664

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

97295
99621
1.02032
1.04537
1. 07143

507
508
776
055
168

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

1.

09861
1.12702
1.15681
1.18813
1.22117

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

-0.70030 333
-0. 68722 307
-0. 67375 597

0.

327
587
647
492
014

-0.86319 116

-0.87430 597
-0.87326 492

-0.81698 546

873
589

-0.70582 022
962
890
000

+0. 06677 934

-0. 08454 828
-0. 24975 925

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

240
201
729
452
677

0.

-~

..

Q2{x)

3X 2 1

^r

In

/1+X\

(jzrj-

SX
2"

(n+V)Qn+i(x)

<W*) = !ln(g;)-l
r\ / \

x /K 2 o\
(5* -3)

Q*(*)=i

'>

In

= (2n+T)xQ n (x) -nQ n -i(x)

/1+X\

5x 2

06761 470

-0.14810 594

1.00

Qo(x)=*ln(^)

814
027
243
087
913

^)-^-+
,

357
661
913
726
190
757
253

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

348

DERIVATIVE OF THE LEGENDRE FUNCTION SECOND KIND

Table 8.4

Qo(x)

Q2(X)

Qi(x)

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1.00000
1.00010
1.00040
1.00090
1.00160

000
001
016
081
256

0.00000
0.02000
0.04001
0.06003
0.08008

000
133
067
603
546

-2.00000
-1.99959
-1.99839
-1.99639
-1.99359

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.00250
1.00361
1.00492
1.00644
1.00816

627
301
413
122
615

0.10016
0.12028
0.14045
0.16068
0.18097

704
894
936
662
914

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

1.01010
1.01224
1.01461
1.01719
1.01999

101
820
039
052
184

0.20134
0.22179
0.24233
0.26297
0.28372

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1.02301
1.02627
1.02976
1.03348
1.03745

790
258
007
491
202

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1.04166
1.04613
1.05086
1.05585
1.06112

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

Q'n (x)

Qb(x)

998
968
838
487

0.00000
-0.07999
-0.15993
-0.23978
-0.31948

000
200
599
392
767

0.00000
0.36520
0.72733
1.08336
1.43027

-1.98998
-1.98557
-1.98035
-1.97431
-1.96746

747
401
179
766
792

-0.39899
-0.47826
-0.55725
-0.63589
-0.71414

900
951
060
347
899

1.76512
2.08508
2.38737
2.66939
2.92866

98
14

545
422
428
462
443

-1.95979
-1.95130
-1.94198
-1.93182
-1.92081

839
431
044
094
942

-0.79196
-0.86930
-0.94609
-1.02230
-1.09787

777

0.30459
0.32559
0.34672
0.36800
0.38945

312
031
587
997
305

-1.90896
-1.89626
-1.88268
-1.86824
-1.85291

890
181
994
444
580

667
453
171
471
054

0.41106
0.43285
0.45484
0.47703
0.49944

589
960
568
605
304

-1.83669
-1.81956
-1.80152
-1.78255
-1.76264

1.06666
1.07250
1.07863
1.08506
1.09182

667
107
229
944
225

0.52207
0.54495
0.56809
0.59150
0.61519

948
869
454
152
472

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1.09890
1.10631
1.11408
1.12220
1.13071

110
707
200
851
009

0.63918
0.66350
0.68815
0.71315
0.73853

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

1.13960
1.14889
1.15861
1.16877
1.17938

114
706
430
045
436

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

1.19047
1.20206
1.21418
1.22684
1.24007

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

1.25391
1.26839
1.28353
1.29937
1.31596

0.50

1.33333 333

Q'io(x)

-4.06349
-4.04156
-3.97600
-3.86745
-3.71697

21
71
70
44
43

90
94
44

-3.52604
-3.29655
-3.03075
-2.73130
-2.40117

61
13
84
45
40

86
76
49
78
18

-2.04367
-1.66240
-1.26123
-0.84427
-0.41580

37
59

554
373
345

3.16285
3.36984
3.54769
3.69467
3.80930

-1.17275
-1.24689
-1.32023
-1.39272
-1.46431

302
019
203
496
458

3.89031
3.93671
3.94778
3.92304
3.86234

48
92
25
76
02

+0.01970
0.45767
0.89344
1.32231
1.73958

77
92
90
56
08

380
752
526
455
210

-1.53494
-1.60456
-1.67310
-1.74052
-1.80674

573
234
742
294
982

3.76577
3.63376
3.46700
3.26651
3.03359

54
26
84
77
33

2.14059
2.52079
2.87577
3.20128
3.49331

45
94
54
51

-1.74177
-1.71993
-1.69710
-1.67327
-1.64842

372
437
801
761
510

-1.87172
-1.93539
-1.99768
-2.05854
-2.11790

780
537
972
661
027

2.76983
2.47712
2.15764
1.81383
1.44841

31
56
35
48
22

3.74813
3.96230
4.13277
4.25684
4.33229

48
97
26
84
46

993
370
335
706
396

-1.62253
-1.59557
-1.56753
-1.53839
-1.50811

126
570
678
152
553

-2.17568
-2.23182
-2.28625
-2.33890
-2.38969

334
672
944
860
914

1.06434
0.66482
+0.25327
-0.16667
-0.59123

02
02
32
95
78

4.35733
4.33070
4.25164
4.11997
3.93608

72
22
55
79

0.76430
0.79048
0.81711
0.84419
0.87175

415
884
039
242
994

-1.47668
-1.44406
-1.41023
-1.37516
-1.33880

292
617
606
155
960

-2.43855
-2.48539
-2.53013
-2.57269
-2.61297

378
281
394
210
926

-1.01644
-1.43822
-1.85237
-2.25465
-2.64075

63
04
43

66
42
42
74

25

3.70095
3.41617
3.08394
2.70708
2.28903

619
756
164
333
937

0.89983
0.92845
0.95764
0.98743
1.01786

941
892
831
931
572

-1.30114
-1.26213
-1.22172
-1.17988
-1.13657

509
064
641
995
597

-2.65090
-2.68637
-2.71928
-2.74954
-2.77703

420
229
520
067
216

-3.00637
-3.34725
-3.65918
-3.93806
-4.17995

81
61
35
51
45

1.83383
1.34610
0.83104
+0.29437
-0.25765

54

850
168
228
630
263

1.04896
1.08077
1.11333
1.14668
1.18088

360
146
051
490
202

-1.09173
-1.04531
-0.99726
-0.94752
-0.89602

613
874
854
634
868

-2.80164
-2.82327
-2.84178
-2.85705
-2.86895

855
375
630
896
817

-4.38109
-4.53797
-4.64734
-4.70629
-4.71228

69
26
21
25
35

-0.81838
-1.38069
-1.93714
-2.48003
-3.00140

00
01
78
04
86

1.21597 281

-0.84270 745

Ft'

000

-2.87734 353

)2

001

-54>4
]

00

25
83
24
23

05

-4.66319 54

82
11

27

81

76

82

61

35
81
92

-3.49322 79

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

349

DERIVATIVE OF THE LEGENDRE FUNCTION SECOND KIND

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

1.33333
1.35153
1.37061
1.39062
1.41163

333
399
403
717
185

1.21597
1.25201
1.28905
1.32717
1. 36643

281
210
905
756
680

QUx)
0.84270 74
0.78748 95
0.73029 59
0.67104 20
0.60963 61

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

1.43369
1.45687
1.48126
1.50693
1.53397

176
646
204
189
760

40691
1.44868
1.49184
1.53648
1. 58271

178
400
220
320
285

0.54597
0.47996
0.41147
0.34038
0.26655

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

1.56250
1.59261
1. 62443
1.65809
1. 69376

000
029
145
982
694

63064
68041
1.73215
1.78601
1.84218

718
364
259

- 0.18983 51
- 0.11006- 36
- 0.02705 91
+ 0.05937 63
0.14946 05

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

1. 73160
1.77179
1.81455
1.86011
1.90876

173
305
271
905
121

1.90083
1.96219
2. 02649
2. 09399
2.16500

983
705
344
499
099

0.24343
0.34156
0.44414
0.55151
0.66402

42
40
64
17
96

- 2.29579 49
- 2.20342 26
- 2.10205 04

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

1.96078 431
01653 559
2. 07641 196
2.14086 919
2.21043 324

2.23984
2.31892
2. 40266
2.49156
2.58619

955
413
159
187
998

0.78211
0.90623
1.03692
1.17478
1.32049

54
72
51
21
75

1.99107
1.86981
1.73752
1.59336
1.43637

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

2.28571
2.36742
2.45639
2.55362
2.66028

429
424
892
615
199

2.68724
2.79545
2.91175
3.03719
3.17305

079
751
493
894
446

1.47486
1.63879
1.81335
1.99979
2.19957

32
46
60
32

1.26549
1.07947
0.87692
0.65620
0.41542

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

77777
90782
3.05250
3.21440
3.39673

778
204
305

451
488
997
883
439

2.41444
2.64650
2.89827
3.17286
3.47409

73
26
40

051
913

3.32083
3.48236
3. 65986
3.85608
4. 07443

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

3.60360
3.84024
4.11353
4.43262
4.81000

360
578
352
411
481

4.31921
4.59595
4.91185
5.27647
5.70283

588
604
380
688
015

3.80679
4.17707
4.59287
5.06465
5.60654

33
50
14
07
69

1.61061
2. 08677
2.62171
3.22751
3.92032

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

5.26315
5.81733
6. 51041
7.40192
8.59106

789
566
667
450
529

6.20906
6. 82129
7. 57861
8. 54217
9.81365

159
988
025
980
072

6.23815
6.98747
7.89613
9.02883
10.49236

05
73
09
27
44

4.

72224
5.66456
6. 79318
8.17876
9. 93658

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

10.25641
12.75510
16.92047
25.25252
50.25125

026
204
377
525
628

11.57537
14.19080
18.50515
27. 04503
52.39539

057
811
528
467
613

12.47698
15.35932
20.00905
29.00735
55.11181

56
33
43
14
39

1.00

Q[{x)

Qo( x)

2.

2.

2,

1.

1.

1.

903

458

91

38
39
30
35

51

02
64

Qs(x)

Table 8.4

Q^(x)

Qkx)

Qw(x)
- 3.493228

- 2.87734 35

- 4.66319 54

- 2.88206 72

4.55737
4.39368
4.17156
3.89102

62
94
11
65

3.55277
3.15819
2.70941
2.20934
1.66171

2.88297 33
2.87989 70
- 2.87266 39

947399
4.355894
- 4.710854
- 5.004695
3.

- 2.86108 89
2.84497 53
- 2.82411 36
- 2.79828 02
- 2.76723 56

54
61
73
79
26

5.230233
5.380807
5.450406
5.433812
5.326732

- 2.73072 34
2.68846 75

- 1.07108 51
- 0.44291 60

- 2.64017 05
- 2.58551 08
- 2.52414 00

+ 0.21644 47
0.89973 10
1.59875 12

5.125950
4.829465
4.436645
3.948368
3.367169

- 2.45567 92
- 2.37971 49

2.30438
3.00660
3.69447
4.35619
4. 97914

77
55
22
14
99

54
96

5.54998
6. 05466
6.47859
6.80675
7. 02388

34
05
09
90
88

1.687501
2.682165
3. 675339
4. 644816
5. 566082

27
65
20
16
09

7.11464
7. 06387
6. 85691
6. 47990
5.92027

51

68
02
33
14

6.412431
7.155161
7. 763836
8. 206652
8.450921

- 0.15235 72
+ 0.13562 04
0.45165 68
0.79955 16
1.18395 08

5.16720
4.21227
3. 05023
1. 67989
+ 0.10532

18
67
28
36
57

8.463693
8.212559
7. 666669
6. 798024
5. 583115

19
72
45
63
16

1.66270
3.60489
5.69098
7.87652
-10.09858

85
91
02
81

18

- 2.916594
- 5.871760

63
11

-12.26944
-14.26758
-15. 92348
-16. 99643
-17.13329

98
89
54
22
84

- 9.045801
-12.315713
-15.495090
-18.304274
-20.319071

-15.78782
-12. 04072
- 4.11777
+12.32933
54. 86521

62

38
87
89

-20. 873659
-18. 851215

12.26978
15.57616
20. 76422
30.50045
57. 80864

23
51
72

58
62
04
50
37
38
90
53

05

2.697375
1.945245
1.119087
0.229371
+ 0.711177

4.005017
+ 2.056070
- 0.258625

-12.140718
+ 4.242107
49.428990

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

350

LEGENDRE FUNCTION FIRST KIND Pn (x)

Table 8.5

Po(x)

=l

Pi(z)=x

P9 (aO

Pio(x)

1.00000
16.02754
15.03668
12.45973
18.97882

1.00000
2)1.06544
3)1.13789
3)6.65436
4)2.81110

2)1.85750
2)3.16804
'2)5.10597
'2)7.86743
'3)1.16849

4)2.71007
4)7.13591
5)1.69353
5)3.70173
5)7.56647

4)9.60605
5)2.81929
5)7.37020
6)1.75809
6)3.89219

3.21000
4.20727
5.41672
6. 86607
8. 58472

3)1.68300
'3)2.36169
'3)3.24050
'3)4.36022
'3)5.76676

6)1.46256
6)2.69625
6)4.77208
6)8.15181
7)1.34978

8. 09745
1.59814
3. 01437
5.46578
9. 57313

3)1.06038
3)1.29559
3)1.56757
'3)1.87991
'3)2.23641

3)7.51150
'3)9.65154
'4)1.22500
'4)1.53765
'4)1.91071

7)2.17406
7)3.41632
7)5.25060
7)7.90944
8)1.16994

8)1.62597
8)2.68690
8)4.33189
8)6.82993
9)1.05524

385. 56
430. 64
479. 08

3)2.64100
3)3.09781
'3)3.61111
'3)4.18537
'3)4.82519

'4)2.35250
'4)2.87205
'4)3.47916
'4)4.18440
'4)4.99917

8)1.70196
8)2.43839
8)3.44472
8)4.80363
8)6.61853

9)1.60047
9)2.38657
9)3.50362
9)5.06985
9)7.23884

531.
586.
645.
708.
775.

00
52
76
84
88

'3)5.53538
'3)6.32087
3)7.18681
'3)8.13847
3)9.18133

'4)5.93572
'4)7.00717
'4)8.22754
4)9.61180
5)1.11759

8)9.01781
9)1.21596
9)1.62372
9)2.14858
9)2.81890

10)1.02082
10)1.42299
10)1.96229
'10)2.67872
'10)3.62216

847. 00

'4)1.03210
'4)1.15633
'4)1.29142
'4)1.43797
'4)1. 59663

5)1.29367
5)1.49122
5)1.71215
'5)1.95846
'5)2.23227

9)3.66876
9)4.73885
9)6.07749
9)7.74185
9)9.79919

10)4.85435
10)6.45123
10)8.50564
11)1.11305
11)1.44623

'5)2.53583
5)2. 87149
'5)3.24171
'5)3.64912
5) 4. 09643
1

10)1.23283
'10)1.54212
'10 1.91848
'10)2.37430
'10)2.92387

11)1.86653
11)2.39363
11)3.05098
11)3.86641
11)4.87282

2338.28

4)2.84010
4)3.10252
4)3.38268
4)3.68137
4)3.99938

'5)4.58649
5)5.12230
5)5.70699
5)6.34383
5)7.03621

10)3.58363
'10)4.37243
'10)5.31184
'10)6.42640
'10)7.74404

11)6.10897
11)7.62030
11)9.45994
12)1.16898
12)1.43817

2485.00

(4)4.33754

(5)7.78769

(10)9.29640

(12)1.76188

P2(x)

Pz{x)

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

1.00
1.66
2.44
3.34
4.36

1.00
2.52
4.76
7.84
11.88

1.00000
4. 04700
9.83200
'1)1.94470
1)3.41520

1.00000
6. 72552
1)2.09686
1)4.97354
2)1.01148

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

5.50
6.76
8.14
9.64
11.26

17.00
23.32
30.96
40.04
50.68

1)5.53750
1)8.47120
2)1.23927
2)1.74952
2)2.39887

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

13.00
14.86
16.84
18.94
21.16

63.00
77.12
93.16
111.24
131.48

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

23.50
25.96
28.54
31.24
34.06

154. 00
178. 92

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

37.00
40.06
43.24
46.54
49.96

305.00
343.72

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

53.50
57.16
60.94
64.84
68.86

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

73.00
77.26
81.64
86.14
90.76

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

95.50
100.36
105.34
110.44

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8

121.00
126. 46

1809.00

132. 04
137. 74
143. 56

2062.36

149.50

10.0

From

115. 66

206.36
236.44
269.28

922.32
1001.96
1086.04
1174. 68
1268. 00

1366.12
1469.16
1577.24
1690.48

1932. 92
2197. 44

Ps(x)

Pi(x)

(4)1.76804
(4)1.95286
(4)2.15176
(4)2.36546
(4)2.59466

National Bureau of Standards, Tables of associated Legendre functions.

York, N.Y., 1945 (with permission).

Columbia Univ.

Press,

New

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

351

DERIVATIVE OF THE LEGENDRE FUNCTION FIRST KIND

Pl(x)

=l

P'2 (x)

P;(*)

Table 8.6

= Sx

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

PUx)
6.000
9.390
1)1.320
'1)1.770
|1)2.280

1)1.00000
1)2.12400
l)3o 75200
1)5.96800
1)8.85600

PUx)
1)1.50000
1)4.57230
'2)1.01688
2)1.92723
'2)3.30168

i4.50000
'7.77587
14.50787
'1. 74282
'5.33445

P'Mx)
1)5.50000
3)1.53586
4)1.13477
4)5.24824
5)1.85808

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

1)2.850
1)3.480
1)4.170
1)4.920
1)5.730

'2)1.25000
2)1.69840
'2)2.23920
'2)2.88080
'2)3.63160

2)5.26875
'2)7.97208
3)1.15704
'3)1.62377
'3)2.21628

5)1.39531
5)3.25362
5)6.94480
6)1.38132
6)2.59296

5)5.50068
6)1.42939
6)3.36028
6)7.29317
7)1.48267

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

(1)6.1600
(1)7.!530

'1)8.520
'1)9.570
'2)1.068

2)4.50000
'2)5.49440
'2)6.62320
'2)7.89480
2)9.31760

'3)2.95500
'3; 3. 86184
3 4. 96025
'3)6.27516
'3)7.83305

6)4.63721
6)7.95819
7)1.31805
7)2.,11632
7)3.:30652

7)2.85372
7)5.24287
7)9.25345
8)1.57706
8)2.60626

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

2)1.185
'2)1.308
2)1.437
2)1.572
2)1.713

3)1.09000
3)1.26504
'3)1.45772
'3)1.66888
'3)1.89936

3)9.66187
'4)1.17911

7 7. 52431

'4)1.70764
4)2.02990

8)1.10110
8)1.58313
8)2.23988

8)4.19097
8)6.57653
9)1.00955
9)1.51918
9)2.24508

2)1.860

2)2.337
2)2.508

(3)2.15000
3)2.42164
3)2.71512
'3)3.03128
>)3. 37096

4)2.39550
4 2. 80816
4)3.27172
4)3.79020
4)4.36775

8)3.12290
8)4.29574
8)5.83620
8)7.83868
9)1.04169

9)3.26340
9)4.67217
9)6.59627
9)9.19329
10)1.26604

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

2)2.685
'2)2.868
'2)3.057
'2)3.252
)3.252
2)3.453
)3.453

3)3.73500
3)4.12424
3)4.53952
3)4.98168
3)5.45156

4)5.00869
'4)5.71746
'4)6.49870
'4)7.35714
1)8.29772

9)1.37071
9)1.78712
9)2.31006
9)2.96206
9 3.76947

10)1.72421
'10)2.32397
10)3.10217
10)4.10354
10)5. 38214

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

'2)3.660
'2)3.873
2)4.092

'4)9.32550
5)1.04457
5)1.16637
5)1.29849
5)1.44152

9)4.76295

2)4.317
2)4.548

(3)5.95000
(3)6.47784
(3)7.03592
(3)7.62508
(3)8.24616

9 9. 24362
10)1.13953

10)7.00283
10)9.04307
11)1.15949
11)1.47670
11)1.86875

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

14.785
i5.028
'5.277
15.532
15.793

3)8.90000
'3)9.58744
'4)1.03093
'4)1.10665
'4)1.18598

5)1.59602
'5)1.76260
5)1.94187
5 2.13445
5)2.34099

10)1.39725
10)1.70455
10)2.06937
10)2.50070
10)3.00866

11)2.35063
11)2.93985
11 3. 65675
11)4.52490
11)5.57149

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8

6.060
6.333
6.612

'4)1.26900
'4 1.35580
'4)1.44647
'4)1.54109
'4)1.63974

5)2.56215
'5)2.79860
'5)3.05102
5)3.32013
5)3.60663

10)3.60463
'10)4.30137
10)5.11311
'10)6.05576
10)7.14698

'11)6.82780
11 8. 32969
12)1.01182
12 1.22399
12)1.47481

10.0

(2)7.485

(4)1.74250

(5)3.91127

(10)8.40642

(12)1.77028

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

'2)2.013
2)2.172

7
6. S9"

7.188

From National Bureau

New

P\{x)

of Standards,

4)1.42518

7)5.04229

9 5. 97809
9 7. 45591

Tables of associated Legendre functions.

York, N.Y., 1945 (with permission).

Columbia Univ.

Press,

352

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

LEGENDRE FUNCTION SECOND KIND Q n (x)

Table 8.7
Qo(x)
00

Qi(x)

Q 2 (x)

Qs(x)

00

00

oo

Qio(z)

Qs(x)

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

1.19895
(-1)8.95880
(-1)7.33169
(-1)6.26381

-1)4.38737
-1)2.54232
-11. 73070
-1)1.27487

90253
59466
87829
10233

2)8.80147
-2)3 10542
47080
-3)8 07870

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

(-1)5.49306
(-1)4.90415
(-1)4.43652
(-14. 05465
(-1)3.73607

-2)9.86123
-2)7.89122
-2)6.47638
-2)5.42093
-2)4.61002

11838
52029
13240
68364
81708

-3)4
-3)3
-3)2
-3)1
-3)1

87112
13576
12013
48960
07961

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

(-1)3.46574
(-1)3.23314
(-1)3.03068
(-1)2.85272
(-1)2.69498

3.97208
3.46035
3.04309
2.69807
2. 40934

45667
43984
66347
05981
58298

-4]

02854
10146
72397
71695
96625

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

(-1)2.55413
(-1)2.42754
(-1)2.31312
(-1)2.20916
(-1)2.11428

-2)2.16512
-2)1.95664
-2)1.77717
-2)1.62153
-2)1.48564

20108
89145
63766
42759
25217

(-4)

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

(-1)2.02733
(-1)1.94732
(-1)1.87347
(-1)1.80507
(-1)1.74153

-2)1.36628
-2)1.26084
-2)1.16723
-2)1.08374
-2)1.00894

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

-1)1.68236
-1)1.62711
-1)1.57541
'-1)1.52691
'-1)1.48133

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

oo

32079
\\: 06810
71471
Ik 91902

75615
1: lit 27633
(- 6)5.73368
(- 6)1.13241

6)1.12179
7)3.76522
7)1.42488
8)5.92566
8)2.66020

7)2.86313
8)8.62195
- 8)2.96212
- 8)1.12879
9)4.67876

8)1.27252
9)6.42269
9)3.39441
9)1.86714
9)1.06372

- 9)2.07945
'-10)9.80358
-10)4.86183
-10)2.51945
-10)1.35695

39697
95866
61661
34641
13061

-10)6.25130
-10)3.77701
-10)2.33956
-10)1.48213
-11)9.58309

(-11)7.56235
(-11)4.34493
(-11)2.56563
(-11)1.55290
(-12)9.61271

10450
79278
72377
80551
01223

-5)9 56532
-5)8 14823
-5)6 98500
-5)6, 02278
-5)5 22117

-11)6.31274
-11)4.23006
-11)2.87937
-11)1.98859
-11)1.39197

'-12)6.07362
'-12)3.91025
-12)2.56132
-12)1.70471
-12)1.15147

-3)9.41671
-3)8.80944
-3 8. 25935
-3)7.75944
-3)7.30377

32330
72204
19491
73078
32050

54896
98181
50058
09006
-5)2 73812

-12)9.86572
-12)7.07418
-12)5.12787
-12)3.75499
-12)2.77600

-13)7.88519
-13)5.46920
-13)3.83900
'-13)2.72499
-13)1.95462

-1)1.43841
43841
-1)1.39792
39792
-1)1.35967
(-1)1.32346
(-1)1.28915

3)6.88725
(-3)6.
3)6.50550
(-3)6.
-3)5.83171
-3)5.53353

95644
63228
34266
08311
84980

-5)2
-5)2
-5)1
-5)1
-5)1

43500
17277
94497
74631
57242

-12)2.07071
-12 1.55770
-12)1.18115
-13)9.02383
-13)6.94338

-13)1.41592
-13)1.03525
-14)7.63577
-14)5.67877
-14)4.25654

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

-1)1.25657
'-1)1.22561
'-1)1.19615
'-1)1.16807
-1)1.14129

-3)5.25771
-3)5.00208
-3)4.76469
-3)4.54386
-3)4.33807

63950
44944
27723
12082
97844

41968
28507
16606
06054
66707

-13)5.37876
-13)4.19350
-13)3.28941
-13)2.59524
-13)2.05891

-14)3.21427
-14)2.44439
-14)1.87141
-14)1.44191
-14)1.11775

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6

(-1)1.11572
(-1)1.09127
(-1)1.06787
(-1)1.04546
(-1)1.02397

-3)4.14598
-3)3.96640
-3)3.79827
-3)3.64063
-3)3.49262

84855
72979
62102
52119
42940

83037

(-13)1.64205
(-13)1.31620
(-13)1.06011
(-14)8.57794
(-14)6.97159

-15)8.71513
-15)6.83294
'-15)5.38569
-15)4.26656
-15)3.39644

3)6.15475

-4
-4

(-4
(-4
(-4
(-4)

-6

-6)8 08237
-6)7 41202
-6)6,

80982

-6)6 26763

10.0 (-1)1.00335 (-3)3.35348 (-4)1.34486 (-6)5.77839 (-14)5.69010 (-15)2.71639

From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of associated Legendre functions. Columbia Univ. Press, New
York, N.Y., 1945 (with permission).

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

353

DERIVATIVE OF THE LECENDRE FUNCTION SECOND KIND

-Qo(z)

Q'n (x)

Table 8.8

-Q's (x)

-Q'i(x)

-Q'io(x)
00

00

00

00

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

00

oo

2.27273
1.04167
(-1)6.41026
(-1)4.46429

1.52833
(-1)5.62454
(-1)2.92472
(-1)1. 77190

-1)9.56516
-1)2.78972
-l)l. 21817
-2)6.39686

-1)5.77060
-1 1.32721
-2)4.85530
-2)2.20736

2)2.06667
3)1.11220
4)1.39114
5)2.64367

2)1.15922
4)4.88977
5)5.11106
6)8.39591

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

(-1)3.33333
(-1)2.60417
(-1)2.10084
(-1 1.73611
(-1)1.46199

(-1)1.17361
(-2)8.25020
(-2)6.05501
(-2)4.59238
(-2)3.57495

-2)3.74965
-2)2.36801
-2)1.57925
-2)1.09833
-3)7.89834

-2)1.14416
-3)6.48766
-3)3.93006
-3)2.50557
-3)1.66411

6)6.52419
6)1.93263
7)6.56197
7)2.47880
(- 7)1.02057

6)1.83053
7 4. 86561
7)1.49994
8)5.19235
8)1.97390

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

'-1)1.25000
-1)1.08225
-2)9.46970
-2)8.36120
-2)7.44048

-2)2.84264
-2)2.30068
-2)1.89018
-2)1.57309
-2 1.32398

(-3)5.83769
(-3)4.41472
-3)3.40437
-3)2.66980
-3)2.12471

-3)1.14304
-4)8.07587
-4)5.84465
-4 4. 31867
-4)3.24956

((-

8)4.51200
8)2.11821
8)1.04686
9)5.40951
- 9)2.90659

9)8.10849
9)3.55578
9)1.64904
-10)8.02794
-10)4.07799

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

i6.66667

6.00962
5. 44662
4.96032
'4. 53721

-2)1.12539
!)1.12539
i) 9. 64994
-3)9.64994
-3)8.33966
-3)7.25823
-3)6.35742

-3)1.71292
-3 1.39691
-3)1.15099
-4)9.57184
-4)8.02725

-4)2.48459
-4)1.92694
'-4)1.51364
-4)1.20274
-5)9.65712

(- 9)1.61660
(-10)9.27220
(-10)5.46705
(-10)3.30481
(-10)2.04345

-10)2.15091
-10)1.17316
-11)6.59413
-11 3. 80849
-11)2.25453

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

-2)4.16667
-2)3.84025
-2)3.55114
'-2)3.29381
-2)3.06373

(-3)5.60078
(-3)4.96040
(-3)4.41464
(-3)3.94656
(-3)3.54273

-4)6.78356
-4)5.77277
-4)4.94423
-4)4.25974
'-4)3.69015

-5)7.82792
-5)6.40058
-5)5.27543
-5 4. 38019
-5)3.66172

-10)1.28985
-11)8.29696
-11)5.43056
-11 3. 61188
-11)2.43819

-11)1.36497
-12)8.43598
-12 5. 31340
-12)3.40566
-12)2.21848

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

'-2)2.85714
'-2)2.67094
'-2)2.50250
'-2)2.34962
-2)2.21043

(-3)3.19245
(-3 2. 88709
(-3)2.6196^
(-3)2.38436
(-3)2.17655

21299
(-4)3.21299
(-4)2.81078
81078
(-4) 2. 46977
-4 2. 17910
-4)1.93008

(-5)3. 08050
(-5)2. 60683

5)2.21813
(-5)1.89709
(-5)1.63035

-11)1.66874
-ll)l. 15686
-12)8.11673
-12)5.75903
'-12)4. 12938

(-12)1.46703
(-13)9.83782
(-13 6. 68395
(-13)4.59703
(-13)3.19817

7.0
7.2
7,4
7.6
7.8

2)2.08333
I: 2)1.96696
-2)1.86012
-2)1.76180
-2)1.67112

(-3)1.99230
(-3)1.82834
(-3)1.68195
(-3)1.55083
(-3)1.43304

-4)1.71573
-4)1.53040
'-4)1.36949
-4 1.22923
-4)1.10651

-5)1.40747
-5)1.22023
-5)1.06216
(-6)9.28073
(-6)8.13829

(-12)2.99029
(-12)2.18566
(-12)1.61163
(-12)1.19826
(-13)8.97939

(-13)2.24909
(-13)1.59779
(-13)1.14602
(-14)8.29452
(-14)6.05494

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6

(-2)1.58730
(-2)1.50966
-2)1.43761
(-2)1.37061
(-2)1.30822

(-3)1.32691
(-3)1.23104
( -3
1.14421
(-3)1.06538
(-4)9.93646

(-5)9.93765
(-5)9.03846
(-5)8.19960
(-5)7.45601
(-5)6.79498

(-6)7.16078
(-6)6.32104
-6) 5. 59691
(-6)4.97021
(-6)4.42597

-13)6.77915
-13)5.15433
-13)3.94535
-13)3.03931
-13)2.35565

-14)4.45610
-14)3.30480
-14 2.46898
-14)1.85745
-14)1.40670

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8

-2)1.25000
-2)1.19560
-2)1.14469
(-2)1.09697
(-2)1.05219

28224
8. 13682
4)7.63447
4)7.17272

'-5)6.20573
-5)5.67908
-5)5.20722
-5)4.78344
'-5)4.40196

-6)3.95179
-6)3.53736
-6)3.17406
-6)2.85468
-6)2.57314

-13)1.83641
-13)1.43959
-13)1.13452
(-14)8.98657
(-14)7.15298

-14)1.07211
-15)8.22064
-15)6.33995
-15 4. 91668
L5)3. 83321

10.0

(-2)1.01010

(-4)6.74753

(-5)4.05782

(-6)2.32430

(-14)5.72014

>

From National Bureau

till: 68435
(-4

(
(

of Standards, Tables of associated Legendre functions.

York,N.Y., 1945 (with permission).

(-15)3.00374

Columbia Univ.

Press,

New

9. Bessel

Functions of Integer Order

W.

F.

Olver

J.

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties

358

Notation

358

Bessel Functions

J and

9.4.

and Elementary Properties

Asymptotic Expansions for Large Arguments
Asymptotic Expansions for Large Orders
Polynomial Approximations

9.5.

Zeros

358
358
364
365
369
370

9.1. Definitions
9.2.
9.3.

Modified Bessel Functions / and K

9.6. Definitions and Properties
9.7. Asymptotic Expansions
9.8. Polynomial Approximations

374
374
377
378

Kelvin Functions

379
379
381
384

and Properties
Asymptotic Expansions
Polynomial Approximations

9.9. Definitions

9.10.

9.11.

Numerical Methods
9.12. Use and Extension

385
385

of the Tables

References

Table

388

FunctionsOrders

Bessel

9.1.

J (x),

15D,

J,{x),

0, 1,

and 2

(0<x< 17.5)

....

390

J {x), Y (x), Y (x), 10D

Q

Y (x), 8D
2

s=0(.l)17.5
Bessel Functions

Modulus

and Phase of Orders

0,

1,

(10<z<)

396

rfMn (x),O n (z)x, 8D

n=0(l)2, ar^.lC .01)0
Bessel Functions

Auxiliary

Table for Small Arguments

(0<z<2)

397

J
2

(x)

(x) In x,

x[F

IT

x=0(.l)2,

Table

(x)

J\{x) In

x]

8D

Jn (x), Yn (x),

(0<x<20)
n=3(l)9

z=0(.2)20,

5D

Bessel Functions Orders 3-9

9.2.

398

or 5S

National Bureau of Standards, on leave from the National Physical Laboratory.

716-654

64

24

355

<

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

356

Page

Table

9.3.

FunctionsOrders 10, 11, 20, and 21 (0<x< 20)

x~ 10Jw (x), x- n Jtl (.x), x l0 Y1Q (x)

Bessel

8Sor9S

a=0(.l)10,

Ym (x)

Jio(x), Jn(x'),

8D

x=10(.l)20,

JM,x- J
21

x- 20

2l

(x),x 20

20 (x)

6Sor7S

35=001)20,
Bessel Functions

Modulus and Phase

of Orders 10,11,20.

and 21 (20<x<co)
x>Mn (x),6 n (x)-x

w=10,

402

406

8D
6D

11,

7i=20, 21,

x -i=.05(-.002)0

Table

Table

9.4.

9.5.

Bessel

FunctionsVarious Orders

7B (x),

Yn {x),

x=l,

2, 5, 10,

(0<n< 100).

.,

Zeros and Associated Values of Bessel Functions and Their

Derivatives (0< n 8, l<s< 20)
jn.s, J'n{jn, S )

Y'n (y n

Vn.s,

407

n=0(l)20(10)50, 100
10S
50, 100,

409

5D (10D for 71 = 0)
Yn (y'niS ), 5D (8D for n=0)

jn.s, Jnij'n.s),

s );

y'n.s,

s=l(l)20, 7i=0(l)8

Table

9.6.

J (jo,sX),

Bessel Functions

s=l(l)5

413

3=0002)1, 5D
Table

9.7.

Bessel Functions

Miscellaneous Zeros

X,

\- x =0(.02)

sth zero of Ji(x)

414

(s= 1(1)5)

\J (x)

sth zero of x Ji{x)

.2(.2)1,

.1,

4D

\xJ (x)

X=.5(.l)l, X _1 =l( .2).2, .1( .02)0,

sth zero of / (x)FP (Xx)
(x)J (kc)

4D

X-

= .8(-.2)

X" 1 =.8(-.2)
sth zero of

Table

9.8.

5D (8D

.l(-.02)0,

.2,

s=l)

for

s=\)

for

s=l)

2 (0

<x<20)

(x)JQ (\x)

5D (8D

.l(-.02)0,

.2,

for

Yi{x)Ji{\x)

J {x)Y (\x) Y

X- =.8(-.2)

5D (8D

.1( .02)0,

.2,

sth zero of Ji(x)Yi(\x)

Modified Bessel Functions of Orders 0,

x
e-*I (x), c x
(x), e- h{x), e'K^x)
x=0(.l)10 (.2)20, 10D or 10S

and

416

x~ 2 I2 (x), x2
x=0(.l)5,

e~ x I2 (x),

(x)

9D

10D,
2

(x)

9D,8D

a;=5(.l)10 02)20,

Modified Bessel

Functions

Arguments (20 < s; <

xh~ x I n {x) ir~ xh x
x- =.05(-. 002)0,

Modified

Bessel

Auxiliary

{x)

(x)

+ I (x)

x=0(.l)2,

8D

Large

7i

= 0,

8-9D

Functions
lnx,

for

422
,

Auxiliary

Arguments (0<x<2)

Table

oo )

ziKxW-Ixlx)

Table

for

Small
422

lnx}

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

357
Page

Table

9.9.

e-*In (x),

9.10.

5S

Modified Bessel Functions

Orders

10,

20 and 21

11,

(0<x<20)

425

x- 10/10 (x), ar u /u (*),

x

I10 (x), e-*Iu (x),

Kw
x K

(x)

7D

10D, 10D,

x=10(.2)20,

21
x- 20 /20 (x), x- /21 (x),

5S

x=0(.2)20,

Modified

xK10 (x)

8Sor9S

x=0(.2)10,
e-

423

w=3(l)9

n (x),

x=0(.2)10(.5)20,

Table

...

Modified Bessel Functions Orders 3-9 (0<x<20)

to

20

Functions

Bessel

20 (x)

7S

Auxiliary

Table for Large

Arguments (20<x<)
x
x
hi{ xh~ Iw {x) } In xh~ In (x) } \n{ir x*e*Kw (x)

427

ln{x*<r*/2 o(x)}, ln{x*e-*/21 (x)}, \n.{ir l x*e'Km (x)}

x -i=.05(-.001)0,

Table

9.11.

8D,

6D

Modified Bessel FunctionsVarious Orders (0<w<100)

I n (x), n (x), 71 = 0(1)20(10)50, 100
x=l, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 9S or 10S

428

Table

9.12.

and
Kelvin FunctionsOrders
ber x, bei x, ber x x, bei x x
ker x, kei x, ke^ x, keii x
x=0(.l)5, 10D, 9D
Kelvin Functions

(0<x<l)
ker x+ber

Auxiliary

Kelvin Functions

(x), 6 (x),

(x),

</>

(x),

x=0(.2)7,

(6.6

x,

kei
x),

x+bei x

In x

x(kei : x+beii x In x)

7)

432

(x), 0x(x)

Niix), 0i (x)

Modulus

<x<

xV^W (x),

Table for Small Arguments

6D

x*e-*#Mo(x),
a;-i

430

Modulus and Phase (0<x<

Kelvin Functions

ments

(0<x< 5)

430
x In

x(keriX+beri x In
x=0(.l)l, 9D

and Phase

for

Large Argu-

(x),

^(x)-(x/V2)

)
o

(x)-(z/V2),

432

x*e-*M

(x) + (x/V2), xh^N^x),

= .15(-.01)0, 5D
o

(x)

+ (x/V2)

The author acknowledges the assistance of Alfred E. Beam, Ruth E. Capuano, Lois K.
Cherwinski, Elizabeth F. Godefroy, David S. Liepman, Mary Orr, Bertha H. Walter, and
Ruth Zucker of the National Bureau of Standards, and N. F. Bird, C. W. Clenshaw, and
Joan M. Felton of the National Physical Laboratory in the preparation and checking of the
tables and graphs.

Functions of Integer Order

9. Bessel

Mathematical Properties

The

tables in this chapter are for Bessel func-

z=x-\-iy;

v,

x,

Differential

real.

supposed real

v is

devoted

in the sections

to Kelvin functions 9.9, 9,10,

and

The notation used for the

that of Watson [9.15] and the

Bessel functions

Y (z)
v

is

is

British Association

often denoted N,(z)

and European workers.

Other notations are those

by

The

physicists

for

-\-KYn {z),K n {z)

(-) n

for

n (z).

for x-*J(2Vz).

Yn (z)

Y {z)
v

[9.9]:

is

an entire

When v= n, J

v.

first

(also

kind

called

{z)

(integral) func-

has no branch point

and is an entire (integral) function of z.

Important features of the various solutions are
as follows: J (z){B$v>Q) is bounded as z-^0 in
any bounded range of arg z. J(z) and J- r (z)
are linearly independent except when v is an
integer.
J{z) and Yv (z) are linearly independent
v

v.

Hl {z) tends
0<arg 2<V; Hi
sector

to zero as |2|-^

in the sector
tends to zero as |2|-^oo in the

{z^

7r<arg

and Hl

for ire"" sec(vir)Y,(z),

Y,(z)

(also called the Hankel functions).

Each is a
regular (holomorphic) function of z throughout
the 2-plane cut along the negative real axis, and

l)

frYn (z) + (\n 2-y) Jn (z),

2)

(z)

2<0. For all values

are hn early independent.

of

Hl

v,

l)

{z)

(z)ioi%iriH?\z).

Emde and

Jahnke,

Weber's function) and of the third kind flj u (z), Hi2) (z)

2)

for

dw
\-z-g+(z 2 -v 2 )w=0

second kind

the

of

for all values of

Gray, Mathews and MacRobert

Equation

Solutions are the Bessel functions of the

tion of

Clifford:

Cn (x)

dz'

for fixed z(?*Q) each

of:

Aldis, Airey:

Gn (z)

9.1.1

J,(z),

9.11.

and Royal Society Mathematical Tables.

function

d2w

a positive integer or zero.

n are unrestricted except where otherwise
;

and Elementary Properties

9.1. Definitions

are:

is

indicated

the text treats general

The conventions used

orders.

order;

of integer

tions

J and

Bessel Functions

Notation

Losch

Relations Between Solutions

[9.32]:

A,(a)fOTr(H-lXfg)-tf,(g).

Y (z)=-J,(z)

9.1.2

cos

(vt)J- v (z)

sin

(vir)

Jeffreys:

The
Hs(z) for

H(z), Hi

(z) for

Hi

2)

Kh(z)

right

of

limiting value

{z),

for

(2/T)Ky (z).

Heine:

n (z)

by

replaced

is

an integer or

its

zero.

9.1.3

W(z)=J,(z)+iY

equation

this
if v is

=i

for-|7rF n (3).

(z)

csc(vir){e-

viri

Jy(z)J- v {z)}

9.1.4

Neumann:

Yn (z)

m
for 7rFn (z)

Whittaker and Watson

K
358

{z) for

(ln

2-y)

[9.18]:

cos (vt)K v (z).

2)

{z)=J (z)-iY
v

=i

n (z).

csc(vtt)

(z)

{J_ P (z) e viri Jv {z)}

= (-) nJB (s)

9.1.5

J-(2)

9.1.6

H(z)=e" H(z)
i

F_ B ( 3) = (-)Fn (g)

(2

l{z)^=er^

{2)

{z)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

359

\_KioIXI

Ao<*>

Figure

10

Figure

9.1.

J (x), Y (x),

Ji(x),

-Z.J

Ym (x),

(x)=VJi o(x) + Ff
2

and

(x).

Y (x).
x

Figure

-3.0

Jw(x),

9.2.

-1.5

-1.0

9.3.

.7,(10)

and F(10).

1.0

.3

From
9.4. Contour lines of the modulus and phase of the Hankel Function H^ (x Jriy)=M e i8 o.
E. Jahnke, F. Emde, and F. Losch, Tables of higher functions, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1960 (with permission).

Figure

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

360

Limiting Forms for Small Arguments

Integral Representations

9.1.18

When

v is

fixed

and z^>0
cos (2 sin d)dd=-

Jo(z)=7,(z)

JO

7T

9.1.7

(v^-l, -2, -3,

~(*z)7r(*+l)

9.1.8

Y (z)

iHS (2) ~ii7<

2)

(2) ~ (2/t) In

7T

cos

(.?

cos 0)d0

Jo

9.1.19
1.19
.

.)

4 f* r
cos (2 cos
^0(2) =-5

6)

{7+ln

(22 sin 2

0)

cfa

Jo

7T

9.1.20

9.1.9

Y {z)im(z)~iH?\z)
v

ffil'ix f (1-

9.1.11

k=0

2"

ede

)-* cos (i)A

(#,>-

C cos (2sin 6 nd)dO

Jn (z)="

7T

d) sip.

9.1.21

J.-M-CM'Sa^gij

9.1.10

'

Ascending Series

C cos(2 cos

(-z) v

^.

Jv(z)=

(iMr(0(ig)-'

Jo

=Jo(e

i2C088

cos (n0)d0

7T

ICl

9.1.22

+^ln(|2)Jn (2)

Jy(z)=2)n
('
7T

(-is

;{^+i)+^+^+i)}

p*

9.1.12

is

given

(2)=l

by

6.3.2.

(ig 2

l g2

2
)

jJ-j+^j.

Y,(z)=-

(is 2) 3

^yp-+

--

f
T Jo

(z)=|

{In (| 2 )

+7 Jo(2 )+? (1^

}

(1 2 2^2

t Jo

9.1.13

sin (2 sin

(Is 2^ 3

Jo(x)-

sin (x cosh t)dt

.(*)V-?

*S

,^r,

cos(x cosh

Jo

7T

(x>0)

Jo

^ (|arg2|<|ir;

9.1.23

9.1.14

(i*)'

dvd)dd

"{6" + e-" cos (w)}e- z8lnh

7T

Jv(z)J(z)

(|arg2|<^7r)

Jo

7T

where ^(n)

0 j>0)d0

.^r-^mt,-,,^

ifc!(re+jfc)!

fc=0

cos(2 sin

""Jo

)*

0^

(z>0)

9.1.24

(-)*i>+ M +2fc+i) Q2 2 )*
='("+*+ i)rO*+ifc+i)r(v+M+A:+i)

fc!

^.w=-ji^rf^(i*i<i*>o)

Wronskians
9.1.15

9.1.25

W{J(z), J v (z)}=Jv+1 {z)J_ v (z) JrJt (z)J-iv+i)(z)

= 2

/*>+
z Biah

vt

dt

(|arg2|<ir)

sin (vir)/(rz)

9.1.16

Hl 2) (z) =

W{J,(2),r,(2)}=J, +1 (2)F,(2)-J,(2)r, +1 (2)

T*k

'
\

ZBlDh

'-"'dt (|arg2|<|ir)

J-00

9.1.26

=2/(tt2)

r(-0(H r+ "

9.1.17

<ft

W{#<(2), H?\z)}=H?Uz)H?\z)-Hi{z)Hl 2l

= ii/(vz)

(z)

(@p>0, x>0)

In the last integral the path of integration must

lie

to the left of the points

t=0,

1, 2,

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

361

and

Recurrence Relations
9.1.27
<

Sf,-i(a)+ Jf,+i()=|
<

:<

9.1.34

K(s)

qvfy

v s

w ab
,
2

Analytic Continuation

In 9.1.35 to 9.1.38,

w l2) or any linear combinathe coefficients in which

functions,
these
tion of

H H
,

are independent of 2

J'Q {z)

9.1.28
If

of

v,

(z)

= -J

= z p(if

and

(\z q )

m7ri

Y' (z) =

(z)

where p,

-Y (z)

)=e- m

" wi

cot(vTr)J,(z)

sin(vir)H (ze mri )

= -sin (m- \)vr)Hp (z)

{

-e-" ri sva.(mvir)H{z)

9.1.29

9.1.38

+Mi(e) = (2v/\)z-*Mz)

(p+vq)f,_ 1 (z)

(p-vq)fr+l (z)

zf

v (z)=\qz'Jr . 1 (z)

zf:(z)

Y (z)-\-2i sm(mvrr)

then

/,-i(3)

J (z)

9.1.37

X are independent

q,

integer.

9.1.36

Y (ze

v.

an

J,(zemT{)=emvrt

9.1.35
<g denotes J, Y,

is

= (2vf\)z -*fM

sm(vv)H

<

2)

(ze

+ {p- vq)f,(z)

=sin { (m+ l)wr}H* (z)

+e

viri

sm.(mvK)H?

(z)

9.1.39

Hp(ze ri) = -e-" H(z)

= -\qzf v+1 (z) + (p + vq)fXz)

Formulas

mri

for Derivatives

9.1.30

G0 ^
(!0 fr ^

9.1.40

(3)}=2 " i? '- i(2)

{3

/,()

(z)1 = (_),2

"""

'

Y {z) = Y,(z)

=7(g)

H () =m

H (I) =H? (2)

+j(2)

i)

( real)

(2)

(4=0,1,2,...)
9.1.31

Generating Function and Associated Series

V++M

Vi (z)={<<f^(z)-(^)
k)

WM=

9.1.41

+Q

XI

fc=

<r,_ s+4 (3)-

+(-)*sth*w

(*^0)

**/*()
CD

(4=0,1,2,...)

9.1.42

cos

(2 sin

0)=Jo (2)+2 X! ^(2)

cos (2kd)

0)=2 ]

(2&+l)0}

k=l

Recurrence Relations for Cross-Products

If

9.1.43

sin (2 sin

/2*+i(3) sin

k=0

9.1.32

=J

v
y {a)Y v (b)-J v (b)Y v {a)
q,=J,(a)Y:(b)-J:(b)Y,(a)
r y =J'v {a)Y v (b)-J v (b)Y'v {a)
s v =J'v (a)Y'v (b)-J'v (b)Y'y(a)

9.1.44

cos (2 cos

0)=Jo (z)+2

S (-)V

*(2)

cos (2kd)

fc=i

9.1.45

then

sin (2 cos

9.1.33

q*
2v

P'+i~Pv-i

- Pv

S (-)V

2t+ i(2) cos

{(2k+l)6}

Tv

1=J (2) + 2J

9.1.46
qv+x-rTv

0)=2

k=0

2v

(2)+2J4(2)+2J6 (2)+

r Pv+l
9.1.47

r +i

2"

_"

T P*
_1

"+1

~
1

cos 2

P'+i
v

J (2) - 2J (2) + 2
2

(2)

-2J (2)+

9.1.48

sin

2=2J (2)-2J (2) + 2J

1

(2)-

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

362

Other Differential Equations

9.1.63

w '+(\ - ^^)w=0,
2

9.1.49

w=z^

|J,(na)|<

exp {nV(l

?
)

{l+V(l-2 2)j

{\z)

Derivatives

With Respect

to Order

9.1.64

^"+(j2 - ^)^=^>
V

9.1.50

w"+\ z
2

9.1.51

p- 2

w=zltf(\zi)

^-Jv (z)=J

{z) In (2)

w=--z^ 1/p (2\zi p /p)

w=0,

fi-yfy

^(H-*+D

tig*)'

9.1.52
9.1.65

^F,(g)=cot(w)

{|; J,(a)-xF,(a)}

9.1.53
z

w" + (l-2p)zw' + (\ q2 z +p"-v2q 2 )w=0

esc (vx) ^ J-

2 <1

w=z

v(,{\z q

w=^ {\e

*-v 2 )w=($,

(^0, 1,2,

{Z)

\F>

.)

V)

= <#,{z)

Td

l>

9.1.56
l2n)

where a

= () n \2n z- n w,
any

is

of the

w=z> n( n {2\az*)
2n roots

-2 Yn (2) +

{=

^2~

(n-*)*!

9.1.67

-v )w" + z{z 2 -Zv 2 )w'

+ {(z2 -v ) 2 -{z2 +v )}w=0,

9.1.55
2

(2)

9.1.66

w" + (\

(z)ttJ v

9.1.54

z {z

V
F

(2)

t- S
J MX*l"v(j
-

\\

(9
-

l= n

*
2

4*)*F(s)

(2)+

(n A:)*!

9.1.68

of unity.

Differential Equations for Products

In the following?? = z j- and

cylinder functions of orders

^,.(2),

v,

^(2)

are any

p respectively.

Expressions in

9.1.69

J, (2)

9.1.57

{^-2(v 2 +

2
(x

)^

r(*+D

+( V2 -n 2 ) 2 }w

+42 (#+l)(t?+2)w=0,
2

Terms of Hypergeometric Functions

Fi(f+1;

r(F+i)

-i2 2)

M(F+J,2v+l,2i)

w=<f, (2)^,(2)
9.1.70

(W

9.1.58
t?(i?

-4y )w+4z (t?+l)w=0,

2

'(\, M ;,+1;

"}

W=^,(2)^,(2)
as

9.1.59
s

w' // +2(422 +l 4y2 )w / +(4v2 -l)w=0,

W =2^(2)^,(2)

/x^oo through real or complex values;

X,

2,

being fixed.
(0F1 is the generalized hypergeometric function.
For M(a, b, 2) and F(a, b; c; 2) see chapters 13 and
15.)

Upper Bounds
Connection With Legendre Functions
9.1.60

|J(x)|<l (,>0), |J,(a:)|<l/V2

(v>l)
If

2*

9.1.61

0<J< 3*r(f>*

(f>0)

ju

and x are

fixed

and

j/->

through real

positive values
9.1.71

9.1.62

|7,(2)|<^

l'

eU

r(H-i)

(">-D

lim

v"P;" (cos *) }

= J (x)

(x>0)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

363

In 9.1.79 and 9.1.80,

w=V('M2 +t'2 2mw cos a),

9.1.72

lim {*"&-" (cos *)}

=-frrYM

For Pj" and Qy", see chapter

(x>0)

w v cos a=w cos X,

sina=w

sin

the branches being chosen so that w-^u and X>0

as w>0.
C p(cos a) is Gegenbauer's polynomial
(see chapter 22).

8.

Continued Fractions
9.1.73

J {z)

2vz~ x

J,-i{z)

2(v+l)z~

2(v+2)z~

_\z\v j z 2/{v(v+l)} |2 2/{(,+l)(,+2)}

1-

1-

1-

Multiplication Theorem
9.1.74
<

Sf,(X8)=x'

Gegenbauer's addition theorem.

(T)'(x2

D'(H*

(g)
(|x

If

if=J and

tion on X

is

and positive and <a <ir, then w, X

and non-negative, and the geometrical
relationship of the variables is shown in the diaIf u, v are real

-i|<i)

the upper signs are taken, the restric-

are real

gram.

unnecessary.

The

This theorem will furnish expansions of tf^re' 8 )

in terms of (^'y k (r).
Addition Theorems

restrictions

ia

in

Form (u=

C \u\

<
\

Degenerate

Neumann's

\ve

when (=J and

9.1.80 when <g=J.

9.1.79

are unnecessary in

an integer or

v is

zero,

and

<=):

9.1.81

<r,(ti)=

9.1.75

fc=

<#(u)JM

(M<M)

00

eo.

=rW

,)-

^ (v+k^Jr+MCPicos

a)

fc=0

Neumann's Expansion

of an Arbitrary Function in a

Series of Bessel Functions

f(z)=a

9.1.82

i=jg( 2 )+2z;</i(z)

9.1.76

( it

M0,-1,...)

The restriction ||<M is unnecessary when

^ '=e7 and v is an integer or zero. Special cases are
<

(z)-\-2akJk (z)

Qz\<c)

t=i

fc=i

9.1.77
2n

0=S(-W(2)4- (2)+2S^(2)4 +l (2)

l

ft=0

where

c is

of f(z)

from 2=0,

the distance of the nearest singularity

(W>1)

fc=l

(fe=JUf

9.1.83

(0<c'<c)

J(t)Ok (t)dt
e

9.1.78

and

Jn(2z)=J2

J (z)Jn _ k (z)+2^{-yjk {z)Jn+k (z)

k

k (t)

defined

is Neumann's polynomial.
by the generating function

The

latter

9.1.84

Graf's

--=J
tZ

9.1.79

V,(w)

is

?\x=

oui

k= co

^P+k (u)J (v)l^ka(\ve^K\u\)

sin
k

n (t) is

J {z)0

=1

i\z\<\t\)

k (t)

a polynomial of degree n +1 in

1/t;

(t)

= l/t,

9.1.85

Gegenbauer's
9.1.80

^=2T
WS
w

(z)0 (t)+2

(v+i)

% % CM
Mo,-i,...

a)

Mi|<H)

&*n(nk 1)1 /2V- 2t+1

/c=o

The more
9.1.86

fc!

(!)"

(n=l,2,...)

general form of expansion

j{z) =aoJr {z) +2

k=i

<z*J+*(z)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

364

Neumann

expansion, is investigated
and [9.15] together with further generalizaExamples of Neumann expansions are

also called a
in [9.7]
tions.

9.1.41 to 9.1.48

and the Addition Theorems.

9.2.6

(z)= y'2/(Trz){P( v

smx+Q{v,

z)

z)

cosx}
(|arg s|<7r)

Other

examples are

9.2.7

9.1.87

m(z)=V2/(*z){P(v, z)+iQ(p, z)}e^

(v

+2k)T(v+k)

( 7r<arg0<27r)
(^0,-1,-2,...)

9.1.88

H^(z)=^2/(tz){P(v, z)-iQ(v, z)}e- ix

(- 2ir<arg 2<tt)

n (z)-

&io

(nk)kl

where

(l2)-#i+i)J Jn (z)

-- {In

_2

tt

where

(7i+2k)J n+2K (z)

K

k(n+k)

aWS
^
;

(
K

^fr' 2 *)-!
;

(2 2 )

(-)*^>

AM)

Asymptotic Expansions for Large

Principal Asymptotic

denoted by ^i,

(m-D(m-9)

2fc

2!(82)

0i-1)(/*-9)(m-25)(m-49)
4!(82)

v is

fixed

and

\2ft+l
:

(22)

M-l

(m-1)(m-9)(m-25)

82

3!(82)

j/

Forms

\z\>

that

k>%v f

(z-\vv-&)+e ]J*0(\z\^)}

(z)=i/2/&z) {cos

(",2fc+l)

If is real and non-negative and z is positive, the

remainder after k terms in the expansion of P(v, z)
does not exceed the (&+l)th term in absolute
value and is of the same sign, provided that
k^>%v j. The same is true of Q(v,z) provided

9.2.1
v

9.2.10

Arguments

'

(2>=- {ln(*a)+T}Jo(a)--S

When

P(^ P

given by 6.3.2.

\p(n) is

9.2.

X=2 (l^+Dirand, with 4f

9.2.9

9.1.89

9.2.8

(|arg

2|<>)

9.2.2

Asymptotic Expansions of Derivatives

With the conditions and notation of the preceding subsection

9.2.11

(|arg 2|<tt)

/J(z)=V2/0rz){

9.2.3

l)

{z)^^J2f{^z~)e

i{^

-^~^

(-7r<arg 2<2tt)

9.2.4
ff< 2)

R(r,

(z)~V27Uz)e~

,''

sinx S(v,

z)

cos x)
(|arg

z\<v\

9.2.12

Y'v (z)=^2l(irz){R(p,
i( *~* r ~ i,r)

z)

z)

cos

XS(v,

z) sin

(-27r<arg2<7r)

x}

(|arg 2|<tt)

9.2.13

Hankel's Asymptotic Expansions

When

v is

fixed

and

Hl v''{z) = ^2~K^z){iR{v, z)-S(v,

\z\><x>

x<arg

2<2ir)

9.2.14

9.2.5

J,(2) =V2/(?r2) {P(>, 2) cos

z)}e ix

x Q(j/,

2) sin

x}

(|arg 2J<tt)

2)

'(z)

= ^2/(Tz){-iR(u,

z)-S(v, z)}e~ ix

( 2ir<arg z<x)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

365

9.2.29

9.2.15
,
,
R{y,Z)

4r

,,

~h> ~>

+16P-l

4, 2 -(4&-l)

=1- Oi-DGi+15)
2
2!(8s)

(v,2k)
2

(2s)

"

'

0,~z-(*v+|M

2*

M-l
2 (4a;)
2

(m-1)(m~25)

6 (4a;)

(m-1)(m -114m+1073)
5(4x) 5

"*"

9.2.16

S(v,z)~it; (-)*

4k 2 +4(2&+1)

-1

*=<,

4* 2 -(4+l)

_ M +3

(m-1)(m~9)(m+35)

82

3!(82)

14 (4x) 7

,2*+l

(22

9.2.30
"*"

3
2
(m-1)(5m -1535 m +54703m-375733)

(F,2fc+1)

"

"

"

AT*

M -3

1-1

2 (2x) 2

2-4

l
l

'~7rx

m -1)(m-45)

(2x)

,
-

-]

Modulus and Phase

For

and positive

real p

The

a;

9.2.17

general term in the last expansion

M,= |flJ(i)|=V{^(a;) + Il(x)}

0=arg iJ^

(a;)

= arctan

Y,(x)/J,(x)

given

by

(2fr-3)

is

(2k)

X (m-1){m-9)...(m-(2-3)
(2x)

}{

m -(2H-1)(2&-1)

2
}

9.2.18

n,=\hp'(z)\=t/{j:*(x)+y:*(x)}
<p,

= arg Hl

x)

'

(x)

9.2.19

J,(x)=M,

9.2.20

J',(x)=Nr cos

= arctan

Y (x)=M

cos 0

9.2.31

Y'v (x) /J'r (x)

v

sin 0

Y'(x)=Np sm<p v

<p

In the following relations, primes denote

entiations with respect to x.
9.2.21
9.2.22

9.2.23

MX =
N^<pl=2(x -v
N =M' +MX =M' +4:I(txM,)
2

2l(irx)

(x

\) T-

m+3

+m
~2(4x)

+M

3
)

+46m-63
6(4x) 3

+185m 2 -2053m+1899
5(4x)

differ-

)J(irx

<j>,~X (\v

If v > 0, the remainder after k terms in 9.2.28 does

not exceed the (&+l)th term in absolute value
and is of the same sign, provided that k^>v\.

-v )MrM',+x NM+xN?=0
2

9.3.

Asymptotic Expansions for Large Orders

9.2.24

tan

x2 M;

Forms

y)

9.2.25

Principal Asymptotic

8 )=M,6'JM', = 2/(irxMM',)
M N sin (<p6 = 2/(irx)

(<p,

+xM; +

2
(a;

-^)M-4/(7r2 Mf) =

In the following equations it is supposed that

through real positive values, the other vari-

v->

ables being fixed.

9.2.26
9.3.1

afV''+x(4x2 +l-4i< 2 )<w/ + (4 2 -l)w=0,

I<

9 . 2 . 27

e;

+ |_|(g=1 _r

w=xM;|

^~vfc(0

~-^(ir

Asymptotic Expansions of Modulus and Phase

When v is

fixed, x is large

and positive, and m=4i/ 2

9.3.2

9.2.28

i;(tanli

^Zi+ll3
M^-?- l+i
^2 (2x) ^2-4
wx
"

f
{

(m-1)(m-9)
(2x)

J,

(v

sech

<y)

(>o)
-J2wv

1-3-5 ( m -1)(m-9)(m-25)
6
2-4-6
(2x)

a at

tanh a

tann a

pvia tanli
|

'A'

seen

<xj

,-

\%irv

a)

(a>0)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

366

9.3.9

9.3.3

(v

'

sec

/3)

y/2/{Trv

o(0

tan

j8) {

cos

(y

Vl

tan 0 v/3 |tt)

(j~ )

(0</3<^)

F,(j>sec/3) =

(fi

i/ 2 (*)

w 3 (f)

=l
= (3* 5f)/24
= (81i -462i +385f)/1152
= (30375i -3 69603i + 7 65765*
2

-4

V2/(irvtan/3).{sin

iy

tan |8 j|8

W+

OCv

M 4 (i)

-1

25425i9 )/4 14720

65125^-941 21676i +3499 22430*8
-4461 85740P 1859 10725 12 )/398 13120

= (44

)}

(0</3<k)
For

i/g

9.3.4

Ai(-2m+0(v-

Jtfy+ztH)=2Hv-n

2*
JAv)

u k+1 (t) = ht 2 (l-t')u'

9.3.5

see [9.4] or [9.21].

9.3.10

Y (v+zv^=-2Xv-HBi{-2*z) JcO(j>-

and u 6 (t)

(0

(t)+^

(l-5t')u h (t)dt
(Ar=0, 1,'...)

Also

v*

3 ^r(f)

i
2H
3*r(f) w

9.3.11

J'v (v sech a)-

9.3.6
'-'
;

{vz

4f \M

KA)

?,!

Ai(*f)

-'

.toh.-.)^

Airv

V*(coth)

*=i

9.3.12

Fy(p sech a)

exp(-f^)

?(*>

(|arg

z\<t)

/s_inh2a

^ (a _ tanha) {1+

)fc

Pt

(00tha)
}

where
9.3.13
(|aig 2|<tt)

^,(0=i
yi

(^

= (-9^+7 )/24
3

= (-135i + 594i -455i )/1152

^(^ = (-42525^ + 4 51737i -8 83575Z
+ 4 75475 )/4
V2 (i)

In the last two equations f

9.3.39 below.

is

given by 9.3.38 and

14720

9.3.14

(fe=l,2,

Debye's Asymptotic Expansions

(ii)
(i)

If

is

and positive and

fixed

v is

large

and

If

/3

is

0</3<|vr and

fixed,

j>

is

large

.)

and

positive

positive

9.3.15
9.3.7

J,(i

sec

ff)

= j2l(vv

tan j8){i(v,

(3)

cos

+M(i>,
J(> sech a)

= 1+S
j^i

^2ttv

tanh a

jt

sin

^}

sec p)

= ^2/(irv

^ = y(tan

j8

tan 0){L(k,

# sin *
M(,

,<3)

cos

tf

j8) \ir

9.3.17

a)~

w 2 *(i cot

y(a tanh a)

V^ttj/

where

F(>

where

9.3.8

Y,(v sech

j8)

9.3.16

tanh a

i+SC-)

%(cotha)
1

/3)

*=o

ffti

=!

6
4
2
81 cot ft+462 cot ff+385 cot

1152k2

fl

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

367

9.3.26

9.3.18

M(v,p)

%2_,

-jij+i

3 cot jS+5 cot3

jS

9M = -

24k

+To

Also
9

J'v {v sec

1000
|8)

= V(sin

20) I {rev)

N(v,

13)

sin

0(v,

0) cos

9.3.20
F;( sec

j8)

cos

0(k,

sin

/3)

9.3.21
a\

3150

110767
693000

37

3150

'

79

+ 12375
'

The corresponding expansions

j8)=V(sin 2p)/(w){N(v,

where

xrt

549
28000

0s (2)

611

92(2)--

9.3.19

for H^, l) (v-\-zv i/3 )

and Hl 2) (v+zv 1/3 ) are obtained by use of 9.1.3

and 9.1.4; they are valid for i7r<arg f<f7r and
f7r<arg k<|7t, respectively.
9.3.27

2^ (j

cot 0)

? Ai ( _ 2 l/3 2) {1 +

J^+^/3)
-U

135 cot

0+594

cot

0+455

cot

g ^M

+^Ai (-2^)2^1

1152k2

ft=0

9.3.22

nt

0{y,

^Afa+iCicotiS) = 9 cot
a\
0)~i2_,
-^+i

0+7

fc=o

cot3

24k

/3

9.3.28

F:(,

+ 2 ^ ~ * Bi'
)

Asymptotic Expansions in the Transition Regions

When

z is fixed,

\v\

is

large

and

|arg

^}
Bl (-2
g

(-2W*) {I+g

-^7"3

kKIx

1/3

2)

-^jTj

9.3.23

9.3.29
K

fc=l

Ai'

(-2" 3 z)

2 ^#

9.3.24

&t(z) ==

A2 (2) =

F^ + ^/3) _^! Bi _
(

21 /3 2)

1+g -M^}

-^Bi'(-2^)f:^#
A=0 "

A 3 (2) =
KAz) =

where

4
2

~5

100
699
3500

Z&+

2617

,,

T0

27
-in
200.00"

23
3150

3150"

'

46631

3889

147000" '4620"

"115500

9.3.30

9.3.25

' o(2)

Hh 4
3

131

100

uw

957
7000
27

/*(3)=

20000

'

Uz)-

35

173

3150

225

23573
147000

5903
'138600
.

140

U{z)^-^kZ
500
4

947

'346500

369

hid- 7000

5437
+^^z
4500

593
3150

,
5

'

999443
693000

264

31727

^173250

947

+
n
346500

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGEE ORDER

368

9.3.37

J,W^{l+S5)-^23
V

9.3.31

*=i

Y(v)

9.3.32

-a,
3^ (i+j^^J

"

^j

1/2

6^fo

5*
- a 23 -
~i73u
y

Y'M-^{l+^)+^%
3

9.3.34

""'

&

**

When v^+ 00, these expansions hold uniformly

with respect to z in the sector |arg z\<ir e, where
an arbitrary positive number. The corree is
sponding expansion for Hi 2) (yz) is obtained by
changing the sign of i in 9.3.37.

fc^O

l/-'

HP W^-(A)"'i^|)D

^,2*

5/3

-I*}"

fc=i y

1/2

yl/3

Ji(v)~-273(1+S
2/3

9.3.33

^o v

<

where

Here
91/3

2/3

1/3

2 2/3

6=

= .44730

73184,

3*a= .77475 90021

= .41085

01939,

3*&=.71161 34101

r(f)

r(|)

i= 225 = ~- 004

ao=l,
a2 =. 00069 3735

If

-r-^-

.01428 57143

1213

= -.00118

10 23750
2

=. 00043 78

48596.

183=-. 00038

.,

.,

-vr

9.3.39

("
.

+ Vl71^

equivalently,

ft= 70

In

'

a 3 = .00035 38

9.3.38

)3/2

= p V*!_i ^=V 2 2_l_ arcC0 s

Q)

the branches being chosen so that f is real

is positive.
The coefficients are given by

.,

when

9.3.40

23

To=l,

Yi=

947
3 46500

S2 =. 00060

47

2ft

3150

7 2 = 00093 7300
,

.00730 15873

.,

o(r)=S
7 3 =. 00044 40

M S f-

3s/2

2
^ft- s {(i-2 )-^]

=0
.

2K+1

-.00273 30447
83=

00038
.

S
Mr)=-r* s=0
where
and

Uniform Asymptotic Expansions

These are more powerful than the previous expansions of this section, save for 9.3.31 and 9.3.32,
but their coefficients are more complicated. They
reduce to 9.3.31 and 9.3.32 when the argument
equals the order.

is

xs

3s/2

^ 2 ft-, +1 {(i-22 )-*}

given by 9.3.9 and 9.3.10, Xo=m

=1

9.3.41

+ 1)0+3)

...

s!(144)

Thusa

(f)

6s+l
6s-

(6s-l)

'

Ms

l,

9.3.35

T(v*~(

4f

9.3.42

Wi(^) ^aftO-)

48f
5/3

k=0

/4
f

Bi(^f)

^q

(f)

2fc

Bi/(, 2 3 r)^6ft(r)
'

,,5/3
ft

24(l

1
3/2

8(l-s 2 )*

fi

'

(-f)^24(s 2 -l) 3/2

9.3.36

l
'

48f
4f

1
2

2*

"

1
'

8(22 -l)*

Tables of the early coefficients are given below.

For more extensive tables of the coefficients and
for bounds on the remainder terms in 9.3.35 and
9.3.36 see [9.38].

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

For f>10 use

Uniform Expansions of the Derivatives

of the preceding subsection

With the conditions

&ott)'

9.3.43

^r^V
^Khf)
2/l-2

juvz)

369

2/3

Ai( f)
"
{
i"^;
/3

c*(f)

g ^

Ai'

(,

co(r)'

2/3

f)

dtit)

For

f< 10

12

r*-.io4r 2

J_ r*+.i46r\

2/l-z

Bi_(^f)

Oi(f)

2/3

-r

CO-)

F=o

Maximum
Ai(e "

4e
Y -->,-V
ffi"'M~^-(^fj
(J

" /3 /l-2

" /3

/3

f)

"

Ai' (e'"V /8 f)

1-

Cjt

(f)

- 4(f)
^-J
,-2*

k=o

v-

2fc+l

s=0

3s

%*- s+ i{(i-2

9.4.

Jo(x)
2 )-*}

Polynomial Approximations

J=0

3s/2

[9.38].

&ott)

0180
0278
0351
.0366
.0352
.0331
0311
0294
0278
0265
.0253

0.

2
3

4
5

6
7

8
9
10

-r

aiftO

-0. 004
-. 004
-. 001
+ 002
.

= 1-2.24999 97 (x/3) + 1.26562 08(x/3)

2

003
004
004
004

.004
004
.004
.

co(f)

0.
.

1587
1785
1862
1927
2031
2155
2284
2413
2539
2662
2781

66(x/3) 6 +. 04444 79(x/3) 8

di(r)

007
009
007
005
004
003
003
.003
003
003
003

0.

H<5X10~

Y (x) = (2fir) Infix) (x) + .36746 691

+ .60559 366 (x/3) -. 74350 384(x/3)
+ .25300 117(x/3) -. 04261 214(x/3)
+ .00427 916(x/3) -. 00024 846(x/3) +e
2

4
5
6

7
8
9
10

12

10

|e|<1.4X10- 8

3<x<oo

9.4.3

J (x) =x _i/

cos

Y (x) =x~% sin

2
/o=.79788 456-.00000 077 (3/x) -.00552 740(3/x)

-.00009 512(3/x) 3 + 00137 237(3/x) 4

.

&o(r)

0180
0109
0067
0044
0031
0022
0017
0013
.0011
.0009
.0007

0.

0<x<3

9.4.2

i(f)

cott)

*(r)

-.00072 805(3/x)
i

-.00394 44(x/3) 10 +.00021 00(x/3) 12 + e

{(i-2 2 )-^}

and % is given by 9.3.13 and 9.3.14. For bounds

on the remainder terms in 9.3.43 and 9.3.44 see

-3<x<3
-.31638

2k

r ^-

Cl

9.4.1

4(r)=.ooo.

= .003,
|a (f)|=.0008,
|d (f)| = .001
.003fas f-*+.
ki(f)| = .008 (f<10),
(f)

9.3.46

5 '2

values of higher coefficients

|6i(f)|

where

c*(r)=-f*z; M

1.33(-f)-

9.3.45

<**(r)=Z) x s

= .000,

BiV^A40).
2

= .003.

use

c*f

4(f)

12

9.3.44

v>(

= .003,

Gift")

-0. 004
-. 003

-.002
-. 001
-. 001
-. 000

-.000
-. 000

-.000
-. 000

-.000

0.
.

1587
1323
1087

.0903
0764
0658
0576
0511
0459
0415
0379
.

007
004
002
001
001
000
000
000
000
000
.000

00014 476(3/x) 6 +e

0.

|e|<

1.6X10- 8

2
Equations 9.4.1 to 9.4.6 and 9.8.1 to 9.8.8 are taken
from E. E. Allen, Analytical approximations, Math. Tables
Aids Comp. 8, 240-241 (1954), and Polynomial approximations to some modified Bessel functions, Math. Tables
Aids Comp. 10, 162-164 (1956) (with permission). They
were checked at the National Physical Laboratory by
systematic tabulation; new bounds for the errors, e, given
here were obtained as a result.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

370
6

=x-. 78539 816-.04166

397(3/z)

-.00003 954 (3/x)

jv.s, j'v.s, Vv.s

00262 573 (3/z)

is

and

counted

= Ji{z),

J'o(z)

y'ViS respectively,

except that

the

of

as

it

zero

first

J'

2=0
Since

(z).

follows that

-.00054 125 (3/z) -. 00029 333 (3/x) 5

4

+ .00013

558(3/x) 6 +

The

|e|<7X10- 8

-i

/ (x)

= i-. 56249

985(x/3)

=0,

fl

0=2,

jis=ji.s-i

3,

.)

zeros interlace according to the inequalities

9.5.2

-3<x<3

9.4.4

9.5.1

i^i<jV+i.i<^.2<iv+i, 2 <i,,3<

.21093 573(x/3)

yv,i<y,+i.i<yv.2<yv+i,2<y v ,i<

-.03954 289 (a:/3) 6 +. 00443 319(x/3) 8

-.00031 761 (x/3) 10 +. 00001 109(x/3) 12 + e

v<j'l.

i<y, i<yl, i<jv, i<jl,

<y*.2<yl,2<jr.2<jl.

||<1.3X10- 8

The

0<j<3

9.4.5

4
91 (z/3) 2 +2. 16827 09(x/3)

10

-.04009 76 (x/3) +. 00278 73(x/3)

|e|<l.lX10-

12

^ +1 (2).

function

a zero of the cylinder function

If p is

9.5.3

(z)=Jp (z)

cos(7rf)

+ 7,(2)

sin(Trt)

where

is

sin d x

If

/x=. 79788 456 + 00000 156(3/x) + 01659 667(3/x)

.

<j v

a parameter, then

nP,)=tf,-x( P r) = -tfy+ lM

9.5.4

Y (x)=x~ fi

di,

positive zeros of

3<x<oo
/i0*0 ~!/i cos

<

any two real distinct cylinder

same order are interlaced, as are
the positive zeros of any real cylinder function
^viz), defined as in 9.1.27, and the contiguous

-1.31648 27(x/3) 6 +.31239 510/3) 8

9.4.6

functions of the

xY^x) = (2/ir)x \n(ix) J,(x) - .63661 98

+ .22120

is

a zero of

^" (2) then

v

+ .00017 105(3/z) -. 00249 511(3/x)

+ .00113 653 (3/z) -. 00020 033(3/x) +e
4

9.5.5

<*f,0,)=7

^,-iW=7 #,+!(*,)

|e|<4X10-

The parameter
variable and

may

be regarded as a continuous
functions

p, o, as

these functions are fixed

0!=a;-2.35619 449 + 12499 612(3/z)

p{t),

<r y (t)

of

If

t.

by

+ .00005
+ .00074

9.5.6

650(3/x-) 2 -. 00637 879(3/z) 3

348(3/:r)

+. 00079

824(3/:r)

(x),

and

Y (x)

v is

real,

yr, s =p*(si)

(s=l,2, ...)

9.5.8

for the ranges

ji, s

,( 1),

yl, s =<T,(s I)

0=1,2,

Zeros

Real Zeros

When

<r,(0)=j:.i

9.5.7
jv, s =Pv(s),

|e|<9X10" 8
For expansions of J (x), Y (x), J
in series of Chebyshev polynomials
0<z<8 and 0<8/x<l, see [9.37].

= 0,

then

-.00029 166(3/x) 6 +e

9.5.

P,(0)

Infinite

the functions J,(z), J'v {z), Y,(z)

and Yl{z) each have an infinite number -of real

zeros, all of which are simple with the possible
exception of 2=0.
For non-negative v the sth
positive zeros of these functions are denoted by

J0)

9.5.10

(W

Products
a,

r.2

n (i--f)
r(H-i) f-i\
ti.J

\zyW =i^n(i-^)
x

9.5.11

jj

(,>0)

.)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

McMahon's Expansions

When

v is fixed,

s^>^>v and

371

for Large Zeros

n=4v 2

9.5.12

M -1

4(m-1)(7m-31)

8/3

3(8/3)'

32( m -1) (83 M

-982 M +3779)

15(8/3)

64Qt 1)(694V 1 53855 M 2 +15 85743 M -62 77237)

105 (8/3) 7

where /3=(s+|j> i)ir for>, s /3=(s + ^-!)tt

,

asymptotic expansion of

p{t)

for large

for y fS

With |8=(*4-i/ J)*-, the

right of 9.5.12

is

the

t.

9.5.13

p+3

j'y,s,y'v,s~P

4(7/x

8/3'

+82 M -9)

3(8/3')

32(83m +2075m

-3039 m +3537)

15(8/3')

64(6949 M 4 +2 96492 M3 -12 48002 M 2 +74 14380 M -58 53627)

105(8/3')

where $'=(s-\-\v \)ir

9.5.12

and

for j'^ s

/3'=(s

+ ^ J)7r

for

rS ,

/3'=(i+^ + i)7r

for

For higher terms in

<r(f).

9.5.13 see [9.4] or [9.40].

Asymptotic Expansions of Zeros

for Large Orders

Uniform Asymptotic Expansions of Zeros and

and Associated Values

Associated Values for Large Orders

9.5.14

>, 1 ~j'+1.85575

71j/

- .00397J--

+ 1.03315 0^~
- .0908i/- + .043^ +
1/3

,/3
1

9.5.23

9.5.15
1/3
1/3
y,.i~j>+.93157 68*> +. 26035 1^
7/3
5/3
-.001^-.0060^.01198^-

9.5.16

# i~j' +

with $=v~^a
Ks-vziV+f:^
= V

9.5.22

7/3

5/3

>

80861

65i>

1/3

with

+ .0094j/- +

0*(f)

9.5.24
1/3

+. 94000

'3

as

7^

i:,

~^(f)+Z)
^ff
4=1 V

with S=v-^a',

1/3

9.5.25

.05808^ .0540^ +
5/3

J,(jJ,

9.5.18
2/3
JJ(7.i)~" 1-11310 28^- /(l

{= v - 2

5/3

9.5.17
80i/

k ()

+. 07249 Qv~ m

-.05097i/"

yJ,i~F+ 1.82109

^F

Ai'(a s )

+ 1.48460 6^

)~Ai(cO

^ {1+g ^}

with f=,- 2

'

a:

2/3

+ .43294^ 4/3 -.1943v- 2 + .019^- 8/3 +

where a s

a* are

Ai'(z)
9.5.19

(see

the sth negative zeros of Ai(s),

z= 2(f) is the inverse function

10.4),

defined implicitly

by

9.3.39,

and

.74526 lv~ 2/3

F;(y,,i)~.95554 86*- 2/ 7(l
4/3
.10910^- -.0185y- 2 -.003^ 8/3

9.5.26

A(f)={4r/(i-2 2)} 1
9.5.20
/,(#.

i)~. 67488

51^ 1/3 (1-. 16172 3^ 2/3

+ .02918^- 4/3 -.0068^

/i(r)=^(r){/Kf)}
2

where

40^ 1/3 (1-. 36422 0^ 2/3

+ .09077i/- + .0237'- +
4/3

Corresponding expansions for s=2, 3 are given

in [9.40].
These expansions become progressively
weaker as s increases; those which follow do not
suffer from this defect.
716-654

64

25

&o(r)

^(f)=lr^(r){^(f)}%(r)

9.5.21

F(^,i)~ -57319

& (f),

c (f)

appear in 9.3.42 and 9.3.46.

Tables of the leading coefficients follow.

tensive tables are given in [9.40].

The expansions

of

yv

s,

Y'y (y v

s ), y', s

More

and

ex-

Y (y'
v

ViS )

corresponding to 9.5.22 to 9.5.25 are obtained by

changing the symbols j, J, Ai, Ai', a s and a's to
y,

Y,

Bi, Bi',

bs

and

b's

respectively.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

372

Ht)

*(?)

0.0

1.

1.

0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

1.

0.

1.
1.
1.

-t
1.
2.
2.
2.

3.

2.0

3.

3.

4
2.6

3.

2.8

4.

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

4.

4.

6.

2.
2.

4.

5.
5.
6.

6.

7.

4.4
4.6
4.8

7.

5.0
5.2

8.

4.

1.
1.
1.
1.

8.
8.

9.

978963
217607
469770
735103
013256

830800
239917
658427
086150
522912

0.

968548
422900
885820
357162
836791

0.

0.

0.

11.

13.

324575
820388
324111
835627
354826

7.0

13.

881601

12.

0.

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

12.

1.

0.

933192
292257
661780
041525
431269

10.

11.

1.

0.

5.8

9.

1.

303889
606673
921292
247441
584833

10.

5.

1.

0143
.0142
.0139
0135
0131
0. 0126

25992
22076
18337
14780
11409
08220

0.

(-r)0itt)

-0. 007

-0.
-.
-.
-.
-.
-0.

-.005
-.004
-. 003

-.003
-0. 002

fiG")

/i(f)

fc(J-)

4
6

5.

1.

z(r)

1.0
1.2
1. 4
1.6
1.

000000
166284
347557
543615
754187
978963

FiGO

/itt)

(-f) 3 <72(?)

(-D'Gitt)

-0. 010

1260
1335
1399
1453
1498
1533

-.
-.
-.
-0.

gd?)

ff2

009
009
008
008

-0. 008
-. 004

-0.
-.
-.
-.
-.

0807
0734
0673
0619
0573

-0. 001

0078
.0075
.0071
.0068
0065

-0.
-.
-.
-.
-.

0533
0497
0464
0436
0410

0062
0060
.0057
.0055
0052

-0.
-.
-.
-.

0386
0365
0345
0328

0050
0048
0047
0045
.0043

-0.
-.
-.
-.
-.

0296
0282
0270
0258
0246

0042
0040
.0039
.0037
.0036

-0.
-.
-.
-.
-.

0236
0227
0218
0209
0201

0100
.0095
0091
.0086
.0082

-0. 001
-0. 001

94775
92524
90397
88387
86484

0.

84681
82972
81348
79806
78338

0.

76939
75605
74332
73115
71951

0.

70836
69768
68742
67758
66811

0.

65901
65024
64180
63366
62580

0.

61821

0.

-.001
-. 001
-. 001

<?i(r)

1533
1301
1130
0998
0893

-0. 002
-. 002

0.

(f)

-0.
-.
-.
-.
-.

0126
0121
.0115
.0110
0105

08220
05208
02367
99687
97159

000
.002
004
.005
006
0.006
0.

-.010

0.006
.004
.003
.002
.002

-.002
-.001
-.001

0.001
001
.001
.001
0.001
.

-.0311

-0. 0194

0035

Complex Zeros of Jy (s)

(-f)-i

0.40
.35
.30
25
20

1.
1.
1.

1.

1.

15
10

05

1.

.00

1.

0.

1.
1.

528915
541532
551741
559490
564907

568285
570048
570703
570796

Maximum
l/2 (r)l=.ooi,
|03 (f)|
l(

r)

(-f)^(f)

(f)-t(-f)!

= .OOl,
6
6r 3

(r)]

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

1.

1.
1.
1.

/i(f)

<7i(r)

0040
0029
0020
0012
0006

-0.
-.
-.
-.
-.

0224
0158
0104
0062
0033

0003
.0001
0000
0000

-0.
-.
-.
-.

0014
0004
0001
0000

62026
65351
68067
70146
71607

0.

72523
73002
73180
73205

0.

When v> 1
v<^

and

v is

plex zeros of

( v);

if

|tf2 (f)|

= .002,

=.0004

= .0007

(o<-r<
(l<-fO)

|(-f)*2 (f)| = .0007

(0<-f <1)

J {z)
v

is

J (z)
v

are

all real.

If

twice the integer part of

the integer part of

( v)

is

odd two

of

these zeros he on the imaginary axis.

If

v>0,

all

zeros of

J'{z)

are real.

Complex Zeros of

Values of Higher Coefficients

To)

the zeros of

not an integer the number of com-

When

Y {z)
v

of

v.

Y{z)

v is real the pattern of the complex zeros of

and Y' (z) depends on the non-integer part
Attention is confined here to the case v=n,
v

a positive integer or zero.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

are given

i(no-tb)

f =n-

by the

373
right of 9.5.22 with

2/3

or 7r 2/3 /3 s where
zeros of Bi(z) (see 10.4).

/3

/3 S

v=n and

are the complex

Figure 9.5 is also applicable to the zeros of

Y'n (z). There are again an infinite number near
the infinite carves, and n near each of the finite

Ins

T*

(3 s

*T

curves.

Asymptotic expansions of the

latter for

i(na + b)

n are given by the right of 9.5.24 with

v=n and f =n -2/3 or n _2/3 ft'; where & and & are

Yn (z)

the complex zeros of Bi'(2).

Numerical values of the three smallest complex zeros of
(z), YJz) and Y[{z) in the region

large

/3,'

Figure

9.5.

Zeros of

and Y'n (z)

|arg;s|<7r.

0<

Figure 9.5 shows the approximate distribution

the complex zeros of Yn (z) in the region
|arg z\<t.
The figure is symmetrical about the
real axis.
The two curves on the left extend to
infinity, having the asymptotes
of

J z=%hi 3 = .54931

Complex Zeros of the Hankel Functions

The approximate

H^iz) and

arg 2<7r are given below.

For further details see [9.36] and [9.13]. The
latter reference includes
tables to
facilitate
computation.

indicated in a similar

is

There are an

infinite

number

distribution of the zeros of

derivative in the region |arg z\<ir

its

manner on Figure

9.6.

of zeros near each of

these curves.

-n

The two curves extending from z= n to z=n

and bounding an eye-shaped domain intersect
imaginary axis at the points
where
a =V<o-l = .66274
the

b=yi-to

\n 2

i(na-\-b),

19146

Figure
.

= 1-19968

... is the positive root of coth t

=t. There are n zeros near each of these curves.
Asymptotic expansions of these zeros for large n
and

Zeros oj

Y (z)

The asymptote
given by

ofH\z) and H^'(z)

and Values oj Yi(z)

arg z\<tt.

of the solitary infinite curve

J^ = -iln2 = -.34657
at the Zeros

Zero

is

Yi

Imag.

Real

Imag.

Real

+ 53988 2313 +. 10074

+ .54718 0011 -.02924
+ .54841 2067- +.01490
Zeros of Y (z) and Values oj Y (z)

-2.40301 6632
-5. 51987 6702
-8.65367 2403

Zeros

9.6.

-. 88196 7710
+.58716 9503
-.46945 8752

7689
6418
8063

at the Zeros

Zero

Imag.

Real

Real

Imag.

-0. 50274 3273

-3.83353 5193
-7. 01590 3683

+. 78624 3714
+. 56235 6538
+. 55339 3046

-.45952 7684

+ 1.31710

.04830 1909
-.02012 6949

-0. 69251 2884

+ 0.51864

1937

2833

Zeros of Y[{z) and Values oj Yi(z) at the Zeros

Zero

Real

+ 0.57678

5129
-1.94047 7342
-5. 33347 8617
3

From National Bureau

Columbia Univ.

Press,

New

Fi

Imag.

Imag.

Real

+. 90398 4792

-. 76349 7088
+. 16206 4006
-. 03179 4008

+ .72118
+ .56721

5919
9637

of Standards, Tables of the Bessel functions

York, N.Y., 1950 (with permission).

+ .58924

4865

-.95202 7886

+ .59685
(z)

and

Yi(z)

3673
for

complex arguments,

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

374
There are n zeros

Modified Bessel Functions / and

each function near the

of

z=n

z=n;

curve extending from

asymptotic expansions of these zeros for large n
are given by the right side of 9.5.22 or 9.5.24
- *
2Tmrr a or
with v=n and $=es
t= e 2 n- 2/3a's
finite

to

the

9.6.

Definitions
Differential

dw
dw
2 j
T-F
2 +
dz
dz

and Properties
Equation

22

9.6.1

{Z -}-V

.
2

)W=0A

Zeros of Cross-Products

and X

If v is real

positive, the zeros of the

is

function

J (z)Y {\z)-J (\z)Y (z)

9.5.27

entire function of

entire function of

and simple.

are real

9.5.28

ft

_L Pj

g~ff

X>1, the asymptotic

If

expansion of the sth zero

is

is

Iv (z)

is

bounded

as

n,

when

9.5.29

v~^> 1

and

z^>0.

0=r/(X-l)
8X

m -1)(m-25)(X -1)
6(4X) 3 (X-1)
3

M-l
v~- "

2 ~~

'

5
2
(m-1)(m -H4m+1073)(X -1)
5
5(4X) (X-1)

The asymptotic expansion

of the large positive

zeros (not necessarily the sth) of the function

J'v {z)Y'v {\z)-Jv (\z)Yv (z)

9.5.30
is

by

given

9.5.28 with the

instead of 9.5.29

(X>1)

same value

of

j3,

but

we have

9.5.31
2

m+3

8X

~ (m
=

(m

+46 m -63)(X -1)

'

6(4X)

(X-1)

+185m -2053m+1899) (X s -1)

5(4X)(X-1)

The asymptotic expansion

of the large positive

zeros of the function

J'v {z)Y v (\z)-Y'v {z)J v {\z)

9.5.32
is

given

by

9.5.28 with

9.5.33

|8=(-i)T/(X-l)
p--

m +3)X-(m-1)

8X(X 1)
2

(m

+46m-63)\3 -( m -1)(m-25)

q
6

5(4X) (X-1)t-=(m3

6(4X) 3 (X-1)

+ 185m

an

z>0 in any bounded

.i

where with Av denoted by

Iv (z) (&v>0)

When p=n,

v.

z.

range of arg z. I(z) and I- V (z) are linearly independent except when v is an integer.
v {z) tends
to zero as |g|>< in the sector |arg z\<Htt,
and for all values of v, Iviz) and v (z) are linearly
independent. Iv{z),
are real and positive
v {z)

r-4:pq+2p3

Each is a regular
v {z).
function of z throughout the 2-plane cut along the
negative real axis, and for fixed 2(^0) each is an
Solutions are Iv {z) and

-2053m+1899)X 6

-(m-1)(m 2 -H4m+1073)

Figure

9.7.

(x),

(x),

I^x) and Ki(x).

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

375

9.6.5
1.8

"I

F,(2e^O = ^

1.6
-

1.4

" +1),ri

/,(2)-(2/7r)e-^^(0)

XKi

\
\

( 7r<arg2<^7r)

I- n {z)=I n {z),K- {z)=Kv {z)

9.6.6

\\

1.2

Most of the properties of modified Bessel

functions can be deduced immediately from those

1.0

.8

of ordinary Bessel functions

^"~\L^~^

\e- x I

.6

by

application of

these relations.

.4

Limiting Forms for Small Arguments

.2

yV'I,
r

Figure

9.8.

e~ x I (x),e

Ii{x),e

(x)

and

Ki{x).

When

v is

fixed

and z-^Q

9.6.7

(f* -i, -2,

/(s)~(te)'/r(H-i)
K (5)
"

.8

9.6.8

.7

9.6.9

K,(z)~lT (?)(&)->

.)

In z

(z)

(<^>0)

K(5)
.6

Ascending Series

.5

1^(5)

1
1

.4

W-)-a Hr gff,. M

9.6.10

/
1

.3

9.6.11

/
/

- .2

Figure

9.9.

7,(5)

h-

+ (-)+

+HW

where

and K,(S).

9.6.12
Relations Between Solutions

g,( g )-ix

9.6.2

7 -' ( g)

(3)

(2)

re

W*+i)+^(+t+i)}

given by 6.3.2.

l-i

W
^1)2

2
,

'

(i^
(2!)

2
)

(|2

'

(3!)

ffo(a)=-{]n(fcO+7}/o(aM

(I!)

right

of

limiting value

equation

this

replaced

is

an integer or

if v is

3
)

/1~2\2

The

^gy,

|z 2

(g)

sm 7
(wr)

\}/(n) is

ln(^)/

9.6.13

:!

fc=o
.

by

+ (! +

its

zero.

fi? 2

")

vl + *+*)^"
+ (l
^T
(2!)2
'

'

9.6.3

I y (z)=e-l'"
Iv (z) = e

*" il2

J
J

(zel Ti )

{ze-

(7r<arg z<t)

9.6.14

W{/,(s),/-(s)}=/,(s)/-C, + l)(s)-/,+l(2)/-,(2)

9.6.4

= 2

KrW^wie^HPize*'*)
K{z)

Wronskians

(-7r<arg z<\ir)

z * il2

= -%Trie-^ H'?
i

(-7r<arg z<\tt)

(ze-^ )(-hj<Mgz<Tr)
i

sin (vir)/(wz)

9.6.15

W{JC(z), 7,(z)}=/,(z)2Ws)+/,+i(2)#,(3) = l/2

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

376

Integral Representations

Sfv denotes /,

9.6.16

these

/o (3)=ir

z cose

dd=- f cosh
irJo

Jo

K \z)=--T Jof

9.6.17

z coee

cos d)dO

(2

independent of

K or any linear combination of

v

the

coefficients

and

^(g) = -^(g)

Formulas

f-w

7r 5

%z >

p z

e0B

s.m 2

''

9.6.19

e
7T

zoos9

for Derivatives

d8

9.6.28

(ra0)d0

^J{^)}=r H)

r(j/+i) j_i
cos

which are

in

v.

7S(g)=/1 (g),

(2s sin 2 0)}d$

9.6.18
r

vwi

functions,

9.6.27

(7+ln

(*=o,i,2,.

.)

Jo

9.6.20

9.6.29

e'^'cos

7(s)=-

(i0)d0
s

_sm_M

rg

_2

cosh

_ vtdt

+Q)3?

arg g <iir)
j

- k+i (z)+...+gr e+k (z)}

Jo

i"

(4=0,1,2,...

9.6.21
/ o

/ co

cos

cos (x sinh t)dt=

iiro (a;)=

Jo

(:rf)

Analytic Continuation

<ft

Jo

(x>0)

9.6.30

/(2e

)=em

ro,ri

'"ri

(m an integer)

/,.(2)

9.6.22

9.6.31

/> CO

(x)=sec (2W)

cosh (vt)dt

cos (x sinh

_K r (ae"

= e~"

,,rl

,,,r,

i,(2)

Trisin

(mi^Tr)

esc (vir)Iv (z)

(m an
=CSC

(fj'Tr)

sin (x sinh

integer)

sinh (vt)dt

{\@v\<l, x>0)

9.6.32

K (z)=K

I (z)=L(z),
v

(v real)

(z)

9.6.23

Kv{z)=

W+Y)l

-z C0B ht

gi^z^

Generating Function and Associated Series

dt

9.6.33

e*

z( ' +1/J)

fc

{0tv>-\

|arg

2|<x)

9.6.24

^( 2)=f

Z cosh

cosh

(v

d<

9.6.34

cos 9

=/

= 05

W*.()

+2 X)
fc=i

(2)

dt (| arg 2 |<;i7r )

(<^0)

7,(2) cos(&0)

9.6.35
9.6.25

#,

_x

r(v+MM:

f"

V
'

ir*a"

cos

(a:f)<ft

8==/o( g )+2

(_)*/

2S+1 ( 2) S in{(2&+1)0}

*-=o

+2
(@v>-\, x>0,

Jo

*8.n

(*

+i

2 )"+*

+2
|arg

Recurrence Relations

sKItt)
9.6.36

l=/ (2)-2/

^-i(3)-^,+i(2)=Y^(2)

9.6.37

^(3) = S'

9.6.38

e-

9.6.26

2v

_1

(2)-^,( 2

S (-)*/()

cos(2&0)

11=1

(2)

+2/

4 (2)

=/ (2)+2/ (2)+2/

(2)

-2/

(2)+

+2/3(2)+

=/ (2)-2/ (2) +2/ (2) -2/3(2)+

2

9.6.39

COsh

^(2)=^ +1 (2)+^,(2)

9.6.40

2=/

(2)

+2/a (2) +2/

(2)

+2/

(2)+

sinh 2=27,(2) +2/3(2) +2/5(2)+

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Other

Differential Equations

Mm {v^e-^Qt ('cosh

9.6.50

The quantity X 2

by

^\] =K,{z)

in equations 9.1.49 to 9.1.54

and 9.1.56 can be replaced by X2 if at the same

time the symbol <% in the given solutions is
replaced

377

For the

P; M and

definition of

2.

Qi, see chapter 8.

Multiplication Theorems

9.6.51
9.6.41
z

w"-\-z(\2z)w' + ( 2! _2) w= o,

w=e*

3f

{z)

Differential equations for products may be

obtained from 9.1.57 to 9.1.59 by replacing z by

^(\2)=x^g ft'-^w ^vk{z)

^=1 and

If

on X

striction

is

X 2_ 1
|

<1)

the upper signs are taken, the reunnecessary.

iz.

Derivatives

With Respect

9.6.52

to Order

9.6.42

$-1 (z)-i

(z)

in

(y+
(*-yf^

tea

^(2)=tp^(2),
* +1)

Mz)=it (-r~i, +k (z)

&2!
Neumann

Series for

K n (z)

9.6.53
9.6.43

p-

(Z)

= %T CSC(y7r) {r^-I_

K
y

n (z)

= (-y-i{ln&)-+(n+l)}In (z)

(z) rIv (z)}

v cot(vir)K (z)

0^0, 1, 2,

^
.

l(fe)2

^,
^

(fe) J(g)

(to-&)&!

'

.)

9.6.44

+(-)"S

(yt+2fc)/B+2t (g)

/t=i

9.6.54

A,l2,+

(g)

= _{]n(j3)+ 7 }J

(g

)+2S^

Zeros

(n-kjW

Properties of the zeros of Iv (z) and

9.6.45

be deduced from those of

y(^)-^(^)*g

t (2)

[l*L='

(n

by

tively,

application

J (z)
v

of

and Hi

the

X)

{z)

(z)

may

respec-

transformations

ifc)ifc!

and 9.6.4.
For example,
complex unless
9.6.3

9.6.46

if v is

tive integer k, in

Iv (z) are all

some posihas two real

real the zeros of

2&<V< (2k 1)
which event Iv (z)

for

zeros.

Expressions in

Terms of Hypergeometric Functions

The approximate

9.6.47

along the positive imaginary axis.

?7r<arg 2<f7r are their
The zeros in the region
conjugates.
n (z) has no zeros in the region
|arg z\<%t; this result remains true when n is
the cut

r(v+i)

lies

M( y +i'""
2^+1,22)
*'"'

r(*+i)~

v"

_2-^M

.(2 2 )

22 "+*r(^+i)

'

'

replaced

by any

the generalized hypergeometric function.

For Af(a,

b, z),

M ,M and W

,,(2)

see chapter 13.)

Connection With Legendre Functions

If

n and

2 are fixed,

^>2>0, and

?->>

real positive values

9.6.49

number

v.

9.7.
(o^i

real

/C(0)=QQV .,(22)

9.6.48

is

distribution of the zeros of

K (z) in the region |7r<arg z<\ir is obtained on

rotating Figure 9.6 through an angle \ir so that

lim { pP;* ("cosh ?\ } =I,{z)

through

Asymptotic Expansions

Asymptotic Expansions for Large Arguments

When

v is fixed,

9.7.1

7 ' (2)

e*

~y2^ {1

is

large

and \x=v%

m-1 (m-D(m-9)
~^
+ W
mT~ +

- "~ 1)(
(

\z\

25)

'-- }

(iarg2|<w

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

378
9.7.2

r.w~4-0^^{i+^j

9.7.9

Vi22*

{z)

_.,,

{1

M-l

+ "8T,

(m-D(m-9)

2!(80)

m -D(m-9)(m-25)
3!(82)

9.7.10
(|arg 2 |<fx)

f...}

fc=l

9.7.3

I'M-

{1

Va7T3

Vs^^+EM^

K'M)
When

v>+, these expansions hold uniformly

with respect to 2 in the sector |arg z\<\-k e,
where e is an arbitrary positive number. Here

M +3, (m- 1)0*+ 15)

82
2!(82)
s

Qx-1)(m-9)(m+35)

3K82?

|^W>
^"K^

"-- }

rt

aT , 2

7j=Vl+2 2 +ln

t=l/^/l+z\

9.7.11

9.7.4

K'y (z)-

Vs'(

{:i-l

M+3_
-41_(m-1)(m+15)
82

2!(82)

m -D(m-9)(m+35)
3!(82)

terms in 9.7.7 to 9.7.10.

The general terms in the last two expansions

can be written down by inspection of 9.2.15 and

In equations

and non-negative and

is

+ l)th term in absolute

the same sign,

of

t=x/3.75.

9.8.1, to 9.8.4,

z is positive

the remainder after k terms in the expansion

9.7.2 does not exceed the (&

value and

Polynomial Approximations

9.8.

9.2.16.
If v is real

-3.75<x<3.75

9.8.1

= 1 +3.51562 29* +3.08994 24* + 1.20674 92*

+ .26597 32* +. 03607 68P+. 00458 13P+e
2

(x)

provided that

k>v-l

|e[<1.6X10- 7

9.7.5

3.75<x<oo

9.8.2

xh- xI

1.3(m-1)G*-9)
+ 2-4
(2zy

(x)

39894 228 + .01328 592r x

+ .00225 319r 2 -. 00157 565r 3

+ .00916 28ir
+ .02635 537r

(|arg2|<f7r)

4
8

-.02057 706r 5
-.01647 633r 7

+ .00392

377r 8 +e

9.7.6

H<1.9X10" 7

r.ic(.)^{i+^

-3.75<x<3.75

9.8.3

_1 1 1

m -1)(m-45)

2-4

(2*)

_1
/i(a;)

a;
}

general

terms

can

= 4 +.87890 594* +. 51498 869

+ .15084 934* +.02658 733i*
+ .00301 532P+. 00032 411*
2

be written

down

12

|e|<8X10"

by-

inspection of 9.2.28 and 9.2.30.

+e

3.75<x<oo

9.8.4
z

xh- I
Uniform Asymptotic Expansions

(|arg s|<|7r)

The

and uk (t), *(0 are given by 9.3.9, 9.3.10, 9.3.13

and 9.3.14. See [9.38] for tables of r>, uk (t),
v k (t), and also for bounds on the remainder

(|arg2|<|^)

{-...}

+ Vl+z

{x)

for Large Orders

39894 228 -.03988 024r x

-.00362 018r 2 +. 00163 801 r 3
-.01031 555r 4 +. 02282 967r 5
-.02895 312r 8 +.01787 654r 7
.

-.00420 059r 8 +e
9.7.8

|e|<2.2X10- 7
4

See footnote

2,

section 9.4.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

0<x<2

9.8.5

{x)

Differential Equations

= -hi (x/2)I {x)- .57721 566

+ .42278 420(x/2) +. 23069 756(x/2)
+ .03488 590(x/2) +. 00262 698(x/2)
+ .00010 750 (x/2) +. 00000 740(x/2)
2

10

9.9.3

x2

+e

ker

bei, x,

x+i

x+i

ber_

x+i

ker_

kei x,

bei_ x,
kei_ x

9.9.4

2<ar<oo

rfe'Ko(x)

w"+xw'- (ix +v )w=0,

w=ber, x+i

12

|e|<lX10- 8
9.8.6

379

xiw i +2z 3 w'"- (1 +2v2 ) {xW-xw')

= 1.25331 414- 07832 358(2/x)

+ .02189 568(2/x) -. 01062 446(2/x)
+ .00587 872(2/x) -. 00251 540(2/x)
+ .00053 208(2/z) +e

+ (v

-4v 2 +x i )w=0,

w=ber

bei

x,

ker

x,

x,

kei x

Relations Between Solutions

|e|<1.9X10- 7

9.9.5

0<z<2

9.8.7

xK (x)=xln

+l+

(x/2)I1 (x)

ber_ x=cos(vir) ber

bei_,

x= sin^n-)

sin(vx) ker x

ber z+cos^tt) bei x

+ (2/ir)

||<8X10" 9

sin(j'7r)

kei x

9.9.6

2<x<co

x*e*Ki{x)= 1.25331 414

bei x

+ (2 It)

15443 144(x/2) 2

-.67278 579(x/2) 4 -. 18156 897(z/2) 6

-.01919 402(x/2) 8 -.00110 404(x/2) 10
-.00004 686(x/2) 12 +e

9.8.8

x+sin^x)

ker_ x=cos(^7r) ker xsm(i>T) kei3'

+ .23498

x+cos^tt)

kei_ a;=sin(i'7r) ker

619(2/x)

-.03655 620(2/x) +. 01504 268(2/x)

-.00780 353 (2/x) 4 +. 00325 614(2/z) 5
-.00068 245(2/x) 6 +e
2

kei x

9.9.7

ber_

x=( )"ber n a,

bei_ n

x=( )"

beix

9.9.8

ker_

ar=( ) n ker

kei_

x=(

keix

x,

|e|<2.2X10-

For expansions of I (x),

(x), I
in series of Chebyshev polynomials
0^z<8 and 0<8/x<l, see [9.37].

{x),

and

Ascending Series
(x)

for the ranges

9.9.9

/"I N^ COs{(|;,+ ^)7r}

K
ber,x-^

Kelvin Functions

beix-( 2 x)

(1
U*;

2_,

^, r(j;+A;+1)

2_,

BT v+k+1) U-;
(

9.9.

and Properties

Definitions

9.9.10

In this and the following section

real

and non-negative, and n

v is real,

ber x=l-

again a positive

is

Q*2 ) 2

is
"

(2!)

(fx

"^

2
)

(4!)

integer or zero.
uei

x 4

j,

(3!)

(5!)2

Definitions

9.9.1

ber

9.9.11

x+i

bei

x=J {xe

3iri/i

ri

=e$'"

)=e viriJ

I {xe* m )=e
v

(xe~

n-l

1' i 'i

ker x=\{\x)~ n

re

3viri/2

I,(xe-

3"

X
x+i

kei

x=e~ ivri

= &riH (xe
(

When v=0,

3'

(xe

vl/i

2)

{xe~* m

suffices are usually suppressed.

{(fn+i&M

(U

1)!

f,

2
(ix )*-ln (x) bern

x+^tt bei x
re

A:!

+Uhx) n 1bcos{(in+hk)Tr}

m = - \me- vvim

cos

9.9.2

ker

X)
fc=0

k=0

{f(Jc+l)+f(n+k+l)} 2Y
Ar!(n+fc)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

380
kei

x=-\{\%Y n

(W

1)!

sin

9.9.16

{&n+\k)iv}

V2 ber' x=ber! x+beix x

k=0

2
(ix )*-ln (fx) bei x-Jtt ber

M
ft=0

"

ifc!(n+ifc)!

V2

bei'

x= berj

V2

ker'

x=kerx x+kei x x

V2

kei'

x= ker

x+beij x

9.9.17

x+keii x

Recurrence Relations for Cross-Products

If

where

is

i{/(ri)

given by 6.3.2.
9.9.18

2?,=ber2 x+bei 2 %

9.9.12

ker

x In

x+Jt bei

ber

(?x)

XV
+

^o

kei

x= In

(^x) bei

g,=ber, x

/_\ * ^(2^+1)
l

{{2k)\}

s,=ber 2 x+bei^ 2 x

then
^(2A:+2)

/_\*

""feT

x ber x bei, x

r,=ber, x ber x+bei, x bei x

/i 2 2K
UX)

x\ir ber x
_j_V>

bei^

{(2^+l)!}

/i 2 \2ft+i
2UX;

9.9.19

Functions of Negative Argument

2,_i+2r,
2,+i= %,+r,=
x
iT1
x

In general Kelvin functions have a branch

point at x=0 and individual functions with arguments xe vi are complex. The branch point is
absent however in the case of ber, and bei, when v
is an integer, and

'

^ + 1

2>H-l

j.

+ fr
2

,1

J>

and

9.9.13

ber( x)

= (

"

ber

re

x,

bei n ( x)

= (

bei x

#A=r!+gi

9.9.20

The same

relations hold with ber, bei replaced

throughout by ker,

Recurrence Relations
9.9.14

Indefinite Integrals

/f+i+/,-i=

kei, respectively.

In the following/,, g v are any one of the pairs

given by equations 9.9.15 and /*, g* are either the

ijv-gv)

same pair or any other

pair.

g>-i)
9.9.21
1+
fx >J4x=-

C/, +1 -<7, +1

)=-* 1+

'

(| g-g{)

9.9.22

where
9.9.15
9.9.23

/,=ber, x

/=bei, x

= ber, x

<7,=bei, x

gv

/=ker x

/=kei x

<7,=kei, x

<7>.=

ker x

/ x(f>g?-gjt)dx=-j=

{fflfv+i+g,+i)

gUfv+igv+i)MfS+i+g?+i)+gy<JUi-g$+i)}

=\ xV'J*-fj*'+g' g*-g,gr)
v

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Zeros of Functions of Order Zero

9.9.24

fx(U?+gjt)dx=\x*(2f gt-j^ ig
y

ber x

+i

jv+ig*-i Jr29->f*~9'-iJ*+i~9v+ijr-v
9.9.25

381

1st zero

2.

2nd zero

7.

3rd zero
4th zero
5th zero

x(Jl+gl)dx=x(f,g',f'rfy)

11.
16.

20.

ker x

bei

84892
23883
67396
11356
55463

5.

9.

13.
18.

22.

02622
45541
89349
33398
77544

1.

6.

10.
15.

19.

kei x

71854
12728
56294
00269
44381

3.
8.

12.

17.

21.

91467
34422
78256
22314
66464

= (x/V2) (J,J,+i+g,g,+if,g,+i+f>+igp)
ber' x

bei' x

ker' x

kei'

9.9.26
1st zero
I

xfy g4x=^

x*(2Jvgv

v .. l

gv+l fv+igv -i)

9.9.27
2

^x{f-g ,)dx=\x {f-j - jv+l -gl+g,v

10.

3rd zero
4th zero
5th zero

14.

19.

23.

g, + ,)

03871
51364
96844
41758
86430

3.

8.

12.
17.

21.

77320
28099
74215
19343
64114

2.
7.

11.
16.
20.

66584
17212
63218
08312
53068

4.
9.

13.
18.
22.

93181
40405
85827
30717
75379

Asymptotic Expansions

9.10.

Asymptotic Expansions for Large Arguments

Ascending Series for Cross-Products

When v is fixed and x is large

9.9.28
ber,

6.

2nd zero

x+bei2
,

x=

9.10.1
ber,

x=

{jv(x) cos a-\-g v {x) sin a}

V27TX

9.9.29

{sin (2vf) ker

x+cos

(2vir) kei

x)

7T

ber x bei^

x ber^

x bei. x

9.10.2
,

oo

_ /l
~
r \2"+l yv
ux;

^ r(,+Hi)rH2H2)
i

^
/

,x/V2

T 2N2*
X
^

bei

x=-7={/(x)

sin ag(x) cos a}

V27TX

h\

9.9.30

{cos

(2vir)

ker

x sin (2vir)

kei, x}

pg,(x)

sin 0}

7T

ber, x ber,

x+bei x

=K^)

2 '"

bei, x
1

9.10.3

S
UT{v+k+\)T{v+2k)

{\x*y

9.9.31

beiv2

ker, x=-vV(2x)e-*/ v2 {/,(-x) cos

k\

9.10.4
kei, x=iffi(2xje- x

x+bei? x
(2k

+2vk+\v 2 )

-dxy^j: T(v+k+l)T(v+2k+l)

Qx

ft

2*

"~2

{-M-x)

sin/3-0(-x) cos/3}

where

k\

9.10.S
Expansions in Series of Bessel Functions

a=(x/V2) + (^-f)7r,

/3=(x/V2)

+ (^+|)7T=a+|7r

9.9.32
oo

ber x-\-i bei,

x=^
k=0

^(3>'+Wirt/4*

*'

e^
fc=0

+k(x)

fci

+mwilix kI

and, with Av2 denoted by

ju,

9.10.6
y+k {x)

2i k k\

9.9.33

ber (xV2)=
re

, (-)" + V +2 ,(x)/2t (x)

k= oo

for the Advancement of

R. Airey), 254 (1927) with
permission. This reference also gives 5-decimal values of
the next five zeros of each function.
s

From

Science,

bei(xV2)=
fc

S-m (-)
=

re+

*J n+2 * +1 (x)/ 2ft+1 (x)

British

Association

Annual Report

(J.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

382

9.10.16

9.10.7

Mo=MxCOs

0o

Jt)
sin (0! - - |tt)

(0i

Afi/Af )

9.10.17

The terms 6

and kei v ;r

in kera:

in equations 9.10.1

d{xMX)ldX = %m,

and 9.10.2 are asymptotically negligible compared

with the other terms, but their inclusion in numerical calculations yields improved accuracy.
The corresponding series for ber^ x, b ei^ x, ker'r x
and kei, x can be derived from 9.2.11 and 9.2.13
with z=xe M/i the extra terms in the expansions
of ber^ x and bei, x are respectively

X 2My'+XM'y-V 2My

= X*Myd'y

9.10.18

N =-J(ker$7-\-keilx),

<=arctan (kei x/ker, x)

kera;=Af cos

9.10.19

ke,\ v

4>,

x=N

sin

4> v

(l/7r){sin(2j/ir)ker^ x+cos(2j>Tr)kei^ %}
and
(l/7r){cos(2z/7r)ker

x sin(2i/7r)kei

x}.

Modulus and Phase

9.10.8

M =V(ber?a;+bei?x),

0=arctan

9.10.9

ber,x=M

cos

M_ n =Mn

9.10.10

d_ n =d n

(bei x/ber v x)

beiz=.M

0,

sin 0

-mr

9.10.11
ber^

x=\M cos {6V+1 It) \ M_i cos (0_i

= {v/x)M cos 0+M+1 cos {d v+ i\ir)
= [y\x)M cos OyMy-i cos (0_! \t)
v+1

\ir)

Figure

ber

9.10.

x,

bei

ker x and kei

x,

9.10.12
bei^

x=\Mv+l sin (0+1 |tt) JM^i sin (0_ |tt)

= {v/x)M sin ,+M +1 sin (0 +1 Jtt)
= (v/x)MySin dyMy_! sin (0_i |ir)

9.10.13

-1

X \

c
3

cos

(0 X

|tt),

bei'

z=M

a?
l

sin (0i |tt)

XV
x>

vn

"X

B<y/

<s

Mo/1

x=M

\ lnN

J,

ber'

-?

y^

jS

InMo/^

ber

9.10.14

yS

~ -i

yS

ker

-4

M'y=(vlx)My + My +1 COS

= (v/x)M,M,_

0 +1 0, |

^^

tf)
i

cos (0,_i-0 |tt)

Figure

In

(^-^-J,)

= -(M _JMy) sin (0,_

v

9.11.

-0,-|tt)

lnN

9.10.15

d'y=(My + JMy) SU1

Q (x),

**

d (x), In

The

correct.

terms given in [9.17] are inThe present results are due to Mr. G. F. Miller.

<p

(x)

-5

and

<f>

(x).

Equations 9.10.11 to 9.10.17 hold with the symbols

b, M,
replaced throughout by k, N, 4>, respectively.
In place of 9.10.10

coefficients of these

9.10.20

N-y=N

0_,=0+l

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Asymptotic Expansions of Modulus and Phase

When

v is fixed,

is

large and /*=4i'

383

9.10.29

ber x ber'

gzV2

/J
\V2

x bei' x ~-

x+ bei

9.10.21

15

8V2 x

2irx

45

2
64V2 x

8 x

2ttx

315

512 x 3

4
8192V2 x

'

x2

256

9.10.30
(

m -1)(m

+14m-399)

?+(?>

6144V2

ber' 2

x+bei' 2

x^~ (l-~
-+^
V
4V2 x^64 x
-,

2ttx

9.10.22

lnM

75

M-ll
8V2x

ln(27rx)

-V2-^

(m-1)(m-25)

>

m -1)(m-13)
128

'

= + (\ "
V2 l2
,

_ 1\

T+
.

87

+ M-l
x ^6~

IX 1

8V2

8192 x 4

'

9.10.31

ker2l + kei!

^2-x

-V

<

-472i+^?
33

2475

384V2

9.10.23
.

3
256V2 x

1797 1
8192 x 4

+ 256V2 x

M -l)( M -25)

+0
x
3

384V2

9.10.32

ker x kei'

x ker'

x kei

x~
e~ x<2
ZX

-7^3 8 X

\y 1

9.10.24

M-l

1
,

8V2 x
(

m -1)(m

M -l)

1
75
I+. ..
8192V2 x

512 x

3n

x2

256

'

39

2
64V2 x

9.10.33

+14m-399)

+ o(I>
x
1

6144V2

ker x ker'

x+kei

x kei'

=- e
x~ 2x

2V2

15
in

N,
V2

+|

In

(^

m-1
,

8V2 x

m -1)(m-25)

45

1 ^ n ( 1\

9.10.34

VxV

75
/l

~T2~\2

V+

1\

ir

m-1

m-1

~^2x + -W^
(ji-1)(li-25) 1
x3

384V2

m /l\
Vx /

"^

is

Asymptotic Expansions of Large Zeros

/(5)=

x+ber x~^

\ 1+^-nr

^4V2 x^64

r-^rr

2ttx

33

3
256V2 x

-s2

m-1
165

M-1

+
+ 325 2_r
,

1797 1
8192 x

^+

x bei

x~-

-^+- \V2
x

2irx

+
,

9_

Then

15365
if

.s

is

T
,

3(m--1)
5125 4

a large positive integer

&=(s \v f)ir

x~V2{ 5-/(5)},

8=( t+i)

Zeros of bei, x~V2{5-/(5)},

75
39 1
1_
2+ 512 x 3+
4
64V2 x
8192V2 x
1

(m- 1)(5m+19)

9.10.36

Zeros of ber,

x ber'

_r

where m z=4i'2

9.10.28

ber x bei'

'

9.10.35

large

9.10.27
ber^

+ 8192
C1QO 4T
x

Let

Asymptotic Expansions of Cross-Products

x

2475

-3
3
256V2 x

"*"

If

'

9.10.26

j_

384V2

128

<i>v=

315

1_

2+ 512 x 3+
4+
8192V2 x
64V2 x

(m-1)(m~13)

8 x

VV2

9.10.25

Zerosof ker, x~V2{5+/(-5)},

Zeros of kei

x~V2{5+/(-5)},

S=(s ^-|)ir
5=(s-^-|)tt

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

384

For v=0 these expressions give the sth zero of

each function; for other values of
represented may not be the sth.

the zeros

0<x<8

9.11.3

kerx= ln(fx)

ber x+|tt bei

x. 57721 566

-59.05819 744(x/8) 4 + 171.36272 133(x/8) 8

Uniform Asymptotic Expansions

When

v is

for Large Orders

-60.60977 451(x/8) 12 +5.65539 121 (x/8) 16

and positive

large

-.19636 347 (x/8) 20 +. 00309 699 (x/8) 24

-.00002 458(x/8) 28 +e

9.10.37

bei^x) ~

ber(j>x) -\-i

|e|<lX10" 8
/xe M, *\'

e'

/2^\
0<x<8

9.11.4

9.10.38

keix=-ln(fx)beix Jtt ber x+6.76454

ker (vx)-\-i kei {vx)

-142.91827 687 (x/8) 6 + 124.23569 650(x/8) 10

^-<"m)"^^ P
UJ

-21.30060 904 (x/8) 14 +1.1 7509 064 (x/8) 18

-.02695 875 (x/8) 22 + .00029 532(x/8) 26 +e

9.10.39
ber (vx)

+i

936(x/8) 2

ie|<3X10" 9
bei^ (vx)

[T
2tv

M
x\l+U

e>*

'*\'

/xe

[i+

^ *(r

-8<x<8

9.11.5
ber'

9.10.40

x=x[-4(x/8) 2 +14.22222 222(x/8) 6

-6.06814 810 (x/8) 10 +. 66047 849(x/8) 14

ker, (vx)-\-i kei (vx)

u e-* /xe^y

Mr

-.02609 253 (x/8) 18 +. 00045 957 (x/8) 22

-.00000 394(x/8) 26 ]+
where

|e|<2.1X10- 8

Z=^fT+^x2

9.10.41

and

are given by 9.3.9 and 9.3.13. All

powers take their principal values.

*(*), c*(<)

fractional

9.11.

bei'

Polynomial Approximations

-8<x<8

9.11.6

x=x[h- 10.66666

666(x/8) 4

+ 11.37777 772(x/8) -2.31167 514(x/8)

+ .14677 204 (x/8) -. 00379 386(x/8)
+ .00004 609 (x/8) +
12

-8<x<8

9.11.1
4

berx=l-64(x/8) +113.77777

20

16

774(x/8)

24

12

-32.36345 652(x/8) +2.64191 397(x/8)

16

|e|<7X10- 8

-.08349 609(x/8) 20 +.00122 552(x/8) 24

-.00000 901(x/8) 28 +e

|e|<lX10- 9

_ 8 <a;< 8

9.11.2
bei x=16(x/8) 2

- 113.77777

0<x<8

9.11.7
ker'

x= In

(\x) ber'

_1

ber x+|ir bei' x

+x[-3.69113 734(x/8) 2 +21. 42034 0l7(x/8) 6

774(x/8) 6
14

-11.36433 272 (x/8) 10 + 1.4 1384 780 (x/8) 14

22

-.06136 358 (x/8) 18 +. 001 16 137(x/8) 22

+ 72.81777 742(x/8) - 10.56765 779(x/8)

+ .52185 615(a/8) -.0ll03 667(x/8)
+ .00011 346(x/8) +e
10

18

-.00001 075(x/8) 26

26

|e|<6X10- 9

e
|

|<8X10- 8

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

0<x<8

9.11.8
kei'

x= In

(fx) bei'

_1

where

bei

x \ir ber'

9.11.11

0(x)

+x[.21139 217-13.39858 846(x/8) 4

+ 19.41182 758(x/8) -4.65950 823(x/8)

-. 00926 707(x/8)
+ .33049 424
+ .00011 997(x/8) +
8

(or/8)

3^5

12

20

16

24

= (.00000 00-. 39269 9H)

+ (.01104 86-.01104 85i)(8/x)
+ (.00000 00-. 00097 65i)(8/x)
+ (-.00009 06-. 00009 0H)(8/x)
+ (-.00002 52 + .00000 00i)(8/x)
+ (-.00000 34 + .00000 5H)(8/x)
+ (.00000 06 + .00000 19i)(8/x)
3

|e|<7X10- 8

8<x<oo

9.11.12
ker'

8<x<oo

9.11.9

ker

x-\-i kei

x=/(a;)(l

x+ikei' x =-f{x)<t>(x)(l+e 3 )
|e 3

|<2X10-

e1)

8<x<oo

9.11.13

/W =^exp[_i-%+,(-x)]

ber'

x+i bei'

x+i kei' x) =g(x)<j>(x) (1 +e4)

(ker'

k|<ixip- 7

|e 4

|<3X10- 7

where
9.11.14
<(x)

8<x<oo

9.11.10

ber

x+i

bei x

= (.70710 68+. 70710 68i)

+ (-.06250 01 -.00000 01i)(8/x)
+ (-.00138 13 + .00138 lli)(8/x)
+ (.00000 05 + .00024 52i)(8/x)
+ (.00003 46 + .00003 38i)(8/x)
+ (.00001 17-.00000 24i)(8/x)
+ (.00000 16-. 00000 32t)(8/x)
2

(ker x-\-i kei x)=gf(x)(l+e 2 )

9(x)=

jk
|2

exp

x+9ix)

[ir

|<3X10-

Numerical Methods
9.12.

Use and Extension of the Tables

Trial values

Example
.

.,

1.

To

evaluate

Jn (l.55), n=0,

1, 2,

each to 5 decimals.

The recurrence

10
89
679
4292
21473
78829
181957
155954

relation

Jn-l(x)

+ J*+i(x) = (2n/x)Jn (x)

4
3
2

can be used to compute J (x), Ji(x), J2 (x),

.,
successively provided that n<X otherwise severe
accumulation of rounding errors will occur.
Since, however, J{x) is a decreasing function of n
.

when 7i>x, recurrence can always be

carried out

We

Inspection of Table 9.2 shows that 7(1.55)

vanishes to 5 decimals when n>7. Taking arbitrary values zero for J9 and unity for J8 we compu te

normalize the results by use of the equation

9.1.46,

in the direction of decreasing n.

Jn{L55)
00000
00000
00003
00028
00211
01331
06661
24453
56442
48376

namely

J (x)+2J (x)+2 / (x)+ ... =1

l

by recurrence the

entries in the second

column

of

This yields the normalization factor

the following table, rounding off to the nearest

integer at each step.

1/322376

00000 31019 7

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

386

and multiplying the trial values by this factor we

obtain the required results, given in the third
column. As a check we may verify the value of

by interpolation in Table
Remarks, (i) In this example

i7 (l-55)

was possible

to estimate immediately the value of

n=N,

say,

This may not

always be the case and an arbitrary value of iVmay
at which to begin the recurrence.

The number

have to be taken.

of correct signifi-

cant figures in the final values is the same as the

number of digits in the respective trial values.

the chosen

If

have too few

too small the trial values will

is

digits

and

insufficient

accuracy

is

The calculation must

obtained in the results.
then be repeated taking a higher value. On the
were too large unnecessary effort
other hand if
This could be offset to some
expended.
would be
significant
figures in the trial
extent by discarding
values which are in excess of the number of

Jn

decimals required in
If

(ii)

we had

t/10 (1.55),

.,

Jn(1.55) to 5 significant figures by interpolation

in Table 9.3 and then computed by recurrence

J J
9,

s,

.,

no normalization being required.

we could begin

Alternatively,

a higher value of

N and

the recurrence at

retain only 5 significant

Exactly similar
to
compute the modified Bessel function In (x) by
means of the relations 9.6.26 and 9.6.36. If x is
large, however,
considerable cancellation will
take place in using the latter equation, and it is
preferable to normalize by means of 9.6.37.

Example
.

To

2.

evaluate F(1.55),

The recurrence

n=0,

can be

the latter event

function of n.

We

therefore

interpolation

F (1.55),
F (1.55)
3

10

by

for

Yn (x)

.,

occur in the use of 9.6.54 and other methods for

evaluating
(x) may be preferable, for example,
Use of the asymptotic expansion 9.7.2 or the polynomial approximation 9.8.6.

Example

To

3.

each to 5
theorem.

J (-36)

evaluate

decimals,

using

the

F (.36)

and

multiplication

we have

9.1.74
y

<

ifn(\z)=y ak <<ft(z), wherea

l

ft

k=0

We

take

z=A.

Then X=.9,

(\

-l)(^) = -.038,

and extracting the necessary values of Jk (A) and

Yk (A) from Tables 9.1 and 9.2, we compute the
required results as follows:
ak

a k J k (4)

a k Y k (4)

+1.0
+0.038
+0.7220X10- 3
+0.914X10- 6

+.96040
+.00745
+.00001

-.60602
-.06767
-.00599
-.00074
-.00011
-.00002

2
3

+0.87X10+0.7X10-

(.36)

=+

96786

(.36)

= -.68055
to inter-

polating

is

<#o(z+h)= f.W{z)
k=0lCl

of

a numerically increasing

z=A, and

at

terms of

F (1.55)

and F^l.55) by

generate F2 (1.55),
F10 (1.55) by recurrence and check
9.1,

interpolation in

Y n (1.55)

n
6
7

2
3
4

+0.40225
-0.37970
-0.89218
-1.9227
-6.5505

-31. 886

value

recurrence relation 9.6.26 and the relation 9.6.54,

except that if x is large severe cancellation will

Table

9.3.

and

tions

8
9
10

by means

differential

Example
and Y' {x)

Y n {1.55)
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

expressing the derivatives

^\(z)

^^{z)

equation

for

the

4.

for

To

evaluate

J (x),

v=50, x=75, each

Bessel

9.3.43,

we

and

9.3.44.

F(x)

J'(x),

to 6 decimals.

We use the asymptotic expansions 9.3.35,

9917X10 2
5100X10 3
3440X10
3722X10 5
5801X106

in

of the recurrence rela-

functions.

be avail-

n<Cx and n^>x, because in

compute
Table

in

computing

.,

Remark. This procedure is equivalent

by means of the Taylor series

relation

n both

of
.

use formula 9.1.89.

for the recurrence,

1), is to

starting

1, 2,

Yn _,(x) + Yn+1 (x) = (2n/x) Yn (x)

used to compute Yn (x) in the direction

increasing

Ji{x),

2 (x),

.,10, each to 5 significant figures.

can then be found from the Wronskian

relation J x (x) Y (x)
(x) Yx {x) =2/(ttx).
This is a
convenient procedure for use with an automatic
computer.
(ii) Similar methods can be used to compute the
modified Bessel function
n (x) by means of the

n<!0.
methods can be used

figures in the trial values for

(iii)

way

alternative

(x),

J^l.55),

each to 5 significant figures, we

would have found the values of /10 (1.55) and
.

An

Yi(x),

From

J (l.5S),

Example

able (see

required, say,

(i)

should

The other

9.1.
it

Remarks,

Y (x),

Here z=x/v=Z/2.

9.3.36,

From 9.3.39

find

\ (-rt

3 /2

=4V5-arccos \= + .2769653.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

we

Hence

find

= + 1-155332.

f= -.5567724 and (tz^ )

2

387

a5

= -7.944134,

= + .947336.

Ai'(a 6 )

Hence

Next,
^1/3=3.684031,

vz

$= -7.556562.

Interpolating in Table 10.11,

Ai(v

m$) = + .299953,

As a check on the

find that

Ai'0 2/3 r) = + .451441,

= -.160565,

Bi(2/3f)

we

f=10- 2/3a 5 =.21544347a 5 =-1.7115118.

Bi'(^ 2/3 r)

interpolation,

Interpolating in the table following 9.5.26

obtain

= + .819542.

we may

we

obtain

= + -0136,

c (r)

= + .1442.
Jio.

5=28.88631 + .00107+

e'lOUlO,

5)

50

1/3

50 (75)

= -(4/3)(1.155332)- (50- X.299953

X .1442 + 50~ X .451441) = - .038658,
1

4/3

= -1.155332(-50- X. 160565
+ 50 ~ X .819542 X .0136) = + .050335,
1/3

5/3

F; (75)

= + (4/3)(1.155332)- (-50- X. 160565

X.1442 + 50- X. 819542) = + .069543.
4/3

Example

To

6.

evaluate

(X l)ai n

sions 9.3.23, 9.3.24, 9.3.27,

and 9.3.28

will furnish

moderate accuracy; for high-accuracy

work the uniform expansions should again be used.

(x-D<4"

l/x

0.4

3.110

0.6

3.131

64

p=10, s=5.
26

of

to 4 signifi-

fol-

S2

-12

From Table

10.11

-7

140

+2
1.0

3.

Interpolating

142(tt)

for

we

1/X=.667,

obtain

(Xl)^ =3.134 and thence the required root

1'

aft=6.268.

Example 7. To evaluate ber n 1.55, bei n 1.55,

7i=0, 1,2,
., each to 5 decimals.
We use the recurrence relation
.

JH -

(xe**

'i

)+J n+l (.xe" t)

n V2

of J[q{x),

each to 5 decimals.
We use the asymptotic expansions 9.5.22 and

716-654

3.

evaluate the 5th positive zero

and the corresponding value

9.5.23 setting

root

first

X=f

+9

results of

To

the

for

+21

In the neighborhood of unity the expan-

5.

= -. 14381.

Using Table 9.7 we compute the

0.8

Example

.)

lowing values

verify that

Remarks. This example may also be computed

using the Debye expansions 9.3.15, 9.3.16, 9.3.19,
and 9.3.20. Four terms of each of these series are
required, compared with two in the computations
above. The closer the argument-order ratio is to
unity, the less effective the Debye expansions

of Ji (x)

cant figures.
Let xn denote the root. Direct interpolation
is
impracticable owing to the
in Table 9.7
divergence of the differences. Inspection of
9.5.28 suggests that a smoother function is

JY'-J'Y=2/(75ir).

become.

=28.88738,

.947336

J (x)Y (kic) Y (x)J (\x)=0

2/3

As a check we may

X. 299953

2/3

X(l .00001+

+50- 5/3 X .451441 X .0136) = + .094077,

J^ (75)

Hence

10 2/3 2.888631 X. 98259

asymptotic expansions we find that

J (75) = + 1.155332(50-

= -.001.

series are negligible.

The

contributions of the terms involving a^f)

and diiX) are negligible, and substituting in the

*i(f)

= + .98259,

The bounds given at the foot of the table show

that the contributions of higher terms to the
asymptotic

6o(r)

A(f)

.AGO = + -0107,

verify

that Ai Bi' Ai'Bi 1 /*.

Interpolating in the table following 9.3.46

= +2.888631,

2(f)

we

taking arbitrary values zero for

l+0i

for

J (xe
s

3*

in
)

(see

Example

(l+<0J n (ze 3 " /4),

1).

(xe

3*

ui
)

and

'

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

388

l/(294989-220lH) = (.337119 + .025155i)X10- 5

Imag.

Real

trial

ber nx

values trial values

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2

-4447

-475
-203

+ 14989
+ 11172

+ 17446

-197012

+ 281539
+ 106734

obtained from the relation

.

+1

-7

-7
-1

+ 89

+ 500

-88578

+ 123804
+ 195373
+ 207449

-.
-.

+
-.
+

+.
-.
+.

00000
00000
00002
00003
00181
01494
04614
05994
69531
91004

-.
+.
-.
-.

-.
+.
+.

00000
00000
00003
00030
00148
00180
06258
29580
36781
59461

(xe

z " i/i

)+2J2 (xe 3 " i/i )+2ji (xe

3 * i/i

)+

...

=1.

Adequate checks are furnished by interpolating

Table 9.12 for ber 1.55 and bei 1.55, and the
use of a simple sum check on the normalization.

in

Should kerx and kei x be required they can be

computed by forward recurrence using formulas
re

+. 30763

+. 72619

taking the required starting values

9.9.14,

The

beia;

values of berx and beix are computed

multiplication of the trial values

by

by the normal-

izing factor

w=0

for

from Table 9.12 (see Example 2). If

an independent check on the recurrence is required
the asymptotic expansion 9.10.38 can be used.

and

References
Texts
[9.1]

[9.2]

[9.3]

[9.13] F.

approximations, Math.
Tables Aids Comp. 8, 240-241 (1954).
E. E. Allen, Polynomial approximations to some
modified Bessel functions, Math. Tables Aids
Comp. 10, 162-164 (1956).
H. Bateman and R. C. Archibald, A guide to tables
of Bessel functions, Math. Tables Aids Comp. 1,
E.

E.

Analytical

Allen,

205-308 (1944).
[9.4]

H.

S.

(1954).

Anwendungen
[9.17]

[9.7]

A. Erdelyi et al.,
Higher transcendental functions,
vol 2, ch. 7 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New

Press,

[9.8]

[9.9]

E.

A. Gray, G. B.

[9.20]

A course of
(Cambridge Univ.
4th ed.
Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).
analysis,

Mathematical Tables, vol. VI

(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,

1950).
[9.21] British Association for

[9.11]

Germany, 1948).
N. W. McLachlan, Bessel functions

[9.12]

F.

Berlin,

of Science,

Philos. Soc. 48,

large

1952).

for engineers,

(Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, 1G55).

Some new asymptotic expansions
of

integer

Advancement of Science,
Annual Report (J. R. Airey), 254 (1927).
E. Cambi, Eleven- and fifteen-place tables of Bessel

[9.22] British Association for the

Olver,

Cambridge

Advancement

order,
Mathematical Tables, vol. X
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,

F. Oberhettinger, Formeln und

Satze fur die speziellen Funktionen der mathematischen
Physik,
2d ed. (Springer- Verlag,

functions

the

Bessel functions, Part II. Functions of positive

W. Magnus and

Bessel

Bridge and S. W. Angrist, An extended table

of roots of j'n {x)Yn{$x) -J n {&x)Y'n (;x)=0, Math.
Comp. 16, 198-204 (1962).
British Association for the Advancement of Science,
Bessel functions, Part I. Functions of orders
zero and unity,

Mathews and T. M. MacRobert,

[9.10]

for

a generalization of the funcQuart. J. Pure

Tables

on the theory of Bessel functions, 2d

(Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London, England,

J.

On

bei x, ker x, kei x.

[9.19] J. F.

1931).

W.

Germany,

Appl. Math. 42, 316-342

(1911).
T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson,

[9.18] E.

treatise

2d ed.

x,

London, England, 1935).

York, N.Y., 1953).

T. Goodwin, Recurrence relations for crossproducts of Bessel functions, Quart. J. Mech.
Appl. Math. 2, 72-74 (1949).

ed.

(B. G. Teubner, Leipzig,

C. S. Whitehead,

modern

E. T. Copson, An introduction to the theory of

functions of a complex variable (Oxford Univ.

Roy.

1937).

1947).
[9.6]

of Bessel

Trans.

fonctions de Bessel
(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,
Paris, France, 1955).
[9.15] G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
functions,
2d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1958).
Weyrich, Die Zylinderfunktionen und ihre
[9.16] R.
[9.14]

tions ber

J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of heat

(Oxford Univ. Press, London, England,

The asymptotic expansion

London A247, 328-368

G. Petiau, La theorie des

Carslaw and

in solids

Olver,

Soc.

preliminaries to [9.21].
[9.5]

J.

Philos.

W. G.

Bickley, Bessel functions and formulae

(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
This is a straight reprint of part of the
1953).

W.

functions of large order.

orders.

414-427 (1952).

Proc.

[9.23]

functions of the

(Dover
1948).

first

kind, to

Publications,

Inc.,

all

significant orders

New

York,

N.Y.,

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

[9.24]

E.

Tablitsy

funktsii

Besselya

ot

functions

argumenta i integralov ot nikh

Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.,

integrals)

Chistova,

A.

deistvitel'nogo
(Izdat,

(Table

1958).

[9.25]

Bessel

of

functions

with

argument and their integrals).

H. B. Dwight, Tables of integrals and other mathematical data (The Macmillan Co., New York,
N.Y., 1957).
This includes formulas

for,

and tables

of roots for natural frequencies

H. B. Dwight, Table

J.

J n (x)

Besselia

do

120 (Izdat.
U.S.S.R., 1950).

Akad.
(Table

tselykh

nomerov

ot

National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the Bessel

Y (z) and Yi(z) for complex arguments

(Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1950).
National Physical Laboratory Mathematical Tables,
vol. 5, Chebyshev series for mathematical functions, by C. W. Clenshaw (Her Majesty's. Stationery Office, London, England, 1962).
functions

Math. Phys. 27,

84-89 (1948).
This gives zeros of the functions 9.5.27 and 9.5.30
for n=0,l,2,3.
V. N. Faddeeva and M. K. Gavurin, Tablitsy
funktsii

1947).
[9.36]

in coaxial type cavities,

[9.27]

[9.35]

[9.37]

[9.38]

Nauk SSSR, Moscow,

of J n {x) for orders
to

National Physical Laboratory Mathematical Tables,

vol. 6, Tables for Bessel functions of moderate or

by F. W. J. Olver (Her Majesty's

Stationery Office, London, England, 1962).

large orders,

120).
[9.28]

Fox,

short table for Bessel functions of integer

and large arguments. Royal Society

Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954).
E. T. Goodwin and J. Staton, Table of /oO'o.n?"),
Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 1, 220-224 (1948).
Harvard Computation Laboratory, Tables of the

[9.39] L.

orders

[9.29]

[9.30]

[9.31]

Bessel functions of the first kind of orders

through 135, vols. 3-14 (Harvard Univ. Press,
Cambridge, Mass., 1947-1951).
K. Hayashi, Tafeln der Besselschen, Theta, Kugelund anderer Funktionen (Springer, Berlin, Ger-

Jahnke, F. Emde, and F. Losch, Tables of

higher functions, ch. IX, 6th ed. (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1960).
[9.33] L. N. Karmazina and E. A. Chistova, Tablitsy
funktsii
Besselya ot mnimogo argumenta i

York, N.Y., 1961).

[9.40]

Moscow,

U.S.S.R.,

(Izdat.

1958).

Akad. Nauk SSSR,

(Tables

of

Bessel

Royal Society Mathematical Tables, vol. 7, Bessel

functions, Part III. Zeros and associated values,
edited by F. W. J. Olver (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1960).

The introduction includes

nected with zeros.
[9.41]

E.

integralov ot nikh

N. Nosova, Tables of Thomson (Kelvin) functions

their first derivatives, translated from the
Russian by P. Basu (Pergamon Press, New

and

many, 1930).
[9.32]

with imaginary argument and their

Mathematical
Tables
Project,
Table
of
fn(x)=n\(y2 x)-"J n (x). J. Math. Phys. 23,
45-60 (1944).
National Bureau of Standards, Table of the Bessel
functions J (z) and Ji(z) for complex arguments,
2d ed. (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y.,

of Kelvin

functions.
[9.26]

[9.34]

real

389

many

formulas con-

Royal

Society Mathematical Tables, vol.

10,
Bessel functions, Part IV. Kelvin functions, by
A. Young and A. Kirk (Cambridge Univ. Press,

Cambridge, England, 1963).

The introduction

many

includes

formulas for

Kelvin functions.
[9.42]

W.

Sibagaki,

0.01

tables

of

modified

functions, with the account of the

in the calculation (Baifukan,

Bessel

methods used

Tokyo, Japan, 1955).

390

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS ORDERS

Table 9.1

Mx)

0, 1

AND

J2 (x)

Jl(x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

1.00000
0.99750
0.99002
0.97762
0.96039

oooco
15620
49722
62465
82266

00000
66040
39576
38296
59563

0.00000
0.04993
0.09950
0.14831
0.19602

00000
75260
08326
88163
65780

0.00000
0. 00124
0.00498
0.01116
0. 01973

00000
89587
33542
58619
46631

0.5
0.6
0.7

0.8
0.9

0.93846
0.91200
0.88120
0.84628
0.80752

98072
48634
08886
73527
37981

40813
97211
07405
50480
22545

0.24226
0.28670
0.32899
0. 36884
0.40594

84577
09881
57415
20461
95461

0.03060
0. 04366
0. 05878
0.07581
0. 09458

40235
50967
69444
77625
63043

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.76519
0.71962
0.67113
0.62008
0.56685

76865
20185
27442
59895
51203

57967
27511
64363
61509
74289

0.44005
0.47090
0. 49828
0.52202
0.54194

05857
23949
90576
32474
77139

0.11490
0.13656
0.15934
0.18302
0.20735

34849
41540
90183
66988
58995

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.51182
0.45540
0. 39798
0.33998
0.28181

76717
21676
48594
64110
85593

35918
39381
46109
42558
74385

55793
56989
0.57776
0.58151
0.58115

65079
59353
52315
69517
70727

0.23208
0.25696
0.28173
0.30614
0.32992

76721
77514
89424
35353
57277

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.22389
0.16660
0.11036
0. C5553
+0.00250

07791
69803
22669
97844
76832

41236
31990
22174
45602
97244

57672
56829
0. 55596
0. 53987
0.52018

48078
21358
30498
25326
52682

0.35283
0.37462
0.39505
0.41391
0.43098

40286
36252
86875
45917
00402

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.04838
-0.09680
-0.14244
-0.18503
-0. 22431

37764
49543
93700
60333
15457

68198
97038
46012
64387
91968

0.49709
0.47081
0.44160
0.40970
0.37542

41025
82665
13791
92469
74818

0.44605
0.45897
0.46956
0.47768
0.48322

90584
28517
15027
54954
70505

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.26005
-0.29206
-0.32018
-0.34429
-0.36429

19549
43476
81696
62603
55967

01933
50698
57123
98885
62000

0.33905
0.30092
0.26134
0.22066
0.17922

89585
11331
32488
34530
58517

0.48609
0.48620
0.48352
0.47803
0.46972

12606
70142
77001
16865
25683

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.

-0.

38012
-0.39176
39923
-0.40255
-0. 40182

77399
89837
02033
64101
60148

87263
00798
71191
78564
87640

0.13737
0. 09546
0.05383
+0.01282
-0.02724

75274
55472
39877
10029
40396

0.45862
0.44480
0.42832
0.40930
0.38785

91842
53988
96562
43065
47125

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-0.39714
-0.38866
-0.37655
-0.36101
-0.34225

98098
96798
70543
11172
67900

63847
35854
67568
36535
03886

-0.06604
-0.10327
-0.13864
-0.17189
-0.20277

33280
32577
69421
65602
55219

0.36412
0.33829
0.31053
0.28105
0.25008

81459
24809
47010
92288
60982

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-0.32054
-0.29613
-0.26933
-0.24042
-0.20973

25089
78165
07894
53272
83275

85121
74141
19753
91183
85326

-0.23106
-0.25655
-0.27908
-0.29849
-0.31469

04319
28361
07358
98581
46710

0.21784
0.18459
0.15057
0.11605
0.08129

89837
31052
30295
03864
15231

5.0

-0.17759 67713 14338

0.

0.

0.
0.

-0.32757 91376
(

[<-if]

J%+l(x)

Compiled from British Association

for the

0.

[<-/*]

1.,5J
-/ (.r)

04656 51163

-J_i

Advancement

(.()

of Science, Bessel func-

tions, Part II.

Functions of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol. X
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952) and Harvard Computation
through
Laboratory, Tables of the Bessel functions of the first kind of orders

135, vols. 3-14

mission).

(Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1947-1951) (with per-

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS ORDERS

Y

(x)

0, 1

AND

391
Table

F 2 (x)

Yi{x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

oo
-1.53423 86514
-1.08110 53224
-0.80727 35778

9.1

-0.60602 45684

oo
-6.45895
-3.32382
-2.29310
-1.78087

10947
49881
51384
20443

-127.64478
- 32.15714
- 14.48009
- 8.29833

324
456
401
565

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-0.44451
-0.30850
-0.19066
-0. 08680
+0.00562

87335
98701
49293
22797
83066

-1.47147
-1.26039
-1.10324
-0.97814
-0.87312

23927
13472
98719
41767
65825

5.44137
3.89279
2.96147
2.35855
1.94590

084
462
756
816
960

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.08825
0.16216
0.22808
0.28653
0.33789

69642
32029
35032
53572
51297

-0.78121
-0.69811
-0.62113
-0.54851
-0.47914

28213
95601
63797
97300
69742

1.65068
1.43147
1.26331
1.13041
1.02239

261
149
080
186
081

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.38244
0.42042
0.45202
0.47743
0.49681

89238
68964
70002
17149
99713

-0.41230
-0. 34757
-0.28472
-0.22366
-0.16440

86270
80083
62451
48682
57723

0.93219
0.85489
0.78699
0.72594
0.66987

376
941
905
824
868

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.51037
0.51829
0.52078
0.51807
0.51041

56726
37375
42854
53962
47487

-0.10703
-0.05167
+0. 00148
0.05227
0.10048

24315
86121
77893
73158
89383

0.61740
0.56751
0.51943
0.47261
0.42667

810
146
175
686
397

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.49807
0.48133
0.46050
0.43591
0.40791

03596
05906
35491
59856
17692

0.14591
0.18836
0.22763
0.26354
0.29594

81380
35444
24459
53936
00546

0.38133
0.33643
0.29188
0.24766
0.20381

585
556
692
928
518

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.37685
0.34310
0.30705
0.26909
0.22961

00100
28894
32501
19951
53372

0.32467
0.34962
0.37071
0.38785
0.40101

44248
94823
13384
29310
52921

0.16040
0.11753
0.07535
0.03402
0.00627

039
548
866
961
601

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

0.18902
0.14771
0.10607
0.06450
+0.02337

19439
00126
43153
32467
59082

0.41018
0.41539
0.41667
0.41411
0.40782

84179
17621
43727
46893
00193

0.04537
0. 08306
0.11915
0.15345
0.18576

144
319
508
185
256

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-0.01694
-0.05609
-0.09375
-0.12959
-0.16333

07393
46266
12013
59029
64628

0.39792
0.38459
0. 36801
0.34839
0.32597

57106
40348
28079
37583
06708

0.21590
0.24370
0.26899
0.29163
0.31150

359
147
540
951
495

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-0.19470
-0.22345
-0.24938
-0.27230
-0.29205

50086
99526
76472
37945
45942

0.30099
0.27374
0.24450
0.21356
0.18124

73231
52415
12968
51673
66920

0.32848
0.34247
0.35343
0.36128
0.36603

160
962
075
928
284

5.0

-0.30851 76252

0.14786 31434

n+ i(x)=^Yn(.x)-Yn - i(x)

oo

0.36766 283

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

392
Table

BES SEL FUNi CTIONS OR DERS

9.1

Jo{x)

0,

AND

Ji(x)

J-i{x)

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

-0.

17759
-0.14433
-0.11029
-0. 07580
-0.04121

67713
47470
04397
31115
01012

14338
60501
90987
85584
44991

-0.32757
-0.33709
-0.34322
-0.34596
-0. 34534

91376
72020
30059
08338
47908

0.04656
+0.01213
-0.02171
-0.05474
-0.08669

51163
97659
84086
81465
53768

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

-0. 00684
+0.02697
0.05992
0.09170
0.12203

38694
08846
00097
25675
33545

17819
24037
74816
92823

-0.34143
-0.33433
-0.32414
-0.31102
-0. 29514

82154
28363
76802
77443
24447

-0.11731
-0.14637
-0.17365
-0.19895
-0.22208

54816
54691
60379
35139
16409

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

0.15064
0.17729
0.20174
0.22381
0.24331

52572
14222
72229
20061
06048

50997
42744
48904
32191
23407

-0.27668
-0.25586
-0.23291
-0.20808
-0.18163

38581
47726
65671
69402
75090

-0.24287
-0.26118
-0.27688
-0.28987
-0.30007

32100
15116
15994
13522
23264

6.5

6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

0.26009
0.27404
0.28506
0.29309
0.29810

46055
33606
47377
56031
20354

81606
24146
10576
04273
04820

-0.15384 13014
-0.12498 01652
-0. 09534 21180
-0. 06521 86634
-0.03490 20961

-0.30743
-0.31191
-0.31352
-0.31227
-0.30821

03906
61379
50715
75629
85850

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.30007
0.29905
0.29507
0.28821
0.27859

92705
13805
06914
69476
62326

19556
01550
00958
35014
57478

-0.00468 28235
05432 74202
0.08257 04305
0.10962 50949

-0.30141
-0.29196
-0.27997
-0.26559
-0.24896

72201
59511
97413
49119
78286

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

0.26633
0.25160
0.23455
0.21540
0.19436

96578
18338
91395
78077
18448

80378
49976
86464
46263
41278

0.13524
0.15921
0.18131
0.20135
0.21917

84276
37684
27153
68728
93999

-0.23027
-0.20970
-0.18746
-0.16377
-0.13887

34105
34737
49278
78404
33892

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

0.17165
0.14751
0.12221
0. 09600
0.06915

08071 37554
44378
84138
95010
56985

0.

74540
53017
61008
72616

23463
0.24760
0.25799
0.26573
0.27078

63469
77670
85976
93020
62683

-0.11299
-0.08637
-0. 05928
-0.03197
-0.00468

17204
97338
88146
25341
43406

0.04193 92518 42935

0.27312
0.27275
0.26971
0.26407
0. 25590

19637
48445
90241
37032
23714

+0.02232
0.04880
0.07452
0.09925
0.12275

47396
83679
71058
05539
93977

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

851] 4

+ 0.02515 32743
0.

+ 0. 01462 29912 78741

-0.01252 27324 49665

-0.03923 38031 76542
-0.06525 32468 51244

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-0.09033
-0.11423
-0.13674
-0.15765
-0.17677

36111
92326
83707
51899
15727

82876
83199
64864
43403
51508

0.

24531
0.23243
0.21740
0.20041
0.18163

17866
07450
86550
39278
22040

0.14484
0.16532
0.18401
0.20075
0.21541

73415
29129
11218
49594
67225

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

-0.19392
-0.20897
-0.22179
-0.23227
-0.24034

87476
87183
54820
60275
11055

87422
68872
31723
79367
34760

0.16126
0.13952
0.11663
0. 09284
0. 06836

44308
48117
86479
00911
98323

0.22787
0.23804
0.24584
0.25122
0.25415

91542
63875
46878
29849
31929

.0.0

-0.24593 57644 51348

-4,41

0.

04347 27462
(

[(

J n +l(z)

- 4)4
8

In
=
Jn(x)J,,-\(X)

0.25463 03137
[(

-/W]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL Fir SCTIONS ORDERS

X

0,

Yo(x)

AND

393
Table

r,(. c)

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

-0.30851
-0.32160
-0.33125
-0.33743
-0.34016

76252
24491
09348
73011
78783

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

-0.33948
-0.33544
-0.32815
-0.31774
-0.30436

05929
41812
71408
64300
59300

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

-0.28819
-0.26943
-0.24830
-0.22506
-0.19994

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

0.14786
0.11373
0.07919
0.04454
+0.01012

9.1

r,(.r)

31434
64420
03430
76191
72667

0.36766
0.36620
0.36170
0.35424
0.34391

288
498
876
772
872

-0.02375 82390
-0.11923 41135
-0.14807 71525

0.33084
0.31515
0.29702
0.27663
0.25417

123
646
614
122
029

46840
49304
99505
17496
85953

-0.17501
-0.19981
-0.22228
-0.24224
-0.25955

03443
22045
36406
95005
98934

0.22985
0.20392
0.17660
0.14815
0.11883

790
273
555
715
613

-0.17324
-0.14522
-0.11619
-0.08643
-0.05625

24349
62172
11427
38683
36922

-0.27409
-0.28574
-0.29445
-0. 30018
-0.30291

12740
72791
93130
68758
76343

0.08890
0.05863
+0. 02829
-0.00185
-0. 03154

666
613
284
639
852

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

-0.02594
+0.00418
0.03385
0.06277
0.09068

97440
17932
04048
38864
08802

-0.30266
-0.29947
-0.29342
-0.28459
-0.27311

72370
88746
25939
43719
49598

-0.06052
-0.08854
-0.11535
-0.14074
-0.16449

661
204
668
495
573

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

0.11731
0.14242
0.16580
0.18722
0.20652

32861
85247
16324
71733
09481

-0.25912
-0.24280
-0.22431
-0.20388
-0.18172

85105
10021
84743
50954
10773

-0.18641
-0.20632
-0.22406
-0.23950
-0.25252

422
353
617
540
628

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

0.22352
0.23809
0.25011
0.25951
0.26622

14894
13287
80276
49638
18674

-0.15806
-0.13314
-0.10724
-0.08059
-0.05348

04617
87960
07223
75035
45084

-0.26303
-0.27096
-0.27627
-0.27893
-0.27895

660
757
430
605
627

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

0.27020
0.27145
0.26999
0.26587
0.25915

51054
77123
91703
49418
57617

-0. 02616
+0.00108
0.02801
0.05435
0.07986

86794
39918
09592
55633
93974

-0.27636
-0.27120
-0.26355
-0.25352
-0.24120

244
562
987
140
758

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

0.24993
0.23833
0.22449
0.20857
0.19074

66983
59921
36870
00676
39189

0.10431
0.12746
0.14911
0.16906
0.18713

45752
58820
27879
13071
56847

-0.22675
-0.21032
-0.19207
-0.17221
-0.15092

568
151
786
280
782

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

0.17121
0.15018
0.12787
0.10452
0.08037

06262
01353
47920
70840
73052

0.20317
0.21705
0.22866
0.23789
0.24469

98994
89660
00298
32421
24113

-0.12843
-0.10495
-0.08072
-0.05597
-0. 03094

591
952
839
744
449

0.0

0.

05567 11673
(

-0. 05680 56144

-0. 08872 33405

-0.00586 808

0.24901 54242

- 4M

)4

['I'

Or)

Yn+l(x)=^Y n (x)-Y n -

(x)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

394

BESSEL FUNCTIONS ORDERS

Table 9.1
X

Jo(x)

0, 1

AND

Ji(x)

10.0
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4

-0.24593
-0. 24902
-0.24961
-0.24771
-0.24337

57644
96505
70698
68134
17507

51348
80910
54127
82244
14207

10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9

-0.23664
-0.22763
-0.21644
-0.20320
-0.18806

81944
50476
27399
19671
22459

11.0
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4

-0.17119
-0.15276
-0.13299
-0.11206
-0.09021

03004
82954
19368
84561
45002

11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9

-0. 06765 39481

-0. 04461 56740

J 2 (x)

04347
01839
00661
03131
05547

27462
55155
57433
78295
27618

0.25463
0.25267
0.24831
0.24163
0.23270

03137
23269
98653
56815
39119

62347
20693
23818
12039
63342

-0. 07885
-0.10122
-0.12239
-0.14216
-0.16034

00142
86626
94239
65683
96867

0.22162
0.20853
0.19356
0.17687
0.15864

91441
53000
43429
48248
02851

07196
35677
59575
09807
47520

-0.17678
-0.19132
-0.20385
-0.21425
-0.22245

52990
82878
31459
50262
05864

0.13904
0.11829
0.09658
0.07414
0.05118

75188
47301
95894
72125
80816

11665
94438
-0.02133 12813 88500
+0. 00196 71733 06740
0.02504 94416 99590

-0.22837
-0.23200
-0.23330
-0.23228
-0. 22898

86207
04746
02408
47343
32497

0.02793
+0.00461
-0.01854
-0.04133
-0.06353

59271
55923
91017
74673
40215

0.

+0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4

0.

04768
0.06966
0. 09077
0.11079
0.12956

93107
67736
01231
79503
10265

96834
06807
70505
07585
17502

-0.22344
-0.21574
-0.20598
-0.19425
-0.18071

71045
89734
20217
88480
02469

-0.08493
-0.10532
-0.12453
-0.14238
-0.15870

04949
77609
76677
47549
78405

12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9

0.14688
0.16260
0.17658
0.18870
0. 19884

40547
72717
78885
13547
24371

00421
45511
61499
80683
36331

-0.16548
-0.14874
-0.13066
-0.11143
-0.09124

38046
23434
22290
15593
82522

-0.17336
-0.18621
-0.19716
-0.20611
-0.21298

14634
71675
46175
25359
94530

13.0
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4

0.

20692
0.21288
0.21668
0.21829
0.21772

61023
81975
59222
80903
51787

77068
22060
58564
19277
31184

07031
04885
-0.02706
-0.00517
+0.01659

80521
24733
67028
74806
90199

-0.21774
-0.22034
-0.22078
-0.21907
-0.21524

42642
65904
69378
66588
77131

13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9

0.21498
0.21013
0.20322
0.19433
0.18357

91658
31613
08326
56352
98554

80401
69248
33007
15629
57870

03804
05896
0. 07914
0.09839
0.11652

92921
45572
27651
05167
48904

-0.20935
-0.20146
-0.19166
-0.18007
-0.16681

22337
19030
71443
61400
36842

14.0
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4

0.17107
0.15695
0.14136
0.12448
0.10648

34761
28770
93846
76852
41184

10459
32601
57129
83919
90342

0.13337
0.14878
0. 16261
0.17472
0.18503

51547
43513
07342
90520
16616

-0.15201
-0.13584
-0.11846
-0.10005
-0.08078

98826
87137
64643
00556
52766

14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9

0.08754
0.06786
0. 04764
0. 02708
+0.00639

48680
40683
18459
23145
15448

10376
23379
01522
85872
90853

0.19342
0.19985
0.20425
0.20659
0.20687

94636
26514
12683
55672
61718

-0.06086
-0.04048
-0.01985
+0.00083
0.02137

49420
69928
25577
60053
70688

15.0

-0.01422 44728 26781

(

ir:

-0.
-0.

0.
0.

0.20510 40386
(

J + \(x)

D3]

= Jn(x)-Jn-l{x)
X

0.04157 16780

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS ORDERS

X

Yo(x)

AND

0,

395
Table

9.1

Y 2 (x)

Yi(x)

10.0
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4

0.05567
0.03065
+0.00558
-0.01929
-0. 04374

11673
73806
52273
78497
86190

0.24901
0.25084
0.25018
0. 24706
0.24155

54242
44363
58292
99395
05610

00586
+0.01901
0. 04347
0.06727
0.09020

808
478
082
260
065

10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9

-0.06753
-0.09041
-0.11218
-0.13263
-0.15158

03725
51548
58897
83844
31932

0.23370
0.22362
0.21144
0.19728
0.18131

42284
92892
47763
90905
85097

0.11204
0.13260
0.15170
0.16917
0.18485

546
936
828
340
264

11.0
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4

-0.16884
-0.18427
-0.19773
-0.20910
-0.21829

73239
57716
28675
34295
37073

0.16370
0.14463
0.12431
0.10294
0.08074

55374
71102
26795
21889
39654

0.19861
0.21033
0.21993
0.22732
0.23245

197
651
156
329
932

11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9

-0.22523
-0.22986
-0.23218
-0.23216
-0.22983

21117
97260
05930
17790
32139

0.05794
0.03476
+0.01144
-0.01178
-0.03471

25471
64663
60113
90120
14983

0.23530
0.23586
0.23413
0.23016
0.22399

908
394
718
364
935

12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4

-0.22523
-0.21843
-0.20952
-0.19859
-0.18577

73126
83806
18128
30946
66153

-0.05709
-0.07873
-0.09941
-0.11894
-0.13714

92183
69315
84171
84033
43766

0.21572
0.20542
0.19322
0.17925
0.16365

078
401
371
189
655

12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9

-0.17121
-0.15506
-0.13749
-0.11870
-0.09887

43068
41238
83780
19463
03702

-0.15383
-0.16887
-0.18212
-0.19347
-0.20281

82565
79186
85528
38454
69743

0.14660
0.12825
0.10881
0.08847
0.06742

019
810
672
166
588

13.0
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4

-0.07820
-0.05692
-0.03523
-0.01336
+0.00848

78645
52568
78771
34191
02072

-0.21008
-0.21521
-0.21817
-0.21895
-0.21755

14084
15060
29066
27145
94728

04588
02406
+0.00218
-0.01956
-0.04095

765
854
138
180
177

13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9

0. 03007
0.05121
0.07168
0.09129
0.10985

70090
50115
83040
90143
91895

-0.21402
-0.20839
-0.20074
-0.19115
-0.17975

29303
36044
21453
85095
09511

-0.

06178
-0.08186
-0.10099
-0.11900
-0.13572

411
113
373
315
264

14.0
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4

0.12719
0.14313
0.15754
0.17027
0.18123

25686
62286
20895
82640
02411

-0.16664
-0.15198
-0.13591
-0.11861
-0.10026

48419
13335
58742
65967
25924

-0.15099
-0.16469
-0.17668
-0.18686
-0.19515

897
386
517
800
560

14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9

0.19030
0.19741
0.20251
0.20556
0.20654

18912
62858
63238
51604
64347

-0.08104
-0.06115
-0. 04078
-0.02016
+0.00052

20909
05609
87536
07059
82751

-0.20148
-0.20579
-0.20806
-0.20828
-0.20647

011
307
581
958
553

15.0

0.20546 42960
[<"*

0.02107 36280

1)31
-

- 413
s

[
2-n

0.
0.

-0.20265 448
4 3
(
[ -e ]
'

Yn+l(x)=Yn (x)-Yn - 1 (x)

X

-0.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

396

BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS

Table 9.1

Jo(x)

0.01422 44728 26781

15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9

0.10923 06509 00050

16.
16.
16.
16.
16.

0.17489
0.18302
0.18927
0.19360
0.19597

90739
36924
49469
23723
48287

16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9

0.19638
0.19482
0.19134
0.18597
0.17878

17.
17.
17.
17.
17.

0.16985
0.15928
0.14719
0.13370
0.11895

17.5

0.10311 03982 28686

0.20510
0.20131
0.19554
0.18787
0.17840

40386
02204
54359
94498
02717

0.04157
0.06122
0.08015
0.09816
0.11510

16780
54568
04595
69502
50943

0. 16721
0.15443
0.14021
0.12469
0. 10802

31804
95871
57469
13334
78901

0.13080
0.14512
0.15793
0.16910
0.17855

65451
59111
20904
94608
89133

83629
65310
77945
28377
91007

0.09039
07197
0.05296
0. 03353
+0. 01389

71757
94186
14991
50765
46807

0.18619
0.19196
0.19581
0.19771
0.19766

87209
52352
34037
71056
93020

06929
78558
35295
38653
33878

36861
05566
25189
47601
91219

-0.00576
-0.02524
-0. 04436
-0. 06292
-0. 08074

42137
71116
24008
32177
92543

0.19568
0.19178
0.18603
0.17848
0.16922

20004
60351
06671
30061
72631

42521
53315
11467
06470
58563

51184
32265
66030
75764
36348

-0. 09766
-0.11351
-0.12814
-0.14142
-0.15321

84928
88483
97057
33355
61760

0.15836
0.14600
0.13229
0.11735
0.10134

38412
82733
00182
11285
48016

0.03456 18514
0.05442 07968
0. 07360 75449
0. 09193 62278

55565
44039
51123
62321

0.12532 59640 22481

0.14007 02118 29049
0.15332 57477 60686
0.16497 04994 85671

0.

-0.16341 99694

0.

08443 38303

(-4)2]
)2
(

lf]

[<"f]
Jn+ (x) =
1

Jn{x) -Jn-

J(r)=Mn (x) cos

.T'iVo(.r)

0.79739
0.79748
0.79756
0.79764
0.79770

375
584
868
214
609
040
498
975
463
957

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

0.79776
0.79780
0.79783
0.79786
0.79787

0.00

0.79788 456

e (x)-x
-0.79783 499
-0.79660 186
-0.79536 548
-0.79412 617
-0.79288 426

-0.79164
-0.79039
-0.78914
-0.78789
-0.78664

009
402
641
764
810

-0.78539 816
{

T]

0, 1

Yn (x)=Mn (x)

en (x)

x*Mi(x)

0.79936
0.79908
0.79883
0.79861
0.79842
0.79825
0.79812
0.79801
0.79794
0.79789

575
654
586
398
116
761
353
908
438
952

0.79788 456

l(as)

-x

508
201
732
016
-2.33372 965

-2. 31885
-2. 32256
-2. 32627
-2. 33000

-2.33746
-2.34120
-2.34494
-2.34869
-2.35244

488
495
891
580
465

-2.35619 449
1

r(-

['I'

<:r>=nearest integer to

x.

AND

sin on (x)

x'M2(x)

0.80542
0.80398
0.80269
0.80156
0.80058
0.79975
0.79908
0.79855
0.79818
0.79795

555
367
711
472
549

-3.73985
-3.75850
-3.77717
-3.79586
-3.81456

851

-3 83328 521
_3 85201 346

299
829
387
937

0.79788 456
r(-

(x)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS MODULUS AND PHASE OF ORDERS

Table 9.1

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

AND

Ji(x)

15.0
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4

0, 1

-3,

-3,
-3,

605
527
539
377
786

87075 034
88949 363
90824 117

-3.92699 082

[<-f]

10
11

13

14
17
20
25
33
50

100

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FU NCTIONS- -ORDERS

To(x)

0, 1

AND

397

Table 9.1

F2 (,)

15.0
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4

0.20546
0.20234
0.19722
0.19018
0.18128

42960
32292
76821
15001
71741

Fi (.r)
0.02107 36280
0. 04127 35340
0. 06093 08736
0. 07985 51269
0.09786 41973

-0.20265
-0. 19687
-0.18921
-0.17974
-0.16857

448
654
046
292
754

15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9

0.17064
0.15837
0.14459
0.12947
0.11315

49112
15368
92412
41833
49657

0.11478
0.13046
0.14474
0.15749
0.16860

61425
07959
12638
52835
64314

-0.15583
-0.14164
-0.12616
-0.10953
-0.09194

380
579
086
807

16.0
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4

0.09581
0.07762
0.05876
0. 03944
0.01985

09971
07587
99918
98249
48596

0.17797
0.18551
0.19117
0.19490
0.19667

51689
97173
67538
19240
01648

-0.07356
-0.05457
-0.03516
-0.01553

16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9

+0.00018
-0.01937
-0.03862
-0.05736
-0.07543

12325
53254
14147
78596
15476

0.19647
0.19433
0.19027
0.18434
0.17663

58378
26715
35142
99015
14431

0. 02363
0.04278
0.06140
0.07931
0. 09633

402
890
866
428
468

17.0
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4

-0.09263
-0.10881
-0. 12382
-0.13750
-0.14973

71984
90473
24237
52134
91883

0.16720
0.15617
0.14365
0.12978
0.11470

50361
39131
65362
53467
53859

0.11230
0.12708
0.14052
0.15250
0.16292

838
500
667
930
372

17.5

-0.16041 11925

.!

0.

410
483
792
548
+0. 00412 931

09857 27987

)2
[

661

0.17167 666
2
(

T]

rn+1 (.r)=^r(.r)-r^

1>

1 (.r)

Table 9.1

BESSEL FUNCTIONSAUXILIARY TABLE FOR SMALL ARGUMENTS

M*)

M*)

,v

.7'

Mx)

M*)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

-0.

07380
-0.07202
-0. 06672
-0.05794
-0.04579

430
984
574
956
663

-0.63661
-0.63857
-0. 64437
-0.65382
-0.66660

977
491
529
684
964

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.08825
0.11849
0.15018
0.18296
0.21647

696
917
546
470
200

-0.78121
-0.79936
-0.81476
-0.82642
-0.83332

282
142
705
473
875

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-0.03039
-0.01192
+0.00942
0.03341
0.05979

904
435
612
927
263

-0.68228
-0.70029
-0.71998
-0.74059
-0.76130

315
342
221
789
792

1.5

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.25033
0.28416
0.31758
0.35020
0.38166

233
437
436
995
415

-0.83449
-0.82895
-0.81583
-0.79427
-0.76356

074
780
036
978
508

2.0

0.41157 912

1.0

0.08825 696
(

,4
1

-0.78121 282

(.r)=/i(.r)+-Jo(.'') ln.r

ra

-0.72304 896
(

T]

Yl(r)=-M.v)+^Ji(.r)\n.r

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

398

BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS 3-9

Table 9.2
x

Mr)

0.0
0.2

0.0000

0.4
0.6
0.8

(-4)1.6625
(-3)1.3201
-3)4.3997
(-2)1.0247

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

(-2)1.9563
(-2)3.2874
(-2)5.0498
(-2)7.2523
(-2)9.8802

Mr)

Mx)

M*)

0.0000
-6)4.1583
-5)6.6135
-4 3.3147
-3 1.0330

0.0000
-8)8.3195
-6)2.6489
-5)1.9948
-5)1.9948
-5 8.3084
-5)8.3084

0.0000
(-9)1.3869
(-8)8.8382
( 7)9.9956
( 6)5.5601

0.0000
-11)1.9816
9)2.5270
8 4.2907

(-3)2.4766
(-3)5.0227
(-3)9.0629
(-2)1.4995
(-2)2.3197

-4)2.4976
-4)6.1010
-3)1.2901
-3)2.4524
-3)4-2936

(-5)2.0938

(-4)3.3210
(-4)6.5690

6)1.5023
>) 1.5023
6)5.3093
>) 5.3093
5)1.5366
5)3.8397
5)8.5712

(-2)3.3996
(-2 4.7647
(-2 6.4307
-2)8.4013
(-1)1.0667

-3)7.0396
-2)1.0937
-2)1.6242
-2)2.3207
-2)3.2069

(-3)1.2024
(-3)2.0660
(-3)3.3669
(-3)5.2461
(-3)7.8634

4)1.7494
4)3.3195
4)5.9274
3)1.0054
3)1.6314

(-2)4.3028
(-2)5.6238
(-2)7.1785
-2 8.9680
(-1)1.0984

(-2)1.1394
(-2)1.6022
-2)2.1934

3)2.5473
3)3.8446
(- 3)5.6301
3 8.0242
(-3)8
(- 2)1.1159
2)1

(-5 6.1541
(-4)1.5231

7)3.1864

0.0000

0.0000

(-13)2.4774
(-11)6.3210
(- 9)1.6110
(- 8)1.5967

-15)2.7530
1-12)1.4053
-11)5.3755
-10)7.1092

8)9.4223
7)4.0021
6)1.3538
6)3.8744
6)9.7534

5.2493
2.6788
(- 7)1.0587
3.4687
$ 9.8426

'-

5)2.2180
5)4.6434
5)9.0756
4 1.6738
4)2.9367

(- 6)2.4923
(- 6 5.7535
(- 5)1.2300
- 5 2.4647
(- 5)4.6719

(((((-

4)4.9344
4)7.9815
3)1.2482
3)1.8940
3)2.7966

(- 5)8.4395
(- 4)1.4615
(- 4)2.4382
(- 4 3.9339
(- 4)6.1597

(- 3)4.0287
(- 3)5.6739
(- 3 7.8267
(- 2)1.4079

4)9.3860
3 1.3952
3)2.0275
3)2.8852
3)4.0270

1.8405
2.3689
3.0044
3.7577
4.6381

5.5203
7.4411
9.8734
1.2907
1.6639

2)5.6532
2)6.8077
2 8.1035
2)9.5385
1)1.1107

2)2.1165
2)2.6585
2)3.2990
2)4.0468
2)4.9093

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

0.12894
0.16233
0.19811
0.23529
0.27270

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

0.30906
0.34307
0.37339
0.39876
0.41803

0.13203
0.15972
0.18920
0.21980
0.25074

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

0.43017
0.43439
0.43013
0.41707
0.39521

0.28113
0.31003
0.33645
0.35941
0.37796

0.13209
0.15614
0.18160
0.20799
0.23473

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

0.36483
0.32652
0.28113
0.22978
0.17382

0.39123
0.39847
0.39906
0.39257
0.37877

0.26114
0.28651
0.31007
0.33103
0.34862

0.13105
0.15252
0.17515
0.19856
0.22230

5.3376
6.5447
7.9145
9.4455
1.1131

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

0.11477
+0.05428
-0.00591
-0.06406
-0.11847

0.35764
0.32941
0.29453
0.25368
0.20774

0.36209
0.37077
0.37408
0.37155
0.36288

0.24584
0.26860
0.28996
0.30928
0.32590

0.12959
0.14910
0.16960
0.19077
0.21224

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

-0.16756
-0.20987
-0.24420
-0.26958
-0.28535

0.15780
0.10509
+0.05097
-0.00313
-0.05572

0.34790
0.32663
0.29930
0.26629
0.22820

0.33920
0.34857
0.35349
0.35351
0.34828

0.23358
0.25432
0.27393
0.29188
0.30762

0.12797
0.14594
0.16476
0.18417
0.20385

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

-0.29113
-0.28692
-0.27302
-0.25005
-0.21896

-0.10536
-0.15065
-0.19033
-0.22326
-0.24854

0.18577
0.13994
0.09175
+0.04237
-0.00699

0.33758
0.32131
0.29956
0.27253
0.24060

0.32059
0.33027
0.33619
0.33790
0.33508

0.22345
0.24257
0.26075
0.27755
0.29248

0.12632
0.14303
0.16049
0.17847
0.19670

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8

-0.18094
-0.13740
-0.08997
-0.04034
+0.00970

-0.26547
-0.27362
-0.27284
-0.26326
-0.24528

-0.05504
-0.10053
-0.14224
-0.17904
-0.20993

0.20432
0.16435
0.12152
0.07676
+0.03107

0.32746
0.31490
0.29737
0.27499
0.24797

0.30507
0.31484
0.32138
0.32427
0.32318

0.21488
0.23266
0.24965
0.26546
0.27967

10.0

0.05838

-0.21960

-0.23406

-0.01446

0.21671

0.31785

0.29186

-2 ) 2.9311
-2)3.8316
) 3.8316

-2)4.9088
'-2)6.1725
; d.i i to
'-2)7.6279
7.6279
'-2)9.2745
) 9.2745
'-1)1.1105
) 1.1105

2)1.5176
\

- 2)2.0220

(- 2)2.6433
(- 2 3.3953
(- 2)4.2901

'-

- 2)1.0591

2)5.8921
(: 2)6.9987
2)8.2300
- 2)9!5J
5839
- 1)1. 054

Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bessel functions, Part II. FuncMathematical Tables, vol. X (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952) and Mathematical Tables Project, Table of /(.)) =n!(tB)-V(x). J. Math. Phys. 23, 45-60
tions of positive integer order,

(1944) (with permission).

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS
Ysix)

o.o

OO

Y 5 (x)

Yi(x)

oo
(4)-1.9162

oo
(5) -7.6586
(4) -2.4114
-3.2156
ill -7.7670

3-9

Y 6 (x)

399
Table

Yi(x)

00

Ya(x)

oo

9.2

Yo(x)

oo

oo

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

(2) -6.3982

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

-5.8215
-3.5899
-2.4420
-1.7897
-1.3896

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

-1.1278
-0.94591
-0.81161
-0.70596
-0.61736

-2.7659
-2.0603
-1.6024
-1.2927
-1.0752

-9.9360
-6.5462
-4.5296
-3.2716
-2.4548

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

-0.53854
-0.46491
-0.39363
-0.32310
-0.25259

-0.91668
-0.79635
-0.70092
-0.62156
-0.55227

-1.9059
-1.5260
-1.2556
-1.0581
-0.91009

-5.4365
-3.9723
-2.9920
-2.3177
-1.8427

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

-0.18202
-0.11183
-0.04278
+0.02406
0.08751

-0.48894
-0.42875
-0.36985
-0.31109
-0.25190

-0.79585
-0.70484
-0.62967
-0.56509
-0.50735

-1.5007
-1.2494
-1.0612
-0.91737
-0.80507

-3.7062
-2.8650
-2.2645
-1.8281
-1.5053

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

0.14627
0.19905
0.24463
0.28192
0.31001

-0.19214
-0.13204
-0.07211
-0.01310
+0.04407

-0.45369
-0.40218
-0.35146
-0.30063
-0.24922

-0.71525
-0.64139
-0.57874
-0.52375
-0.47377

-1.2629
-1.0780
-0.93462
-0.82168
-0.73099

-2.8209
-2.2608
-1.8444
-1.5304
-1.2907

-7.7639
-5.8783
-4.5302
-3.5510
-2.8295

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

0.32825
0.33622
0.33383
0.32128
0.29909

0.09839
0.14877
0.19413
0.23344
0.26576

-0.19706
-0.14426
-0.09117
-0.03833
+0.01357

-0.42683
-0.38145
-0.33658
-0.29151
-0.24581

-0.65659
-0.59403
-0.53992
-0.49169
-0.44735

-1.1052
-0.95990
-0.84450
-0.75147
-0.67521

-2.2907
-1.8831
-1.5713
-1.3301
-1.1414

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

0.26808
0.22934
0.18420
0.13421
0.08106

0.29031
0.30647
0.31385
0.31228
0.30186

0.06370
0.11119
0.15509
0.19450
0.22854

-0.19931
-0.15204
-0.10426
-0.05635
-0.00886

-0.40537
-0.36459
-0.32416
-0.28348
-0.24217

-0.61144
-0.55689
-0.50902
-0.46585
-0.42581

-0.99220
-0.87293
-0.77643
-0.69726
-0.63128

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

+0.02654
-0.02753
-0.07935
-0.12723
-0.16959

0.28294
0.25613
0.22228
0.18244
0.13789

0.25640
0.27741
0.29104
0.29694
0.29495

+0.03756
0.08218
0.12420
0.16284
0.19728

-0.20006
-0.15716
-0.11361
-0.06973
-0.02593

-0.38767
-0.35049
-0.31355
-0.27635
-0.23853

-0.57528
-0.52673
-0.48363
-0.44440
-0.40777

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8

-0.20509
-0.23262
-0.25136
-0.26079
-0.26074

0.09003
+0.04037
-0.00951
-0.05804
-0.10366

0.28512
0.26773
0.24326
0.21243
0.17612

0.22677
0.25064
0.26830
0.27932
0.28338

+0.01724
0.05920
0.09925
0.13672
0.17087

-0.19995
-0.16056
-0.12048
-0.07994
-0.03928

-0.37271
-0.33843
-0.30433
-0.26995
-0.23499

10.0

-0.25136

-0.14495

0.13540

0.28035

0.20102

+0.00108

-0.19930

-8.1202

3-1.2097

(1) -2.4692

(2)-2.4302
(1) -7.8751

1)

(1)-1.0815

-3.3278
-1.6686
-9.4432
-5.8564
-3.9059

'

-2.6041
-1.0765
(1 -5.1519
(1 -2.7492
(1) -1.5970
2

(7) -3.8274

5-6.0163

(9) -2.2957

-1.8025
-1.0638

(11) -1.6066

13

8)
7)
6)

-6.3027
-2.4769
-2.5046

'10

5)
5)
4)
4)
3)

-4.2567
-1.0058
-2.9859
-1.0485
-4.1889

6)
6)
5)

-1.8539
-8.9196
-4.6004
-2.5168
-1.4486

4)
3)
3)

-5.3351
(3) -9.6300

'5)

-1.4367

(3) -2.5708

(4)-3.0589

-8.8041
(2) -3.5855

(3-8.6964
(3-3.0218

(2-1.6597
(1) -8.4816

(3)-1.2173
(2) -5.4947

(1)-4.6914

'2)

(1-2.7695
1-1.7271

2)

4)

2)

(1) -1.1290

-7.6918

-2.7155
-1.4452
[l) -8.1825
'l) -4.8837
1) -3.0510
(1) -1.9840
(1) -1.3370

-8.7150
-5.4522
-3.5320
1! -2.3612
1) -1.6243
1)
1)

-9.3044
-6.6677
-4.9090
(

i)

1.1471
8.3005
-6.1442
-4.6463
-3.5855

8)
7)

-1.2850
-2.5193

-6.5943
-4.9949

-6.7802
-1.3323
-3.3823
5) -1.0364
4) -3.6685

-1.4560
-6.3425
-2.9851

3-1.5000

(
(
(

2)

-7.9725

2)
2)
2)
1)
1)

-4.4496
-2.5924
-1.5691
-9.8275
-6.3483

1)-4.2178

1-2.8756
1-2.0078
1)
1)

-1.4333
-1.0446

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

400

BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS 3-9

Table 9.2
X

J*(x)

M*)

/*(*)

J7 (x)

M-r)

Mx)

M*)

-0.21960
-0.18715
-0.14906
-0.10669
-0.06150

-0.23406
-0.25078
-0.25964
-0.26044
-0.25323

01446
-0.05871
-0.10059
-0.13901
-0.17297

0.21671
0.18170
0.14358
0.10308
0.06104

0.31785
0.30811
0.29386
0.27515
0.25210

0.29186
0.30161
0. 30852
0.31224
0.31244

-0.01504
07534
0.11621
0.15232

-0.20158
-0.22408
-0.23985
-0. 24849
-0.24978

+0.01838
-0.02395

0.

-0.23829
-0.21614
-0.18754
-0.15345
-0.11500

-0. 06494
-0.10361
-0.13901

0.22497
0.19414
0.16010
0.12344
0. 08485

0.30886
0.30130
0. 28964
0.27388
0.25407

0.19514
0.16515
0.12951
0. 08963
0.04702

0.18250
0.20576
0.22138
0.22890
0.22815

-0. 07347
-0.03023
+0.01331
0.05571
0.09557

-0.24372
-0.23053
-0.21064
-0.18469
-0.15349

-0.17025
-0.19653
-0.21716
-0.23160
-0.23947

0.04510
+0.00501
-0. 03453
-0.07264
-0.10843

0.23038
0.20310
0.17260
0.13935
0.10393

+0. 00332
-0. 03984

-0.08085
-0.11822
-0.15059

0.21928
0.20268
0.17905
0.14931
0.11460

0.13162
0.16267
0.18774
0.20605
0.21702

-0.11803
-0.07944
-0. 03894
+0.00220
0. 04266

-0.24057
23489
22261
-0.20411
-0.17993

-0.14105
-0.16969
-0.19364
-0.21231
-0.22520

0.06698
+0.02921
-0.00860
-0.04567
-0.08117

14.0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8

-0.17681
-0.19598
-0.20747
-0.21094
-0.20637

0.07624
+0.03566
-0.00566
-0.04620
-0.08450

0.22038
0.21607
0.20433
0.18563
0.16069

0.08117
0.11650
0.14756
0.17335
0.19308

-0.15080
-0.11762
-0.08136
-0.04315
-0.00415

-0.23197
-0.23246
-0.22666
-0.21472
-0.19700

-0.11431
-0.14432
-0.17048
-0.19216
-0.20883

15.0
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8

-0.19402
-0.17445
-0.14850
-0.11723
-0.08188

-0.11918
-0.14901
-0.17296
-0.19021
-0.20020

0.13046
0.09603
0.05865
+0.01968
-0. 01949

0.20615
0.21219
0.21105
0.20283
0.18787

+ 0. 03446

07149
0.10580
0.13634
0.16217

-0.17398
-0.14634
-0.11487
-0. 08047
-0. 04417

-0.22005
-0.22553
-0.22514
-0.21888
-0.20690

16.0
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8

04385
-0.00461
+0.03432
0.07146
0.10542

-0.20264
-0.19752
-0.18511
-0.16596
-0.14083

05747
09293
-0.12462
-0.15144
-0.17248

0.16672
0.14016
0.10913
0. 07473
0. 03817

0.18251
0.19675
0.20447
0.20546
0. 19974

-0.00702
+0.02987
0.06542
0.09855
0.12829

-0.18953
-0.16725
-0.14065
-0.11047
-0.07756

17.0
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8

0.13493
0.15891
0.17651
0.18712
0.19041

-0.11074
-0.07685
-0. 04048
-0.00300
+0.03417

-0.18704
-0.19466
-0.19512
-0.18848
-0.17505

+0.00072
-0.03632
-0.07166
-0.10410
-0.13251

0.18755
0.16932
0.14570
0.11751
0.08571

0.15374
0.17414
0.18889
0.19757
0.19993

-0.04286
-0.00733
+0.02799
0.06210

18.0
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8

0.18632
0.17510
0.15724
0.13351
0.10487

0.06964
0.10209
0.13033
0.15334
0.17031

-0.15537
-0.13022
-0.10058
-0.06756
-0.03240

-0.

15596
-0.17364
-0.18499
-0.18966
-0.18755

0. 05140
+0.01573
-0.02007
-0. 05481

-0. 08731

0.19593
0.18574
0.16972
0. 14841
0.12253

0.12276
0.14756
0.16766
0.18247
0.19159

19.0
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8

0.07249
0.03764
+0.00170
-0.03395
-0.06791

0.18065
0.18403
0.18039
0. 16994
0.15313

+0.00357
0.03904
0.07269
0.10331
0.12978

-0.17877
-0.16370
-0.14292
-0.11723
-0.08759

-0.11648
-0.14135
-0.16110
-0.17508
-0.18287

09294
06063
+0.02667
-0. 00783
-0. 04171

0. 19474
0.19187
0.18309
0.16869
0.14916

20.0

-0.

09890

0.13067

0.15117

-0.05509

-0.18422

-0.

07387

0.12513

10.0
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8

0.05838
0.10400
0.14497
0.17992
0.20768

11.0
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8

0.22735
0.23835
0.24041
0.23359
0.21827

12.0
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8
13. C

13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8

-0.

['"I"]

+ 0.03110

-0.
-0.

-0.

-53)1

-0.
-0.

0.

19

-" 8

0.

0.

ra

0.

09400

- 4)8
5

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL
Y 3 (x)

Fl JNCTIONS

Y5 (x)

Yi(x)

)RDERS

401

3-9

Table 9.2

Y 7 (x)

Ye(x)

Ys (x)

Fn(x)

10.0
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8

-0.25136
-0.23314
-0.20686
-0.17359
-0. 13463

-0.14495
-0.18061
-0.20954
-0.23087
-0.24397

0.13540
0. 09148
+0.04567
-0. 00065
-0. 04609

28035
0.27030
0.25346
0.23025
0.20130

0.20102
0.22652
0.24678
0.26131
0. 26975

0.00108
0. 04061
0.07874
0.11488
0.14838

19930
-0.16282
-0.12563
-0. 08791
-0. 04993

11.0
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8

-0.09148
04577
+0.00082
0.04657
0. 08981

-0.24851
-0.24445
-0.23203
-0.21178
-0.18450

-0. 08925

0.16737
0.12941
0. 08848
0. 04573
+ 0. 00238

0.27184
0.26750
0.25678
0.23992
0.21732

0.17861
0.20496
0.22687
0.24384
0.25545

-0.01205
+0.02530
0.06163
0.09640
0.12906

12.0
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8

0.12901
0.16277
0.18994
0.20959
0.22112

-0.15122
-0.11317
-0. 07175
-0. 02845
+0.01518

-0. 04030

13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8

0.22420
0.21883
0.20534
0.18432
0.15666

14.0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8

0.12350
0.08615
0. 04605
+0. 00477
-0. 03613

15.0
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8

-0. 07511

-0.

-0.12884
-0.16365
-0.19262
-0. 21489

0.

-0.

22982
23698
23623
-0.22766
-0.21163

-0.08107
-0.11875
-0.15223
-0.18052

0.18952
0.15724
0.12130
0. 08268
0. 04240

0.26140
0.26151
0.25571
0. 24409
0.22689

0.15902
0. 18573
0.20865
0.22728
0.24122

-0.18876
15987
-0.12600
-0. 08833
-0. 04819

-0.20279
-0.21840
-0. 22692
-0.22813
-0.22204

+0.00157
-0. 03868
-0. 07722
-0.11296
-0. 14489

0.20448
0.17738
0.14625
0.11185
0.07505

0.25010
0. 25369
0.25184
0. 24454
0.23190

0.20393
0.21308
0. 21434
0.20775
0.19364

-0. 00697
+0.03390
0. 07303
0.10907
0.14080

-0.20891
-0.18921
-0.16363
-0.13305
-0.09850

-0.17209
-0.19380
-0. 20939
-0. 21842
-0.22067

+0.03682
-0.00186
-0. 03994
-0. 07640
-0.11024

0.21417
0.19170
0.16501
0.13470
0.10149

-0.11072
-0.14165
-0. 16678
-0.18523

0.17261
0.14550
0.11339
0.07750
+0.03920

0.16717
0. 18730
0.20055
0.20652
0.20507

-0. 06116
-0.02228
+0.01684
0. 05489
0.09059

-0.21610
-0. 20489
-0. 18743
-0.16430
-0.13627

-0.14053
-0.16644
-0.18723
-0.20234
-0.21134

16.0
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8

-0.19637
-0.19986
-0.19566
-0. 18402
-0.16547

-0.00007
-0. 03885
-0.07571
-0.10930
-0.13841

0. 19633
0.18067
0.15873
0.13135
0.09956

0.12278
0.15038
0.17250
0.18843
0.19767

-0.10425
06928
-0.03251
+0. 00487
0. 04164

-0.

21399
-0.21025
-0.20025
-0. 18432
-0.16297

-0.10975
-0.13838
-0.16286
-0.18253
-0. 19685

17.0
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8

-0.

14078
-0.11098
-0.07725
-0. 04094
-0.00347

-0.16200
-0.17924
-0.18956
-0.19265
-0.18846

0.06455
+0.02761
-0.00990
-0. 04663
-0.08123

0.19996
0.19529
0.18387
0.16616
0.14282

0.07660
0.10864
0.13671
0.15991
0.17752

-0.13688
-0.10686
-0.07387
-0. 03895
-0. 00320

-0.20543
-0.20805
-0.20464
-0.19533
-0.18039

18.0
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8

+0. 03372

-0.17722
-0. 15942
-0.13580
-0.10731
-0.07506

-0.11249
-0.13928
-0.16067
-0.17593
-0. 18455

0.11472
08289
0. 04848
+0.01272
-0.02310

0.18897
0.19393
0.19229
0.18414
0.16980

+0. 03225

-0.16030
-0.13566
-0.10722
-0. 07586
-0.04252

19.0
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8

0.16930
0.17927
0.18221
0.17805
0.16705

-0. 04031
-0. 00440
+ 0.03131

0.06546
0.09678

-0.18628
-0.18111
-0. 16930
-0.15134
-0.12794

-0.05773
-0.08993
-0.11857
-0.14267
-0.16139

0. 14982
0.12490
0.09595
0.06399
+0.03013

0.16812
0.18100
0.18782
0.18838
0.18270

20.0

0.

14967

0.12409

-0.10004

00443

0.17101

0.06920
0.10163
0.12977
0.15261

05759
0.09729
0.13289
0.16318
0.18712
0.

3)1

T]

-0.
-0.
-0.

-0.

0.

m m

-0.17411

-0.

-0.
(

06629
0.09782
0.12587
0. 14955
0.

19

- 4,s
5

0.06620
+0. 02969

-0.00710
-0.04322
-0. 07775

-0.00824
+0. 02593

05895
08979
0.11750

0.
0.

0.14124
4)8

[n

402

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS ORDERS

Table 9.3

10io.r-iOJ 10 (.r) 10ii.r-ii./n(.r)

10-MO YW

{.f)

10, 11,

20

AND

21

10^ X -20J20 (x) 1027 jb-21 J21 (x) 10-23 E20 y20 (x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

2.69114
2.69053
2.68869
2.68564
2.68137

446
290
898
500
477

1.22324
1.22299
1.22222
1.22095
1.21917

748
266
850
588
626

-0.11828
-0.11831
-0.11841
-0.11857
-0.11880

049
335
200
661
750

3.91990
3.91944
3.91804
3.91571
3.91244

9.33311
9.33205
9.32886
9.32357
9. 31615

-0.406017
-0.406071
-0.406231
-0. 406499
-0.406873

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

2.67589
2.66920
2.66132
2.65226
2.64201

362
838
738
043
878

1.21689
1.21410
1.21081
1.20703
1.20276

169
481
883
750
518

-0.11910
-0.11946
-0.11990
-0.12040
-0.12097

510
998
282
444
581

3.90825
3.90314
3.89710
3.89015
3. 88228

9.30663
9.29500
9.28128
9.26546
9.24758

-0.407355
-0.407945
-0.408644
-0.409452
-0.410369

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

2.63061
2.61806
2.60437
2.58958
2.57368

512
358
963
012
323

1.19800
1.19276
1.18705
1.18087
1.17422

675
764
385
185
867

-0.12161
-0.12233
-0.12312
-0.12398
-0.12492

801
229
002
273
212

3.87350
86383
85325
84179
82945

9.22762
9.20562
9.18157
9.15550
9.12743

-0.411397
-0.412536
-0.413788
-0.415153
-0. 416632

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

2.55670
2.53867
2.51960
2.49952
2.47846

842
639
907
955
207

1.16713
1.15958
1.15160
1.14320
1.13437

182
931
961
168

488

-0.12594
-0.12703
-0.12821
-0.12948
-0.13084

004
852
977
616
030

81624
80216
78723
77146
75485

09737
06534
03137
99546
95766

2.0
2.1

2.2
2.3
2.4

2.45643
2.43346
2.40959
2.38483
2.35922

192
545
000
384
612

1.12513
1.11550
1.10548
1.09508
1.08431

904
438
152
144
551

-0.13228
-0.13382
-0.13545
-0.13719
-0.13903

497
319
821
351
284

3.73742
3.71918
3.70015
3. 68032
3.65973

8.91797
8. 87643
8.83306
8. 78790
8.74096

-0.427992
-0.430315
-0.432764
-0.435344
-0.438056

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

2.33279
2.30557
2.27759
2.24889
2.21948

682
673
732
074

976

1.07319
1.06173
1.04994
1.03783
1.02541

540
312
098
155
767

-0.14098
-0.14303
-0.14521
-0.14751
-0.14994

022
997
672
543
141

3.63837
3.61627
3.59344
3. 56989
3.54564

8.69228
8. 64189
8. 58981
8.53609
8. 48076

-0.440902
-0. 443885
-0.447007
-0.450272
-0.453682

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

2.18942
2.15873
2.12745
2. 09561
2.06325

770
836
598
517
085

1.01271
0.99972
0.98648
0.97298
0.95924

242
906
108
213
599

-0.15250
-0.15519
-0.15804
-0.16103
-0.16419

037
840
206
836
482

52071
49510
46885
44195
41444

8.42385
8.36539
8. 30542
8.24397
8.18110

-0.457241
-0.460951
-0.464816
-0.468840
-0.473027

2.

03039
1.99709
1.96336
1.92926
1.89481

820
260
956
467
352

0.94528
0.93111
0.91675
0.90220
0.88749

659
794
415
939
785

-0.16751
-0.17102
-0.17470
-0.17859
-0.18268

951
110
889
286
376

38633
35763
32837
29855
26821

11682
05119
98424
91600
84653

-0.477379
-0.481902
-0.486600
-0.491476
-0.496537

1.86005
1.82501
1.78973
1.75425
1.71860

168
462
765
588
416

0.87263
0.85763
0.84250
0.82726
0.81193

375
130
469
806
548

-0.18699
-0.19153
-0.19631
-0.20136
-0.20667

314
346
812
159
950

23736
20601
17419
14192
3.10921

7.77586
7.70403
7.63108
7.55707
7.48202

-0.501786
-0.507229
-0.512872
-0.518719
-0.524777

1.68281
1.64692
1.61097
1.57498
1.53899

701
860
267
249
084

0.79652
0.78103
0.76550
0.74992
0.73431

093
829
130
357
852

-0.21228
-0.21820
-0.22445
-0.23105
-0.23802

873
757
582
498
840

3.

07608
3.04256
3.00866
2.97440
2.93981

7.40598
7.32900
7.25112
7.17238
7. 09282

-0.531051
-0.537549
-0.544276
-0.551240
-0.558448

7.01250
r(-4)3|

-0.565907

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

5.0

1.50302 991
(

0.71869 942
(

)6

m m

-0.24540 147
(-5)5'

Jn +\ (>) =Jn(x) -Jn -

(')

2.90490

-(-4)11

rf]

-0.418228
419940
-0. 421771
-0.423722
-0.425795
-0.

7%+ i(x)= r.(*)-r_

I (ar)

Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bessel functions, Part II. Functions
of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol. X (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
Royal Society
1952), L. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments.
Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954), and Mathematical Tables Project, Table of /(.<) =n!(c) -./ (). J. Math. Phys. 23, 45-60 (1944) (with permission).

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS
10 10 x- 10 /io(x)

10"x-uJn(x)

10-*xi<>Yio(x)

10, 11,

20

403

AND

21

Table 9.3

10 25 X -20J 20 ( X ) 10 27 x-2iJ 2 i(z) 10- 23 z 2 or 2 o(z)

991
132
603
431
571

0.71869
0.70307
0.68747
0.67188
0.65634

942
931
104
722
019

-0.24540
-0.25320
-0.26145
-0.27020
-0.27948

147
186
975
813
304

2.90490
2. 86969
2.83421
2. 79846
2.76248

7.01250
6.93145
6. 84971
6. 76734
6. 68437

-0.
-0.

5.4

1.50302
1.46713
1.43132
1.39564
1.36011

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.32476
1.28963
1.25473
1.22009
1.18574

904
229
264
642
907

0.64084
0.62540
0.61003
0.59475
0.57957

205
463
945
774
041

-0.28932
-0.29977
-0.31088
-0.32269
-0.33528

400
431
154
795
105

2.72628
2. 68988
2.65330
2. 61656
2.57967

6.

60085
51682
6. 43233
6. 34742
6.26213

-0.

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.15171
1.11801
1.08468
1.05172
1.01917

513
822
098
510
129

0.56448
0.54952
0.53467
0.51997
0.50540

805
091
890
158
814

-0.34869
-0.36300
-0.37829
-0.39464
-0.41215

413
693
631
698
232

2.54267
2.50556
2.46837
2.43111
2.39381

6.

17651
09059
6. 00443
5.91806
5. 83152

-0. 656261
-0. 667094
-0. 678301
-0. 689895

0.98703
0.95534
0.92411
0.89335
0.86308

926
769
427
563
740

0.49099
0.47674
0.46266
0.44876
0.43504

740
781
745
400
477

-0.43091
-0.45104
-0.47267
-0.49594
-0.52098

524
907
855
084
648

2.

35647
2.31913
2.28179
2. 24448
2. 20721

74485
65810
5.57131
5. 48451
5. 39775

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.83332
0.80407
0.77536
0.74719
0.71957

414
941
570
450
626

0.42151
0.40818
0.39505
0.38214
0.36943

665
616
943
216
970

-0.54798
-0.57710
-0.60855
-0.64254
-0.67930

051

346
234
159
390

2.17000
2.13286
2. 09582
2. 05888
2.02206

5.31106
5.22448
5.13805
5. 05181
4. 96579

-0.783140
-0.798389
-0. 814177
-0.830524
-0. 847452

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

0.69252
0.66603
0.64012
0.61480
0.59007

040
536
854
640
439

0.35695
0.34469
0.33266
0.32087
0.30930

696
850
845
058
826

-0.71909
-0.76217
-0.80884
-0.85940
-0.91419

088
356
258
807
914

1.98539
1. 94887
1.91252
1.87635
1.84038

4.

88002
4.79455
4.70940
4. 62461
4. 54021

864985
883147
-0.901963
-0. 921460
-0. 941665

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

0.56593
0.54239
0.51945
0.49712
0.47539

704
791
967
408
201

0.29798
0.28690
0.27606
0.26546
0.25512

448
187
265
873
162

-0.97356
-1.03786
-1.10747
-1.18278
-1.26419

279
231
485
826
685

1.

80462
1.76908
1.73378
1. 69874
1. 66395

45624
37272
28968
4.20716
4.12518

-0. 962608
-0. 984319
-1. 006831
-1. 030178
-1. 054394

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

0.45426
0.43373
0.41381
0.39448
0.37575

352
779
323
748
740

0.24502
0.23517
0.22557
0.21621
0.20711

250
220
121
969
750

-1.35209
-1.44687
-1.54891
-1.65856
-1.77613

608
598
312
097
854

62944
1.59521
1.56128
1.52765
1.49434

4.

04377
96296
3. 88277
3.80323
3. 72436

-1.
-1.

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

0.35761
0.34006
0.32309
0.30670
0.29088

917
823
939
683
411

0.19826
0.18965
0.18130
0.17318
0.16532

418
897

706
452
801
366
396

1.46136
1.42872
1. 39641
1. 36447
1.33288

3.

082
839
010

-1.90191
-2.03610
-2.17882
-2.33011
-2.48986

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

0.27562
0.26091
0.24676
0.23314
0.22005

422
963
227
362
470

0.15769
0.15030
0.14316
0.13624
0.12956

409
825
025
751
726

-2.65783
-2.83359
-3.01652
-3.20574
-3.40010

251
602
353
283
421

1.30166
1.27082
1.24036
1.21029
1.18061

3.

-3.59814 152
[<-)']

1.15134

2.90720

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3

10.0

0.20748 611

ra

0.12311 653

'(-5)8"

716-654

64

27

"55)3
]

1.

6.

6.

565907
573626
-0.581612
-0.589875
-0. 598423

607266
-0.616414
-0.625876
-0. 635663
-0. 645788

-0.701890

5.

-0.714300

5.

-0. 727140

4.

4.
4.

3.

-0.740427
-0. 754178
-0.768410

-0.
-0.

079518
105589
-1.132647
-1.160736
-1.189902

64619
56873
49201
41606
34088

-1.220192
-1.251657
-1. 284351
-1. 318328
-1.353647

26651
3.19294
3.12022
3. 04834
2. 97733

-1. 390372

3.

3.
3.
3.

-1.428567
-1.468301
-1. 509646
-1.552680
1.

"(-4)

597484
(-4)21

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

404

BESSEL

Table 9.3
Jw{x)

FIJI ACTIONS

/n(x)

ORDER S

Fio(x)

10, 11,

20

Al> ID 21

10 25a;-2oj 20 (x )

10.0
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4

20748
0. 21587
0. 22413
0.23223
0. 24011

611
417
707
256
699

0.12311
0.13041
0.13787
0.14549
0.15324

653
285
866
509
123

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

415
078
809
433
615

1.151337
1.122469
1. 094012
1. 065970
1. 038347

10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9

0.

24774
0.25507
0. 26205
0. 26863
0. 27477

554
240
109
466
603

0.16109
0.16902
0.17701
0.18503
0.19304

407
861
780
266
230

-0. 28022 819

11.0
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4

0.

28042
28554
0.29007
0. 29398
0. 29722

823
479
999
925
944

0.20101
0.20891
0.21670
0.22434
0.23181

401
340
446
974
048

-0. 19832 403

-0. 18140 409
-0. 16429 620
-0. 14700 917

11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9

0.29975
0.30153
0. 30253
0. 30270
0.30203

923
946
345
737
061

0.23904
0.24601
0.25268
0.25899
0.26492

680
789
218
761
183

12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4

0.

30047
29802
0.29464
0.29033
0.28507

604
036
445
357
771

0.27041
0.27542
0.27992
0.28386
0.28720

248
744
508
459
623

12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9

0.

27887
0.27171
0. 26361
0. 25458
0. 24462

175
575
509
064
889

0.28991
0.29194
0.29326
0.29385
0.29366

166
422
923
431
968

0.

06406
08059
0. 09670
0.11231
0.12737

13.0
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4

0.23378
0.22206
0. 20952
0.19617
0.18208

201
793
032
859
776

0.29268
0.29088
0.28824
0.28474
0.28037

843
684
464
526
612

13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9

16729
0.15186
0.13585
0.11932
0.10235

840
646
302
411
036

0.27512
0.26899
0.26198
0.25410
0.24534

884
942
851
149
866

0.

14.0
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4

0.08500
0. 06737
0. 04952
0. 03156
+0.01356

671
200
862
199
013

0.23574
0.22531
0.21407
0.20206
0.18931

535
197
407
238
275

0.

14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9

00438
-0.02218
-0. 03974
-0. 05697
-0.07378

689
745
898
854
344

0.17586
0.16176
0.14707
0.13182
0.11609

611
836
028
729
931

0.

15.0

-0.09007 181

0.

0.

0.

0.

-0.

m m

0.09995 048

35981
34383
32793
31207
29618

HFaj-NJwte)
2.907199
2. 837961
2.769629
2.702215
2. 635729

10-23z 20y 20 (x)

- 1.59748
- 1.64414
- 1.69275
- 1.74339
- 1.79618

1.
0.

011148
984374
0.958030
0.932118
0. 906639

570182
2.505582
2. 441939
2. 379259
2.317550

- 1.85121

0.881596
0. 856989
0. 832821
0. 809092
0. 785801

2.256817
2.197065
2.138299
2. 080523
2. 023738

- 2.16430
- 2.23544

-0.11196
-0. 09424
-0. 07644
-0. 05858

142
628
263
580
-0. 04071 566

0.

762950
0.740539
0. 718565
0. 697029
0. 675930

1.

967947
1.913152
1.859352
1.806548
1.754740

-0. 02287 631

-0. 00511 577

0.655266
0.635035
0. 615236
0. 595866
0.576923

1.
1.

703925
654102
1.605267
1. 557418
1. 510551

- 3.04208

154
668
381
845
554

558403
0.540305
0.522625
0.505359
0. 488504

1.
1.
1.

464660
419743
375791
1.332800
1.290762

- 3.66044
- 3.80321
- 3.95323
- 4.27684

0.

14180
0.15555
0.16855
0. 18073
0.19204

995
698
286
529
392

0.472056
0.456011
0.440365
0.425114
0.410252

1.249671
1.209520
1.170299
1.132001
1.094617

4.45140
4.63518
4.82874
5.03272
5.24778

20242
0.21181
0.22016
0. 22743
0.23357

090
137
393
118
014

395776
0.381681
0. 367961
0. 354612
0.341628

1.058137
1. 022552
0.987853
0. 954028
0.921067

5.47464
5.71407
5.96691
6.23405
6.51646

23854
24231
0. 24486
0.24616
0. 24620

273
614
329
313
100

0. 329005
0.316736
0.304816
0.293240
0.282001

0.

888960
0.857694
0.827260
0. 797644
0. 768835

6.81520
7.13138
7.46624
7.82110
8.19739

24496
24246
23869
23367
22742

888
568
741
730
597

0.271095
0.260516
0.250257
0. 240312
0.230676

0.740821
0.713590
0.687129
0. 661426
0. 636467

- 8.59667
- 9.02062
- 9.47109
- 9.95006
-10. 45971

0.21997 141

0.221343

0.612240

-0.26416
-0. 24795
-0. 23159
-0. 21505

276
949
513
324

-0.12955 753

+0.01251 441
0. 02995 946
0. 04716 182

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

- 4)2
6

0.

0.

-35)6
]

2.

1.90861
1.96848
2.03097
2.09619

- 2.30977
- 2.38746
- 2.46870

2.55367
2.64257
2.73563
2.83307
2.93513
3.15419
3.27175
3.39509
3.52453

- 4.11095

m m

-11. 00239

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS
X

Jn(x)
048

Jio(x)

3Tio(*j

15.0
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4

-0.09007
-0.10575
-0.12073
-0. 13494
-0.14828

181
330
964
535
828

15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9

16069
17207
-0.18238
-0.19154
-0.19949

032
791
269
204
958

+0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

16.0
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4

-0.20620
-0.21161
-0.21570
-0.21842
-0. 21978

569
797
160
977
394

-0. 06822 215

-0. 08390 874
-0. 09905 224

0.

-0.11357 046
-0.12738 344

0.

16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9

-0.21975
-0.21833
-0.21554
-0.21139
-0.20590

411
905
637
267
350

-0. 14041 403

-0. 15258 841

17.0
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4

-0.19911
-0.19106
-0.18181
-0.17141
-0. 15993

332
538
155
203
505

-0.19139
-0. 19833
-0. 20407
-0. 20858
-0. 21182

539
646
831
485
701

-0. 08063 696

-0. 09610 960

17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9

-0. 14745 649

-0. 13405 943

-0.11983 363
-0.10487 499
-0. 08928 492

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

21378
21443
21378
21183
20858

18.0
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4

-0. 07316 966

-0. 05663 961
-0. 03980 852
-0. 02279 278
-0. 00571 052

18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9

+0. 01131 917

-0.
-0.

09995
0. 08344
0. 06666
0. 04967
0.03256

01539
00173
01874
03555
-0.05207

10

11,

20

AND

10 25x- 2 o/ 2 o(a;)

886
618
738
035

0.21997
0.21134
0.20160
0.19077
0.17893

141
904
159
902
834

0.22134
0.21230
0.20356
0.19510
0.18691

33
71
16
08
87

539
513
731
621
632

0.16614
0.15246
0. 13797
0.12276
0.10691

338
453
838
733
918

0.17900
0.17136
0.16398
0.15685
0.14997

91
62

09052
07368
05650
03907
02150

660
666
016
110
600

0.14334
0.13694
0.13077
0.12482
0.11910

00
00
08
65

+0. 00391 319

405
Table 9.3

21

10*-2i/ 2 i(a:)

10 -23x 2oy 20 (x )

0.61224
58873
0. 56593
0. 54382
0. 52239

04
25
06
12
14

11.0024
11.5807
12.1974
12.8555
13.5585

0.50162
0.48151
0.46204
0.44319
0.42496

76
66
52
99
74

14.3098
15.1136
15.9742
16.8962
17.8849

43
75
35
93
16

14

0.40733
0.39028
0. 37381
0.35789
0.34253

18.9460
20.0855
21.3104
22.6279
24.0462

0.11358
0.10828
0.10318
0.09827
0.09356

96
55
34
77
30

0.

32769
0.31338
0.29957
0.28626
0.27343

75
39
78
66
76

25.5740
27.2209
28.9975
30.9150
32.9859

37
45

-0.11086 170
12479 683
-0.13782 343

0.08903
0.08468
0.08051
0.07650
0.07266

53
49

0.26107
0.24917
0.23771
0.22669
0.21608

81
57
82
32
89

35.2237
37.6429
40.2594
43. 0904
46.1543

318
935
944
538
727

-0.14985
-0.16081
-0. 17062
-0.17922
-0.18654

544
304
321
038
691

0.06898
0.06545
0.06207
0.05884
0.05575

37
69
96
68
39

20589
19609
0.18668
0.17764
0.16896

33
48
17
27
66

49.4711

-0.20406
-0. 19829
-0.19130
-0. 18314
-0.17386

341
032
265
307
213

-0.19255
-0. 19720
-0.20045
-0.20229
-0.20271

365
030
582
875
742

0.05279
0.04996
0.04726
0.04468
0.04222

63
93
85
96
83

0.16064
0.15265
0.14500
0.13767
0. 13064

24
91
62
32
97

70.6543
75.9946
81.7717
88.0182
94.7683

57
14
69
28
98

-102.0574
-109.9219
-118.3992
-127. 5270

0.

-0.16383 668
-0.17409 338
-0. 18329 797

0.
0.
0.

-0. 01359 786

-0. 03091 729
-0. 04793 557
-0. 06454 431

-0.

38
60
67

02

0.

0.

0.

0.02817
0. 04474
0. 06090
0. 07654

711
490
579
556

-0.16351
-0.15217
-0. 13990
-0. 12679
-0.11291

793
591
845
446
893

-0.20171
-0.19928
-0.19546
-0.19026
-0.18373

011
520
113
637
930

0.03988
0.03764
0.03550
0.03347
0.03154

04
17
84
64
21

0.12392
0.11749
0.11133
0.10545
0. 09982

53. 0622

56.9506
61.1611
65.7197

-137. 3432

19.0
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4

0.

09155
0.10582
0.11925
0.13174
0. 14321

333
247
134
416
168

-0. 09837 240

-0. 08325 039
-0. 06765 283
-0. 05168 334
-0. 03544 863

-0.17592
-0. 16688
-0.15669
-0.14540
-0. 13312

797
985
143
785
231

0.02970
0.02795
0.02628
0.02470
0.02320

16
15
80
79
78

09445
08933
0. 08443
0.07977
0. 07532

89
10
76
01
03

-147. 8850

19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9

0.15357
0.16275
0.17068
0. 17731
0. 18259

193
089
305
198
079

-0.01905
-0.00262
+0. 01374
0. 02994
0. 04584

-0.

11992
-0.10591
-0.09119
-0. 07587
-0.06006

560
538
555
548
922

0.02178
0.02043
0.01915
0.01794
0.01679

44
46
54
37

0.07108
0. 06704
0. 06319
0. 05953
0.05606

01

16
71
92
06

-212.6582
-228.2122
-244. 6678
-262. 0226
-280. 2622

20.0

0.

18648 256
(

0.

06135 630

-64>2

771
120
948
285
818

-0.04389 465

t>

4)2

67

0.
0.

m m

0.01571 16

0.

05275 42

-159.1885
-171. 2882
-184.2155
-197.9980

-299. 3574
(

- ,n
5

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

406
Table 9.3

BESSEI FUNCTIONS- -MODULUS AND PHASE OF ORDERS 10,

Yn (x)=M%(x)
Jn(x)=Mn (x) cos en (x)
x i Mw(x)

x*Mn(x)

11,

20 AND 21

sin en (x)

<x>

x-i
0.050
0.048
0.046
0.044
0.042

0.85676
0.85136
0.84633
0.84164
0.83727

701
682
336
245
251

-13.94798
-14.05389
-14.15926
-14.26413
-14.36853

864
581
984
968
333

0.87222
0.86513
0.85857
0.85250
0.84689

790
271
314
587
281

hi{x)~x
-14.96758 686
-15.09771 672
-15.22701 466
-15.35552 901
-15.48330 635

0.040
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032

0.83320
0.82942
0.82590
0.82264
0.81962

419
012
472
403
546

-14.47247
-14.57600
-14.67912
-14.78187
-14.88428

807
035
589
967
611

0.84170
0.83689
0.83246
0.82836
0.82459

044
917
283
826
496

-15.61039
-15.73682
-15.86265
-15.98791
-16.11265

144
771
679
896
291

25
26
28
29

0.030
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.022

0.81683
0.81427
0.81191
0.80976
0.80780

775
076
546
370
825

-14.98636
-15.08815
-15.18965
-15.29090
-15.39191

880
085
477
253
569

0.82112
0.81794
0.81503
0.81237
0.80997

469
133
056
970
751

-16.23689
-16.36068
-16.48405
-16.60703
-16.72967

620
504
469
912
149

33
36
38
42
45

0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012

0.80604
0.80446
0.80305
0.80183
0.80077

267
127
902
156
512

-15.49271
-15.59332
-15.69375
-15.79403
-15.89418

527
192
598
741
589

0.80781
0.80588
0.80416
0.80267
0.80139

410
079
997
505
036

-16.85198
-16.97400
-17.09577
-17.21731
-17.33865

406
835
505
438
590

56
63
71
83

0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002

0.79988
0.79916
0.79860
0.79820
0.79796

647
297
244
323
417

-15.99422
-16.09416
-16.19402
-16.29383
-16.39360

093
168
726
652
832

0.80031
0.79943
0.79875
0.79827
0.79798

114
341
398
039
093

-17.45982
-17.58086
-17.70178
-17.82262
-17.94340

880
166
301
084
316

100
125
167
250
500

0.000

0.79788 456
(

-l

Z*if20 (z)

1.474083
1.320938
1.211667
1.131459
1. 070845

0.040
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032

1.

0.030
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.022

0.

0.
0.

0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012

0.833375
0. 826019
0. 819702
0.814321
0.809796

0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002

806062
803071
800781
0.799165
0. 798204

0.000

023762
0.986284
0. 955823
0.930635
0. 909513

0.

891605
876293
863121
851743
841895

0.

0.
0.

0.

-16.49336 143

T]

0.050
0.048
0.046
0.044
0.042

0.

0io(z) X

797885

2o(a;)-ai

0.79788 456
(

1.

-21.606130
-22. 149524
-22. 676802
-23. 188535

1.

1.
1.
1.

-23. 685951

1.

-24.170500
-24. 643620
-25.106640
-25. 560748

1.
0.
0.

006988
446280
879433
307159
-27.730098

0.

-26.
-26.
-26.
-27.

-28. 148822
-28. 563847

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

(x)

837487
829198
822114
816105
811069

0.

<a:>

-26.
-27.
-27.
-28.
-28.

797885

T]

-x

904821
886799
871483
858385
847145

0.

821 (x)

-24. 304948
-24. 853951
-25. 387848

-32. 201325

<z>= nearest

['I'

071741
022171
983229
951902
926211

806925
803612
0.801081
0. 799297
0. 798237

00

20
21
22
23
24

0.

>2

50

290925
927545
550082
154248
738936

-30.195941
598942
000652
401404
801522

31

-21.
-21.
-22.
-23.
-23.

0.
0.
0.

[<-?>*]

24

791133
525581
347435
224460
136653

-28.975650
-29. 384666
-29. 791303

-30.
-31.
-31.
-31.

22
23

)7

x* M%\

-21. 047407

-18.06415 776

20
21

integer to x.

-25.908478

25
26
28
29

-26. 417500

31

916369
406346
888527
363869
833211

33
36
38
42
45

-29. 297299
-29. 756800

-30.212318
-30. 664405
-31. 113569

50
56
63
71
83

560285
005000
448139
890109
331307

100
125
167
250
500

-31.
-32.
-32.
-32.
-33.

-33. 772121

00

Compiled from L. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments.
Royal Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
1954) (with permission).

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

407

BESSEL FUNCTIONSVARIOUS ORDERS

Jn(l)

(1

2
3

5
6
7
8
9

(-

10
11
12
13
14

:
(-

Table 9.4

MS)

Jn{2)

7.65197
4.40050
1. 14903
1.95633
3)2.47663

6866
5857
4849
5398
8964

4)2.49757
5)2.09383
6 1.50232
8)9.42234
9)5.24925

7302
3800
5817
4173
0180

(- 10)2.63061 5124
11)1.19800 6746
13 4. 99971 8179
14)1.92561 6764
16)6.88540 8200

((((-

1)2.23890
1)5.76724
1 3. 52834
1)1.28943
2)3.39957

7791
8078
0286
2495
1981

(((-

(((((-

3)7.03962
3)1.20242
4)1.74944
5)2.21795
6)2.49234

9756
8972
0749
5229
3435

(-

7)2.51538 6283
8)2.30428 4758
9)1.93269 5149
- 10)1.49494 2010
- 11)1.07294 6448

(-

-1.77596 7713
1-3.27579 1376
2) +4. 65651 1628
1) 3.64831 2306
1) 3.91232 3605
1)

(-

1)
1

2)
2)
3)
3)
4)
5)
5)
6)

2.61140
1.31048
5.33764
1.84052
5.52028

5461
7318
1016
1665
3139

1.46780
3.50927
7.62781
1.52075
2.80129

2647
4498
3166
8221
5810

79674
67501
15266
63124
18282

3278
5694
7666
4339
5842
0052
7278
1617
7616

17)2.29753
19)7.18639
20)2.11537
22 5. 88034
23)1.54847

1532
6587
5568
4574
8441

87350
48286
10791
90600

3009
9794
5851
4948

(- 19)3.91897 2805
- 33)3.65025 6266
- 48 1.19607 7458
- 65)3.22409 5839

- 11)
- 21)
- 33)
'45)

2.77033
2.67117
8.70224
2.29424

100

(-189)8.43182 8790

(-158)1.06095 3112

(-119)

6.26778 9396

- 1) -2. 45935 7645

- 2) +4. 34727 4617
'- 1) +2. 54630 3137

15

16
17
18
19

20
30
40
50

25)

42
60
80

Jn(10)

2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13

- 2)+5. 83793 7931

- 1)~2. 19602 6861

13)7.18301
14)4.50600
- 15 2. 65930
- 16)1.48173
- 18)7.81924

6356
5896
7805
7249
3273

7)
8)
8)

9)

10

J n (50)
- 2)+5. 58123 2767
- 2) -9. 75118 2813
- 2) -5. 97128 0079
- 2) +9. 27348 0406

- 2)+7. 08409 7728

Jn (100)
(

-2)+l. 99858 5030

-2) -7. 71453 5201
-2) -2. 15287 5734
-2) +7. 62842 0172
-2) +2. 61058 0945

(- 1) -2. 34061
(- 2) -1.44588
(- l)+2. 16710
(- 1) 3.17854
(- 1) 2.91855

5282
4208
9177
1268
6853

(- 2) -8. 14002
(- 2-8.71210
- 2) +6. 04912
(- 1)+1. 04058
(- 2) -2. 71924

4770
2682
0126
5632
6104

2.07486
1.23116
6.33702
2.89720
1.19571

1066
5280
5497
8393
6324

(- 1) -1.13847
(- 2) -1.83466
(- 1) +1.05775
(- 2) +6. 91188
(- 2) -6. 98335

8491
7862
3106
2768
2016

(-2) -5. 47321 7694

(-2) +5. 22903 2602

4.50797
1.56675
5.05646
1.52442
4.31462

3144
6192
6697
4853
7752

(- 1) -1.08225 5990
(_ 3) +4. 89816 0778
(- 1)+1. 11360 4219
(- 2) +7. 08269 2610
(- 2) -6. 03650 3508

-2)+l. 51981 2122

'-2)+8. 02578 4036

1.15133
1.55109
-21) 6.03089
'-30) 1.78451

6925
6078
5312
3608

(- 1) -1.16704
(_ 2) +4. 84342
(- 1) -1.38176
(- 1) +1.21409

3528
5725
2812
0219

-2) +6. 22174 5850

'-2)+8. 14601 2958

(-21) +1.11592 7368

(-2) +9. 63666 7330

(-

1)

14
15
16
17
18
19

'-%

20
30
40
50

- 5)
'-12)

100

(-89)

4
- 4
'- 5

6.59731 6064

(-2) -7. 41957 3696

-2) -3. 35253 8314

(-2+7.01726 9099
(-2) +4. 33495 5988
(-2) -6. 32367 6141

(-2)+6. 62360 4866

(-2) -3. 63936 7434
(-2) -7. 56984 0399

'-2)

+1.04843 8769
66931 4854
80939 2116

-2) -7.
-2) -3.

'-2) +7.

27017 5482

-2-3.86983 3973

408

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL FUNCTIONSVARIOUS ORDERS

Table 9.4

Yn (2)

Yn(D
2)+8. 82569 6420

F(5)

(- l)+5. 10375 6726

(- 1) -1.07032 4315
(- 1) -6. 17408 1042
0) -1.12778 3777
(
0) -2. 76594 3226
(

(- 1) -3. 08517 6252

(- 1) +1.47863 1434
(- 1) +3. 67662 8826
(- 1)+1. 46267 1627
(- 1) -1.92142 2874

1) -7. 81212
0) -1.65068
0) -5. 82151
1) -3. 32784

8213
2607
7606
2303

60405
57078
05889
25674
78020

8666
0243
5705
6185
4939

10
11
12
13
14

-1.21618
-2.42558
-5.32411
-1. 27536
-3. 31061

0143
0081
4376
1870
6748

5)

15
16
17
18
19

-9.

25697
77378
86684
01195
08341

3276
1366
3398
2974
6386

10)
11)
12)
14)
15)

-2. 98102 3646

-4. 45012 4034
-7. 09038 8217

4) 4.

-1.20091 5873
-2. 15455 8183

-1.

-4.11397
04812
-7.18487
-2.19114

0315
8783
4797
2813

16)
30)
45)
62)

-4.
-2.
-6.

2
3

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

6
7
8
9

-2.
-8.

-3.
-1.

20
30
40
50

100

-2.
-2.
-3.
-4.
-6.

-3.

(185) -3. 77528 7810

(
(
(
(

0) -9.

93598 9128
0242
0254
2175
2938

1) -4. 69140
2) -2. 71548
3) -1.85392
4) -1.45598

-1.29184
-1.27728
-1.39209
8) -1.65774
9) -2. 14114
6)
7)

08165
91322
66154
-1.97615

F(10)

8225
3576
8836
9383
3188

51291
27525
82982
74556
-8. 69393

1010
5719
1416
1722
8814

69404
72949
69993
12865
95635

9564
0350
3328
9760
6938

93396
02856
21681
78883

5297
8418
6571
7017

-4.

-7.

-1.

-2.

-7.

5422
5593
5698
1981
3619

-2.

11 -9.

t
3)

2.
1.

-7.

1389
3848
1235
0576

(155) -3. 00082 6049

53694
15247
26289
82086
76388

~ 1

(- 1

8)

18
29
42

(115) -5. 08486 3915

F(100)

F(50)

56711
49015
86808
51362
44949

6730
4242
2460
6572
5119

(- 2) -9. 80649 9600

(- 2) -5. 67956 6800
(- 2) +9. 57931 6928
(_ 2)+6. 44591 2154
(- 2) -8. 80580 7469

(-2) -7.
(-2) -2.
(-2) +7.
(-2) +2.
(-2) -7.

72443
03723
68368
34457
54301

1300
1100
6678
8567
1964

35403
80352
01020
07547
99299

0477
5596
0238
3712
2658

(- 2) -7. 85484 1349

(- 2)+7. 23483 9200
(- 2)+9. 59120 2757
(_ 2) -4. 54930 2428
(- 1) -1.10469 7953

-2) -2.
-2) +7.
-2) +3.
-2) -6.
2) -4.

94801
24821
81780
71371
89199

9524
0012
4726
7350
9502

59814
20329
84909
36345
76007

1522
0386
7327
4320
1499

3)
1)
2)
2)
2)

15
16
17
18
19

36474
63341
59045
39741
57164

5877
6613
8575
4254
5457

2) +4.

20
30
40
50

59748
25614
36280
64106

3848
2316
3297
6502

1
2
3

4
5
6
7

8
9

10
11
12
13

14

100

0)

-4.84914 8271

72389
+1.12759
+4. 38902
-9. 16920
-9. 15700
+5.

-2)+5. 83315 7440

-2) +6. 05863 0990
-2) -4. 50025 8622

7953
3545
1804
4986
8397

-2) -7. 13869 3059

-2)+2. 64419 8427

2)+3. 37105 6719

-2) +7. 87906 8618

-3) -2. 80477 8412
-2) -7. 96882 1527

2) -9. 28945
1) -1.00594

7999
6648

-2) -2. 42892 1478

-2) +7. 09440 9795

+1.64426
-1.16457
-4.53080
-2.10316

3476
2354
1034
5558

-2)+5. 12479 7200

-3)+6. 13883 8270
'-2+4.07468 5106
-21+7.65052 6379

(+18) -3. 29380 0193

(-1) -1.66921 4112

04128 0284

1+1.15817 7657

'

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

3R

409
Table 9.5

ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF

J'oiJO,

J0,s

*D

Ji,s

e)

THEIR DERIVATIVES
h,

l(jl,s)

J'2(h,s)

2.40482
5.52007
8.65372
11.79153
14.93091

55577
81103
79129
44391
77086

-0.51914
+0.34026
-0.27145
+0.23245
-0.20654

74973
48065
22999
98314
64331

83171
7. 01559
10. 17347
13.32369
16. 47063

-0.40276
+0.30012
-0.24970
+0. 21836
-0.19647

5.13562
8.41724
11. 61984
14. 79595
17.95982

33967
+0.27138
-0. 23244
+0.20654
-0. 18773

39679
66299
15308
91320
64684

+0.18772
-0.17326
+0.16170
-0.15218
+0.14416

88030
58942
15507
12138
59777

19. 61586
22.76008
25.90367
29. 04683
32.18968

+0.18006
-0. 16718
+0. 15672
-0. 14801

21.11700
24.27011
27. 42057
30.56920
33.71652

+0. 17326
-0. 16170

10

18.07106
21.21163
24.35247
27.49347
30.63460

11
12
13
14
15

33.77582
36.91709
40.05842
43.19979
46.34118

02136
83537
57646
17132
83717

-0.13729
+0.13132
-0.12606
+0.12139
-0.11721

69434
46267
94971
86248
11989

35. 33231
38. 47477
41. 61709
44. 75932
47. 90146

-0. 13421
+0. 12862
-0. 12367

36.

+0.11925
-0.11527

86286
40.00845
43.15345
46. 29800
49.44216

-0. 13132
+0.12607
-0.12140
+0.11721
-0.11343

16
17
18
19
20

49.48260
52.62405
55.76551
58.90698
62.04846

98974
18411
07550
39261
91902

+0.11342
-0.10999
+0.10684
-0.10395
+0.10129

91926
11430
78883
95729
34989

51.
54.
57.
60.
63.

04354
18555
32753
46946
61136

+0.11167
-0. 10839
+0.10537
-0.10260
+0.10004

52. 58602
55.72963
58. 87302
62. 01622
65.15927

+0.10999
-0. 10685
+0.10396
-0.10129

1
2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

J3,s

6.38016
9. 76102
13. 01520
16. 22347
19. 40942
6
7

8
9

10

58273
74817
90835
06485
35.21867
22.
25.
28.
32.

3.

3i, s

-0. 29827
+0. 24942
-0. 21828
+0. 19644

-0.18005

+0.16718
-0. 15672
+0. 14801

-0.14060
+0. 13421

-0.
+0.
-0.
+0.

26836
23188
20636
18766
-0.17323

8.77148
12.33860
15. 70017
18. 98013
22. 21780

01902
19909
30.37101
33. 53714
36. 69900

+0.16168
-0.15217
+0. 14416
-0. 13729
+0.13132

25. 43034
28. 62662

46.16785
49. 32036
52.47155

-0. 12607
+0.12140
-0.11721
+0.11343
-0.10999

41. 32638
44. 48932
47. 64940

62165
77084
91925
06700
21417

+0.10685
-0. 10396
+0. 10129
-0. 09882
+0. 09652

57. 11730
60. 27025

24.
27.

38.
41.
44.
47.

37047
52072
66974
81779
50.96503

-0. 12862
+0.12367
-0.11925
+0.11527
-0.11167

39. 85763
43. 01374

16
17
18
19
20

54.11162
57. 25765
60. 40322
63. 54840
66. 69324

+0.10839
-0. 10537
+0.10260
-0.10004
+0. 09765

55.
58.
61.
65.
68.

93611
13.58929
17. 00382
20. 32079
23. 58608

22713
+0.20525
-0. 18726
+0.17305
-0.16159

11. 08637
14. 82127

10

82015
03372
33.23304
36. 42202
39. 60324

+0.15212
-0. 14413
+0. 13727
-0. 13131
+0.12606

28.19119
31. 42279
34. 63709
37. 83872
41. 03077

11
12
13
14
15

42. 77848
45.94902
49.11577
52.27945
55.44059

-0. 12139
+0.11721
-0.11343
+0. 10999
-0. 10685

16
17
18
19
20

58. 59961
61. 75682
64. 91251
68. 06689
71.22013

+0.10396
-0. 10129

6
7

8
9

26.
30.

31.81172
34.98878
38.15987

50.80717
53.96303

63.42205
66. 57289
69.72289

-0.

+0. 09882
-0. 09652
+0. 09438

+0. 09882

-0. 24543
+0. 21743

-0.19615
+0. 17993
-0. 16712

+0.15669
-0. 14799
+0. 14059

-0.13420
+0. 12861

-0.12366
+0.11925
-0.11527
+0. 11167
-0. 10838

+0.10537
-0.10260
+0.10003
-0. 09765
+0. 09543

J8,s

.77, s

J6,

+0.15218
-0. 14417
+0.13730

J5,s

J'iti*,*)

58834
11. 06471
14. 37254
17.61597
20. 82693
7.

11
12
13
14
15

9.

+0. 14061

-0.

12.22509
16.03777
19. 55454
22.94517
26. 26681

-0. 19944
+0. 18569

+0.13418
-0.12859
+0. 12365

54566
32.79580
36. 02562
39. 24045
42. 44389

+0.
-0.
+0.
-0.

44.21541
47. 39417
50.56818
53. 73833
56. 90525

-0. 11924
+0.11526
-0. 11166
+0. 10838
-0. 10537

45.
48.
52.
55.
58.

06948
63.23142
66. 39141
69. 54971
72.70655

+0. 10260

61.52774
64. 69478
67. 85943
71. 02200
74.18277

18.28758
21. 64154
24. 93493

60.

-0. 21209
+0. 19479
-0. 17942

+0.16688
-0. 15657
+0. 14792
-0. 14055

-0.10003
+0. 09765
-0. 09543
+0. 09336

29.

63844
82593
00769
18475
35789

-0. 17244
+0.16130
-0.15196

14404
13722
13127
12603
+0.12137
-0. 11719
+0. 11342

-0.10998
+0. 10684

-0.10395
+0.
-0.
+0.
-0.
+0.

10129
09882
09652
09438
09237

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

410
Table 9.5

ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

s

Y'o(yo,

2/0, s

s)

VI,

Y'i(vi,s)

89357
3. 95767
7. 08605
10.22234
13.36109

697
842
106
504
747

+0.87942
-0.40254
+0.30009
-0.24970
+0.21835

080
267
761
124
830

2.19714
5. 42968
8. 59601
11. 74915
14. 89744

+0. 52079
-0. 34032

244
970
805
765
025

-0.19646
+0.18006
-0.16718
+0.15672
-0.14801

494
318
450
493
108

18. 04340

10

16. 50092
19.64130
22. 78202
25.92295
29. 06403

11
12
13
14
15

32.20520
35. 34645
38. 48775
41.62910
44. 77048

412
231
665
447
661

+0.14060
-0.13421
+0.12861
-0.12366
+0.11924

578
123
661
795

16
17
18
19
20

47. 91189 633

51. 05332 855
54. 19477 936
57. 33624 570

-0.11527
+0.11167
-0.10838
+0.10537
-0.10260

1
2

3
4
5

6
7

8
9

0.

60.47772 516

2
3

4
5

6
7

10

2/3, s

4.52702
8. 09755
11.39647
14. 62308
17.81846

20.99728
24. 16624
27.32880
30.48699
33. 64205

+0.23232
-0.20650
+0.18771
-0.17326
+0. 16170

-0.15218
+0.14416
-0.13730

15

36.
39.
43.
46.
49.

79479
94577
09537
24387
39150

+0.13132
-0.12607
+0. 12140
-0.11721
+0.11343

16
17
18
19
20

52.53840
55. 68470
58. 83049
61.97586
65.12086

-0.10999
+0.10685
-0. 10396
+0.10129
-0. 09882

11

12
13
14

1
2
3

4
5

2/6,*

-0. 18773
+0.17327
-0.16170
+0.15218
-0. 14417

19. 53904

-0. 18006

22.69396
25.84561
28.99508
32. 14300

+0.16718
-0. 15672
+0.14801
-0. 14061

+0. 13730

+0. 11721

35.28979
38. 43573
41. 58101
44. 72578
47.87012

+0. 13421
-0. 12862
+0. 12367

981

33. 76102
36. 90356
40. 04594
43. 18822
46. 33040

369
049
535
405
057

49.
52.
55.
58.
62.

47251
61455
75654
89850
04041

-0.11343
+0.10999
-0.10685
+0.10396
-0.10129

51.
54.
57.
60.
63.

01413
15785
30135
44464
58777

-0. 11167
+0. 10839

21.18807
24. 33194
27.47529
30. 61829

2/4, s

^'4(2/4, s)

.2/5,8

-0. 11925
+0.11527

-0.10537
+0.10260
-0.10004

^'5(2/5,

.)

74718
10.59718
14. 03380
17.34709
20.60290

+0. 25795
-0. 23062
+0. 20602

22.42481
25. 61027
28. 78589
31. 95469
35.11853

-0.16716
+0.15671
-0. 14800
+0.14060
-0. 13421

23.82654
27.03013
30.22034
33.40111
36. 57497

-0. 16165
+0.15215
-0.14415
+0. 13729
-0.13132

38.27867

+0. 12861
-0.12367
+0.11925
-0.11527
+0.11167

39. 74363

+ 0.12606

42.90825
46. 06968

-0. 12140
+0. 11721

49.22854
52. 38531

-0.11343
+0.10999

54035
69393
84628
99759
68.14799

-0.10685
+0.10396
-0.10129
+0. 09882

41. 43596
44. 59102
47. 74429

50.89611
54. 04673
57. 19635
60. 34513

63.49320
66. 64065

^'6(2/6, s)

2/7, s

-0.10838
+0.10537
-0.10260
+0.10003
-0. 09765

6.

55.
58.
61.
64.

r' 7 (?/7,,)

2/8, s

-0.18753
+0.17317

-0. 09652

Y's(V8,s)

+0.21556
-0. 20352
+0.18672
-0.17283
+0. 16148

99463
14.19036
17.81789
21.26093
24.61258

+0.17880
-0. 16662
+ 0.15643

-0.15206

27.91052
31.17370
34. 41286
37. 63465
40.84342

-0.14785
+0.14051
-0.13415
+0.12857
-0. 12364

44. 04215

48.98171
52.15369
55. 32215

+0.12138
-0.11720
+0.11342
-0.10999
+0.10684

47.23298
50.41746
53.59675
56. 77177

+0.11923
-0.11526
+0.11166
-0. 10838
+0.10537

48767
65071
81164
67.97075
71.12830

-0.10396
+0.10129
-0. 09882
+0. 09652
-0. 09438

59.94319
63.11158
66.27738
69.44095
72.60259

-0.10260
+0.10003
-0. 09765
+0. 09543
-0. 09336

+0.23429
-0.21591
+0. 19571
-0. 17975
+0. 16703

25. 20621
28. 42904
31. 63488

26.

8.

13.
16.
19.
23.

91961
00771
57392
97434
29397

10

34.82864
38. 01347

11
12
13
14
15

41.19152
44. 36427
47. 53282
50. 69796
53. 86031

+0.12366
-0.11924
+0.11527
-0.11167
+ 0.10838

42. 62391
45. 80544

16
17
18
19
20

57.02034
60.17842
63. 33485
66. 48986
69. 64364

-0.10537
+0.10260
-0.10003
+0. 09765
-0. 09543

58.
61.
64.

8
9

-0.13132
+0.12607
-0.12140

-0.21835

+0.28909
-0.24848
+0. 21805
-0.19635
+0. 18001

-0. 15664
+0.14796
-0.14058
+0.13419
-0. 12860

+0.27146
-0. 23246
+0.20655

+0. 39921
-0. 29992
+0. 24967

64515
9. 36162
12.73014
15. 99963
19. 22443
5.

83774
11. 81104
15.31362
18. 67070
21.95829
7.

Y'2(V2,s)

+0. 19646

Y' 3 (y 3 ,s)
+0. 33256
-0. 27080

2/2,8

38424
6.79381
10. 02348
13.20999
16. 37897
3.

56676
29.80953
33. 03177
36. 23927
39. 43579

+0. 14409

-0.13725
+0.13130
-0.12605

9.

+0. 20027
-0. 19289

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

411
Table 9.5

ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

.s

0, 8

MJ m)

Jl(j'\,s)

3 i,g

i'2, s

Mfo,*)

0.00000
3.83170
7.01558
10.17346
13.32369

00000
59702
66698
81351
19363

+1.00000
-0.40275
+0.30011
-0.24970
+0.21835

00000
93957
57525
48771
94072

1.84118
5.33144
8.53632
11.70600
14.86359

+0.58187
-0.34613
+0.27330
-0.23330
+0.20701

3.05424
6.70613
9.96947
13.17037
16.34752

+0.48650
-0.31353
+0.25474
-0.22088
+0.19794

16.47063
19.61585
22.76008
25.90367
29.04682

00509
85105
43806
20876
85349

-0.19646
+0.18006
-0.16718
+0.15672
-0.14801

53715
33753
46005
49863
11100

18.01553
21.16437
24.31133
27.45705
30.60192

-0.18802
+0.17346
-0.16184
+0.15228
-0.14424

19.51291
22.67158
25.82604
28.97767
32.12733

-0.18101
+0.16784
-0.15720
+0.14836
-0.14088

15

32.18967
35.33230
38.47476
41.61709
44.75931

99110
75501
62348
42128
89977

+0.14060
-0.13421
+0.12861
-0.12366
+0.11924

57982
12403
66221
79608
98120

33.74618
36.88999
40.03344
43.17663
46.31960

+0.13736
-0.13137
+0.12611
-0.12143
+0.11724

35.27554
38.42265
41.56893
44.71455
47.85964

+0.13443
-0.12879
+0.12381
-0.11937
+0.11537

16
17
18
19
20

47.90146
51.04353
54.18555
57.32752
60.46945

08872
51836
36411
54379
78453

-0.11527
+0.11167
-0.10838
+0.10537
-0.10260

36941
04969
53489
40554
05671

49.46239
52.60504
55.74757
58.89000
62.03235

-0.11345
+0.11001
-0.10687
+0.10397
-0.10131

51.00430
54.14860
57.29260
60.43635
63.57989

-0.11176
+0.10846
-0.10544
+0.10266
-0.10008

3
4
5

6
7
8

10
11

12
13
14

J3,.v

Jb\.)

4,

Mi'*.*)

h(i's,s)

5, a

4.20119
8.01524
11.34592
14.58585
17.78875

+0.43439
-0.29116
+0.24074
-0.21097
+0.19042

5.31755
9.28240
12.68191
15.96411
19.19603

+0.39965
-0.27438
+0.22959
-0.20276
+0.18403

6.41562
10.51986
13.98719
17.31284
20.57551

+0.37409
-0.26109
+0.22039
-0.19580
+0.17849

10

20.97248
24.14490
27.31006
30.47027
33.62695

-0.17505
+0.16295
-0.15310
+0.14487
-0.13784

22.40103
25.58976
28.76784
31.93854
35.10392

-0.16988
+0.15866
-0.14945
+ 0.14171
-0.13509

23.80358
27.01031
30.20285
33.38544
36.56078

-0.16533
+0.15482
-0.14616
+0.13885
-0.13256

11
12
13
14
15

36.78102
39.93311
43.08365
46.23297
49.38130

+0.13176
-0.12643
+0.12169
-0.11746
+0.11364

38.26532
41.42367
44.57962
47.73367
50.88616

+0.12932
-0.12425
+0.11973
-0.11568
+0.11202

39.73064
42.89627
46.05857
49.21817
52.37559

+0.12707
-0.12223
+0.11790
-0.11402
+0.11049

16
17
18

52.52882
55.67567
58.82195
61.96775
65.11315

-0.11017
+0.10700
-0.10409
+0.10141
-0.09893

54.03737
57.18752
60.33677
63.48526
66.63309

-0.10868
+0.10563
-0.10283
+0.10023
-0.09783

55.53120
58.68528
61.83809
64.98980
68.14057

-0.10728
+0.10434
-0.10163
+0.09912
-0.09678

2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

19
20

2
3

4
5

i'e, a

7.50127
11.73494
15.26818
18.63744
21.93172

Wm)

i'l, *

Wt,.,)

/s,

H.fs,s)

+0.35414
-0.25017
+0.21261
-0.18978
+0.17363

8.57784
12.93239
16.52937
19.94185
23.26805

+0.33793
-0.24096
+0.20588
-0.18449
+0.16929

9.64742
14.11552
17.77401
21.22906
24.58720

+0.32438
-0.23303
+0.19998
-0.17979
+0.16539

-0.16127

26.54503
29.79075
33.01518
36.22438
39.42227

-0.15762
+0.14823
-0.14044
+0.13381
-0.12808

27.88927
31.15533
34.39663
37.62008
40.83018

-0.15431
+0.14537
-0.13792
+0.13158
-0.12608

10

25.18393
28.40978
31.61788
34.81339
37.99964

11
12
13
14
15

41.17885
44.35258
47.52196
50.68782
53.85079

+ 0.12499

-0.12035
+0.11620
-0.11246
+0.10906

42.61152
45.79400
48.97107
52.14375
55.31282

+0.12305
-0.11859
+0.11460
-0.11099
+0.10771

44.03001
47.22176
50.40702
53.58700
56.76260

+0.12124
-0.11695
+0.11309
-0.10960
+0.10643

16
17
18
19
20

57.01138
60.16995
63.32681
66.48221
69.63635

-0.10596
+0.10311
-0.10049
+0.09805
-0.09579

58.47887
61.64239
64.80374
67.96324
71.12113

-0.10471
+0.10195
-0.09940
+0.09704
-0.09484

59.93454
63.10340
66.26961
69.43356
72.59554

-0.10352
+0.10084
-0.09837
+0.09607
-0.09393

6
7

8
9

+ 0.15137

-0.14317
+0.13623
-0.13024

412

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.5

ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

(y' >,)

Wm)

Wv<)

y'o,

2.19714
5.42968
8.59600
11.74915
14.89744

133
104
587
483
213

+0.52078
-0.34031
+0.27145
-0.23246
+0.20654

641
805
988
177
711

3.68302
6.94150
10.12340
13.28576
16.44006

+0.41673
-0.30317
+0.25091
-0.21897
+0.19683

y '2, s
5.00258
8.35072
11.57420
14.76091
17.93129

+0.36766
-0.27928
+0.23594
-0.20845
+0.18890

18.04340
21.18806
24.33194
27.47529
30.61828

228
893
257
498
649

-0.18772
+0.17326
-0.16170
+0.15218
-0.14416

909
604
163
126
600

19.59024
22.73803
25.88431
29.02958
32.17412

-0.18030
+0.16735
-0.15684
+0.14810
-0.14067

21.09289
24.24923
27.40215
30.55271
33.70159

-0.17405
+0.16225
-0.15259
+0.14448
-0.13754

780

14
15

33.76101
36.90355
40.04594
43.18821
46.33039

532
464
810
925

+0.13729
-0.13132
+0.12606
-0.12139
+0.11721

696
464
951
863
120

35.31813
38.46175
41.60507
44.74814
47.89101

+0.13427
-0.12866
+0.12370
-0.11928
+0.11530

36.84921
39.99589
43.14182
46.28716
49.43202

+0.13152
-0.12623
+0.12153
-0.11732
+0.11352

16
17
18
19
20

49.47250
52.61455
55.75654
58.89849
62.04041

568
077
488
617
115

-0.11342
+0.10999
-0.10684
+0.10395
-0.10129

920
115
789
957
350

51.03373
54.17632
57.31880
60.46118
63.60349

-0.11169
+0.10840
-0.10539
+0.10261
-0.10005

52.57649
55.72063
58.86450
62.00814
65.15159

-0.11007
+0.10692
-0.10402
+0.10135
-0.09887

2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13

4'

y'i,s

FsfoY.)

?/l,s

V'i, s

Yi(i/'i,s)

ll'h, 8

r5

(?/' 5 , s )

6.25363
9.69879
12.97241
16.19045
19.38239

+0.33660
-0.26195
+0.22428
-0.19987
+0.18223

7.46492
11.00517
14.33172
17.58444
20.80106

+0.31432
-0.24851
+0.21481
-0.19267
+0.17651

8.64956
12.28087
15.66080
18.94974
22.19284

+0.29718
-0.23763
+0.20687
-0.18650
+0.17151

22.55979
25.72821
28.89068
32.04898
35.20427

-0.16867
+0.15779
-0.14881
+0.14122
-0.13470

23.99700
27.17989
30.35396
33.52180
36.68505

-0.16397
+0.15384
-0.14543
+0.13828
-0.13211

25.40907
28.60804
31.79520
34.97389
38.14631

-0.15980
+0.15030
-0.14236
+0.13559
-0.12973

15

38.35728
41.50855
44.65845
47.80725
50.95515

+0.12901
-0.12399
+0.11952
-0.11550
+0.11186

39.84483
43.00191
46.15686
49.31009
52.46191

+0.12671
-0.12193
+0.11765
-0.11380
+0.11031

41.31392
44.47779
47.63867
50.79713
53.95360

+0.12458
-0.12001
+0.11591
-0.11221
+0.10885

16
17
18
19
20

54.10232
57.24887
60.39491
63.54050
66.68571

-0.10855
+0.10552
-0.10273
+0.10015
-0.09775

55.61257
58.76225
61.91110
65.05925
68.20679

-0.10712
+0.10420
-0.10151
+0.09901
-0.09669

57.10841
60.26183
63.41407
66.56530
69.71565

-0.10578
+0.10295
-0.10035
+0.09793
-0.09568

1
2
3

4
5

6
7

8
9

10
11
12
13

14

s
1

4
5

.'/'6,

9.81480
13.53281
16.96553
20.29129
23.56186

^6 (.'A, s)

?/'7,

W7,0

?/'s,

Ws,.)

+0.28339
-0.22854
+0.20007
-0.18111
+0.16708

10.96515
14.76569
18.25012
21.61275
24.91131

+0.27194
-0.22077
+0.19414
-0.17634
+0.16311

12.10364
15.98284
19.51773
22.91696
26.24370

+0.26220
-0.21402

-0.15607

-0.13957
+0.13313
-0.12753

28.17105
31.40518
34.62140
37.82455
41.01785

-0.15269
+0.14417
-0.13700
+0.13085
-0.12549

29.52596
32.77857
36.01026
39.22658
42.43122

-0.14962
+0.14149
-0.13463
+0.12874
-0.12359

+ 0.18891

-0.17207
+0.15953

10

26.79950
30.01567
33.21697
36.40752
39.59002

11
12
13
14
15

42.76632
45.93775
49.10528
52.26963
55.43136

+0.12260
-0.11822
+ 0.11428
-0.11072
+0.10748

44.20351
47.38314
50.55791
53.72870
56.89619

+0.12076
-0.11654
+0.11275
-0.10931
+0.10618

45.62678
48.81512
51.99761
55.17529
58.34899

+0.11904
-0.11497
+0.11131
-0.10798
+ 0.10494

16
17
18
19
20

58.59089
61.74857
64.90468
68.05943
71.21301

-0.10451
+0.10177
-0.09925
+0.09690
-0.09471

60.06092
63.22331
66.38370
69.54237
72.69955

-0.10330
+0.10065
-0.09820
+0.09592
-0.09379

61.51933
64.68681
67.85185
71.01478
74.17587

-0.10216
+0.09958
-0.09720
+0.09498
-0.09291

6
7
8
9

+ 0.14709

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

413

BESSEL FUNCTIONSJoOo, s*)

Jo(j

x)

Table 9.6
/oO'o,**)

J0(j0t gC)

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

1.00000
0. 99942
0.99769
0.99480
0.99077

1.00000
0.99696
0.98785
0.97276
0.95184

1.00000
0.99253
0.97027
0. 93373
0. 88372

1.00000
0.98614
0.94515
0. 87872
0.78961

1.00000
0.97783
0.91280
0.80920
0. 67388

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

0.98559
0.97929
0.97186
0.96333
0.95370

0.92526
0.89328
0.85617
0.81429
0.76800

0.82136
74804
0.66537
0.57518
0. 47943

0. 68146
0.55871
0.42632
0.28958
0.15386

0.51568
0. 34481
0.17211
+0.00827
-0.13693

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

94300
0.93124
0. 91844
0.90463
0. 88982

0.71773
0.66392
0.60706
0. 54766
0.48623

0.38020
0.27960
0.17976
+0. 08277
-0. 00942

+0. 02438
-0. 09404

-0.25533
-0.34090
-0.39013
-0.40225
-0. 37917

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

0.87405
0.85734
0.83972
0.82122
0.80187

0.42333
0.35950
0.29529
0.23126
0.16795

-0.09498
17226
23986
29664
-0.34171

-0.

-0.
-0.
-0.

38498
-0.40207
-0.39653
-0. 36998
-0. 32493

-0.15223
04980
+0.05137

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.78171
0. 76077
0.73908
0.71669
0.69362

-0.01240
06769
-0.11983

-0.37453
-0. 39482
-0.40264
-0. 39835
-0. 38259

26467
-0.19304
-0. 11431
-0. 03289
+0.04684

0.14293
0.21767
0.27011
0. 29684
0.29671

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

0.66993
0. 64565
0.62081
0. 59547
0.56967

-0.16840
-0.21306
-0. 25349
-0. 28941
-0. 32062

-0.35628
-0.32056
-0.27678
-0. 22648
-0.17130

0.12078
0.18527
0.23725
0. 27445
0. 29541

0.27086
0.22252
0.15667
+0. 07960
-0. 00168

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

0.54345
0.51685
0. 48992
0.46270
0.43524

-0.34692
-0.39551
-0. 40152

-0.11295
-0.05320
+0. 00622
0. 06363
0.11745

0.29959
0.28731
0.25977
0.21892
0.16735

08007
14891
-0.20259
-0. 23697
-0. 24965

0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78

0.40758
0.37977
0.35186
0.32389
0.29591

-0.40255
-0. 39871
-0.39019
-0. 37721
-0. 36003

0. 16625
0.20878
0. 24399
0.27107
0. 28945

0.10814
+0. 04470
-0. 01945
-0. 08082

-0.24019
-0.21003
-0.16237
-0.10179
-0.03389

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

0.26796
0.24009
0.21234
0.18476
0.15739

-0.

33896
-0.31433
-0.28652
-0.25591
-0. 22293

0.

29882
0.29915
0.29063
0.27374
0. 24914

-0.18270
-0. 21808
-0. 24067
-0.24957
-0. 24461

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

0.13027
0.10346
0.07698
0.05089
0.02521

-0.18800
-0.15157
-0.11411
-0.07605
-0. 03787

0.21774
0.18059
0.13891
0. 09399
0. 04722

-0.22637
-0.19613
-0.15580
-0.10779
-0. 05486

1.00

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

,i

0.

[ t
(

0.10590
+0. 04562
-0.

-0. 36821
-0. 38441

-4

,s

0.

ra

From E. T. Goodwin and J. Staton, Table

Math. 1, 220-224 (1948) (with permission)

-0.19716
-0.28155
-0. 34466

-0.

-0.13618

-0.32527
-0. 24698
-0.

-0.
-0.

+0. 03525

09960
0.15369
0.19306
0. 21464
0.

21694
0.20021
0.16630
0.11854
0. 06138
0.

0.00000
(-3)5"
)5
(

>3

of /oO'oy). Quart. J.

"i ]

Mech. Appl

414

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table

BESSE L FUNCTI

9.7

otll
th

X\s

Zero of xJ\
'.

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10

0.0000
0.1995
0.2814
0.3438
0.3960
0.4417

3.8317
3.8369

0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00

6170
0.8516
1.0184
1.1490
1.2558

3. 8835
3.9344

\-i\s

8421
8473
3.8525
3.

3.

3.8577

0.

3.

4.
4.

7.

0156
7. 0184
7. 0213
7. 0241
7.0270
7. 0298

10.1735
10.1754
10.1774
10.1794
10.1813
10.1833

13.3237
13. 3252
13.3267
13.3282
13.3297
13.3312

0440
0723
7.1004
7.1282
7.1558

10.1931
10.2127
10.2322
10.2516
10.2710

13.3387
13.3537
13.3686
13. 3835
13. 3984

7.
7.

9841
0325
0795

X/o (x)

(x)

<x>

1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20

1.2558
1.3659
1.5095
1.7060
1.9898

0795
4.1361
4. 2249
4.3818
4. 7131

7.1558
7. 1898
7. 2453
7.3508
7. 6177

10.2710
10.2950
10.3346
10.4118
10.-6223

13.3984
13.4169
13.4476
13.5079
13. 6786

0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00

2.1795
2.2218
2.2656
2.3108
2.3572
2.4048

0332
5.1172
5.2085
5. 3068
5.4112
5.5201

9569
0624
8.1852
8. 3262
8.4840
8. 6537

10.9363
11.0477
11.1864
11.3575
11.5621
11.7915

13.9580
14. 0666
14.2100
14.3996
14. 6433
14.9309

4.

5.

7.

8.

g tfa

X\s

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

X"!\S

14. 8636
14. 8771

6421
6445
6468
6491
6514
6537

11.7830
11.7847
11.7864
11.7881
11.7898
11.7915

14.9242
14.9256
14.9269
14.9282
14.9296
14. 9309

0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00

2.3621
2. 3709
2.3795
2. 3880
2.3965
2.4048

5.5019
5.5055
5. 5092
5.5128
5.5165
5.5201

8.
8.
8.
8.
8.

8.

<X> =nearest
Carslaw and

J.

11.7060
11.7232
11.7404
11.7575
11.7745

8.

10
13
17
25
50
CO

5
14. 7960
14. 8185
14. 8346
14. 8467
14. 8561
14. 8636

619E
6486
6691
6845
6964
706C

3314
5.3702
5.4085
5. 4463
5.4835
5.

S.

4
11.
11.
11.
11.
11.
11.

5363
8.5600
8. 5836
8. 6072
8. 6305

1.8412
1.9844
2.1092
2.2192
2.3171

2
3
5

Xx/o (x)

8.4172
8.4569
8.4853
8.5066
8.5231
8.5363

1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20

Compiled from H.

(x)

5.1356
5.2008
5.2476
5.2826
5.3098
5.3314

0.0000
1.1231
1.4417
1.6275
1.7517
1.8412

Zero of

integer to

14.8906
9041
14.9175
14.

<x>
1
1
2

3
5

10
13
17
25
50
00

X.

C. Jaeger, Conduction of heat in solids (Oxford

Univ. Press, London, England, 1947) and British Association for the Advancement
of Science, Bessel functions, Part

I.

Functions of orders zero and unity, Math-

ematical Tables, vol. VI (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1950)(with

permission)

415

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSE] L FUNCTION SMISCEL LANEOUS ZEF tOS
s th

X-!\S

Zero of Jo (x) 7 (Xx)

2

0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20

12.55847
4.69706
2.07322
0.76319

028
410
886
127

25.12877
9.41690
4.17730
1.55710

0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00

0.33139
0.25732
0.18699
0.12038
0.05768
0.00000

387
649
458
637
450
000

0.68576
0.53485
0. 39079
0.25340
0.12272
0.00000

X">\S

th

12.59004
4.75805
2.15647
0.84714

148
426
249

0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00

0.39409
0.31223
0.23235
0.15400
0.07672
0.00000

(x)

Jo

Zero of Ji

(Xx)

62.83026
23.55876
10. 46723
3.92084

1.03774
0.81055
0.59334
0. 38570
0.18751
0.00000

1.38864
1.08531
0.79522
0.51759
0.25214
0.00000

1.73896
1.35969
0.99673
0.64923
0.31666
0.00000

10
13
17
25
50

<X>

(x)

(Xx)

961

50.27145
18.86146
8.39528
3.16421

416
576
256
729
788
000

0.73306
0.57816
0.42843
0.28296
0.14062
0.00000

1.07483
0.84552
0.62483
0.41157
0.20409
0.00000

1.41886
1.11437
0.82207
0. 54044
0.26752
0.00000

Zero of J\

(x)

2
3
5

00

- Yi (x) Ji (Xx)

37.70706
14.15300
6.30658
2.38532

th

<X>

50.26349
18.84558
8.37167
3.13403

25.14465
9.44837
4.22309
1.61108

9.7

69646
14.13189
6.27537
2.34641

37.

0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20

-Y

Table

Fo(Xx)- Yi (x)J

62.83662
23.57148
10.48619
3.94541

1
2

1.76433
38435
1.02001
0. 66961
0.33097
0.00000

10
13
17
25
50

1.

3
5

00

(Xx)

<X>

0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20

6.56973
2.60328
1.24266
0.51472

323
237
626
663

18.94971
7.16213
3.22655
1.24657

31.47626
11. 83783
5.28885
2. 00959

02544
16.53413
7.36856
2.78326

56.58224
21.23751
9.45462
3.56157

0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00

0.24481
0.19461
0.14523
0.09647
0.04813
0.00000

004
772
798
602
209
000

0.57258
0.45251
0.33597
0.22226
0.11059
0.00000

0.90956
0. 71635
0.53005
0. 34957
0.17353
0.00000

1.25099
0.98327
0.72594
0.47768
0.23666
0.00000

59489
1.25198
0.92301
0. 60634
0. 29991
0.00000

10
13
17
25
50

X"!\S

<X> =nearest
Compiled from British Association
tions,

Part

I.

for the

integer to

44.

1.

2
3
5

oo

X.

Advancement

of Science, Bessel func-

Functions of orders zero and unity, Mathematical Tables,

(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1950) (with permission)

vol. VI

416

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.8

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS

e-rfi

e-*h{x)
1.00000 00000
0.90710 09258
0. 82693 85516
0.75758 06252
0.69740 21705

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0, 1

AND

X 2 /2 (x)

(x)

0.00000
0. 04529
0. 08228
0.11237
0.13676

00000
84468
31235
75606
32243

0.12500
0.12510
0.12541
0.12594
0.12667

00000
41992
71878
01407
50222

0.64503
0. 59932
0.55930
0.52414
0.49316

52706
72031
55265
89420
29662

0.

15642
0.17216
0.18466
0. 19449
0.20211

08032
44195
99828
86933
65309

0.12762
0.12879
0.13018
0.13180
0.13365

45967
24416
29658
14318
39819

0.46575
44144
0.41978
0.40042
0.38306

96077
03776
20789
49127
25154

0.20791
0.21220
0.21525
0.21729
0.21850

04154
16132
68594
75878
75923

0.13574
0.13809
0.14069
0.14356
0.14670

76698
04952
14455
05405
88837

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0. 36743
0.35331
0.34051
0.32887
0. 31824

36090
49978
56880
19497
31629

0.21903
0.21901
0. 21855
0.21772
0.21661

93874
94899
28066
62788
19112

0.15014
0.15389
0.15795
0.16235
0.16711

87192
34944
79288
80900
14772

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.30850
0.29956
0.29131
0.28369
0. 27662

83225
30945
73331
29857
23231

0.21526
0.21374
0.21208
0.21032
0. 20848

92892
76721
77328
30051
10887

0.17223
0.17775
0.18368
0.19006
0.19690

71119
56370
94251
26964
16460

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.27004 64416
0. 26391 39957
0.25818 01238
0.25280 55337
0. 24775 57304

0.20658
0. 20465
0. 20269
0. 20073
0.19877

46495
22544
90640
74113
72816

0.20423
0.21209
0.22050
0.22951
0.23915

45837
20841
71509
53938
52213

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.24300
0.23851
0.23426
0.23024
0.22643

03542
26187
88316
79845
14011

0. 19682
0.19489
0.19297
0.19109
0. 18922

67133
21309
86229
01727
98511

0.24946
0.26049
0.27229
0.28490
0.29839

80490
85252
47757
86686
61010

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

0.22280
0. 21934
0.21604
0.21290
0. 20988

24380
62245
94417
01308
75279

0.18739
0. 18560
0.18383
0.18210
0. 18041

99766
22484
78580
75810
18543

0.31281
0.32823
0.34472
0.36235
0.38121

73100
72078
57467
83128
61528

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0.20700
0.20423
0.20157
0. 19902
0.19656

19211
45274
73840
32571
55589

0.17875
0.17712
0.17553
0. 17397
0.17245

08394
44763
25260
46091
02337

0.40138
0.42296
0.44605
0.47075
0.49719

68359
47539
16629
72701
98689

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0.

0.19419
0.19191
18971
0.18758
0.18552

82777
59151
34330
62042
99721

0.17095
0. 16949
0.16807
0.16667
0.16530

88223
97311
22681
57058
92936

0.52550
0.55581
0.58827
0.62304
0.66030

70272
63319
61978
67409
07270

5.0

0.18354 08126

0.5

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.

0.70022 45988

0.16397 22669
1

12

['I'

4+1

(X)

[<-f]

2n

In (x) +In-

1 (.I')

Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bessel

functions, Part I. Functions of orders zero and unity, Mathematical Tables,
vol. VI
Part II. Functions of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables,
vol. X(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1950, 1952)and L. Fox,
A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments. Royal
,

Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (Cambridge Univ. Press,

bridge, England, 1954) (with permission).

Cam-

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

MODIF IED BESSEI FUNCTK )NS ORDEF ts

-

exK

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

e*K\

(x)

oo

O, 1

AND

417
2

Table 9.8

xiK2 (x)

(x)

2.

68232
2.14075
1.85262
1. 66268

61023
73233
73007
20891

10.89018
5.83338
4.12515
3.25867

2683
6037
7762
3880

2.00000
1.99503
1.98049
1.95711
1.92580

1.52410
1.41673
1.33012
1.25820
1.19716

93857
76214
36562
31216
33803

2.73100
2.37392
2.11501
1.91793
1.76238

97082
00376
13128
02990
82197

1.88754
1.84330
1.79405
1.74067
1.68401

5888
9881
1681
2762
1992

1.14446
09833
05748
1. 02097
0. 98806

30797
02828
45322
31613
99961

1.

63615
1.53140
1. 44289
1.36698
1.30105

34863
37541
75522
72841
37400

1.62483
1.56385
1.50167
1.43886
1.37590

8899
0953
3576
2011
4446

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.95821
0.93094
0. 90591
0. 88283
0.86145

00533
59808
81386
35270
06168

1.24316
1.19186
1.14603
1.10480
1. 06747

58736
75654
92462
53726
09298

1.31322
1.25119
1.19011
1.13026
1.07184

5917
2681
6819
0897
2567

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.84156
0. 82301
0. 80565
0.78935
0. 77401

82151
71525
39812
61312
81407

1. 03347
1.00236
0.97377
0. 94737
0.92291

68471
80527
01679
22250
36650

1.01503
0.95999
0.90680
0.85556
0.80633

9018
1226
7952
9487
1113

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.75954
0. 74586
0. 73290
0.72060
0.70890

86903
82430
71515
41251
49774

90017
87896
0.85913
0. 84053
0.82304

44239
72806
18867
00604
20403

0.75912
0.71396
0.67085
0.62977
0.59070

6289
9565
9227
9698
3688

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.

69776
68713
0. 67697
0.66725
0. 65795

15980
11010
51139
91831
22725

0.

80656
0.79100
0.77628
0. 76232
0. 74907

34800
30157
02824
42864
20613

0.55359
0.51840
0.48508
0.45358
0.42382

4126
5885
7306
1550
7789

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

64902
64045
0.63221
0. 62429
0. 61665

63377
59647
80591
15812
73147

0.73646
0.72446
0.71300
0.70206
0. 69159

75480
06608
65010
46931
88206

0.39576
0.36931
0.34443
0.32103
0.29905

2241
9074
1194
0914
0529

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0.

60929
0.60219
0. 59533
0. 58871
0. 58230

76693
65064
89889
14486
12704

0.

68157
67196
66274
65387
64535

59452
61952
24110
98395
58689

0.27842
0.25908
0.24096
0.22399
0.20813

2808
1398
1165
8474
1411

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0.

57609
0.57008
0. 56426
0. 55861
0. 55313

67897
72022
24840
33194
10397

0.

63714
0.62924
0. 62161
0. 61425
0.60714

97988
26383
69312
66003
68131

0.19329
0.17944
0.16651
0.15445
0.14320

9963
6150
4127
0249
3117

5.0

0.

54780 75643

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.
1.

0.

0.

0.

00

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.60027 38587
1

(x\

Kn(x

(x)

0000
9646
7172
6625
8202

0.13272 3593
[(-3)11
L 11 J

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

418
Table 9.8

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS ORDERS

e-*Io(x)

e~ xIi(x)

0, 1

AND

e- x h(x)

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.18354
0.18161
0.17974
0. 17794
0. 17618

08126
51021
94883
08646
63475

0.16397
0.16266
0.16138
0.16012
0.15890

22669
38546
32850
97913
26150

0.11795
0.11782
0.11767
0.11751
0.11733

1906
5355
8994
4528
3527

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

0. 17448
0.17282
0.17122
0.16965
0.16813

32564
90951
15362
84061
76726

0.15770
0.15652
0.15537
0.15424
0.15313

10090
42405
15922
23641
58742

0.11713
0.11692
0.11670
0.11647
0.11622

7435
7581
5188
1384
7207

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

0.16665
0.16521
0. 16381
0.16244
0.16110

74327
59021
14064
23718
73175

0.15205
0.15098
0.14994
0.14892
0.14792

14593
84754
62978
43212
19595

0.11597
0.11571
0.11544
0.11516
0.11488

3613
1484
1633
4809
1705

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

0.15980
0.15853
0.15729
0.15608
0. 15489

48490
36513
24831
01720
56090

0.14693
0.14597
0.14502
0.14409
0.14318

86457
38314
69866
75991
51745

0.11459
0.11429
0.11400
0.11369
0.11339

2958
9157
0845
8525
2660

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.15373
0.15260
0.15149
0. 15041
0.14935

77447
55844
81855
46530
41371

0.14228
0.14140
0.14054
0.13969
0.13886

92347
93186
49809
57915
13353

0.11308
0.11277
0.11245
0.11214
0.11182

3678
1974
7913
1833
4046

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

0.

14831
0.14729
0. 14630
0.14532
0. 14436

58301
89636
28062
66611
98642

0.13804
0.13723
0.13644
0.13566
0.13489

12115
50333
24270
30318
64995

0.11150
0.11118
0.11086
0.11054
0.11021

484C
4481
3215
1268
8852

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

0.14343
0.14251
0.14160
0. 14072
0. 13985

17818
18095
93695
39098
49027

0.13414
0.13340
0.13267
0.13195
0.13124

24933
06883
07705
24362
53923

0.10989
0.10957
0.10925
0.10892
0.10860

6158
3368
0645
8142
6000

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

0.13900
0.13816
0.13734
0.13653
0.13573

18430
42474
16526
36147
97082

0.13054
0.12986
0.12918
0.12852
0.12786

93551
40505
92134
45873
99242

0.10828
0.10796
0.10764
0.10732
0.10700

4348
3305
2983
3481
4894

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

0.13495
0.13419
0.13343
0.13269
0.13196

95247
26720
87740
74691
84094

0.12722
0.12658
0.12596
0.12534
0.12473

49839
95342
33501
62139
79145

0.10668
0.10637
0.10605
0.10574
0.10542

7306
0796
5437
1294
8428

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

0.13125
0.13054
0.12985
0.12916
0. 12849

12609
57016
14223
81248
55220

0.12413
0.12354
0.12296
0.12238
0.12182

82477
70154
40258
90929
20364

0.10511
0.10480
0.10449
0.10419
0.10388

6893
6740
8015
0759
5010

0.0

0.12783 33371
(
"66)8
[

0.12126 26814
( "56)3
[
]

0.10358 0801
(

" 6)2
5

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

MODIFIE D BESSEL FUNCTIO NS ORDERS

X

ex

(x)

0, 1

e xKi(x)

AND

419
2

Table 9.8
e x K.2{x)

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.54780
0.54263
0.53760
0.53271
0.52795

75643
53519
73540
69744
80329

0.60027
0.59362
0.58718
0.58095
0.57490

38587
50463
86062
36085
98871

0.78791
0.77542
0.76344
0.75194
0.74088

711
949
913
475
762

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

0.52332
0,51881
0.51441
0.51012
0.50594

47316
16252
35938
58183
37583

0.56904
0.56335
0.55783
0.55246
0.54725

79741
90393
48348
76495
02639

0.73025
0.72001
0.71014
0.70063
0.69145

127
128
511
190
232

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

0.50186
0.49787
0.49399
0.49019
0.48647

31309
98929
02237
05093
73291

0.54217
0.53723
0.53243
0.52774
0.52318

59104
82386
12833
94344
74101

0.68258
0. 67402
0.66574
0.65773
0.64997

843
358
225

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

0.48284
0.47929
0.47582
0.47242
0.46910

74413
77729
54066
75723
16370

0.51874
0.51440
0.51017
0.50604
0.50200

02336
32108
19097
21421
99471

0.64245
0.63517
0.62811
0.62126
0.61461

982
753
553
350
177

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.46584
0.46265
0.45953
0.45646
0.45346

50959
55657
07756
85618
68594

0.49807
0.49422
0.49046
0.48678
0.48318

15749
34737
22755
47842
79648

0.60815
0.60187
0.59577
0.58983
0.58405

126
345
030
426
820

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

0.45052
0.44763
0.44480
0.44202
0.43930

36991
71996
55636
70724
00819

0.47966
0.47622
0.47285
0.46955
0.46631

89336
49486
33995
18010
77847

0.57843
0.57295
0.56762
0.56242
0.55735

541
955
463
497
522

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

0.43662
0.43399
0.43141
0.42887
0.42638

30185
43754
27084
66329
48214

0.46314
0.46004
0.45699
0.45401
0.45108

90928
35709
91615
39001
59089

0.55241
0.54758
0.54287
0.53827
0.53378

029
538
592
757
623

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

0.42393
0.42152
0.41916
0.41683
0.41454

59993
89433
24781
54743
68462

0.44821
0.44539
0.44262
0.43991
0.43724

33915
46295
79775
18594
47648

0.52939
0.52510
0.52091
0.51681
0.51280

797
909
604
544
410

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

0.41229
0.41008
0.40790
0.40575
0.40364

55493
05783
09662
57809
41245

0.43462
0.43205
0.42952
0.42703
0.42459

52454
19116
34301
85204
59520

0.50887
0.50503
0.50127
0.49759
0.49398

894
704
562
202
369

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

0.40156
0.39951
0.39750
0.39551
0.39355

51322
79693
18313
59416
95506

0.42219
0.41983
0.41751
0.41522
0.41297

45430
31565
06989
61179
84003

0.49044
0.48698
0. 48358
0.48025
0.47698

819
321
651
597
953

0.0

0.39163 19344

716-654

64

28

0.41076 65704

001

339

0.47378 525
(

- 5)6
5

420

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table 9.8

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS ORDER S

e~ x I

O, 1

e~ x h(x)

e~ x I\{x)

(x)

AND

10.0
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8

0.

12783
0.12653
0.12528
0.12406
0.12288

33371
91639
35822
47082
07840

0.12126
0.12016
0.11909
0.11805
0.11704

26814
64024
89584
91273
57564

0.10358
0.10297
0.10237
0.10178
0.10120

0801
7124
9936
9401
5644

11.0
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8

0.12173
0.12061
0.11952
0. 11846
0. 11743

01682
13250
28165
32942
14923

0.11605
0.11509
0.11415
0.11323
0.11233

77582
41055
38276
60059
97710

0.10062
0.10005
0.09949
0.09893
0. 09839

8758
8806
5829
9845
0853

12.0
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8

0.11642
0. 11544
0.11449
0.11355
0.11264

62212
63616
08594
87206
90074

0.11146
0.11060
0.10977
0.10895
0.10815

42993
88096
25611
48501
50080

0.09784
0.09731
0.09678
0.09626
0.09574

8838
3770
5608
4300
9787

13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8

0.11176
0.11089
0.11004
0.10921
0.10840

08338
33621
57995
73954
74378

0.

10737
0.10660
0.10585
0.10512
0.10440

23993
64190
64916
20685
26267

0.09524
0.09474
0.09424
0.09375
0.09327

2003
0874
6323
8268
6622

14.0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8

0.10761
0. 10684
0.10608
0.10533
0.10461

52517
01959
16613
90688
18671

0.10369
0.10300
0.10232
0.10166
0.10101

76675
67148
93142
50311
34506

09280
09233
0.09186
0.09141
0.09096

1299
2208
9257
2352
1401

15.0
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8

0.10389
0.10320
0.10251
0.10184
0.10118

95314
15618
74813
68351
91887

0.10037
09974
0. 09913
0. 09852
0. 09793

41751
68245
10348
64572
27574

0.09051
0.09007
0.08964
0.08921
0.08879

6308
6980
3321
5238
2637

16.0
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8

0.10054
0. 09991
0. 09929
0. 09868
0. 09808

41273
12544
01906
05729
20539

09734
09677
0. 09621
0. 09566
0.09511

96147
67216
37828
05145
66444

0.

08837
0.08796
0.08755
0.08715
0.08675

5426
3511
6802
5210
8644

17.0
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8

0.
0.
0.

09749
09691
09634
09579
09524

43005
69938
98277
25085
47546

0. 09458
0.09405
0. 09353
0. 09303
0. 09252

19107
60614
88542
00560
94423

0.08636
0.08598
0.08559
0.08522
0.08484

7017
0242
8235
0911
8188

18.0
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8

0.

09470
09417
09365
09314
09264

62952
68703
62299
41336
03503

0.09203
0. 09155
0.09107
0. 09060
0. 09014

67968
19113
45848
46237
18411

0.08447
0.08411
0.08375
0.08340

19.0
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8

0.09214
0. 09165
0. 09117
0. 09070
0.09023

46572
68400
66923
40151
86167

08968
08923
0. 08879
0. 08835
0.08792

60569
70968
47929
89829
95099

0.08270
0.08236
0.08202
0.08168
0.08135

20.0

0.08978 03119

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

08750 62222

-66)5
]

13)4]

0.

0.

0.

9984
6221
6819
1701
08305 0793

4020
1309
2590
7792
6848

0.08102 9690

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS ORDERS

e x Ko(x)

0, 1

AND

421
2

Table 9.8

e x Ki(x)

e x Kz(x)

10.0
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8

0.39163
0. 38786
0.38419
0.38063
0.37716

19344
02539
55846
29549
77125

0.41076
0.40644
0.40225
0.39819
0.39425

65704
68479
98277
88825
78391

0.47378
0.46755
0.46155
0.45576
0.45017

525
571
324
482
842

11.0
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8

0.

37379
0.37051
0. 36731
0.36419
0.36115

54971
22156
40243
73076
86616

0.39043
0.38671
0.38309
0.37958
0.37616

09362
27920
83725
29618
21391

0.44478
0.43956
0.43452
0.42964
0.42491

294
807
427
265
496

12.0
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8

0.

35819
0.35530
0. 35247
0. 34972
0. 34703

48784
29318
99643
32746
03081

0.37283
0.36958
0.36642
0.36334
0.36033

17534
79032
69191
53438
99192

0.42033
0.41589
0.41158
0.40739
0.40333

350
111
108
714
342

13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8

0.34439
0. 34182
0. 33931
0.33684
0. 33444

86455
59943
01806
91405
09142

0.35740
0.35454
0.35175
0.34902
0.34635

75702
53922
06397
07143
31558

0.39938
0.39554
0.39181
0.38817
0.38463

443
499
028
572
702

14.0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8

0.33208
0.32977
0.32751
0.32530
0.32312

36383
55402
49332
02091
98364

0.34374
0.34119
0.33870
0.33626
0.33387

56322
59314
19539
17039
32858

0.38119
0.37783
0.37455
0.37136
0.36824

016
131
687
346
785

15.0
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8

0.32100
0.31891
0.31687
0.31486
0.31289

23534
63655
05405
36051
43424

0.33153
0.32924
0.32700
0.32480
0.32264

48949
48132
14043
31080
84361

0.36520
0.36223
0.35933
0.35650
0.35373

701
805
826
503
592

16.0
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8

0.31096
0.30906
0.30720
0.30537
0.30357

15880
42269
11919
14592
40487

0.32053
0.31846
0.31643
0.31443
0.31248

59682
43471
22766
85164
18807

0.35102
0.34838
0.34579
0.34325
0.34077

858
081
049
562
427

17.0
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8

0.30180
0.30007
0.29836
0.29668
0.29504

80193
24678
65276
93657
01817

0.31056
0.30867
0.30682
0.30500
0.30321

12340
54888
36027
45765
74518

0.33834
0.33596
0.33363
0.33134
0.32910

464
497
361
898
956

18.0
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8

0.29341
0.29182
0.29025
0.28870
0. 28718

82062
26987
29472
82654
79933

0.30146
0.29973
0.29803
0.29637
0.29472

13089
52642
84697
01096
94003

0.32691
0.32476
0.32264
0.32057
0.31854

391
064
843
602
218

19.0
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8

0.28569
0.28421
0.28276
0. 28133
0.27993

14944
81554
73848
86117
12862

0.29311
0.29152
0.28996
0.28842
0.28691

55877
79458
57766
84068
51886

0.31654
0.31458
0.31266
0.31077
0.30891

577
565
076
008
262

20.0

0.27854 48766
(

" pi]
(

0.28542 54970
(

[ -e

0.

30708 743
3

5)2

['-I' ]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

422

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS AUXILIARY TABLE FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

Table 9.8

x*e- x h(x)

x*e- x Io{x)
0.40150 9761

x-i

w-ix*ex Ko(x)

x*e- x h(x)

9722
8743
7336
5502
3245

0.36237
0. 36380
0.36523
0. 36667
0.36811

579
578
854
408
237

0.

39651
0.39661
0. 39670
0.39680
0. 39689

5620
0241
5057
0069
5278

w- x*e x Ki(x)
0.40631 0355
0.40601 9771
0.40572 8854
0. 40543 7604
0.40514 6017
l

<x>

v- x'e x K2(x)
0.43714
0.43558
0.43403
0.43247
0.43092

666
814
211
858
754

20
21
22
23
24
25
26
28
29

0.40140
0.40129
0.40119
0.40108

4058
8619
3443
8526

0.39133
0.39164
0.39195
0.39226
0.39257

0.040
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032

0.40098
0.40087
0.40077
0.40067
0.40056

3868
9466
5319
1424
7781

0.39288
0.39318
0.39349
0.39380
0.39410

0567
7470
3958
0032
5695

0.36955
0.37099
0. 37244
0.37389
0. 37534

342
722
375
302
502

0.

39699
0.39708
0.39718
0.39727
0.39737

0686
6293
2101
8110
4322

0.40485
0.40456
0.40426
0.40397
0.40368

4094
1832
9230
6286
2998

0.42937
0. 42783
0.42628
0.42474
0.42321

901
299
949
850
003

0.030
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.022

0.40046
0.40036
0.40025
0.40015
0.40005

4387
1241
8340
5684
3270

0.39441
0.39471
0.39502
0.39532
0.39562

0950
5798
0243
4286
7929

0. 37679
0.37825
0.37971
0.38118
0.38264

973
716
729
012
564

0.39747
0.39756
0. 39766
0.39776
0. 39785

0738
7359
4186
1221
8465

0.40338
0.40309
0.40280
0.40250
0.40221

9365
5386
1058
6380
1349

0.42167
0.42014
0.41860
0.41708
0.41555

410
070
984
153
576

36
38
42
45

0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012

0.39995
39984
0.39974
0. 39964
0.39954

1098
9164
7469
6009
4785

0.39593
0.39623
0.39653
0.39683
0.39714

1176
4028
6487
8556
0236

0. 38411
0.38558
0. 38705
0.38853
0.39001

385
474
830
453
342

0.39795
0.39805
0.39815
0. 39824
0.39834

5918
3583
1460
9551
7857

0.40191
0.40162
0.40132
0.40102
0.40073

5965
0226
4130
7674
0858

0.41403
0.41251
0.41099
0.40947
0. 40796

256
191
383
833
540

50
56
63
71
83

0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002

0.

39944
0.39934
0.39924
0.39914
0.39904

3793
3033
2503
2202
2128

0.39744
0.39774
0.39804
0.39834
0.39864

1530
2440
2968
3116
2886

39149
39297
0. 39446
0.39595
0. 39744

496
915
599
546
756

0.

39844
0.39854
0. 39864
0. 39874
0. 39884

6379
5119
4077
3256
2657

0.40043
0.40013
0.39983
0.39953
0.39924

3679
6136
8226
9949
1300

0.40645
0.40494
0. 40344
0.40193
0. 40043

505
730
214
958
962

100
125
167
250
500

0.000

0.

0.050
0.048
0.046
0.044
0.042

0.

m m

0.39894 2280

39894 2280

For interpolating near x~

=0

0.
0.

0.

note that

39894 228
(

0.39894 2280

7,S

[ -a

0.

39894 2280

)3

if

fn {x~

<x~>

=x

31
33

0.39894 228
(

00

7,s

e- xI n (x)

= nearest

then/( x~

=ir-

x 2 ex

Kn (x).

integer to x.

Compiled from L. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments. Royal
Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954) (with
permission)

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONSAUXILIARY TABLE FOR SMALL ARGUMENTS

X

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

Kq(x)+I (x) In a;
0.11593 152
0.11872 387
0.12713 128
0.14124 511
0.16121 862

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.18726
0.21967
0.25879
0.30504
0.35892

1.0

0.42102 444
3

857
734
579
682
957

['"e "]

x[Ki(x)-h(x)\nx
1.00000 000
0.99691 180
0.98754 448
0.97158 819
0.94852 090
0.91759
0.87784
0.82804
0.76669
0.69201

X
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

992
980
659
810
997

1.5
1.6
1.7

0.60190 723
-3,
2]
[(

2.0

1.8
1.9

Ko(x)

+ Jo(x)

In

0.42102
0.49199
0.57261
0.66373
0.76632

444
896
444
364
938

0.88149
1.01045
1.15456
1.31536
I.49454

436
200
879
786
429

1.69398 200
[(-3,3]

x[Ki(x)-h(x)\nx
0.60190 723
0.49390 093
0.36514 944
0.21236 381
+0.03176 677
-0.18096
-0.43076
-0.72326
-1.06486
-1.46281

553
964
976
242
214

-1.92535 914
(

18

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

423

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS 3-9

e-*I3 (x)

e-*h(x)

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

0.0000
(-4)1.3680
(-4)9.0273
(-3)2.5257
(-3)4.9877

0.0000
(-6)3.4182
(-5)4.5047
-4)1.8858
(-4)4.9483

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

(-3)8.1553
(-2)1.1855
-2)1.5911
-2)2.0168
-2)2.4495

(-3)1.0069
-3)1.7471
(-3)2.7189
(-3)3.9110
(-3)5.3023

(-5)9.9866
(-4)2.0719
(-4 3.7459
(-4)6.1288
(-4)9.2978

(-6)8.2731
(-5 2.0544
(-5)4.3203
-5 8.0504
(-4)1.3686

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

'-2)2.8791
-2)3.2978
-2)3.7001
'-2 4.0823
'-2)4.4421

(-3)6.8654
(-3)8.5701
(-2)1.0386
(-2 1.2283
(-2)1.4234

(-3)1.3298
-3 1.8142
(-3 2.3819
-3)3.0293
(-3)3.7511

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

-2)4.7783
-2)5.0907
(-2)5.6454
(-2)5.8893

(-2)1.6216
-2)1.8206
(-2)2.0188
(-2)2.2145
(-2)2.4065

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

(-2)6.1124
-2)6.3161
(-2)6.5015
(-2 6.6699
(-2)6.8227

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

Table 9.9

e-*I6 (x)

e-*I7 (x)

e- xk(x)

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

-8)1.1388
-8)5.9925
-7)5.6286
(-6)2.6152

0.0000
-11)1.6265
- 9)1.7109
- 8)2.4084
- 7)1.4902

0.0000

(-8)6.8341
(-6 1.7995
(-5)1.1281
(-5)3.9377

(-13)2.0328
(-11)4.2750
(-10)9.0201
(- 9)7.4343

(-15)2.2585
(-13 9.4957
(-11)3.0037
(-10)3.2983

8)3.6643
7 1.3058
7)3.7225
7)9.0178
6)1.9302

(- 9)2.0301

7)5.8832
6 1.7497
6)4.2831
6)9.0974
5)1.7349

(-4)2.1656
(-4 3.2349
(-4 4.6097
-4)6.3166
(-4)8.3747

((((-

5)3.0402
5 4.9776
5)7.7080
4)1.1395
4)1.6197

6)3.7487
6.7325
5)1.1339
5)1.8099
5)2.7609

f(-

(-3)4.5409
-3 5.3913
(-3)6.2947
(-3)7.2431
(-3)8.2288

1.0796
1.3584
1.6738
2.0249
2.4106

(((((-

4)2.2265
4 2.9735
4)3.8725
4)4.9334
4)6.1640

(((((-

5)4.0512
5)5.7482
5)7.9208
4)1.0638
4)1.3965

6.5905
9.9425
1.4507
2.0556
2.8380

(-2)2.5940
(-2)2.7761
(-2)2.9523
(-2)3.1221
(-2)3.2854

-3)9.2443
-2)1.0283
-2)1.1337
(-2)1.2402
(-2)1.3471

(-3)2.8291
(-3)3.2785
(-3)3.7566
-3)4.2609
(-3)4.7890

(-

4)7.5698
4)9.1545

(- 4)1.7968
- 4)2.2703
(- 4)2.8224
(- 4)3.4578
(- 4)4.1806

(- 5)3.8284
- 5)5.0587
(- 5)6.5607
(- 5)8.3667
(- 451.0508

(-2)6.9611
-2)7.0861
(-2)7.1989
(-2 7.3005
(-2)7.3917

(-2)3.4419
(-2)3.5916
(-2)3.7346
(-2)3.8708
(-2)4.0005

(-2)1.4540
(-2)1.5605
(-2)1.6662
(-2)1.7707
(-2)1.8738

-3)5.3384
-3)5.9065
-3)6.4909
(-3 7.0892
(-3)7.6990

(((((-

4)4.9939
4)5.9005
4)6.9020
4)7.9996
4)9.1937

(((((-

4)1.3015
4)1.5916
4)1.9240
4 2.3010
4)2.7249

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

(-2)7.4736
-2)7.5468
-2)7.6121
-2)7.6702
(-2)7.7216

(-2)4.1238
(-2 4.2408
-2)4.3518
(-2)4.4570
(-2)4.5567

(-2)1.9752
(-2 2.0747
(-2)2.1723
(-2 2.2677
(-2)2.3608

(-3)8.3181
(-3)8.9445
(-3)9.5763
(-2)1.0212
(-2)1.0849

3)1.0484
1.3351
3)1.4924
3)1.6587

(((((-

4)3.1978
4)3.7214
4)4.2971
4)4.9261
4)5.6094

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

(-2)7.7670
(-2)7.8068
2)7.8416
2)7.8717
2)7.8975

-2)4.6509
-2)4.7401
-2)4.8244
-2)4.9040
(-2)4.9791

(-2)2.4516
(-2)2.5401
-2)2.6261
(-2)2.7096
(-2)2.7907

(-2)1.1486
(-2)1.2122
(-2 1.2756
(-2)1.3387
(-2)1.4012

4.8261
5.1969
5.5750
5.9596
6.3499

1.8337
2.0172
2.2089
2.4084
2.6152

(((((-

4)6.3475
4)7.1409
4)7.9897
4} 8.8937
4)9.8527

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6

(-2)7.9194
(-2 7.9378
(-2 7.9528
(-2)7.9649
(-2)7.9741

(-2)5.0500
(-2)5.1169
-2)5.1800
-2 5.2395
(-2)5.2954

2.8694
2.9456
3.0195
3.0909
3.1601

1.4633
1.5247
1.5854
1.6453
1.7045

6.7449
7.1440
7.5464
7.9513
8.3582

2.8292
3.0497
3.2766
3.5093
3.7475

(((((-

3)1.0866
3)1.1933
3 1.3053
3 1.4224
3)1.5446

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8

(-2)7.9808
-2)7.9852
-2)7.9875
(-2)7.9878
(-2 7.9862

(-2)5.3482
(-2)5.3978
(-2 5.4445
(-2)5.4883
(-2 5.5296

(-2)3.2269
(-2)3.2915
(-2)3.3539
-2)3.4141
(-2)3.4723

-2 1.7627

-2)1.8201
-2 1.8765
-2 1.9319
-2 1.9864

3)3.9907
3)4.2386
3 4.4908
3)4.7470
3)5.0066

(((((-

3)1.6716
3)1.8035
3)1.9399
3)2.0808
3)2.2260

10.0

(-2)7.9830

(-2)5.5683

(-2)3.5284

(-2)2.0398

(- 2)1.0806

(- 3)5.2694

(- 3)2.3753

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5

'-2)7.9687
-2)7.9465
[-2)7.9182
'-2)7.8848
[-2)7.8474

(-2)5.6549
(-2)5.7284
(-2)5.7905
(-2)5.8425
(-2)5.8857

(-2)3.6602
(-2 3.7804
(-2)3.8900
(-2)3.9898
(-2)4.0805

2.1690
2.2916
(-2 2.4078
2.5176
2.6212

- 2)1.1814

(- 3)5.9380
(- 3)6.6192
(- 3)7.3082
- 3)8.0010
(- 3)8.6939

(((((-

13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

'-2)7.8067
-2)7.7635
-2)7.7183
-2)7.6716
[-2)7.6236

5.9211
5.9497
5.9723
5.9896
6.0022

-2)4.1630
-2 4.2378
-2)4.3056
-2)4.3670
-2)4.4225

(-2)2.7188
(-2)2.8106
(-2)2.8969
(-2)2.9779
(-2)3.0538

2)1.6533
2)1.7394
2 1.8225
2)1.9025
- 2)1.9794

(- 3)9.3836

((((-

2)1.0068
2)1.0744
2)1.1410
2)1.2064

(- 3)4.9837
(- 3)5.4622
- 3)5.9469
- 3)6.4354
- 3)6.9260

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5

7.5749
7.5256
7.4759
7.4260
7.3761

(-2)6.0106
-2 6.0155
-2)6.0170
(-2)6.0158
(-2)6.0119

4.4726
4.5179
4.5585
4.5951
4.6278

(-2)3.1251
-2)3.1918
(-2)3.2543
(-2)3.3128
(-2)3.3675

2.0532
2.1240
2.1918
2.2567
2.3187

(((-

2)1.2705
2)1.3333
2)1.3946
2 1.4543
2)1.5125

18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

(-2)7.3263
(-2)7.2768
(-2)7.2275
(-2)7.1785
(-2)7.1300

-2)6.0059
-2)5.9978
-2)5.9880
-2)5.9767
-2)5.9640

(-2)4.6571
(-2)4.6831

(-2)3.4186
(-2)3.4664
(-2)3.5111
(-2)3.5528
(-2)3.5917

2)2.3780
2 2.4346
2 2.4886
2 2.5402
2)2.5894

[-

2)1.5691
2)l. 6240
2)1.6774
2)1.7291
2 1.7792

-2 5.3795

'

-2 4.7062

(-2)4.7266
(-2)4.7444

Compiled from British Association

- 3)1.0919
- 3)1.2864
- 3)1.4986

- 3)1.7282
- 3)1.9747
- 3)2.2374
- 3 2.5157
- 3)2.8087
(-

(((-

3)3.1156
3)3.4355
3)3.7674
3 4.1105
3)4.4637

3)8.7663
3)9.1750
9.5839
3)9.9924
2)1.0400

- 2 1.2805
- 2)1.3775
- 2)1.4722

- 2)1.5642
-

(((((-

6)

Advancement

3 1.1870
3

(((((-

- 9)8.6707

(- 8)2.8797
- 8)7.9596
(- 7)1.9131

7)4.1199
8.1206
6)1.4883
6)2.5669
6)4.2048
7

3)2.7653
3)3.1769
3)3.6073
3)4.0537
3)4.5134

- 3)7.4171
- 3)7.9071
- 3 8.3947
- 3)8.8788
- 3)9.3584

((((-

3)9.8324
2)1.0300
2)l.C761
2)1.1215
2)1.1661

of Science, Bessel func-

Functions of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables,

(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952) (with permission).

tions,

for the

e-^g(.v)

Part

II.

vol.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

424

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS ORDERS 3-9

Table 9.9

&K9(x)

erKfa)

ePK^x)

e*K 5 (x)

e^K^x)

o.o
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

3)1.2153
2 1.8282
1)6.4573
1)3.2183

4)3.6520
3)2.7602
2)6.5506
2)2.4743

6)1.4620
4)5.5388
3)8.7987
3)2.5064

7)7.3138
6)1.3875
5)1.4730
4)3.1578

9)4.3897
7)4.1679
6)2.9548
5)4.7618

'11)3.0735
9)1.4602
7)6.9092
6)8.3647

1.9303
1.2984
9.4345
7.2438
5.7946

2)1.2024
1)6.8382
1)4.3280
1)2.9585
1)2.1426

9.8119
4.6886
2.5675
1.5517
1.0102

9.9322
3.9756
1.8772
9.9939
5.8265

1.2017
4.0225
1.6347
7.6506
3.9853

1.6923
4.7326
1.6535
6.7942
3.1580

2.7197
6.3504
9061
8707
8469

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

4.7836
4.0481
3.4948
3.0667
2.7276

1)1.6226
1)1.2731
1)1.0280
0)8.4989
0)7.1659

6.9687
5.0344
3.7762
2.9217
2.3202

2)3.6466
2)2.4157
2)1.6762
2)1.2087
1)9.0029

2.2576
1.3680
8.7586
5.8709
4.0904

1.6168
8.9469
5.2768
3.2821
2.1352

3160
6436
6055
0785
2610

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

2.4539
2.2290
2.0415
1.8833
1.7482

6.1432
5.3415
4.7013
4.1817
3.7541

1.8836
1.5583
1.3103
1.1176
9.6515

1)6.8929
1)5.4037
1)4.3240
1)3.5226
1)2.9153

2.9455
2.1822
1.6572
1.2860
1.0171

1.4435
1.0088
7.2560
5.3532
4.0388

3)7.9932
3)5.2620
3)3.5803
3)2.5078
3)1.8023

0)3.3976
0)3.0971
0)2.8412
0)2.6213
0)2.4309

0)8.4268
0) 7.4295
0)6.6072
0)5.9217
0)5.3445

2.4465
2.0786
1.7858
1.5495
1.3565

8.1821
6.6819
5.5310
4.6342
3.9258

3.1084
2.4352
1.9384
1.5654
1.2807

1.3252
9.9450
7.6019
5.9082
4.6615

2.2646
2.1186
1.9895
1.8746
1.7720

4.8540
4.4338
4.0711
3.7557
3.4798

1)1.1973
1)1.0645
0)9.5285
0)8.5813
0)7.7717

3.3589
2.9000
2.5245
2.2144
1.9559

1.0602
8.8721
7.4980
6.3942
5.4983

3.7285
3.0199
2.4741
2.0483
1.7124

0)1.6798
0)1.5967
0)1.5213
0)1.4528
0)1.3902

3.2370
3.0221
2.8311
2.6603
2.5071

0)7.0748
0)6.4711
0)5.9448
0)5.4835
5.0771

1)1.7387
1)1.5547
1)1.3978
1)1.2630
1 1.1467

4.7644
4.1577
3.6521
3.2275
2.8685

1.4444
1.2284
1.0528
9.0873
7.8960

8.4559
8.2145
7.9890
7.7778
7.5797

1.3329
1.2803
1.2318
1.1870
1.1455

2.3689
2.2440
2.1306
2.0273
1.9328

4.7171
4.3970
4.1110
3.8544
3.6235

1.0455
9.5723
8.7970
8.1132
7.5074

2.5628
3010
0754
8800
7098

6.9034
6.0705
5.3671
4.7692
4.2581

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

e*K7 (x)

e?K8 (x)

'

13)2.4593
10)5.8448
9)1.8454
8 1.6777

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

-1)9.9723
-1)9.6194
-1)9.2942
-1)8.9936
-1)8.7149

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

-1
-1

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

-1
-1

7.3935
7.2182
-l' 7.0527
r-i' 6.8963
-i 6.7483

0)1.1069
0)1.0710
0)1.0376
(
1.0062
(
(-1)9.7693

0)1.8463
0)1.7667
0)1.6934
0)1.6257
0)1.5629

3.4148
3.2256
3.0535
2.8966
2.7530

0)6.9684
0)6.4871
0)6.0556
0)5.6674
0)5.3170

5610
4301
3146
2123
1.1212

1)3.8188
1)3.4392
1)3.1096
1)2.8221
1)2.5702

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8

-1)6.6079
-1)6.4746
-1)6.3480
-1)6.2274
-1)6.1125

-1)9.4941
-1)9.2354
-1)8.9918
'-1)8.7620
-1)8.5449

0)1.5047
0)1.4505
0)1.4001
0)1.3529
0)1.3088

2.6213
2.5002
2.3886
2.2855
2.1900

4.9998
4.7117
4.4493
4.2098
3.9904

1)1.0399
0)9.6702
0)9.0153
0)8.4247
0) 7.8906

1)2.3486
1)2.1529
1)1.9794
1)1.8251
1)1.6873

10.0

(-1)6.0028

-1)8.3395

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5

-1'

-1
-1

-1)

5.7493

-1 5.5217
'-1 5.3161

:-i 5.1294
-i)

4.9591

4.8030
4.6593
4.5266
-l 4.4036
-1] 4.2892

(
(

-1)
-1

7.8717
7.4597

'-1 7.0942
-1
-1]

6.7680
6.4751

0)1.2674

0)2.1014

0)3.7891

0)7.4062

0)1.1747
0)1.0947
0)1.0251
-1)9.6415
-1)9.1031

1.9059
1.7411
1.6008
1.4803
1.3758

0)3.3529
0)2.9941
0)2.6956
0)2.4444
0)2.2310

0)6.3764
0)5.5518
0)4.8824
0)4.3321
0)3.8745

1)1.5639

13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

-i)

:-ii 6.2106

-i

5.9706
5.7519
-1 5.5517
!-i) 5.3678

-1)8.6249
-1)8.1974
-1)7.8133
-1)7.4666
-1)7.1520

0)1.2845
0)1.2043
0)1.1333
0)1.0701
0)1.0136

0)2.0482
0)1.8902
0)1.7527
0)1.6323
0)1.5261

0)3.4902
0)3.1645
0)2.8860
0)2.6461
0)2.4379

16.3439
15.6407
15.0510
14.5521
14.1265

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5

-i)

5.1982
5.0414
4.8959
-l 4.7605
-i) 4.6343

(-1)6.8656
(-1)6.6036
(-1)6.3633
(-1)6.1420
(-1)5.9376

9.6276
9.1686
8.7524
8.3734
8.0272

1.4319
1.3480
1.2729
1.2053
1.1442

0)2.2561
0)2.0964
0)1.9552
0)1.8299
0)1.7181

0)3.7608
0)3.4444
0)3.1689
2.9275
0)2.7150

18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

4.5162
4.4055
4.3015
4.2037
-i 4.1114

15.7483
15.5725
15.4087
15.2559
15.1130

7.7097
7.4176
7.1482
6.8990
-1)6.6679

0)1.0888
0)1.0384
-1)9.9234
-1 9.5015
'-1)9.1137

0)1.6178
0)1.5276
0)1.4460
0)1.3721
0)1.3048

12.5269
12.3595
12.2100
12.0759
11.9552

-l)

-i

-i

4.1826
4.0829
3.9895
3.9017
3.8191

-i)

-l!

3.7411
3.6674
3.5976
-l 3.5313
-l 3.4684

-ii

-1
-1

-i

-i
-i
-l
-l]

-i

-l

-l
-i

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS

X
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

10 9x-io/ lo(z)
0.26911 445
0.26935 920
0.27009 468
0.27132 457
0.27305 504

IOUx-h/uCt)

10-8.ri0'io(x)

10, 11,

20

425

AND

21

Table 9.10

1024,r -20/20 (T) l()26.r -21/21 (V)

10-22. c20^2

1.22324
1.22426
1.22733
1.23245
1.23965

748
724
125
366
820

1.85794
1.85588
1.84970
1.83947
1.82524

560
251
867
021
326

0.391990
0.392177
0.392738
0.393674
0.394988

0.933311
0.933736
0.935008
0.937136
0.940123

6.37771
6.37435
6.36429
6.34757
6.32424

0.27529
0.27805
0.28135
0.28519
0.28961

480
517
012
648
396

1.24897
1.26045
1.27414
1.29011
1.30843

831
740
918
798
932

1.80713
1.78527
1.75981
1.73095
1.69887

290
169
781
297
992

0.396684
0.398766
0.401239
0.404112
0.407392

0.943974
0.948703
0.954321
0.960843
0.968285

6.29437
6.25807
6.21545
6.16665
6.11184

2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

0.29462
0.30025
0.30653
0.31350
0.32118

538
682
784
170
565

1.32920
1.35250
1.37845
1.40718
1.43883

036
061
262
285
260

1.66381
1.62600
1.58569
1.54314
1.49861

982
944
822
529
645

0.411087
0.415209
0.419768
0.424778
0.430253

0.976669
0.986016
0.996351
1.007703
1.020101

6.05118
5.98488
5.91314
5.83620
5.75428

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

0.32963
0.33888
0.34899
0.36002
0.37203

121
455
681
459
039

1.47355
1.51153
1.55295
1.59803
1.64700

907
657
782
551
388

1.45238
1.40471
1.35587
1.30613
1.25574

126
020
192
075
432

0.436209
0.442662
0.449632
0.457139
0.465205

1.033581
1.048178
1.063935
1.080893
1.099102

5.66764
5.57655
5.48128
5.38210
5.27932

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

0.38508
0.39925
0.41464
0.43132
0.44940

316
889
125
237
362

1.70012
1.75766
1.81995
1.88733
1.96016

064
896
978
435
700

1.20496
1.15402
1.10314
1.05255
1.00243

150
052
736
442
944

0.473853
0.483111
0.493006
0.503569
0.514832

1.118613
1.139481
1.161768
1.185538
1.210861

5.17321
5.06408
4.95224
4.83797
4.72159

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

0.46899
0.49022
0.51322
0.53813
0.56513

655
387
061
536
169

2.03886
2.12388
2.21572
2.31490
2.42204

82
83
08
71
09

0.95298
0.90435
0.85670
0.81016
0.76484

465
626
405
129
483

0.526830
0.539601
0.553186
0.567630
0.582979

1.237813
1.266475
1.296933
1.329281
1.363622

4.60339
4.48367
4.36272
4.24084
4.11830

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

0.59438
0.62610
0.66050
0.69781
0.73832

965
759
400
972
033

2.53777
2.66282
2.79796
2.94406
3.10208

36
00
48
93
00

0.72085
0.67827
0.63718
0.59762
0.55964

532
767
161
235
137

0.599284
0.616599
0.634984
0.654501
0.675219

1.400061
1.438715
1.479709
1.523176
1.569259

3.99537
3.87234
3.74945
3.62695
3.50507

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

0.78229
0.83007
0.88201
0.93850
0.99998

881
854
663
764
773

3.27303
3.45808
3.65847
3.87560
4.11098

69

34
74
29
38

0.52326
0.48851
0.45539
0.42389
0.39401

729
672
529
854
295

0.697210
0.720554
0.745333
0.771639
0.799570

1.618113
1.669904
1.724808
1.783016
1.844734

3.38405
3.26411
3.14543
3.02821
2.91264

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

1.06693
1.13989
1.21945
1.30625
1.40103

936
641
007
534
829

4.36629
4.64339
4.94432
5.27132
5.62688

90
88
35
42
64

0.36571
0.33898
0.31377
0.29004
0.26776

690
159
202
783
418

0.829231
0.860735
0.894204
0.929769
0.967571

1.910180
1.979593
2.053225
2.131351
2.214264

2.79887
2.68705
2.57733
2.46983
2.36466

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8

1.50460
1.61784
1.74175
1.87744
2.02612

429
713
933
369
620

6.01375
6.43496
6.89386
7.39417
7.93999

48

0.24687
0.22732
0.20905
0.19202
0.17616

251
134
690
382
568

1.007764
1.050510
1.095988
1.144389
1.195919

2.302281
2.395741
2.495011
2.600488
2.712593

2.26193
2.16172
2.06411
1.96916
1.87692

0.0

2.18917 062

0.16142 553
)6
(

1.250800

2.831786
)9
(

1.78744
)8
(

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

2.0

31
57

36
51

8.53588 02
(

)6

2n

4 +1 (*) = -^ In (x)+In -

(x)

)4

2n
Kn+1 (x)=^Kn(x)+K
n -i(x)

Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bessel functions, Part II. FuncMathematical Tables, vol. X (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, Engtable for Bessel functions of integer orders and largs arguments. Royal
Fox,
A
short
land, 1952) and L.
Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954) (with
tions of positive integer order,

permission).

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

426

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS

Table 9.10

10, 11

K^^OJ^)

AND

20

21

10- i2xK 2 o(x)

x
e Kw(x,
35.55633
32.60759
29.98423
27.64297
25.54714

91
68
91
29
23

1.25080
1.30927
1.37160
1.43806
1.50895

2.83179
2.95856
3.09345
3.23703
3.38992

1.787443
1.700753
1.616873
1.535814
1.457578

39013
15309
12768
31298
70766

23.66558
21.97172
20.44277
19.05917
17.80405

79
20
46
72
56

1.58462
1.66540
1.75169
1.84390
1.94249

3.55278
3.72634
3.91139
4.10876
4.31937

1.382160
1.309546
1.239714
1.172637
1.108279

0.00085
0.00091
0.00097
0.00103
0.00109

31003
11805
12937
34132
75097

16.66281
15.62277
14.67293
13.80364
13.00649

24
97
16
34

2.04795
2.16080
2.28162
2.41105
2.54975

4.54421
4.78434
5.04093
5.31521
5.60856

1.046601
0.987556
0.931095
0.877164
0.825703

31086
22347
33415
63375
11314

0.00116
0.00123
0.00130
0.00137
0.00144

35512
15035
13301
29926
64509

12.27407
11.59989
10.97821
10.40394
9.87258

2.69846
2.85799
3.02921
3.21306
3.41058

5.92244
6.25845
6.61832
7.00393
7.41731

0.776652
0.729947
0.685520
0.643305
0.603230

0.00309
0.00322
0.00335
0.00348
0.00361

76327
57518
53999
64894
89341

0.00152
0.00159
0.00167
0.00175
0.00183

16634
85870
71776
73898
91776

9.38015
8.92308
8.49819
8.10265
7.73392

52

3.62289
3.85121
4.09686
4.36131
4.64613

7.86068
8.33644
8.84722
9.39585
9.98543

0.565225
0.529218
0.495137
0.462910
0.432464

15.0
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8

0.00375
0.00388
0.00402
0.00416
0.00429

26491
75510
35583
05908
85705

0.00192
0.00200
0.00209
0.00218
0.00227

24942
72921
35235
11403
00942

7.38971
7.06797
6.76684
6.48467
6.21995

31
04
87
94

46

4.95305
5.28394
5.64087
6.02608
6.44202

10.61932
11.30119
12.03503
12.82520
13.67643

0.403728
0.376630
0.351101
0.327070
0.304470

16.0
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8

0.00443
0.00457
0.00471
0.00485
0.00500

74209
70675
74378
84612
00690

0.00236
0.00245
0.00254
0.00263
0.00273

03366
18192
44936
83118
32259

5.97130
5.73750
5.51741
5.31001
5.11438

87
35
43
78
19

6.89137
7.37705
7.90228
8.47055
9.08571

14.59389
15.58322
16.65059
17.80271
19.04691

0.283235
0.263299
0.244598
0.227071
0.210658

17.0
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8

0.00514
0.00528
0.00542
0.00557
0.00571

21947
47735
77427
10418
46119

0.00282
0.00292
0.00302
0.00312
0.00322

91884
61523
40709
28982
25887

4.92965
4.75506
4.58989
4.43349
4.28527

63
40
42
60
20

9.75197
10.47392
11.25663
12.10562
13.02697

20.39124
21.84444
23.41611
25.11674
26.95781

0.195301
0.180944
0.167532
0.155012
0.143336

18.0
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8

0.00585
0.00600
0.00614
0.00629
0.00643

83964
23403
63909
04971
46098

0.00332
0.00342
0.00352
0.00362
0.00373

30977
43808
63948
90969
24450

4.14467
4.01119
3.88437
3.76378
3.64903

40
75
85
89
41

14.02734
15.11406
16.29515
17.57946
18.97668

28.95188
31.11272
33.45541
35.99648
38.75407

0.132454
0.122321
0.112891
0.104124
0.095978

19.0
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8

0.00657
0.00672
0.00686
0.00701
0.00715

86817
26672
65226
02059
36768

0.00383
0.00394
0.00404
0.00415
0.00425

63982
09161
59590
14885
74667

3.53974
3.43559
3.33626
3.24146
3.15093

93
74
62
65
00

20.49749
22.15363
23.95803
25.92489
28.06989

41.74804
45.00024
48.53460
52.37745
56.55768

0.088414
0.081397
0.074892
0.068865
0.063285

20.0

0.00729 68965
4
(
-.
[
]

3.06440 75

30.41029

61.10706

0.058124

e~ x I] i(s)
0.00038 75284
0.00042 45861
0.00046 37417
0.00050 50080
0.00054 83934

10.0
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8

e~ x I 10 (a;)
0.00099 38819
0.00107 29935
0.00115 52835
0.00124 06973
0.00132 91744

11.0
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8

0.00142
0.00151
0,00161
0.00171
0.00181

06490
50508
23051
23339
50559

0.00059
0.00064
0.00069
0.00074
0.00079

12.0
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8

0.00192
0.00202
0.00213
0.00225
0.00236

03870
82412
85303
11650
60548

13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8

0.00248
0.00260
0.00272
0.00284
0.00297

14.0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8

0.00436 38567
3

['"a' ]

01

71

74
07
07
79

36
79
95
53

-| )4
]

- 2)2
5

1026a;-2i/ 21 (x)

-?

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

111

427

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONSAUXILIARY TABLE FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

ar-i

II

In [x2e-*I l0 (x) ] In [x*e-*In

In [n-ia^JTiofr) ] In [x?e-xI2 o(x) ] In |>2 e -*/21 (,r ]

)
-3.93653 292
1.47299 048
-10.434749
-11.346341
(x) ]

Table 9.10

t ix 2 e*K2o(x) ]
In [

<x>
20
20
21

0.050
0.049
0.048
0.047
0.046

-3.42244
-3.37318
-3.32386
-3.27447
-3.22501

002
689
306
055
139

-3.87762
-3.81861
-3.75949
-3.70026

888
524
454
938

1.42771
1.38232
1.33681
1.29118

939
785
644
575

-10.263511
-10.091302
- 9.918126
- 9.743983

-11.160467
-10.973471
-10.785351
-10.596108

8.250182
8.088946
7.926737
7.763551
7.599386

0.045
0.044
0.043
0.042
0.041

-3.17548
-3.12590
-3.07625
-3.02655
-2.97678

766
147
496
033
979

-3.64094
-3.58151
-3.52199
-3.46237
-3.40267

242
639
408
835
211

1.24543
1.19956
1.15358
1.10748
1.06126

642
910
449
332
635

- 9.568876

9.392809
9.215785
9.037810
8.858889

-10.405744
-10.214259
-10.021658
- 9.827944
- 9.633121

7.434240
7.268110
7.100994
6.932893
6.763806

23
23
24
24

0.040
0.039
0.038
0.037
0.036

-2.92697
-2.87711
-2.82719
-2.77723
-2.72722

559
002
539
405
837

-3.34287
-3.28300
-3.22304
-3.16300
-3.10288

833
006
039
246
949

1.01493
0.96848
0.92192
0.87525
0.82847

437
822
874
686
349

- 8.679029
- 8.498236

- 9.437195
- 9.240173

6.593733
6.422673
6.250630
6.077603
5.903597

25
26
26
27
28

0.035
0.034
0.033
0.032
0.031

-2.67718
-2.62709
-2.57696
-2.52681
-2.47661

076
365
948
074
992

-3.04270
-2.98245
-2.92213
-2.86175
-2.80131

472
146
308
298
461

0.78157
0.73457
0.68746
0.64024
0.59291

961

5.728614
5.552659
5.375732
5.197843
5.018998

29
29
30
31

0.030
0.029
0.028
0.027
0.026

-2.42639
-2.37615
-2.32588
-2.27558
-2.22527

955
216
032
659
356

-2.74082
-2.68027
-2.61968
-2.55904
-2.49837

147
709
504
894
243

0.54548
0.49795
0.45031
0.40257
0.35474

920
475
764
915
059

4.839203
4.658466
4.476796
4.294202
4.110696

33

0.025
0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021

-2.17494
-2.12460
-2.07424
-2.02388
-1.97351

384
002
475
063
031

-2.43765
-2.37691
-2.31613
-2.25533
-2.19451

918
291
733
620
329

0.30680
0.25876
0.21063
0.16241
0.11409

331
871
822
332
551

0.020
0.019
0.018
0.017
0.016

-1.92313
-1.87276
-1.82238
-1.77201
-1.72165

643
162
853
979
806

-2.13367
-2.07281
-2.01195
-1.95107
-1.89020

239
731
186
986
514

0.06568
+0.01718
-0.03139
-0.08007
-0.12883

624
441
520
975

- 8.316519

- 9.042063

- 8.133888
- 7.950352

- 8.842873
- 8.642612

7.765923
7.580613
7.394434
7.207403
7.019533

- 8.441293
- 8.238927

- 6.830842
- 6.641348

- 7.419294

- 8.035529
- 7.831113
- 7.625695

- 6.260027
- 6.068243

- 7.211929
- 7.003620
- 6.794389
- 6.584261

- 5.875738
- 5.682539

- 6.373261
- 6.161416

- 5.488669
- 5.294155
- 5.099025

- 5.948754

636
745
959
306
128

- 6.451070

- 4.903309
- 4.707035
- 4.510235
- 4.312943
- 4.115190

- 5.306177
- 5.090565
- 4.874302
- 4.657427
- 4.439978

2.991233
2.801730
2.611440
2.420383
2.228582

50
53
56
59

- 4.221995
- 4.003521
- 3.784599
- 3.565272
- 3.345586

2.036059
1.842840
1.648949
1.454415
1.259264

67

- 3.125587
- 2.905322
- 2.684838

1.063526
0.867231
0.670412
0.473099
0.275328

100
111
125
143
167
200
250
333
500
1000

595
610
113
365
626

-1.82933
-1.76846
-1.70760
-1.64675
-1.58592

153
286
295
564
472

-0.17767
-0.22659
-0.27559
-0.32467
-0.37383

247
485
659
581
061

0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006

-1.41978
-1.36954
-1.31933
-1.26914
-1.21900

154
207
040
908
063

-1.52511
-1.46432
-1.40356
-1.34284
-1.28214

400
725
824
072
841

-0.42305
-0.47235
-0.52172
-0.57116
-0.62066

904
911
881
608
881

- 2.921004
- 2.721043
- 2.520921
- 2.320676
- 2.120350

0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001

-1.16888
-1.11881
-1.06877
-1.01878
-0.96883

754
229
735
514
808

-1.22149
-1.16088
-1.10031
-1.03980
-0.97934

499
414
949
463
314

-0.67023
-0.71986
-0.76954
-0.81929
-0.86908

489
215
839
138
886

- 1.919982
- 1.719613

- 2.022558
- 1.801685

- 1.519284

- 1.319036

- 1.580838
- 1.360065

- 1.118907

- 1.139416

+0.077133
-0.121451
-0.320388
-0.519640
-0.719170

0.000

-0.91893
07J OJJ
853

-0.91893
853
-U,7J

- 0.918939

- 0.918939

-0.918939

t]

<t

<x>=nearest

34
36
37
38

- 5.735305
- 5.521102

-1.67130
-1.62096
-1.57064
-1.52033
-1.47004

32

40

0.015
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.011

-U,7i07^ OJJ

22

3.926290
3.740995
3.554826
3.367799
3.179929

- 3.917011
- 3.718443
- 3.519520
- 3.320281
- 3.120763

-(-6)9

21
22

- 2.464184
- 2.243408

[
]
integer to x.

42
43
45
48

63

71

77
83
91

T]

Royal
Compiled from L. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments.
Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954) (with
permission).

428

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONSVARIOUS ORDERS

Table 9.11

1
2

/n(D
0)1.26606 5878
5.65159 1040
1.35747 6698
2.21684 2492
2.73712 0221

2.27958
1.59063
6.88948
2.12739
5.07285

5302
6855
4477
9592
6998

2.72398
2.43356
1.75056
1.03311
5.10823

7182
4214
1497
5017
4764

7(2)

7(5)

6
7
8
9

4)2.71463
5)2.24886
6)1.59921
8)9.96062
9)5.51838

1560
6148
8231
4033
5863

3)9.82567
3)1.60017
4)2.24639
5)2.76993
6)3.04418

9323
3364
1420
6951
5903

2.15797
7.92285
2.56488
7.41166
1.93157

4547
6690
9417
3216
1882

10
11
12
13
14

10)2.75294
11)1.24897
13)5.19576
14)1.99563
16)7.11879

8040
8308
1153
1678
0054

7)3.01696
8)2.72220
9)2.25413
10)1.72451
11)1.22598

3879
2336
0978
6264
3451

3)4.58004
4)9.95541
4)1.99663
5)3.71568
6)6.44800

4419
1401
4027
0720
5272

15
16
17
18
19

17)2.37046
19)7.40090
20)2.17495
22) 6. 03714
23)1.58767

3051
0286
9747
4636
8369

- 13)8.13943 2531
- 14)5.06857 1401
- 15)2.97182 8970

6)1.04797
7)1.60139
8)2.30866
9)3.14983
10)4.07841

7675
2190
7371
7806
5017

20
30
40
50

((((-

25)3.96683
42)3.53950
60)1.12150
80)2.93463

5986
0588
9741
5309

11)5.02423
21)3.99784
32)1.18042
45)2.93146

9358
4971
6980
9647

100

(-189)8.47367 4008

n
1

2
3

6628
8304
8968
0717
0538

2)7.77188
2)4.49302
2)2.38025
2)1.16066
1)5.23192

2864
2514
5848
4327
9250

1)2.18917
0)8.53588
0)3.11276
0)1.06523
- 1)3.43164

0616
0176
9776
2713
7223

7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

20
30
40
50

100

[-

((((-

'I

1)1.04371 4907

- 2)3.00502 5016
- 3)8.21069 0206
- 3)2.13390 3457

'

I.

'

|\

<

- 4)1.25079 9736

-12)7.78756 9783
-20)2.04212 3274
[-30)4.75689 4561

<

(-88)1.08234 4202

0576
9664
9192
2830

19)4.31056
33)3.89351
48)1.25586
65)3.35304

((((-

(-119)7.09355 1489

/n(100)

7(50)
I

;- 4)5.28637 7589

16)1.64621 5204
18)8.64160 3385

(-158)1.08217 1475

7(10)

3)2.81571
3)2.67098
3)2.28151
3)1.75838
3)1.22649

'

5
6

'-

20)2.93255
20)2.90307
20)2.81643
20)2.67776
20)2.49509

378
859
064
414
894

20)2.27854
20)2.03938
20)1.78909
20)1.53844
20)1.29679

928
488
272

20)1.07159
19)8.68154
19)6.89609
19)5.37141
19)4-10295

716
347
247
909
454

19)3.07376
19)2.25869
19)1.62819
19)1.15152
18)7.99104

455
581
923
033
593

18)5.44200
16)4.27499
13)6.00717
+10)1.76508

840
365
897
024

831

321

(-16)2.72788 795

42)1.07375
42) 1.06836
42)1.05238
42)1.02627
'41)9.90807

171
939
432
402
878

41)9.47009
41)8.96106
41) 8. 39476
41)7.78580
41)7.14903

387
940
555
222
719

41)6.49897
41)5.84924
41)5.21214
41)4.59832
41)4.01657

552
209
227
794
700

41)3.47368
41)2.97447
41)2.52185
41)2.11704
41)1.75972

638
109
563
017
117

41)1.44834
40)1.20615
38)3.84170
36)4.82195

613
487
550
809

|
'
I

(21)4.64153 494

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

429

MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONSVARIOUS ORDERS

Kn {\)

Kn (2)

1)4.21024
1)6.01907
0)1.62483
0)7.10126
1)4.42324

4382
2302
8899
2825
1585

-1)1.13893
-1)1.39865
-1)2.53759
-16. 47385

2)3.60960
3)3.65383
4)4.42070
5)6.22552
7)1.00050

5896
8312
2033
1230
4099

9.43104
4.93511
3.05538
2.18811
1.78104

9101
6143
0177
7285
7630

14

8)1.80713
9)3.62427
10)7.99146
12)1.92157
13)5.00409

2899
0839
7175
6393
0088

5)1.62482
6)1.64263
7)1.82314
8)2.20420
9)2.88369

4040
4516
6208
1795
3795

15
16
17
18
19

15)1.40306
16)4.21420
18)1.34994
19)4.59403
21)1.65520

6801
4494
8505
9121
4032

10)4.05921
11)6.11765
12)9.82884
14)1.67702
15)3.02846

3332
6935
3230
1006
6654

22)6.29436
39)4.70614
58)1.11422
77)3.40689

9360
5527
0651
6854

16)5.77085
30)4.27112
45)9.94083
62)2.97998

6853
5755
9886
1740

3
4
5

6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13

20
30
40
50

100

(
(

(185)5.90033 3184

6232
7345
1701
0026
3716

1
2
3

4
5

-5)5.75418
-5)9.54032
-4)1.72025
-4 3. 36239
-4)7.10008

4999
8715
7946
3995
8338

8
9

10
11
12
13
14

-3)1.61425
-3)3.93851
-2)1.02789
-2)2.86081
'-2)8.46600

5300
9435
9806
1477
9646

15
16
17
18
19

-1)2.65656
-1)8.81629
0)3.08686
1)1.13769
1)4.40440

3849
2510
9988
8721
2395

20
30
40
50

2)1.78744
9)2.03024
,17) 5. 93822
!27)2. 06137

2782
7813
4681
3775

100

(
1

(
t

'

'
1

(85)4.59667 4084

3.69109
4.04461
5.30894
8.29176
1.52590

774
222
183
677
424

'-23)4.36718
-23)4.86872
-23)5.53567
-23)6.41870
[-23)7.58966

224
069

-23)9.15098
-22)1.12500
-22 1.41010
1-22)1.80185
-22)2.34706

819
576
135

'-22)3.11621
-22)4.21679
-22)5.81495
-22)8.17096
-21)1.16980

117
235
828
398
523

-21)1.70614
-19)2.00581
-16)1.29986
-13)4.00601

838
681
971
347

521
975
233

441
565

(+13)1.63940 352

1323
1455
4206
7891

0)9.75856 2829

14. 15465 2921

2)1.92563 2913
2)9.65850 3277
3)5.21498 4995
4)3 01697 6630
5)1 86233 5828
6)1 22206 4696
6)8.49627 3517
7)6.23952 3402
(

8)4.82700
18)4.11213
30)1.05075
42)3.39432

0521
2063
6722
2243

(115)7.03986 0193

K n (b0)
'-23)3.41016
-23)3.44410
-23)3.54793
-23)3.72793
-23)3.99528

8334
3445
3712
8415
6581

2)3.27062 7371
-2)8.06716
-1)2.26318
-17. 14362
0)2.51227

(155)4.61941 5978

Kn(10)

-5)1.77800
-5)1.86487
-5)2.15098
-5)2.72527
-5)3.78614

<

Kn (5)

8728
8818
7546
3909
0)2.19591 5927

Table 9.11

<

<

<

Kn(l00)
823
373
530

'-45)4.65662
-45)4.67985
-45)4.75022
-45)4.86986
'-45)5.04241

274
707

-45)5.27325
-45)5.56974
-45)5.94162
-45)6.40157
-45)6.96587

611
268
523
021
646

-45)7.65542
-45)8.49696
'-45)9.52475
-44)1.07829
-44)1.23283

797
206
963
044
148

-44)1.42348
-44)1.65987
-44)1.95464
-44)2.32445
-44)2.79144

325
645
371
531
763

-44)3.38520
-43)3.97060
-41)1.20842
-40)9.27452

541
205
080
265

(-25)7.61712 963

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

430

KELVIN FUNCTIONSORDERS

Table 9.12

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

ber x
1.00000 00000
0.99999 84375
0.99997 50000
0.99987 34379
0.99960 00044

AND

beri x

bei x

beii x

0.00000
0.00249
0.00999
0.02249
0.03999

00000
99996
99722
96836
82222

0.00000
-0.03539
-0.07106
-0.10725
-0.14423

00000
95148
36418
47768
08645

0.00000
0.03531
0.07035
0.10486
0.13857

00000
11265
65360
83082
41359

0.99902
0.99797
0.99624
0.99360
0.98975

34640
51139
88284
11377
13567

0.

06249
0.08997
0.12244
0.15988
0.20226

32184
97504
89390
62295
93635

-0.18224
-0.22153
-0.26233
-0.30485
-0. 34931

31238
37177
33470
87511
01000

17119
20244
23202
25962
28491

51797
39824
24623
00070
16898

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.98438
0.97713
0.96762
0.95542
0.94007

17812
79732
91558
87468
50567

0.24956
0.30173
0. 35870
0.42040
0.48673

60400
12692
44199
59656
39336

39586
44469
49591
54964
60594

82610
19268
45913
13636
56099

0.30755
0.32719
0.34345
0.35593
0.36421

66314
65305
43903
34649
64560

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.92107
0.89789
0.86997
0.83672
0.79752

21835
11386
12370
17942
41670

0.55756
0.63272
0.71203
0.79526
0.88212

00623
56770
72924
19548
23406

-0.66486
-0.72639
-0.79050
-0.85709
-0.92601

54180
98786
51846
05470
39357

0.36786
0.36641
0.35939
0.34630
0.32660

49890
93986
88584
18876
72722

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.75173
0.69868
0.63769
0.56804
0.48904

41827
50014
04571
89261
77721

0.97229
1.06538
1.16096
1.25852
1.35748

16273
81608
99438
89751
54765

-0.99707
-1.07002
-1.14452
-1.22020
-1.29657

76519
37462
92997
15903
31717

0.29977
0.26525
0.22246
0.17082
0.10976

54370
03092
17120
83322
13027

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.39996
0.30009
0.18870
+0.06511
-0.07136

84171
20903
63040
21084
78258

1.45718
1.55687
1.65574
1.75285
1.84717

20442
77737
24073
05638
61157

-1.37309
-1.44914
-1.52398
-1.59680
-1.66670

68976
09315
37854
94413
26139

h0.

03866
-0.04304
-0.13594
-0.24062
-0.35762

84440
07916
96285
74875
26713

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.22138
-0.38553
-0.56437
-0.75840
-0.96803

02496
14550
64305
70121
89953

1.93758
2.02283
2.10157
2.17231
2.23344

67853
90420
33881
01315
57503

73264
79350
84805
89492
93265

42211
71373
23125
53482
36306

-0.48745
-0.63060
-0.78750
-0.95851
-1.14396

41770
25952
00586
92089
11510

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-1.19359
-1.43530
-1.69325
-1.96742
-2.25759

81796
53217
99843
32727
94661

2.28324
2.31986
2.34129
2.34543
2.33002

99669
36548
77145
30614
18823

-1.95964
-1.97418
-1.97443
-1.95842
-1.92410

41313
19924
00262
92665
07174

-1.34404
-1.55888
-1.78847
-2.03271
-2.29130

23731
06139
96677
31257
70630

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-2.56341
-2.88430
-3.21947
-3. 56791
-3.92830

65573
57320
98323
08628
66215

2.29269
2.23094
2.14216
2.02364
1.87256

03227
27803
79867
70694
37958

-1.86924
-1.79156
-1.68863
-1.55794
-1.39689

84590
42730
39648
55649
95997

-2.56382
-2.84963
-3.14790
-3.45759
-3.77737

16886
19932
74393
07560
59182

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-4.29908
-4.67835
-5.06388
-5.45307
-5.84294

65516
69372
55867
61749
24419

1.68601
1.46103
1.19460
0.88365
0.52514

72036
68359
07968
68537
68109

-1.20282
-0.97297
-0.70458
-0.39486
-0.04099

16315
72697
98649
10961
46681

-4.10568
-4.44064
-4.78006
-5.12141
-5.46179

54084
68813
93721
92170
58790

5.0

-6.23008 24787

0.11603 43816

-5.79790 79018

+0. 35977 66668

[(-3)2]

[(,-3)6]

KELVIN FUNCTIONS AUXILIARY TABLE FOR SMALL ARGUMENTS

ker +ber
0.11593
0.11789
0.12374
0.13339
0.14669
.*

0.5

>'

In

<

1516
2485
5076
8210
9682

0.16343 5574
(-4)5-1
6

kei r+bei

-0.78539
-0.78260
-0.77421
-0.76019
-0.74045

In

j-

8163
7108
9267
0919
0212

-0.71489 8693
"(-4)8-1

r(ken .r+ben x In
-0.70710 6781
-0.70651 7131
-0.70486 2164
-0.70248 3157
-0. 69994 6658
-0.69804 1049
"(-4)11
1

.)

(keii

r+beii x In

-0.70710
-0.70215
-0.68733
-0.66272
-0. 62851

>)

6781
4903
0339
8003
1738

-0.58492 2770

8
[<['I' ]
7 ]
['I' ]
[
Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the Bessel functions ./o(c) and J\(-) for complex
arguments, 2d ed. (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1947) and National Bureau of Standards,
Tables of the Bessel functions Fo(z) and i'i(r) for complex arguments (Columbia Univ. Press, New York,

N.Y., 1950) (with permission).

-f]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

KELVIN FUNCTIONSORDERS
X
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

ker x

kei x

AND
ker t

431
Table 9.12

kei, x

1711
3342
2357
4050

OO
-6.94024
-3.32341
-2.08283
-1.44430

2153
7218
4751
5150

-1.52240
-1.27611
-1.09407
-0.95203
-0.83672

3406
7712
2943
2751
7829

-1.05118
-0.78373
-0.59017
-0.44426
-0.33122

2085
8860
5251
9985
6820

4636
9528
3604
1826
4781

-0.74032
-0.65791
-0.58627
-0.52321
-0.46718

2276
0729
4386
5989
3076

-0.24199
-0.17068
-0.11325
-0.06683
-0.02928

5966
4462
6800
2622
3749

-0.33139
-0.30256
-0.27522
-0.24941
-0.22514

5562
5474
8834
7069
2235

-0.41704
-0.37195
-0.33125
-0.29442
-0.26105

4285
1238
0485
5803
9495

+0.00100
0.02530
0.04461
0.05974
0.07137

8681
6776
5190
7779
3592

4514
6500
8834
0454
3493

-0.20240
-0.18117
-0.16143
-0.14313
-0.12624

0068
2644
0701
5677
1488

-0.23080
-0.20337
-0.17850
-0.15599
-0.13563

5929
3135
9812
6054
6638

0.08004
0.08624
0.09035
0.09271
0.09361

9398
3202
1619
2940
7161

-0.06968
-0.07082
-0.07097
-0.07029
-0.06893

7972
5700
3560
6321
9052

-0.11069
-0.09644
-0.08342
-0.07157
-0.06082

6099
2891
1858
0648
5473

-0.11725
-0.10069
-0.08580
-0.07246
-0.06052

6136
5314
8451
1339
9755

0.09331
0.09201
0.08991
0.08716
0.08391

3788
8037
5810
7762
2666

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.06702
-0.06467
-0.06198
-0.05903
-0.05589

9233
8610
4833
2916
6550

-0.05112
-0.04239
-0.03458
-0.02761
-0.02144

1884
5446
2313
9697
6287

-0.04989
-0.04045
-0.03211
-0. 02476
-0.01832

8308
9533
3183
5662
9556

0.08027
0.07634
0.07222
0.06797
0.06367

0223
3451
0724
7529
7999

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.05263
-0.04931
-0.04597
-0.04264
-0.03937

9277
5556
1723
6864
3608

-0.01600
-0.01123
-0.00707
-0.00348
-0.00041

2568
1096
6704
6665
0809

-0.01272
-0.00787
-0.00370
-0.00014
+0.00285

3249
0585
0576
7138
1155

0.05937
0.05511
0.05093
0.04687
0. 04294

6256
7592
9514
2681
1728

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-0.03617
-0.03308
-0. 03010
-0.02726
-0.02455

8848
4395
7574
1764
6892

+0.00219
0. 00438
0.00619
0.00766
0.00882

8399
5818
3613
1269
5624

0.00535
0.00740
0.00906
0.01037
0.01136

1296
6063
4226
0752
6998

0.

03916
0.03556
0.03213
0.02889
0.02585

6011
0272
5235
8142
3229

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-0.02199
-0.01959
-0.01734
-0.01524
-0.01330

9875
5024
4409
8188
4899

0.00972
0.01037
0.01082
0.01109
0.01120

0918
8865
8725
7399
9526

0.01209
0.01257
0.01285
0.01296
0.01291

0904
7182
7498
0651
2753

0.02300
0.02034
0.01787
0. 01559
0.01349

2160
4409
7607
7847
9960

5.0

-0.01151 1727

8163
0646
4933
1912
0212

2.42047 3980
1.73314 2752
1..33721 8637
1. 06262 3902

-0.78539
-0.77685
-0.75812
-0.73310
-0.70380

-7.14668
-3.63868
-2.47074
-1.88202

0.85590
0.69312
0.56137
0.45288
0.36251

5872
0695
8274
2093
4812

-0.67158
-0.63744
-0.60217
-0.56636
-0.53051

1695
9494
5451
7650
1122

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.28670
0.22284
0.16894
0.12345
0.08512

6208
4513
5592
5395
6048

-0.49499
-0.46012
-0.42616
-0.39329
-0.36166

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.05293
0.02602
+0.00369
-0.01469
-0.02966

4915
9861
1104
6087
1407

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3

2.4

-0.04166
-0.05110
-0.05833
-0.06367
-0.06737

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

00

QO

0.01273 7390

0.01118 7587

0.01157 7754

KELVIN FUNCTIONSAUXILIARY TABLE FOR SMALL ARGUMENTS

ker x+ber x In x
0.16343 5574
0.18332 9435
0.20604 1279
0.23116 6407
0.25823 4099

kei r+bei x In x

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.0

0.28670 6208

-0.49499 4636

-0.71489
-0.68341
-0.64584
-0.60204
-0.55182

8693
3456
9920
5231
2327

.!

(ken r+ben x In
-0.69804 1049
-0.69777 1567
-0.70035 3648
-0.70720 4389
-0.71993 1903
-0.74032 2276
{

T]

b) .i'(keii

.r+beii x In

-0.58492
-0.53229
-0.47105
-0.40176
-0.32512

2770
1460
2294
2012
0736

-0.24199 5966

.t)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

432

KELVIN FUNCTIONS MODULUS AND PHASE

Table 9.12
ber

x-- =

J/

(.f)

cos

ben

oW

bei ,v=J/o(t) sin

=Mi(x) COS

l(.i:)

beii

(x)
e (x)

--

(x)

sin

h (x)

*(*)

0.8

ar (*)
1.000000
1.000025
1. 000400
1.002023
1.006383

0.000000
0.010000
0.039993
0.089919
0.159548

0.000000
0.100000
0.200013
0.300101
0.400427

2.356194
2. 361194
2.376194
2.401189
2.436166

1.

1.

1.8

015525
1.031976
1.058608
1. 098431
1.154359

0. 248294
0.354999
0.477755
0.613860
0.759999

0.501301
0.603235
0. 706982
0. 813585
0. 924407

2.481086
2.535872
2.600386
2. 674406
2. 757605

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

1.229006
1.324576
1. 442891
1.585536
1.754059

0.912639
068511
1.225011
1. 380379
1. 533667

1.

041167
1.165949
1.301211
1.449780
1. 614838

2.

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

1.950193
2.176036
2.434210
2. 727979
3. 061341

799908
008844
2.245840
2. 515453
2. 822653

3.415839
3. 544415
3. 676044
3. 809981
3. 945601

4.0
4.2
4.4

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.

1.2
1.4
1. 6

J/l(.r)

1.

849536
949617
057139
3.171285
3.291160
2.
3.

1.

684559
833156
1. 979784
2.124854
2. 268771

1.

1.

2.

3.439118
3.867032
4.351791
4. 901189
5.524209

2.411887
2. 554483
2. 696771
2. 838893
2. 980942

3.

172896
3.572227
4. 027393
4.545990
5. 136619

4.

6.231163
7. 033841
7.945700
8. 982083
10.160473

3.122970
3.265002
3. 407044
3. 549094
3. 691142

5.809060
6. 574474
7.445618
8. 437083
9. 565568

4.

11.500794
13.025757
14.761257
16.736836
18.986208

3.

6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

833179
3.975197
4.117190
4.259152
4.401083

10.850182
12.312791
13. 978402
15.875614
18.037122

5. 470772
5.610390
5.750117
5. 889950
6. 029884

7.0

21.

547863

4.

542982

20.500302

6.

4. 6

4.8
5.0
5.2
5.

5.6
5.8
6.

[<-!>*]

[<f

774362
4.913417
5. 052589
5. 191872
5.331267

T]

082407
4.220023
4. 358179
4. 496691
4. 635441

169913

['I"]

KELVIN FUNCTIONSMODULUS AND PHASE FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

xh- x I^M

0(.r)-(.r/V2)

xie-^Miix)

i(*)-(*/V2)

<<>

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

0.40418
0.40383
0. 40349
0.40315
0.40281

-0.40758
-0. 40644
-0.40534
-0.40427
-0.40323

0.38359
0. 38457
0. 38556
0. 38655
0. 38755

22254
1.21922
1.21598
1.21280
1.20968

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

0.40246
0.40211
0.40176
0.40141
0.40106

-0. 40221

0.

-0.40119
-0. 40019
-0. 39921
-0.39824

0.

38856
38957
39060
39162
39266

1.20660
1.20356
1.20057
1.19762
1.19471

10
11

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

0.40071
0.40035
0.40000
0. 39965
0. 39930

39728
39634
39541
39449
-0.39359

0.

39369
39474
0.39578
0. 39683
0. 39789

1.19184
1. 18901
1.18622
1.18348
1.18077

50
100

1.17810

CO

.1-1

0.00

m
0.39894

(x)

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

-0.39270

[<f]

0.
0.

0.

0.

m
0.

39894

<.i>=nearest integer to

x.

1.

['I'

8
8
9

13
14
17
20
25
33

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

433

KELVIN FUNCTIONSMODULUS AND PHASE

ker

x=Nq (x)

kei

x=Nq (x)

Nq (x)

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6

sin

t>o

cos

<t>\

Table 9.12

(x)

kei x x =2^1

(x)

N\

0o (x)

1.891702
1.274560
0.941678
0. 725172

0.000000
-0.412350
-0.584989
-0.743582
-0. 896284

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

0.572032
0.458430
0.371548
0.303683
0.249850

045803
-1.193368
-1. 339631
-1. 484977
-1. 629650

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

0.206644
0.171649
0.143095
0.119656
0.100319

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6

0.

=Ni (x)

ker! x

cos #o (x)

sin

(x)

(x)

<t>\

(x)

(.r)

-2.356194
-2. 401447
-2.487035
-2. 590827
-2. 704976

oo
ao

4.927993
2.372347
1. 497572
1.050591
778870
597114
0.468100
0.372811
0.300427

-2.

-1. 773813
-1.917579
-2. 061029
-2.204225
-2. 347212

0. 244293
0.200073
0.164807
0.136407
0.113353

-3.

3.8

0.084299
0. 070979
0. 059870
0. 050578
0. 042789

-2.490025
-2. 632692
-2.775236
-2. 917672
-3.060017

0.094515
0. 079039
0. 066264
0.055677
0. 046873

-4.156217
-4. 293990
-4.432118
-4.570551
-4.709250

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

0.036246
0.030738
0. 026095
0. 022174
0. 018859

-3.
-3.

202283
344478
-3.486612
-3. 628692
-3.770724

0.039530
0. 033389
0.028242
0.023918
0. 020280

848179
987312
-5.126623
-5. 266093
-5.405705

5.0
5.2
5,4
5.6
5.8

0.016052
0. 013674
0.011656
0. 009942
0. 008485

-3.912712
-4. 054662
-4. 196576
-4. 338460
-4.480314

0.017213
0. 014624
0.012435
0. 010583
0. 009013

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

0.007246
0.006191
0. 005292
0.004526
0. 003872

-4.

-5.
-5.

622142
763947
905730
047493
189238

7.0

0.

003315

-5.

330966

-1.

-4.
-4.

825662
-2.950763
-3. 078993
-3.209526
-3. 341804

0.

0.

475437
-3.610143
-3. 745715
-3. 881994
-4. 018860

-4.
-4.

545443
685295
5. 825250
5.965298
6.105430
5.

5.

245638
385917
526260
666662
807119

0.007682
006551
0.005590
0. 004773
0.004077

0.

003485

0.

-6.

947625

KELVIN FUNCTIONSMODULUS AND PHASE FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

l

0o(.t)

+ (z/V2)

'e

I^N\

(x)

0l(a;)

+ (x/V2)

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

23695
1.23802
1. 23909
1.24017
1.24125

-0.38070
-0. 38142
-0.38217
-0. 38291
-0. 38367

30377
30039
29701
29363
29024

99943
99725
-1.99505
-1. 99281
-1.99055

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

1.24233
1.24342
1. 24451
1.24560
1.24670

38444
38522
38600
38680
38761

28687
28349
28012
27675
27339

-1. 98825
-1. 98592

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

1.

24779
1.24889
1.25000
1.25110
1. 25221

38843
0.38926
0. 39010
0. 39096
-0 39182

0.00

1.25331

-0.39270

1.

0.

"

['I'

n
~! )3

-1.
-1.

<x>
7
7

8
8
9

-1.
-1.
-1.

98357
98118
97876

10
11
13
14
17

1.27002
1. 26667
1.26332
1. 25998
1.25664

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

97630
97381
97128
96872
96613

20
25
33
50
100

1.25331

-1.

96350

FT]

<^>=nearest integer to

x.

)5
]

10. Bessel Functions of Fractional Order

H. A. Antosiewicz 1

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties

437
437
443
445
446

Functions
10.2. Modified Spherical Bessel Functions
10.3. Kiccati-Bessel Functions
10.4. Airy Functions
10.1. Spherical Bessel

Numerical Methods
10.5. Use and Extension

of the

452
452

Tables

References

Table

455

FunctionsOrders

10.1. Spherical Bessel

y n (x)
n=0, 1, 2;x=0(.l)5,

0, 1,

and

(0<x<10)

457

459

463

jn(x),

Table

6-8S, x=5(.l)10,

FunctionsOrders 3-10 (0<x< 10)

10.2. Spherical Bessel

jn(x),

5S
.

y n (x)

w=3(l)8;x=0(.l)10,

5S

x- nj n (x), x n+1 y n (x)

n=9,
Table

7-8S

10; x=0(.l)10,

FunctionsOrders 20 and 21 (0< x < 25)

10.3. Spherical Bessel

x~ n exp (x2 /(4n+2))j n (x)

x n+l exp (-x2 /(4n+2))y,(x)

n=20,
Table

6-8S

x=0(.5)25,

10.4. Spherical Bessel

10,

9,

21

Functions

Modulus

and Phase

Orders

20 and 21

ViTrxMn+itx),

464

where

n+ $(x) x

j n {x)= ^ir/xMn+i (x) cos

6 n+i (x)

y n (x) = ^lirlxMn+h (x) sin n+i (x)

n=9, 10;x- = .l(-.005)0, 8D
1

n=20,
Table

21; x~ 1

10.5. Spherical Bessel

jn(x),

x=l,

Functions

Various Orders

(0<n<100)

465

467

y n (x)

n=0(l)20,

Table

=M(. 002)0, 8D

30, 40, 50, 100

2, 5, 10, 50, 100,

10.6. Zeros of Bessel

Zeros j K

yv

10S
Functions of Half-Integer Order (0 <n < 19)
and Values of J'v {jv, s ), Y'v {y v<s )

of J(x), F(x)

v=n+%, n=0(l)19,

6-7D

Table 10.7. Zeros of the Derivative of Bessel Functions of Half-Integer

Order (0<n< 19)
Zeros j'VtS y'KS of J'v (x), Y'v {x) and Values of Jv(j'KS ), Yv (y'v s )
"=^+i n=0(l)19, 6D
,

National Bureau of Standards.

716-654

64

468

29

(Presently, University of Southern California.)

435

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

436
Table

10.8.

Modified Spherical Bessel Functions

Orders

Page
1

0,

and 2

(0<x<5)

469

^%T/xIn+i (x), ^\irlxKn+ i(x)

n=0, 1, 2;x=0(.l)5, 4-9D

Table 10.9. Modified Spherical Bessel Functions

(0<x<oo)

Orders

and 10
470

n+1
^hjxKn+i (x)
X- n J&ilxIn+t(x), X

w=9, 10;x=0(.l)5,
e-

In+h {x),

(2/ir)e

7-8S

Kn+i

(x)

6S

7i=9, 10; x=5(. 1)10,

a/2ttx exp [ x J\-n(n-\-l)/(2x)]In+ i(x)

exp [x n(n-]-l)/(2x)]Kn+ i(x)

n=9, 10;x~ 1 =.l(-.005)0, 7-8S

tJ2x/tt

Table 10.10. Modified Spherical Bessel Functions

(0<ti<100)

V^M+} (x)

Various

Orders

473

-y/br/xKn+i (x)

71=0(1)20, 30, 40, 50, 100

x=l,
Table

10S

2, 5, 10, 50, 100,

10.11. Airy Functions

(0<x<

475

<*>)

Ai(x), Ai'(x), Bi(x), Bi'(x)

x=0(.01)l, 8D
Ai(-x), Ai'(-x), Bi(-x), Bi'(-x)
x=0(.01)l(.l)10, 8D
Auxiliary Functions for Large Positive Arguments

= $ar e-/(-$) Bi(x) =x~ e^U)

Ai'(x) = -\xv*e-ig{-k) Bi'(x) =z Vflr({)
l/i

1/4

Ai(x)

'

/(0, g(k);

f=^r =1.5C-.l).5(-.05)0,
1

6D

Auxiliary Functions for Large Negative Arguments

M(-x)=x~

1/

*[fi(& cos $+/,($) sin

cos {-/!) sin

Bi(-x)=x- [/2 ()
Ai'(-x)=x^[gi {k)
Bi'(-x)=x 1/4 2 (|)

{]

1/4

f fir

^-i=.05(-.01)0,

Table
I

sin

i-g2 {&

Q
Q

6-7D

10.12. Integrals of

Airy Functions

x=0(.l)7.5;

Ai(t)dt,

cos

sin $+,() cos

Jo

(0<x< 10)

Ai( t)dt, x=0(.l)10,

478

7D

Jo

f Bi(0*i

f*Bi(-0<ft, x=0(.l)10, 7D
Jo
Table 10.13. Zeros and Associated Values of Airy Functions and Their
Derivatives (1<*< 10)
Zeros a s a's b s b's of Ai(x), Ai'(x), Bi(x), Bi'(x) and values of Ai'(a s ),
Ai(ai), Bi'(6,), Bi(60
s=l(l)10, 8D
Complex Zeros and Associated Values of Bi(z) and Bi'(2)

x=0(.l)2;

Jo

478

(l<s<5)

Modums and Phase of e-*' Xe~ T %Bi'( 8 ),Bi(#)

/

'/

s=l(l)5,

3D

The author acknowledges the assistance of Bertha H. Walter and Ruth Zucker in the
preparation and checking of the tables and graphs.

10. Bessel Functions of Fractional Order

Mathematical Properties
10.1.

Spherical Bessel Functions

Wronskians

Definitions
Differential

Equation
10.1.7

10.1.1
z

W{jn (z),yn (z)}=z- 2

10.1.6

W{h(z), h(z)} = -2iz~*

w"+2zw' + [z2 -n(n+l)]w=0

(n=0,l, 2,...)
Particular solutions are the Spherical

Bessel

functions of the first kind

(n=0,

the

.)

(z^it)

sin

z)

z)

cos (z\mr)]

10.1.9

y.()=(-l)* Hsr 1 [P(n+i

and the Spherical Bessel functions of

10.1.8

+Q(n+%,

yn{z)=-4hrfzY n+i {z),

Representations by Elementary Functions

jn(z)=z- 1 [P(n+%,
the Spherical Bessel Junctions of the second kind

1, 2,

z)

cos

(s+M

Q{n+l,

third

z) sin

(a+J/ur)]

kind

P(W +-^ =1

KV^HnW+iyniz^lb^mUiz),

2)

(a)

-2^I)^-

(n+4)!

=]n{z)-iy n {z)=JWzHl %{z)

l

4!r(n-3)

The

and h(z), h(z) are

linearly independent solutions for every n.
For
general properties see the remarks after 9.1.1.
pairs j n (z),

Ascending Series (See

9.1.2, 9.1.10)

=S(-l)*(w+i2Ar)(2s)-
o

Qin+h z)J

Tfm'

10.1.2
jn(z)

1-3-5

(2n+l)

1-3-5.

(2n 1)

,+i

(2a)- 6 -.

(-l)*(n+i2^+l)(2a)- 2*-

(71=0,1,2,...)

1!(1- 2n)

(n+k)\

(n+i,k)-

2!(1 2n)(3-2w)"

.)

\*
W

(2n-l)

4
5

20
30

(2w+l)

10.1.5

2/(a)-*-l-3-5

2
6
12

1-3-5

(n=0,

N,

Limiting Values as z*0

Z- njn(z)-*

k\T(n-k+l)

'/

"

(n=0, 1,2,..

n+1

[i(-D]

5!r(ri-4)

2
1*2\2
(*a
)

(2a)~ 3

3!r( 2)
(w+5)l

10.1.3

10.1.4

(ro+3)!
-

2!(2ti+3)(2ti+5)

(22)_1

to+3)

(h 2 Y

Vn{z)

(2a)-

y(z)

1, 2,

12
60
180
420

120
840
3360

1680
15120

30240

.)

437

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

438
10.1.10

y n (x)

jn(z)=fn(z) Sin

2+(-l)* +1/-*-l(z) COS

m=z-*

Hz)=z-\
fn -

(z)+fn+1 (z) = (2n+l)z-%(z)

(n=0, 1, 2,...)

The Functions j n (z),

10.1.11

j (z)
.

n=0,

1,

= sin z
sin z

cos z

3i(z)=2
*< g

y n (z) for

r~

KJHD ^ *~l

cos z

10.1.12

y (z)= j-i(z)=-

cos z

cos z

sin 2

Figure

Vi(z) =3-2(2)-

2/2(2)

n=0(l)3.

10.2. yn (x).

= j_ s)=f +-J cos 2-^ sin

3(

yn

-.20

Figure

Poisson's

>

/\

A.

x>

10.1.13

Integral

10.3. jn (x), yn (x).

x=10.

and Gegenbauer's Generalization

3n(z)=^-

*
I

cos (2 cos

6)

"
sin 2 +1

d0

(See 9.1.20.)
10.1.14

42 ( *)" Jo
\

Figure

10.1. jn (x).

n=0(l)3.

izcOB0

Pn (cos B) sin BdB

(ti=0,

1, 2,

.)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Spherical Bessel Functions of the Second and Third

439

Modulus and Phase

Kind

i(2)=VW2M +i (2)

10.1.15

^(2)

= (-l)" +1i-n-

n+} (2),

yn (z)=^KlzMn+h {z) sin dn+i (z)

(=0, 1, 2,

(2)

COS

.)

(See 9.2.17.)
10.1.16

h^{z)=i- n

-1

z-

10.1.27

JZ (w+i &)(-2i 2 )-*

o

10.1.17

*?(g)=i" +1 - I e'

S (n+h

(See 9.2.28.)
k) (2iz)~

10.1.28

(brlz)Mi /2 (z)=Jl(z)+y 2 (z)

= z-*

10.1.18
10.1.29

(br/zm,Jz)=JKz)+yKz)=z-*+z- i

h^U{z) = -i{-\Yh^{z)

(n=0,

1, 2,

.)

10.1.30

Elementary Properties

(W2)M|/2 ( 2 )=il( 2 )+2/l(0) = 2- +3 2 - +9 2 - 6

Recurrence Relations

Uz):U?),yn(z),h?(z),h(z)

Cross Products

(n=0, 1, 2,...)
10.1.19

/n _ (2)+/ +1 (a) = (2n+l) 2

10.1.20

n/-i(2)-(n+l)/

10.1.21

J,

+1 (g)

-1
/( 2 )

= (2n+l)

10.1.31

= z-

jn (z)y n -i(z)-jn - 1 (z)y n (z)

10.1.32

^ /(z)

in+ i(3)2/_ 1 (0)-i_ 1 (2)yra+1 (2)

= (2n+l)2-

10.1.33

51 /.(8)+^/.()=/.-lW

jo(z)jn (z)+y (z)y n (z)

(See 10.1.23.)

=z~ 2 !

10.1.22

(-1)*2- 2 *

("^ *)

(^+l)

-fn(z)fafn(z)=fn+l(z)

(71=0, 1,2,..

(See 10.1.24.)

10.1.34

fn(2):jn(z),yn (z),h?(z),h(z)

(n=0, 1, 2,...)

Q 0V
/I

r/

+1/(2)]=z"- m+1

.)

Analytic Continuation

Formulas

Differentiation

10.1.23

22 *~"

/*- m (z)

\m

jn(ze

m*

10.1.35

y n (ze

10.1.36

fc (Sf!

10.1.37

2)

(2e

m" i

= e mnwi jn (z)

= (-l) m e mnTi yn (z)

(+i)^)

= (- i)fc> (z)

(2m+1)Ti

= (-l)"^

1)

(2)

10.1.24

(m=l,

2, 3,

.)

10.1.38

^(ge""") =*(*)
(Z=l,2;

Rayleigh's Formulas

m,n=0,

1,2,

Generating Functions

10.1.25

10.1.39

>"=<-;0^

sinV?+237=Z:

M^
^

Ifi.-i(*)

(2|*KM)

10.1.26
/n

(s)

COS z
B
_ 2^UY
= -2
z dzj

<"

(n=0, 1,2,..

.)

10.1.40

- cos V2 2 -2z*=X)

^ j-i(a)

.)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

440

With Respect

Derivatives

to Order

Fresnel Integrals

10.1.41

10.1.53

= (^ir/x){Ci(2x)

[^rj"(x)

x Si (2a;)

sin

cos x)

C(^2xjir)=^r J^(t)dt

10.1.42

S (-l)*J

=V2[cos \x

*+i(!aO

=(^7r/x){Ci(2x) cos x+Si(2x) sin x]

t^r j(x)

CO

+sin ^x

10.1.43

2 (-l)

</2n+3/2(!z)]

10.1.54

=(7r/a;)
[S~V^
OV
Jv=0

x+[Si(2x) t] sin x)

Ci(2x) cos

10.1.44

=V2[sin

ixS

(-l) n J2re+i (^)

CO

x [Si(2x)w]

(f7r/x){Ci(2x) sin

-cos \x XI ( l) nJ2+ 3 /2(ix)].

cos x)

Addition Theorems and Degenerate Forms

(See also 11.1.1, 11.1.2.)

r, p, 0,

10.1.45

10.1.46

10.1.47

X arbitrary complex;

R=^(r 2 -\-p 2 2rp cos 0)

Zeros and Their Asymptotic Expansions

^^=S (2n+l)j

n (\r)jn (\p)P n (cos 6)

The

~P=^ (2n+l)j

n (\r)y n (\p)Pn (cos6)

iz

M '=S

zeros of j n {x)

zeros of

and

(2%+l)e^

i(2)Pn (cos

0)

and

and y n (x) are the same as the

Yn+$(x) and the formulas for

9.5 are applicable with

however, no simple relations
connecting the zeros of the derivatives.
Accordingly, we now give formulas for a'niS b'n s the

jv, s

v=n-\-%.

Jn +i(x)
y, s

given in

There

are,

s-th positive zero

10.1.48

(2sin

0)=23 (4w+l)
o

Sa i^N

2=0

(2n)l

2 (n!)

is

counted as the

first

zero of

respectively;

j' {z).

9)

(Tables of a'n ,

b'n , s ,

i.

y n Q>'n

s),

s)

are given in

[10.31].)

Duplication Formula

10.1.49
j(2z)

y'n (z),

of j'n (z),

Elementary Relations

=
Mz)=jn(z)
71-2

Some

*!(2w-ifc+l)!

^-*+*^^-*+*W

(t

If r n is

a zero of

n {z)

irt

a real parameter,

0<<1)

then

Infinite Series Involving jl(z)

10.1.55

S (2n+l)jS(2)=l

10.1.50

cos irt+y n (z) sin

/(r n)=[r/(n+l)]/n _ 1 (r

re

(See 10.1.21.)

10.1.51

10.1.52

(-i)n(2n+l)ji(z)=

^
ii2

jsl2)

22

10.1.56

=(r/+1 (r)

(See 10.1.22.)

10.1.57

_{i [,.-**]}-

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

McMahon's Expansions

and

for n Fixed

Large

44^

Uniform Asymptotic Expansions of Zeros and

Associated Values for n Large

10.1.58
10.1.63

<, ^. ~^-(m+7)(8/3)"

<.s-{n+h){z[{n+\)-^a's

-|(7m2 +154m+95)(8t 3

+S Hfr+hywaXn+h)-*}
-^(85 M +3535 u 2 +3561 u+6133)(8/3)- 5

k-1

-~
64

(6949/x

10.1.64

+474908 M3 + 330638m2

+ 9046780m-5075147)(8/3)- -

2lZ
b:]{n+\)-*}
+Hh[{n+h)k=l

P=ir(s+\n-\)

0=Tr(s+in) for

ioTa',

Vn<g

10.1.65

M=(2n+1)2
Asymptotic Expansions of Zeros and Associated Values
for n Large

{l+Sff*[(+i)- 2/3 a.'](rj+i)-}

10.1.59

k=X

<i~(%+|) + .80861 65(7H-)

-.20736(n+|)

1/3

-.236680(7H-)-

+.0233(n + |)- 5

/3

1/3

10.1.66
Vn(b'n

.)

- - VdBi(&:) (71+1) ~

10.1.60
fc

K.i~(+$)+1.8210980(iH-|; 1

[(n+i)

- 2/3

6 8'] (2

5/ 6

(n+J)

- 2 '3

& s'])

'8

\l+ibH [(n+)-v*b:](n+h)-

2k

lc

+ .802728(ri+|)-

1 /3

-.11740(n + f)-

h($), s(f) are defined as in 9.5.26, 9.3.38, 9.3.39.

+ .0249(n+|)- +
5/3

a' b'e

10.1.61

s-th (negative) real zero of Ai'(z), Bi'(g)

(see 10.4.95, 10.4.99.)

i*(O~.8458430(n + !)- 5

+ .38081 (w+i)-

{l--.566032(r.

+ |)-

Complex Zeros of

:v3

hn\z) and
4 /3

-.2203(7i+i)- 2 +

.}

same

+ 1.23038(n+i)[10.31]
3.

h^ (ze 2mvi ) m any

,

integer,

have the

7i

zeros,

symmetrically distributed with

respect to the imaginary axis and lying approxi-

^(^,i)~.7l83921(n + i)- 5/6 {l-1.274769(n + |)- 2

See

%(), %'()

zeros.

x)
/^ (2) has

10.1.62

8=2,

k=l

for

4/ 3

-1.0070(ri+i)- 2 +

.}

corresponding expansions for

mately on the finite arc joining z= n and 2=71

shown in Figure 9.6. If n is odd, one zero lies on
the imaginary axis.
h y (z) has Ti+1 zeros lying approximately on the
same curve. If n is even, one zero lies on the
imaginary axis.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

442

-f

(-r)fci(r)

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

-f

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

4409724
4572444
4702250
4802184
4875705

-. 4926355

/n(r)

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

122500
114201
107243
101318
096159

-.06806
-. 05986

-. 091561

-. 03725

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

4926355
4131280
3551700
3108548
2757704

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

09156
05056
03043
01950
01310

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

2472521
2235898
2036314
1865701
1718217

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

00914
00658
00485
00366
00280

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

1589519
1476304
1376005
1286601
1206469

-. 00219
-. 00173
-. 00138
-.00112
-. 00091

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.8

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

1134296
1069004
1009699
0955634
0906180

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

00075
00062
00052
00044
00037

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

0860804
0819049
0780523
0744888
0711850

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

00032
00027
00023
00020
00018

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

0681152
0652570
0625905
0600985
0577653

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

00015
00013
00012
00010
00009

7.0

-. 0555773

.0003
.0002
.0002
.0001
.0001

001375

.08
.04

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

0091416
0047276
0020068
0005965
0000747

.00

-. 0000000

00013
00005
00002
00001

003313
002998
002722
002478
002262

-.
-.
-.
-.

005753
005111
004560
004085
003672

002070
001899
001746
001609
001486

.20
.

.011217
009701
008443
007391
006505

m)

.0018
.0012
.0008
.0006
.0004

fcitt")

.0085

026206
021682
018141
015326
013061

#i(r)

001859
001056
000551
000259
000106
000037
000010
000002

02290

.0229
.0121
.0070
.0042
.0027

# (f)
.0000
.0023
.0043
.0061
.0075

087587
065507
050524
039890
032085

(-r) 6

00000
00575
.01118
01592
01983
.

# (D

H,(f)

0645731
0487592
0352949
0242415
0155683

16
12

087587

-.037
-.014
-.006
-.003
-.001

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

fo(f)

0.40
.36
32
.28
.24
.

-. 00008

(- -f)"i

(-rVTO)

000000
027518
049069
065677
078255

-. 05279
-. 04674
-. 04160

fe(f)

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

4.

(-rmo-)

(-f)A3 (f)

(-r)Mrt

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

10.2.

Modified Spherical Bessel Functions

443

Wronskians
10.2.7

Definitions
Differential

Equation

10.2.1
z

10.2.8

w"+2zw'-[z 2 +n(n+l)]w=0

W{Jfrfel n+i (z)

(n=0, 1, 2,

JWzKn+h

(z)

= -brz-

.)

Representations by Elementary Functions

Particular solutions are the Modified Spherical

10.2.9

Bessel functions of the first kind,

^Tr/zIn+ t(z) = (2z)- [R(n+!i,-z)e

1

10.2.2
"m
m
{z) = ej {ze*
= e 3nTi/2jn (ze- M

-(-l) n R(n+lz)e->)

^\KlzIn + h

(-7r<arg z<\ir)

)
'

(k<arg2<7r)

10.2.10
i
y/^fzI- n . i (z) = (2z)- [R(n+l-z)e
l

of the second kind,

+ (-l)

R(n+lz)e->]

10.2.11

10.2.3

VI^/-*-*(2) = e

^ /2^(^ i/2

3(n+1)

R(n+hz)=l + ^^(2zy

(-x<arg2<fr)

= e - (n+1)Ti

(n+2)\
'

y n (ze-

Zwi/2

2!r( i)

(r<arg

(2s)

~2

+...

z<ir)

of the third kind,

=Il(n+lk)(2z)-*
o

10.2.4

(71=0,1,2,...)

^zK

n+h {z)

= hTr{-l) n+1 ^lz[In^{z)-I-n-&))

(See 10.1.9.)
10.2.12

The

pairs

VW^+i(2)=S(8)

VWz^+i(8)iV5T/2J--i(2)
and

Smtl 2

g (z)=z~ ,9i(z)
^fhrfzI n+h {z),^l\Tv[zKn+h { z )

g n -i(z)-g n +i(z)

+ ^-n-l(2)

= -z~

= (2n+l)z-

g n (z)

are linearly independent solutions for every n.

Most

(ra=0,l,2,

Modified Spherical
Bessel functions can be derived from those of the
Spherical Bessel functions by use of the above
properties

COsh Z

...)

the

of

The Functions

VW^i (n+

J)

(z)

= 0,

1,2

10.2.13

relations.

sinh 2

Ascending Series

-Jfa/zlmie)'

10.2.5

4h*lzl n+ ,{z)

S
1

^Wzl

.
.

sinh 2

(h
+^
2!(2n+3)(2ri+5)
)

cosh 2

(2r,-f-l)

1^2N2
2

l!(2wto+3)

il2 (z)--

'

ViV^5/ (2)=(|+^)
2

10.2.6

sinh

2-p cosh

10.2.14

VW2^-l/2(2) =

cosh 2

1-3-5.
(2w 1)
(_1) 2+1
.

1+ U(1-

(\z
-2n)

'

2
)

2!(1 2n)(3 2n)

"I

(w=0,l,2, ...)

cosh 2

tJ%tt/zI- 3 / 2 (z)

= sinh

yforjzl- 5/2 (2)

= --5 sinh

2+

(W) cosh

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

444

Modified Spherical Bessel Functions of jhe Third Kind

10.2.15

( 7r<arg z<\ir)

(fcr<arg z<ir)

= (^/z)e-

T (n+lk)(2z)-"

10.2.16

Kn+i (z)=K-

(n=0,l,2,

n -i(z)

.)

The Functions -Jiir/zK n +i(z),n =

10.2.17

1,

t/W/2(2) = W<"

V^Z

3/2

(2)=(W2)e- 2 (l+2-')

2
1
VWs^5/2(3) = (W2)e- (l+3s- +3s- 2 )

Elementary Properties
Recurrence Relations

Figure
/.(?):

VWi/n+i(2), (-l)

n+1

VR^^ +

y ^ 7+j(x)

10.4.

1/5=
2x

/n _ 1 ( 2 )-/ra+1 (0)-(2w+l) 2

10.2.19

/._i(e)

10.2.20

^l/B ( s )+^/B ( 2 ) = /

+ (n+l)/

li+ i(g)

re

=0(1)3.

i(s)

(=0, 1, 2, ...)
10.2.18

-1

re

Vl~K n + I<*>

(s)

= (2+l)^/

11

(g)

_ 1 ( 2)
-<.

|0

.4

(See 10.2.22.)

10.2.21

-^fn

( z)

+ j-fn

(z

)=-fn+l ( 2 )

(See 10.2.23.)
Differentiation

re

(z):

VRi/ +J ( 2 ),

Formulas

(ti=0,

10.2.22

(^

i/( 3 )]= S

s -yn ( 2 )]

M
10 2.23

g^)

110"

(-l) +1 VFJ7iff^-j(s)

1, 2,...)

-+yn _ TO (s)

=2 --^re+m(s

(m=l,2,3,

figure
.

..)

io.5.

y^/n+J

(x),

y^+iw. *= 10.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Formulas of Rayleigh's Type

vJx+}(2) = 2

10.2.24

445

Addition Theorems and Degenerate Forms

^j

R=^Jr2 +p 2 2rp

X arbitrary complex;

r, p, e,

cos

10.2.35
10.2.25
,

'

A ^ V cost s

xij

oo

^-Z;

(2n+l) [^fb^rIn+i (Xr))

(n=0,l,2,...)
Formulas

for /+i( 2 )

I-n-h (z)

[^br/\ P

e*

(cos 6)

coae

=J2

(2n+l)

[VRi/n+J (2)]P(cos5)

10.2.37

(|1r/ 2 )[7 B+i ( 2)-/i B _ i ( 2)]

10.2.36

10.2.26

(2n-*)!(2w-2fr)l

-L f- r-n*+i
~2

Kn+i (\p)]P

__ 2n

KlZ)

k\[(n-k)\]*

e- 2C08e =Z; (-l) n (2n+l)[VW2/+i(2)]^(cos

6)

Duplication Formula

(71=0,1,2,...)
10.2.38

m {z)-Il m {z)\ = -z-

10.2.27

(lirlz)[P

10.2.28

(i7r/^)[/l/2(2)-/ -3/2 (2)]

= 2- -22

n,7r
nT

h2 n +i

^ (-l)*(2n-2*+l)
A -*+* ^
t!(2n-*+l)!
V
1

10.2.29
10.3. Riccati-Bessel

-2- + 32- -9 2 (W3)[/I/2(2)-/ -5/2(2)] =

2

10.3.1
22

10.2.30

w" + [2

(w
.

sinhV2

-2i^=2]

Equation

Differential

Generating Functions

Functions

^^ [Vl^/-
(-t*) n
ti!

= 0,

-7l(7l+l)]w =

1, 2,

.)

Pairs of linearly independent solutions are

+ i(2)]

zj n {z),

zy n (z)

(2||<l|)

zh^(z), sA>( 2)

10.2.31

icoshV2

+2^=z;

All properties of these functions follow directly

from those of the Spherical Bessel functions.

[Viw^-i(s)]

The Functions
Derivatives

With Respect

zj n (z), zy n (z),

n=0,

1,

to Order

10.3.2

10.2.32

zjo(z)=sm

[^L(x)U i =-^[Ei(2x)e-'-E (-2x)ec

1

= z~ sin z cos z
{z) = (3z~ l) sin z 3s"
1

zj 1 (z)

z,

zj 2

cos 3

10.3.3

10.2.33

K^
10.2.34

zyo(z)

(x)

l-r2i

[Ei(2x)e_I+

For Zj(x) and Ei(x), see

5.1.1, 5.1.2.

zyi(z)

2,

zy2 (z)

- 2x)<

= TVV2^Ei(-2a;)e I
r^-^(x)l
L 0v
J*=i

= cos

= sin 2 2"

= 32

_1

sin

cos 2

2 (32 1)
_1

cos 2

Wronskians
10.3.4
10.3.5

T^{2i(2),

T^{ zh

27/ n

2)

(2),

2/^ (2)

(2)}=l

= -2%
(7i=0,

1, 2,

.)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

446

Airy Functions

10.4.

Definitions

and Elementary Properties

Ai (2g- 2 ^ /3)}=i T -

10.4.12

W{Ai

(z),

10.4.13

T^{Ai

(ze M/3),

Ai (se- 2

) }

e^

^wr"

Equation

Differential

w"zw=0

10.4.1

Pairs of linearly independent solutions are

Ai

(2),

Bi

Ai

(2),

Ai

Ai 0), Ai

(2),

m
{ze~ m
(ze 2

),

).

Ascending Series
10.4.2

Ai (z)=cj(z)-c 2 g(z)

10.4.3

Bi

(z)

= ^[cj(z)+c g(z)}
2

.4

.4.7

9!
-,3fc

=?Ka
=

(3*)!

/2\

? W*
3*

3*+i

(3*+l)'I

Figure

3*(a+|\ = (3a+l)(3a+4)

10.6.

Ai (x), Ai' (z).

(3a+3&-2)

(a arbitrary:

&=1,

2, 3,

.)

(See 6.1.22.)
10.4.4

d=Ai

(0)=Bi (0)/V3=3- 2/3/r(2/3)

= .35502

80538 87817

10.4.5
Bi(x)/

c2

=-Ai'

(0)=Bi' (0)/V3=3-

1/3

94037 92807

Relations Between Solutions

10.4.6

Bi

(2)

{ze MI3 )

=e* i/6 Ai

h/

+e-* i/6 Ai (ze~ 2 * i/3 )

(ee Mli )+e- 2rtli

Ai

(2<r

2 "' /3

r\

^A

Bi< " >

10.4.7

Ai (z)+e 2 * i/3 Ai

/r(l/3)

= .25881

/ \

'

/A
\\7 V/iwr\
' 1

Bi (z)+e 2* i/3 Bi
10.4.9

Ai (2e 2

{ze Mts)

+ e-**'

^ = |**/[ Ai
3

/3

Bi {ze~

'3

)^Q

4 -

(3) =F t

Bi

(2)

10.4.11

W{Ai
T7{Ai

(2),

(2),

Ai

Bi(s)}=7r-

(ze s'

M
Vv

Wronskians
10.4.10

n
V/

w)}=^T-

ij

L
1

e-' i/6

)=0

10.4.8

Figure

10.7.

Bi (x), Bi' (x).

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Representations in Terms of Bessel Functions

r=2

10.4.30

/2

(f)

/3

= (V3/22)[V3

3/2

10.4.31

447

t2/3 (f)

Ai' (z)+Bi'

= -tWB/z)

Ai'

(2)]

(z)

104.14
Integral Representations

Ai(2)=^ i[/_
/

1/

3(r)-/i/3(f)]=7r-s/^3^1/3 (r)

10.4.32

10.4.15

^.
[ (3a)~ 1/3 x] =

(3a)- !/3 7r Ai

"
f

cos (at 3 xt)dt

Ai(-z)=W4/i/3(f)+<7-i/3 (r)J
10.4.33
(3a)- 1/3 7rBi[(3a)- 1/3 a;]
10.4.16

/ CO

Ai'( 2)=i2[/_ 2/3 (f)-I2/ 3(r)] = 7r- (2/V3)^2/3(f)

1

10.4.17

The

Ai' (-z)

(at xt)]dt

Integrals [' Ai{t)dt, f*Bi(0<&

Jo
Jo

= -MJ-m(n-J2(t)}
=Uz/^)[e-* my (n+e* m%(n]
i/6

(at 3 xt)+sm

[exp
J

i/6

= |2

3/2

10.4.18

10.4.34

Bi (s)=V^3[/-i/3(f)+/./3(f)]

10.4.19
10.4.35

Bi (-0)=V^3[J-i/3(f)-/i/3(f)]

10.4.20

Bi' (s;

Ai
Ai

{t)dt=\

[I- V3 (t)

-Im (t)]dt

(-*)<ft=|

[J_iy(9+ Ji/G)]<8

(0*=^ JV-i/3(0+/i/

10.4.36

J'bI

10.4.37

J*Bi {-t)dt=j=

= (2/V3)[/- /3(n+/ /3(r)]

)]^

10.4.21

Bi' (-2)=(s/V3)[j- 2/3 (r)+/2 /3(r)]

Ascending Series for

[J-

Ai(t)dt,

10.4.38

1/3 (t)]dt

Bi(<)^

Jo

Jo

Representations of Bessel Functions in Terms of Airy

m (t)-J

Ai (t)dt=c 1 F(z) -c 2 G{z)

Functions
(See 10.4.2.)

/3

2/3

K2O
10.4.22

J1/3 (r) = iV3/^[V3

10.4.39

Ai (-z)TBi (-2)]

(r)=e -^S 37^[Ai (-s)-i Bi (-2)]

10.4.23

Hi

10.4.24

#i

10.4.25

71/3 (f) = W3MT V3 Ai (z)+Bi

10.4.26
10.4.27

Ai (-t)dt=-c 1 F(-z)+c 2 G(-z)

Bi (t)dt=i/5[c F(z) +c2 G(z))

10.4.40

/3

/3

(f)=e

Ti/6

V3MAi (-z)+i

Xi/3(n =ttV37^ Ai

J2/3 G-)=(V3/22)[ V3

Bi (-2)]
(2)]

(See 10.4.3.)
10.4.41

pBi (-t)dt=-^[c F(-z)+c

1

Ai'

(-2)+Bi' (-2)]

~V

fl"i)Kn=e- 2 ^ /3i?ii2v 3 (r)

!76

(V3/2)[Ai'

G(-z)}

(2)

10.4.28

=^

{-z)-i

W*(3*+l)!

Bi' (-2)]

10.4.29

,3fc+2

-**<&

'*

=e-"

/6

(V3/2)[Ai'

(-z)+i

Bi' (-2)]

The

constants

(3fc+2)!

c 1; c 2 are

given in 10.4.4, 10.4.5.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

448
Tbe Functions

Differential Equations for Gi

Gi(z), Hi(z)

10.4.42

w"-zw=-ir-

10.4.55

Hi

(z),

(z)

Gi (g)=T" r"sin(|* 8 +gAd<

1

w(0)=| Bi (0)=i Ai

=4Bi

(z)+ P[Ai

(g)

(0-Ai

Bi

(0)

20497 55424 78

(0 Bi ( 2 )]<ft

Jo

w'(0)=|Bi' (0)=~-j=Ai'

(0)

= .14942 94524 49

10.4.43

Gi' ()=iBi' (g)+ f'[Ai'(s)Bi (*)-Ai (0 Bi'(s)]^

3
Jo

w(g)=Gi(g)

w zw=ir~

10.4.56

10.4.44

Hi(g)

= 7r-

w(0)=| Bi (0)=i Ai

exp(-|* +gAd*

= 40995

10849 56

w'(0)=|Bi' (0)=--jgAi'

=Bi

(0)

(0)

= .29885 89048 98

(g)+ f [Ai (0 Bi (z)-Ai(z)Bi(t)]dt

Jo

w(g)=Hi

(g)

10.4.45

Hi'(g)=Bi' (g)+
&

10.4.46

f [Ai

Differential
(<)

Bi'(g)-Ai'(g) Bi

Equation for Products of Airy Functions

(t)]dt

Jo

w'"-4gw'-2w=0

10.4.57

Gi(g)+Hi(g)=Bi(g)

independent

Linearly

Ai(g)Bi(g),Bi 2
Representations of

Jo

Jo

Wronskian

by Gi (3), Hi (z)
10.4.47

W{ Ai

10.4.58

f*Ai (t)dt=~+ir[AV (g)Gi(g)-Ai (s)Gi'(g)]

10.4.48

=l,

(g)

Ai

(g)

Bi

ck

T(3k+%)

Hi (g)-Ai

(g)

Hi'

Bi 2

=l,4=-[| c*
r=o

Large

\z\

(6fc-l)

(fc=l, 2, 3,

.)

3/2

Gi' (-g)]
10.4.59

10.4.50

Ai (g)~

=|+7T[Ai' (-g) Hi (-g)

-Ai (-g)Hi'(-g)]

Ai

f*Bi (t)dt=T[Bi

(g)

= - 7r[Bi

'

Gi (s)-Bi
(g)

Hi

Gi'

(g)

(g) - Bi

(g)

ir-

,/2

g-v 4 e-f

2 (-l)*c*r*

(larg g|<7r)

10.4.60

10.4.51

(-sW^g-^ [sin (7+) S

(-l)^f- 2*

(g)]

Hi

'

-cos (r+f)

(g) ]

S (-lyW"""

10.4.53
(I

pBi (-t)dt=-w[BV

(-g) Gi (-g)

-Bi
10.4.54

=2ir~ 3

(g)

216*Ar!

Gi (-g)

-Ai (-g)

(z)]

VAi(-t)dt=-~-ir[Ai' (-s)

(g)

(2ifc+l) (2fc+3)

54*A:!r(ifc+t)
(g)

10.4.49

10.4.52

for Products of Airy Functions

Asymptotic Expansions for

= -|-7r[Ai'

(g),

~Bi(t)dt

Ai(t)dt,

Ai 2

are

solutions

(z).

=7r[Bi' (-g)

(-g) Gi' (-g)]

arg

-1

2|<|i)

10.4.61

Ai'(g)--j7r-^g 1/4 e-fZ: c-i)*4r*

Hi (-g)

-Bi

(-g) Hi' (-2)]

(I

arg g <7r)
|

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

10.4.62

449

10.4.70

-*g* [cos

Ai' {-z)

(f+|)s

2*

(-1)^2,

Ai'

(- X)=N(X)
A^(x)

= V[Ai'

cos
2

(|arg2|<|7r)

(a;)

(-x)=N(x)

Bi'

sin0(x)

(-x)+Bi' 2 (- x)],
4>(x)=arctan [Bi' (-x)/Ai' (-x)]

Differential Equations for

Modulus and Phase

10.4.63

Bi

(2

)~x-*2-V J2

ck

Primes denote differentiation with respect to x

k

(|arg 2|<|ir)

10.4.71

10.4.64

10.4.72

2*
Bi (-2)~7T-ig-l [cos (7 +
) f} (-l)*C2 ,r

10.4.73

= -r- ,N*ij, = -w- x

,

AT2 =M' 2

+M

=M'

2 0' 2

-7r- 2M- 2

NN'=-xMM'

10.4.74

tan {<t>-6)=Md , /M'=-(TrMM')- 1

10.4.75

= irM"+xM-t~ M- =0

10.4.76

(M )'"+4x(M )'-2M =0

MNsin

(|arg2|<|7r)
10.4.65

Bi {ze vm )

^-wt

-i|\b(r+!=Fgln 2 )f}

-cos (f+^=r

In

2)

(-l)W

0' 2

+f(0"'/0')-f(0"/0')

=x

Asymptotic Expansions of Modulus and Phase

Large x

(|arg

10.4.77

(-^Vtt+ir*" ]

(<j,e)

g|<f tt)

M\x) ~i x-

10.4.78

1'

f} =*

23*

for

(^(Sx)-

3*

10.4.66

Bi' (g)~ir-g*gr

10.4.79

S (-l)*d*r*

(|argg|<$ir)

0(x)U _|
7r

10.4.67

Bi'

(-2)~ir-2*[sin(f+^S

a;

3/2[ 1 _5 (2x)~ 3

_8^ {X)

--2*

(-l)*rf2 *f

128

-cos(f+|)^ (-D^+if-""

12820 31 525
14336

(2x)-

^ Xj

10.4.80

(|arg 2 i<|7r)

10.4.68

W^^mrs

+i2(|)

(2x)-

it

10.4.81

Bi' (26 T '/ 3 )

^2frre'*zl [cos

(f+^ In 2) fj (-l)"tf *r

*(*)~| |a^' [l+|

( 2a;

)" 3

-1

ffl

96
|f

(2 ^)

495271

+sin

+^

(r+|T| In

2)

(2x)-

(-DWhir"- ]

12

+...J

Modulus and Phase

Asymptotic Forms of

10.4.82

Ai (x)=M(x) cos0(x),Bi ( x)=M(x)

sin 0(x)

(-a;)],

( x)/Ai

Ai

t)

Bi (t)dt for

dt,

pAi (t)dt^~T-

Large x

Jo

1/2

x- 3/i exp

3/2

(-f*

10.4.83

f*Ai
(a;)]

Jo

10.4.69

0(x)=arctan [Bi

(2x)-

(|arg2|<|7r)

M(x)=V[Ai 2 (-x)+Bi 2

2065 30429

(-0^-|-7T- 1/2x- 3/4 cos(Jx 3/2 +)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

450

10.4.84

p Bi (-Vdt-TT-^x-^ sin (J x

10.4.85

10.4.104

(H

Bi (t)dt~ir- 1/2x- z/i exp

Asymptotic Forms of Gi ( x), Gi' ( x), Hi

for Large a;

3/2

+)

x), Hi' x)

(&)=(-l)>j2e-* l >% [|^ (4s-l)+^

Bi'

Gi (-x) -ir-^x-

10.4.87

Gi'

10.4.88

11 "

cos

Bi (&) = (-iy- 1 j2e

{x)^iryb

(J

x-

/(2)~2 2/3 (l +

3/2

<*g
1

[^ (4s-3)+ j In 2]

sufficiently large

|2|

-2

+^)

,77125

_4

"'"82944

36
1080 56875

69 67296

_8

16 23755 96875

r w-

3344 30208
Gi' (-x) ~7r- 1/2x 1/4 sin

10.4.89

(|

x 3/2

+)
^(2)~2 2

Hi

10.4.90

(x)

~tt-

1/2

x"

1/4

HiC-x)-^-^-

10.4.91

'3

3/2

exp (|x

(l-^2- + 35
288

-4

186 83371

Hi' (x)~7i- 1/2x 1/4 exp (|x3/2 )

.)

_8

9 11458 84361

Jjn-V

Hi' (-x)

181223
"207360

,-10

1911 02976
10.4.93

12 44160
10.4.92

2]

10.4.105

GiCaO-TT-'a:- 1

10.4.86

In

Uz)^-^z^(\+-^z-'

1525 _ 4
Z
"4608

Zeros and Their Asymptotic Expansions

-)

23 97875

Ai

"

Ai' (z) have zeros on the negative real

(2),

Bi (z), Bi' (2) have zeros on the negareal

tive
axis and in the sector f7r<| arg z\<C%ir.
h s b'e s-th. (real) negative zero of Ai (2),
a>s,
axis only.

cb's',

(2),

Bi'

complex zero

respectively.

(2),

of

Bi

(2),

(3 S ,

ft';

&,

_L

843 94709 2" 6

&'

"265 42080

Bi' (2) in the sectors

^7r<arg 2<|ir,

|r<arg 2<

10.4.94

a s =-/[37r(4s-l)/8]

Points

10.4.95

a;=-^[37r(4s-3)/8]

An

7r,

10.4.96

Ai' (a s )

10.4.97

Ai

(a')

= (-l)

= (- l)

respectively.

-y [37r(4s-l)/8]

-1

^ 1 [37r(4s-3)/8]

6 s =-/[3tt(4s-3)/8]

10.4.99

6 8'

Formal and Asymptotic Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations of Second Order With Turning

equation

10.4.106

W"+a{z, X)W' + b(z,X)W=0

in

which X

is

a real or complex parameter and,

for fixed X, a(z, X)

is

analytic in 2 and b(z, X)

continuous in 2 in some region of the 2-plane,

be reduced by the transformation

= -^37r(4s-l)/8]
= (-1)

10.4.107

-1

10.4.100

Bi' (6 s )

10.4.101

Bi (60 = (- 1) Vi[3tt(4s- l)/8]

=e^ / Vj
3

|8 s

+ )

10.4.98

10.4.102

1673
6144

(-fa

Ai' (2); Bi
s-th

^(2)~X- 1/2 2 1/6

6 63552

W(z)=w(z) exp

f-^ P

'

a(t,

\)dt\

[37t(4s-3)/8]
to the equation

10.4.108

(4s-l)+|:

In 2~|

w"+<p(z,\)w=0
10.4.103

&'= e /3

Py

(4s-3)

+^ In 2]

<p(z, X)

= 6(2,

X)--

a 2 (z,

X)~2 j~
z

a(z, X).

is

may

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

can be written

<p(z, X)

If

<p(z,\)=\2p(z)+q(z,

10.4.109

where

form

in the

bounded

q{z, X) is

plane, then the zeros of p{z) in

10.4.114

of the

are said to be

Special Case u>"+[X2 z+g(z,

X)]u>

y (x)=Bi(-\2%)[l + 0(X1

2-

turning points of the equation 10.4.108.

The

(x)=M (-X^aOU+OCX-

X)

in a region

451

)]
1

(|X|-*)

)]

For further representations and

details,

we

refer

to [10.4].

When

complex (bounded or unbounded),

z is

conditions under which the formal series 10.4.110

Let X=|X|e iw vary over a sectorial domain S:

|X|>X (>0), wi<u<co 2 and suppose that q(z, X) is
continuous in z for |2|<r and X in S, and q(z, X)
,

CO

~S

q.n(z)\~

yields a uniform asymptotic expansion of a solution are given in [10.121

of X
lies

as X-> in S.

if

independent

q{z, X) is

and |X|> with fixed a>, and in [10.14] if X

in any region of the complex plane.
Further

references are [10.2; 10.9; 10.10].

Formal

Series Solution

The General Case w" + [\2 p(z)+q(z, \)]w=0

10.4.110

S ,<8)X-+X-V() S ^(2)X"

w(z)=u(z)

Let X=|X|e' w where |X|>X (>0) and tt<wStt;

suppose that p(z) is analytic in a region R and has

a zero

tt"+X2 Ztt=0

z= z

analytic in

Vo(2)=Coj

^0(2)

=2

*Ci,

cx

and

in R,
z

that, for fixed X, q{z, X)

The
z in R.
Ui
w(z), where

for

is

transformation
is defined as

=(2), v=[p(z)/]
the (unique) solution of the equation

constants

H-i(8)=-|*i(a)-|Jo"42a-*W*i(*)*

%<$$-**.
dz)

10.4.115

yields the special case

(71=0, 1,2,..

.)

|p+ m+xi. x)io=o,

10.4.116

Uniform Asymptotic Expansions of Solutions

For

z real,

i.e.

/a,x)=(i)"v,x)-(iri[(gy}

for the equation

Example:

2/"+[X2x+g(x, X)]y=0

10.4.111

where x varies

in a

includes the origin

bounded interval a<x<b that

and where, for each fixed X in S,

continuous in x for a<x<b, the following

asymptotic representations hold.
q(x, X) is

(i)

Voix))

If

is

real

and

positive, there are solutions

a<x<0,

Viix) such that, uniformly in x on

Consider the equation

10.4.117

?/"+[X 2 -(X 2 -:\)x- 2 ]y=0

which the points x=0, 00 are singular points

and x=l is a turning point. It has the functions

for

x*Jx(Xx),

as

x*Fx(Xx)

solutions

particular

(see

9.1.49).

The equation

10.4.112

y (x)=Ai(-\**x)[l + 0(\2/ 1

(X-*)

)]

(a;)=Bi(-X2/3x)ll + 0(X- 1 )]

and, uniformly

I (_^)3/2

(-X^aOU + OCX-^l+Bi (-X^x)^"

y x (a;)=Bi

(-X^Ml + OCX-^+Ai (-X^x)^"

^X>0, J\90,

If
2/1

716-654

there

are

such that, uniformly in x on

0*0

64

x2

30

= _ A/i3^2+ln a;-l(l+Vl-X

(0<x<l)
),

(X-^co)
(ii)

&-1

inxon0<x<6

y (x)=Ai

2/0(2),

/d\ 2
\dx)

whence

10.4.113

10.4.115 becomes

solutions

a<x<b,

|^3/2 =A/ a.2_ 1

_ arccos

j.-l

(1<X<00).

Thus
10.4.118

*>-(4r)

yix)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

452
satisfies

the equation

10 . 4 , 19

g+

[^ f^]
+

=0

of 10.4.114 there

is

a solution y
representation

(x)

a solution v

a;

on

Jx(Xx)

2tt

1/2

r(x+i)

X*+v e -*(^~-\

^Ai (-xu^li+OiX-

of 10.4.119,

()

in

10.4.125

which is of the form 10.4.111 with x replaced by

and q{%, X) independent of X.
Suppose <%\>0, J^X^O. By the first equation
i.e.,

from 10.4.120 that uniformly

It follows

0<Z<oo

(|X|

)]

which the

of 10.4.117 for

Numerical Methods

10.4.120

Use and Extension of the Tables

10.5.
1/4

^(l)=(^1) 2/oW=Ai(-X ^)[l + 0(X2

Spherical Bessel Functions

)]

holds uniformly in x on 0<x<<*> as |X|->

To

identify y

in terms of z*Jx(Xx), x^Y^Xx),

(x)

0<z<&<1

restrict x to

so that

by

10.4.118

by

negative, and replace the Airy function

asymptotic representation 10.4.59.

is

To compute j(x), y n (x), n=0, 1, 2, for values of

x outside the range of Table 10.1, use formulas
10.1.11, 10.1.12 and obtain values for the circular
functions from Tables 4.6-4.8.

its

Example

Compute ji(x)

1.

This yields

From
10.4.121

10.1.11, ji(x)=

Tables 4.6 and

2=11.425.

for

Hence, using

4.8,

(x)

1/

(^r)~

V"

I/2x

~ I/6(

-^ )1 "

exp

(I

)
[i+ocx- )]

e-p(|x(^) 3/2

[l

+ 0(\->)]

Let now X be fixed and x>0 in 10.4.121.

There

10.3, directly or possibly

and use these

J2i(x), J2o(x)

An
1/2 \- 1/6 1/2
x
Qz) x e x
y (x)~$T~

the other hand, y

and therefore
10.4.123

To compute j n (x), ll<n<20, for a value of x

within the range of Table 10.3, obtain from Table
by

linear interpolation,

as starting values in the

recurrence relation 10.1.19 for decreasing n.

results

On

11.425

1/4

1/6

10.4.122

.41634 873

(11.425) 2

= -.00696 54535-. 03644 1902

= -.04340 7356.

=^-^- (^)"

.90920 500
ii(l 1.425)

x <-*) 3/2

it

(x) is

alternative

procedure which often

better accuracy and which also applies to

a solution of 10.4.117

tations of j n (x) when both n and x are outside the

range of Table 10.1 is the following device essen-

due to

tially

can be written in the form

yields

compu-

C. P. Miller

J.

[9.20].

larger than the desired value

At some value
n, assume tentatively FN+1 0, FN =l and use

1 '2
y (x)=x [cM\x)+c 2 Y>(\x)}

N to
N was

recurrence relation 10.1.19 for decreasing

where, from 9.1.7 for X fixed and x-^0

FN -x,

obtain the sequence

.,

If

chosen large enough, each term of this sequence

Jx(Xx)

up

~r|=Fi7

Xx)

Xx)

Xtt.

in 10.4.123

resulting relation

with 10.4.122 one finds that

and comparing the

computed separately.

pF

0)

yQ (x)=

^-

1/2

X-

r(X+l)x

I/2

Jx(Xx).

pFn

of

term

in

If

The terms

sequence

in the

are then accurate to the

figures

significant

values.

10.4.124

number

the sequence jN -i{x),

.,
j (x) of true values.
The factor of proportionality, p, may be obtained
with the true value j (x)
by comparing, say,

of

and
x - 1/6

proportional, to a certain

Thus, letting x>0

=0

is

Y,(\x)~ J?
\ cot Xr- l!
r esc
r(x+i)
r(i-x)

c2

Fn

to

significant figures, to the corresponding

present

in

the accuracy obtained

the process

may

larger value

T
.

the

number

tentative

is not sufficient,
be repeated by starting from a

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Example

Compute jib(x)

2.

for

x=24.6.

Interpolation in Table 10.3 yields for

Modified Spherical Bessel Functions

x=24.6

VW^

= _ 28) 3 9346
3.-20^/82^(3,) = (-27)9.48683

x-2 i0?Mjal (3)

whence

From

= .05604

29, i20 (24.6)

recurrence

the

relation

03896

98.

10.1.19

there

results

18

j 17
ji 6

i 15

67660
93173
17554
87086
65122

[.00890 70]

[-.02485
[-.04628
[-.04099
[-.00871

i0

z=24.6 by

jisix) for

for

take,

=0,

16]

those

F3g =l.

for

de-

example, N=39 and assume

Using 10.1.19 with decreasing N,

generate the sequence

37 ,

3S ,

.,'

are

.,

Fu F

Compute V Wz/5 /2 (x) Jhr/xK5/2 (x)

From

10.2.13,
;

same number

p=j

The value pFi5 equals ,715(24. 6) to

The final part of the computations

shown

is

15
14
13
12

-22704. 71107
+ 78178.88236
+ 114866.80811

pF, V

10
9

-. 00871
+. 03001
+. 04409
+ 47894. 44353 +. 01838
-66193. 59317 -. 02541
-109782. 76234 -. 04214
-27523. 39903 -.01056

in

8
7

+ 88524.85252 + 03398
+ 88699. 11017 + .03405

6
5

-34440.02929

11

-. 01322
-. 04104
-. 00512

-106899. 12565
-13360. 39272
4
3 + 102011. 17704
2

+ 42387.

96341

+ .03916
+ .01627

-93395. 73728
-53777. 68747

-. 03585
-. 02064

jV(24.6)

67391
42522
93941
75218
28882
75392
67185
62526
31532
21348
04602
92905
38905
34870
62712
62030

= (-7)2.8945
= (-8)1.0690

+ .01838

values

-.01322
04104
00512
03916
01627
03585
02064

752
289
754
672
625
315
213
046
929
389
349
627
620

may be observed that the normalization of the

sequence FN FN_ U
can also be obtained
., F
from formula 10.1.50 by computing the sum
.

=it
yields,

(2k-\-l)Fk
in

and

the case of

.00000 03839 177.

finding

p=1/t/7.

the example,

This

'

(32.4)

28283.

To compute ^J^t/xI + ^(x), 3<n<8, for a

value of x within the range of Table 10.9, obtain
from Table

-. 02541
-. 04214
-. 01056
+ .03398
+. 03405

38069[.036932 60400]

10.9, ^%tt/xI 19/2 (x), V ^Ixl2 ii2 (x) for

the desired value of x and use these as starting

the

in

recurrence

relation

10.2.18

for

decreasing n.

To compute ^\irlxKn+ \(x)

for

some

integer

outside the range of Table 10.9, obtain from

10.2.15

or

from Table

10.8,

J^fxK^x)

tJ%t/xK3/2 (x) for the desired value of x

and use

these as starting values in the recurrence relation

10.2.18

for

increasing n.

If

lies

range of Table 10.9 and n.>10, the

may
It

and
12

VW16^5/2(16.2)=- 16 2 [^1^+
(32.4)

-.00871 674
+. 03001 425
+. 04409 939

-.
-.
+.
+.
-.
-.

402371

Vir/16.2.K 872 (16.2) use 10.2.17

are given for comparison.

FN

Hence

of significant figures.

-.01143 118427)[(6)5.4267 59950]

= 338814.459462034.29298
=276780.1664.

the following table, in which the correct values

sinh x/a?-

obtain

decimals.

16.2= (6)5.4267

4.4, cosh

VWl6.2/5/2 (16.2) = (.06243

To compute
03839 17642.

5/2 (x)

59950 and this equals the value of sinh 16.2 to the

portionality

= (3+x

VW^/

from Table

j/'

= .00000

VW^hjW

x= 16.2.

compute from Table 4.6, (24.6) = (sin 24.6)/24.6

= .02064 620296, and obtain the factor of pro-

(24.6)/F

when ^hrjxln+i (x) and

nearly equal, i.e., when x is

cases

large,

Example 3

67]

Miller's

n=0,

are given in 10.1.9.

88]

i.e.,FIf _ 1 =[(2N+l)/x]F-F+l ,N=39,Z8

1, 0,

In

3 cosh x/x2

To compute

re+ .(a:),

compute
from
formula 10.2.15, for which the coefficients (n+|, k)

90]

brackets.

vice,

sufficiently

For comparison, the correct values, are shown in

4 15 -

Viir/x-f-n-ite)

= .00890
(24.6) = -.02484
(24.6) = -.04628
(24.6) = 04099
(24.6) = .00871

j 19 (24.6)
j*

To compute ^^/xln+i (x),

2, ... for values of x outside

the range of
Table 10.8, use formulas 10.2.13, 10.2.14 together
with 10.2.4 and obtain values for the hyperbolic
and exponential functions from Tables 4.4 and
1,

j 2 i (24.6)

453

within the
recurrence

be started with yJ\irlxK^i 2 (x), y/^Tr/xK2 /2 (x)

obtained from Table 10.9.
Example 4. Compute ^T/xKn/2 (x) for x=3.6.
i

Obtain from Table 10.8 for x=3.6

VWz-Ki/2(z) = .01192 222

pll^[a=
^JfrJxK3/2 {x)

01523 3952

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

454
The recurrence

relation 10.2.18 yields successively

formulas may be
denote approximations to c, c'
and u=y{d)/y'(d), v=y'(d')ld ny{d').

y'(x), respectively, the following

used, in which

-VW3.6JK 8/a (3.6) = -.01192

222

-^ (.01523 3952)
6.0

= .02461
VW3.6K

7/2 (3.6)

= .01523

=d-u-2d ~+2 ^.-24d

+88d^-(88+720ef)

3952

+ 5856i

+
fT -(16640d+40320d )^
9!

r (3+2d' )^-(15 +

718

(105

-^-x

= -.12072
=

(.04942 4480)

+ 76d'

10d' 3

)^

+24d' 6 )lr
5!

-(945 + 756d' +272d

3

034

oi3

04942 4480

/i

y'(fi)=y'(d)fl-

As a check, the recurrence can be carried out until

n=9 and the value of VW3-6-K19/2 (3.6) so obtained
can be compared with the corresponding value
from Table 10.9.
To compute ^%Tr/xIn+ $(x) when both n and x
are outside the range of Table 10.9, use the device

"/

6!

#5

#4

nr

or

(14+45rf3 )^+471d2

533.

" 4l"'

+^ (.12072 034)
= .35122

4480

(3.6) = -.02461

Vi7r/3.6K11/2 (3.6)

1-,

>.'=d>{l-v-*
-VfW3T6K9/2

61

718

+^ (.02461 718)
= .04942

d, d'

-(1432d+1575d 4 )^+

y{c')=y{d')^\-d'^-d^

^-{U'^Zd'^

-(I5d ,3 +Ud' 6)lr

5!

described in

[9.20].

-(105d' 3 +101d' 6 +45d

Airy Functions

To compute Ai(x),
1,

Bi(x) for values of x beyond

use auxiliary functions from Table 10.11.

Example

5.

First, for

=4.5,

=f*

3/2 =

Compute

Ai(x) for x=4.5.

r = -15713 48403.
10.11, /() = 55848 24 and

:6.36396 1029,

Hence, from Table

thus
Ai(4.5)

Example

Bi(x)

near

10.11,

= .02420

To compute
equation

467, y'(

.4) = .71276

the zeros

c, c'

of a solution y{x) of

y"xy=0 and

of

its

derivative

627

whence u=y( A) /y'( .4) = .03395 8776. From

the above formulas

+ .00000

1/4

the

the zero of y(x)Ai(x)

c=-.4 + .03395 8776-.00000

= (4.5)- (.55848 24) exp (-6.36396 1029)

= (68658 905) (.55848 24) (.00172 25302)
= .00033 02503.

*/

6!

d= .4.

From Table
y (-.4)

Compute

6.

= -.36604
y'(c)

= ( .71276

5221

01 11

+ .00000

0001

6333.

627) {1

+ .00023

0640

-.00000 6527 -.00000 0027 + .00000 0002}

= (-.71276 627)(1.00022 4088)
= -.71292 599.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

455

References
Texts
[10.1]

[10.2]

[10.3]

Tables

H. Bateman and R. C. Archibald, A guide to tables

of Bessel functions, Math. Tables Aids Comp. 1,
205-308 (1944), in particular, pp. 229-240.
T. M. Cherry, Uniform asymptotic formulae for
functions with transition points, Trans. Amer.
Math. Soc. 68, 224-257 (1950).
A. Erdelyi et
vol.

1,

al., Higher transcendental functions,

(McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New

[10.17]

H. K. Crowder and G. C. Francis, Tables of

spherical Bessel functions and ordinary Bessel
functions of order half and odd integer of the
first and second kind, Ballistic Research
Labora-

Memorandum Report No. 1027, Aberdeen

Proving Ground, Md. (1956).
[10.18] A. T. Doodson, Bessel functions of half integral
tory

order [Riccati-Bessel functions], British Assoc.

Adv. Sci. Report, 87-102 (1914).

York, N.Y., 1953).

[10.4]

Asymptotic expansions, California

Technology, Dept. of Math.,
Technical Report No. 3, Pasadena, Calif. (1955).
A. Erdelyi, Asymptotic solutions of differential
equations with transition points or singularities,
J. Mathematical Physics 1, 16-26 (1960).
H. Jeffreys, On certain approximate solutions of
linear differential equations of the second order,
Proc. London Math. Soc. 23, 428-436 (1925).
H. Jeffreys, The effect on Love waves of heterogeneity in the lower layer, Monthly Nat. Roy.
Astr. Soc, Geophys. Suppl. 2, 101-111 (1928).
H. Jeffreys, On the use of asymptotic approximations of Green's type when the coefficient has
zeros, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 52, 61-66
A.

Erdelyi,

Institute

[10.5]

[10.6]

[10.7]

[10.8]

[10.10]

Amer. Math. Soc. 34, 447-480 (1932).

R. E. Langer, The asymptotic solutions of ordinary

[10.21]

F. Oberhettinger, Formeln und

Satze fur die speziellen Funktionen der mathematischen Physik, 2d ed. (Springer- Verlag,

W.

Germany, 1948).
The asymptotic solution

J. Olver,

of the modified Hankel

functions of order one-third and of their deriva-

differential

[10.22] E.

equations of the second order for

London

1945).
[10.23] C.

W.

Jones,

short table for the Bessel functions

(2lw)Kn+ \(x) (Cambridge Univ. Press,

Cambridge, England, 1952).

In+i(x),

of

integral, British Assoc.

1946).

Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical

Bessel functions, vols. I, II (Columbia Univ.

[10.25] National

Press,
[10.26] National

New

York, N.Y., 1947).

Bureau

of Standards, Tables of Bessel

functions of fractional order, vols. I, II (Co-

[10.27]

lumbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1948-49).

National Bureau of Standards, Integrals of Airy
functions, Applied Math. Series 52 (U.S. GovPrinting

Office,

Washington,

D.C.,

1958).
[10.28] J.

Proudman, A. T. Doodson and G. Kennedy,

Numerical

[A] 247,

results of the theory of the diffraction

of a plane electromagnetic

wave by a conducting

Roy. Soc. London [A]

217, 279-314 (1916-18), in particular pp. 284-

sphere,

Philos.

Trans.

288.
[10.29]

linear

[10.30]

M. Rothman, The problem

of an infinite plate
under an inclined loading, with tables of the
integrals of Ai (x), Bi (x), Quart. J. Mech.
Appl. Math. 7, 1-7 (1954).
M. Rothman, Tables of the integrals and differ-

Gi (+x), Hi ( x), Quart. J.

Mech. Appl. Math. 7, 379-384 (1954).
Royal Society Mathematical Tables, vol. 7,
Bessel functions, Part III. Zeros and associated
values (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge,
ential coefficients of

Comm. Pure

Appl. Math. 14, 657-673 (1961);

173-187 (1962).
G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
functions, 2d ed.
(Cambridge Univ. Press
Cambridge, England, 1958).

The Airy

Adv. Sci. Mathematical Tables, Part-vol. B

(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,

Roy.

second-order differential
equations for large values of a parameter, Philos.
Trans. Roy. Soc. London [A] 250, 479-517 (1958).
[10.15] W. R. Wasow, Turning point problems for systems
of linear differential equations.
Part I: The
formal theory; Part II: The analytic theory.
solutions

15,

Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, 4th

(Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y.,

ed.

ernment

307-327 (1954-55).
F. W. J. Olver, The asymptotic expansion of Bessel
functions of large order, Philos. Trans. Roy.
Soc. London [A] 247, 328-368 (1954).
F. W. J. Olver, Uniform asymptotic expansions of
Soc.

(Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.,

1945).

of linear

large values of a parameter, Philos. Trans.

[10.16]

Harvard University, Tables

tives

W. Magnus and

Berlin,

[10.14]

Doodson, Riccati-Bessel functions, British

Assoc. Adv. Sci. Report, 263-270 (1922).

the asymptotic solutions of

differential equations with an application to the
Bessel functions of large. complex order, Trans.

[10.12] F.

[10.13]

[10.20] A. T.

On

R. E. Langer,

linear differential equations of the second order,

with special reference to a turning point, Trans.
Amer. Math. Soc. 67, 461-490 (1949).
[10.11]

T. Doodson, Riccati-Bessel functions, British

Assoc. Adv. Sci. Report, 97-107 (1916).

[10.24] J. C. P. Miller,

(1956).
[10.9]

[10.19] A.

of

[10.31]

England, 1960).

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

456
[10.32]

R.

S. Scorer,

Numerical evaluation

fX2

k
and the tabulation
Gi
Quart.

J.

(2()

= (l/ir)

e ivW dx
fix)e

of the function

sin

(uz+]/3u 3)du,

Mech. Appl. Math.

3,

107-112 (1950).

D. Smirnov, Tables of Airy functions (and

confluent hypergeometric functions).
Translated from the Russian by D. G. Fry
(Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y., 1960).
[10.34] I. M. Vinogradov and N. G. Cetaev, Tables of
Bessel functions of imaginary argument (Izdat.
Akad. Nauk SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1950).
[10.35] P. M. Woodward, A. M. Woodward, R. Hensman,
H. H. Davies and N. Gamble, Four-figure tables
of the Airy functions in the complex plane,
Phil. Mag. (7) 37, 236-261 (1946).
[10.33] A.

of integrals of

the form

special

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS

X

ioM

.?

AND

Table 10.1

vM

0.4

1.00000
0.99833
0.99334
0.98506
0.97354

000
417
665
736
586

0.00000
0.03330
0.06640
0.09910
0.13121

0000
0012
0381
2888
215

j 2 ( x)
0.00000 000000
0.00066 619061
0.00265 90561
0.00596 15249
0.01054 5302

-9.95004
-4.90033
-3.18445
-2.30265

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.95885
0.94107
0.92031
0.89669
0.87036

108
079
098
511
323

0.16253
0.19289
0.22209
0.24998
0.27639

703
196
828
551
252

0.01637
0.02338
0.03153
0.04075
0.05094

1107
8995
8780
0531
5155

-1.75516
-1.37555
-1.09263
-0.87088
-0.69067

94
17
339

1.0

1.3
1.4

0.84147
0.81018
0.77669
0.74119
0.70389

098
851
924
860
266

0.30116
0.32417
0.34528
0.36438
0.38137

868
490
457
444
537

0.06203
0.07392
0.08651
0.09968
0.11334

5052
4849
2186
8571
028

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.66499
0.62473
0.58333
0.54102
0.49805

666
350
224
646
268

0.39617
0.40870
0.41892
0.42679
0.43228

297
814
749
364
539

0.12734
0.14159
0.15595
0.17029
0.18450

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.45464
0.41105
0.36749
0.32421
0.28144

871
208
837
966
299

0.43539
0.43614
0.43454
0.43065
0.42451

778
199
522
030
529

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.23938
0.19826
0.15828
0.11963
0.08249

886
976
884
863
9769

0.41621
0.40583
0.39346
0.37923
0.36326

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.04704
+0.01341
-0.01824
-0.04780
-0.07515

0003
3117
1920
1726
9148

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.10022
-0.12292
-0.14319
-0.16101
-0.17635

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3

0, 1

457

oW

- OO

17
29
50
25

y2 ( x)

00

- 00

-100.49875
-25.495011
-11.599917
-- 6.73017 71

3005.0125
- 377.52483

-112.81472
-48.173676

774

-4.46918
-3.23366
-2.48121
-1.98529
-1.63778

13
97
34
93
29

-0.54030
-0.41236
-0.30196
-0.20576
-0.12140

231
011
480
833
510

-1.38177
-1.18506
-1.02833
-0.89948
-0.79061

13
66
193
059

-3.60501
-2.81962
-2.26887
-1.86995
-1.57276

928
426
157
628
320

-0.04715
+0.01824
0.07579
0.12622
0.17015

8134
9701
0879
339
240

-0.69643
-0.61332
-0.53874
-0.47090
-0.40849

541
744
937
236
878

-1.34571
-1.16823
-1.02652
-0.91106
-0.81515

0.19844
0.21200
0.22506
0.23749
0.24920

795
791
330
812
113

0.20807
0.24040
0.26750
0.28968
0.30724

342
291

200
450
723
956
325

-0.73399
-0.66408
-0.60282
-0.54829
-0.49902

142

523
738

-0.35061
-0.29657
-0.24590
-0.19826
-0.15342

299
020
703
606
136

0.26006
0.26999
0.27889
0.28668
0.29328

673
585
675
572
784

0.32045
0.32957
0.33484
0.33650
0.33481

745
260
153
798

-0.11120
-0.07151
-0.03427
+ 0.00054

588
1067
3462
2796
0.03295 3045

-0.45390
-0.41208
-0.37292
-0.33592
-0.30072

450
537
316

0.34567
0.32662
0.30626
0.28475
0.26224

750

750
895
678
620
336

0.32999
0.32230
0.31196
0.29923
0.28435

750
166
712
629

678

0.29863
0.30267
0.30536
0.30666
0.30655

241

0.06295
0.09055
0.11573
0.13847
0.15879

9164
5161
164
939
221

-0.26703
-0.23466
-0.20346
-0.17334
-0.14424

834
763
870
594
164

378
235
896
523
030

0.23892
0.21495
0.19051
0.16577
0.14091

369
446
380
697
846

0.30501
0.30205
0.29766
0.29189
0.28474

551
107
961
179
912

0.26755
0.24909
0.22921
0.20814
0.18613

905
956
622
940
649

0.17666
0.19211
0.20514
0.21579
0.22407

922
667
929
139
760

-0.11612
-0.08900
-0.06287
-0.03778
-0.01376

829
2337
8964
7773
9102

-0.18920
-0.19957
-0.20751
-0.21306
-0.21627

062
978
804
185
320

0.11611
0.09152
0.06731
0.04365
+0.02069

075
2967
9710
9843
5380

0.27628
0.26654
0.25560
0.24352
0.23038

369
781
355
220
368

0.16341
0.14020
0.11672
0.09320
0.06984

091
096
877
9110
8380

0.23005
0.23377
0.23531
0.23473
0.23214

335
514
060
838
783

+-

0.00912
0.03085
0.05135
0.07056
0.08843

9107
4018
0236
1855
4232

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-0.21722
-0.21601
-0.21274
-0.20753
-0.20050

892
978
963
429
053

-0.00142
-0.02257
-0.04262
-0.06146
-0.07898

95812
9838
9993
5266
2225

0.21627
0.20129
0.18553
0.16911
0.15214

586
380
900
850
407

0.04684
0.02438
+0.00263
-0.01822
-0.03806

3511
0984
5886
8955
3749

0.22763
0.22132
0.21331
0.20373
0.19273

858
000
046
659
242

0.10491
0.11995
0.13351
0.14556
0.15606

554
814
972
433
319

5.0

-0.19178 485

1.1
1.2

)4
]

847
652
092

-0.09508 9408
3
['I' ]

0.13473 121

051

316

-0.05673 2437

33

0.18043 837

-e

76
54
66
92
05

27

87
51
065
048

077
854
769
644

641

380

0.16499 546

J.to=yh*/ xJ*H<A

vn (*)=<dr/ xY+*W-

of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functions, vols.

Compiled from National Bureau

New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).

Univ. Press,

-25.059923
-14.792789
-9.54114 00
-6.57398 92
-4.76859 87

)2

51

I, II.

Columbia

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

458

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS

Table 10.1
Jo( x )

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

2) -9. 5089
1) -1.0971
1) -1.2277

(-1) -1.2828

5217

3423
4404

-1) -1.1273

,5862

(-2) -9. 6611

(-2) -8. 0104
(-2) -6. 3369

-1.6339
(-1) -1.6649
(-1) -1.6794

-4. 6569
-2. 9863

-1.3402

(-2 )
(-2)
(-2)
2)
2)

hi

-1)

:-i
-i
'

-2
-2
-2

1.3473
1.1700
9.9065
8.1054
6. 3084

4.5277
2.7749
+1.0617
(-2)
(-3) -6. 0100
(-2) -2. 2024
(-2)

(-2

AND

x
y'2^
2( )

( )

6732
-2) -7. 4113
-2) -5.

-2-9.0099
-1-1.0460
[-I)

-1.1754

-1)

-1.2885

8044
1.6700
1. 5257
1.3730
1.2134

1. 6500
1.7235
-i) 1. 7812
-i
1. 8231
-i) 1. 8495

0485
7995
7. 0920
5.3780
3.6725

8604
1.8563
-i) 1. 8377
-i) 1.8049
-i) 1.7587

-1)

-1-1.3849

-2

-1) -1.4644
'-1)-1. 5268
-1)-1. 5720

-2)

3095
4.7203
6.0425
7.2664
8.3832

-1)

-1.4515

-1)
-1)

-1.2746
-1.1717
-1.0607

-1.5024
-1.4397
-1.3648
-1.2785
-1.1822

-2) -5. 6210

-1)
-1)

0009
0940
-1-1. 1750
-1)-1. 2435
-1)-1. 2995

-9.
-8.
-6.
-5.
-4.

-1) -1.0924

3.

(-2) -6. 5418

(-2) -7. 8042
(-2) -8. 9620

-1-1.3682
-1)

-1) -1.6003

-1.6119
-1.6073
-1) -1.5871
!-l) -1.5519

-l)
-1)
-1)

;-2) 1.9898
-3) +3. 4379
-2) -1.2523
;

[-2-2.7861
i

-2) -4. 2458

-2) -6.
-2) -8.
-2) -9.

9.

3855
1.0267
1.1023
1.1650
1.2145

-2)
-2)
-2)
-2)
-2)

4292
1954
9183
6107
2851

-1)-1. 3427
-1)-1. 3730

-1)-1. 0770
-2)-9. 6415

-1-1. 3906
-1)-1. 3956

-2-8.4493

-1-1.1625
-1-1.2197

-2)-7. 2065
-2)-5. 9263

-1) -1.2637
-1) -1.2946

7.5
7.6
7.7

1.2507
1.2736
1.2833
1.2802
1.2645

-2) -2. 9542

-2) -1.6303
-3) -3. 2520

-i)-i. 3688

6218
3061
9919
9174
)+5.<8231

-1) -1.3123
-1) -1.3171
-1) -1.3092

1.2367
1.1974
1.1472
1.0870
1.0174

3646
4850
5.5351
6.5069
7.3932

8188
0067
4.1360
5.1973
6.1820

-1) -1.2140
-1) -1.1603
-1) -1.0968

0825
7.8921
8.6051
9.2170
9.7240

-2) -8. 5607

-2) -7. 6218
-2) -6. 6312

0124
0415
0596
0669
0635

-2) -3. 4542

7.8
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

'-1)
-1)

9.0
9.1
9.2

9.3
9.4

-3) +9. 4953

-2) 2.1829

3940
8.5395
7.6203
6. 6468
5.6294

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-lj-i. 0313

1.

-3) -7. 9106

-2) -1.8159

1.

0632
0800
1. 0859
1.0813
1. 0663
1.

8017
7396

-2-4.6216
10.0

-l) -l.

4.5791
3.5066
2.4227
-2
1.3382
'-3)+2. 6357
-2)
-2

'-2)

(-2) -5. 4402

(-2)

1105

3.

4.

8.1877
8.8851
9.4810
9.9723
1. 0357

9.

-2) -2.
-2) -3.

-l-i. 3379
-l-i. 2960
-l-i. 2437
-l) -l. 1816

4473
-2-8. 5177
-2-7. 5334
-2) -9.

-2)
-2
-2)

-2)

-2)

1.
3.

-2) -6. 5042

-2)

-2-5.4401

!-2)

3510
-3.2471
-2.1385

-2)
-2)
-2)

-2) -1.0349
-4) +5. 3818

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

1.

-1)

1.

-1

1.

2) -4.

\i
'

2)-4.
2)-3.
2)-l.
3)-6.

'-2)

1.1184
2.1498
-2) 3.1395
-2)

0413
1,0068
9. 6325
9.1126
8. 5149

-2)
'-2

'-2

0795
4.9622
5. 7808
6.5291
7.2018

7.8467

(-2)

7.7942

-2

-2)

4.

7.

1.
1.
1.
1.

-2)

0497
0257
9.9213
9. 4941
8. 9817

(-2)

8.3907

-2)
-2)

;-i)
-i)
-i)
-l)

-i)

-2-5.5994
-2) -4. 5369

-21-2.3621
-2) -1.2710
-3) -1.9101

'-3+8.6782
1.8960
8844
3. 8245
4. 7084
5.5288
2.

(-2)

6.2793

1.2430
1.1260
1. 0030
8.7500
7.4323
6.

-3)-6. 2736
'

-2-1.8929
-2) -3. 1089
-2)-4.2662

-1) -1.2571

-2) -9. 4378

1.6998
1. 6288
1.5467
1. 4544
1.3528

0883
4.7295
3.3674
2.0132
-3)+ 6. 7812
-2)
-2)
-2)
-2)

-1-1.2891

-1-1.0243

1.

-i

9018
0795
1466
0097

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

-1)-1. 3882

-i)

1.

(-2) -3. 7326

'-1)
'-1)

-i)

8.

-1.6779
-1.6609
-1.6289
-1.5828
-1.5234

(-2-5.1819

-i)

1.

(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)

-3) +2. 6689

-2) 1. 8211

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

-1.9178
-1 -1.8153
-1 -1.6990
-1) -1.5703
-1) -1.4310
-1)

0, 1

-2) -5.
'

3561

-2) -6. 3711

-2)-7. 3040
'-2)-8. 1487

'$: -8.8997
-9.5527
-1)-1.
-1)-1.
-1)-1.
-1)-1.
-1)-1.

0104
0551
0892
1126
1253

-1.1275
-1.1193
-1) -1.1011
-1) -1.0731
-1) -1.0358

-1)
'-1)

-2) -9.

8978

-2-9.3558
-2) -8.
-2) -8.
-2) -7.

7385
0528
3063

(-2) -6. 5069

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

459

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS 3-10

74
)
)
)

0.0000
1.0577
1.6900
8.5364
2.6894

J 5 (x)

6)2.9775
6 7.3776
5)1.5866
5)3.0755
5)5.5059

3)1.1740
3)2.0163
3)3.1787
7053
6361

(-5)6.5390
(-4)1.3491
(-4)2.4847
(-4 4.2098
(-4)6.6912

9.0066
1.1847
1.5183
1.9033
2.3411

(-3)1.0110
(-3 1.4661
(-3)2.0546
(-3 2.7976
(-3)3.7164

9.2561
1.4786
2.2643
3.3461
4.7963

(-2)2.8325
(-2)3.3774
(-2)3.9754
(-2)4.6252
(-2)5.3249

-3)4.8324
-3)6.1667
-3)7.7397
-3)9.5709
-2)1.1679

4)6.6962
4 9.1354
3)1.2212
3 1.6031
3)2.0705

2.0
2.1
2:2
2.3
2.4

(-2)6.0722
(-2)6.8639
(-2)7.6962
(-2)8.5650
(-2)9.4654

-2)1.4079
-2 1.6788
-2)1.9817
-2)2.3176
-2)2.6872

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-1)1.0392
-1 1.1339
-1)1.2301
-l)l!.3270
-1)1..4241

-2)3.0911
-2)3.5292
-2)4.0014
-2)4.5071
-2 5.0454

(-1)1.5205
-1)1.6156
(-1)1.7087
(-1)1.7989
(-1)1.8857

5.6150
6.2142
6.8409
7.4929
8.1673

1.9681
2.0456
-1 2.1174
2.1829
-1)2.2414

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

5.0

(((((-

0.0000

0.0000
-14)4.9319
-12)6.3072
-10)1.0761
-10)8.0448

-12)7.3975
-10)4.7297
- 9 5.3784
- 8)3.0149
(

7)1.1467
7 3.4113
7)8.5649
6)1.8989
- 6)3.8277

(" 9 ) 3.8259
- 8 ) 1.3665
(- 8) 4.0046
1.0153
2.3040

li

6)7.1569
5)1.2590
5)2.1058
- 5
3.3756
5)3.3756
- 5)5.2181

7)4.7901
7)9.2769
6)1.6942
6 2.9451
6 4.9082

((

11
%(?) io x

10

J 7 ( x)

0.0000
(-10)9.6163
(- 8)3.0737
7)2.3296
7)9.7904

Table 10.2

52734
52698
1, 52589
1 52407
1.52154

93
56
53
96
09

7
7
7

27309
27151
26677
7 25887
7.24783

19
10

(-10
(-10
(- 9
(- 9

1.51828
1.51430
1.50962
1.50423
1.49315

26
88
48
66

7.23366
7.21637
7.19599
7.17254
7.14605

29
65

7.11655
7.08407
7.04866
7.01035
6.96919

26
57
21
39

6.92523
6.87852
6.82912
6.77708
6.72246

71

6.66533
6.60575
6.54379
6.47951
6.41301

28
19
07
98
19

6.34434
6.27358
6.20082
6.12613
6.04960

22

1,

7)1.2013
2.2640
7)4.0669

1.49137
1.48392
1.47579
1.46700
1.45757

12.8265
16.0254

(
(

12
65

11
48
80

18

(- 7)7.0086
- 6)1.1649
(- 6)1.8756
6)2.9356
6)4.4800

44749
43680
42549
41358
40109

3)2.6352
(- 3)3.3094
3)4.1059
3)5.0375
(- 3)6.1171

(- 4)4.1404
(- 4 5.4720
4 7.1289
4)9.1665
3)1.1645

5)5.6097
5)7.7975
4)1.0661
4)1.4358
4)1.9071

(- 6)6.6832
6)9.7670
5)1.4009
(- 5)1.9754
(- 5)2.7420

1.38804
1.37444
1.36030
1.34565
1.33050

35
78
67
81

3)7.3576
3)8.7717
2)1.0372
2)1.2169
2)1.4174

3)1.4630
3)1.8192
3)2.2404
3)2.7345
3)3.3096

31488
29879
28226
26531
24796

28
44
50
48

6397
8848
1532
4457
7626

3)3.9744
3 4.7374
3 5.6074
3)6.5935
3)7.7045

-2)8.8610
-2)9.5706
0292
1022
(-1)1. 1756

3.1042
3.4705
3.8614
4.2765
(- 2)4.7151

3)8.9491
2)1.0336
2 1.1873
2 1.3569
2)1.5429

-1)2.2924
-1)2.3354
-1)2.3697
-1 2.3951
-1)2.4110

-1)1.2489
-1)1.3217
-1)1.3935
(-1)1.4637
(-1)1.5319

(((((-

2)5.1766
2)5.6596
2)6.1630
2)6.6851
2)7.2242

1.7462
1.9673
2.2065
2.4645
2.7413

-1)2.4174
-1)2.4138
-1)2.4001
-1)2.3763
-1)2.3423

(-1)1.5976
(-1 1.6602
-1)1.7193
(-1)1.7743
(-1)1.8247

2)7.7780
2)8.3444
2)8.9207
2)9.5043
1)1.0092

(-1)2.2982

(-1)1.8702

(- 1)1.0681

(-

(
(

(((((-

4)2.5009
4)3.2410
4)4.1542
4)5.2705
4)6.6231

5)5.0647
i:ll
6.7532
5)8.9013
4)1.1607
5

84
05
17
63
93
63

05

00
47
46

61
61

44

61

85

49

37
53

74
63
95
91

4)3.0520
4)3.8056

1.23023
1.21214
1.19371
1.17496
1.15592

41
38
48
82

- 3)3.1030
- 3)3.6544
- 3)4.2801

4 4.7098
1
(- 4 5.7875
(- V 7.0639
\- V 8.5665
(- 3) 1.0325

1.13660
1.11703
1.09723
1.07722
1.05702

79
73
52
33
31

5.55647
5.46943
5.38125
5.29201
5.20181

3)4.9865
3)5.7801
3)6.6676
3)7.6554
3)8.7501

2372
|: l\l 4743
1.7473
2.0603
2.4174

1.03665
1.01614
0.99550
0.97477
0.95395

63
44
88
06
10

5.11072
5.01885
4.92629
4.83311
4.73942

78

2)3.0371
2)3.3520
2)3.6857
2 4.0381
2)4.4086

3)9.9581
2)1.1286
2 1.2739
2 1.4322
2)1.6042

2.8229
3.2814
3.7976
4.3763
5.0226

0.93307
0.91215
0.89120
0.87026
0.84934

06

4.64529
4.55082
4.45609
4.36119
4.26620

34
25
35
18
13

(- 2)4.7967

(- 2)1.7903

8.2484
1.0187
1.2481
1.5177
1.8326
|

- 3)2.1980
- 3)2.6195

(
(

U*)=yl7/*J

n+i

(- 4)1.4983
(- 4 1.9160
4)2.4283

I-

(- 3)5.7414

54

01

97
94

0.82846 70

r(-5)9i

/i

Compiled from National Bureau

1,

6)7.8875
5)1.2279
(- 5)1.8587
- 5)2.7444
(- 5)3.9632

(*)

of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functions, vols.

4
I, II.

3 10^{ x )

0.0000
(-16)2.9012
(-14)7.4212
(-12)1.8995
(-11)1.8938

5)7.8174
4 1.1395
4)1.6212
4 2.2577
4)3.0840

(-

-10

5.97131
5.89135
5.80979
5.72674
5.64226

85

26
75
00

82
05

61
47
62
05

80

07
51
00

4.17120 50
r(- 4 ) 4 i
4
J
L

Columbia

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

460

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS 3-10

Table 10.2

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3

1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

CO
-1.0507

oo

-1.5015
-9.4126
-1.8686
-5.9544
(

2)-2.4613

2-1.2004
1)

1)
1)

1)

(
(

(
(
(
(
(

-4.3489
-1.0372

-6.5670
-3.9102
-2.4854

2)
2)

-3.4208
-1.3857
-6.4716
-3.3557
-1.8854

2)

1)

-2.2559

-3.7893
0)-3.0374
0) -2.4804
0) -2.0598
0)-1.7366

1)

-1.6338
-1.2120

1)
l)

l)
0)
0)

o)

0)

"1.7766

0-1.5290

0}
0)

0)

0)
(

(-1) -5.5144

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.3
3.9

(-l)-3.4257
(-1) -3.1573
(-1) -2.9012

(-1-4.6905
(-1-4.3365
(-1) -4.0112

(-D-3.7091

(-1-2.6551
(-1) -2.4173

-2.1864
-1.9615
-1.7418
-1.5269
-1.3165

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

(-1)
(-11
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

(-1)-1.1107
-2)-9.0931
(-2) -7.1268
(-2)-5.2107
(-2) -3.3484
(-2) -1.5443

4)

3)

4)
3)
3)
3)

(
(
(

o)
0)

-9.1835
-8.2448
-7.4514
-6.7752
-6.1940

(_1)
(_l)
(_1)
(_1)
(_1)

-5.6901
-5.2492
-4.8600
-4.5131
-4.2011

(_1) -3.9175
_1) -3.6574

(-1-3.4165
(_1)-3.1913
(_1) -2.9788

(
(

(
(
(
(

(
)
)

2)
2)
2)
2)
2)

i
i)

i)

-2.2859

(
(

-0.34713
-0.34826
-0.34960
-0.35115
-0.35291

86
48
12
04
56

-0.65905
-0.66096
-0.66323
-0.66586
-0.66885

23
47
28

-1.4045
-6.6058
-3.3227
-1.7686
-9.8790

-0.35490
-0.35710
-0.35954
-0.36221
-0.36512

04
89
56
57
46

-0.67221
-0.67595
-0.68007
-0.68458
-0.68949

50
30

-5.7534
-3.4751

87

-0.69481
-0.70054
-0.70670
-0.71331
-0.72036

14

2-9.1587

-0.36827
-0.37168
-0.37534
-0.37928
-0.38348

-6.1705
-4.2450
-2.9764
-2.1235
-1.5395

-0.38798
-0.39277
-0.39786
-0.40327
-0.40901

26

-0.72788
-0.73589
-0.74439
-0.75340
-0.76294

93
19
11
38

-1.1327
-8.4491
-6.3832
-4.8802
-3.7729

-0.41510
-0.42155
-0.42837
-0.43558
-0.44320

62

-0.77304
-0.78371
-0.79497
-0.80685
-0.81937

34
06
18
08

-2.9476
-2.3257

11

-0.83256
-0.84645
-0.86108
-0.87646
-0.89265

59

-1.4881
-1.2057

-0.45125
-0.45975
-0.46872
-0.47818
-0.48818

-9.8471
-8.1040
-6.7182
.6086
-4.7
.7139

-0.49872
-0.50984
-0.52158
-0.53396
-0.54704

20
49

-0.90967
-0.92757
-0.94640
-0.96619
-0.98699

72
84
10
15
97

9878
3947
9075
5048

-0.56084
-0.57541
-0.59081
-0.60708
-0.62428

19

-1.00887
-1.03188
-1.05608
-1.08153
-1.10831

91
69
44

9)

8)

7)

6)

6)
5)

5)

-2.0668
-2.0747

i)
i)
lS

3)
3)

l) -1.4041
1) -1.1189
0) -9.0069
0)

(
(

0)
0)

-7.3207
-6.0048
-4.9682
-4.1447

-1.8521

0-3.4851
0)-1.1206
-9.9657
-8.9204
(-1) -8.0339
(-1) -7.2774

-2.9528
-2.5201
-2.1660
-1.8743
-1.6325

-6.6280
-6.0670
-5.5793
-5.1525
-4.7765

-1.4310
-1.2620
-1.1196
-9.9895
-8.9625

1)
1)

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

0)

0)

0)

(-1) -5.1841

0)

-2.1704

-8.0839
-7.3286
-6.6763
-6.1102
(_1 -5.6166

(-D-3.2047

31-1.3911

1-1.7812
)

'15)-2.0277
12) -3.9643
11)-1.0329
9) -7.7739

3-2.1675

f_l)
)_1)
(_1)
}_1)

(-1) -1.8662

-3.4929
-8.1579
-2.3888
-8.2559
-3.2389

-6.7473
-4.3572
-2.8948
-1.9724
-1.3747

02

-0.65472
-0.65490
-0.65541
-0.65628
-0.65749

(13) -1.3519
(10) -5.2868

46
96
17
96

08
50
71
97

14
10
18
20

01

14
95
03

17

75
05

63
20

14
15

0)-1.8910
0) -1.6566
-1.4590
0) -1.2915
0) -1.1491

0)-5.4951

0)-3.9887
0)-3.4251
0)-2.9560

-0.64247
-0.66172
-0.68211
-0.70371
-0.72661

0J-1.0274

0)-2.5638

-0.75092 23

0)

lQ-V'y.J.v)
10^

42
56
99
77

-1.0881
-5.6378
"3.0988
2>)
3 S -1.7901
3) -1.0790

-9.7792
-7.0870
-5.2238
-3.9108
-2.9702

-1.3287
-1.1651
-1.0303

(_1)
(_l)
(_1)
(_1)
(_l)

"8.1359
-j) -4.7726
6 ) -6.3910
8

-7.0994
-5.5830

-4.4613
-3.6178
-2.9740
-2.4760
-2.0858

0)

(-1-6.0041
(-1) -5.0802

4)

0-9.1871

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-6.1328
-2.0665
-8.2549
-3.7361
-1.8606

6) "1.3458
5) -3.7747
5 ) -1.2907
a,) -5.1035
4) -2.2552

1-3.2014

0)

(-l)-7.9660
(-l)-7.2096
(-1) -6.5632

(11) -1.0400

-8 10
10-VV(*)

-0.34459
-0.34469
-0.34499
-0.34550
-0.34622

CO

-9.4553
7) -1.4798
6) -1,3028
5) -2.3278

-1.1290
-7.1198
-4.6879

-1.6643
1)-1.1631
0) -8.4253
0) -6.2927
0) -4.8264

-1.4844
-1.2846
-1.1242
(
(-1) -9.9368
(-D -8.8622
(

CO

-3.2906-

3)
3)
2

yJx)

y 7 ( x)

y 6 ( x)

y 8 (*)

0-4.6692

43
73
42

55
94

"(-4)21
)2
(

-5

(n+i)

(x)

90

14
86

18
23

06
29

37
47
42

60

90
20
75

81

31

82
11

78
39

78
79

-1.13650 10
-1.16616 90
-1.19741
-1.23032
-1.26500 29
1.30156 80
2
(
[

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

461

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS 3-10

i3
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

III
-1)
-1
-1)

j 4 0)

-1)

1.8702
1.9102
1.9443
1.9722
1.9935

1.9335
1.8340
1.7270
1.6131
1.4928

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

0078
0150
0147
0069
9913

1.3669
1.2361
1.1014
9.6346
8.2324

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

1.9679
1.9367
1.8977
1.8509
1.7966

6.8161
5.3947
3.9773
2.5729

1.7349
1.6661
1.5905
1.5084
1.4203
1.3265
1.2277
1.1243
1.0170
9.0628

2.2982
2.2441
2.1803
2.1069
2.0245

-1)
-l)

-1
-1

:-3 5.7414

6.5379
:-3 7.4172
8.3843
9.4443

50
42

1.0602
1.1862
1.3229
1.4707
1.6299

0.72528
0.70501
0.68490
0.66497
0.64523

47
58
78

3.69892
3.60555
3.51270
3.42045
3.32886

98
18

(-2)1.8010
(-2 1.9842
(-2)2.1797
(-2)2.3877
(-2)2.6084

0.62570
0.60638
0.58729
0.56845
0.54987

01
37
93

3.23801
3.14794
3.05873
2.97043
2.88309

06
66
50

-2) 2.8417

-2)3.0876
-2)3.3461
-2 3.6168
-2 3.8996

0.53155
0.51352
0.49577
0.47831
0.46116

94
10

-2)4.1940
-2 4.4994
-2)4.8154
-2 5.1412
-2)5.4759

0.44433
0.42782
0.41163
0.39578
0.38026

45
11
52
30

4.4722
4.8205
5.1815
5.5543
5.9379

1.7206
1.7325
1.7388
1.7391
1.7335

-1)1.1769
-1)1.2214
-1)1.2642
'-1)1.3049
-1)1.3432

-2)6.3311
-2 6.7327
-2)7.1412
-2)7.5551
(-2)7.9728

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

1.7217
1.7036
1.6793
1.6486
1.6117

(-1)1.3789
(-1)1.4117
-1)1.4412
-1)1.4672
(-1)1.4895

(-2 8.8118
-2)9.2292
(-2 9.6425
(-1)1.0049

9285
7736
6051
4300
2552

(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)

1.5685
1.5193
1.4642
1.4033
1.3370

(-1)1.5077
1 1.5217
1 1.5312
(-1)1.5360
(-1)1.5361

(-1)1.0448
(-1 1.0835
(-1 1.1209
(-1)1.1568
(-1)1.1908

-2)5.8188
-2)6.1686
-2)6.5244
(-2)6.8849
(-2)7.2486

0880
3549
9533
(-3)
(-2
1.2975
(-2 1: 2.3644

(-11)

1.2<654
1.1c890

1.1081
1.0231
9.3440

(-1)1.5312
(-1)1.5212
(-1)1.5060
(-1)1.4857
(-1)1.4601

(-1)1.2227
-1 1.2524
-1 1.2795
(-1)1.3039
(-1)1.3252

-1.2014
-1.2048
-1.1982
-1.1817
(-1)-1.1558

(-2)- 3.3894

(-2)

8.4249
7.4784
6.5099
5.5245
4.5278

(-1)1.4292
-1)1.3932
(-1 1.3520
(-1)1.3059
(-1)1.2548

(-1)-1.1207
(-1) -1.0770
-1)-1.0252
(-2) -9.6572
(-2)-8.9931

-2)- -7.6819
-2)'-8.3387
-2)- -8.9186
-2)--9.4187
-2) -9.8365

3.5255
2.5233
1.5269

(-D 1.1991

(-1
(-1
(-1
(-1
(-1

1-1
(-2)

(-3) -1.6120

-1)

(-2-1.4736

-1
-1
-1

-2)

(-2) -2.7385
(-2) -3.9479
(-2) -5.0945

!-2)

-6.1713

(-2)

2-7.1719
(-2) -8.0904

-2)
-2

(-2)-8.9217
(-2) -9.6613

(-2)
(-2)

-1.0305
-1.0851

(-2)

2)

1)
1)

1-1.1296
(-1) -1.1638
(-1) -1.1877
(-1)
-1)
-1)
(-1)

(-2) -8.2662
(-2) -7.4836
-2) -6.6527
(-2) -5.7814
(-2) -4.8776

(-2)-3.9496

-l

-i)
-i)

-l
-1)

(-1)

(-1
(-1

(-1

(-3

1)

1)

-1)
(-2)

-2

4.3664
-2)- 5.2894
-2). 6.1529
(-2). 6.9520

-2)

-2
-2)
(-2)
(

2)

3+5.4232

-1 1.1389
-1 1.0744
(-1 1.0060

-4.2485

(-2] 9.3394

2)

2
3)

-1.0170

-1.3689

'-1) -1.0419

-2.2842

-1.0582
-1)-1 0659
-1)-1 0651

-3.1654
-4.0072
-4.8048

(-1)-1.0559

(-2)-5.5535

-1)
'

-1)

60
54

94
57

30
23
66

34
73

97

2.38215
2.30291
2.22500
2.14844
2.07326

03
70
27
05
03

0.36510
0.35027
0.33580
0.32169
0.30793

02
86
85
28
39

1.99948
1.92715
1.85627
1.78687
1.71897

99

(-2)7.6143
-2)7.9804
-2)8.3451
(-2)8.7069
(-2)9.0640

0.29453
0.28149
0.26881
0.25649
0.24453

36

39

1.65257
1.58770
1.52436
1.46257
1.40232

72
64
97
53
92

(-1)1.3434
(-1)1.3581
(-1)1.3693
(-1)1.3767
(-1)1.3801

(-2)9.4145
(-2)9.7564
(-1 1.0088
(-1 1.0407
(-1)1.0712

0.23293
0.22169
0.21080
0.20027
0.19009

38
16
54
29
14

1.34363
1.28649
1.23090
1.17687
1.12438

53

1.3795
1.3746
1.3655
1.3520
1.3341

(-1)1.1000
-1)1.1270
-1 1.1520
(-1)1.1747
(-1)1.1949

0.18025
0.17076
0.16161
0.15280
0.14432

78
84
93
62
46

1.07343
1.02401
0.97612
0.92973
0.88485

42

0.13616
0.12833
0.12081
0.11360
0.10670

93
53
68

0.84144
0.79950
0.75902
0.71996
0.68231

75
99
10
20
26

(-2)8.3923

(-2)4.4501

(-1)1.1339

-2

98

5.3120

8.5853

-2)
-2)
-2
-2
-2)

72
59

2.79677
2.71153
2.62739
2.54443
2.46266

(-1)1.3117
(-1)1.2849
-1)1.2536
-1)1.2180
-1)1.1780

-2

-2 7.8016
'-2 6.9921
'-2 6.1608
'

ho (*)

4.17120
4.07628
3.98151
3.88698
3.79276

(-2)9.3796
(-2)9.8696
(-1)1.0356
-1)1.0837
(-1)1.1309

-1)
-1)

-l
'-i

-10-

70
29
50
10
86

1.5850
1.6213
1.6533
1.6807
1.7033

(-1
(-1

11

io -

10.2

0.82846
0.80764
0.78689
0.76624
0.74569

(-2)2.9429
(-2)3.2191
(-2 3.5104
(-2)3.8166
(-2)4.1374

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

10.0

1.7903
1.9908
2.2061
2.4365
2.6821

(-2)6.9660
(-2)7.4364
-2)7.9151
-2)8.4000
-2)8.8889

-2
-2)+1.1905

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

1.3522
1.4044
1.4542
1.5011
1.5448

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

8.5
8.6
8.7

-2 6.0573

10V X(*)

(-2)
(-2)

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

-1
-l)

1268
1849
2421
2980

\- 2 4.7967
" 2 5.2015
-2. 5.6221
[-2, 6.5057

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

-1)
-l)
-1

0681

J 7 ()

j.()

;.,(*)

Table

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.2126
1.2275
1.2394
1.2482
1.2537

(-1)1.2558

04
68
89

30
29
33

83
35

0.10009 64
(

-p]

12

98
09

76

45
66
63
14

51

84
25
32

72

24
83
16

0.64605 15
2

Ft*

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

462

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS 3-10

Table 10.2
2/

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

-1.5443
-3 +1.9691
-2
1.8700
-2
3.4698
-2
4.9908

(-1) -1.8662
(-1) -1.6965

6.4276

(-1) -1.0424
(-2) -8.8447

-2

'It 7.7750
-2)
-1)
-1)

-i)
-i

(-1)

-1.3649
1)-1.2025

'

1)

(-2)-7.2898
(-2)-5.7610
(-2) -4.2612

1.2175
1.3007
1.3726
1.4329
1.4815

-2)-2.7936
-2) -1.3619
-4) +2.9727

(-i)

-l)-3.6545
'-l)-3.4349

1.5432
1.5564
1.5580
1.5482

(-2)
-2)
(-2)

3.9204
5.1073
6.2315
7.2886
8.2743

-9.7544
-8.4678
-7.1937
-5.9337
-4.6896

1.5273
1.4956
1.4535
1.4016
1.3404

(-2)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)

9.1846
1.0016
1.0764
1.1427
1.2001

-1)

1.2485
1.2877
1.3176
1.3380
1.3491

-1)
(-1)
1)
(-1)

8. 1

(-2)
(-2)

8.1577
7.0941

-1)
-1)

8.2
8.3
8.4

8.7
8.8
8.9

2.6172
1.4876
(-3) +3.7160
(-3 -7.2210
(-2) -1.7852

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

(-2)

(-2)

-2.8097
-3.7880
-4.7130
-5.5782
-6.3774

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

(-2)
(-2)
(-2)
(-2)
(-2)

-7.1053
-7.7572
-8.3288
-8.8169
-9.2189

10.0

-2.3484
-2.1990
-2.0538
-1.9121
-1.7732

1.3770
2.6754

-l
-2

\3

-2
(-2
(-2

-2)
(-2)

1.2705
1.1925
1.1073
1.0156
9.1812

-l)
-i)
-i)

(-D-5.1841

(-1) -1.6365
(-11-1.5017
(-1) -1.3683
1) -1.2362
1) -1.1052

(-D 1.5183

-3.2047
-3.0134
-1) -2.8341
-1) -2.6647
-11-2.5033
-1)
-1)

(-1-1.5295

9.0279
1.0182
1.1232

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

8.5
8.6

4 (*)

(-2)-9.5327

1.3509
1.3435
1.3270
1.3017
1.2679

93
32
16
38
26

-1.80321
-1.87128
-1.94363
-2.02062
-2.10262

(-l)-2.0428
(-1)-1.9220

-5.1344

1.38913
1.46096
1.53853
1.62238
1.71309

71
57

-2.19005
-2.28337
-2.38308
-2.48973
-2.60393

78
46
14
26

-11-3.6163
-3.3996
-3.2032
-3.0246
-2.8613

1.81128
1.91762
2.03285
-2.15774

11
85

95
75

2.29311

31

-2.72637
-2.85777
-2.99896
-3.15082
-3.31433

44
73
17
08
45

(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
^-1)
(-1)

-2.7112
-2.5726
-2.4439
-2.3236
-2.2106

2.43982
2.59877
2.77091
2.95720

13
67
77
73
3.15862 24

-3.49057
-3.68071
-3.88603
-4.10791
-4.34788

56
37
96

-2.1038
-2.0022
-1.9050

-1.8115
-1.7211

-3.37613
-3.61071
-3.86327
-4.13466
-4.42566

93

:!1

-1.6331
-1.5471
-1.4627
-1.3795
-1.2973

-4.73689
-5.06881
-5.42169
-5.79550
-6.18991

09
69
35
68

-31-4.9250

-1.2156
-1.1345
-1.0536
-9.7298
-8.9243

-6.60420
-7.03717
-7.48710
-7.95166
-8.42777

33
50
95
19
38

-31+3.5462
-2) 1.1827
-2) 1.9892
-2
2.7712
-2) 3.5259

-8.1193 -8.91157 56
-7.3150 -9.39828 63
"6.5114 -9.88210 58
-5.7090 10.35610 3
-4.9088 10.81210 4

1)

-3.7281
1) -3.5018
1) -3.2969
1)

-1-3.]
.1101

1-1.8042
11-1.6887
1)-1.5751

-4.2589

-1) -3.9791

-1-2.;
.7813

-4.4227
-4.1239
-1) -3.8565

(-1
-1)

-2.6351

-2.4985

7.0400
7.8334
8.5654
9.2329
9.8330

-2) -3.8290

1.3262

-2-2.7968
-2-1.7798

1.2322
1.1387

-31-7.8077

-1.0456

-3+1.9747

-9.5274

1.1519
2.0793
2.9765
3.8403
4.6672

-2 -8.6015
-2 -7.6780
-2 -6.7573
-2 -5.8403
(-2] -4.9278

-2)
-2)

4.6623
3.6995
2.7280
1.7550

(-1)

-3+7.8793

-2)

1.1522
1.1225
1.0860
1.0429
9.9352

(-3)-1.6599

(-2)

9.3834

-1)
-1

-1)
-1)

-i
: i)

-1)

1.0363
.0363
1.0821
.0821
1.1205
1.1513
1.1745

1.1899
1.1976
1.1976
1.1900
1.1748

(
(

-2)
-2)

11
|

2)

;-2)
:-2)
-2)
-21

-2)

5.4540
6.1976
6.8948
7.5427
8.1384

(-D

8.6793
9.1630
9.5874
9.9507
1.0251

(-1)

1.0488

ill
-2
-2

1)

1) -4.7576
i-11

-11-1.7122
'-11-1.6136
-1) -1.5166
[-1) -1.4209

-2)
-2)

'

-i)-2.<;
.9390

[-1) -1.8129

Hi
-i)

-2)
-2)
-2)
-2)

1.10040
1.15007
1.20342
1.26079
1.32256

-2)-9.1449
-2)-8.0665
-21-6.9945
-2)-5.9299
-2)-4.8741

-2

-1) -7.9262
-11-7.2128
-1 -6.5889
'-1) -6.0416
-1) -5.5598

2.2774
3.3235
4.3267
5.2830
6.1887

9.0898
8.2794
7.4246
6.5321
5.6089

<

75
08
97
16

;-l)-2.3703
[-1) -2.2489

-1)

-1.51723
-1.56801
-1.62178
-1.67873
-1.73913

-4.5723

(-11-2.5717
(-l)-2.4306
-1)-2.2961
(-1) -2.1672

-1.3499
-1.2034
-1.0774
-9.6863
-8.7446

io-VV 10 (x)

90
85
31
09
18

-2.8799

(-1) -2.7210

92

23

-0.89751
-0.93284
-0.97058
-1.01093
-1.05412

!-l -3.0503
-1)

-0.75092
-0.77673
-0.80415
-0.83333
-0.86440

7*
56

;-l)-6.2895
-l) -5.7750
-1) -5.3232
-4.9248

-1-3.2345

80
68
98
86
70

(-1)-1.4628
-1)-1.3517
(-11-1.2414
(-1)-1.1319
(-1)-1.0229

1.2259
1.1762
1.1191
1.0551
9.8492

-1

(-1)-4.8031
-1) -4.4658
-1)-4.1656
-l)-3.8967

10

-1.30156
-1.34013
-1.38083
-1.42381
-1.46922

0)
1)

-3.4641
2.2599
-2) -1.0801
-4) +7.1768
-2) 1.1922
(-2
(-2
(-2
(-2
-2

-1.0274
-9.2298
1) -8.3305
11-7.5528
11-6.8777

10

8 C0
-2.5638
-2.2343
-1.9564
-1.7210
-1.5208

'-D-2.1334
-1-2.0228
[-I) -1.9162

2)

-4.0214

2-3.1227
(-2) -2.2335

(-2-1.3560

(-2)

4.2506

1)

1)

-1)
-1)
(-1)
(-1)

(-1
(-1
(-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

01

78
69
24

67

49
98
38

(-2) "4.1117- 11.24057 9

(

-|

-4.60754
-4.88866
-5.19312
-5.52293
-5.88021

-6.26721
-6.68628
-7.13987
-7.63051
-8.16074

67
02
49

45
69

95

53

05

55
85

95
51

45
41

70
95
13
96

^8.73317 65
-9.35034 96
-10.01475 2
-10.72873 2
-11.49443 4
-12.31371 5
-13.18805
-14.11841 9
-15.10518 2
16.14793 9

17.24536 7

)S

25

-f]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS ORDERS 20 AND 21

26

0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0

10 / 2 o(z)
7.62597 90
7.62705 91
7.63028 29
7.63560 15
7.64293 25

io
21
1.77348
1.77371
1.77439
1.77552
1.77707

2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5

7.65215
7.66313
7.67566
7.68952
7.70444

99
22
19
28
90

5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0

7.72013
7.73621
7.75231
7.76795
7.78264

7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5

7.79582
7.80686
7.81509
7.81976
7.82005

io~

W)

463
Table 10.3

i<r

25

Mz)

56
32
85

-0.31983
-0.31988
-0.32003
-0.32028
-0.32065

10
11
25
86
49

-1.31130
-1.31149
-1.31205
-1.31300
-1.31436

70
33
61
70
61

1.77903
1.78137
1.78403
1.78699
1.79018

78
03
80
49
73

-0.32113
-0.32175
-0.32250
-0.32342
-0.32450

96
30
82
08
98

-1.31616
-1.31842
-1.32121
-1.32457
-1.32856

11
87
43
29
95

23
95
00
28
38

1.79355
1.79702
1.80050
1.80392
1.80717

29
05
95
94
91

-0.32579
-0.32730
-0.32907
-0.33112
-0.33350

69
79
24
44
34

-1.33328
-1.33879
-1.34521
-1.35264
-1.36123

02
33
03
77
89

23
80
84
53
32

1.81014
1.81270
1.81472
1.81605
1.81653

64
77
70
56
14

-0.33625
-0.33943
-0.34309
-0.34731
-0.35216

47
07
23
02
70

-1.37113
-1.38251
-1.39557
-1.41055
-1.42771

69
67
96
73
82

35
23

10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0

7.815076
7.803876
7.785428
7.758627
7.722309

1.815979
1.814208
1.811016
1.806185
1.799482

-0.35776
-0.36420
-0.37164
-0.38023
-0.39019

04
59
20
59
23

-1.447374
-1.469891
-1.495697
-1.525305
-1.559325

12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5

7.675238
7.616116
7.543601
7.456316
7.352841

1.790664
1.779472
1.765639
1.748885
1.728929

-0.40176
-0.41527
-0.43113
-0.44987
-0.47223

53
46
22
76
40

-1.598497
-1.643728
-1.696143
-1.757166
-1.828625

15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0

7.231764
7.091689
6.931265
6.749220
6.544411

1.705481
1.678251
1.646956
1.611324
1.571096

-0.49918
-0.53209
-0.57279
-0.62378
-0.68821

70
15
98
79
72

-1.912922
-2.013273
-2.134049
-2.281228
-2.462936

17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5

6.315851
6.062784
5.784739
5.481584
5.153621

1.526041
1.475960
1.420698
1.360155
1.294299

-0.76981 49
-0.87240 01
-0.99883 14
-1.14917]

-2.689957
-2.975953
-3.336925
-3.789188
-4.344958

20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0

4.801647
4.427041
4.031843
3.618830
3.191590

1.223178
1.146936
1.065826
0.98022 63
0.89065 46

-1.490982
-1.64159 c
-1.72877"
-1.69744;
-1.48346"

22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5

2.754567
2.313103
1.873442
1.442686
1.028721

0.79777
0.70243
0.60561
0.50849
0.41242

92
25
45
80
27

-1.02422:
-0.274630

25.0

0.640055

0.31888 30

4.90159]

T]

-1.31798"/

>

+ 0.77343C

2.07263]
3.50862 c

-5.004711
-5.745922
-6.508927
-7.182333
-7.592679
-7.504782
-6.640003
-4.717888
-1.52185
+3.01816
+8.74251

)7

yn (x) -^as-OH-D exp (a;2/4n+2)

Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functions, vols. I, II. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).
n

jj?)=fnx exp (-x2/4n+2)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

464
Table 10.4

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONSMODULUS AND PHASE ORDERS

J.**)--^jiir/xMr + i(x) COS dn +4(3)

X"
0.100
0.095
0.090
0.085
0.080

1.50513
1.41043
1.33509
1.27462
1.22560

0.075
0.070
0.065
0.060
0.055

1.18548
1.15231
1.12467
1.10147
1.08190

0.050
0.045
0.040

tJ$itxMi9/2

6i%(x)- -X

(x)

\(x)=^-T/xM n +i(x)
^\"KxMl\ A

(*)

9, 10, 20

AND

21

sin# n + 4(a)

e^m- -X

<x>

630
073
121
197
809

72311
1.44562
1.17232
0.90378
0. 64017

121
029
718
457
615

1.84157
1.65174
1.50947
1.40190
1.31955

799
534
539
550
792

1.35401
1.00196
0.65310
+0.30984
-0.02643

461
372
249
705
915

10
11
11
12
13

011

613
416
277
087
826

1.25559
1.20514
1.16476
1.13202
1.10519

223

-0.35524
-0. 67664
-0.99107
-1. 29911
-1.60143

574
889
278

221
340

0.38142
+0.12729
-0.12255
-0. 36849
-0.61090

571
947

13
14
15
17
18

1.06534
1.05133
1.03949
1.02956
1.02130

781
389
892
235
658

-0.85018
-1.08669
-1.32077
-1.55274
-1.78293

673
229
114
891
175

1.08304
1.06466
1. 04939
1. 03675
1.02635

588
562
746
104
931

-1.89870
-2.19155
-2. 48055
-2. 76627

678
009
907
814
-3. 04920 936

20
22
25
29
33

304
210
574
240
327

-2.01160
-2.23905
-2.46552
-2.69127
-2.91655

832
224
469
701
326

1.01794
1.01130
1.00628
1.00276
1.00068

637
529
277
864
866

-3. 32981 737

-3. 60853 532
-3. 88577 070

0.005

1.01456
1.00920
1.00512
1.00226
1.00056

-4.16191 106
-4. 43732 935

40
50
67
100
200

0.000

1.00000 000

1.00000 000

-4.71238 898

00

0.

035

0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.

010

423
134

)2

1.

-3.14159 265
[C-4,6]

049
186
416
883

-| )6

Dlf]

TJWxMiy2 {x)

6^Mx)- -x

<x>

0.040
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032

V|7TjM41 /2 (z)
1.31126' 605
1.25741 042
1.21433 612
1.17917 949
1.15001 033

0"/2 (x)- -X
1.12909 207
0. 61321 135
+0.11048 098
-0.38066 745
-0.86163 915

1.37979
1.30763
1.25205
1.20806
1.17245

868
025
767
627
178

+0.54348
-0.04056
-0.60729
-1.15885
-1. 69717

547
472
830
172
688

25
26
28
29

0.030
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.022

1.12549
1.10467
1.08687
1.07157
1.05838

256
736
488
283
371

-1.33366
-1.79783
-2.25507
-2.70621
-3.15199

819
172
118
373
149

1.14310
1.11857
1. 09787
1.08027
1.06523

153
851
629
122
083

-2.22398
74075
-3.24876
-3.74910
-4.24275

514
480
024
503
239

33
36
38
42
45

0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012

1.04700
1.03721
1.02883
1.02170
1.01571

987
972
137
104
485

-3.59305
-4.03000
-4. 46335
-4. 89362
-5.32124

805
220
928
072
187

1.05235
1.04134
1.03195
1.02400
1.01735

561
092
154
423
560

-4.73055
-5.21325
-5. 69154
-6.16604
-6. 63731

105
651
843
479
350

50
56
63
71
83

0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002

1.01078
1.00683
1.00381
1.00168
1.00042

282
452
592
705
044

74664
-6.17024
-6.59240
-7. 01351
-7.43392

872
356
995
707
365

1.01189
1.00753
1.00420
1.00185
1.00046

351
093

-7.10588
-7.57224
-8. 03687
-8.50021
-8.96270

196
522
285
498
770

100
125
167
250
500

0.000

1.00000 000

x-

-n

-5.

-7.85398 164
(

- 3)2

153
654
253

1.00000 000
2

-2.

-9.42477 796
(

00

- 3)2

['I? ]
[ 9 ]
[ 9 ]
<a;> = nearest integer to x.
Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functions,
Columbia Univ. Press New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).
[

31

vols.

I,

II.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

465

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONSVARIOUS ORDERS

U
1)8.41470
1)3.01168
2)6.20350
3)9.00658
3)1.01101

9848
6789
5201
1117
5808

25611
15693
79013
82649
49137

5861
6310
4199
8802
6503

11655
09955
24166
60463
58957

2640
1855
2597
7678
5988

19

18)5.13268
19)1.55670
21)4.45117
(- 22 1.20385
(- 24)3.08874

20
30
40
50

((((-

26)7.53779
43)5.56683
61)1.53821
81)3.61527

1
2
3

4
5

- 13)1. 60698 2166

- 15)9.77323 7728

- 16)5.60205 9151
- 17)3.03657 8644
- 18)1.56113 3992

(- 9)
(- 10
(- 11)

08428
67993
44802
36741
38678

0182
9976
0198
6303
6630

5722
1267
0374
4717

- 20)7.63264 1101
- 34)5.83661 7888
- 49)1.66097 8779

((((-

5.42772
4.28273
1.21034
2.85747

6761
0217
7583
9350

(-190)7.44472 7742

(-160)9.36783 2591

11)7.
12 3.
13)1.
15 4.
16)1.

66)4.01157 5290

4
5

6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

20
30
40
50

100

1)
2

2)

3
3)

12)
22
33)
46)

(-120)

5.53565 0303

x = 50

x = 10

8549
0808
1)+1. 34731 2101
1) 2.29820 6182
1) 1.87017 6553

6115
8271
7504
5742
2364

10
11
12
13
14

(-

2442
1037
6347
6998
3131

(-

100

9770
9734
5703
4324
7192

4,

4. 07344
9.27461
1.92878
3.69320
6.55454

17

((-

3)2.63516
4)4.14040
5)5.60965
6)6.68320
7)7.10679

l\

1) -1.91784
2) -9. 50894

8)6.82530 0865
9)5.97687 1612
- 10)4.81014 8901
- 11)3.58145 1402
- 12 2. 48104 9119

18

I:

1)1,
2)6,
2 1,

7134
7750
9491
9766
9276

4.

1615
9986
7818
4675
9715

15
16

x=5

54648
35397
98447
07220
40793

(-

1.06811
4.79668
1.79027
5.74143
1.61809

5 9.

6)7.
7)4.
8)2.
9)1.

x)
x=2

x=l

Table 10.5

x = 100

44021 1109
2+7.84669 4180
2)+7. 79421 9363
2) -3. 94958 4498
1) -1.05589 2851

(- 2) -5. 55345 1162

_ 2)+4. 45013 2233
- 1
1.13386 2307
(- 1) 1.25578 0236
(- 1) 1.00096 4095

2) -2.

6.46051
3.55744
1.72159
7.46558
2.94107

5449
1489
9974
4477
8342

2)

1.06354
3.55904
1.10940
3.23884
8.89662

2715
0735
7280
7439
7269

- 2) -1.12908 4539
- 2)+l. 26561 3175

2.30837 1961

- 2) -1.57850 2990

\-Ji 2.51205 7385

(-2)+l. 01076 7128

-3)+8. 70062 8514
(-2) +1.04341 0851
(-4)+5. 79714 0882
(-2) +1.08804 7701

(_
((((-

2) -5.

" 2

({"

2
2

" 3

(-

3)

(- 3)
" 4
- 4>
~ 5)

(-

6)

7074
7051
0843
9460
7600

06365
67382
80344
91399
17946

6411
5287
1652
7370
1837

00483 0056
10114 8524
2+1.92420 0195
3)+8. 87374 9108
2) -1.62249 2725

(-3) -9. 29014

(-3)+3. 15754
(-3)+9. 70062
(-3) -1.70245
(_3) _9. 99004

8935
5454
9844
0977
6510

95657
94895
48391
32797
00247

8597
8359
8282
8789
2555

3) -5.

2)-l.
3) +4.

2)+l.

3-1.

24749
94042
08324
98125
30947

3) -3.

-1.50392 2146

3)+9. 90845 4236

2)+l. 95971 1041
4)
2)

2)

-1.09899 0300
-1.96564 5589

+1.96438 9234

3)+l. 09459 2888

2)

-1.88338 9360

(-22)
(-31)

8.43567 1634
2.23069 6023

-1.49467 3454
2) -2. 60633 6952
2)+l. 88291 0737

(-90)

5.83204 0182

(-22)+l. 01901 2263

3)

(-4)-l.
(-3) +9.
(-3) +2.
(-3) -9.
(-3) -5.
3) +7.

87726 1748

3+7.44442 3697
(-3) -5. 42060 1928
(-3) -9. 34163 4372
(-3) +1.96419 7210

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

466

SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONSVARIOUS ORDERS

Table 10.5

2=2

2=1

6
7

[
1

8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

'

'

.5.40302
.1.38177
-3.60501
.1.66433
ii .1.12898

2)-9. 99440 3434

4)-l. 08809 4559
5)_1. 40452 8524
7)-3. 54900 4843
8)-6. 72215 0083
10)-1. 40810 2512
11-3.23191 3629
12)-8. 06570 3047
14J-2. 17450 7909

29800
95020
42938
24833
31241

7233
7734
7516
5423
1677

3.23959
2.94642
8.02845
2.73919

2219
8547
0851
2285

15)-6.
17)-1.
18)-6.
20)-2.
21)-8.

(186) -6. 68307 9463

11
12

13
14
15
16
17
18
19

20
30
40
50

100

-9.77916
i -6.17054
-4.53011
-3.78889

(-2)+<
9. 38335 4168
+ 1. 04876 8261
(-ij+:
4. 25063 3221
-2)-<
-4. 11173 2775
(-l)-l. 12405 7894

72453
49746
01964
55163
0)-l. 63697

6721
9220
2485
6993
7739

0)-3. 99207 1745

1-1. 07384 4467

1-3. 14447 9567
1-9. 93183 4017
2)-3. 36033 0630
3)-l.
9)-6.
18)-1.
27)-4.

21121
90831
51030
52822

3709
3675
4576
0991
5315

-3.20465
-5.18407
-1.02739
-2.56377
-7. 68944

0467
5714
4639
6345
4934

66561
-1.04266
-4.52968
-2.16057
-1.12141

1441
2356
5692
6611
4513

-6.28814
-3.78650
-2.43621
-1.66748
3: -1.20957

6513
9387
4730
5217
6913

4531
5769
3296
5815
3009

5 )- -3.55414
6 -3.69396

7201
5631
71- -4.21251 9003
8 -5.22870 9098
9). -7.01663 2092

-2.

11)- -1.01218 2944

12). -1.56186 6932
13)- -2.56695 8608

14
!
(

-4.47655 8894
4368

15). -8.25596

17 }- -1.60543
31 -1.40739
46)- -3.72092
63)- -1.23502

6493
3871
9322
1944

(l56)-2. 65595 5830

(
(

-i)-i.
-l)-2.
-l)-4.
-l)-7.

-2)-5. 67324
-1) +1.80438
1)+1. 64995
-2-1:
1-1.54429
-i)-i. 86615

(-2)-9, 53274 7888

(-3)-l, 65993 0220

10

(
(

8
9

27928 2638

(-2)4-6.

6
7

(-2-6. 50693 0499

1
2

1)- -1.85914

-9.26795 1403
7570
30)- 2.05575 8716
42)- 6.96410 9188

iJJ: 7.76071
(
(

(116)-1, 79971 3983

2 = 50

(~2) + 8, 39071 5291

2 = 10

2=5

-1)4-2.08073 4183
-1-3.50612 0043
-l)-7. 33991 4247
0)-l. 48436 6557
0) -4. 46129 1526

6-2.09591 1840

20
30
40
50

100

3059
3291
7566
1454
1842

0605
8646
4919
7272

(85)-8. 57322 6309

(
(
(

(
(
(
(

(
(

-2) -1.92993
-3) +4. 86151
-2): 1.95910
-3)-2. 90240
-2) -1.99973

2057
0663
1121
9542
4855

-4)-6. 97113 1965

-2+1.98439 8364
-31 + 5.85654 8943
-2-1.80870 1896
-2)-l. 20061 3539

-3+4.97742 4524
(-3) + 8. 77251 1459

(-3)-4. 53879 8951

(-3)-9. 09022 7385
(-3)+3. 72067 8486
(-3) + 9. 49950 2019

(-3)-2. 48574 3224

(-3)-9. 87236 3502
(-4) +8. 07441 4285

-2) +1.35246 8751

(-2) + l. 00257 7737

-2)+l. 76865 0414

-3-5.38889 5605
-2)-2. 03809 5195
-3) -5. 61681 8446

(-3

-2)
-2)
-3)
-2)
-3)

+1.71231
+1.62332
-6. 40928
-2. 07197
-8. 92329

9725
0074
4759
0007
3294

-2)4-1. 37595 3130

-2) -2. 24122 6812
-5) +4. 97879 7221

-2)-4. 19000 0150

2 = 100

(-3)-8. 62318 8723

(+18)-1. 12569 2891

4-1.

29797 1820

(-3-9. 72724 3855

(-3)-3. 72978 2784
(-3) + 8. 72020 2503

(-3)+6. 25864 1510

(-3)-6. 78002 3635
(-3) -8. 49604 9309
(-3) 4-3. 80640 6377
(-3) +9. 90441 9669

(-5)+5. 63172
-3) -5. 41292
(-4)-7. 04842
(-2) + l. 07478

9379
9349
0407
2297

(-2)-2. 29838 5049

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

467

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF HALF-INTEGER ORDER

^c?;, s )=o

h
1/2

2
3
4
5

6
7

r,(

j:uj

3.141593
6.283185
9.424778
12.566370
15.707963
18.849556
21.991149

-0.45015
+0.31830
-0.25989
+0.22507
-0.20131
+0.18377
-0.17014

82
99
89
91
68
63
38

1.570796
4.712389
7.853982
10.995574
14.137167
17.278760
20.420352
23.561945

-0.63661
+0.36755
-0.28470
+0.24061
-0.21220
+0.19194
-0.17656
+0.16437

98
26
50
97
66

15/2

1
2
3

4
5

4.493409
7.725252
1C. 904122
14.066194
17.220755
20.371303
23.519452

-0.36741
+0.28469
-0.24061
+0.21220
-0.19194
+0.17656
-0.16437

35
20
69
57
77
64
44

2.798386
6.121250
9.317866
12.486454
15.644128
18 796404
21.945613

+0.44914
-0.31827
+0.25989
-0.22507
+0.20131
-0.18377
+0.17014

2
3
4
5

2
3
4

84

5.763459
9.095011
12.322941
15.514603
18.689036
21.853874

-0.31710
+0.25973
-0.22503
+0.20130
-0.18376
+0.17014

58
30
59
14
96
05

3.959528
7.451610
10.715647
13.921686
17.103359
20.272369
23.433926

-0.36184
+0.28430
-0.24053
+0.21218
-0.19193
+0.17656
-0.16437

76
63

19/2

61

1
2

37

68
75
93
15

21/2

4
5
6

-0.28223
+0.24019
-0.21208
+0.19189
-0.17654
+0.16436

71
23
02
90
40
28

5. 08C498
8.733710
12.067544
15.315390
18.525210
21.714547
24.891503

h0. 30882
-0.25896
+0.22485
-0.20124
+0.18374
-0.17012

+0.20754
-0. 19801
+0.18264
-0.16964
+0.15890

83

12.790782
16.641003
20.182471
23.591275

-0.19382
+0.18155
-0.16922
+0.15870

82
15
10
04

10.529989
14.777175
18.434529
21. 898570

-0.19361
-0.18810
-0.17517
-0.16373

38

13.915823
17.838643
21.428487
24. 873214

-0.18376
+0.17398
-0.16326
+0.15383

12
80
17
84

11.597038 + 0.18186 42
15. 942945
0.17944 10
19.658369 0.16849 33
23.163734 0.15837 45

4
5
6

9.355812
12.966530
16.354710
19.653152
22.904551

11/2

13/2

8.182561
11.704907
15.039665
18.301256
21.525418
24.727566

1
2

3
4
5

10.512835
14.207392
17.647975
20.983463
24.262768

-0.25620
+0.22432
-0.20107
+0.18367
-0.17009
+0.15912

-0.23580
+0.21109
-0.19155
+C. 17639
-0.16428

-0.21926
+0.19983
-0.18321
+0.16988
-0.15902

49
53
12
44
46
86

60
29
58
49
83

48
04
82
82
21

6.197831
9.982466
13.385287
16.676625
19.916796
23.128642

7.293692
11.206497
14.676387
18.011609
21.283249
24.518929

8.379626
12.411301
15.945983
19.324820
22.628417

716-654

64

- 31

New

75

12.659840
17. 099480
20.870973
24.416749

16.144743 -0.16720 39
20.203943 +0.16113 25
23.886531 -0.15290 87

13.719013 +0.16304 06
18.247994 -0.16491 86
22.073692 +0.15700 50

36
77
68

-0.17179
+0.17176
-0.16247
+0.15347

22
97

13
56

25/2

1
2
3

17.250455 -0.16028 44
21.373972 +0.15560 47

14.775045 -0.15534 97
19.389462 +0.15875 20
23.267630 -0. 15201 34

27/2

18.351261
22.536817

-0.15406 88
-0.15056 00

15.828325 +0.14852 56
20.524680 -0.15316 36
24.453705 +0.14743 15

29/2

19.447703 -0.14844 69
23.693208 +0.14593 21

16.879170 -0.1*242 04
21.654309 +0.14806 91

31/2

20.540230 -0.14333 12
24.843763 +0.14166 70

17.927842 +0.13691 88
22.778902 -0.14340 05

33/2

21.629221 -0.13865 11

18.974562 -0.13192 99
23.898931 +0.13910 20

01
36

77

t-0.15914 62

-0.27236
+0.23908
-0.21179
+0.19179
-0.17649
+0.16433

+0.24538
-0.22293
+0.20067
-0.18352
+0.17002
-0.15909

-0.22441
+0.20946
-0.19106
+0.17619
-0.16419

25
76
27
35
69
89

14
49
86
21

38
15

70
65

59
60
26

35/2

22.715002 -0.13434 93

20.019515 +0.12738 05

37/2

23.797849-0.13037 81

21.062860-0.1232113

24.878005 -0.12669 81

22.104735 +0.11937 34

39/2

Values to greater accuracy and over a wider range are given in [10.31].
From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functions, vols.
Press,

92

27

15.033469-0.17496 82

3
1
2

44
14

19.025854 +0.16722 59
22.662721 -0.15785 09

9/2

01
01

2
3

6.987932
10.417119
13.698023
16.923621
20.121806
23.304247

9.457882
13.600629
17.197777
20. 619612
23.955267

1
2

46
87
99
38

81
19
21

23/2

7/2

-0.20550
+0.19008
-0.17582
+0.16402

37
33

5/2

11.657032
15.431289
18.922999
22.295348

81
66
45

17/2

3/2

Table 10.6

)=o

York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).

I, II.

Columbia Univ.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OP FRACTIONAL ORDER

468

ZEROS OF THE DERIVATIVE OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

OF HALF-INTEGER ORDER
Y'M.)=o
J'MJ=o

Table 10.7

1/2

2
3

4
5

6
7
8

,s
1.165561
4. 604217
7.789884

10.949944
14.101725
17.249782
20. 395842
23.540708

JM,s)
+0. 679192
-0. 369672

+0.285287
-0.240870
+0.212340
-0.192029
+0.176620
-0. 164412

-l) n+l v {y' .)

'
(
;.
-0. 456186
15/2
2. 975086
6.202750 +0. 319331
-0.260267
9. 371475
12. 526476 +0.225258
15.676078 -0.201419
18.822999 +0. 183841
21. 968393 -0.170188

17/2

3
4
5

6
7

5/2

3
4
5
6
7

+0.525338
-0.328062
+0.263295
-0. 226711
+0. 202245
-0.184363
+0.170542

354435
7. 655545
10. 856531
14. 029845
17.191285
20.346496
23.498023

-0.290138
+ 0.242910
-0. 213417
+ 0.192678
-0.177046
+0. 164709

3. 632797
7.367009
10.663561
13.883370
17. 072849
20.246945
23.412100

+0.457398
-0. 301449
+0.247304
-0.215670
+0.194015
-0. 177917
+0.165314

634297
030902
12.278863
15.480655
18. 661309
21.830390
24.992411

-0. 350669
+0.270006
-0. 229783
+0.203956
-0.185432
+0.171262
-0.159953

5.

9.

19/2

18.885886
22.266861

-0.217283
+0.191447
-0.174147

10.180054
14.702493
18.390930
21. 866965

+0. 318378
-0. 229449

+0.197291
-0.177623

12.669130
16.586323
20.145940
23.563314

-0.257833
+0.210950
-0. 186505
+0.170098

11.241675
15.868463
19.615227
23.132584

+0.

307606
-0.222927
+0.192335
-0.173605

13.793646
17.784362
21.392422
24. 845689

+0. 249935
-0.205332
+0.182067
-0. 166427

12.299124
17.025072
20.828186
24. 385974

+0.

298179
-0.217118
+0.187870
-0.169950

14.910648
18.971857
22.627032

-0. 242951
+0.200296
-0.178048

13.353045
18.173567
22.031181

+0.

289825
-0.211893
+0.183813

16.021196
20.150142
23.851147

+0.236710
-0.195742
+0.174383

14.403937
19.314945
23.225333

+0. 282348
-0.207156
+0.180103

17.126125
21.320300

+0.

+0.275596
-0.202830
+0. 176690

18.226109
22.483219

+0.225965
-0. 187792

15.452196
20.450018
24. 411571

1
2

16.498138
21.579459

+0. 269455

198856

19.321702
23.639641

+0. 184287

1
2

17.542024
22.703832

+0.263833
-0. 195187

20. 413362
24.790191

+0.216981
-0.181040

1
2

18.584071
23. 823614

+0.

258658
-0.191783

21.501477

-0.213000

19.

624460
24.939214

+0. 253871

22.

586374

+0.

209303

20.

663347

+0. 249423

23.

668335

-0.

205855

4
5

21/2

1
2
3

2
3

1
2
3

4
5

6
7

4.762196
8. 653134
12.018262
15.279081
18.496200
21.690284
24.870602

415533
-0.282237
+0.234875
-0. 206685
+ 0.187103
-0.172377
+0.160741
+0.

6. 863232
10.356373
13.656304
16.891400
20.095393
23.281796

+0.324651
-0. 254849
+0. 219318
-0.196124
+0.179270
-0.166245

25/2

2
3
4
5

5.868420
9.904306
13.337928
16.641787
19.888934
23.105297

+0. 386006
-0. 267385
+0. 224788

-0.199151
+0.181169
-0. 167534

060030
11. 646354
14.999624
18.270330
21.500029
24.705942
8.

-0.305246
+0. 242810
-0. 210673
+0. 189472
-0.173929
+0.161826

29/2

31/2

11/2

2
3

4
5

6. 959746
11.129856
14.630406
17.977886
21.256291
24.496327

+0. 363557

-0.255385
+0.216349
-0.192692
+0.175987
-0. 163244

9.234274
12.909478
16.315912
19.623229
22. 879980

+0. 289946
-0. 232895
+0.203344
-0. 183714
+0.169229

33/2

35/2

13/2

2
3
4
5

8. 040535
12.335631
15.901023
19.291967
22.602185

+ 0. 345649

-0.245384
+0.209127
-0.187058
+0.171399

10.391621
14.151399
17.610124
20.954335
24.238863

-0. 277420
+0.224513
-0.197009
+0.178651
-0.165043

27/2

9/2

D n+1 ^(.?/;

11. 535731
15. 376058

2
3

23/2

7/2

(-

+0. 266883

+0. 388891

2.460536
6. 029292
9.261402
12.445260
15.611585
18.769469
21.922619

4.

+0.330874
-0. 236854
+0.202841
-0. 182077
+0. 167294

4
1

yl,

9.113402
13.525575
17.153587
20.587450
23. 929631

2
3

3/2

JM,s)

Jv,S

37/2

1
2

-0.

-0.231081
191594

-0.221286

-0.188612

1
39/2
21.700865 +0.245275
Values to greater accuracy and over a wider range are given in [10.31].
From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functions, vols. I, II.
Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).

24.747606

+0. 202629

Columbia Univ.

s)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

JVM. tuiti E1J

SFHEI UCAI BESSEL FUJNt TIONS(J RDE1 *S

.

ii(x)

io(x)

X)

0,

469

AN D

Table

h(x)

ko(x)

10.8

k2(x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

1.00000
1.00166
1.00668
1.01506
1.02688

000
750
001
764
081

0.00000
0.03336
0.06693
0.10090
0.13547

000
668
370
290
889

0.00000
0.00066
0.00267
0.00603
0.01078

0000
7143
4294
8668
9114

14.21315
6.43029
3.87891
2.63234

293
630
513
067

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.04219
1.06108
1.08369
1.11013
1.14057

061
930
100
248
414

0.17087
0.20729
0.24496
0.28412
0.32501

071
319
858
808
361

0.01696
0.02462
0.03382
0.04465
0.05719

6360
3348
5678
2156
5452

1.90547
1.43678
1.11433
0.88225
0.70959

226
550
482
536
792

5.71641
3.83142
2.70624
1.98507
1.49804

679
801
170
456
005

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.17520
1.21422
1.25788
1.30644
1.36021

119
497
446
803
536

0.36787
0.41299
0.46064
0.51112
0.56477

944
416
259
785
365

0.07156
0.08787
0.10627
0.12692
0.14998

2871
7251
7995
2227
6112

0.57786
0.47533
0.39426
0.32930
0.27668

367
880
230
149
115

1.15572
0.90746
0.72281
0.58261
0.47431

735
4974
4219
0332
0537

4.04504
2.95024
2.20129
1.67378
1.29306

57
33
78
69
09

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

1.41951
1.48472
1.55625
1.63454
1.72008

964
997
408
127
574

0.62192
0.68295
0.74827
0.81829
0.89349

665
906
140
550
778

0.17566
0.20418
0.23577
0.27071
0.30929

6332
1728
5138
5433
9770

0.23366
0.19821
0.16879
0.14425
0.12365

136
144
918
049
360

0.38943
0.32209
0.26809
0.22438
0.18873

5596
3595
2818
9655
4440

1.01253
0.80213
0.64190
0.51823
0.42165

25
693
415
325

2.0

1.81343
1.91516
2.02595
2.14650
2.27759

020
988
690
513
551

0.97438
1.06149
1.15543
1.25683
1.36639

274

283
653

0.35185
0.39874
0.45036
0.50715
0.56959

6089
5868
7165
7959
9849

0.10629
0.09159
0.07911
0.06847
0.05937

208
719
327
227
476

0.15943
0.13521
0.11507
0.09824
0.08411

8124
4906
3847
2824
4246

0.34544
0.28476
0.23603
0.19661
0.16451

927
135
215
508
757

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

2.42008
2.57489
2.74306
2.92568
3.12398

179
701
041
513
658

1.48488
1.61311
1.75200
1.90251
2.06572

308
877
304
546
335

0.63822
0.71360
0.79639
0.88727
0.98703

2102
6125
0365
5704
1387

0.05157
0.04487
0.03909
0.03411
0.02980

553
256
858
437
354

0.07220
0.06213
0.05357
0.04629
0.04008

5736
1241
9539
8067
0625

0.13822
0.11656
0.09863
0.08371
0.07126

241
246
140
944
626

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

3.33929
3.57304
3.82683
4.10238
4.40157

164
872
875
723
747

2.24279
2.43498
2.64368
2.87041
3.11681

012
437
983
631

153

1.09650
1.21661
1.34837
1.49291
1.65144

152
224
954
787
965

0.02606
0.02282
0.02000
0.01755
0.01541

845
681
910
635
841

0.03475
0.03019
0.02626
0.02287
0.01995

7931
0302
1944
6452
3243

0.06082
0.05204
0.04462
0.03835
0.03302

638
323
967
312
422

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

4.72646
5.07929
5.46251
5.87879
6.33105

494
316
092
128
220

3.38467
3.67596
3.99283
4.33762
4.71289

421
831
865
799
572

1.82531
2.01598
2.22507
2.45434
2.70574

562
623
418
813
780

0.01355
0.01192
0.01049
0.00924
0.00815

255
222
611
735
280

0.01742
0.01523
0.01333
0.01168
0.01024

4712
3952
2903
0862
3262

0.02848
0.02461
0.02130
0.01846
0.01603

802
718
658
908
223

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

6.82247
7.35655
7.93706
8.56816
9.25438

930
060
374
571
538

5.12143
5.56631
6.05085
6.57872
7.15390

838
208
704
451
628

2.98140
3.28363
3.61502
3.97835
4.37672

051
932
300
791
200

0.00719
0.00634
0.00560
0.00495
0.00438

253
934
833
661
300

0.00899
0.00789
0.00694
0.00610
0.00537

0668
7961
3650
9316
9136

0.01393
0.01212
0.01056
0.00921
0.00805

554
834
808
893
059

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

10.00066
10.81241
11.69554
12.65647
13.70227

914
998
012
789
889

7.78076
8.46407
9.20906
10.02142
10.90741

689
908
250
620
515

4.81349
5.29236
5.81741
6.39308
7.02426

122
840
513
652
961

0.00387
0.00343
0.00303
0.00269
0.00238

777
248
975
318
716

0.00473
0.00417
0.00368
0.00325
0.00287

9498
8666
6506
4257
4331

0.00703
0.00615
0.00539
0.00472
0.00414

744
769
284
709
695

5.0

14.84064 212

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

681
247

11.87386 128

7.71632 535

['-I' ]
in(x)

= ^j^lxl

n+

[
^x)

OO

oo

0.00211 679

OO

156.344682
38.58177 78
16.80863 22
9.21319 233

4704.5536
585.15696
171.96524
71.731283

0.00254 0146

- 3,s
7

]
'Cn(x)=-y/l

/xKAx)
n+l

36.203973
20.593926
12.712514
8.32628 49
5.70306 48

535

0.00364 088

470

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

Table 10.9
X

MODIFIED SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS 9 AND 10

10 9 a;-%O)

10 10 ^- 10i 10 (x)

10-VJfc9 (a;)

HTV^oOc)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

1.52734
1.52771
1.52880
1.53062
1.53317

93
30
46
54
79

0.72730
0.72746
0.72794
0.72873
0.72984

92
73
19
35
30

5.41287
5.41128
5.40650
5.39856
5.38746

38
21
99
70
92

1.02844
1.02817
1.02736
1.02601
1.02412

60
54
41
35
59

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.53646
1.54049
1.54526
1.55078
1.55706

54
23
36
57
60

0.73127
0.73302
0.73509
0.73749
0.74022

18
47
33
04

5.37323
5.35590
5.33549
5.31206
5.28564

85
33
79
23
31

1.02170
1.01875
1.01527
1.01128
1. 00678

47
42
95
67
27

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.56411
1.57193
1.58054
1.58994
1.60016

27
49
32
87
42

0.74327
0.74667
0.75040
0.75448
0.75891

93
38
79
62
37

5.25629
5.22406
5.18902
5.15123
5.11078

13
45
48
93
01

1.00177
0.99627
0.99028
0.98382
0.97689

53
31
56
30
61

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

1.61120
1.62308
1.63581
1.64941
1.66390

30
02
13
38
60

0.76369
0.76883
0.77434
0.78023
0.78649

58
83
76
05
43

5.06772
5.02215
4.97414
4.92379
4.87119

38
07
57
68
57

0.96951
0.96169
0.95345
0.94478
0.93572

68
72
03
97
94

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.67930
1.69563
1.71292
1.73118
1.75044

73
90
33
39
59

0.79314
0.80019
0.80765
0.81552
0.82381

68
63
17
21
79

4.81643
4.75961
4.70083
4.64019
4.57780

66
72
65
67
09

0.92628
0.91646
0.90629
0.89579
0.88495

41
88
89
04
95

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.77073
1.79208
1.81451
1.83806
1.86277

63
32
64
76
03

0.83254
0.84172
0.85136
0.86147
0.87206

94
78
49
30
54

4.51375
4.44816
4.38113
4.31277
4.24318

41

23
22
10
63

0.87382
0.86239
0.85069
0.83874
0.82655

25
63
78
39
20

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.88865
1.91577
1.94414
1.97382
2.00485

96
24
79
74
39

0.

88315
0.89475
0.90688
0.91956
0.93279

57
86
95
42
97

4.17248
4.10077
4. 02816
3.95475
3.88064

53
50
19
12
76

0.81413
0.80152
0.78872
0.77574
0.76262

92
28
01
83
45

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

2.03727
2. 07113
2.10648
2.14337
2.18187

33
33
43
94
40

0.94661
0.96102
0.97605
0.99171
1.00804

40
55
38
97
44

3.80595
3.73076
3.65519
3.57933
3.50326

33
99
70
16
88

0.74936
0.73598
0.72250
0.70894
0.69531

56
84
95
53
19

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

2.22202
2.26389
2.30755
2.35306
2.40049

68
90
54
35
43

1.02505
1.04276
1.06120
1.08040
1.10038

08
26
45
28
47

3.42710
3.35091
3.27481
3.19885
3.12314

13
95
07
96
76

0.68162
0.66790
0.65415
0.64039
0.62664

50

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

2.44992
2.50142
2.55508
2.61099
2.66924

27
71
99
74
03

1.12117
1.14281
1.16532
1.18874
1.21310

91
58
63
39
29

3.04775
2.97275
2.89821
2.82421
2.75081

39
34
88
90
98

0.61291
0.59922
0.58557
0.57198
0.55846

5.0

2.72991 40
3

['I'

1.23843 97
4>1
( -4
[
]

Compiled from C. W.
J. Jones,

Cambridge Univ.

Press,

17

2.67808 38
4)4
( -5
[
]

75
16
24
25
39

0.54502 82

short table for the Bessel functions / ,,(), (2/ir)K

short

Cambridge, England, 1952 (with permission;.

02

25
66
70

(,

v)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

MODIFIED SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS ORDERS 9 AND 10

e

471
Table 10.9

l2i(x)

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

(-5)6.40961
(-5)7.16216
(-5 7. 97716
(-5)8.85734
(-5)9.80541

(-5)1.45387
(-5 1.65403
(-5)1.87488
(-5)2.11778
(-5)2.38413

'2)4.62276
.2)4.11899
2)3.68187
2 3. 30123
2)2.96863

(3)1.88159
(3 1.64774
(3)1.44818
(3)1.27719
(3)1.13013

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

-4)1.08240
-4)1.19157
-4)1.30831
-4)1.43285
-4)1.56545

-5)2.67535
-5)2.99285
-5)3.33809
-5)3.71252
-5)4.11760

(2)2.67706
'2)2.42066
2)2.19449
2 1.99441
2)1.81692

(3)1.00320
(2)8.93250
(2)7.97686
(2)7.14360
(2)6.41477

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

(-4)1.70632
(-4)1.85569
(-4)2.01376
(-4)2.18075
(-4)2.35684

(-5)4.55480
-5 5. 02559
-5)5.53143
(-5)6.07377
(-5)6.65407

2)1.65905
2)1.51825
2)1.39236
2 1.27955
2)1.17821
ill

(2)5.77537
(2)5.21281
2)4.71647
27737
88791

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

(-4)2.54221
-4)2.73703
-4)2.94147
-4)3.15568
-4)3.37978

(-5)7.27375
(-5)7.93423
(-5)8.63691
(-5)9.38317
(-4)1.01743

2)1.08697
2 1.00464
1)9.30213
1)8.62775
1)8.01557

(2)3.54160
3. 23292
(2)2.95714
(2)2.71019
(2)2.48857

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

-4)3.61391
-4)3.85819
-4)4.11271
-4)4. 37758
-4)4. 65288

-4)1.10117
-4)1.18967
-4)1.28304
-4)1.38142
(-4)1.48492

7.45880
6.95148
6.48840
6. 06498
(1)5.67717

2.28926
2.10966
1.94748
1.80076
1. 66777

-4)4.93867

(-4)1.59365
(-4)1.70773
(-4)1.82727
(-4)1.95236
(-4)2.08311

(1)5.32140
(1)4.99452
(1)4.69371
1 4.41649
[1)4.16065

(2)1.54701

2)1.33708
2)1.24573
(2)1.16223

4)7.23697
-4)7.60807
-4)7.98985

(-4
-4)2. 21961
-4)2. 36195
-4)2.51020
(-4)2.66447
(-4)2.82481

'1)3.92420
1)3.70539
1)3. 50262
1)3.31448
1)3. 13970

2)1.08577
2)1.01566
1)9.51284
1)8! 92076
1)8. 37549

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-4)8.38228
-4)8.78533
-4)9.19895
(-4)9.62308
(-3)1.00576

(-4)2.99130
(-4)3.16400
(-4)3.34298
(-4)3.52828
(-4)3.71997

(1)2,97713
1 2. 82574
1)2.68460
1)2.55287
1)2.42979

1)7.87266
1)7.40835
16. 97906
1)6.58165
16. 21331

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

(-3)1.05026
(-3)1.09579
(-3)1.14235
(-3)1.18991
(-3)1.23849

-4)3.91809
-4)4.12268
-4)4.33377
-4)4.55140
-4)4.77560

1)2.31467
1)2.20689
1)2.10586
1)2.01109
1)1.92209

(1)5.87149
1)5.55393
1)5.25858
1)4.' 98356
:i)4. 72722

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

(-3)1.28806
(-3)1.33861
(-3)1.39014
-3 1.44263
(-3 1.49607

-4)5.00639
-4)5.24378
-4)5.48779
-4)5.73844
(-4)5.99571

(1)1.83843
1)1.75973
1)1.68563
1)1.61578
1)1.54991

1)4.48802
'1)4.26461
'1)4.05572
1)3.86022
1)3.67709

10.0

(-3)1.55045

(-4)6.25963

(1)1.48772

(1)3.50537

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

I: 4)5.23503

(-4)5.54199
(-4)5.85960
(-4)6.18789
-4)6. 52688
-4)6. 87657

m
(2

2)1.43717

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

472

Table 10.9

MODIFIED SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONSORDERS 9 AND 10

!

x-i

Mx)

<x>

gio(x)

99 (x)

fio(x)

0.100
0.095
0.090
0.085
0.080

1.10630
1.08238
1.06167
1.04394
1. 02899

573
951
683
741
406

1.21411
1.17260
1.13650
1.10534
1. 07872

149
877
462
464
041

65502
0. 68557
0.71563
0.74502
0.77352

364
030
676
124
114

0.56777
0. 60351
0.63926
0. 67473
0. 70961

303
931
956
612
813

0.075
0.070
0.065
0.060
0.055

1.01661
1.00662
0. 99883
0.99304
0.98907

895
998
728
985
251

1.05626
1. 03762
1. 02248
1.01055
1.00151

085
412
982
159
009

0.80093
0.82707
0. 85175
0. 87480
0.89608

667
483
354
587
425

74360
0.77639
0.80768
0. 83717
0. 86461

745
538
018
510
675

13
14
15
17

0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030

0.98670
0.98573
0.98593
0.98707
0. 98892

320
080
357
842
100

0.99506
0. 99091
0.98874
0. 98822
0.98900

643
634
519
421
824

0.91546
0.93284
0.94817
0.96140
0.97253

455
978
344
216
769

0. 88977
0.91245
0.93251
0. 94985
0. 96444

340
301
041
358
830

20
22

0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005

0.99120
0.99367
0.99605
0.99807
0.99947

680
323
259
595
760

99073
99302
99549
99774
99937

519
746
538
259
316

0.98161
0. 98871
0.99394
0.99744
0.99939

804
764
654
863
894

0.97632
0.98556
0.99231
0. 99679
0.99925

121
077
623
434
415

40
50
67
100
200

0.000

1.00000 000

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

l.C 0000 000

1.00000 000
(

0.

1.00000 000

4)3
( "6

)7

yJ2TXlig(x)

=f9 (x)ex

-^x ~

yl2^xl2i(x) =fio(x)ex

~ 55x ~

^[2xT^Kl9(x)

= gQ(x)e- x +^x ~

y/2x/TK2i (x)=gio(x)e- x + 55x

2

<> = nearest integer

to x.

4)3

[ -v

10
11
11
12

13

18

25
29
33

00

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

473
Table 10.10

MODIFIED SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONSVARIOUS ORDERS

r/xI.Ax)

x=2

:r=l

1
2
3

1.17520
3.67879
7.15628
1.00650
3)1.10723

1194
4412
7013
9052

I-

6461

'-

6
7
8
9

5)9.99623
6)7.65033
7)5.08036
8)2.97924
9)1.56411

7520
3778
0873

10
11
12
13
14

1.81343
9. 74382
3.51856
9.47425
2)2.02572

0204
7436
0886
2220
6087

2692

3)3.58484
4)5.40595
5)7.09794
6)8.24936
7)8.59805

8301
2086
4523
9394
3854

11)7.43279
12)3.22604
13)1.28851
15)4.76618
- 16)1.64168

3549
7141
2381
7751
8672

8)8.12182
9)7.01394
10)5.57826
11)4.11114
12)2.82275

3211
8275
9483
2138
9636

13)1.81406
14)1.09565
16)6.24163
17)3.36455
18)1.72111

6530
1449
9390
5792
7468

4
5

690=5

1)1.48406
1)1.18738
0)7.71632
0)4.15753
0)1.89577

4212
6128
5346
5935
5037

1)7.45140
1)2.56465
2)7.83315
2)2.14704
3)5.33186

8690
1251
4364
9422
3294

3)1.20941
4)2.52325
5)4.87152
6)8.74937
6)1.46862

3702
7454
7330
8858
7470

(-

7)2.31339
8)3.43223
9)4.81186
10)6.39343
(- 11)8.07224

5316
7424
1587
1309
1852
6441
3001
1994
9664

16
17
18
19

(((((-

18)5.29060
19)1.60182
21)4.57312
22)1.23512
24)3.16500

2725
7153
0086
2995
3796

20
30
40
50

(- 26)7.71514
(- 43)5.65589
(- 61 1.55685
(- 81)3.65054

7565
8686
5122
5412

(- 20)8.37672 8478
(- 34 6. 21921 4440
- 49)1.74298 6176
(- 66)4.17042 9214

12)9.70826
22)6.36889
33)1.63577
(- 46)3.64245

(-190)7.48149 1755

(-160)9.55425 1030

(-120)6.26113 6933

15

100

z=10

z=50

a;=100
8571
7985
0031

1.10132
9.91190
8. 03965
5.89207
3.91520

3287
9633
9985
9640
4237

19)5.18470
19)5.08101
19)4.87984
19)4.59302
19)4.23682

5529
1418
4844
6934
1073

(41)1.34405
(41)1.33061
(41)1.30414
(41)1.26541
(41)1.21556

0984
1262

2)2.36839
2)1.30996
1)6.65436
1 3. 11814
1)1.35352

5827
8827
3519
2991
0435

19)3.83039
19)3.39413
19)2.94792
19)2.50975
19)2.09460

9141
3262
4492
5914
7482

'41)1.15601
'41)1.08840
'41)1.01451
'40)9.36222
40) 8. 55360

0470
0111
8456
3425
6574

10
11
12
13
14

0)5.46454
0)2.05966
- 1)7.27307
- 1)2.41397
- 2)7.55352

1653
6874
8439
2641
3093

19)1.71380
19)1.37480
19)1.08139
18)8.34112
18)6.30971

5071
9352
2769
9672
7670

40)7.73703
40)6.92882
40)6.14340
40)5.39297
40)4.68730

8176
8557
7607
6655
3911

15
16
17
18
19

9437
8379
7720
3574
6979

18)4.68149
18)3.40719
18)2.43274
18 1.70426
18)1.17158

3423
1747
6870
8938
7B56

40)4.03365
40)3.43686
'40)2.89949
'40)2.42204
40) 2. 00333

8521
9769
1497
7745
3832

20
30
40
50

- 5)2.37154 3577

-12)1.22928 4325
-21)2.81471 5830
-31)5.88991 6154

17)7.90430
15)5.67659
12)7.34905
+ 9)2.00489

4104
3929
8082
8633

(40)1.64074
(39)1.30147
(37)3.95371
(35)4.74095

7551
2327
9716
0959

100

(-90)9.54463 8661

1
2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

2)2.23450
3)6.26543
3)1-66914
4)4.23421
4)1.02488

(-17)2.34189 3740

'

(20)3.73598 8741

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

474
Table 10.10

MODIFIED SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONSVARIOUS ORDERS

V '^w
2

x=2

x=l
1)5.77863
0)1.15572
0)4.04504
1)2.* 13809
2)1. 53711

1
2

6749
7350
5724
5597
7375

3)1.40478 6594
4)1.56063 6427
5 2. 04287 5221

8
9

7)5.25629 1384

5
6

6 3.

1.

3.

1.
0] 3.

1
2
2

1.

5.

1.
7.

4 4.

x=5

06292
59438
45449
02306
92616

0829
1243
2694
1298
3812

86907
06725
12406
44977
70355

9845
5553
9079
7364
1451

5)4.52287
6)4.79605
7)5.56068
8)6.99881
9)9.50401

1652
0749
7078
9354
2999

15)9.55756
17)2.96613
18)9.79781
20)3.43219
22)1.27089

6814
7227
0417
9783
3701

11)1.38508
12)2.15637
13)3.57187
14)6.27234
16)1.16395

0704
9105
6330
7368
6139

23)4.95991
40)4.55045
59)1.24524
78)4.25947

7633
5450
3351
0196

17)2.27598
31)2.06581
46)5.55624
63)1.86314

6819
6824
8963
7755

87)1.04451 3645

15

16

100

1.

5282
4384
1836
9443
5179

11
12
13
14

20
30
40
50

07991 9195

(--

9)1.00177
10)2.10898
11)4.86068
13)1.21727
14)3.29151

10

17
18
19

r/

(
(
(

a=10

(156)4.08894 4237

- 3)2.11678 8479
''''-

3)2.54014
3)3.64087
3)6.18102
2)1.22943

6175
6184
2359
0749

- 2)2.83107 7584

2)7.45780
1)2.22213
1)7.41218
2. 74235

1433
6131
8536
7715

1)1.11621
1)4.96235
2)2.39430
3 1.24677
3)6.97201

7817
0604
3059
5036
5499

4)4.16844
5)2.65415
'I
6 1.79342
7)1.28194
7)9.66570

6493
6981
8072
1220
7838

8)7.66744
18)7.97979
30)2.35318
42)8.49795

6235
3303
1718
8757

'-

(
(

(
(

(116)2.49323 8041

z=50

.t=100

(-6)7.13140
(-6)7.84454
(-6)9.48476
(-5)1.25869
-5)1.82956

4291
4720
7707
2857
1771

-24)6.05934
'-24 6.18053
'-24)6.43017
-24)6.82355
1-24)7.38547

-5
(-5
(-5
(-4

90529
02539
43830
1. 91828
(-4)4. 20491

8451
0067
5538
4837
4777

-24)8.15293 6706
'-24 9.17912 1581
'-23)1.05395 0832

11
12
13
14

(-4)9. 90762
(-3 2. 50109
(-3)6. 74327
93592
90133

2914
2290
4558
7868
2701

-23)1.79404
-23)2.22704
-23)2.81848
-23)3.636^8
-23)4. 78207

4109
2476
3648
4300
7170

15
16
17
18
19

90497
49556
33403
81868
49631

9270
9007
5699
1848
5854

(-23)6.40988
(-23)8.75620
(-22)1.21889
(-22)1.72884
(-22)2.49824

9058
8386
8659
9900
7585

-45)1.92415
-45)2.25475
-45)2.66822
-45)3.18862
-45)3.84801

4951
0430
2593
8338
5078

2)1. 45175 0001

9)1. 99043 6138

3017
0057
1557
0162

(-45)4.68935
(-44)5.77221
-42)1.84121
(-40)1.47876

4218
5084
2999
1633

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1C

2.

5.
9.

6353
3280
8350
1115
5506

-23)1.23409 7408
-23)1.47354 3950

50

(17)6. 68871 7408

(27)2. 59020 6572

(-22)3.67748
(-20)4.72460
(-17 3. 32175
(-13)1.10246

100

(85)8.14750 7624

(+12)5.97531 1344

20
30
40

(-46'

5.

(-46

5.

(-46*

(-46

6.

6.

(-46)

6.

(-461

6.

(-46
(-46
(-46

7.
(

7.

(-46)

8.
9.

84348
90191
02053
20294
45474

1679
6495
9173
3454
5215

78387
20097
71999
35897
14102

0523
0973
6750
0485
1732

(-45)1.00957 6461
(-45 1.12611 3230
(-45)1.26858 2504
(-45)1.44325 8856
(-45)1.65826 2396

(-25)1.48279 6529

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

475

AIRY FUNCTIONS
X

Bi(*)

Ai'(jc)

Ai(.r)

Bi'()

Table 10.11

Ai(x)

Bi'(x)

Bi()

Ai'(*)

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.35502
0.35243
0.34985
0.34726
0.34467

805
992
214
505
901

-0.25881
-0.25880
-0.25874
-0.25866
-0.25854

940
174
909
197
090

0.61492
0.61940
0.62389
0.62837
0.63286

663
962
322
808
482

0.44828
C.44831
0.44841
0.44856
0.44878

836
926
254
911
987

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.23169
0.22945
0.22721
0.22499
0.22279

361
031
872
894
109

-0.22491
-0.22374
-0.22257
-0.22138
-0.22018

053
617
027
322
541

0.85427
0.85974
0.86525
0.87081
0.87641

704
431
543
154
381

0.54457
0.54890
0.55334
0.55789
0.56257

256
049
239
959
345

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.34209
0.33951
0.33693
0.33*35
0.33177

435
139
047
191
603

-0.25838
-0.25819
-0.25797
-0.25772
-0.25744

640
898
916
745
437

0.63735
0.64184
0.6463"
0.65084
0.65534

409
655

286
370
975

0.44907
0.44942
0.44984
0.45033
0.45088

570
752
622
270
787

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.22059
0.21841
0.21624
0.21408
0.21193

527
158
012
099
427

-0.21897
-0.21775
-0.21653
-0.21529
-0.21404

720
898
112
397
790

0.88206
0.88776
0.89350
0.89930
0.90515

341
152
934
810
902

0.56736
0.57227
0.57730
0.58246
0.58774

532
662
873
311
120

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.32920
0.32663
0.32406
0.32150
0.31894

313
352
751
538
743

-0.25713
-0.25678
-0.25641
-0.25600
-0.25557

042
613
200
854
625

0.65986
0.66438
0.66890
0.67343
0.67798

169
023
609
997
260

0.45151
0.45220
0.45297
0.45381
0.45472

263
789
457
357

0.20980
0.20767
0.20556
0.20347
0.20138

006
844
943
327
987

-0.21279
-0.21153
-0.21025
-0.20898
-0.20769

326
041
970
146
605

0.91106
0.91702
0.92303
0.92910
0.93524

334
233
726

582

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

941
011

0.59314
0.59867
0.60433
0.61012
0.61603

448
447
267
064
997

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.31639
C. 31384
0.31130
0.30876
0.30623

395
521
150
020

-0.25511
-0.25462
-0.25411
-0.25356
-0.25300

565
724
151
898
013

0,68253
0.68709
0.69167
0.69625
0.70085

473
709
046
558
323

0.45571 223
373
0.45791 125
0.45912 572
0.46041 808

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.19931
0.19726
0.19521
0.19313
0.19116

937
182
729
584
752

-C.20640
-0.20510
-0.20330
-0.20248
-0.20117

378
500
004
920
281

0.94143
0.94768
0.95399
0.96037
0.96681

066
241
670
491
843

0.62209
0.62827
0.63460
0.64106
0.64766

226
912
222
324
389

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.30370
0.30118
0.29866
0.29615
0.29365

315
218
753
945
818

-0.25240
-0.25178
-0.25114
-0.25047
-0.24977

547
548
067
151
850

0.70546
0.71008
0.71472
0.71938
0.72405

42U
928
927
499
726

0.46178
0.46324
0.46477
0.46638
0.46808

928

0.7C
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.18916
0.18717
0.18519
0.18322
0.18127

240
052
192
666
478

-0.19985
-0.19852
-0.19719
-0.19585
-0.19451

119
464
347
798
846

0.97332
0.97990
0.98655
0.99327
1.00006

866
703
496
394
542

0.65440
0.66129
0.66832
0.67549
0.68282

592
109
121

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.29116
0.28867
0.28619
0.28372
0.28126

395
701
757
586
209

-0.24906
-0.24832
-0.24756
-0.24677
-0.24597

211
284
115
753
244

0.72874
0.73345
0.73818
0.74292
0.74769

690
477
170
857
624

0.46986
0.47172
0.47367
0.47571
0.4778?

119
554
549
205
623

0.75
0.76
0.77
G.78
0.79

0.17933
0.17741
0.17549
0.17360
0.17171

631
128
975
172
724

-0.19317
-0.19182
-0.19047
-0.18912
-0.18777

521
851
865
591
055

1.00693
1.01387
1.02088
1.02798
1.03516

091
192
999
667
353

0.69029
0.69792
0.70571
0.71365
0.72174

970

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.27880
0.27635
0.27392
0.27149
0.26906

648
923
055
064
968

-0.24514
-0.24429
-0.24343
-0.24254
-0.24164

636
976
309
682
140

0.75248
0.75729
0.76213
0.76699
0.77187

559
752
292
272
782

0.48004
0.48235
0.48474
0.48722
0.48980

903
148
462
948
713

0.80

0.84

0.16984
0.16798
0.16614
0.16431
0.16249

632
899
526
516
870

-0.18641
-0.18505
-0.18369
-0.18232
-0.18096

286
310
153
840
398

1.04242
1.04976
1.05719
1.06470
1.07230

217
421
128
504
717

0.73000
0.73842
0.74701
0.75576
0.76468

690
795
380
663
865

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.26665
0.26425
0.26186
0.25947
0.25710

787
540
243
916
574

-0.24071
-0.23977
-0.23881
-0.23783
-0.23684

730
495
481
731
291

0.77678
0.78172
0.78669
0.79169
0.79671

917
770
439
018
605

0.49247
0.49524
0.49810
0.50106
0.50412

861
501
741
692

C.16069
0.15890
0.15713
0.15536
0.15362

588
673
124
942
128

-0.17959
-0.17823
-0.17686
-0.17549
-0.17413

851
223
539
823
097

1.07999
1.08778
1.09566
1.10363
1.11170

939
340
096

463

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

385
386

0.77378
0.78304
0.79249
0.80211
0.81191

215
942
282
473
759

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.25474
0.25238
0.25004
0.24771
0.24539

235
916
630
395
226

-0.23533
-0.23"80
-0.23376
-0.23270
-0.23163

203
512
259
487
239

0.80177
0.80686
0.81198
0.81714
0.82233

300
202
412
033
167

0.50728
0.51053
0.51389
0.51736
0.52092

168
920
833
025
614

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.15188
0.15016
0.14845
0.14676
0.14508

680
600
886
538
555

-0.17276
-0.17139
-0.17003
-0.16866
-0.16730

334
708
090
551
113

1.11987
1.12814
1.13651
1.14499
1.15357

281
255
496
193
539

0.82190
0.83207
0.84243
0.85298
0.86373

389
615
695
891
470

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.24308 135
0.24078 139
0.2384:. 25C
0.23621 482
0.23394 848

-0.23054
-0.22944
-0.22833
-0.22720
-0.22606

556
479
050
310
297

0.32755
0.83282
0.83812
0.84346
0.84885

920
397
705
952
248

0.52459
0.52837
0.53225
0.53625
0.54035

717
457
956
338
729

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.14341
0.14176
0.14012
0.13850
0.13689

935
678
782
245
066

-0.16593
-0.16457
-0.16321
-0.16185
-0.16050

797
623
611
781
153

1.16226
1.17106
1.17998
1.18901
1.19815

728
959
433

0.87467
0.88581
0.89716
0.90871
0.92046

704
871
253
137
818

0.50

0.23169 361

1.00

0.13529 242

30-7

C. 45677

026
197
539
147

-0.22491 053

0.85427 704

0.54457 256

rn

5
['-f ]

[<"!]

0.81
0.82
0.83

-0.15914 744

352

925

363

824
121
062
849

0.93243 593

1.20742 359

r( -5)3-i

[(-6)11
L

81

[<-f]

AIRY FUNCTIONSAUXILIARY FUNCTIONS FOR LARGE POSITIVE ARGUMENTS

A-n

/(-0

/(0

g(-0

1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1

1.000000
1.047069
1.100099
1.160397
1.229700

0.527027
0.528783
0.530601
0.532488
0.534448

0.619912
0.620335
0.620327
0.619799
0.618649

0.619954
0.617156
0.614275
0.611305
0.608235

0.478728
0.479925
0.481658
0.484018
0.487107

0.50
0.45
C.40
0.35
0.30

2.080084
2.231443
2.413723
2.638450
2.924018

0.548230
0.549584
0.55093C
0.552421
0.553912

0.593015
0.589451
585855
0.582330
0.578985

0.587245
0.585235
0.583174
0.581056
0.578878

0.526011
0.530678
0.535345
0.539902
0.544235

1.0
0.9

1.310371
1.405721
1.520550
1.662119
1.842016

0.536489
0.538618
0.540844
0.543180
0.545636

0.616764
0.614022
0.610309
0.605543
0.599723

0.605068
0.601782
0.598372
0.594823
0.591120

0.491037
0.495921
0.501859
0.508909
0.517032

0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05

3.301927
3.831547
4.641589
6.082202
9.654894

0.555456
0.557058
0.558724
0.56046?
0.562280

0.575908
0.573135
0.570636
0.568343
0.566204

0.576635
0.574320
0.571927
0.569448
0.566873

0.548255
0.551930
0.555296
0.558428
0.561382

0.00

0.564190

0.564190

0.564190

0.564190

0.8
0.7
0.6

0.5

r(0

r"

2.080084

0.548230

0.593015

0.587245

0.526011

r(-3)T

"(-5)21

(-4)1"

[(-5)2^

-(-4)11

(-5)1]

Ai(*)-|* 'e-'/C-O

Bi(*)=* *ei/(r)

From J. C. P. Miller,
Tables, Part-vol. B.
permission)

The Airy

Ai'(*)=-*ie_f g(-t)

integral, British Assoc.

Cambridge Univ.

(-5)4
6

Bi\x)-x*

Adv.

Sci.

et g{t)

s(-0

T]
{

(-5)4

= *'

Mathematical

Press, Cambridge, England, 1946 (with

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

476

AIRY FUNCTIONS

Table 10.11
X

Ai(-

Ai'(- X)

Bi(-.)

Bi(- 0

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.35502
0.35761
0.36020
0.36279
0.36537

*)
805
619
397
102
699

-0.25881
-0.25880
-0.25874
-0.25865
-0.25852

940
157
771
731
986

0.61492
0.61044
0.60596
0.60147
0.59698

663
364
005
524
863

0.44828
0.44831
0.44841
0.44856
0.44877

836
896

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.36796
0.37054
0.37312
0.37570
0.37827

149
416
460
243
725

-0.25836
-0.25816
-0.25792
-0.25763
-0.25731

484
173
001
918
872

0.59249
0.58800
0.58351
0.57901
0.57450

963
767
218
261
841

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.38084
0.38341
0.38597
0.38853
0.39109

867
628
967
843
213

-0.25695
-0.25655
-0.25611
-0.25563
-0.25510

811
685
443
033
406

0.56999
0.56548
0.56096
0.55643
0.55189

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.39364
0.39618
0.39871
0.40124
0.40376

037
269
868
789
987

-0.25453
-0.25392
-0.25326
-0.25256
-0.25182

511
297
716
716
250

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.40628
0.40879
0.41128
0.41377
0.41625

419
038
798
653
557

-0.25103
-0.25019
-0.24931
-0.24838
-0.24741

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.41872
0.42118
0.42363
0.42606
0.42849

461
319
082
701
126

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.43090
0.43330
0.43568
0.43805
0.44041

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

Ai(-.)

Ai'(- *>

Bi(- x)

Bi(- *)

015
104
074

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.47572
0.47775
0.47976
0.48174
0.48369

809
692
138
089
487

-0.20408
-0.20167
-0.19920
-0.19668
-0.19410

167
409
846
449
192

0.38035
0.37528
0.37019
0.36508
0.35996

266
379
579
853
193

0.50593
0.50784
0.50976
0.51169
0.51363

166
123
132
080

0.44903
0.44936
0.44974
0.45017
0.45066

833
293
364
955
976

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.48562
0.48752
0.48939
0.49124
0.49306

274
389
774
369
115

-0.19146
-0.18875
-0.18600
-0.18318
-0.18030

050
999
016
078
166

0.35481
0.34965
0.34446
0.33926
0.33403

589
033
520
043
599

0.51557
0.51753
0.51949
0.52145
0.52342

853
339
424
991
927

904
397
268
466
940

0.45121
0.45180
0.45245
0.45315
0.45390

336
945
712
546
355

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.49484
0.49660
0.49833
0.50003
0.50170

953
821
659
408
007

-0.17736
-0.17436
-0.17130
-0.16818
-0.16500

260
341
392
399
345

0.32879
0.32352
0.31824
0.31294
0.30761

184
796
435

115
438
780

101
795

0.52540
0.52737
0.52934
0.53132
0.53329

0.54735
0.54280
0.53824
0.53367
0.52909

642
523
536
634
771

0.45470
0.45554
0.45643
0.45737
0.45835

047
530
713
503
806

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.50333
0.50493
0.50650
0.50803
0.50953

395
511
295
685
620

-0.16176
-0.15846
-0.15509
-0.15167
-0.14818

218
007
701
290
768

0.30227
0.29691
0.29153
0.28612
0.28070

521
282
084
932
835

0.53525
0.53721
0.53917
0.54112
0.54306

733
964
618
575
714

267
720
559
737
206

0.52450
0.51990
0.51529
0.51067
0.50604

903
986
977
835
518

0.45938
0.46045
0.46156
0.46272
0.46391

529
578
860
279
740

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.51100
0.51242
0.51382
0.51517
0.51649

040
882
087
591
336

-0.14464
-0.14103
-0.13736
-0.13363
-0.12984

129
366
479
464
322

0.27526
0.26980
0.26432
0.25883
0.25331

801
840
964
185
516

0.54499
0.54692
0.54883
0.55072
0.55260

912
048
000
642
852

-0.24638
-0.24531
-0.24419
-0.24303
-0.24181

919
828
888
053
276

0.50139
0.49674
0.49207
0.48738
0.48268

987
203
127
722
953

0.46515
0.46642
0.46773
0.46908
0.47046

148
408
423
095
327

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.51777
0.51901
0.52021
0.52137
0.52249

258
296

055
665
157
538
815

0.24777
0.24222
0.23665
0.23106
0.22545

973
571

390
479
501

-0.12599
-0.12207
-0.11810
-0.11406
-0.10996

0.55447
0.55632
0.55815
0.55996
0.56176

506
480
647
884
063

310
200
747
900
607

-0.24054
-0.23922
-0.23785
-0.23643
-0.23496

513
719
851
865
718

0.47797
0.47325
0.46851
0.46375
0.45898

784
181
112
543
443

0.47188
0.47333
0.47481
0.47632
0.47787

022
081
405
895
450

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.52357
0.52461
0.52560
0.52655
0.52746

395
101
557
703
479

-0.10580
-0.10159
-0.09731
-0.09297
-0.08857

999
101
134
113
055

0.21982
0.21418
0.20852
0.20284
0.19714

751
345

820

0.56353
0.56527
0.56699
0.56869
0.57036

059
745
994
679
671

0.44275
0.44508
0.44739
0.44968
0.45196

817
477
535
937
631

-0.23344
-0.23186
-0.23023
-0.22855
-0.22682

368
773
893
687
116

0.45419
0.44939
0.44457
0.43974
0.43488

784
534
667
156
973

0.47944
0.48105
0.48268
0.48434
0.48602

970
354
500
307
670

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.52832
0.52914
0.52991
0.53064
0.53132

824
678
982
676
700

-0.08410
-0.07958
-0.07500
-0.07036
-0.06566

979
904
854
852
925

0.19143
0.18570
0.17996
0.17420
0.16842

630
813
399
419
906

0.57200
0.57362
0.57520
0.57675
0.57826

845
071
220
165
777

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.45422
0.45646
0.45868
0.46089
0.46307

561
675
918
233
567

-0.22503
-0.22318
-0.22128
-0.21933
-0.21732

141
723
826
412
447

0.43002
0.42513
0.42023
0.41531
0.41037

094
495
153
047
154

0.48773
0.48946
0.49122
0.49299
0.49479

486
652
062
611
193

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.53195
0.53254
0.53308
0.53356
0.53400

995
502
163
920
715

-0.06091
-0.05609
-0.05121
-0.04628
-0.04129

100
407
879
549
452

0.16263
0.15683
0.15101
0.14518
0.13933

895
420
518
226
585

0.57974
0.58119
0.58260
0.58397
0.58530

926
484
321
309
317

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.46523
0.46738
0.46950
0.47159
0.47367

864
066
119
965
548

-0.21525
-0.21313
-0.21095
-0.20872
-0.20643

894
721
893
379
147

0.40541
0.40043
0.39544
0.39043
0.38540

457
934
570
348
251

0.49660
0.49844
0.50029
0.50215
0.50403

702

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.53439
0.53473
0.53501
0.53525
0.53543

490
189
754
129
259

-0.03624
-0.03114
-0.02597
-0.02076
-0.01548

628
116
957
197
880

0.13347
0.12760
0.12171
0.11582
0.10991

634
415
971
346
587

0.58659
0.58783
0.58904
0.59019
0.59131

217
879
174
973
145

0.50

0.47572 809
6>3
( -4

1.00

0.53556 088

-0.20408 167
(

0.38035 266

rn

031
070

713
850

0.50593 371

f]

-0.01016 057

329
265
398

204
354

0.10399 739
6)2
( -4
[

371

022
046

0.59237 563

[(-6)6]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

477

AIRY FUNCTIONS
x

Ai(-x)

Bi(-x)

Ai'(-x)

Bi'(-*)

Ai(-

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.53556
0.53381
0.52619
0.51227
0.49170

088
051
437
201
018

-0.01016
+0.04602
0.10703
0.17199
0.23981

057
915
157
181
912

+0.10399
+0.04432
-0.01582
-0.07576
-0.13472

739
659
137
964
406

0.59237
0.60011
0.60171
0.59592
0.58165

563
970
016
975
624

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.46425
0.42986
0.38860
0.34076
0.28680

653
298
704
156
006

0.30918
0.37854
0.44612
0.50999
0.56809

697
219
455
763
172

-0.19178
-0.24596
-0.29620
-0.34140
-0.38046

486
320
266
583
588

0.55790
0.52389
0.47906
0.42315
0.35624

810
354
134
137
251

0.22740
0.16348
0.09614
+0.0267C
-0.04333

743
451
538
633
414

0.61825
0.65834
0.68624
0.70003
0.69801

902
069
482
366
760

-0.41230
-0.43590
-0.45036
-0.45492
-0.44905

259
235
098
823
228

0.27879
0.19168
+0.09622
-0,00581
-0.11223

247
828
211
389
500

Table 10.11

x)

Bi(-x)

Ai'(-x)

Bi'(-)

+0.01778
-0.06833
-0.15062
-0.22435
-0.28512

154
070
016
192
278

0.86419
0.85003
0.78781
0.67943
0.52962

722
256
722
152
857

-0.36781
-0.36017
-0.33245
-0.28589
-0.22282

345
223
825
021
969

+0.02511
-0.17783
-0.37440
-0.55300
-0.70247

760
903
203
952

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

-0.32914
-0.35351
-0.35642
-0.33734
-0.29713

517
168
107
765
762

0.34593
+0.13836
-U. 08106
-0.29899
-0.50147

549
394
856
161
985

-0.14669
-0.06182
+0.02679
0.11373
0.19354

838
255
081
701
136

-0.81289
-0.87622
-0.88697
-0.84276
-0.74461

879
530
896
110
387

517
563
919
106
237

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

-0.23802
-0.16352
-0.07831
+0.01210
0.10168

030
646
247
452
800

-0.67495
-0.80711
-0.88790
-0.91030
-0.87103

249

266
995
774
418
784

-0.59717
-0.40856
-0.19009
+0.04437
0.27926

067
734
878
678

106

0.26101
0.31159
0.34172
0.34908
0.33283

-0.22042
-0.32739
-0.42989
-0.52445
-0.60751

015
717
534
040
829

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.18428
0.25403
0.30585
0.33577
0.34132

084
633
152
037
375

-0.77100
-0.61552
-0.41412
-0.18009
+0.07027

817
879
428
580
632

0.29376
0.23425
0.15821
+0.07087
-0.02159

207
088
739
411
652

0.49824
0.68542
0.82650
0.90998
0.92812

459
058
634
427
809

925
797
401

158

391

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.11232
-0.17850
-0.24003
-0.29509
-0.34190

507
243
811
759
510

0.67885
0.64163
0.58600
0.51221
0.42118

273
799
720
098
281

-0.43242
-0.40500
-0.36709
-0.31929
-0.26258

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.37881
-0.40438
-0.41744
-0.41718
-0.40319

429
222
342
094
048

0.31458
0.19482
+0.06503
-0.07096
-0.20874

377
045
115
362
905

-0.19828
-0.12807
-0.05390
+0.02196
0.09710

963
165
576
800
619

-0.67561
-0.72544
-0.75412
-0.75926
-0.73920

122
957
455
518
163

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

0.32177
0.27825
0.21372
0.13285
+0.04170

572
023
037
154
188

0.31880
0.54671
0.73605
0.87115
0.94004

951
882
242
540
300

-0.11246
-0.19493
-0.26267
-0.31030
-0.33387

349
376
007
057
856

0.87780
0.76095
0.58474
0.36122
+0.10670

228
509
045
930
215

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.37553
-0.33477
-0.28201
-0.21885
-0.14741

382
748
306
598
991

-0.34344
-0.46986
-0.58272
-0.67688
-0.74755

343
397
780
257
809

0.16893
0.23486
0.29235
0.33904
0.37289

984

-0.69311
-C. 62117
-0.52461
-0.40581
-0.26829

628
283
361
592
836

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

-0.05270
-0.14290
-0.22159
-0.28223
-0.31959

505
815
945
176
219

0.93556
0.85621
0.70659
0.49727
+0.24422

094
859
870
679
089

-0.33125
-0.30230
-0.24904
-0.17550
-0.08751

158

631
261
647
058

331
019
556
798

-0.15945
-0.41615
-0.64232
-0.81860
-0.92910

050
664
293

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-0.07026
+0.00967
0.08921
0.16499
0.23370

553
698
076
781
326

-0.79062
-0.80287
-0.78221
-0.72794
-0.64085

858
254
561
081
018

0.39223
0.39593
0.38346
0.35494
0.31122

471
974
736
906
860

-0.11667
+0.04347
0.20575
0.36320
0.50858

057
872
691
468
932

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-0.33029
-0.31311
-0.26920
-0.20205
-0.11726

024
245
454
445
631

-0.03231
-0.30933
-0.56297
-0.77061
-0.91289

335
027
685
301
276

+0.00775
0.10235
0.18820
0.25778
0.30483

444
647
363
240
241

-0.96296
-0.91547
-0.78882
-0.59221
-0.34136

917
918
623

4.5

278
598
748
668
635

-0.52336
-0.37953
-0.21499
-0.03676
+0.14695

253
391
018
510
743

0.25387
0.18514
0.10794
+0.02570
-0.05774

266
576
695
779
655

0.63474
0.73494
0.80328
0.83508
0.82721

477
444
926
976
903

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-0.02213
+0.07495
0.16526
0.24047
0.29347

372
989
800
380
756

-0.97566
-0.95149
-0.84067
-0.65149
-0.39986

398
682
107
241
237

0.32494
0.31603
0.27858
0.21570
0.13293

732
471
425
835
876

-0.05740
+0.23484
0.50894
0.73928
0.90348

051
379

4.9

0.29215
0.33749
0.36736
0.38003
0.37453

402
028
537

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.35076
0.30952
0.25258
0.18256
0.10293

101
600
034
793
460

0.32719
0.49458
0.63990
0.75457
0.83122

282
600
517
542
307

-0.13836
-0.21208
-0.27502
-0.32371
-0.35531

913
913
704
608
708

0.77841
0.68948
0.56345
0.40555
0.22307

177
513
898
694
496

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

0.31910
0.31465
0.28023
0.21886
0.13623

325
158
750
743
503

-0.10809
+0.19695
0.48628
0.73154
0.90781

532
044
629
486
333

+0.03778
-0.06091
-0.15379
-0.23186
-0.28738

543
293
421
331
356

0.98471
0.97349
0.86898
0.67936
0.42147

407
918
388
774
209

5.5

0.01778 154

0.02511 158

10.0

4.6
4.7
4.8

0.86419 722

-0.36781 345

-0.31467 983

0.99626 504

0.04024 124

"(-3)4

(-3)5'

(-3)2

(-3)5

["(-3)21

(-2)1
10

r-

/2 (0

/i(0
9.654894
11.203512
13.572088
17.784467
28.231081

0.39752
0.39781
0.39809
0.39838
0.39866

0.40028
0.40002
0.39975
0.39949
0.39921

21

14
83
24
38

0.39894 23

0.39894 23

0.00

(-7)4

(-7)4]

3
4

Ai(-x)=x

87
58
97
03
79

(-2)1
10

[/ (0cosf+/2 (0sinr]

0.39704
0.39741
0.39779
0.39817
0.39855

31

06
11
48
19

(-7)4
3
4

Bi( -x)=x

20
25
33
50
100

87
99
49
37
62

0.39894 23

0.39894 23

<r>

g2 ( f )

*i(0
0.40092
0.40052
0.40012
0.39972
0.39933

[/2 (r ) cos r-/,(0 sin

r]

Ai'(-*)=* [g,(r) sin r-g2 (r) cos r]

Bi'(-*)=* [gft) cos r+g2 (0 sin

is

<r>=nearest integer to

r.

0.11941 411

ARGUMENTS
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

371
475

(-3)4

AIRY FUNCTIONSAUXILIARY FUNCTIONS FOR LARGE NEGATIVE

1

044
958

r]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

478

INTEGRALS OF AIRY FUNCTIONS

Table 10.12

f* Ai

(t)

dt C* Ai (-) dt C* Bi

0.00000
0.03421
0.06585
0.09497
0.12164

00
01
15
09
06

0.00000
-0.03679
-0.07615
-0.11802
-0.16229

70
51
44

0.00000
0.06373
0.13199
0.20487
0.28256

0.5
0.6
0.7

33
79
52
45
97

-0.20880
-0.25736
-0.30768
-0.35944
-0.41225

95
07
05
15
56

0.36533
0.45356
0.54773
0.64845
0.75649

85
50

0.9

0.14595
0.16801
0.18795
0.20589
0.22196

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.23631
0.24907
0.26037
0.27034
0.27910

73
33

-0.46567
-0.51918
-0.57224
-0.62421
-0.67447

40
94
05
79
31

0.87276
0.99838
1.13466
1.28318
1.44579

91

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.28678
0.29349
0.29932
0.30438
0.30876

67

-0.72232
-0.76709
-0.80807
-0.84459
-0.87602

88
26
24

81

41
06

1.62470
1.82252
2.04231
2.28772
2.56304

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2,4

0.31253
0.31577
0.31854
0.32091
0.32292

28

-0.90177
-0.92135
-0.93435
-0.94050
-0.93967

28

2.87340 83

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.32463
0.32608
0.32730
0.32833
0.32919

80
57

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.32992
0.33052
0.33102
0.33144
0.33178

04

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

0.33207
0.33230
0.33249
0.33265
0.33278

15

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0.33289
0.33297
0.33304
0.33310
0.33315

27

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0.33318
0.33321
0.33324
0.33326
0.33327

76

5.0

0.33328 76

12
09

66

24

75
82

29

11

43
19

74

74

55
83

31

49
15
65

63

93
76
70

86
84
50
07

73
11
02
54

45
68
70

36
82

64

41

38
00
42

33
52
12

90

(t) dt

dt
76
73
50
11
59

-0.71788
-0.75103
-0.77926
-0.80111
-0.81545

22
62
27
58
49

-0.15873
-0.14113
-0.11667
-0.08660
-0.05250

09
39
30
41
03

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

0.33331
0.33332
0.33332
0.33332
0.33332

97

-0.82151
-0.81897
-0.80797
-0.78914
-0.76354

82

90
96
06
19

-0.01617
+0.02038
0.05518
0.08625
0.11181

86
99
54
18

50
77
43
99

6.0

95

34

6.4

0.33332
0.33333
0.33333
0.33333
0.33333

-0.73267
-0.69836
-0.66268
-0.62781
-0.59592

53
93
96
93
62

0.13038
0.14086
0.14262
0.13555
0.12011

11
00
05
73
15

81

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

0.33333
0.33333
0.33333
0.33333
0.33333

23
25
27

-0.56902
-0.54883
-0.53667
-0.53334
-0.53906

35
59
65
74

08

98

0.09726
0.06847
0.03562
+0.00088
-0.03340

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.33333
0.33333
0.33333
0.33333
0.33333

31

-0.55345
-0.57549
-0.60365
-0.63593
-0.66999

72
96
60
96

-0.06491
-0.09147
-0.11121
-0.12273
-0.12521

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

0.33333 33

-0.70336
-0.73355
-0.75830
-0.77575
-0.78453

19
34
99
13
65

-0.11847
-0.10300
-0.07997
-0.05114
-0.01872

26
57

+ 0.01475 64
0.04664 84
0.07440 43
0.09577 87
0.10902 22

-0.25006
-0.28553
-0.31575
-0.34052
-0.35966

28
62
56

-0.37300
-0.38042
-0.38185
-0.37726
-0.36673
-0.35038
-0.32847
-0.30132
-0.26939
-0.23325

10
57
89

58

27

67
97
04

-0.93187
-0.91730
-0.89633
-0.86951
-0.83758

78
54
20
37
77

+0.02812
0.07009
0.10878
0.14317
0.17234

94

-0.80146
-0.76220
-0.72100
-0.67915
-0.63802

29
32
37
91
56

0.19544
0.21180
0.22092
0.22252
0.21655

25
21

-0.59897
-0.56335
-0.53242
-0.50730
-0.48892

71
61
25
05
77

0.20321
0.18296
0.15652
0.12485
0.08914

50

-0.47800
-0.47496
-0.47992
-0.49268
-0.51269

75
79
95
51
28

+0.05076
+0.01121
-0.02788
-0.06494
-0.09837

-0.53908
-0.57068
-0.60606
-0.64358
-0.68146

35
59
63
51
70

-0.12673
-0.14876
-0.16347
-0.17018
-0.16857

-0.71788 22

r(-3) 11
7

6.1
6.2
6.3

24

67

09

46
18

23
45

01

06
88
20

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

49

61
57

f*

27
50
69

83

03
10
16
20

29
30

31

32
32

33

-0.78398
-0.77413
-0.75578
-0.73041
-0.70011

17

55
93
70

a.

1
2
3

- 2.33810 741
- 4.08794 944

- 5.52055 983
- 6.78670 809
- 7.94413 359

- 9.02265 085

Ai'(a s )
+0.7012~1 082

From

434
430
556
675

-0.80311
+0.86520
-0.91085
+ 0.94733

137
403
074
571

-0.97792
+1. 00437
-1.02773
+ 1. 04872
-1. 06779

281
012
869
065
386

2.354
4.093
5.524
6.789
7.946

J.

W.

J.

85
35
22

35
98
64
63

00
02

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-0.55881
-0.56148
-0.57358
-0.59403
-0.62093

97
12
51
00
76

+0.01033
-0.02196
-0.05192
-0.07682
-0.09439

04
26
24
93
87

04
50
66
59
74

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

-0.65181
-0.68375
-0.71373
-0.73889
-0.75680

01
25
85
84
07

-0.10300
-0.10183
-0.09101
-0.07157
-0.04539

27

-0.15873 09

10.0

43
28
01

78
79

-0.76569 84

[(-? 31

r(

86

44
33
57

-0.01504 04

3) 1]

- 4.82009 921

_ 1.17371 322
- 3.27109 330
- 4.83073 784
- 6.16985 213
- 7.37676 208

Bi '(Ps)
+0.60195 789
-0.76031 014
+0.83699 101
-0.88947 990
+0.92998 364

0.33047
0.32102
0.31318
+ 0.30651
0.30073

623
229
539
729
083

_ 8.49194 885
- 9.53819 438
10.52991 351
11.47695 355
12.38641 714

-0.96323
+0.99158
-1.01638
+1.03849
-1.05847

- 6.16330 736

- 7.37217 726

- 8.48848 673
- 9.53544 905

-10 52766 040

-11.47505 663
-12.38478 837

bs

666
548
647
794
124

Ai(a' s )

C. P. Miller,

0.095
0.042
0.027
0.020
0.015

The Airy

AND

[(-3)
7
L

l
J

443
637
966
429
184

Bi(6' s )

b' s
- 2.29443 968
-

4.07315
- 5.51239
- 6.78129
- 7.94017

509
573
445
869

-0.45494
+0.39652
-0.36796
+0.34949
-0.33602

438
284
916
912
624

- 9.01958
-10.03769
-11.00646
-11.93426
-12.82725

336
633
267
165
831

+0.32550
-0.31693
+0.30972
-0.30352
+0.29810

974
465
594
766
491

Bi'(z)

e-W,

Bi> s )
Modulus Phase
0.993
1.136
1.224
1.288
1.340

Modulus Phase
1.121
3.257
4.824
6.166
7.374

+2.641
-0.513
+2.625
-0.519
+2.622

integral, British Assoc.

Adv.

Sci.

0.331
0.059
0.033
0.023
0.017

Mathematical

Tahles Parl-vol. B. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1946 and

F.

31

57

0.11303
0.10749
0.09285
0.07039
0.04205

47
33

0.53565
0.41901
0.38040
0.35790
0.34230

-(

Bi(z)

2
3
4
5

67
36

47
90
80

21
08
32
70
22

a' s
- 1 01879 297
- 3 24819 758

e-W30s
Modulus Phase

29
42
80
40

-0.66739
-0.63499
-0.60566
-0.58192
-0.56584

AUXILIARY TABLE- COMPLEX ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF

25

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

n
r<-?
6

[(-3)41
7

Ai (-*) dt f" Bi (-t) d

(t)

0.33328
0.33329
0.33330
0.33331
0.33331

00
87

74

56
97

P Ai

x
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.00000
-0.05924
-0.11398
-0.16411
-0.20952

ZEROS AND ASSOCIATED VALUES OF AIRY FUNCTIONS

AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

table 10.]

-10.04017
-11.00852
-11.93601
-12.82877

00
67

-0.19354
-0.15106
-0.10667
-0.06132
-0.01603

r(-4)3]
5 J

7
8
9
10

dt f " Bi

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.8

00
54

()

Olver,

The asymptotic expansion of Bessel functions of

London [A] 247, 328-368, ] 954 (with

Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc.

large order.

permission).

Bif/.)

Modulus Phase
0.750
0.592
0.538
0.506
0.484

+0.466
-2.632
+0.515
-2.624
+0.519

11. Integrals of Bessel Functions

Yudell

L.

Luke

'

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties

4g0
480
482
483
485

Simple Integrals of Bessel Functions

11.2. Repeated Integrals of J(z) and
(z)
11.3. Reduction Formulas for Indefinite Integrals
11.1.

11.4. Definite Integrals

Numerical Methods
11.5. Use and Extension

488
488

of the Tables

References

490

Table 11.1 Integrals

of Bessel Functions

pJ

(t)dt,

PY

Cx

e~ x

(t)dt,
{.,

h(t)dt, e x

492

10D

XX = 0(.1)10
(t)dt,

7D

Table 11.2 Integrals of Bessel Functions

'

Jo

J,

494

-J-' 8D
x=0(.l)5

Jo

Jx

The author acknowledges the assistance of Geraldine Coombs, Betty Kahn, Marilyn
Kemp, Betty Ruhlman, and Anna Lee Samuels for checking formulas and developing
numerical examples, only a portion of which could be accommodated here.

Midwest Research

Institute.

(Prepared under contract with the National Bureau

of Standards.)

479

11. Integrals of Bessel Functions

Mathematical Properties
Simple Integrals of Bessel Functions

11.1.

11.1.8

r*
I

Z (t)cU=xZ
Z(x)

11.1.1

^1

**r(?+|i)
|W,(o<#=

and

5 are

H(x)

= AT(x) +e

"rli:,(x),i>=0,i

constants.

and

L(x)

are

Struve

functions

11.1.9
(x/2)'<

Ko(t)dt=-(y+ln^x

,*)

(k\)
t'

^/v+m+3

(2k+l)

>-+2J;+l(z)

(^? +t)

(x/2)

+x^2

2k

fa (k\y(2k+iy

(^G*+H-1)>0)

-_Jx/2)^_/
^ Xki
(k\) (2k+l) V^2^

1\

^k)

11.1.2

fV,(0*=2

Jo

S J,+2+i(s)(^>-l)

fc=0

{
Jo

y (Euler's constant) = .57721 56649

In this and all other integrals of 11.1, x is real

and positive although all the results remain valid

11.1.3

(see

chapter 12).

?-m+i
(*+2fc+i) r(
A=0

(x)+^irx{ L (x)Z1 (x)+Li(x)Zn (x)

tJ v (t)dt

J2n {t)dt= rJ (t)dt-2^J

Jo

2!c+l

(z)

t=0

for extended portions of the

complex plane unless

stated to the contrary.

rj2n+1 (t)dt = l-J (z)-2 S J

k=l

11.1.4

Jo

2ft

(2 )

Recurrence Relations

11.1.10

J'"

K (t)dt=l Mt)dt+i \ Y

11.1.5

f
Jo

(t)dt

Asymptotic Expansions

J n+l (t)dt= \J n Jo

(t)dt-2J n (z)

(%>0)

J^Ji(0<ft = l-J (s)

11.1.6

11.1.11

IV
[Mt)+iY (t)]dt~(^

..< sc-t/4)

X Lfc=o

ft=o

l_fc=o

11.1.12

a>k

p(*+*)
r(f)

11.1.7

^o(t)dt=x^ (x)+^irx{U

r(+i)

S2V.r(f;

11.1.13
(x) (ifi (x)--a i (x)%(x)}

2(fc+lK +1 =3
<<f(x)=AJ(x)+BY v (x),v=0,l

(m4)(*+|)

*
i

and

5
480

are constants.

"(*+5) (*"5)^'

s
INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS
11.1.14

xh~ x

7<Z<oo

11.1.18

I* IQ (t)dt~(2T)-i
a**"*
A=0
Jo

where the a k are defined as

481

K (t)dt-=22
(-)%(x/7)-*+
k=0

zVf
J

in 11.1.12.

e (x)

e(z)|<2X10- 7
11.1.15

x*e

"

Ko(t)dt~(0

(-)*a*ar

e*

25331
0. 11190
02576
.00933
.00417
.00163
.00033
1.

where the a* are defined as

in 11.1.12.

Polynomial Approximations *

,<X<co

11.1.16

f" [J (t)+iY

(t)]dt

fJ

=rlc -"{l]
i(

11.1.19
2

*+6(x)l

-Jo(t)

|e(x)|<2X10- 9

a*

06233
00404
00100
00053
00039
.00027
.00012
.00002
.

4
5
6

(t)dt

(-)'o*(a;/8)-

K=0

CK (t)dt

J~r-'J r-'J *

+iS(-)^(x/8)-

CY

(t)dt

414
289
646
994
454
271
934

-2x-i

79788
01256
00178
00067
00041
00025
00011
00002

2 (2&+3)hK+2)-,Kl)] J

-l-2x~

bk

47304
03539
89872
66169
92825
55037
70039
68482

dt

45600
42405
70944
40148
00676
43955
07299
26238

+2x~

{x)

S (2*+5)[^(*+3)-^(l)-l]J

2t+8 ( a! )

k=0

For

\p(z)

2k+3 (x)

see 6.3.

11.1.20

m +y+la x_= C [l-J

<

(t)dt

,_,,..

Q (t)]dt

8<<oo

11.1.17

<-)'dr
2k(k\) 2

xh'

fo

Io(t)

dt=J2 dk (x/8)- k +e{x)

11.1.21

k=0

Y
|e(x)|<2X10

J.

(t)dt
i

~\2k
/-v.\2

k
.

+t-fa

39894 23

.03117 34

.00591 91

2i(il) s

{*(t+l)+i-ln|}

11.1.22

4
5

00559 56

-.01148 58
.

=Kln|j +Tln|+ | +

(0

01774 40

S2w{** +1) ^V

-.00739 95

to

11.1.23
2
Approximation 11.1.16 is from A. J. M. Hitchcock.
Polynomial approximations to Bessel functions of order
zero and one and to related functions, Math. Tables Aids
Comp. 11, 86-88 (1957) (with permission).

-jo

Xo(0*
<

*T

f"

J (0^
t

l}

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

482

Asymptotic Expansions

n.i.24

<

<fo(fl<ft

= 2g

<

ffo(x)^(x)

(x) ifo(s)

4<X<

11.1.30

oo

***- (-**%

X*6*

|e(x)|<6X10- a

where

/r\ ~ 2 *

oo

dk

wy,

*>(*)-;(-)*()

/<r\~ 2 *

oo

0l(*)~g(-)*(j)

(t+l)l

2
3

g o{x)=2

11.1.25

xS^r'-Ko^^g^^)*^-*

11.1.26

39
84
46
26
96
00

*f"9l<M

41

1.25331
0. 50913
.32191
26214
.20601
11103
.02724

5<X<

11.1.31

oo

where

A-j;iMtii*=| / (!)-+.

13
11.1.27

=l,Ci=-g1

|e(x)|<l.lX10- 5

2(^+l) Clt+1 =[3(A:+l)

11.1.28

a?

/2

+i] -^+iJc,
Cit

,C x [Ut)-l]dt

e"*

Jo

where

(2tt)

<

Sc,x-*

4=0

ft

0.39893 14
13320 55
-.04938 43
1. 47800 44
.

defined as in 11.1.27.

c fc is

-8.65560

4
5

Polynomial Approximations

28.

-48.05241 15

5<x<

11.1.29

40.

oo

gbfrVjfUg)

10

2.

19454 64

Repeated Integrals of

11.2.

where

39473 40

-11.90943 95
3. 51950 09

^(Qd<_2 gl (g)^o(g)

Jn (z) and K

Repeated Integrals of

0o(s)=S

(-)*a*(z/5)-+6(a:),

</

(z)

n (z)

Let

fc=0

^(x)=S

13

12214 78

(-)*&*(x/5)- 2*+e(x)

11.2.1

fc=0

An(z) ==Jn(z),

|e(x)|<2X10- 7

rj

An(z) ==
k

n {t)dt,

6
7

8
9

1.0
15999 2815
10161 9385
13081 1585
20740 4022

0.

1.

28330
.27902
17891
06622
01070
.

0508
9488
5710
8328
2234

A.(S)

= fVr-l.ftVft

f-r.

1.0

0.

-,

dT
11.2.2

2
3
4

a*

1.
1.

1.

0.
.

31998
30485
52324
03702
69980
95320
43132
59605
10702

5629
8155
6341
0112
3050
6413
5684
4956
2336

Then
11.2.3
fr.n (0

11.2.4

(z-ty-Vntydt

'(r)

2T

r.

n (g)

(3?r>0)

Joo
-

r(fc+r)

r(r)^6

*!

J re+r+2* (^)

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

Recurrence Relations

11.3.2

Z(z)

Mz),Y,(z),W"(z),m(z)

-1

-1

11.2.5

r(r- l)Ui, (z)=2(r-l)z/r

L{z)

n (z)

-[(l-r) 2 -n 2 +02]/r _ lin ( 2 )

+ (2r-3)2/ _
r

,(0)- 2 /r _ 3 ,( 2 )

pg >,
l

= ^A oO) - (r l)f

oO)

T -l,

/r+1

11.2.7

=/r+1

+1 (2)

_, (2)

+ zfr-2,

o(2)

- 2/

Repeated Integrals of K

(z)

11.3.3

11.2.6
rfr+l.

483

(z)

= -e- pz zZ(z)
+ (n+v)gn-i,v(z)ag

<>()

lliV+1 (z)

11.3.4

n (z)

pg>, ,+i(z)

(z)

Let
11.2.8

= -e- pz zZv+1 (z)

+ (pv l)g^-i,y+i(z)+bg

iV

(z)

11.3.5

Ki (z)=K

(z),

(p

Ki 1 (z)=j

(t)dt,

.,

Ki r (s)= f

+ab)g

llill

(z)=ae- pl zZp+1 (z)

+ (n-v-l)e- pz z- Z {z)-pe-**zZ (z)

+p (2 M - 1 )g _ Z + [*- M - 1 f]

"

Ej,_i(0<8

li

Ki_ r ( 2 ) = (-)'^Z

11.2.9

iV (

gii _ 2

( 2 )

(a)

11.3.6

Then

a("-n)g >.,+i(z) = 2ve- pz z>'Zv (z)-2vpgltiV (z)

l

11.2.10

+b(n+v)g
00

Ki*>-/.

cosh

cosh r

dt

(^2>0, ?r>0, ^2>0, r=0)

11.2.11

Ki

(z)=^ (t-zY-'K
Ki 2r (0)

11.2.12

= T^l T(H

(^r>0)

T(r+J)

11.3.8

g_ K ,(z)^-

ra)r(r+i)

11.3.

- 2Ki

(z)

iz~v+l
e"z

2v-\-\

/.

0* r >-4)

+ (r- 1)!!,.^) + 2Ki _^2)-r

& ,,(*)=

-J

e-

pt

tZ(t)dt

of the first three kinds or the modified Bessel

The parameters a and

appearing in
the reduction formulae are associated with the
particular type of Bessel function as delineated
in the following table.
O

64

32

[J r (z)iJv+1 (z)]

(@v>-i)

il

t- v

iz-v+l
e"z
v

{t)dt--

2v\

+ 2"-

izv+\
e"z

u t'Y,(t)dt--

2v+l

[/,()

+iJ,_, (s)]
(>**)

(2i/-i)rW

[F,(a)-iF, +1 (a)]
^2" +1

i>+l)

ir(2v+l)

where Z(2) represents any of the Bessel functions

functions.

11.3.11

Let
11.3.1

{Z,{z)+Z,- (z)\

11.3.10

Reduction Formulas for Indefinite

Integrals

716-654

n*J v {t)dt=-

11.2.14

rKi r+1 ( 2 ) =

11.3.9

|r(r+|)
Ki 2r+1 (0)

-2^{z,( 2)-|z +1 2 )|

^,,(2)=

11.2.13

11.3.7

(t)dt

(&z>0, ^r>0)

_ 1 (z)

2
p +ab = 0, v= (m~1)

Casel:

lii

(v>-l)

11.3.12

j* en>I {t)dt=^^v

[7,(g)T/r+i(a)]

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

484
11.3.13

11.3.25

3* t'I,_ l (t)dt=z'I,(z)

(&p>0)

''

V e-InOOdt^ze-VoW+Iite)]

p t- I

n.3.26

n-1

+n[e- 2/ (2)-l]+2e- 2 i: (n-k)Ik (z)

v+l (t)dt=z-"I v (z)-

2T(i>+l)

fct=i

11.3.27
11.3.14

*^_

f'

r'It (t)dt=-^

=r

(^>o)

(<)^=-2"X' ,(2)+2'- 1 r(y)

J

[/v(2)T/,-i(2)]

r r"^ i(0^=2-"Z,(2)

11.3.28

-T 2"0v -11

(f*|)

(2 y -l)r(v)

Indefinite Integrals of Products of Bessel Functions

11.3.15

Let %i(z) and

2H-1

King's integral (see

11.3.16

[K,(2)X, +1 (2)]

{t)dt--

p^

*^

denote any two cylinder

and

;u

respectively.

11.3.29

r/ (0-l )t-^j^ \%(kt)&(lt)dt

z

[11.5])

= z{k^

li+1

{kz)9v {lz)-l c^ {kz)9v+ Sz)

li

(*)<^=2e [E:o(2)+#i(z)]-l

-(jt-v)^{kz)MMz)}
11.3.30

j\->'-''- 1

t~'Kv (t)dt

% +1 (t)9

r+1 (t)dt

2(m+H-1)
Case

{z)

<*>-*>

11.3.17

f"

functions of orders

#=0,

2:

%{z)9 {z) +<% +1 {z)9v ^ (z)

v

pt= zb v
11.3.31

6^,,_ 1 (s)=2 'Z,(2)

,

11.3.18
11.3.19

a0_,, +1 (2)

_,,

($v>0)

P t-"J, +1

(t)dt--

P t+ v+x %(j)9,(t)dt

Z,(2)

t"J^ (t)dt=z'J,(z)

11.3.20

11.3.21

2T(+1)

'20i+?+l)
11.3.32

'J,(g)

V tJU,(t)dt=2 tj
b+2k) Jl +2k
k=Q

11.3.22

2 ("
Jo

{%(z)9(z)+% +l (z)9 +i (z)}

(@v>0)

(z)

Jo

^M=i-l (2Ar-l)JV
2

11.3.33

(2)

2fc=i

=J
2 fc=n+l

C t[J -i(t)-Jhi(Wt=2vJM
a

z
r

(w>0)

(2.-l)72fc _ 1 (g)

(^>0)

11.3.23

(2n+i)

11.3.34

r j**+M dt =c Jo (t)dt

VtJlit)dt^{Jl(z)+J\{z)}

11.3.35

-^(2)-;S^(2)
2
fc=i

11.3.24

V J {t)Jn+l (t)dt=\[l-Jl(z)]~Jl{i
^
*=i
n

Jo

r fY-

(t)dt=z''Y y (z)-{

2T()

(^>0)

k=n+l

JIM

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

11.3.36

485

There must

2.

exist

not zero) so that for

11.4.4

all

numbers
n

and k2 (both

kx

h^n%+l(j\nO) k2 %{\ na)

In connection with these formulae, see 11.3.29.

a=0, the above is, valid provided 5=0. This
case is covered by the following result.
If

fc=l

Convolution Type Integrals

11.4.5

11.3.37

T j (t)j{z-t)dt=2 s (-yj^ +2k+1

ll

Jo

tJ,(am t)J r (a n t)dt=0

(z)

(m5*n,v>l)

/c=0

(m=n,6=0,y> 1)

11.3.38

r J (t)Ji- (z-t)dt=Jo(z) cos z

( 1<^<2)

MO,

(m=n,

11.3.39
Z
;

J (t)Jv

{z-t)dt=shi

a2

ati,

(\0t\<X)

i/>-1)

are the positive zeros of

aj (x) + bxj' (x) = 0, where a and

v

are real con-

stants.

11.3.40
11.4.6

r t- j (t)j,(z-t)dt= j +vM ^
Jo
*

lt

(^M>0,^>-1)

t~

(rn^n)

+2n+i(t)J v +2m+i{t)dt=Q

=
_

11.3.41

2(27i+i/+l)

Jn(t)J,(zt)dt

(/*+v)7M+r (2)

(2

;.

(m=w)(i+n-|-m> 1)

jLW2

M>0, 3fr>0)

Definite Integrals Over a Finite

11.4. Definite Integrals

11.4.7

J*

Orthogonality Properties of Bessel Functions

Let %{z) be a cylinder function of order

In particular, let

%{z)=AJ (z)+BY

11.4.1

where

A and B are

v.

{z)

real constants.

11.4.8

11.4.9

J2n (2z

sin

0^=| JJO)
2ntdt=TJl(z)

(2z sint) cos

(2 2 sin t)

Range

cos

2ntdt=^ Jn {z)Y n (z)

Then
11.4.10

11.4.2
2

f J(2

t^ {\J)^ {\ n t)dt^Q (m^n)

v

sin

t)

shf+H

2T0+1)

cos 2 " +1

(!

{(

-^)^ (M)+W(x

y v+l

- ()

}1

JM+

(^?M>-1,

+1 (2)

^F>~1)

11.4.11

(m=n) (0O<6)
7T

provided the following two conditions hold

1
X is a real zero of

7A,(2 sin

t)J v (z cos 2

i)

esc 2c^

11.4.3

h{k%+l {\b)-h2 %{\b)=0

=%t^ J + ,(z)
<fJ,V

(@n>0, @v>0)

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

486
Infinite Integrals

11.4.23
/% CO

Integrals of the

Form

e'^fZ^dt

^^

J\--V(0^= ?

11.4.24
11.4.12
i

-(co

<l)

=0(o, 2 >l)

iT (+>)

r(/i+!0r(i-M)

where TB (a>) is the Chebyshev polynomial

kind (see chapter 22).

of the

first

(#M<^#(m+iO'>o)

11.4.25

11.4.13

M;

f " e-t>-U (t)dt=

Jo

r (M+^(|-M)
r(2-r(F-M+i)

CO

=f (-iO*(l-^D .-i()(<l)
r

(^m<^(m+")>o)

=0(co 2 >l)
11.4.14
/* CO

cos

btK

where

It

(t)dt=

(I^KD

+ 6 )*
2

(1

the

is

(see

Chebyshev polynomial

of the

chapter 22).

11.4.26

11.4.15
r
I

?7(a>)

second kind

arc sinh 6
ar

sin6fiiLo(^^=-7

fe2

*/

rie- -'Jn+i (0^=(-^ n (27r)iPn (c)(a 2 <l)

i

(I-/&KD

sj
,

CO

=0(<o 2 >l)

WW*-

11.4.16

Jq

where P(u)

+1

is

the Legendre

polynomial

(see

chapter 22).

11.4.27

f"

11.4.17

J (t)dt=l

(@i>>-\)

Jo

where y(a,
11.4.18

(see

r- [i-v,(Q]df
Jo

z)

chapter

is

the incomplete

gamma

function

6).

(=*) r (?=*)

/CO

Integrals of the

Form

er^^Z^btidt

<"

11.4.28
11.4.19

r
X

sin

| (p-v)

(%(nv)>-l,@n<^

aH *

t-

{bt)dt

2*T(rfl)

M V2" + 2

/i '"

+1 '~4^>)

(^ (m+')>0, 3?a 2 >0)

,

11.4.20

f V, (*)<&=- tan

(\8tv\<\)

where the notation M(a,

6, 2)

stands for the con-

fluent hypergeometric function (see chapter 13).

11.4.21
J

"f (0*=0

11.4.29

11.4.22

it2

f" e~"

t>

+1

J(bt)dt
62

(^(Mv)>-1)

= (2^)7Ti ^

(>-!. &*2 >0)

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

11.4.30

487

11.4.37

tan

2a

+1 K

J,,(tti)

cos bt dt-

aH2

L{bt)dt^e^I \sa
)

11.4.32

62

K (bt)dt~

Sai

r ^ arc sin -b i

J,i{at) sin fo c?=

(a

(M>0)

"

(J^\

-6

(b

(0<6<o)

2 )i

GfCOS

Weber- Sehafheitlin Type Integrals

7TJU

-a )i[b+(b -a )i]
2

11.4.33

(b>a>0)

C-^~ +

J(at)J,(bt)dt

J.

XzFl

'

(^(/x+"-X+l)>0,

11.4.39

_,

-a )*

(0<a<6)

^X>-1, 0<6<a)

mY

(at)dt

2i

w(a 2

M+1 ) r ^:

m+v-x+i
-fv X+l M-y-x+1
n v X+l

-M+x+r
,.a2 \

&V
(^(m+"-X+1)>0,^ X>-1, 0<a<6)
2

'

,,,,
2

-a

(0<6<a)

arc sin-

2i
2

)*

'

7r(6

-a )i
2

Xln{t^2-'}(0< O<W
11.4.41

M+lj

'

b p

-1
(6

2^-x+i r

11.4.40

^J

'

2 Fi,

(0<6<a)

(H^X+I)

aT

^ /V

Jo(oO^=7^^
(6

11.4.34

i6(

;;

f " J(a t)J,(bt)dt

x+1

r+1

'

/i

2V-^r(,+i)r

(^m>-2)

b'T

For

(^ M >-1)

11.4.38

sin

X2

sin-^-

(b>a>0)

=3

r*

^M

u1

a/

\b 2 -a2 )i[b+(b 2 -a 2)i]

62

/;

(0<6<a)

JaF-b 2^

11.4.31

e~

bi
arc sin -

ju

(|^|<i, ^a >o)

sec

(jj^)

cos
v-k

,n

fi

-^

(0<b<a)

J{at)J,(fit)dt=Q

2m->+V(68 a

see chapter 15.

)--"- 1

6T(v m)

Special Cases of the Discontinuous Weber- Schafheitlin

Integral

(6>a>0)

11.4.35
00

J'.(at)'.sin
^

Jo

btdt

=- sin f

ML

b~\

ju

arc sin -

aJ

a? sin
n[b-\-(b

n ^,^
(0<6<a)
~
,

11.4.42

-a

r"7M

(6>a>0)
)*]

(JV>-1)
11.4.36
cos & dt
*

(0<6<a)

(aOJM-i(60*=^r

ML

- cos \n arc sin -

~26

(0<b=a)

=0

(&>a>0)

(0<6<a)

(^M>0)

7T/U

a" cos
2

11.4.43

(6>a>0)

n[b+(jb -a?)*Y

f'^M

Jo

{i-J

(0<b<a)

(bt)}dt=0

=ln- (6>a>0)
(^m>0)

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL "FUNCTIONS

488

Hankel-Nicholson Type Integrals

11.4.47

K(at)dt

11.4.44

(*"+^ +1 ~2T0*+l)

Jo

'"'

J.o

t*(t

+z

4z" +1 cos

w ;h,(oz)-f,(o2)]

11.4.48

(a>0, <^z>0,-l< JV<2^ M +)

11.4.45

J,(a*)^
'(**

J.

22" +1

+ 2*)

[W _

(O>0,^2>0,^>-1)
U((K)

11.4.49

(a>0,^z>0,^>-|)

f J,(a<)^
Jo f(t +z

11.4.46

Y
/;

(at )dt
2

+z

K (az)

(a>0,

Y +i

(^)
_
~~

r(y+1)

,-

,
,
1r^az)^Ai az)

T(2 v +i)

^2>0)

^2>0, <^k>-)

(a>0,

Numerical Methods
11.5.

Use and Extension of the Tables

This value

readily checked using

is

h= .05. Now
X

J (t)dt,

f h{t)dt, Jzf K (t)dt

'

f'Yoifidt,

Jo

Jo

For moderate values

<C2~*,

Jo

and 11.1.7-

of x, use 11.1.2

For x

11.1.10 as appropriate.

n>\

for all

always choose

sufficiently large,

use the asymptotic expansions or the polynomial

absolute error

<.05.

to

Example
Simpson's

00283

+ .31783 69 + .04611 52
19 + .00009 72 + .00000 21]

09

= 1.37415
Compute

2.

to

(t)dt

5D by

Interpolation of

We

rule.

for the
a;

if

|AJ

4
.

Jo

(t)dt

using

have
fx+h

J (t)dt+

(t)dt=

(t)dt

Jx

Jo
+n

j (t)dt=^J (x)+4j (x+^+J (x+h)]+R

R-

+ 2)/24<.2-10-

f*x

/3.05

Example

(2*

3.

(*x+h

/3.05

for all

5D.

Using 11.1.2 and interpolating in Tables 9.1 and

9.2, we have

J (t)dt=2[.32019

interpolation does not exceed

/t

J (t)dt

11.1, we can
terms of 0(A 4 )

all

2^ 4/48<.2-10-

is

Compute

Table

Thus if

Similarly, the absolute error for quadratic

/3.05

1.

In

=3.1 and

x and \Jn {x)\

and higher are neglected, then a bound

approximations 11.1.11-11.1.18.

Example

x.

<.05.

\h\

a;

all

\J (x)\<l for

h"

2880

x<H<x+h

Wf),

Now
1

JP(x)=%

interpolation of Table 11.1 using Taylor's formula.

[J4 (x)-4j2 (x)+3J

(x)]

We have
(*x+h

fx

JQ

(t)dt=j

\J?K*)\<^fi<M

12

J (t)dt+U (x)-jJ

(x)

and with

+j2 [Mx)-Mx)]+!t

[8jr

(*)-Ji (*)]+

Then with z=3.0 and A=.05,

f3.

05

-(.00125) (.339059)

+ (.000010) (.746143) =

<.05,

it

follows that

|i?|<.9-10- 10

Thus

J [jt)dt= 1.387567 +(.05) (.260052)

\h\

if

x =3.0 and h =.05

(t)dt=l .38756 72520-

(05)

.26005 19549

J.

+4(-.26841 13883) -.27653 49599]

1

.37415

= 1.37414 86481

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

which

The above procedure

correct to 10D.

is

gives high accuracy though

J (x)

interpolate twice in

and

J (x-\-h). A

trapezoidal rule

it

may

JAx+-\

/2 =2(/ +/_
1

on the
most only

accurate, but at

one interpolation of

J (x)

is

10

/8 = 1.20909 66,/4 = .62451 73,/5 =.25448

When arr,

required.

= 1.69809

1)

Similarly,

similar technique based

is less

recurrence formula gives

be necessary to

compute

to

The

489

it is

17

convenient to use the auxil-

iary function

Example

Compute

4.

5D

to

and

(t)dt

Jo

(t)dt

gT (x)

Jo

using the representation in terms of Struve

This

satisfies

functions and the tables in chapters 9 and 12.

z 2g T+ i(x)

For x=3, from Tables 9.1 and 12.1

J =. 260052
F = .376850

Fj=

Ho=

Hx = l. 020110

J =*

.574306

the recurrence relation

=x g- (r- lYg^x)
2

+ (r-l)(r-2)g

339059

= (r- l)\x-'+%(x)

.324674

g1 (x)=j

J (t)dt,

g2 (x)=g

g3 (x)

Using

11.1.7,

we have

Example

3tt

Jo(0&=3( .260052)
/.

+^ [(.574306) (.339059)
(1.020110)( .260052)J

4 .38757

(t)dt

(t)dt

and

Jo

= .197QQ

Jo

Jx

58,

have

one can

12.1,

Jo

Jx

Repeated Integrals of Jo(x)

&=

96867 36,

use the recurrence formula 11.2.5.

5D

for

a:

=10

27,

& = 1.06701

13

Compute j

o (a")

using 11.2.6.

sr 3

= -98827

49

=.94114

Example

64

[11.16].

of

We

use the recurrence

x,

all r.

Compute Ki

7.

and r=0(l)5.

(x)

to

5D

for

x=2

have

rKi r+1 (x) = a,Ki,.(x) + (r l)Ki

r _!(a;)

Ki_ (x)=K

K^ix)^ j"Ko(t)dt

Ki (x)=K

(x),

and the functions on

Thus

for

(x),

+a;Ki r _ 2 (a;)

this last line are tabulated

x=2,

K =. 11389

=jr{x) to

We

12, # 6 =.90474

5D

for

have

39, 22!

13986 59,

K^ = .09712

06

and

Ki 2 =-2Ki

+2 K =
J

08549 06

Similarly,

/_, (x)

= - J,

(at)

and the terms on

/(*)

=J (x)

/, (x)

J*

Jo

this last line are tabulated.

(t)

dt

Thus

for a;=2,

/-i

= 10,

If x is large

and x^>r, see the discussion below.

x=2 and r=0(l)5

to

(x)]/x

Repeated Integrals of Ko(x)

For moderate values of x and r, use 11.2.4.

r=l, see Example 1. For moderate values of

5.

86,

For moderate values

11.1.24-11.1.31.

Example

gx{x) -\-xJ

(x)

for x

For tables of 2-J r (x), see

(t)dt.

For moderate values of x, use 11.1.19-11.1.23.

For x sufficiently large, use the asymptotic expansions or
the
polynomial approximations

x,

2 (x)

J^. 04347

formula 11.2.14 for

If

= [x g

(x)

and the forward recurrence formula gives

K (t)dt
Jx

We

# = 1.02353

Using 11.1.8 and Tables 9.8 and

compute

_ 2 (x),r>3

Thus

Similarly,

rY

(x)-J

Compute g

6.

andr=0(l)6.

Jo= -.24593

= -.57672 48, /=. 22389

08,/!

= 1.42577 03

Ki 3 =.07696

36,

Ki 4 =-07043

17,

Ki 5 =.06525 22

If xjr is not large the formula can still be used

provided that the starting values are sufficiently
accurate to offset the growth of rounding error.

For tables

of

Ki r (a;),

see [11.11].

/ /

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

490

fm (x)=x-

Apart from round-off error, the value of r needed

to achieve a stated accuracy for given x and m
can be determined a priori. Let

t mK (t)dt

Now

M^=r^o(t)dtJ (x)=[l-xK (x)]/x

t

*r=\gr fr\

Then
the latter following from 11.3.27 with v=l.
11.3.5,

put o=l,

fim.

Then

b= 1, p=0

In
Let

and v=0.

*r-2k

(r-l)

X2k T
2

(r-3)

2
.

(r-2k+l) 2

*<[ai(*)4<r-l)^(3)]/(r-l)"

/(*) = [(m- l) fm -2(x) -t?K {x)

x(m VKoix^/x
2

and/i, one can compute

provided that m/x is not

Using tabular values of

in succession

/2 /3
,

since for x fixed,

(m>l)

Example

We

m=0(l)6.

have,

If

decimals

#!=. 00404 46

.00369 11

= 1.56738
27,

= .01458 93,

5D

to

for a; 3

and

have

^=.04015

95

64

<.86-10- 2

e10

<1.4-10-

of g u , g l2
Also recorded
., go by recurrence.
are the required values of jm to 5D.
,

Thus

/2 =. 05791

as r

Taking gi6=0, we compute the following values

/i=. 19595 54

74

and decreases

r=16,
16

K=

positive

OT (a;)

We

K = .03473

m (x) to 5D for x=5 and

retaining two additional

Compute

8.

(x) is

Compute /

9.

m=0(2)10.

large.

Example

increases.

=. 00685 36

we can compute/3 and/5

m^>x, employ the recurrence formula in
backward form and write
Similarly starting with/i,

9m

Jm

If

/m_2 (x) = [r/m (x) +z iif

2

(z)

+x(ro- l)K (x)]i(m- 1)

In the latter expression, replace jm by # m

Take

r>m

and assume g T =0.

Fix

Compute

14

x.

pv_ 2

12
10
8
6
4
2

Then

g r -i, etc.

1.

lim gT _ 2ft (x) =jm (x),m=r2k

00855
01061
01325
01751
02548
04447
11936
53994

For tables of/m (x), see

42
09
05
39
09
31
90
71

1.

01325
01751
02548
04447
11937
53995

[1.1.21].

References
Texts
[11.1]

[11.7]

H. Bateman and R. C. Archibald, A guide to tables

of Bessel functions, Math. Tables Aids Comp.
1,

247-252 (1943).

See also Supplements

I,

[11.8]

II,

IV, same journal, 1, 403-404 (1943) 2, 59 (1946)

190 (1946), respectively.
[11.2] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,

Y. L. Luke, An associated Bessel function, J. Math.

Phys. 31, 131-138 (1952).
F. Oberhettinger, On some expansions for Bessel
integral functions, J. Research NBS 59, 197-201

2,

vol. 2, ch. 7

[11.3]

[11.4]

(McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

Inc.,

New

York, N.Y., 1953).

A. Erdelyi et al., Tables of integral transforms, vols.
1, 2 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1954).

W. Grobner and N.
(Springer- Verlag,

(1950).

G.

Cambridge, England, 1958).

Hofreiter, Integraltafel, II Teil

Wien and Innsbruck,

Tables

Austria,

1949-1950).
King, On the convection of heat from small
cylinders in a stream of fluid, Trans. Roy. Soc.
London 214A, 373-432 (1914).
[11.6] Y. L. Luke, Some notes on integrals involving
Bessel functions, J. Math. Phys. 29, 27-30

[11.5] L. V.

(1957) RP 2786.
Petiau, La theorie

des fonctions de Bessel

(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,
Paris, France, 1955).
[11.10] G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
(Cambridge Univ. Press,
functions, 2d ed.
[11.9]

[11.11]

G. Bickley and J. Nayler, A short table of the

functions Ki(x), from n=l to n=16. Philos.

W.

Mag.

7, 20,

343-347 (1935).

Ki^x)

= f~

t (fidt,

Ki(x)= f" Kin-Milt, n=l(l)16, z=0(.05).2

(.1)2, 3,

9D.

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

Bursian and V. Fock, Table of the functions

[11.12] V. R.

K (x)dx,\

Jx

I (x)dx,e x

Trudy (Travaux)

Mat.,

Fiz.

Inst.

6-10 (1931).

2,

U(x)dx,

Jo

Leningrad,

491

H. L. Knudsen, Bidrag
systemer

Jx

Jo

Nauk,

Akad.

K (x)dx,e~

[11.18]

med

(Kommission Has Teknisk Forlag, Copenhagen,

Denmark,

1953).

x = 0(.l)6,

Io(t)dt,

(" Ko(t)dt, x=0(.l)l6,

e*

7D;

PI
Jo

e~ x

Jo

[11.13] E.

5D.

Tablitsy

integralov

Nauk SSSR., Moscow,

J n (x), Y n (x),

t
tx
J""
n=0, l;x=0(.001)15(.01)100,

ot

dt,

J2

File

7D.
facil-

Jx

Jo

W. Horton, A
and

of

some

(1950).

C(x)

Math.

J.

Phys.

29,

Castle, Tables of

(x)dx,

4D,

D n (x)=
where

6.
a=0(.02)2(.l)4, 9D.
Muller, Table of the function

=x~ n

Commerce,

[11.22]

D.C.
(1954).
w=0(l)31, x = 0(.01)2(.02)5, 8S.
National Bureau of Standards, Tables of functions
and zeros of functions, Applied Math. Series 37
(U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,

D.C,

1954).

f'/ (0*,

(l)pp.21-31:

Jo

56-58

t"H n (t)dt, n = 0(l)4, x=0(.l)10,

x=0(.01)10,

+ ln

V Y,{t)dt,

Jo

10D.

(2)

pp. 33-39:

F(x)=r J

10D;

(t)dt/t,

(t)dt/t

x=0(.l)3,
10D; F(x)/n\, x=
12D.
[11.23] National Physical Laboratory, Integrals of Bessel
(x/2),

10(1)22, n=0(l)13,

Struve's

is

function;

see

functions, Roy. Soc. Unpublished

Repeated integrals

of Bessel functions
File

of transients in filter circuits,

27, 210-219

(1948).

/i(x)

No.

17.

PJ

(t)dt,

(t)dt,

x=0(.5)50,

Jo

Jo

Math. Table

10D.

X
(.t)dt,

fr (x)= (
Jo

fr-i(t)dt,

x=0(l)24, 8D. Also $(x)

$ n (x), C(x), n=l(l)7,

[11.17] L.

U.S. Department

Washington,

PW)*,w=l(l)4,x=0(.l)10,

H(x)

and the theory

J. Math. Phys.

PJ
Jo

u n Ko(u)du,

Office of Technical Services,

chapter 12.
[11.16] J. C. Jaeger,

( l (x)dx and

Roy. Soc. Unpublished Math. Table

x=0(.l)10(l)22,

4D;

(x)

No.

M.

of

short table of Struve functions

integrals involving Bessel and

Struve functions,

8D.

K (t)dt.

and f

(f)dt

= 0(.01).5(.05)l,

Kj(x)

Hitchcock, Polynomial approximations to

Bessel functions of order zero and one and to
related functions, Math. Tables Aids Comp.
Polynomial approximations
11, 86-88 (1957).

[11.15] C.

[11.21] G.

M.

for

Jo

Ja

Also tabulated are auxiliary expressions to

itate interpolation near the origin.
[11.14] A. J.

rK

Y n (t)
dt,

Math. Tables Aids Comp.

K (x) = - y + In (x/2) ]At (x) + A

Mack and M.

[11.20] C.

U.S.S.R.,

Ufford, Tables of the function

\*Ko(t)dt.

129.

Aj(x), ^l 2 (x).

funktsii Besselya ot

argumenta

nogo

deistvitel'

nikh (Izdat. Akad.

1958).

Xo(x)=

J n {t)ei'dt, cc=t,<*=x-t.

Also [
Jo

Luke and D.

[11.19] Y. L.

x=

(t)dt,

UMT

Chistova,

A.

7D;

=0(1)8, x =

J n (t)dt,
X

7D.

(.1)16,

J^

K (t)dt,
0(.01)10,

x=0(.l)12, 7D;

til teorien for antennehel eller delvis rotations-symmetri.

2-/r (x), r= 1(1)7,

x = 0(l)24,

e x Ko(x),

U.S.S.R.,

Quart.

e x Ki(x),

e x,

e~ x

J.

of

P/otodx

Mech. Appl. Math.

for 0(.1)20(1)25,

2,

212-217 (1949).

8S-9S.
Z

4D.

e~*h{x),

1958).

M. Rothman, Table

[2(x0 *]/(*) <&>

[11.25] P.

N. Karmazina and E. A. Chistova, Tablitsy

funktsii Besselya ot mnimogo argumenta i
integralov ot nikh (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR.,

Moscow,

[11.24]

(t)dt,e x

e-*/,(x),

K (t)dt,

x = 0(.001)5(.005)15(.01)100, 7D except for e x

which is 7S. Also tabulated are auxiliary expressions to facilitate interpolation near the origin.

W. Schmidt, Tables

of

f J

(t)dt

for large x,

Jo

[11.26]

J. Math. Phys. 34, 169-172 (1955). x=10(.2)40,

6D.
G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
functions, 2d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1958).
Table VIII, p. 752:
Z

7D, with
I ( Jo(t)dt,l (*Ya (t)dt, x = 0(.02)l,
<sJo
^Jo
the first 16 maxima and minima of the integrals
to 7D.

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

492

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTION

Table 11.1

J>

(t)dt

j> {t)dt

e-*f* h(t)dt
0.00000 00
0.09055 92
0.16429 28
0.22391 79
0.27172 46

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.00000
0. 09991
0.19933
0.29775
0.39469

00000
66979
43325
75802
85653

0.00000
-0.21743
-0.34570
-0.43928
-0.50952

00000
05666
88380
31758
48283

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.48968
0.58224
0.67193
0.75834
0.84106

05066
12719
68094
44308
59149

-0.56179
-0.59927
-0. 62409
-0. 63786
-0. 64184

54559
15570
96341
88991
01770

0. 30964
0.33929
0.36206
0.37910
0.39137

29
99

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0. 91973
0.99399
1.06355
1.12813
1,18750

04101
71082
76711
83885
20495

-0.63706
-0. 62447
-0.60490
-0.57911
-0.54783

93766
91607
26964
12548
19295

0.39970
0.40479
0.40721
0.40745
0.40593

88

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

1.24144
1.28982
1.33249
1.36939
1.40048

95144
09734
68829
85727
85208

-0.51175
-0.47156
-0.42788
-0.38136
-0.33260

90340
13039
62338
24134
04453

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.42577
1.44528
1.45912
1.46740
1.47029

02932
81525
63387
80303
39949

-0.28219
-0.23071
-0.17871
-0.12672
-0. 07526

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.46798
1.46069
1.44871
1.43231
1.41181

09446
96081
25408
16899
57386

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.38756
35992
1.32928
1.29602
1,26056

72520
96508
40386
59125
17835

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.22330
1.18467
1.14509
1.10496
1. 06471

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.

ezjj

(t)dt

1.57079
1.35784
1.25032
1.17280
1.11171

63
82
54

1.06127
1.01836
0.98109
0.94821
0.91885

17
48
70
80
56

78
39

0.89237
0.86829
0.84626
0.82596
0.80719

52
97
10
89
04

0.40298
39891
0. 39394
0.38828
0.38211

85
09
29
68
11

0.78973
0.77344
0.75819
0.74386
0.7303 7

57
80

28501
32490
50399
97284
50420

0.37555
0. 36873
0. 36174
0.35467
0.34757

57
67
98
38
29

0.71762
0.70556
0.69412
0.68324
0.67288

95
50

16
26

-0.02480 29261
+0.02420 24953
0. 07132 69288
0.11617 78353
0.15839 62206

34049
33349
0.32659
0. 31981
0.31319

93
48

0.66300
0.65356
0.64452
0.63587
0.62757

15
16
98
68
60

0.19765
0.23367
0.26620
0.29502
0.31996

82565
66986
20748
36222
99576

0.30673
0.30045
0.29435
0.28843
0. 28271

0.61960
0.61193
0.60455
0.59744
0.59059

34
74
84
84
11

57382
59706
13136
78009
52377

0. 34090
0.35775
0.37044
0. 37896
0. 38335

94657
03989
06831
74266
61369

0.27718
0.27183
0.26668
0.26170
0.25691

02
70
11

0.58397
0.57757
0.57139
0.56540
0.55961

14
57
13
66
09

02473
0.98541
0.94712
0.91021
0. 87502

41595
21560
13375
52175
60866

0.38366
0.38000
0,37250
0. 36131
0.34665

96479
67672
06552
69475
16398

0.25230
0. 24785
0.24357
0.23945
0.23548

18
56
46
74

0.55399
0.54854
0.54326
0.53812
0.53314

42
72
15
91
27

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0.84186
0.81100
0.78271
0.75721
0.73468

25481
72858
50802
10902
94106

0. 32872
0.30779
0.28413
0.25802
0.22977

87513
77892
10351
06786
58227

0.23166
0. 22799
0.22445
0.22104
0.21775

83
15
13
21
83

0.52829
0.52358
0. 51899
0.51452
0.51017

52
03
19
43

5.0

0.

1.

71531 19178
(

T]

0.19971 93876

0.

0.
0.

71
05
42

52
52

30
99
59
62

18
04
67
31

94
78

61

0.21459 46

09

28

62
97
44

02

24

0.50593 10

INTEGRALS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

ir\ i

uij KALS

U* BUSSEL

493

UNCTIONS

Table

11.1

f*J

(t)dt

j Y

KQ (t)dt

(t)dt

e-xf*

93876
49405
34784
01932
12463

0.21459
0.21154
0.20860
0.20577
0.20303

46
58
68
28
89

0.

50593
0.50179
0.49776
0.49382
0.48998

10
55
16
50
19

0.03413 05806

-0.03284 98697
-0.06517 04775
-0.09630 01348

0.20040
0.19785
0.19539
0.19301
0.19072

08
40
44
81
13

0.48622
0.48256
0.47897
0.47547
0.47204

86
16
75
34
60

12236
54100
64692
51256
33012

-0.12595
-0.15385
-0.17975
-0.20344
-0.22470

06129
27646
87372
39625
89068

0.18850
0.18635
0.18427
0.18225
0.18030

02
16
20
84
78

0.46869
0.46541
0.46219
0.45905
0.45596

29
11
83
20
99

0.81147
0.83820
0.86618
0.89512
0.92470

67291
76824
77897
09137
60635

-0.24338
-0.25931
-0.27239
-0.28252
-0.28966

05692
37161
18447
78684
45218

0.17841
0.17658
0.17480
0.17308
0.17140

74
44
64
09
55

0.45294
0.44998
0.44708
0.44424
0.44144

98
97
76
15
97

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.95464
0.98462
1.01435
1.04354
1.07190

03155
17153
21344
00558
32638

-0.29377
-0.29486
-0.29295
-0.28811
-0.28043

44843
02239
35658
49927
26862

0.16977
0.16819
0.16665
0.16516
0.16370

82
68
93
39
89

0.43871
0.43602
0.43338
0.43079
0.42824

05
22
34
23
76

7.5
7.6
7.7

7.8
7.9

1.09917
1.12508
1.14941
1.17192
1.19243

14142
84628
49299
99830
33198

-0.27002
-0.25702
-0.24159
-0.22392
-0.20421

13202
06208
37080
52368
93575

0.16229
0.16091
0.15956
0.15825
0.15698

24
30
91
93
21

0.42574
0.42329
0.42087
0.41850
0.41617

20
86
63
40

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

1.21074
1.22671
1.24021
1.25112
1.25939

68348
60587
13565
88778
12520

-0.18269
-0.15959
-0.13516
-0.10966
-0.08335

75150
61109
40494
01934
07540

0.15573
0.15452
0.15333
0.15217
0.15104

64
08
42
55
36

0.41388
0.41162
0.40940
0.40722
0.40507

56

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

1.26494
1.26777
1.26787
1.26528
1.26005

80240
58297
83120
57796
46162

-0.05650
-0.02940
-0.00230
+0.02451
0.05078

66385
07834
54965
01664
29664

0.14993
0.14885
0.14779
0.14676
0.14575

74
61
88
44
23

0.40296
0.40088
0.39883
0.39681
0.39482

15
04
15
40
69

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

1.25226
1.24202
1.22946
1.21473
1.19799

64460
70675
51666
08237
38314

0.07625
0.10069
0.12385
0.14552
0.16550

79635
08937
04194
02334
09969

0.14476
0.14379
0.14284
0.14191
0.14099

16
16
16
08
87

0.39286
0.39094
0.38904
0.38716
0.38532

97
15
17
95
41

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

1.17944
1.15927
1.13772
1.11499
1.09134

18392
83464
05614
71504
58985

0.18361
0.19969
0.21360
0.22523
0.23448

20962
32017
56169
34059
42919

0.14010
0.13922
0.13836
0.13752
0.13669

46
78
79
43
65

0.38350
0.38171
0.37994
0.37820
0.37648

53
20
39
03
06

0.0

1.06701 13040

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.71531
0.69920
0.68647
0.67716
0. 67131

19178
74098
10457
40870
39407

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

0.66891
0.66992
0.67427
0.68187
0.69257

44989
67724
98068
18713
19078

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

0.70622
0.72263
0.74160
0.76290
0.78628

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

["(-4)41
7 J
L

0.19971
0.16818
0.13551
0.10205
0.06814

+0. 00035 67983

0.24129 03183
r(-4)4i
7 J
L

I (t)dt

0.13588 40
r(-5)i]
4 J
L

e*

81

07
52
65
37

0.37478 43
(

-f]

494

INTEGRALS OF BES3EL FUNCTIONS

Table 11.2
X

INTEGRALS OF B ESSEL FUN CTIO* rs

ri-Mt) dt
Jo

r Yf d

Jx

dt

~j;*a

~ l
,

-co

Jo

dt

0.00000
0.00124
0. 00499
0. 01121
0. 01990

000
961
375
841
030

34138
43423
05107
+ 0.15238

382
067
832
037

0.00000
0.00113
0. 00409
0. 00835
0. 01347

000
140
877
768
363

0.000000
0.368126
0.460111
0.506394
0.532910

0.03100
04449
0. 06032
0. 07841
0.09872

699
711
057
882
519

0.26968
0. 33839
0. 37689
0.39543
0.40022

854
213
807
866
301

0.

01910
0.02497
0. 03088
0. 03667
0.04222

285
622
584
383
295

0.548819
0.558366
0. 563828
0. 566545
0.567355

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.12116
14565
0.17211
0.20043
0.23052

525
721
240
570
610

0.39527
0.38332
0. 36633
0. 34572
0.32256

290
909
694
398
701

0.

04744
0.05229
0. 05672
0. 06070
0. 06425

889
376
080
995
420

0.566811
0. 565291
0.563058
0.560302
0. 557163

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.26227
0.29557
0. 33031
0.36636
0.40360

724
796
288
308
666

0.29769
0.27176
0.24529
0.21871
0.19235

696
713
896
360
409

0. 06735
0.07002
0. 07228
0. 07414
0.07563

663
797
458
688
806

0.553745
0.550126
0. 546364
0.542506
0.538587

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.44191
0.48117
0.52124
0.56200
0.60333

940
541
775
913
248

0.16650
0.14138
0.11719
0. 09408
0.07218

135
594
681
798
365

07678
0.07760
0. 07813
0. 07839
0. 07841

298
744
746
884
674

0.534635
0.530670
0.526711
0. 522768
0. 518854

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.

64509
0.68716
0.72942
0.77174
0.81402

164
194

0.05158
0.03235
+0.01457
-0.00174
-0.01655

229
987
248
144
931

07821
07781
07724
07652
07566

544
809
664
168
245

0. 514976
0.511139
0.507350
0.503610
0.499924

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.85614
0. 89799
0.93947
0.98047
1.02091

669
596
188
571
428

-0.02987
04168
05201
06088
-0.06833

272
613
554
740
756

0.

-0.
-0.
-0.

07468
07361
0. 07245
0.07121
0. 06993

681
124
090
963
006

0.496292
0.492717
0.489198
0.485736
0.482332

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.

06070
1.09975
1.13799
1.17536
1.21179

032
277
707
536
667

-0.07441
-0.07915
-0. 08263
-0. 08491
-0.08605

025
722
683
323
553

0.

06859
06722
0. 06582
0.06440
0.06297

360

0.

060
033
109
029

0.478984
0.475694
0.472459
0.469280
0.466155

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.24723
1.28163
1.31496
1. 34718
1.37826

707
975
504
044
060

-0.08613
-0.08523
-0. 08342
-0. 08079
-0.07742

706
459
762
769
769

0.

06153
0.06009
0. 05867
0. 05725
0. 05584

450
952
042
166
708

0.463085
0.460067
0.457100
0. 454185
0.451320

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.40818
1.43694
1.46454
1.49096
1.51622

716
870

-0.07340
-0. 06880
-0.06371
-0.05821
-0. 05239

123
199
317
690
371

0.

05446
0.05309
0.05174
0.05042
0. 04913

000
325
921
989
691

0.448503
0.445734
0.443012
0.440335
0.437703

5.0

1.54034 722

0.

04787 161

0.435114

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.

0.

081

836
795

052
446
864

T]

-1.
-0.
-0.

-0.

04632 205

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

)2
]

12.

Struve Functions and Related Functions

Milton Abramowitz

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties

496

Struve Function
v (z)
12.2. Modified Struve Function L,(z)
12.3. Anger and Weber Functions
12.1.

Numerical Methods
12.4. Use and Extension

496
498
498
499

of the Tables

499

References

Table

500

12.1. Struve Functions (0

Ho(x),

H^x),

<z<

P U (t)dt, / (x)-L

501

o )

(x),

Jo

/i(x)-Ia(*), ( [I (t)-U(t)]dt

Jo

/ CO

(2/t)

Table

12.2.

t- l *Ov{i)dt, x=0(.l)5,

5D

to

7D

Struve Functions for Large Arguments

502

H (x)-r (x), H (x)-F (x), [H (t)-Y (t)]dt- (2/t) In x

1

7 (x)-L

(x),

71 (x)-L

(x),

[L (t)-Iq (t)]dt-(2/ir) In x

f " [HoW-FoC*)]*" ^, x" =.2(-.01)0, 6D

1

The author acknowledges the assistance of Bertha H. Walter in the preparation and
checking of the tables.

National Bureau of Standards.

(Deceased.)

495

12, Struve Functions and Related Functions

Mathematical Properties

Differential

^=(2/^)-^

12.1.11

Struve Function H,(*)

12.1.

Equation and General Solution

^(z'H,) = 2'H

12.1.12

_1

12.1.1
.d*v>
2

dw

f
-JZ+(Z >>
j-T+2
2
d2
dz
.

~
)

The

general solution

{)

W^

v+l

19

15

V^r(H-i)

'

d, ,-'HW
dz

'

*
.

2'H x+1

VT2T(v+f)

is
H n (x)

w=o7,(z)+&r,(2)+H,(3)

12.1.2

where 2~"H,(2)

is

(a,6,

an entire function of

Power

constants)

z.

Series Expansion

12.1.3

h.W-U;
2

Ho(2)=-

12.1.4

2., r(jfc+f)r(A:+i'+t)

L^ii^-IS^P

12.1.

2T^_

z*

z*

Figure

Struve functions.

H(x), n=0(i)3

Integral Representations
If

12.1.

0tv>-\,

12.1.6

H ^)=4rr~ JoPd-^^sin^O

rfz

v^r^+i)

IT

12.1.7

12.1.8

=r (s)

'

2(1 zy

sin(gcos0)sin 2 "0 do

e~"(l+* 8 )"

-.2
*<ft

"Vr(H-*)Jo

(|arg2|<0
-.6

Recurrence Relations

H,_ 1+ H, +1 =|H, +7

12.1.9

12.1.10

496

H,_!-H, +1 =2H:

Ji^-

V-r(v+f)
i^\
cm

-.8 -

Figure

12.2.

H(i),

Struve functions.

-n= 1(1)3

STRUVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

497

Struve's Integral

12.1.25
H n (x)

fV

f"r H (0d<=4H 2 )+2

Ho(0<ft

12.1.26
.1.26

+l

-3 2 -5 2 -5

12.1.27

T{v ijii+1)

Jo

Hf (z)=r-n,(t)fdt
r

12.1.28

Figure

1
/H 1 =(2 y +l)/,(2)-2"+ H,(2)

Struve Junctions.

12.3.

,2v+2

U n (x), x=3,

+ (*+i)2-+ r(i)r(p+t) (#>-*)

Special Properties

12.1.14

Asymptotic Expansions for Large

(x>0 and v> J)

H(a;)>0

12.1.29
1

ro

7T

fc=

I)

B.- tn+i) (z)

= (l) HJ n+i (z)

r(&+)

H (2)-r( 3)=-

12.1.15

|s

(nan integer>0)

-Rn

2*-x+l

r(F+-

(0
(|arg 2|<tt)

V
Hj(z)=(^y (l-cos
2

12.1.16

z)

where i? OT =0(|2|',_2OT-1 ). If p is real and positive

and m-\-%v>0, the remainder after m terms is
of the same sign and numerically less than the
first term neglected.
12.1.30

12.1.18

H,(2e" ,Tl )= m(, " H) "H,(2)

12.1.19

12.1.20

H,(g)

ir t

7T

2(3/2)-+ 1

Ho (\

= i 4r

12.1.24

W (t)-Y (t)]dt~"

+l

^S

52

"I
,

-3

-3 2 -5

(2a)+ 7

[In

PW
.

is

. v

darg^Kx)
,

Euler's constant.

12.1.33
2 -3 2 -5 2 -6

p- 5
T r ' H,+i(0d=
+v

Jo

(-l) k+1 (2k)\(2k-l)\

2 -3 2 -4

7r

Hc(t)dt=l

~l

where 7 = 57721 56649

|_ 2

32

12.1.32

f*
Jo

12.1.23

(')*-,

(|arg 2|<tt)
2

3.

Jo

t-

l,l 2 -3

Hi(g)-Fi(a)~?[

12.1.22

12.1.31

Integrals (See chapter 11)

1

vr\

(|arg 2|<tt)

r.A.3.

integer)

2 it+l(g)

Ei()^-- Jo()+7T

12.1.21

^J

(m an

"
'

r- 2"" H,(z)

2'V*T(*+t)

Js

'

LH (f)-F

(0]^~

(A:!)

(2A:+1)(2 2 )

2*

(jarg 2|<tt)

STRUVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

498

Asymptotic Expansion for Large

Asymptotic Expansions for Large Orders

12.1.34

^k\b

2(|2)"

12.2.6

=l,

b 1 =2vlz, 6 2 =6(^/2)

-i

sr
j

L(z)-J_,(z)

(|arg
b

g|<KIH<|s|)

6 3 =20(v/3)

~ 1)t+lr

-^ d^KW

/tv

-4(^
Integrals

12.1.35

12.2.7

n,( 2)+ij,(s)~

fi Sh

ffil'

(W>i *

Virr(j'-}-f ) fc=o s

!)

2 rz 2

s*

"i

J'
12.2.

Modified Struve Function L(a)

Power

12.2.1

\j v (z)

= -ie

f*

12.2.8

Series Expansion

[7o(0-Lo(OP--

=(i3)'

(2/2)

~~^

2*

i:
^rCAr+DrCAr+v+l)

(!)

.,

C L (t)di=L (z)--

12.2.9

Integral Representations

(2s)+ 7

2^ (2ft)l(2*-l)! ar 2 I<
^
(2z)*

H,(iz)
+i

[In

JO

"X

12.2.2

L '(2)=7^t^~
"V^r^+i)

(^sinh (z cos
Jo

2
0) sin " 0<20

Relation to Modified Spherical Bessel Function

L_ (n+ i

12.2.10

(z)=I(n+$(z)

(wan integer >0)

12.2.3

7_ y (x)-L,(s) =

j(z/2)"

f"

12.3.
8 in

(i^CH-i 2)"-*

Anger and Weber Functions

<ft

VflT(i>+l) Jo

Anger's Function

(#><*, *>0)
Recurrence Relations
12.2.4

L,_!-L, +1

=- L+

J(z)=-

12.3.1

it

^-

Ln

0)

dd

(2

S n (z)=J(z)

12.3.2

12.2.5

cos (v6 z sin

Jo

li y _iT"li P +i=2Li v

(2/2)"

(X)

(n

an integer)

Weber's Function

E,(z) =*-

12.3.3

7T

sin (>0 3 sin

0) (20

Jo

Relations Between Anger's and Weber's Function

12.3.4

sin (yn)

12.3.5

sin

J(z)=cos

(vw)

(m) E(z)=J_(2)

E(z) E_ F (z)

cos (yr) J(z)

Relations Between Weber's Function

and

Struve's

Function
If

is

a positive integer or zero,

-2

12.3.6

E(s)=

iMr(JH-D(i2) n *riw+j-*)
j^

-H n (z)

71-

12.3.7

Figure

12.4.

Modified Struve junctions.

L(x),

n=0(l)5

f
li_(2)=

(-D" +1 2-1 r(n-ft-^z)-*w

7T

t=o

fTiTTil

l*~rw

H
*i_

,*

a (2)

STRUVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

12.3.8

Eo(2)

= -Ho(g)

499

E (z)=|-H

12.3.10

(0)

12.3.9
IT

Numerical Methods

We

Use and Extension of the Tables

12.4.

note that for n,>6 there is a rapid loss of

On the other hand using 12.1.3

significant figures.

Compute L (2) to 6D. From

7 (2)-L (2) = .342152; from Table 9.11

Example
Table 12.1
we have J

1.

(2)

Example

=2.279585 so that

Compute

2.

(2)

to

(10)

= 1.937433.

for

Hg(4)
7

= .00367

H (4) = .01510
H (4) = .05433
H (4) = .16719
H (4) = .42637

118743.

Example
5D.

Compute

3.

Using Tables 12.2, 11.1 and

x=6

for

Yla(t)dt

4.2,

to

we have

10 {4)

.00015447630 and backward recurrence with 12.1.9

Table 12.2 for x~ = .l. H (10)- F (10) = 063072;

from Table 9.1 we have F (10) = 055671. Thus,
Ho(10)

H (4) = .0007935729, H

find

gives

From

6D.

z=4 we

1495
315
519
87
43

H (4)= .85800
H (4) = 1.24867
3

94

Hi (4) = 1.06972

H (4)=

.13501 4

Example 6. Compute L(.5) for n=0(l)5 to

From 12.2.1 we find L 5 (.5) =9.6307462 X 10~ 7
L4 (.5) =2.1212342 X10- 5 Then, with 12.2.4 we
8S.

f Ho(0<fc= f Y (t)dt+-ln 6+/i(6)

J0

JO

get

7T

L
L

= -.125951 + (.636620)(1.791759)
+ .816764
= 1.83148

(.5)

(.5) = 5.36867

34X10"

^(.5)

2181

068

Example 7. Compute L (.5) for n=0(l)5

From Tables 12.1 and 9.8 we find L (.5) =
to 6S.
Then employing 12.2.4
.327240, Lj(.5) = .053942.
we
get
with backward recurrence
re

Compute H(x) for x=4, n =

From Table 12.1 we have H (4) =
Hj(4) = 1.0697267. Using 12.1.9 we find

Example

= .05394
L (.5) = .32724

=3.82465 03X10"*

4.

0(1)8 to 6S.
.1350146,

= --.433107
.240694
(4) =

H_,(4)

H_
H_ (4) = .152624
H_ 4 (4) = - -.439789
2

Example

Compute

5.

H_ (4) =
H_ (4) =
H_ 7 (4) =
H_ (4) =

.689652
-

-1.21906
2.82066

Example

-8.24933

-n=0(l)6

.690562
L_ (.5) =
L_ 2 (.5) = -1.16177
L_ 3 (.5) = 7.43824

we
n (x)

for

x=4,

n=

Starting with the values of H (4)

and Hi (4) and using 12.1.9 with forward recur-

find

rence,

we

.13501 46

Hj (4) =1.06972 67
2

51

95

41

87

64

8S.

(6)

we

= 67.124454,

33

H (4)
H (4)

=.05433
=.01510
7
Hg(4) =.00367
9 (4) =.00080
6

H
H

10

(4) = .0001S

L_
54
37
S3

02
25

We

(6)

L,(6)

= 60.725011.

get

= 61.361631

L_ 2 (6) =46.776680

H (4) = 1.24867
H (4)= .85800
H (4) = .42637
H (4)= .16719
716-654

L_i(6)

get

H (4)=

to

Using 12.2.4

0(1)10 to 7S.

Compute \j n (x) for x=6 and

From Tables 12.2 and 9.8

8.

L_ 4 (.5) = -75.1418
L_ 5 (.5) = 1056.92

= 30.159494

L_ 4 (6) = 16.626028
L_ 5 (6)= 7.984089
L_ 6 (6)= 3.32780

is no essential loss of accuracy

However, if further values were
necessary the recurrence procedure becomes unTo avoid the instability use the methods
stable.
described in Examples 5 and 6.

note that there

until

n= 6.

STRUVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

500

References
Tables

Texts
K. Cook, Some properties of Struve functions,
Washington Acad. Sci. 47, 11, 365-368 (1957).
A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
vol. 2, ch. 7 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1953).
A. Gray and G. B. Mathews, A treatise on Bessel
functions, ch. 14 (The Macmillan Co., New York,

[12.1] R.

[12.8]

M. Abramowitz, Tables
functions, J.

J.

[12.2]

[12.3]

[12.9] C.

On some

expansions for Bessel

NBS 59 (1957)

integral functions, J. Research

RP2786.
G. Petiau, La thgorie des fonctions de Bessel,
ch. 10 (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France, 1955).
[12.7] G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
functions, ch. 10 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cam[12.6]

bridge, England, 1958).

the extension of some

to acoustic radiation,

Struve

Lommel

J.

an application
Math. Phys. 29, 31-37

(1950).
[12.10] C.

W. Horton, A
and

N. W. McLachlan, Bessel functions for engineers, 2d

ed. ch. 4 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, 1955)

[12.5] F. Oberhettinger,

W. Horton, On

of

29, 49-51 (1950).

integrals to Struve functions with

N.Y., 1931).
[12.4]

of integrals

Math. Phys.

[12.11]

of

some

short table of Struve functions

involving Bessel and

integrals

Struve functions, J. Math. Phys. 29, 56-58 (1950).

Tables Project, Table of the
Struve functions L(x) and H F (x), J. Math.
Phys. 25, 252-259 (1946).

Mathematical

STRUVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

501

STRUVE FUNCTIONS

Table 12.1

Hi (a-)

(x)

f*H<>(t)dt

r Ho(0 d

tJx

07
57
43
25

0.00000
0.09690
0.18791
0.27347
0.35398

1.000000
0.959487
0.919063
0. 878819
0. 838843

0.05217
0.07457
0.10063
0.13012
0.16281

37
97
17
25
75

0.078480
0.112322
0.151781
0.196597
0. 246476

0.736243
0. 694573
0.655927
0.620063
0.586763

0.203952
0.235457
0.264454
0.291151
0.315740

0.42982
0.50134
0. 56884
0.63262
0. 69294

0.799223
0.760044
0.721389
0. 683341
0.645976

73
97
18

0.301090
0.360084
0.423074
0.489655
0.559399

0.555823
0.527058
0.500300
0.475391
0.452188

0.

00
03
25

0.19845
0.23675
0.27742
0.32012
0.36452

338395
0.359276
0.378530
0.396290
0.412679

0.75005
0.80418
0.85553
0.90430
0.95066

0.609371
0.573596
0.538719
0.504803
0.471907

85
72

0.631863
0.706590
0.783111
0.860954
0.939643

0.430561
0.410388
0.391558
0.373970
0.357530

0.427810
0.441783
0.454694
0.466629
0.477666

0.

99479
1.03682
1.07691
1.11518
1.15174

0.440086
0.409388
0. 379857
0.351533
0.324450

1.018701
1. 097659
1. 176053
1.253434
1.329364

0.342152
0.327756
0.314270
0.301627
0.289765

0.487877
0.497329
0.506083
0.514194
0.521712

1. 18672
1.22020
1.25230
1.28309
1.31265

0.298634
0.274109
0.250891
0.228992
0.208417

1.403427
1.475227
1.544392
1.610577
1. 673465

0.278627
0.268162
0.258319
0.249056
0.240332

0.

528685
0.535156
0.541164
0.546746
0.551933

1.

34106
1.36840
1.39472
1.42008
1. 44455

0.189168
0.171238
0.154618
0. 139293
0. 125242

1.732773
1.788248
1.839675
1.886873
1.929699

0.232107
0.224348
0.217022
0.210099
0.203553

0.556757
0.561246
0.565426
0.569319
0.572948

1.46816
1.49098
1.51305
1.53440
1.55508

0.112439
0.100857
0.090460
0.081212
0. 073071

1.968046
2. 001847
2.031071
2. 055726
2. 075858

0.197357
0.191488
0.185924
0.180646
0.175634

0.576333
0.579492
0.582442
0.585199
0.587776

1.57512
1.59456
1.61343
1.63176
1. 64957

0.065992
0.059928
0. 054829
0. 050642
0.047311

2. 091545
2.102905
2.110084
2.113265
2.112655

0.170872
0.166343
0.162032
0.157926
0.154012

0.590187
0.592445
0.594560
0.596542
0.598402

1.66689
1.68375
1.70017
1.71616
1.73176

0.044781
0. 042994
0.041891
0.041414
0.041502

90

2.108492
2.101037
2.090574
2. 077406
2.061852

0.150279
0. 146714
0.143309
0.140053
0.136938

0.600147
0.601787
0.603328
0.604777
0.606142

1. 74697
1.76182
1.77632
1.79049
1.80434

0.042096
0. 043139
0. 044571
0. 046335
0. 048376

0.80781 19

2.044244

0.133955

0.607426

1.

81788

0.050640

-f]

[<-f]

0.30955
0.36691
0.42184
0.47399
0.52303

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.56865
0.61057
0.64855
0.68235
0.71179

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.73672
0.75702
0.77261
0.78345
0.78952

35
55
68
23
36

0.41028
0.45704
0.50444
0.55210
0.59966

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.79085
0.78752
0.77961
0.76726
0.75064

88
22
35

0.64676
0.69304
0.73814
0.78174
0.82351

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.72995
0.70542
0.67729
0.64586
0.61142

77
23
77
46

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.57430
0.53484
0.49339
0.45032
0.40600

44
57
57
80

1.02010
1.04177
1.05983
1.07418
1.08477

96
30
03
63

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

0.36082
0.31514
0.26935
0.22382
0.17893

08
40
59
98
12

1.09157
1.09457
1.09380
1.08934
1.08127

23
16
77

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0.13501
0.09242
0.05147
+0.01247
-0.02427

46
08
40
93
98

06972
1.05484
1.03681
1.01584
0.99214

67
79
86
22

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-0. 05854
-0.09007
-0.11867
-0.14415
-0.16637

33
71
42
67
66

0.96597
0.93759
0.90729
0.87535
0.84208

44
56

5.0

-0.18521 68

2_

0.000000
0.047939
0.091990
0.132480
0.169710

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

/o(*)

1.000000
0.938769
0.882134
0.829724
0.781198

0.4

/i(x')-Li(r)

0.000000
0.003181
0.012704
0. 028505
0.050479

0.00000
0.06359
0. 12675
0.18908
0.25014

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3

(x) Lo(z)

00

13
90
29
97
59
14

24
44
50
66

87

65
85

64
61

00000
0.00212
0.00846
0.01898
0.03359
0.

0.86315
0.90036
0.93489
0.96649
0.99496

1.

)6

00

31

80

07
21
45

37

18
96
98
98
42
74
57

98
63

74

44
62

51

01

28

"f]

"f]

"f]

-f]

J [4W-Lo(OF=/oW
Ho(x), Hi(z),
L,(x)

ril

Lo(ir), Li(z),

and H,(r),
(t)dt,

r [/

functions, J.

J.

compiled from Mathematical Tables Project, Table of the Struve functions

25, 252-259, 1946 (with permission).

Math. Phys.

(0Lo(0]^>

Math. Phys.

? f

5^

dt,

compiled from M. Abramowitz,

29, 49-51, 1950 (with permission).

Tables of integrals of Struve

STRUVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

502

STRUVE FUNCTIONS FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

Table 12.2
H(x)-y(x)

H (x)-F (x)

0.123301
0.117449
0.111556
0.105625
0.099655

0. 659949
0.657819
0. 655774
0.653818
0.651952

0.819924
0.818935
0.817981
0.817062
0.816182

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.093647
0.087602
0.081521
0.075404
0.069254

0.650180
0. 648504
0. 646927
0. 645452
0. 644081

0.815341
0.814541
0.813785
0. 813074
0.812411

0.

063072
056860
0.050620
0. 044354
0. 038064

0.642817
0.641663
0. 640622
0.639696
0. 638888

0.811796
0. 811232
0.810722
0.810266
0. 809866

0.

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

0.031753
0.025425
0. 019082
0.012727
0.006366

0.

638200
637634
0.637191
0. 636874
0. 636683

0.00

0.000000

0.

x-

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

0.

0.

0.

636620
(

"f]

-f]

Jo(x)-L

/i()

hW-Uix)

(x)

133955
126683
0. 119468
0.112319
0.105242

/*(*)

607426
610467
0.613348
0.616060
0. 618598

0.793280
0. 794902
0.796448
0.797910
0.799279

0.

098241
0.091318
0. 084474
0.077706
0.071010

0.620955
0. 623129
0.625119
0. 626927
0.628558

0.800551
0.801721
0. 802787
0.803750
0. 804611

0.
0.

064379
057805
051279
044793
038340

0.630018
0.631315
0. 632457
0. 633450
0. 634302

0.805374
0. 806047
0.806634
0.807140
0.807572

0.

809525
809244
0.809023
0. 808865
0. 808770

0.031912
0.025506
0.019116
0.012738
0.006367

0.635016
0.635596
0.636045
0. 636365
0. 636556

808738

0.000000

0.636620

"f]

ra

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
(

f (H(t) - Y
f[L

Jo

()

e (t)]dt=-

-h(t)]dt

In

"f]

<z>

125868
0.119694
0.113505
0.107299
0.101079

094843
088593
0.082328
0. 076051
0. 069761

7
7
8
8

063460
0.057147
0.050824
0.044492
0.038152

10
11
13
14
17

0.807933
0. 808225
0.808450
0.808611
0.808706

0.031805
0.025451
0.019093
0.012731
0.006366

20
25
33
50
100

0.808738

0.000000

00

ra

6
6

"f]

x+Mx)

=? In x+f (x)
""

<x>= nearest integer to x.

As long as n<xj2
Starting with H,(x) and H^z), recurrence formula 12.1.9 may be used to generate H(z) for
When n>x/2, forward recurrence is unstable lo.avow
(approx.), H(x) may be generated by forward recurrence.
with 1 *- 1
instability, choose
>x, compute H*(x) and H* +1 (z) with 12.1.3, and then use backward recurrence
-'fgenerated by backward recurrence
If n>0, L(x) must be generated by backward recurrence. If n<0, L(z) may be
used.
be
should
recurrence
forward
decreasing,
is
L(x)
as long as L(x) increases.
and
If

n<0

n>

n<0

See Examples 4-8.

me

13. Confluent Hypergeometric Functions

Lucy Joan Slater

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties

504

Kummer and

Whittaker Functions

13.1.

Definitions of

13.2.

Integral Representations
Connections With Bessel Functions
Recurrence Relations and Differential Properties
Asymptotic Expansions and Limiting Forms
Special Cases
Zeros and Turning Values

13.3.
13.4.
13.5.

13.6.
13.7.

Numerical Methods
13.8. Use and Extension

504
505
506
506
508
509
510
511

of the Tables

511

13.9.

Calculation of Zeros and Turning Points

513

13.10.

Graphing M(a,

513

b, x)

References

Table

13.1. Confluent

z=.l(.l)l(l)10,

Table

514

13.2. Zeros of

Hypergeometric Function M(a,

6=.1(.1)1, 8S

b, x)

516

a= 1(.1)1,
M(a,

535

b, x)

o= l(.l) .1, 6=.1(.1)1,

7D

The tables were calculated by the author on the electronic calculator EDSACI in the
Mathematical Laboratory of Cambridge University, by kind permission of its director, DrM. V. Wilkes. The table of M(a, b, x) was recomputed by Alfred E. Beam for uniformity
to eight significant figures.

University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge.

National Bureau of Standards.)
1

(Prepared under contract with the

503

'

13. Confluent Hypergeometric Functions

Mathematical Properties
13.1. Definitions

of

Kummer and

Whittaker

a many-valued function.
given by
7r<arg 2 < t.

?7(o, 6, 2) is

Functions

pal branch

Its princi-

is

Rummer's Equation

Logarithmic Solution
13.1.6

13.1.1

It

d2w

d? +
,

,i
{b

- z)\dw aW= n
dz-

has a regular singularity at

singularity at

U(a,n+1,

2=0 and an irregular

)=-L^L M (a,n+l,z) In z
[

+ S(^1& W-M-*(l+r)-*(l++r)}]

Independent solutions are

Rummer's Function

r7o)

nM a - n 1_n
(

>

>

2 >

for w=0, 1,2,..

where the last function is the
sum to n terms. It is to be interpreted as zero
when 7i=0, and iKo) = r"(o)/r(o).
.,

13.1.2

M(

h *>

1_l_

a2
I

Mil

(flint"

13.1.7

1n,

U(a,

= z n U(a+n,

z)

1+n,

z)

where

As
(o) n =o(o+l)(o+2)

(a+n-1),

(a)

{%z-^><*>

=l,
13.1.8

U(a,

b, z)

= z-

[l

+ 0(\z\~

)]

and
Analytic Continuation

13.1.9

13.1.3
U(a,b,z)-.

C7(a,6,2e Ti )

M(a,b, z)
{
simrb r(l+o-6)r(6)

.1 - t

,
l

sinTrfi

M(b-a,b,z)
r(l+o-6)r(6)

Ti(l-6)l-ft

M(l+a-i,2-ft,g)

g^AfOL-a^-J.a)

r(o)r(2-6)

'

T(o)r(2-6)

Parameters
(w, w positive integers)

M(a,

all

b^n o= m

where either upper or lower signs are to be taken

b, z)

convergent series for

values of

a, 6

and

a polynomial of degree

in 2

b=n a^m
b=n a=m,

throughout.

13.1.10

U(a,

a simple pole at

b,

ze 2

* in

)=[l-e-]

6= n

r^^
+ e-

M(a,
2 ' ibn

b, z)

U(a,b,z)

Alternative Notations

b=n a=m,
m<n
U(a,

b, z) is

As

undefined

defined even

iFiia; b; 2)

z- a2

when b->n

or

<i>(a; b; z)

F (a, I+06;

Izl-^oo,

5-1/2) or *(o;

y=AM(a,

13.1.11

b,

M(a,

b, z)

b; 2) for

T(b)
e'?- [\+0{\z\2)=^
b

)]

(@z>0)

where

and

b,

z)+BU(a,

Eight Solutions

13.1.5

504

b, 2)

b, 2)

are arbitrary constants, 65^

and

M{a,b,z) =

U(a,

Complete Solution

13.1.4

Mia,

for

r(6)

r(6-o)

( g)- a [l+0(|s|- 1 )]

(^2<0)

13.1.12

y =M(a,

13.1.13

y2 =z

13.1.14

yz =e*M(b-a,

b, 2)

M(l+a-b, 2-6,

6,

-2)

2)

n.

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

13.1.15

y^z'-Oe'Mil-a, 2-6, -z)

13.1.16

y 5 = U(a,

=z

-b

505

13.1.34

6, z)

r(|-M-)

U(l+a-b, 2-6,

13.1.17

y6

13.1.18

y 7 =e*U(b-a,

13.1.19

yi =z

''"

r(i+M-)

'

z)

General Confluent Equation

-1
'e

6,

13.1.35

-2)

TJ0.-a, 2-6, -2)

w''+[^+2/'+^-fc'-^-V

Wronskians
If

A(A-1)

W{m, n}=y my'n yy'm and

e=,s0ft (./g) = l if Jr 2>0,

= -1

if

f-/"4-y

Jz<SS

13.1.20
TF{1, 2}

= W{3,

4}

= PT{1,

4}

W{1, 3} = W{2, 4} = TF{5,

= -W{2, 3}
= (1-6)2~V
6}

= TF{7,

8}

A(Z))

13.1.37

Z-A e-'U(a,

6,

A(Z))

13.2. Integral

= T(b)e<*

ib

z-y/T(b-a)

13.1.25

W{2, 7} = -T(2-b)z- be*/T(l-a)

7}

7}=e^

W{5,

(6 - a)

M(a,

6,

T(6 a)T(a)
r(6)

2)=e*Af(6-a,

6, 2)

a~ 1

2t

(l-t) b

- a- 1

dt

13.2.2

=2

=2

-B

-2)

6,

M{a,

2- 6e 2

Kummer Transformations
13.1.27

Representations

^6>^a>0

W{2, 5} = -r(2-6)2- 6eVr(l+a-6)

13.1.28

ft

8
4
e-^'Cl+t)*" "^!-*)

e^ f

"1

13.2.3

-6

M(l+a-6, 2-6,

13.1.29

6,

13.2.1

13.1.24

Z"^-'<Z) M(a,

W{\, 5} = -T(b)z- be 2 /T(a)

W{1,

13.1.36

13.1.23

13.1.26

-^] W =o

Solutions:

13.1.21

13.1.22

z) = z

Z7(a, 6,

2) = 2 ~VM(l-a,
1

~b
l

2-6, -0)

U{l+a-b, 2-6,

e*

fV^^sin -^ cot "

6

20

(fl)d&

2)

13.2.4

13.1.30

eU(b-a,

-2)=e-

6,

i(1 - 61

e 2

-6

= e- Az

Z7(l-a, 2-6, -2)

B
f

'(^-^) a

-1

(5-0 6_a ~ ^
1

(-4=5-1)

^a>0, ^2>0

Whittaker's Equation
13.2.5

13.1.31

g+

1-4+1+ a^]=o
r(a)C7(a,

6,

2)= f "e-'r-'tt + O*

- "- 1

Solutions:
13.2.6

Whittaker's Functions
13.1.32

M,,

fl

(2)

e-i*2* + ".M(+M-<<,

+2 u
'

'

-r

2)

e-

zt

(t-l) a

-1

-"- 1

dt

13.1.33
13.2.7

^, M (2) = e-^2i+"C7(KM-K, 1+2m,

( x<arg

2<tt,

2)

k=^6 a, m=46 f)

=2

iz
-*e ie re-

eosh9

sinh B_1 flcoth

-* (^)dfl
,

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

506

13.3.7

T(a)U(a,b,z)

13.2.8

M(a,

b, z)

r(6)

=eJ*(f6z-a2)*-* 6

S A(^)

(A=l-B)

in

=0

and
can
Similar integrals for
K)ll (z)
K<ll {z)
be deduced with the help of 13.1.32 and 13.1.33.
Barnes-type Contour Integrals

et

( z)\<%ir,

for |arg

im

C c+i
-

r(-*)r(o+)
(z)*ds
T(b+s)

6^0,

a,

2,

1,

The

contour must separate the poles of T(s) from

those of r(a+s);

where
(n-\-l)A n+1 =(n+b-l)An . 1 +(2a-b)An . 2 ,

13.2.9

T(a)

(6-2a)-iV6 _ 1+B (V(226-4 2 a))

(a real)

13.3.8

M(q,

b, z)

Tib)

c is finite.

=e h

SC

n2

B (-a2)l (1 - 6 - B)

ft

_ 1+re (2V( :i^))

13.2.10

r (a) r(l+a b) z aU(a,

where
b, z)

C=l,

c+t<=

r( )r(a+)r(i+a 6+)2-'<fe
g|<yi

for |arg

1,

ft^O,

-2,

6 o^l,

.,

G =-hh, C =-U2h-l)a+ib(b+l)h
a

The contour must separate the

(n+l)Cn+1 =[(l-2h)n-bh]Cn

+ [(l-2h)a-h(h-l)(]b+n-l)]C^

2,

h(hl )aCn- 2
3,

(h real)

poles of

r( *) from those of r(a+s) and T(l+a b+s).

M(a,b,z)=JlCn (a,b)In (z)

13.3.9

n=0
13.3.

Connections With Bessel Functions

(see chapters 9 and 10)

where

C =l,

13.3.1

and

z are fixed,

lim {M(a,

b,

13.4.

z/a)/T(b)

}=z*-I b _

Recurrence Relations and Differential

{2Jz)
13.4.1

lim{M(a, b,-z/a)/T(b)

=z^ J _
i

1 {2^z)

(b a)M(a 1,

6, 2)

a->a>

13.3.3

hm {r(l+a-6)

U(a,

b,

z/a)}=2z^ bK^

(2-yfI)

+ (2a-6+2)M(a, 6, 2)
aM(a+l, 6,

z)=0

13.4.2

b(b-\)M{a, 6-1,

2)

+6(1 -6- 2)M(a,

13.3.4

6, 2)

+ g(6 o)Af(o, 6+1, z)=0

lim{r(l+a-6)?7(a,

b,

-z/a)}

13.4.3

0->oo

= rie
13.3.5

b)

Properties
1

a-><

13.3.2

b)=2a/b,

Cn+1 (a, b)=2aCn (a+l, b+D/b-C^ia,

Bessel Functions as Limiting Cases

If b

Ci(a,

ii

z >-m$l 1 (2Jz-)
,

=irie-^z^ H^l {2^)

b

(Sz>0)

(1+a b)M(a,

6,

Expansions in Series

6, z)

+ (6-l)M(a,

(j^<0)

13.3.6

6-1, z)=0

13.4.4

bM(a,

6,

2)-6M(a-l,

M(a,b, s)=e**T (6-a-|)(|2) a - ft+ *

^ (26-2a-l)

2) aM(a+l,

6,

z)zM(a, 6+1, z)=0

13.4.5
n (6-2a) n (-l)" f

(6*0,-1,-2,...)

6(a+2)M(a,

6, z)

+ z(a-b)M(a,

6+1,

2)

-a6M(a+l,

6,

2)=0

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

507

13.4.19

13.4.6

(a-l+z)M(a,

(a+z)U(a,

+ (b-a)M(a-l, b, z)
+ (l-b)M(a, 6-1,

6, z)

z)-zU(a, 6+1,

6,

z)

+a(b-al)U(a+l,

z)=0

z)=0

6,

13.4.20
13.4.7

(a+z-l)U(a,

b(l-b+z)M(a,

z)+b{b-l)M{a-\, 6-1,

b,

z)-U(al,

b,

z)

+ (l+a-b)U(a, 6-1,
z) = -aU(a+l,b+l, z)

-azM(a+l, 6+1, z)=0

U'(a,b,

13.4.21
13.4.8

M'(a,

6,

z)=| M(a+1, 6+1,

{Mia,

2)}=^

6,

z)=0

13.4.22

s)

^
13.4.9

6, z)

M(a+n, b+n,

{t/(a, 6,

2)}=(-l)(a) BC7(a+w, b+n,

2)

z)

13.4.23
13.4.10

aM(a+l,

z)=aM{a,

6,

6, 2)

+ 2iW' (a,

6, z)

a(l+a 6)7(a+l,

z)=aU(a,

6,

6, 2)

+ 2t7'(a,

13.4.11

6, 2)

13,4.24

(6 a)M(a 1,

6, 2)

= (6 a 2)M(a, z)
+ zM'(a,
6,

(l+a-6)7(a, 6-1,

13.4.25
2)

= 6M(a,

6,

z)-6M'(a,

= (l-6)Z7(a,

6, 2)

zU'(a,

13.4.12

(b-a)M(a, 6+1,

2)

6, 2)

Z7(a,

6+1,2) =

6, 2)

b,z)-U'{a,b,

Z7(a,

2)

6, 2)

13.4.26
13.4.13

*7(a 1,

(6-l)M(a, 6-1,

2) = (6-l)M(a,

6, z)

ft,

2)

= (a-6 + 2)i7(a,

6, z)

zU'(a,

6, 2)

13.4.27

+ zM'(a,

6, z)

U{a\, 6-1,

= (l-6+2)t7(a,

2)

6, 2)

zU'(a,

13.4.14

(6-l)M(a-l, 6-1,

= (6-l-2)Af(a, 2)
+ zM'(a,

2)

6,

6, 2)

2 M M_ i M _ i (2)-2*M, M (2)=2MM, +J M _ i (2)

13.4.28

6, 2)

13.4.29
13.4.15

C7(a-1,

6, 2)

(1+2 M +2 K)MX+1 M (2)-(1+2 M -2 K )M

I(

+ (6-2a-2)Z7(a,

6, 2)

+a(l+a-6)*7(a+l,

6,

_ 1 ,,(2)

=2(2* 2)M, m (2)

2)=0
13.4.30

13.4.16

(6-a-l)7(a, 6-1,

2)

+ (l-6-2)Z7(a, 6, 2)
+ zU(a, 6 + 1,

2)=0

Ai

11

z)-aU(a+l,

6,

(2)-2W, M+i (2) + ( K + M)^-J,,(2)=0

13.4.31
(2 K -2)TF

13.4.17
Z7(a, 6,

+}

,,(2)+W, +1

M (2)

=(M-K+|)(/x+K-i)^_ liM (2)

z)-U(a, 6-1, 2)=0

13.4.32

13.4.18

2M;,,(2)
(6-a)Z7(a,

6, 2)

+ *7(a-l,

= (i2-K)M^(2)+(|+ M + 'c)M +1 M (2)

,

6, 2)

zU(a,

6+1, 2)=0

13.4.33

C,

,(2)

= (hz-K)W

M (2)

- W.+

i,

M (2)

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

508
13.5.

Asymptotic Expansions and Limiting

11

For

|s|

'

'

'

(0<^6<i)
13.5.11

13.5.12

M(a,b,z) _
r(6)
(a) B (l+a-6) B

-^)
w^L^
r(l+a-6) +W

large, (a, b fixed)

13.5.1

e*""2-;*?
r(6 a) ^6

!i

Forms

n\

_ s) - B+Q([g |- B)

* ln zl)

r(i+a) +0(,

~ 6)

r(1

(6=0)

lOfi-n
U{l * l)

r(l+a-6)

'

(@b<0,b*0)
|

For large a

(b, fixed)

13.5.13

M(a,b,z) =
the upper sign being taken if 7r<arg 2<fx, the

lower sign

if

(6)e*

WU-azp-VJ^ (V(26z-4a 2 ))

fx<arg 2< ^tt.

[l+0(|f6-a|-')]

where
13.5.2

M=

n\

n =o

+ O(|s|- B )}(-f7r<arg0<f7r)

and o-=min

(1

p, f fp), 0<p<$.

13.5.14

M(a,

Converging Factors for the Remainders

b,x)

= T(b)e*

$bx-ax)i-* 6T-i
cos (V(26o; 4ax) ^67r+j7r)

13.5.3

0(\z\-*)=

(aUl +?- h) *

[1+0(1^6 a|-*)]

(-z)-*
as

i
[

(i+$b-ha+lz-lR)

+ 0(

a oo

bounded,

for 6

real.

a;

2 |- 2)]
|

13.5.15

and

U(a,

b, z)

T$b-a+%)e*

13.5.4

z*-i b [cos (air)J6 _ 1 (V(26s-4a2))

-sin (a7r)F6 _ 1 (V(262-4a2))] [l+0(|i6-a|-')]

where

S\

[%-b+2a+z-S+0(\z\-

is

defined in 13.5.13.

)]

13.5.16

and S"th terms are the smallest

the expansions 13.5.1 and 13.5.2.

where the

R'th.

For small
13.5.5

13.5.6

z (a,

in

b, x)

= T(\b-a+\)Tr-Wx*-*

As|g|-*0, M(a,b, 0)=1,

[l+0(|^-a|-i)]
as

b^-n

U(a,b,z)=^=p-z^+0(\z\^ - 2

a> oo

bounded, x

real.

For large real

a, b,

for 6

If

-%r '-+^*

cosh2 0=x/(2& 4a) so that

M(a,

6, x)

= r(6)

exp [(6-2a)(| sinh

0]

26 0+cosh2

0)]

*[ir(i6 a) sinh 20]"*

[l+Odift-al^)]
13.5.18
Z7(a, 6,

r(a)

1-

u;

(l<^6<2)
13.5.9

x>2& a>l,

sin (air)

[(6 2a) cosh

r(o)

13.5.17

(6=2)
13.5.8

cos {^(2bx4iax)\bv-\-air Jr\-n)

b fixed)

(#6>2,M2)
13.5.7

U(a,

[]n+*(a)]+0(|glna|)

(6=1)

x)=exp [(6 2a)($ sinh 20- 0+cosh2

[(6 2a) cosh

1_6
0]

0)]

[(6-a) sinh 20]"*

[l+Od^-al" )]
1

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

If

13.5.21

x=(2b4a)[l+t/(b2a)*], so that

M(a,

z~2& 4a

b,

x)

= T(b) exp

13.5.19

M(a,

b,

(6 2a) cos2

(a7r)

[sin

6}

ey-^Tdb-a)

sin 20]"*

(air)+sin {(ib a) (20 sin

25)+ \ir)

[(6 2a) cos

x)=e* x (b-2a)i-T(b)[Ai(t) cos (ox)

+Bi(<) sin

+ 0(|i6-a|-^)]

+ 0(|^-a|" )]
1

13.5.20
Z7(a, 6,

509

13.5,22

a;)=^ +a -i 6 r(i)7r-*x6-*

Z7(a, 6,

{l-^r(|)(6x-2ax)-*3V-*+0(|i6-a|2
If cos

so that

d=x/(2b 4a)

)}

cos 2 0][(6 2a) cos

[(& a)

26 4a>3>0,

sin 20]-*{sin

{(\b-a)

b, z)

Function

2*+l

2t'z

r(i+v)c(|z)-'J,(z)

13.6.2

+\
-v + h

-2i+l

2t'z

r(l-i)e"(iz)'[cos (nr)J,(z)-sin

13.6.3

v+h

2v+l

22

r(i+r)*(is)-'/.(s)

Modified Bessel

13.6.4

n+1

2n + 2

2t'z

r(4 + n)e''(|z)-"-iJ B+ j(z)

Spherical Bessel

13.6.5

-2n

2tZ

r(i-n)e(iz)+U_B-j(z)

Spherical Bessel

13.6.6

n+1

2n + 2

2z

ir(| + n)c'Qz)--i/B+ i(z)

Spherical Bessel

13.6.7

n+i

2n+l

2-Jix

r(l

13.6.8

L+l-ir,

2L + 2

2ix

eFL {v ,x)x-^/CL(n)

13.6.9

+l

13.6.10

o+l

13.6.11

1+v- n

13.6.12

13.6.13

2t'z

13.6.14

13.6.15

-h

"6

Cases

Relation

13.6.1

0]

(20-sin 20)+i7r]+O(|6-a|- 1 )}

13.6. Special

M{a,

x)=exp [(b 2a)

+ n)e- 2ix (iiir)- n (ber x+i

(+i).

aar7(a,

(1

Bessel

(w)F

bei, x)

(z)]

Bessel

Kelvin

Coulomb Wave
Laguerre

(I)

Incomplete

a;)

Gamma

Poisson-Charlier

+ v n).

Exponential
Trigonometric

sin z

2z

J*

6*

sinh

Hyperbolic

13.6.16

\-hv

Jz>

13.6.17

fe>

13.6.18

fc>

13.6.19

-x

13.6.20

hm+%

1+n

2" i exp(iz 2 )S

,)

(z)

Weber

expaz')^^

or
Parabolic Cylinder

(<& (--"*<*>

Hermite

(2n

2i

+ l)!

- HeW

Error Integral

erfx

n r-2n m-1

Hermite

r' 2

r(im+'

T(m
Y(m n
'

'

rl
r)

TnTnntfl
JL \Jk UUVU

on

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

510

Continued

Cases

13.6. Special

U(a,

b, z)

Relation
a

+h

13.6.21

+i

13.6.22

Function

2+l

2z

2v+l

2iz

Tr-le*(2z)-'K(z)

Modified Bessel

j I rt(H+-*(2)-Hi

1,

Hankel

()
2

13.6.23

+h

2+l

2iz

%irhe-*>+i-*{2z)-'Hl \z)

13.6.24

re+l

2n+2

2z

x-U*{2z)- n-\Kn+ \{z)

If*

ttIz- 1

Hankel
Spherical Bessel

exp (fz3/2)2- 2 / 3 3 5/6 Ai

Airy

13.6.25

13.6.26

n+h

2rc+l

-Jix

i"ir-te

13.6.27

a+1

(-l)"n\Lf\x)

Laguerre

13.6.28

1-a

e x T(a, x)

Incomplete

13.6.29

e~ x

13.6.30

e x Ei(x)

13.6.31

In a;

-li

\m

13.6.32

v''(2-Jix)~' [kern x+i kei

l

+m

-hv

13.6.33

(z)

r(l

Ei

Kelvin

a;]

Gamma

Exponential Integral

(a;)

Exponential Integral

Logarithmic Integral

(re)
'

+ w im)e -"
x

i!

-i

m -^wn m {x)

Cunningham

2x

T(l+iv)e k y (x) for a;>0

[-&ri+iSi (x)-Ci

13.6.34

ix

e ix

13.6.35

ix

e- ix [iiri-i Si (a;)-Ci (*)]

13.6.36

~\v

i
2

13.6.37

h-\v

13.6.38

\\n

2"

13.6.39

Bateman
Sine

(a;)]

and Cosine Integral

Sine and Cosine Integral

2-i'e /*D,(s)

Weber

\z*

2i-e^' i D^z)

Parabolic Cylinder

x2

2-"Hn (x)

Hermite

x2

ViF

i*

or

13.7.

of

first

approximation

M(a,

(x 2 ) erf c

Zeros and Turning Values

If jb-i,r is the r'th positive zero of

exp

Error Integral

For the derivative,

_ x (x),

then

13.7.4

to the r'th positive zero

M'(a,b,X ) =

b, x) is

13.7.1

13.7.2

X =j

2
6

{l/(26-4a)

Xo

+ 6>(l/(^-a)

M'(B ,6,X)(l+(6-^)^|A}

)}

If

26-4a

of

X' is the first approximation to a turning value

M(a, b, x), that is, to a zero of M'(a, b, x) then

a better approximation

A closer

approximation

is

given

by
^1 ^0
,

13.7.3

is

X^Xo-Mia, b, X )/M' (a, b, X

13.7.5
)

X' M'(a,b,X' )
aM(fl,b,X' )

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

The

self -ad joint

equation 13.1.1 can also be

is

511

an increasing or decreasing function

of x, that

they form an increasing sequence for M(a,

written

if

13.7.6

dz

d7

ing sequence

]=az

a>0, x<Cb \ or

if

a<0,

a>0

if

and

b,

is,

x)

x>6 \, and a decreasx>6 \ or if a<0 and

x<b-\.
The turning

The Sonine-Polya Theorem

The maxima and minima

of

form an

\w\

in-

creasing or decreasing sequence according as

values of

\vo\

He near the curves

13.7.7

w= T(b)Tr-

1/2

x/2

(%bx-ax)}-i b {l-x/(2b-4a) } " 1/4

2b-l--2z

ax

Numerical Methods
13.8.

Calculation of M(a, b, x)

In this way 13.4.1-13.4.7 can be used together

with 13.1.27 to extend Table 13.1 to the range

Rummer's Transformation

10<a<10, 10<6<10, -10<x<10.

Use and Extension of the Tables

Example 1. Compute M(.3, .2, .1) to 7S.

Using 13.1.27 and Tables 4.4 and 13.1 we have
a=.3, b =.2 so that
M(.3,

-.l)=e- M(-.l,
1

.2,

= .85784
Thus

.2,

.1)

especially

Table 13.1 to

Kummer's transformation
x.
should also be used when a and b are large and
nearly equal, for x large or small.
negative values of

2.

Compute

M(17,

to

16, 1)

7S.

16,

l)=e M(-l,
l

-1)

16,

= 2.71828

18X1.06250 00

=2.88817

44.

also

if \x\

is

large.

Example 4. At

Recurrence Relations
3.

a<0, 6<0

Neither interpolation nor the use of recurrence

relations should be attempted in the strips
b= w .1 where the function is very large numerically.
In particular M(a, b, x) cannot be
evaluated in the neighborhood of the points
a= m, b = n, m<n, as near these points
small changes in a, b or x can produce very large
changes in the numerical value of M(a, b, x).

is

Example

i) if

Here a=17, 6=16, and

M(17,

currence relations are stable except

is

All the re-

and |a|>|6|, x>0, or ii) 6<a, 6<0, \b a|>|6|,

x<0, when the oscillations may become large,

90.

13.1.27 can be used to extend

Example

This extension of ten units in any direction

possible with the loss of about IS.

Compute

M( 1.3,

When
1.2, .1)

Using 13.4.1 and Table 13.1 we have

l,x),M(a, b,x)

-1,

a--

M(-l,

b, a:)

= l~for all x.

to 7S.

a= .3,

b =.2 so that

M{ 1,

Hence lim

b, x)

= l-\-x.

ButM(6, b,x)=e>

6->-l

for all x,

M(-1.3, .2,.l)=2[.7M(-.3,

the point (1.

undefined.

when a=b.

Hence lim M(b,

b,

x)=e*.

6->-l
.2,

.1)-.3M(.7,.2,

= .35821 23.
By 13.4.5 when <z= 1.3 and b=
M(-1.3,1.2,.1)=[.26M( .3,

.1)]

In the first case b> 1 along the line a=

1, and
in the second case 6> 1 along the line a=b.
Derivatives

.2,

.2,

Example

.1)

-.24MC-1.3,

= .89241 08.
Similarly when a = .3 and b = .2
M{ .3, 1.2, .1) = .97459

.2,

.1)]/.15

7S.

By

5.

13.4.8,

To evaluate M'{ .7, .6, .5) to

when a= .7 and b= .6, we have

M'(-.7, -.6, .5)=^M(.3,

.4,

.5)

= 1.724128.
52.

Asymptotic Formulas

Check, by 13.4.6,

M(-1.3,

1.2, .l)

= [.2M(-.3,
+1.2

= .89241

08.

For x>10, a and

.2,

.1)

M(

.3, 1.2, .1)]/1.5

b, x) should be
converging factors
and 13.5.4 to improve the accuracy if

evaluated
13.5.3

necessary.

by

b small,

13.5.1

using

M(a,

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

512

Example

Calculate M(.9,

6.

to

10)

.1,

7S,

Hence

using 13.5.1.

,.9-ri

r(.i)
e
"

r(.9)

(.

= .94752.
Similarly

i> n!(-10)-

U( .9,

ojnV-l/re J_/^/iQ-A'\

10 10-

*"

10

(.9)(1.8)

ra=0
t^

n\\0

Hence by

= -.198(.869) + 1237253(.99190

285)

13.4.15

Example

M( 52.5,

Compute

7.

.1,

1) to

By

5S.

U'(-.9, -.8,

= r(.l)e-

l)

(.05+52.5)-

25 -- 05

Example

By

.5642 cos [(.2-4(-52.5))- -.05ir+.257r]

By

1)

= .917(.1, 1)
= (.9) (.94752)
= .85276.
.2,

+ O((.05 + 52.5)--

To compute

11.

U(\,

100) to 5S.

.1,

)]=-16.34 + O(.2)

application of a recurrence relation,

direct

1)

.1,

1.9 2.9 3.9

evaluate M(a,

Example

M( 52.5,

Compute

8.

.1,

1)

.1,

= .01{1-.019 + .000551-.000021

using

= .00981

1)

= r(.l)e 1051 cos29 [105.1

cos

Example
1

0]

52.55 _i sin 20

.5641

*[sin

+0(10" 9)}

100 100 100

13.5.21 to 3S, cos 0=Vl/21O.2.

Af( 52.5,

1) to

13.5.2

has been calculated as 16.447.

b, x) with x, a and/or b large,
13.5.17, 19 or 21 should be tried.

To

l)]/.09

To compute U'( .9, .8,

10.

3S,

M( 52.5,

.2,

Asymptotic Formulas

.1,

[l

l)-?7(-.9,

13.4.21

using 13.5.14.

M(-52.5,

= .91272.

= .38664.

= 1227235.23-. 17 + 0(1)
= 1227235 + 0(1)
Check, from Table 13.1, M(.9, .1, 10) = 1227235.
To evaluate M(a, b, x) with a large, x small and b
small or large 13.5.13-14 should be used.

.2, 1)

17(1.1, .2, l)=[Z7(.l, .2,

+ 0(1)

Example

1)=5.344799(.371765-. 194486)

Z7(.l, .2,

r(

12.

To

+0(io- 9 )},
53.

evaluate U{.\,

.01).

.2,

For

x small, 13.5.6-12 should be used.

( 52.5tt)

+sin {52.55(20-sin20) + i7r}

/(.!, .2, .01)

r(l-.2)
f-O(Coi)

r(i.i -.2)

+ 0((52.55)- = - 16.47+ O(.02)

2
)

)]

r(.8)
l-0((.oi)-

range of asymptotic formulas to cover

possible cases is not yet known.
full

r(.9)

all

= 1.09

to 3S,

by

13.5.10.

Calculation of U(a, b, x)

To

-10<x<10,

For

-10<6<10

-10<a<10,

this is possible by 13.1.3, using Table 13.1 and the

recurrence relations 13.4.15-20.

Example

Using Tables
have
U(.l,

.2,

1)

Compute

9.

13.1, 4.12

17(1.1,

and

6.1

.2,

and

1)

to

13.1.3,

evaluate U(a,

13.5.18, 20 or 22 should be tried.

cases the size of the remainder term

we

the

number

is

In all these
the guide to

of significant figures obtainable.

Calculation of the Whittaker Functions

Example
7t
f

ButM(.9,

with a large, x small and

5S.

=
sin

b, x)

small or large 13.5.15 or 16 should be used.

To evaluate U(a, b, x) with x, a and/or b large

(.2tt)

1.8, 1)

M(.l,.2,

1)

r(.9)T(.2)

M(.9, 1.8,1).
r(.l)T(1.8)

= .8[M(.9, .8, l)-M(-.l,

= 1.72329, using 13.4.4.

.8,

1)1

to

By

5S.

Tables

13.

Compute M.

formulas

and W. -.4(1)
and 13.1.33 and

-.4(1)

13.1.32

13.1, 4.4
5

M. ._. (l)=e-- M(.l, .2,

W. .-A(l)=e-- & U(.l, .2,
4

1)
1)

= 1.10622,
= .57469.

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Thus the values
always be found
U(a,

b, x)

and

of Af<, M (x)

(x)

can

b, x)

and

Kili

the values of M(a,

if

X[=X'

known.

are

Example

Compute

14.

zero of

M( 4,

Table

13.2.

Af'(-3,.6,^)
[l-

-3M(-3,.6,^)

=X' [l-Af(-2, 1.6,^)/.6M(-3,

Calculation of Zeros and Turning Points

13.9.

513

This

.6, x).

the smallest positive

is

outside the range of

Using 13.7.2 we have, as a

= .9715X1.0163 = .9873

.Q,X'o)]

to 4S.

This process can be repeated to give as

many

significant figures as are required.

first

approximation

Xo

(.557T)

~~[72r~-

17

Using 13.7.3 we have

X =X -M(-4,

.6,

X )/M'(-4,

.6,

).

But, by 13.4.8,

X = -(A5)- M(-3,
1

Af'(-4,

.6,

Q)

1.6,

Hence

Z =Zo+.15M(-4,.6,X )/M(-3,1.6,X
1

),

= .174+ (.15) (.030004)

= .17850 as a second approximation.
If

we

repeat this calculation,

X =Z!+.00002 99 =
2

we

find that

Figure

17852 99 to 7S.

13.1.

Figure 13.1 shows the curves on which M(a,

Calculation of

Example

15.

Maxima and Minima

Compute

the value of x at which

M( 1.8, .2, x) has a turning value.

and Table

13.2,

we

find that

Using 13.4.8

AT (1.8, .2,x)

in the a, b plane

positive in the

unshaded

number

areas,

The number

shaded areas.
the

when x=l.

and negative

is

in the

in each square gives

of real positive zeros of

that

6, x)

The function

M(a,

b, x)

The

as a

a:)=0 when x = .94291

59.
Also Af"(-1.8, -.2, x)=9M'(-.8, .8, x) =
-9Af(.2, 1.8, x) and M(.2, 1.8, .94291 59) >0.
Hence Af( 1.8, .2, x) has a maximum in x when

function

x= .94291

Example 17. Sketch M{ 4.5, 1, x). Firstly,

from Figure 13.1 we see that the function has

= 9M(- .8,

.8,

59.

Example

Compute the smallest positive

which Af( 3, .6, x) has a turning

16.

value of x for
X[ This

value,

is

outside the range of Table 13.2.

Using 13.4.8 we have

AP(-3,

By

13.7.2 for

.6, x)

= -3Af(-2,

M{- 2,

1.6, x)/.6.

in

boundaries to the

left

square.

13.10.

five

real

that

are to be included in each

Graphing M(a,

positive zeros.

Af> o,

AT 0=

6, x)

From 13.5.1, we
as x>+= and

From

13.7.7,

we

see that these

.9, 2.8, 5.8,

must

lie

near

the curves

y=eix (5x)-Kl-x/ll)-i7r-t.

This is a first approximation to X' for

( 3, .6, x)
Using 13.7.5 and 13.4.8 we find a second approxi-

find

that

Af-^+oo, Af'-^+co as x^ oo. By 13.7.2 we

have as first approximations to the zeros, .3, 1.5,3.7,
6.9, 10.6, and by 13.7.2 and 13.4.8 we find as first
9.9.

= .9715.

vertical

square.

approximations to the turning values

1.6, x),

Zo=(1.05tt)7(11.2)

mation

of

From

these facts we can form a rough graph of

the behavior of the function, Figure 13.2.

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

514

-20

FIGURE

13.2.

M( 4.5,

1,

x).

-x

(From F. G. Tricomi, Funzioni, ipergeometriche confluent!, Edizioni.

Cremonese, Rome, Italy, 1954, with permission.)

Figure

13.4.

M(a,

.5,

x).

of functions, Dover Publications,

1945, with permission.)

(From E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables

Inc.,

New

York, N.Y.,

References
Texts
[13.1]

H. Buchholz, Die konfluente hypergeometrische

Funktion (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany,
1953).

On Whittaker

functions, with a large

bibliography.

Erdelyi et

[13.2] A.

Higher transcendental functions,

(McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New

al.,

vol. 1, ch. 6

York, N.Y., 1953).

[13.3]

H.

Jeffreys

and B.

On Kummer

S. Jeffreys,

functions.

Methods

of

mathe-

matical physics, ch. 23 (Cambridge Univ. Press,

Cambridge,

England,

1950).

On

Kummer

functions.

Note on the general solutions of the

confluent hypergeometric equation, Math. Tables

[13.4] J. C. P. Miller,

Figure

13.3.

M(a,

(From E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables

Inc.,

New

York, N.Y.,

[13.5] L.
1,

a;).

of functions, Dover Publications,

1945, with permission.)

Aids Comp. 9, 97-99 (1957).

J. Slater, On the evaluation of the confluent
hypergeometric function, Proc. Cambridge
Philos. Soc. 49,

612-622 (1953).

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

[13.6] L. J. Slater,

The evaluation

of the basic confluent

and H. A. Webb, The practical importance of the confluent hypergeometric function,

Phil. Mag. 36, 129-141 (1918).
M(a, b, x),

[13.12] J. R. Airey

hypergeometric function, Proc. Cambridge

Philos. Soc. 50,
[13.7] L. J. Slater,

geometric
[13.8]

The

404-413 (1954).

real zeros of the confluent hyper-

function,

Cambridge

Proc.

Philos.

[13.13] E.

Soc. 52, 626-635 (1956).

Swanson and A. Erdelyi, Asymptotic forms

C. A.

of confluent hypergeometric functions,

Amer. Math. Soc.

25,
[13.9] F.

Memoir

tables of [13.11].

(1951).

Kummer functions.

.1

Whittaker and G. N. Watson,

modern

analysis,

ch.

Nath,

16,

4tb ed.

course of

(Cambridge

Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).

Whittaker functions.

On

[13.15] S.

Soc. 13,

R. Airey, The confluent hypergeometric function,

British Association Reports, Oxford, 276-294

716-654

64

34

(1927).
4,

M(a,

x),

a=l(l)40,

369-411 (1954).

= 3, z = .02(.02)

6D.

M(a,

b,

x),

a=.5(.5)40,

7S.

[13.16] L. J. Slater,

3,

b,

Rushton and E. D. Lang, Tables of the confluent

hypergeometric function, Sankhya J, Indian Statist.

200,

(1926), and Leeds, 220-244

a=-4(.5)4, 6=i 1, f, 2,
5D.
(.5)8,

M(a,

(.1)1 (1)10(10)50, 100, 200,

6=.5(.5)3.5, x=.02(.02).l(.l)l(l)10(10)50, 100,

Tables
[13.11] J.

Confluent hypergeometric functions,

J. Indian Statist. Soc. 11, 153-166

Sankhya

G. Tricomi, Funzioni ipergeometriche confluenti

On
(Edizioni Cremonese, Rome, Italy, 1954).

[13.10] E. T.

a=-3(.5)4, 6=1(1)7, 1=1(1)6(2)10, 4S.

Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, ch. 10,
4th ed. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1945). Graphs of M(a, b, x) based on the

[13.14] P.

(1957).

515

b, x),

i=.l(.l)2(.2)3

Confluent hypergeometric functions

(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,

M(a, b, x), a=-l(.l)l, 6=.1(.1)1,
1960).
x=.l(.l)10, 8S; M{a, b,
a=-ll(.2)2,
1),
b= 4(.2)1, 8S; and smallest positive values of
x for which M(a, b, x) = 0, a= 4(.l) .1,
6=.1(.1)2.5,

8S.

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

516

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

Table 13.1

M(a,

b, x)

x=0.1
o\6
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.00000
9.58364
1.92586
2.90253
1:1} 3.88843

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

4.88360
5.88807
6.90191
C-i\ 7.92514
(-1) 8.95782

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0.2

0.1

(-2)
-1)

0)

0)

0)

0)
o)

13

25
94
26
70
77

1.00000 00
1.10517
1.21130
1.31839
1.42645
1.53548
1.64549
1.75647
1.86845
1.98142
2.09538

a\b

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.00000 00

93
45
14
08
36

1.12662
1.14822
1.16996
1.19185
1.21388

77
66
83
34
22

0)

0.7

53
94
25

0)

0)

1.10517
1.12308
1.14110
1.15924
1.17749

09
48
98
65
53

0)

1.00000 00

1.15888
1.18603
1.21337
1.24090
1.26862

1.01725
1.03461
1.05209
1.06967
1.08736

0)

40
22
64
21
48

44
38
94
23
38

0)
0)
o

1.0

-1
-1
-1

8.98299
9.18365
9.38567
9.58907
9.79384

1.21278
1.24920
1.28589
1.32287
1.36012

1.00000 00

0)
o

1.00000 00

-1)
-1

05
59
14
92
12

0)

49
60
84
97
76

1.32081
1.37583
1.43131
1.48723
1.54362

(-1)

8.72720
8.97808
9.23079
9.48534
9.74174

07
99
49
05
12

10
22
96
72
93

|8{

19
97
98
38
34

33
61

00
07
99

28

9.15339
9.32057
9.48881
9.65813
9.82852

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

8.30057
8.63516
8.97239
9.31227
9.65480

(-1)

8.00000
8.19391
8.38915
8.58575
8.78369

43
80
16
58
09

(-D

0.3
0.4
0.5

94
28
89
73
78

00

(-1)

(-1
-1
(-1

1.02075
1.04164
1.06268
1.08385
1.10517

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

00
96
23
56
73

15
99
61
09
51

(-D

7.50000
7.74183
7.98547
8.23090
8.47814

67

1.02601
1.05220
1.07859
1.10517
1.13193

33
54
31
06
18

0.1
0.2

46
77
74
49

75
41
09
91
99

8.33333
8.49524
8.65820
8.82221
8.98727

7.44670
7.94876
8.45509
8.96573
9.48069

25
92

6.66666
6.98827
7.31245
7.63922
7.96859

1.03478
1.06984
1.10517
1.14076
1.17663

(-1)
-1
(-1)
(-1
(-1)

0.0

00
23

64
09
56
24
34

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

0.1

5.00000
5.48093
5.96605
6.45537
6.94891

0.5

0.4

1.05236
1.10517
1.15841
1.21210
1.26623

09
01
21
14

0.6

-1
-1)
(-1)
(-1)

0.3

-1
-1
-1)

(-1)

-1

(-D
(

0)

8.57142
8.71045
8.85031
8.99103
9.13259

52
79

1.00000 00

08938
10517
12055
13602

86
21
91
26
59

(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)

9.27501
9.41828
9.56241
9.70741
9.85327

1.01476
1.02960
1.04454
1.05956
1.07467

0.9

0.8

8.75000
8.87183
8.99436
9.11759
9.24152

00
35
39
38
56

9.36616
9.49150
9.61755
9.74432
9.87180

18
52
81
32
29

(-1
(-1
(-1
(-1)
-1

(-1

21
13
35

0)
0)

1.01144
1.02294
1.03450
1.04612
1.05781

0)
0)
0)

1.01289
1.02585
1.03889
1.05200
1.06518
1.07843
1.09176
1.10517
1.11864
1.13219

90

0)

81
09

0)

0)

64
68
42
09
88

0)
0)

0)

78
34
71
94

0)

9.43700
9.54840
9.66040
9.77300
9.88619

17
56

01

0)

89
47
73
87
11

1.00000 00

1.00000 00

06
09
08
05
1.15158 03

8.88888
8.99733
9.10636
9.21598
9.32620

0)

0)

1.0

79
91

o
o)
(

0)

1.06955
1.08136
1.09323
1.10517
1.11716

9.00000
9.09772
9.19594
9.29467
:-i) 9.39390

00
21
59
31
52

9.49364
9.59389
9.69464
9.79591
9.89770

42
16
91
86
16

-1)

-1)
-1)

:ii
-1

-1
:-i)
(

0)

07
21
45

80
30

\l\
(

0)

1.00000 00

1.01028
1.02061
1.03100
1.04143
1.05192

15
50
04
81
82

1.06247
1.07306
1.08371
1.09441
1.10517

09
64

47
62
09

For 0<x<l, linear interpolation in a, b or x provides 3-4S. Lagrange four-point interpolation gives 7S in a, b or x over
most of the table, but the Lagrange six-point formula is needed over the range l<x<10. Any interpolation formula
can be reapplied to give two dimensional interpolates in a and b, a and x or b and x. This calculation can be checked

by being repeated

in a different order.

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

M(a,

517
b, x)

Table

13.1

x=0.2
a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.0

0.2

0.1

0)-l. 00000
(-1) -8.16955
(-1) -6.30239
(-1) -4.39817
(-1) -2.45653
(

00
02
72
97
39

-2)

-1)
-1)
-1)

(-2) -4.77093 96
(-1)+1. 54050 87
(-1) 3.59664 50
(-1) 5.69168 81
(-1) 7.82601 37
(

0)

1.00000 00

0)

0)

1.22140
1.44684
1.67637
1.91002
2.14782

28
80
41
01
49

2.38982
2.63606
2.88658
3.14142
3.40061

79
85
67
25
61

0)

0)

0)

0)

0)

0)
0)

0)

-1)
-1)

-1)
-1)

-1)

0)

Si

0)
0)
0)
0)

0)

0.6

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

67
53
21
04
35

8.27917
8.61453
8.95426
9.29839
9.64696

51
89
91

-1)

-1

(
(

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.03575
1.07196
1.10862
1.14575
1.18334

39
17
70

1.22140
1.25993
1.29893
1.33842
1.37839

28
33
91
39
12

(
(

0)
0)
(

0)

0)

(
(

81

(
(

0)

00
48
63

4.78181
5.78989
6.81559
7.85906
8.92047

44

03
64

52
07
39
86

1.00000 00
1.10977
1.22140
1.33488
1.45024
1.56750

94
28
69
87
53

1.68667
1.80777
1.93081
2.05582
2.18281

37
12
51
28
20

(-D
(-D
(-D
(-D
(-D

3.33333
3.95232
4.58166
5.22143
5.87174

64
34
72
11

6.53266
7.20431
7.88677
8.58014
9.28452

92
59
63
62
18

(-1

-1
(-1)
(

0)

181
(

o)

o
(

o)

0)

0.7

6.66666
6.98070
-1) 7.29894
-1
7.62141
)
-1) 7.94814

0.00000
9.22415
1.86164
2.81785
3.79118

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1

-1)

-1)
-1
)

26
38
68
73

8.52780
8.81515
9.10602
9.40043
9.69842

14
54
57
88
13

71

97

-1
-1

51

-1)

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.03052
1.06140
1.09265
1.12428
1.15627

54
84
18
85

1.18865
1.22140
1.25453
1.28805
1.32195

12
28
59
34
81

32
39

8!

<

oi

8!

o)

33

1.00000 00

1.07266
1.14646
1.22140
1.29748
1.37473

78
55
28
97

1.45315
1.53274
1.61353
1.69551
1.77871

23

(-D
(-D
(-1
(-1

(-D
(-1)

-1
-1
-1

(-D
(

0)

61

81
39

97
60

0.8

7.14285
7.41302
7.68657
7.96353
8.24393

02

00
33
40
25
94

8.71399
8.96535
9.21960
9.47678
9.73691

57
20
95
92
22

(-1

[:l\
(-1)

(-D
(-D
(

0)

1.00000 00

(
(

0)
0)
o)

0)

1.02660
1.05351
1.08072
1.10824
1.13606

74
56
66
29
64

0)

1.16419
1.19264
1.22140
1.25047
1.27987

94
41
28
76
08

18}
!8i

.00000
,46684
,94088
,42219
,91083

00
38
89
72
10

7.40685
7.91032
8.42131
8.93987
9.46608

28
56
28
82
57

: 1)

1.00000 00

0)

(-D
-1
(-1)

(-D

00
43
38
30
62

7.93056
8.33316
8.74136
9.15520
9.57473

84
46
01

06
18

1.00000 00

86
09
34
28
56

1.04310
1.08679
1.13106
1.17593
1.22140

33
91
74
28

1.33689
1.39586
1.45566
1.51628
1.57774

87
86
22
63
76

1.26747
1.31414
1.36142
1.40933
1.45785

01
41
97
17
51

7.77777
7.98920
(-1) 8.20297
8.41912
i:l! 8.63766
(-1)

78

01

8.85860
9.08197
9.30777
9.53603
9.76677

51

1.0

(-1

(-1)
(-1)
(-1)

6.00000
6.37527
6.75592
7.14199
7.53352

1.05416
1.10912
1.16486
1.22140
1.27874

0.9

7.50000
7.73716
(-1) 7.97712
8.21990
i:ii 8.46551
(-1)

0.5

0.4

0.3

76
68
45
76
30
78

-1)

-1
-1

i
-l)
-i

-i

8.00000
8.19077
8.38356
8.57837
8.77523

00
41
13
54
03

8.97413
9.17511
9.37817
9.58333
9.79060

99
81

91
69

91
40

-i
-i)

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.02357
1.04739
1.07147
1.09581
1.12041

34
95
98
63
07

0)

1.02115
1.04252
1.06410
1.08591
1.10793

1.14526
1.17038
81 1.19575
1.22140
i8! 1.24731

47

02

89
28
35

(-D
(-D
(

[
(

(
(

o)
0)

?
(

0)
0)

0)

0)

1.13018
1.15264
1.17534
1.19825
1.22140

58

34
22

78
18
56
06
83
02
79
28

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

518

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

Table 13.1

M(a,

b, x)

x=0.3
0.1

o\6
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0)
0)

0-1.46940 36
0)
-1)

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0.0

-2.00000 00
-1.73884 94

'

-1.19153 81
-9.05127 09

-l)-5.00000 00
-1) -3.67762 19

(-2)

-1-2.31724 76

(-D

-2+5.19671 16

0)

1.00000 00

1.17274
1.34985
1.53139
1.71742
1.90800

56
88
94
78
49

1.11393
1.23054
1.34985
1.47191
1.59674

77
56
88
26
26

1.08466
1.17118
1.25957
1.34985
1.44206

2.10319
2.30305
2.50764
2.71703
2.93129

22
18
63
89
36

1.72438
1.85487
1.98825
2.12455
2.26380

49
58
19
03
82

1.53620
1.63232
1.73042
1.83054
1.93270

0)

1.00000 00

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

3.24588
3.65541
4.07539
4.50595
4.94725

99
50
77
50

a\b

88
54

0.6
1

I" )
-1

-1
-1

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

00
63
29
42
54

5.71428
6.10737
6.50811
6.91657
7.33287

57
55

7.37568
7.88018
8.39474
8.91948
9.45453

28
36
59
91
34

7.75707
8.18928
8.62958
9.07807
9.53485

0.0

0)

1.00000 00

)
0)

1.05560
1.11226
1.17001
1.22885
1.28879

0)

0)
0)

0)

0)

0)
o)

0)

1.34985
1.41204
1.47538
1.53987
1.60553

-i)

0)

0)

00

00
25
02
39
45

44
28
68
88
19

8.04247
8.42048
8.80516
9.19659
9.59485

38
41
81
93
17

03

86

1.00000 00
18

84
88
93
27
22
08

1.29721
1.34985
1.40342
1.45790
1.51333

20
88
10
88
23

62
51

0)

01

45
48
07

6.03582
6.79351
7.56854
8.36115
9.17156

0.5

00

35
39
39
85

74
78
65

1.00000 00

0)

1.06719
1.13575
1.20571
1.27707
1.34985

33
92
42
51
88

75

0)
0)

41
38
41

0)

1.42408
1.49976
1.57691
1.65556
1.73572

24

02

-1)

8.26397
8.59984
8.94132
9.28846
9.64133

8.44079
8.74297
9.04993
9.36172
9.67839

99
33
07
12
44

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

1.00000 00
08
27
16
40
61

1.25799
1.30355
1.34985
1.39692
1.44475

56
15
88
56
99

1.22769
1.26778
1.30850
1.34985
1.39185

42
47
41
88
54

49
13

00
71
82
06
18

03645
07349
11113
14937
18822

o
o

0)

30
80

7.00000
7.27897
7.56249
7.85061
8.14336

19
85
75
65
32

0)

6.66666
6.97537
7.28940
7.60881
7.93364

1.04121
1.08312
1.12575
1.16910
1.21318

0)
0)

-1)
'-1)
'-1

1.0

0)

0)

07

13
71

87
59
47
88
18

-i)
'-i
'-i

1.00000 00

44
48

0)

1.00000 00

0)
o)
o)

6.84049
7.44624
8.06491
8.69665
9.34162

-i)

05

0)

00
25
51
03
17

44

4.00000
4.54351
'-1
5.09916
'-1
5.66711
!-i) 6.24750
-1)

-1

0.9

6.25000
6.59572
6.94776
7.30618
7.67106

1.04736
1.09558
1.14466
1.19462
1.24547

11

90

1.00000 00

-1
-1

0.8

5.00000
5.45594
5.92137
6.39639
6.88112

i]

-i)

0.7

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

71

0.1

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

-1)
-1
-1

-1)

US

6.59602 92

)
o

23
46
42
60
76

-1

-1

4.69160
5.70261
-i) 6.73862
-i) 7.79996
-l) 8.88697

\i

-1)

2.50000
3.17420
3.86467
4.57162
5.29526

93
11
19
21
77

1.99731
3.51517
(-D 5.07379
6.67375
8.31562

71

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

-1)
-1

i-11

28
23

00
59
85
64
58

-1) -6.10043 44
-1) -3.06158 84
-3)+6.65629 62
-1) 3.28532 83

1.34985
1.70931
2.07850
2.45757
2.84665

0.00000
8.90939
1.80524
2.74324
3.70525

-2) -9.18332 95

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

0.4

0.3

0.2

0)

0)

SI
0)
0)
0)
o
o
0)

1.00000 00

1.03265
1.06582
1.09949
1.13367
1.16837

88
10
16
58
88

1.20360
1.23936
1.27565
1.31248
1.34985

57
18
25
30
88

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

a;

a\b
1.0
0.9
-0.8

0.7

}
0)
0)
0)

-0.6

0)

0.5
-0.4

0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

f
I
(
(
(

(
(

-1.20063 19
-7.93875 31
-1) -3.70758 28
-2)-^.90415 20
-1) 5.25850 66
0)

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.49182
2.00166
2.52986
3.07676
3.64273

47
43
27
82
38

4.22811
4.83327
5.45858
6.10441
6.77113

68
91
73
27
12

0)
0)
0)
0)

0)
o)

0)

a\b
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

f
(
(

(
?

00
54
02
24
63

-1

?
(

-3.00000
-2.67035
-2.32590
-1.96633
-1.59134

-1.00000
1-8.32139
-6.57495
(-4.75937
1-2.87331

0)

-1
-1
-1
-1

-2 1-9.15428 01
-1 1+1.11566 21
-1
3.22133 74
-1
5.40300 15
-1
7.66207 59
)

o;

(
(
(

?
(

o;

o;
S

0,
f

o;

)
(
(

41

26
35

18
30
19

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.07691
1.15580
1.23671
1.31966
1.40469

o)

1.06537
1.13233
1.20091
1.27112
1.34299

37
62
13
31
62

1.41655
1.49182
1.56883
1.64759
1.72815

50
47
03
75
18

0)
o

81

20
59
28
37
04

0)

0)
o)
!

1.49182
1.58109
1.67254
1.76619
1.86208

0)

SI
0)
0)
0)

47
90
59
84
99

)
o)

1.00000 00
1.15892
1.32283
1.49182
1.66597
1.84538

34
59
47
84
67

2.03014
2.22033
2.41605
2,61739
2.82445

00
03
02
39
63

-1)
-1)

-1

-1)
-1)

1
(

-1)
-1)
-1

5.00000
5.44722
5.90572
6.37564
6.85718

00
84
12
87
29

7.35049
7.85576
8.37317
8.90289
9.44510

77
88
41
30
72

-1)
-1)

0)

1.00000 00

0)

0)

1.05677
1.11485
1.17426
1.23500
1.29712

57
65
15
97
04

1.36061
1.42550
1.49182
1.55958
1.62880

33
81
47
33
44

0)
0)

0)

0)

0)

0)

(
(

0)

;-i)

33
40

-l
-i
!-i

48
08

95
45

61
09
23

-i)
-i)

-i
-l
-i

1.00000 00

0)

1.09317
1.18890
1.28722
1.38818
1.49182

29
02
33
41
47

1.59818
1.70731
1.81925
1.93404
2.05174

80
73
64
94
12

0)

o)

28
21
47

0)
o)

1.11772
1.23890
1.36358
1.49182
1.62369

00

o)

1.75923
1.89852
2.04162
2.18859
2.33948

82

0)

99
67
08

51

0)

isi

(-1)
(-i!

(-1
(-1
(-1)
(-1)

(-1
(-1
\--\\

o
0)

1.0

56
45
50
52
46

6.00000
6.36214
( -1)
6.73238
7.11085
1:11 7.49764

00
28
89
21
78

7.65220
8.10109
8.56017
9.02958
9.50948

44
70
66
86

i_l\
(-li
( -i)

(-1

02

(-1)

21
27
82
86
51

0)

1.00000 00

1.05012
1.10135
1.15368
1.20713
1.26173

98
26
38
88
33

1.31748
1.37440
1.43251
1.49182
1.55235

31
41
25
47
70

o)
o

0)

o)

o)

-1

5.55555
5.95564
6.36521
6.78440
7.21335

59
19
47
46
66

o)

0)

5.71037
6.52042
7.35401
8.21154
9.09340

1.00000 00

56
10

00
05
30

-i)

o)

81

2.00000
2.69801
3.41768
4.15938
4.92349

0.9

00

0.8

64
92
35
56
40

0.7

6.96144
7.53923
8.13176
8.73924
9.36191

51

;-i)
;-i)
-i)
-i)
-i)

0)

4.61075
5.62417
6.66925
7.74655
8.85661

20

32
94
14
13
46

2.57663
2.86980
3.17208
3.48362
3.80459

6.44112
7.11565
7.80852
-1
8.52000
)
-i) 9.25039

)
o)

(-1)
(-1)
-1)
(-1)
(-1)

-i

0)
|

ill

84
23
08
63
18

32

43
51
36
36
17

0)

2.77230
4.12484
-i) 5.52305
-i) 6.96775
-i) 8.45979

;-i)
I

47

4.79315
5.31423
5.84916
6.39816

j
(

1.24182
1.49182
1.75015
2.01696
2.29240

:-d 4.28571

-l)
-i)
-i)

0.00000
8.63057
1.75514
2.67677
3.62847

1.00000 00

33
85
74
62
40

-i)
-i)

(-2)
-li
[-1)
(-1)

3.33333
3.92050
4.52459
-1
5.14587
)
-i) 5.78462

-1

33
27
12
24
65

0.6
(

-3.33333
-2.19718
1 -1.01932
-2 f2.01024
'-D 1.46463

m
r

0.5

0.4

0.3

00
43
96
91
90

Table 13.1

b, x)

=0.4

0.2

0.1

M(a,

519

(
f

-11

0)
0)
;

(
(

o)

0)

o)

o
o

7.89289
8.29670
8.70919
9.13049
9.56072

1.00000 00

1.04484
1.09061
1.13733
1.18500
1.23364

47
91
58
76
74

1.28326
1.33388
1.38550
1.43814
1.49182

80
28
48
76
47

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

520
Table

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

13.1

M(a,

b, x)

x=0.5
a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.2

0.1

0)

-4.00000
-3.61201
-3.20079
-2.76573
-2.30622

0)
0)

-1.82163 45
-1.31133 45

0)
0)

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0)
0)

00
86
89
85
47

-1)

0)

-1)

-1+3.80315 52

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0)
0)

1.64872
2.32717
3.03607
3.77614
4.54811

13
78
92
69
35

0.6
0.7

0)

5.35272
6.19073
7.06291
7.97004
8.91291

38
40
26
04
03

0)
0)

0.8
0.9
1.0

a\b

(
(
(

0)

0)

(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-2)

-6.66666
-5.31342
-3.89475
-2.40912
-8.54965

67
47
90
78

-2)

+7.69319
2.46534
4.23474
6.07918
8.00036

06
08
05
46
50

+1.24911 75
4.03938 42
6.95536 57
1.00000 00

-1
'-1
'-1
-1

0)

67
35
94
36
33

5.47357
6.31897
7.19372
8.09841
9.03363

40
89
99
67
78

1.00000 00

'-1)

-1)

-1
(

0)

1.00000 00

1.15358
1.31281
1.47782
1.64872
1.82563

36
87
42
13
24

2.00868
2.19799
2.39370
2.59593
2.80482

23

0)
0)

3.11399
3.51714
0) 3.93567
0) 4.36993
0) 4.82026

83
35
68
59
39

2.37449
2.63441
2.90364
3.18240
3.47086

45
32
98
09
63

0)
0)

0)

(-1

0)

0)
0)

0)
0)
0)

0.8

70
49
60
21

:3
-l)
-l)

00
43
66
96
78

4.53763
5.55303
6.60617
7.69784
8.82884

09
00
21

61

81

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.12121
1.24660
1.37626
1.51027
1.64872

22
50
32
29
13

1.79169
1.93928
2.09159
2.24869
2.41068

69
94

0)
0)

0)
0)
0)
0)
(

0.00000
8.38114
1.71019
2.61697
3.55920

0)

0.9

01

11
61

1.0

2.85714
3.46998
4.10420
4.76023
5.43849

3.75000
4.29138
4.85042
5.42745
6.02283

4.44444
4.92975
5.42992
5.94522
6.47594

44
27
21
72
62

m
N

5.00000
5.44007
5.89284
6.35854
(-1) 6.83739

00
21
39
17
50

6.13943
6.86349
7.61111
8.38276
9.17890

6.63689
7.26999
7.92248
8.59474
9.28712

7.02236
7.58475
8.16342
8.75865
9.37074

09
70
38
45
63

(-1 ) 7.32963
(-1
7.83550
(-1 8.35522
-1
8.88905
9.43722
-i

60
00
55
38
94

1.00000 00

1.09981
1.20286
1.30921
1.41892
1.53207

19
18
31
99
73

1.08465
1.17189
1.26178
1.35435
1.44966

27
67
10

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

1.64872
1.76892
1.89276
2.02030
2.15161

13
87
74

1.54777
1.64872
1.75256
1.85935
1.96914

40
13

47

64
14
06
04
36

34
39
13
81
98

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

62

3.12803
4.39857
5.71992
7.09319
8.51950

-1)
-1)

1.20798
1.42416
1.64872
1.88183
2.12369

(-i)

1.00000 00

00
27
09
66
60

72
13
02
68
86

0.7

1.66666
2.37390
3.10765
3.86848
4.65693

30

0.5

(-1) -2.50000
(-1) -1.46751
(-2) -3.89499
(-2) +7.35066
(-1) 1.90722

1.31762
1.64872
1.99359
2.35254
2.72590

0.6

00
70
33
18
65

-1) -3.96579 38
-1) -1.41832 63

-2.11019 41

1.00000 00

0.0

0)

-1-7.74681 00

0)

0.0

-1.50000
-1.30112
0) -1.09161
(
(-1) -8.71196
(-1) -6.39608
(

0.4

0.3

0)

51
91

32
29
38

SI

1.00000 00
1.07337
1.14887
1.22654
1.30640
1.38852

58
08
94
11

1.47291
1.55963
1.64872
1.74021
1.83415

64
60
13
40
67

0)

51

i.i

1.00000 00

06467
13112
19938
26947
34145
1.41532
1.49114
1.56892
1.64872
1.73055

0)

1.00000 00

93
10

1.05776
1.11703
1.17784
1.24020
1.30416

16
33
06
96
68

79
29
95
13
26

1.36973
1.43695
1.50583
1.57641
1.64872

88
27
59
61
13

21

17
02

CONFLUENT HTPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

M(a,

521
Table

b, x)

13.1

x=0.6
a\b

0.3

0.2

0.1

0)-2. 00000 00
0) -1.77497 83
0) -1.53457 51
0) -1.27832 65
0) -1.00575 96

-5.00000
-4.56442
-4.09525
-3.59141
-3.05183

36
03
57
34

-2.47539
-1.86097
0) -1.20740
(
(-1) -5.13527
(-1)+2.21866

54
11
73
80
89

-1)
-1)

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.00000 00

1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0)
0)

0)

88
50
49
01
77

0)

0.5

1.82211
2.68949
3.60342
4.56523
5.57625

1.40083
1.82211
2.26441
2.72828
3.21432

88
16
58
45

1.26151
1.53544
1.82211
2.12187
2.43505

16
21
88
52
08

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0)

6.63788
7.75149
8.91853
1.01404
1.14187

04
76
48
45
08

3.72312
4.25528
4.81141
5.39216
5.99815

11
05
85
24
10

2.76199
3.10304
3.45858
3.82895
4.21453

12
83
04
20
44

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

0)

0)
0)

0)

0)

0)
0)

0)

0)

1)
1)

a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0.0

00

(-D
-1)

(-1

:11

-1
'-1

-1
(

0)

0.00000
8.15612
1.66954
2.56274
3.49622

4.47097
5.48800
6.54835
7.65309
8.80327

-1)

-1)

-1)

0)
0)
\

1}

09
76
35

0.7

03
99
62

00
69
01
49
67

05
20
72
05
45

5.28944
6.16039
7.06609
8.00737
8.98506

5.90040
6.66185
7.45188
8.27114
9.12029

05
18

1.12443
1.25375
1.38806
1.52747
1.67212

77
32
15
91

1.82211
1.97758
2.13864
2.30542
2.47806

88
41
53
91
43

47

0)

181
(

)
o

0)
o)

0)

00
14
50
44
91

1.58375
3.11265
4.71672
6.39795
8.15836

09
10
67
93
59

(-1
(-1

3.31950
4.54119
-1) 5.81866
(-D 7.15333
(-D 8.54662

22
67

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.19249
1.39353
1.60333
1.82211
2.05010

88
75

2.28753
2.53462
2.79161
3.05874
3.33627

06
03
30
93
37

0)

0)

0)

1.00000 00

1.10530
1.21450
1.32769
1.44495
1.56638

20
47
46

1.69207
1.82211
1.95661
2.09565
2.23934

45
88
34
57
48

38
50

61

95
84

0)

1.00000 00

0)
0)
0)
0)
0)

1.09109
1.18537
1.28292
1.38380
1.48809

84
55
56
10

0)
0)

1.59585
1.70717
1.82211
1.94077
2.06320

51
25
88
10
72

0)
0)

52
51
61

32

96
26
21

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.15149
1.30929
1.47356
1.64445
1.82211

54
96
68
34
88

2.00672
2.19843
2.39742
2.60385
2.81789

51
71

0)
0)

0)
0)
0)

0)
0)

0.9

2.50000
3.12786
3.78124
4.46071
5.16689

1.00000 00

(-1) -2.00000
(-1) -1.03687
(-3) -2.46606
(-1)+1. 03792
(-1) 2.15219

0.8

1.42857
2.13746
2.87723
3.64865
4.45246

00

80

00
50
79
00
81

2.86791
5.12952
7.50585

55

0.5

-5.00000
-3.81848
-2.57117
-1.25627
(-2)+l. 28080
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)

)+7. 17978

-l)+2. 57478 49
-1) 6.19061 29

0)
0)

00
51

-1.32327

-7.16392 12
-4.09732 38

-2-8.52791 51

0.6

(-2)

0)

-1)

-1.00000
-8.45926
-6.82397
-5.09139
-3.25877

0.4

24
15
78

1.0

3.33333
3.89744
4.48302
5.09055
5.72052

33
84
85
63
24

4.00000
4.51255
5.04345
5.59308
6.16186

00
49
12
68
59

6.37342
7.04977
7.75007
8.47485
i-li 9.22465

52
12
48
87
40

6.75019
7.35850
7.98720
8.63672
9.30751

92
35
24
59
06

(-D
(-D

i-lj
(-1)

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.08014
1.16295
1.24848
1.33679
1.42794

45
44
64
79
70

1.52199
1.61899
1.71901
1.82211
1.92836

31
63

0)
(

o)

0)

o)
0)

o)

75
88
31

(
(

0)

1.00000 00

1.07146
1.14519
1.22122
1.29961
1.38040

44

1.46364
1.54938
1.63767
1.72857
1.82211

36
57
83
22
88

01
33
13
19

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

522
Table

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

13.1

M(a,

b, x)

x=0.7
a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.6
0.7
0.8

-6.00000
-5.52819
-5.01049
-4.44515
-3.83041

00
79
23
47
49

-3.16446
-2.44543
0) -1.67144
(-1) -8.40541
(-2) +4.92624

06
68
46
00
47

(
(

(
(

0)
0)
0)
0)
0)

0)

0)

0)

SI

0.9
1.0

a\b

1.00000 00
2.01375
3.09264
4.23886
5.45463
6.74221

27

8.10395
9.54222
1.10594
1.26581
1.43407

56
25
50
24

1-2.50000 00
47

0)
0)
0)

64
-1.69810 26
-1.38675 31

0)

-1.05207 99

-1) -6.93277 09
(-1) -3.09520 29

(-1)+1.00033 57
(-1) 5.36246 53
(

0)

92
64
06
79

83

-1.66666
H)
-2 -7.54915

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

(-D 3.43109
-1

Lis
(

0)

1.00000 00

-1.33333
-1.16362
(-lj-9.81007
(-1) -7.85028
(-1) -5.75241

(-2)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)

4.62042
5.87022
7.18224
8.55823
1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1.15093
1.30882
1.47385
1.64621
1.82611

86
66
50
90
74

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

2.01375
2.20933
2.41306
2.62516
2.84585

27
17
50

74
75

0)

-1) -7.50000 00
-1) -6.19090 30

(-1) -3.51185 70
(-1) -1.12388 92

(-3) -2.63083 59

0)
0)

(-1)+1.41630 28
(-1) 4.11364 25
(-1) 6.97316 13
(

0)

50
27
44
21
90

0V 1.31994 11
1.65767 60
0) 2.01375 27
0) 2.38873 10
0) 2.78318 26

4.41274
5.09565
5.81389
6.56853
7.36066

94
95
76
43
31

3.19769
3.63285
4.08927
4.56758
5.06840

-4.79194 87
1-3.30020 58
-l)-3.:
.71267 91
-1) -1-1

-1)

-1)+1.76203
(-1 3.65553
(-1) 5.65746
-1) 7.77115
(

1.00000 00

0)

o)

23474
48171
74125
01375
2.29957

0)
0)
0)
0)
0)

2.59910
2.91274
3.24088
3.58393
3.94232

58
21
34
85
46

0)
o)

12
27
57
14
38

27
75
78
48

0)

0)

0)

83
27
36

0)
0)

1.18422
1.37745
1.57993
1.79195
2.01375

38
14
98
11
27

2.24561
2.48782
2.74065
3.00440
3.27935

74
35
46
00
49

22
10
18
49
53

4.40977
5.42816
6.49502
7.61170
8.77956

87
47
91
97
99

5.13967
6.02994
-1) 6.96004
-1) 7.93103
-1
8.94398

66
98
90
40
42

5.70431
6.49501
7.31906
8.17733
9.07068

32
40
85
33
09

1.85078
2.01375
2.18318
2.35926
2.54213

1.00000 00

02
33
57
58
44

46
15
27

0)
0)

0)

1.11002
1.22457
1.34377
1.46774
1.59660

)
0)
o

1.73047
1.86948
2.01375
2.16341
2.31861

(
(

59

27
94
09
50

8S
81
0)

1.0

2.22222
2.85846
3.52400
4.21962
4.94612

0)

82
02

3.00000
3.57936
4.18377
4.81385
-i) 5.47027

43

-i)

6.15369
6.86479
7.60426
8.37280
:-ii 9.17114

36
13
03
46
12

0)

1.00000 00
1.08601
1.17522
1.26772
1.36357
1.46286

24
70
07
19
04

1.56566
1.67207
1.78216
1,89603
2.01375

72
52
81

0)

1.00000 00

1.09661
1.19701
1.30129
1.40953
1.52184

96
89
20
43
32

0)
0)

1.63831
1.75905
1.88416
2.01375
2.14791

77
87
89
27
66

0)

0)
(
(

0)

0)

0)

o)
o

44
66
23

31

00
74
66
03
01

00
61

77

1.25000
1.95634
-1) 2.69751
-1) 3.47447
-1) 4.28819

1.00000 00

2.05299
3.48181
-1) 4.98858
6.57561
8.24528

-1)
'-1

1.00000 00

00
75
20
11
96

-1)

-2.92768 78

-1) -1.78834 77
'-2) -5.79886 90
'-2 +6.99831 62

0)

0.00000
7.95165
1.63250
2.51322
3.43855

-1)

-1) -4.00000 00
'-1)

0.9

0.8

1.12744 17
67
1.39910 20
1.54361 79
1.69412 73

0)
0)
0)
o)

1.00000 00

1.49219
2.01375
2.56561
3.14874
3.76411

18! 1.26042

o)

0.5

33
83
11
60
82

0.7

67
03
(-2)- 1-2.09154 67
-1
1.22710 86
(-1) 2.30054 51

0.4

0.3

-2.25396
It-1.98691

0.6

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.0

0.2

0.1

0)

0)
0)

0)
0)

00
92
81

56

16
27

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

M(a,

523
Table 13.1

b, x)

x=0.8
a\b

0.2

0.1

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

-7.00000
-6.50401
-5.94785
-5.32888
-4.64439

00
48
78
96
77

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-3.89159
-3.06762
-2.16953
-1.19431
-1.38863

56
06
29
35

0.0

05

0)+l. 00000 00

a\b

2.22554
3.54111
4.95014
6.45617
8.06281

09
04
63
50
37

9.77377
1.15928
1.35239
1.55710
1.77383

18
53
56
78
16

0)

0)

-3.00000
-2.73837
-2.44921
-2.13135

0-1.78363
(

0)

00
67
23
83
55

0)

1.00000 00

1.59252
2.22554
2.90051
3.61898
4.38249
0)
0)
0)

5.19265 68
6.05109 78
6.95949 89
91957 87
8.93309 73

ISU

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

(-1)

(-2W3.69102 15

-2) -1.40115 64
(-1) +1.06779 15

(-1)
(-1)

0)

45
95
27
10
28

1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1.17947
1.36846
1.56724
1.77614
1.99547

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

2.22554
2.46668
2.71923
2.98352
3.25992

-2)

(-2U3.41976 74

-1)
-1)

78
08
87
79
19

1.35264 99
2.39517 31

3.49860
(-it 4.66490
5.89611
7.19428
8.56152
(

0)

15
92
50
36
59

1.00000 00
1.15119
1.30995
1.47651
1.65110
1.83397

12
18
22
80
98

2.02537
2.22554
2.43473
2.65322
2.88127

37
09
81
74
68

(-1)
(-1)
(-1)

2.53186 47
4.86802 83
7.35564 06

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.00000 00

0)
o)

1.38374
1.79197
2.22554
2.68533
3.17225

1.28065
1.57807
1.89284
2.22554
2.57675

3.68723
4.23121
4.80517
5.41011
6.04704

2.94709
3.33719
3.74769
4.17923
4.63249

0.8

0.9

0)
0)

0)
0)

\%

(-1)-1.42857 14
(-2) -5.57356 94

(-1-1.27465 48

(-1) -1.70668 54

0.7

(-1) -3.33333 33
(-1) -2.33826 62

2.35156
3.71375
5.15699
6.68394
8.29734

-1} -5.80333 58
-1 -3.06747 02
'-2 -1.26930 95

'-! +3.02591 28
'-1
6.39888 38

93
09
91
52
84

0.00000
7.76467
1.59854
2.46770
3.38544

00
88
95
86
19

;-i)

4.35327
5.37278
6.44555
(-1) 7.57323
(-1) 8.75747

95
55
87
29
79

-i)
-l)

\i
(-i)

(-1
(-1

0.5

0) -1.00000 00
-1 -8.58588 03
'-1 -7.05401 18
-1 -5.39992 81
-1 -3.61905 04

'

-1.40483 36

0.4

67
68
99
32
05

-1.66666
-1.48461
-1.28563
1-1.06906
o)-i!(
:-i)-8.:
.34197
0)
0)
0)

(-1) -9.93710 17
(-1) -5.48990 22
(-2) -6.93656 36
(-l)+4.46505 60

0.6

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.0

0)
0)

0.3

45
89
88
30
55
51

2.51097
2.81085
3.12563
3.45577
3.80174

18
12
06
20
73

81
09

1.0

1.11111
1.81250
-1) 2.55227
'-1) 3.33161
!-i) 4.15173

11
42
74
66
34

(-1)

2.00000
2.64028
3.31335
4.02018
4.76178

00
04
07
75
82

5.01386
5.91927
6.86926
7.86514
8.90826

60
92
51
37
31

-1)

5.53917
6.35337
-1) 7.20546
-1) 8.09652
'-1
9.02766

14

-1)

71
73
62
05

0)

1.00000 00

-i
-l)

-1)

1.00000 00

42
86
49
92
10

1.11417
1.23349
1.35811
1.48816
1.62382

60
80
24
89

1.87792
2.04806
2.22554
2.41055
2.60331

43
69
09
26
27

1.76522
1.91253
2.06591
2.22554
2.39157

23
43
86

0)
o)

1.00000 00.
77
28
83
70
09

1.13025
1.26668
1.40948
1.55882
1.71491

0)

0)

63
85
30
97
45

1.21961
1.45157
1.69626
1.95411
2.22554

0)
0)

0)

33

1.00000 00

0)

'

+7.34885
2.37153
4.11274
-1) 5.96208
-1) 7.92325

97

0)

0)
0)

-6.00000 00
-1 -4.83512 37
'-1 -3.58242 29
'1 -2.23871 07
-2 -8.00722 55
-1]

0)

02

09
03

1.10146
1.20729
1.31758
1.43248
1.55209

98
30
99
29
71

1.67656
1.80600
1.94055
2.08035
2.22554

17
51
55
09

00

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

524

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

Table 13.1

a;

a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0.0

-8.00000
-7.49259
-6.90878
-6.24470
-5.49641

77
25
96
35

-4.65980
-3.73067
0) -2.70466
(
0) -1.57731
(
(-1) -3.44010

55
11
65
62
11

(
(

(
(
(

0)
0)
0)
0)
0)

0)
0)

0)
-3.50000
)j-3.

00

))-3.

2.45960
4.03983
5.74586
Si 7.58304
0) 9.55683

31
23
78
06
50

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

1)
1)
1

1.16728
1.39370
1.63551
1.89334
2.16782

93
17
72
94
87

1)
1)

a\b

1.00000 00

1.00000 00

1.70274
2.45960
3.27280
4.14464
Si 5.07749
Si
0)

6.07375
7.13594
8.26661
Si 9.46839
1) 1.07439
Si

56

00

1.45345
1.93955
2.45960
3.01492
3.60688

88
69
58
74
95

4.23689
4.90639
5.61685
6.36981
7.16683

31
52

74

-2.85714
-1.92058
-2) -9.13906
-2)+l. 65565
-1) 1.32057

29
43
92
38
89

2.55395
3.86857
5.26740
6.75350
8.32996

12
31
93

-1+1 22981 53

-1)

76533
4.40611
6.15609
8.01934

-1)

-1)

0.0

0)

1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0)

31
07

0)
0)
0)

1.21023
1.43307
1.66896
1.91836
2.18175

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

2.45960
2.75241
Si 3.06070
0) 3.38497
3.72577

31

10
37
01

80
20
53
04

-1)

-1)
-1

0)

-1)
-1)

53
70
75
81
03

0)

1.00000 00

52

77
31

28
44

3.53966
4.68874
5.90688
7.19649
8.56001

53

1.17668
1.36339
1.56047
1.76826
1.98713
38
31

99
21
72

0)

1.33055
1.68343
2.05949
2.45960
2.88466

47
42
16

3.33560
3.81337
4.31893
4.85329
5.41746

96

-1-5.40855 15
-1-3.94096 49
-1) -2.35250 18
-2) -6.38272
-l)+l. 20674
-1) 3.18771
-1
5.30992
-1) 7.57882
(

0)

31
81

52

69

20
38

0.9

(-1) -1.25000 00
(-2) -4.12148 81
(-2)+4.83592 97
(-1) 1.43934 85
.45729 51
(-1) 2.i

07

1.00000 00

2.21745
2.45960
2.71396
2.98095
3.26095

-3.46228
-1.15264
-1)+1. 34083
-1) 4.02562
-1) 6.90939
(

-1) -8.00000 00
-1) -6.76001 98

0)
0)

0.8

0.7

0.5

-1.25000 00
-1.10046 05
(-1-9.35972 27
(-1) -7.55885 89
(-1) -5.59533 56
(

m.
0)

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0)

0)

-1.36176 43
-1.10339 79

(-1)

-1)

0)

-1)+ 3.49195 37

00
44
29
44
74

-1)

0-1.59665 35

-1-2.51778 79

0)

21
09
81
30

-2.00000 00
-1.80907 26

02
10
97
91
5.77931 14

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-2)

-1.77594 43
-1.31238 34
-8.04973 88

0.4

20518
12058
(-l)-l 76920
-1)+1. 86021

0)

0)
-1)

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

-1)

0)

-2.92208 06
-2.57899 21
0)-2.19753 81

0.6

-5.00000
-3.93506
-2.78312
-1.54071
-2.04284

0)

0)
0)

0)+1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.3

00
60

b, x)

=0.9

0.2

0.1

M(a,

(-1)

00
35
54
24
68

4.30084
5.32127
6.39943
7.53728
8.73679

39
33
94
29
14

-1
-1)

52
74
76
04
96

: ii

1.00000 00

0)

1.00000 00

1.15190
1.31197
1.48048
1.65771
1.84394

18
24

0)

31

0)

,13289 93
27259 03
41929 15

0)

57322 64
1.73462 38

2.03946
2.24458
2.45960
2.68482
2.92058

90
71
31
96
65

19
34

0)
0)
o)

1.90371
2.08074
2.26595
2.45960
2.66193

1.00000 00
1.25791
1.53222
1.82352
2.13244
2.45960

83
60
69
07
31

2.80566
3.17129
3.55718
3.96403
4.39255

88
66
28
83

62

1.0

0.00000
7.59274
1.56725
2.42566
3.33625

-2)

88
49
09
39
50

79
81
96
31
52

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

-f
-1
-1
-1)

00
02
00
46
32

4.90562
5.82320
6.78982
7.80706
8.87657

01
50
39

95
20

0)

1.00000 00

0)

0)

1.11790
1.24155
1.37111
1.50677
1.64871

10
14
85

1.79714
1.95224
2.11421
2.28326
2.45960

36
22
45
51
31

0)

1.00000
1.69504
2.43169
3.21136
4.03551

0)
0)
0)

IS!

61
02

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

a:

a\b

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

-9.00000
-8.49472
-7.89481
-7.19487
1-6.38931

00
34
34
27
44

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-5.47235
-4.43802
-3.28011
(
0) -1.99225
(
(-1) -5.67828

71

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

(
(

0)
0)
0)

81

13

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

a\b

2.71828
4.59430
6.63559
8.84990
1.12452

18
40

1.38299
1.66124
1.96016
2.28065
2.62364

22
69
24
63
69

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.00000 00

32
13
81
78
41

4.85366
5.66758
6.53614
7.46157
8.44619

43
48
27
79
60

3.76919
4.34726
4.96230
5.61578
6.30920

11

0)

65
95
62
50

0)
o)

3.13288
3.57336
4.04070
4.53595
5.06015

93
26
56

0.7

1.24339
1.50311
1.77978
2.07407
2.38667

88
03
05
40
38

2.71828
3.06961
3.44142
3.83447
4.24952

18
97
89
12
89

0)

0)

7.06824
8.36627
9.75588
1.12409
1.28255

0)

-l)+2.20976 75
4.61604 79
-1) 7.21012 79

'-1)

44
65
30
08
52

1.00000 00

-1)

3.12589 94
6.42974 92

68

00
62

0)

(-3+7.71680 36
(-1

93
78
70
41
18

70
36
67
73
59

0)
0)
0)
o)

-1) -2.07021 66
-3) -1.64753 21

1.29938
1.62002
1.96278
0) 2.32856
0) 2.71828

;-3>-H6.30910

1.00000 00

(-1) -5.29840 46
(-1) -2.72739 30

00
28
39
14
20

77
55
69
18
79

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

0)

-1.00000
-8.70327
-7.26851
-5.68924
-3.95877

0)
0)
0)

1.38482
1.79865
2.24271
2.71828
3.22665

67
35
71
48
81

0'
-1.07254 74
-1 -7.29170 37
'-1 -3.51861 30
'-2 + 6.09884 13
-1' 5.11038 28

-1.50000
-1.34483
-1.17116
-1) -9.78067
(-1) -7.64616

33
91
23
18
11

87
40
18
51
54

-6.66666
-5.54597
-4.31756
-2.97660
-1.51809

1.77225
3.61483
)
-i) 5.59644
-i) 7.72285

0.5

1.52963
2.10177
2.71828
3.38109
4.09220

0.6

-i)
-1

1.00000 00

-2.33333
-2.13718
o; -1.91443
o -1.66369
oj -1.38355
0)

0.4

44
18
94
60
42

-1)
[-1)
;-i
!-i)
:-i)

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

-2.16681
-1.65076
0) -1.07887
-l) -4.48364
-11+2.43610

0)
0)

13.1

1.82384
2.71828
3.68654
4.73198
5.85803

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

00
63
57
32
42

0)
0)

02
86
77
07

0)+l. 00000 00
0)

0.3

-4.00000
-3.72474
-3.40618
-3.04197
-2.62968

0)
0)
0)

Table

b, x)

= 1.0

0.2

0.1

M(a,

525

-1)

-4.28571 43

-1 -3.29502 50

-1) -2.21753 45

(
(

-1.04950 02
76

i +2.12929
1.57371
3.03694
4.60681
6.28763
8.08383

99
92
41
08
81

-i)
-i)
-i
-i)
-i)

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.20408
1.42110
1.65157
1.89600
2.15489

08
86
89
10
81

2.42880
2.71828
3.02388
3.34620
3.68583

78
18

I
i

i
(

0)
0)

-2.50000
-1.60990
-2 -6.48146
!-2) +3.88236
:-d 1.50229
1
r
'-1

0)

72
59
55

-i)

-i
-i
-i

!-i)

00
29
54
65
88

1 -1.11111
r-2)
-3.01549

87
35
08
04
67

;-i)
-i)
-i)
!-i)
-i)

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.17507
1.36069
1.55723
1.76511
1.98472

89
55
97
25
52

2.21650
2.46087
2.71828
2.98919
3.27406

01

o;

0)

2.69717
3.97610
5.34239
6.79945
8.35078

0)

0)

0)

0.9

0.8

0)

06
18
01
39

1.0

0.00000
7.43386
1.53827
2.38663
i-D 3.29050

00
23
23
42
15

4.25195
5.27314
6.35625
7.50355
8.71734

83
45
70
07

11
81
-2 *-5.68299 01
!-i) 1.50083 68
1-1) 2.49853 18
)

o)

S
i

o)
)

I
>

3.56392
4.69960
5.90827
7.19266
8.55560

02
69

05
88
38
55
76

1.00000 00

1.15288
1.31451
1.48520
1.66528
1.85507

20
22
44
05
07

2.05491
2.26515
2.48615
2.71828
2.96190

39
76
84
18
29

>- 2 >

N
-i)
-i)
-i)
!-i)
-i)

0)

1.00000 00

0)

1.13539
1.27817
1.42858
1.58690
1.75338

67
41
86
33
77

1.92831
2.11197
2.30465
2.50665
2.71828

84
89
98
90
18

0)
0)
0)

0)

o)

0)

0)

01

0)
o)

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

526

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

Table 13.1

M(a,

b, x)

z=2.0
a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

i
(
(
(
(

00
05
57
39
09

-1.69974
-1.49674
-1.22340
-8.71869
-4.33729

68
24
44
85
58

0)

0)+l. 00000 00

0)+l. 00000 00

(
(
(
(
(

0)

(
(

0)
0)
0)

0)
0)

0)
0)
0)

-1.48107 68

ui
(

-4.47833
-3.79726
-2.92882
1.85372
5.51412

69
52
34

46
64

0)+l. 00000 00

3.94227
7.38905
1.13864
1.59833
2.12317

09
61
24
25
23

2.82379
4.94472
7.38905
1.01846
II 1.33611

65
25

5.89272
7.40173
9.10260
1.10109
1.31432

84
79
50
32
41

2.71867
3.39068
4.14538
4.98933
5.92946

46
27
60
26

1.69497
2.09837
2.54981
3.05299
3.61185

29
34
90
14
79

-1.50000
-1.41981
-1.31049
-1.16915
'-1 -9.92701

0)

0)

1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0)
0)
0)

1.76568
2.63896
3.62852
4.74350
5.99361

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

7.38905
8.94061
1) 1.06596
1.25581
1} 1.46487

0)
0)

0)

60

0.7

22
63
76
72
60

0)

0)
0)

-7.57063 96
-6.55175 56
-5.21994 53

67
46
85
69
57

73
96
44
43

-1.48592
-1.14402
(-1) -7.31188
(-1) -2.40906
(-1)+3.33718

0)

-5.66666
-5.67351
-5.57239
-5.34952
-4.99011

61

33
09
69
67
12

0)

0)
0)
0)

7.38905
1.49320
2.37378
1) 3.39223
1) 4.56085

-2.33333
-2.26126
-2.14541
0) -1.98102
0) -1.76300

00
17
68
67
80

0-3.54165 86

0.6

-9.00000
-9.11450
-9.05346
-8.79313
-8.30798

1)
1)

0)

0.0

0)
0)

0)

a\b

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0.4

0.3

-1.90000
94803
1) -1.95774
1-1/
1)
-1.92363
1) -1.83976

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.2

0.1

0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
-1)

-1.85714
-1.77944
-1.66645
-1.51452
-1.31972

-1.07793 00
-7.84722 05

-2) -2.50963 14
-1)+4.51527 65

0)

1.00000 00

0)

99
56

0)

1.62619
2.33634
3.13698
4.03507
5.03790

96
06
76
07
12

61
15
48
43
09

6.15318
7.38905
0) 8.75406
1) 1.02572
1) 1.19079

83
61
09
10
79

32
63
02

0)

0)
0)

'

0)

'

'

4.00000
3.96130
-3.84746
-3.64939

00
19
13
0)
40
0)
0-3.35738 15

Si

-2.96103
-2.44928
-1.81029
-1.03148
(
(-2) -9.94703
(

0)

0)-3.00000 00
-2.93919 07

0)

0-2.82231 32
0)
0)

91
29
53
90
39

+1.00000 00
66
10

61
79
54

2.28204
3.76272
5.45904
7.38905
9.57185

98
67
38
98
28

1.20276
1.47777
1.78448
2.12527
2.50266

00

77
88
08
33

-1) -7.77889 97
(-1) -5.21259 33
-1) -2.19146 36
(-1)+1. 32327 01
(-1) 5.37263 41

-1.22222
-1.14139
0) -1.03604
(
-1) -9.03849
(-1) -7.42341

-2.64293 64
-2.39419 32

-2.06875
-1.65883
0) -1.15610
-l) -5.51740
-1)+1. 63639
0)
0)

95
14
27
45
81

0)

1.00000 00

0)

96790
07855
34381
77622
7.38905

63
71
17
05
61

9.19634
1.12129
1.34543
1.59372
1.86788

52
02
65
26
78

0)

52
61

0)

22

o)

42
93
86
66
00

0)
1)
1

1)
1)

0.9

0.8

-1-4.35429 49

0.5

1.0

0)

22

0)

10
27
17
04

(-1) -5.48901 84
(-1) -3.20761 19
-2) -5.49879 73
(-l)+2. 51516 76
(-1) 6.02027 13

) -1.00000 00
-1 -9.19616 98

(-1 -8.18288 3C
(-1 -6.94107 82
(-1) -5.45057 11

-3.69000
(-i -1.63679
-2 +7.32914
(-1- 3.44431
-i: 6.52400

42
56
71
99
38

1.00000 00

0)

1.00000 00

0)

0)

0)

1.52511
2.11745
2.78211
3.52448
4.35023

88
72
92
69
19

1.44908
1.95312
2.51617
3.14250
3.83660

29
22
15
04
34

1.39018
1.82606
2.31092
2.84820
3.44152

53
83
49
19
39

5.26532
6.27606
7.38905
8.61126
9.94999

81
41
61
21
53

4.60320
5.44729
6.37407
7.38905
8.49799

94
15
66

4.09470
4.81173
5.59682
6.45439
7.38905

06
45
82
28
61

(
(

0)
0)

0)

1.00000 00

61

64

0)

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

M(a,

527
Table 13.1

b, x)

:=3.0
a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
0.4

(
(
(

-2.90000
-3.33062
-3.67972
-3.92295
1) -4.03286
1)

1)
1)
1

00
11

78
55
65

-3.97869 07
11 -3.72604 95

0.1

1)
1)
1)

0.0

0) f 1.00000 00

1)

37
99
06
09
39

2.05059
2.65765
3.36670
I! 4.18932
2) 5.13805

14
56
66
19
80

2)

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

-3.23666 24
-2.46803 49
-1.37312 67

2.00855
4.41540
7.38953
1.10064
1.53485

(
(

2)

-1.40000
-1.57397
li -1.71028
-1.79849
-1.82694
1)

00

85
23
94
57

1)
0)
0)

22
62
21
55

-3.95879
-3.47899
-2.77784
(
-1.82229
(
(-1) -5.76188

09
58
38
72
60

(
(
(

0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)

0)
0)
0)

(
(
(

(
(

2.94937
5.31885
0) 8.15947
1) 1.15266
1) 1.54802

02
34
04
06
96

2.00855
2.54126
1
3.15373
1) 3.85417
1) 4.65138

37

0)
0)

1)

-1.41549 22
-1.05876 41
-5.60854 66

52

-5.00000
-5.35304
-5.58342
-5.66362
-5.56302

63
13
55

-7.24926 51

-5.24773
-4.68029
-3.81941
-2.61971
-1.03141

50
11
32
67
44

00
09
10
06
41

~0)+1.0000

00

0)+1.00000 00

0* 1-6.55296

82
-5.44863 43
-3.87082 13
-1.74758 43

00
11

I]

0)

0) fl. 00000

00

9.47722
2.00855
3.31122
4.88711
6.77048

60
37
04
46
23

6.07912
1.23871
2.00855
2.93502
4.03729

54
81
37
26
70

4.45833
8.72184
1.38935
2.00855
2.74198

59
23
37
55

3.53408
6.63580
1.03759
1.48313
2.00855

59
90
15
21
37

8.99862
1.16120
1.46549
1.81749
2.22239

23
98
60
79

5.33622
6.85444
8.61651
1.06490
1.29806

57
79
37

3.60289
4.60562
5.76574
7.10006
8.62675

07
86
86
77
30

2.62290
3.33600
4.15843
5.10165
6.17800

97
27

(
(

0)
1)
1

1)
1)

1)

I]

(
(

01

43
30
59
10
91

-3.06922
-2.65319
0) -2.06432
(
0) -1.27772
(
(-1) -2.66178

34
12
89
88
30

0)
0)

0)

0)

0)+l. 00000 00

0)

(
(
(

(
(

0)
0)

0)
1)

1)
1)
1)
1)
1)

'

11
99

2.55311
4.42829
6.66364
9.30049
1.23835

64
20

1.59611
2.00855
2.48129
3.02040
3.63241

70
37
50
57
26

61

38
54

-2.75000
-2.83937
-2.86423
0) -2.81244
0) -2.67062
i.i
0)
0)
0)

-2.42407
-2.05665
0) -1.55071
(
(-1) -8.86954
(-2) -4.43495
(

0)
0)

0)
0)

2)

1)

(
(

(
(

1)
1)
l)
l)

1)

0)+l. 00000 00

33
40
93
68
92

0)

-1.93831
-1.60926
-1.16684
(
(-1) -5.95815
(-l)-t-l. 20451

65

0)
0)

29
98
42
21

0)
0)

69
50
59

23
74
10

0)
0)
(

0)

2.27097
3.79559
5.60309
7.72517
1.01960

84
01
84
18
38

1.30526
1.63348
2.00855
2.43509
2.91805

48
43
37
06
85

1.00000 00

(
(

1)
1)

1)
1)

1)

31
02
67

1.0

-2.33333
-2.38362
-2.37946
-2.31115
-2.16800

00

20
28
38

0)+l. 00000 00

0.9

0.8

-3.28571
-3.43076
-3.49795
0) -3.47180
) -3.33517
0)

00

75
22

00
63
06
21
35

00

0)+1.00000 00

-6.50000
-7.05978
-7.45607
-7.64967
-7.59691

0.5

-1.07004
-9.79393
-8.27742
0) -6.04935
)-2.<
.99786

0.7

-4.00000
-4.22698
-4.35776
-4.37205
-4.24734

-9.00000 00
08
1) -1.06346 98
1) -1.10419 34
1) -1.10887 39

-1.78256 05

0.4

IS!: 9.93407

i\ -1.65079 47

0.6

a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.9
1.0

0.2

0.6
0.7
0.8

0.3

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.3

0.2

0.1

-2.00000 00
-2.02218 41

-1.99773 27
-1.91873 96
-1.77653 50

-1.56163
-1.26366
-1) -8.71351
'-1) -3.72391
-l)+2. 46564
0)

15

0)

85
71
35
64

0)

1.00000 00

2.06241
3.32891
4.82245
6.56784
8.59185

49
38
42
35
66

1.90360
2.97434
4.23056
5.69204
7.38010

36
69
48
18
13

1.09233
1.35934
1.66355
2.00855
2.39820

58
30
12
37
88

9.31770
1.15295
1.40421
1.68839
2.00855

09
31
20
43
37

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

528

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

Table 13.1

M(a,

b, x)

x=4.0
a\b

0.1

-3.90000
-5.28985
-6.56662
1) -7.65252
1) -8.45540

0.2

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1)
1)
1)

00
40
17
34
43

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2

1)

-8.86704 80

1-8.76134 25
-7.99228 75
-6.39183 19
I] -3.76752 93
1)

-0.1

0.0

0)+1.00000 00

a\b

-1.90000 00
-2.48147 20
-3.00867 57
-3.44868 41
-3.76267 54

-1.23333
-1.55982
-1.85166
-2.09004
-2.25292

33
88
07
11
22

-3.90525
-3.82372
-3.45726
-2.73610
-1.58055

-2.31462
-2.24546
-2.01126
-1.57295
-8.86027

88
12
30
45
55

49
05
34
36
26

0)+1.00000 00

0)+l. 00000 00

-9.00000 00
-1.10723 65
-1.28958 24
1-1.43486 25
1) -1.52885 30

1)
1)
1)
1)
0)

35
65
50
42
11

9.87867
2.14598
3.61972
5.45981
7.72277

6.58320
8.74427
1.13401
1.44322
1.80888

17
45
20

2.79535
3.70166
4.78740
6.07756
7.59977

32
95
93
33
67

1.60355
2.11665
2.72967
3.45631
4.31169

04
31
48
21
57

1.04714
1.37755
1.77124
2.23672
2.78343

0.7

67
27
56
89
64

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-8.46261
-7.97509
-6.91578
-5.16209
-2.57549

04
54
17
26
99

0)+1.00000 00

0)
0)
0)
0)
0)

-4.71428
-5.44175
-6.04428
-6.47484
-6.67916
-6.59496
-6.15120
-5.26711
-3.85134
-1.80088

0.8

-4.00000
-4.54078
-4.97675
0)-5. 27129
0) -5.38234

57
41
51

53
15

51
43l

0)+1.00000 00

00

0)

0)
0)

84
07
22
50

0)

0)
0)
0)

06
90

13
19
95

0)+l. 00000 00

0)
1)
1)
1)
1)

5.73952
1.18390
1.95174
2.90181
4.06117

56
73
11
11
30

4.68094
9.38676
1.52787
2.25363
3.13582

79
76
90
21
01

3.93968
7.67325
1.23229
1.80245
2.49282

87
59
94
87
52

0)

0.6
0.7
0.8

1)

5.45981
7.13090
9.11107
1.14406
1.41640

50
76
21
67
95

4.19644
5.45981
6.95271
8.70463
1.07479

69
50
64
66
72

3.31999
4.30227
5.45981
6.81475
8.39140

64
62
50
87
83

1)

1.0

1
1

1
1

1)

1
1

1)
1)

00
69
70
02
79

-1.12123 61
-1.06719 99

-9.36252 11
-7.11353 67
o -3.73199 87

0)+l. 00000 00

(
(

65
50
23

7.32759
1.55257
2.59017
3.87987
5.45981

68
11
89
49
50

53
99
33
99
47

7.37235
9.66443
1.23879
1.56000
1.93640

87
28
22
85
05

71

18

1.0

-3.44444
-3.85159
-4.16932
-4.36854
-4.41593

44
75
54
34
73

-4.27354
-3.89828
-3.24149
-2.24839
-8.57483

17
45
77
06
35

0)+l. 00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.9

0.9

0)

-5.26181
-4.85495
-4.09978
-2.92629
-1.25577

95
28
67

56
23
14
01
37

0)+l. 00000 00

1.44217
3.20473
5.45981
8.28815
1.17799

-5.66666
-6.66432
-7.50985
-8.14117
-8.48636

1)
1)
2)
2

-1.55505
-1.49445
-1.32524
-1.02255
-5.58125

08
50
09
83
31

61

-7.00000
-8.40761
-9.62460
-1.05661
-1.11333

0)

2.40818
5.45981
9.38520
1.43304
2.04591

49

0.5

1)
1)

50
21
72
25
67

0.6

0.4

5.45981
1.25936
2.18189
3.34927
4.80147

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.0

0.3

0)-3.00000
0) -3.30880
0) -3.54030
0) -3.67096

00
92
67
90
0-3.67394 51

-3.51873
-3.17081
-2.59132
(
-1.73656
(
(-1) -5.57651

0)

12
98
26
51
91

0)+l. 00000 00

3.40078
6.43024
1.01831
1.47644
2.02901

42
18
42
52
97

2.99716
5.50132
8.58729
1.23377
1.68439

17
78
05
53
84

2.68883
3.46999
4.38798
5.45981
6.70412

75
38
40
50
50

2.22065
2.85359
3.59535
4.45924
5.45981

21
16
37
13
50

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

M(a,

529
Table 13.1

b, x)

x=5.0
0.2

2)
2)
2)
2)
1)

0.0

0.3
0.4
0.5

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

08
40
71
59
89

00
34
86
90
80

-8.58991
-8.81313
-8.31068
-6.84913
-4.15313

93
79
13
57
99

1) -5.07426
1) -4.75193
l) -3.88754
1) -2.32934

0)+1.00000 00

0)+l. 00000 00

1.48413
3.53395
6.28371
9.87643
1.44760

16
30
74
86
74

6.28624
1.48413
2.62678
4.11434
6.01287

2.02699
2.74711
3.63219
4.70961
6.01029

13
92
45
17
56

8.39773
1.13545
1.49804
1.93851
2.46923

-7.33333
-1.00125
-1.25327
-1.47334
-1.64188

0.1
0.2

-1.99749
-2.06475
-1.95997
-1.62617
-9.95925

-1.56666
-2.41382
-3.23511
-3.98065
-4.58862
1)

01

16
96
26
11
11
79
92
85
43

33
62
68
02
17

2.99320
4.02706
5.28902
6.81553
8.64757

90
82
72
64
36

2.05515
2.75772
3.61329
4.64598
5.88289

14
43
22
46
14

9.72559
2.14485
l\ 3.67515
5.62973
11 8.08378

33
95
33
09
40

1.48413
1.98603
l\ 2.59579
3.33018
I) 4.20801

16
96
43
07
74

2)
2)
2)

1.11223
1.48413
1.93485
2.47651
3.12265

46
16

1)

65

2)
2)
2)

2
2)

\\
1)

72

40
37
66

0.9

0)+l. 00000 00

43
44
66
26
41

46
96

0)+l. 00000 00

40

1.25021
2.80473
4.84355
1
7.45788
2) 1.07513

0)

4.69942
6.33864
8.34418
1.07753
1.36988

09
(

19
31
45
46
28

0)+1.00000 00

0.8

0)+1.00000 00

-2.33084
-2.33646
-2.15579
-1.73399
-1.00692

2)
2)
2)
3)
3)

04
42
41
36
47

0)+1.00000 00

20
25
11
94
56

26
30

-1.05817
-1.03502
-9.31162
-7.24837
-3.90821

-3.28566
-3.31965
-3.08632
-2.50460
-1.47944

1.67304
3.81153
6.62935
1.02565
1.48413

40
93
11
73

it-

00
43
91
31
10

07
50
72
16
54

-1.33749
-1.31918
-1.19740
-9.43413
5.23827

.15818 24
0)-7J

-9.00000
-1.27235
-1.62630
-1.93973
-2.18551

2.36223
5.45552
9.55023
2) 1.48413
2) 2.15510

00
82
54
21
14

00
76
58
47
12

62
34
16
25
77

-5.25000
-6.76712
-8.16187
-9.34109
-1.01924

1)
1)
1)
1)
1)

-1.15000
-1.69201
-2.21244
-2.67925
-3.05298

3.60663
8.42893
1.48413
2.31584
3.37396

71
15
99
94
52

1)
1)
1)

2)

-4.98353 39
08
11
12
93

-6.14285
-8.13469
-9.98761
-1.15809
-1.27685

1) -1.73534 19
1) -1.72563 11
1) -1.57953 99
i)-i.'i
.25808 94

1)
1)
1)

67
36
34
33
62

0.5

1)
1)
2)
2)
2)

0.7

0.4

-2.40000
-3.90138
-5.37054
-6.71922
-7.83737

1)
1)
1)
1)
1)

0.6

9
8
7

0.0

00
46
53
90
42

0)+1.00000 00

a\b

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-4.90000
-8.48135
-1.20177
-1.52985
-1.80596

0.3

-4.55555
-5.73274
-6.80132
-7.68780
-8.30396

1.0

29
55
66

-4.00000
-4.92670
-5.75641
-6.43011
-6.87726

00
46
51
23
99

-8.54492
-8.28701
-7.38548
-5.67194

28
58
98
0)
55
0-2.95155 22

-7.01437
-6.74333
-5.94963
-4.50048
-2.24261

97
16
73

0)+1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

0)
0)
0)

70
96
16

56
31

61
78

7.81074
1.69066
1) 2.87239
1) 4.37580
1) 6.25698

40
81
67
33
73

1)
1)
1)
1)

6.43982
1.36614
2.29989
3.48308
4.95851

88
90
34
09
46

0)
1)
1)
1)
1)

5.42870
1.12729
1.87930
2.82840
4.00784

46

8.57928
1.14140
1.48413
1.89509
2.38432

78
27
16
28
45

1)
1)
2)
2)
2)

6.77444
8.98511
1.16513
1.48413
1.86309

40
69
78
16
66

1)

5.45508
7.21214
9.32612
1.18496
1.48413

08
61
06
18
16

0)
1

0)

1)
1)
2)
2)

50
02
66
13

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

530
Table

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

13.1

M(a,

b, x)

= 6.0
a\b

0.1

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

-5.90000
-1.44132
-2.33128
-3.20791
-4.00174

00
92

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-4.62243
-4.95505
-4.85579
-4.14715
-2.61250

63
80
61
07
17

0.0

0.3

0.2

14
31

16

0)+1.00000 00

2)
2)
2)
2)
2)
(

-2.90000
-6.43961
-1.01116
-1.37008
-1.69209

00
14
95
05
38

-1.90000
-3.88390
1) -5.92627
1) -7.90656
1) -9.66592

-1.94024
-2.06773
-2.01621
-1.71394
-1.07362

69
13
45
56

1-1.10002
-1.16523
1-1.13027
1-9.56011
-5.94951

1)
1)

31

0)+1.00000 00

0.4

-1.40000
-2.66287
-3.95288
-5.19335
-6.28400

00
93
49
87
93

-1.10000
-1.96459
-2.84081
-3.67618
-4.40252

00
57
83
94
67

15

-7.09668 98
-7.47062 14

51
20
89

-6.06296 12
-3.74471 97

-4.93318
-5.15995
-4.94954
-4.13963
-2.53449

77
73
27
47
16

00
81
62
11

36
61

0)+1.00000 00

-7.20700 55

0)+1.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

4.03428
9.83405
1.78513
2.86060
4.27068

1.66280
4.03428
7.30095
1.16700
1.73835

07
79
48
13
48

9.26969
2.23669
4.03428
6.43121
9.55746

34
33
79
54
91

5.89051
1.41226
2.53795
4.03428
5.98067

0.6
0.7
0.8

6.08625
8.38957
1.12757
1.48541
1.92506

2.47231
3.40149
4.56354
6.00176
7.76580

35
55
65
64
14

1.35639
1.86253
2.49428
3.27475
4.23039

99
97
70
26
92

8.46913
1.16059
1.55134
2.03319
2.62218

0.9

1.0

a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0)
1)
1)
\\

-9.00000
-1.52103
-2.14539
-2.73534
-3.24219
-3.60439
-3.74541
-3.57134
-2.96819
-1.79891

00

-7.57142
-1.21887
-1.67928
1) -2.11028
1) -2.47582

86
04
88
68
00

-1.00236
-1.35080
-1.67379
-1.94390

65
55
84
65
32

-2.12682
-2.18026
-2.05268
-1.68195
-9.93780

0)
1)
l)

70
69
89
87

61

-2.73056
-2.81841
-2.67076
1-2.20463
i)-2.;
i)-i.:.32051

0)+1.00000 00

0)+1.00000 00

1)
1)
1)

-6.50000 00
52
52
50
70

0)+1.00000 00

79
12

4.04184
9.61906
1.72165
2.72837
4.03428

10
66
84
67
79

69
73
92
84
79

5.69983
7.79473
1.03990
1.36045
1.75159

97
21
56
49
77

37
82
01

0.9

0.8

87
77
39
67

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0.0

0.7

0.6

0.5

0)+l. 00000 00

-5.66666
-8.41150
-1.11025
-1.35713
-1.56045

67
68
64
62
26

-5.00000
-7.17389
0) -9.28639
1) -1.12032
1) -1.27553

00
32
79
42
63

-1.69364
-1.72410
-1.61224
(-1.31050
11-1.2
0)-7.<
.62137

40
15
68
12
49

-1.37333
-1.38810
-1.28887
-1.03853
-5.92948

18
25

0)
0)
1)
1)
1)

93
23
12
09
50

1)
1)
1)

1.0

0)+1.00000 00

0)
0)

64
60
86

0)+l. 00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1)
1)
2)
2)
2)

2.92224
6.89588
1.22879
1.94097
2.86223

67
66
89
77
27

2.19683
5.13440
9.10486
1.43316
2.10737

78
02
97
78

1.70335
3.93817
6.94664
1.08938
1.59705

65
92
31
21
69

1.35491
3.09503
5.42797
8.47842
1.23903

58
99
37
06
18

1.10148
2.48291
4.32726
6.73053
9.80333

13
09
56
68
40

0.6
0.7
0.8

2)
2)
2)
2)

4.03428
5.50517
7.33002
9.57187
1.23026

79
98
58
15
21

2.96297
4.03428
5.36065
6.98699
8.96449

41
79
25
63
42

2.23967
3.04245
4.03428
5.24808
6.72131

22

1.73291
2.34847
3.10736
4.03428
5.15728

89
33
70
79
26

1.36726
1.84838
2.44026
3.16176
4.03428

52
13
08
35
79

0.9
1.0

3)

71

98
79
61
30

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

M(a,

531
Table

b, x)

13.1

2=7.0
a\b

0.2

0.1

-3.40000 00
2)-l. 15002 17
2) -2.03315 80
2) -2.93971 82
2) -3.79893 33

-2.23333
-6.72111
2) -1.15809
2)-l. 65375
2) -2. 12025

33
28

-2.50491
-2.73838
-2.73134
-2.37063
-1.51499

09

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

-6.90000 00
-2.66288 80
-4.82834 55
2-7.06530 95
2) -9.19980 13

1)

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

3)

-1.09929
-1.21270
3) -1.21896
3) -1.06546

2)

47

2)

2)

49
64
32
15

2)
2)
2)
2)

1)
2)
2)

3)

2-6.86139 84

0.0

0)41.00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1.09663
2.72330
5.02903
8.19139
1.24220

0.6
0.7

1.79722
2.51381
3.42679
4.57689
6.01161

0.8
0.9
1.0

d\b

0)+l. 00000 00
71
32
34

89

4.42900
1.09663
2.02058
3.28466
3) 4.97211

28
30
34
88
32

3)
4)
4)
4)
4)

7.18148
1.00289
1.36506
1.82058
2.2
.38799

47

32
73
83

2)
3)
3)
3

01

-1.06666 67
-2.43203 85
11-3.88035 55
1-5.32790 43
1) -6.65941 15
1)

1)

-7.72147 28

1-8.31498 75
1)
1)
1)
(

-8.18647 83
-7.01816 36
-4.41663 81

0)+l. 00000 00

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

716-654

7.11674
1.73382
3.16073
5.09262
7.64800

98
30

1.09663
1.52109
2.05725
2.72726
3.55678

32
75
48
12
22

64

35

31

36
47

02

23
62
82

1)

-5.74011
-6.14818
-6.02463
1) -5.14074
1) -3.21419

58

1)
1)

51
60

0)

94
15

0)+1.00000 00

-1.65000
-4.47674
-7.51697
-1.05973
-1.34754

00
11
57
99
31

-1.30000
-3.21693
-5.26450
-7.32517
-9.23583

00
87
27
82
79

-1.58243
-1.72158
-1.71005
-1.47850
-9.40594

03
27
68
91
48

-1.07780
-1.16671
-1.15389
-9.93558
-6.28867

84
10
05
67
03

0)+l. 00000 00

50292
69501
77457
09663
65368

87
44
83
32
85

1.00793
2.46763
4.51182
7.28692
1.09663

98
45
31
93
32

3.87554
5.40336
7.34333
9.77948
1.23094

96
15
78
66
89

2.38009
3.31282
4.49515
5.97748
7.81838

49
90
29
66
27

1.57543
2.18907
2.96556
3.93749
5.14269

68
73
40
79
05

0.9

-7.75000 00

0)
1)

1.0

-6.77777 78
-1.27012 46

1)
1)

-4.39120
-4.67738
-4.56087
-3.87234
-2.40338

0)

+1.00000 00

08
56
72
27
44

1)
1)
2)
2)
2)

3.05562
7.30700
1.31824
2.10704
3.14277

65
42
90

5.88720
8.13601
1.09663
1.44913
1.88419

07
69
32
63
29

2)
2)
2)
3)
3)

4.47895
6.17802
8.31248
1.09663
1.42364

79
12
87

2)
2)
3)
3)

18
19

32

54

-6.00000 00
-1.06732 11

1-1.54912

65

-2.01662 21
1-2.43133 06
1)

-2.74320
-2.88847
-2.78716
-2.34034
-1.42690

69
75
76
74
18

3.94472
9.49891
1.72012
2) 2.75715
2) 4.12222

08
32
73

0)
1)

-2.48676 78
-3.02562 11
-3.43770
-3.64095
-3.53208
-2.98287
-1.83595

14
87
46
20
13

0)+l. 00000 00

7.92047
09663
1.48067
1.95979
2.55205

0)+l. 00000 00

11
60
32
54
51

1-1.88526 21

1)
1)
2

41753
96600
09663
77901
68791

1)-3.12617 60
1) -3.83826 01

63
67
96
22
48

60
62

0.5

1-1.53927 06
1-2.33863 78

5.21962
1.26468
2.29812
2) 3.69345
2) 5.53466

i.

73
11
77
28

0.8

00
95
41
88
93

11
2

32
76
19

0)+l. 00000 00

83
80

-9.00000
-1.90770
-2.96917
-4.02257
-4.98346

0)
1)
1)
1)
1)

1)

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

I]

0.7

0.6

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.0

-4.51426
-4.95796
2) -4.96479
2) -4.32480
2) -2.77502

51
91
61
71

0.4

0.3

50
09
65
55
55

0)+l. 00000 00

2.41701
5.73511
1.03047
1.64217
2.44332

15
54

3.47456
4.78318
6.42409
8.46076
1.09663

13
84
85
16
32

00
61
87

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

532

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

Table 13.1

M(a,

b, x)

x=8.0
a\b

0.2

0.1

0.3

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1)
2)
3)
3)
3)

-7.90000
-5.35947
-1.05913
-1.62135
-2.18025

00
58
37
82
86

-3.90000
-2.23970
-4.34517
-6.59589
-8.82153

00
82
66
37
60

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3

3)

-2.67429 61

-0.2
-0.1

74
08
24
91

3)
3)

-1.07763
-1.21208
-1.23996
-1.10164
-7.20419

0.0

0)+1.00000 00

3-3.01799 53
3)

-3.09632 67
-2.75810 97
-1.80829 89

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

2.98095
7.51808
4) 1.40881
4
2.32720
4) 3.57745

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

4)
4)
5)

5.24445
7.42998
1.02553
1.38646
1.84279

3)
3)

5)
5)

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0.0

-1.71051
-1.89519
-1.91386
-1.68033
-1.08493

2)

2)
2)

0)+l. 00000 00
2)
3)
*3)

28
76
57
76
40
80

2.06625
2.92330
4.02964
5.44098
7.22305

00

17
70
22
38

4)
4)

3)
3)

4
4)
4)

0.7

0)+l. 00000 00

1.77542
4.42157
8.20490
1.34359
2.04885

34
41
47
84
12

2.98095
4.19313
5.74840
7.72114
1.01986

80
16
89
36
91

01
34

-1.50000
-5.71092
-1.04182
-1.53682
-2.01811

00
02
83
58
79

60
15
89
75
74

-2.43202
-2.70544
-2.74155
-2.41475
-1.56480

00
00
31
59
05

1)

00

1)
2)
2)

14
18

2)
2)
2)
2)
2)
(

0.5

-3.63786
-4.06244
-4.13029
-3.64902
-2.37245

0)+l. 00000 00

0)+l. 00000 00

6.35818
1.59656
2.98095
4.90796
7.52139

11
00
80
57
08

3.88567
9.73282
1.81369
2.98095
4.56094

25
54
75
80
12

2.56061
6.39631
1.18950
1.95153
2.98095

41
86
58
01
80

1.09940
1.55324
2.13822
2.88342
3.82312

42
53
46
27
68

6.65669
9.39119
1.29105
1.73873
2.30252

18
38
19
91
22

4.34399
6.11953
8.40117
1.12994
1.49443

08
13
14
43
61

1.0

0.9

0.8

-1.04285
-3.20746
-5.59749
-8.08183
-1.04680

71
94
62
59
37

-9.00000 00
-2.52522 99
-4.30847 38
-6.15107 90
-7.90952 94

-7.88888
-2.03685
-3.39751
-4.79493
-6.11965

89
45
08
78
64

-7.00000
-1.67621
-2.73380
-3.81325
-4.82945

00
46
70
44
42

1-1.24874
-1.37780
-1.38635
1-1.21307
-7.80116

83
10
99
63
43

-9.38477 69
-1.03097 46

-7.22077
-7.89678
-7.88488
-6.84858
-4.36332

10
13

-5.66582
-6.16743
-6.13297
-5.30551
-3.36181

71
32
12
30
13

1)
1)
1)
1)
2)

06
93
36
13
16

0)+l. 00000 00
63
80
41
72
69

24
44
58
35
76

-5.86783
-6.57678
-6.70780
-5.94329
-3.87580

2)
2)

1.18444
2.98095
5.57611
9.19616
1.41150

1)
1)
1)

-1.90000
-8.18608
-1.52562
-2.27325
2) -3.00441

67
73
61
31
-4.82414 97

80
32
29
88

-1.23333 33
-4.19816 11
-7.49216 65
2-1.09361 95
2) -1.42648 08

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

-2.56666
-1.26764
-2.41159
-3.62791

31

0.6

a\b

0.4

0)+1.00000 00

if)

-1.03347 63

-9.01063 22
-5.76904 74
(

0)+l. 00000 00

76

9.47420
2.34287
4.32702
7.05759
1.07237

10
19
55
09
41

36
80
63
48
87

1.55511
2.18075
2.98095
3.99294
5.26034

32
96
80
06
65

1.27804
3.17224
5.87308
9.59878
1.46114

07
03
59
19

2.12243
2.98095
4.08075
5.47370
7.22067

72
28
11

0)+l. 00000 00

1)
2)
2)
2)

2)

7.19400
1.77165
3.26355
.31172
5.:
8.C
.05582
1.16622
1.63280
2.22860
2.98095
3.92186

0)+l. 00000 00

06
19

5.57451
1.36651
2.51027
4.07661
6.17064

38
86
48
58
03

16
79
68
80
75

8.91734
1.24646
1.69869
2.26888
2.98095

62
81
84
68
80

22

46
40

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

x

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

-8.90000 00
-1.15822 92
3) -2.42781 38
3-3.83823 48
3) -5.28795 76

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

3)
3)
3)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

IS)
(

3)

5)

5
5
5)
5)

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0.0

8.10308
2.07097
3.93063
6.57367
1.02271

39
19
86
60
23

1.51686
2.17356
3.03359
4.14598
5.56941

28
27
16
16
19

2
2

-3.90366
-4.42433
-4.56001
-4.08061
-2.68584

0)+l. 00000 00

47
39
77
76
11

3)
3)
4)
4)

5.90279
8.44810
5) 1.17771
5) 1.60777
5) 2.15743

86
69
47
16
14

4)
4)
4)
5)

4)

4)

15
78
95
35

0)+l. 00000 00

13
85
76
19

0.6
0.7
0.8

8.10308
1.15389
1.60085
2.17532
2.90602

39
32
54

09

51

06

00
67
09
61
66

0)+1.00000 00

3.17569
8.10308
1.53566
V 2.56471
4) 3.98485
3)

3)
4)

91

4.49581
1.13844
2.14370
3.55908
5.49915

0.9

-1.40643 82
-1.60814 10
-1.67025 41
1.50519 87
-9.97775 31

00
01

3)

4)

1.68114
4.28218
8.10308
1.35137
2.09683

27

3.10207
4.43426
6.17433
8.41941
1.12854

78

2)
2)
3)
2)
2)
(

60
39
30

16

09
59
52
63

0.8

0.7

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1.0

11
26
92
30
72

3)
3)
3)
3)

1) -1.40000 00
1) -7.88310 88
2) -1.53831 87
2) -2.35259 85
.17089 67
2 )-3.:
2)

-2.62521
-3.00975
-3.13336
-2.82979
-1.87974

3)

0.6

a\b

44
98
78

61

79
92
15

0.4

-2.90000
-2.58988
-5.29323
-8.26992
-1.13032

16

0)+l. 00000 00

4)
4)
4)
5)

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

-6.62068
-7.60990
-7.94036
7.18584
4.78278

0.3

-4.40000
-4.70696
-9.74816
3) -1.53240
3) -2.10310

1)
2)
2)

1)
3)

Table

b, x)

0.5

-2.15000
-1.62573
-3.27532
-5.08337
-6.91755

00
25
02
71
27

-1.70000
-1.10263
-2.18739
-3.37079
-4.56573

00
21
83
66
11

-8.57840
-9.78118
-1.01340
-9.11218
-6.02698

43
66
64
60
67

-5.64186
-6.41404
-6.62844
-5.94613
-3.92362

87
84
42
38

0)+1.00000 00
1.01296
2.57548
4.86584
8.10308
1.25557

25
14
85
39

1.85508
2.64844
3.68332
5.01687
6.71721

0)+l. 00000 00

31

17
38
49
11
39

62
50
96
01
10

1.19562
1.70478
2.36805
3.22165
4.30870

36

0.9

-1.02500
-4.49394
-8.46300
-1.27296
-1.69747

00
10
77
76
84

-9.00000
-3.53363
-6.53007
-9.73476
-1.29066

88
44
07
47

-2.80365
-3.16741
-3.25546
-2.90574
-1.90735

84
38
25
94
35

-2.07304
-2.33416
-2.39208
-2.12938
-1.39363

42
78
63

-1.56947
-1.76099
-1.79922
-1.59711
-1.04195

14
80
96
34
05

18
74

0)+1.00000 00

81

96
07
75

1.0

43
35
55
69
95

81

6.57992
1.66969
3.14939
5.23683
8.10308

-1.18571
-5.86101
-1.12401
-1.70516
-2.28631

0)+l. 00000 00

13.1

= 9.0

0.2

0.1

a\b

M(a,

533

00

0)+l. 00000 00

0)
1)

-8.00000
-2.83797
-5.14354
-7.59652
-1.00113

00
81

17
04
60

-1.21196 37
-1.35492 40
-1.37997 11
2-1.22131 75
1) -7.94021 75
2)
2)
2)

0)+l. 00000 00

3.18820
8.05506
1.51408
2.50977
3.87215

43
28
89
29
54

2.32750
5.86608
1.10059
1.82136
2.80582

60
76
12
70
25

1.73981
4.37321
8.18906
1.35291
2.08094

39
78
59
34
05

1.32662
3.32490
6.21332
1.02470
1.57360

16
16
82
26
49

5.69778
8.10308
1.12277
1.52385
2.03337

22
39
41

4.12286
5.85547
8.10308
1.09842
1.46399

14
03
39
88

3.05330
4.33052
5.98502
8.10308
1.07870

38
37
62
39
28

2.30549
3.26534
4.50694
6.09425
8.10308

09
78
55
86
39

32

24

00

534

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

Table 13.1

a;

a\b

-9.90000
-2.63572
-5.74321
-9.29414
-1.30473

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

-3.23333 33

-5.63504 48
-1.20865 20

3)
3)
3)

-2.26606 51
-3.65315 21
-5.11412 18

-6.49508
-7.56478
-7.99213
-7.31898
-4.92715

4-1.26894 82
0)+l. 00000 00

0.4

-4.90000 00

4)
4)
4)

0.3

3-1.04774 98

1)

-1.66086 19
-1.93829 90
-2.05153 93
4-1.88191 87

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0.0

00
95
45
29
07

-1.94041 89
-2.70839 91

-3.43144
-3.98819
-4.20553
3) -3.84460
.58388
3) -2.!

42
22
74
36
82

0)+l. 00000 00

3)
3)
3)

26
28
66
18
05

0)+l. 00000 00

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

2.20264
5.69563
t] 1.09330
1.84869
2.90713

66
19
93
24
00

8.52983
2.20264
4.22272
7.13160
1.12016

30
66
41
87
64

4.46140
1.15043
2.20264
3.71537
5.82887

89
71
66
68
58

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

4.35713
6.30765
8.89199
1.22723
1.66450

28
47

1.67700
2.42511
3.41517
4.70872
6.38024

20
79
02
70
53

8.71652
1.25912
1.77129
2.43971
3.30250

20

4)

6)

a\b

0.6

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0.7

-1.56666 67
-1.59656 19
-3.32180 59
-5.25566 60
-7.26224 96

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.0

75
53
66

0)+l. 00000 00

3)
3)
2)

-9.12749
-1.05359
-1.10424
-1.00381
-6.70959

57
27
16
19
43

2)
3)

3)

3)
3)
3)
4)

4)

4
4)

14
17
41
08
48

-6.46204
-7.44065
-7.78122
-7.05925
-4.70898

50
06
74
89
38

0)+l. 00000 00

1.14989
2.95153
5.62785
9.45635
1.47812

01

65
57
54
55

8.05237
2.06339
3.92867
6.59238
1.02914

2.20264
3.17106
4.44649
6.10528
8.23940

66
89
42
43
35

1.53174
2.20264
3.08513
4.23152
5.70477

31

13
24
83

-2.40000
-3.45535
-7.34339
-1.17365
-1.63300

97
26
02
24

-2.06370
-2.39329
-2.51877
-2.29844
-1.54205

40
23
45
83
59

-1.90000
-2.28812
-4.81371
-7.65615
-1.06170

00

3)
3)
3)

1)
1)
2)
2)
2)

-1.75833 05

-2.74969 50
-3.77001 68

2)
2)
2)
2)
2)

63
80
20
02
10

0)+1.00000 00

00
39
33
62
13

-1.33814 35
-1.54831 36
-1.62617 94

3-1.48115 57

2)

0)+1.00000 00

-9.91916 94

2.65569
6.83804
1.30747
2.20264
3.45147

71
74
73
66
55

1.70399
4.38084
8.36496
1.40739
2.20264

66
00
74
54
66

5.15540
7.43887
1.04535
1.43835
1.94508

77

3.28620
4.73642
6.64873
9.13874
1.23458

65
75
73
32
19

06
82
42
11

0.9

-1.15000 00
-8.66482 26

-4.70972
-5.40890
-5.64358
-5.10920
-3.40090

0.5

0)+1.00000 00

0.8

-1.32857
-1.15824
-2.38103
-3.74603
-5.15669

1)
2)
2)
2)
2)

b, x)

= 10.0

0.2

0.1

M(a,

1.0

-1.01111
-6.64811
-1.33052
-2.06733
-2.82246

11
79
77
55
37

-3.51454
-4.02538
-4.19006
-3.78501
-2.51375

04
09
43
43
92

0)+l. 00000 00

-9.00000 00
-5.21121 29
-1.02772 90
-1.58596 75
-2.15560 45
2)

2)
2)
2)
2)

-2.67503
-3.05522
-3.17236
-2.85915
-1.89427

59
11
75
68
82

0)+1.00000 00

53
95

5.80387 50
77
2.82236 24
4.72945 31
7.37367 65

4.28243
1.09332
2.07532
3.47272
5.40715

19
07
55
61
90

3.22252
8.21055
1.55600
2.59995
4.04275

43
88
88
59
54

58
66
39
76
12

1.09611
1.57436
2.20264
3.01784
4.06428

8.02783
1.15166
1.60942
2.20264
2.96327

98
83
26
66
38

5.99449
8.58922
1.19892
1.63901
2.20264

62
62

11

28
40

(?) 1.48456

92

46
66
47
07

63
69
66

CONFLUENT HYPERGEOMETFJC FUNCTIONS

ZEROS OF
a\b

0.1

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

0.10000
0.11054
0.12357
0.14010
0.16173

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

0.19128
0.23411
0.30182
0.42537
0.72703

a\b

0.2

11
42

0.20000
0.22012
0.24477
0.27567
0.31555

98
73
31
31
16

0.36906
0.44470
0.56019
0.75993
1.20342

00

47
83

0.6

M(a,

b, x)

52
24
72

0.40000
0.43713
0,48196
0.53721
0.60707

00
15
35
21
04

0.50000
0.54480
0.59858
0.66443
0.74705

00
16
98
91
02

09
78
88
80
40

0.53728
0.63961
0.79200
1.04632
1.58016

C3
58
44
32
05

0.69839
0.82334
1.00591
1.30289
1.90320

96
00
69
37
51

0.85403
0.99868
1.20695
1.53918
2.19258

26
55
84
36
90

64-

0.70000
0.75888
0.82892
0.91376
1.01887

44

0.80000
0.86541
0.94291
1.03637
1.15158

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

1.00529
1.16751
1.39828
1.76075
2.45881

53
37
59

1.15298
1.33112
1.58200
1.97114
2.70808

99
03
88
63
56

1.29771
1.49044
1.75960
2.17271
2.94434

00
50
89
55

00
05

59
62
21
21

27
56
84
51

1.0

0.90000
0.97164
1.05625
1.15786
1.28256

00
85
10
85
70

1.00000
1.07763
1.16901
1.27838
1.41205

00
19
22
33
79

1.43991
1.64618
1.93215
2.36714
3.17028

63
10
19
89

1.57995
1.79887
2.10045
2.55566
3.38779

68
13
49
24
57

02

M(a, b, x), near a =6=0, that is, the smallest positive roots in
=0. Linear interpolation gives 3-4S. Interpolation by the Lagrange six-point

gives the smallest zeros in x of

x)

0.9

0.8

00
19
38
07
45

b,

0.5

00
15
44
72
99

0.60000
0.65203
0.71419
0.78986
0.88415

x of the equation M(a,

0.4

0.3

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

Table 13.2

Table 13.2

0.30000
0.32894
0.36411
0.40779
0.46354

00

0.7

91
88

535

formula in two dimensions gives 7S.

14.

Coulomb Wave Functions

Milton Abeamowitz

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties

538
538
539
539
539
540
542

Equation, Series Expansions

Recurrence and Wronskian Relations
Integral Representations
Bessel Function Expansions
Asymptotic Expansions
Special Values and Asymptotic Behavior

14.1. Differential
14.2.
14.3.
14.4.
14.5.

14.6.

Numerical Methods
14.7. Use and Extension

543
543

of the Tables

References

Table

14.1.

544

Coulomb Wave Functions

of

Order

Zero

(.5<t?<20,

1< P <20)

546

Fo(v,p)>

foPo^'P)'

'

Go(v,p),j-Go(v,p)

tj=.5(.5)20, p=l(l)20,

Table

14.2.

(ij)

7?=0(.05)3,

5S

=-*'' |r(l+iij)

The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of David

formulas and tables.

554

6S

S.

Liepman

in checking the

National Bureau of Standards (deceased).

537

Coulomb Wave Functions

14.

Mathematical Properties
Equation, Series Expansions

14.1. Differential

Differential

Fk=

14.1.12

FL

jp

Equation

(v

,p)=CL ( v )p^t( v ,p)

14.1.1

dp2

(p>0,

Irregular

p=0

it

has an

Coulomb Wave Function

a non-negative integer)

The Coulomb wave equation has

singularity at

a regular

with indices L-^l and

L;

GL ( V p)-gj^ FL

oo

14.1.2

FL

where

+ C GL
is

p)

(r),

GL (y,

function and

Coulomb wave

constants)

the irregular (logarithmic)

p) is

p)

-I

'Mv,p)
l

~2L+1

14.1.18

at h =\,

FL (v, P)=CL (v)pL+1 e- "M(L+l-i v

i

(V

P)

aLk (r,) P* +L
Mv,p)=T,k=L

14.1.17

14.1.3

= CL (r,)p^$L

2p+^|]+fe(,,

P )[ln

DL (v)CL (v)-

14.1.16

function.

Regular Coulomb Wave Function Fl(v,

14.1.4

Gl{v, p)

Coulomb wave

regular

the

(Ch

p)

(ri,

(V

e L (v,p)=DL ( v ) P

14.1.15

General Solution

p)

14.1.14

p=

irregular singularity at

iv=CiFL (ri,

$J(, )P

p-

<*?<C

kAK-n)^- HIi
h=L+l

14.1.13

!^ +[1 _?I_^+i) lw=

2L+2,

2ip)

a +1 =0,

(*-L-l)(i+Z)aJ=2i,oJ_ 1 -^_ a -(2*-l)p

(i,)4

Ii

14.1.19

,p)

2+l

14.1.5

k=L+l
14.1.6

r'(i+^)

+i
AL

r(i+iij)

AL

}+2T+

r (,)

Pl(v)

1+1'
(See Table 6.8.)

Qc+L){k-L-l)ALk =2 v ALk _ -Ai-

(k>L+2)

14.1.20

14.1.7

()

JPe

f_iyH-i

\T(L+l+iy)\
T(2L+2)

""

'

(2Z-1)(2!)

Cl{r,)=2Trr,{e^-l)- 1

14.1.8

2(ir,L)

2L+l
2L(l!)
a
2 (^-L)(^-Z+l) "

{2L)\

(See chapter 6.)

i
l

r """

tt

2
+ fo-)fa-+l)
(2Z)!

Pl(v)O

14.1.9

Cl(v)<

14.1.10

Cl(v)

14.1.11

^W_(l+^ )(4+r?
,2

538

fo+-l)

2 V (2L+l)

-L(2lIi)
2

(v)

Cl -

'=f=^)f^ln2 P+g 1+ ,-ft(

<?
.

,))

(L +t, )2^
2

2
)

14.1.21

(2L+1)[(2L)!] 2

+&fo,

P)

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

14.1.22

9'

L=f- dL (r,,

dp

p)=DL (r,)p- L -yt(v,

14.2.

539

Recurrence and Wronskian Relations

p)

Recurrence Relations
If

14.1.23

uL =FL (r),

p)

GL ( V

or

p),

L^=(ZMV)*^-i-(-+*?K
dp

14.2.1

Gi

14.2.2

.F,

(Z+l)

<

^==[
-^+v}uL -[(L+iy+r, uL+l
ap
{

14.2.3

L[(L+iy+ v 2 i uL+1 =(2L+l)[ v +

L(L+1)
]uL

Wronskian Relations
F'LGL

14.2.4

-FLG'L =1

FL ^ GL -FL GL - =L(L + v )-i

2

14.2.5

14.3. Integral

Representations

14.3.1
ip

p~ L

ie~
FL +iGL = (2L+l)\C
-1.2

e-'^- "(i+2ip) L+1 ^i

i

L (v)J
j;

14.3.2

Figure

14.1.

FL

(V ,

p),

GL

( V)

FL -iGL =

p).

,= 1 )P =10
e~" 'pL+1
,

{2L+l)\CM r:

-M(i_^-^(i+^+i^

S, ,-Gj_

14.3.3
g-T, +l

p
FL +iGL = (2L+l)!C

i (,)

(1-tanh 2

i+1 exp [-i(p tanh *-2ijZ)]

<)

+{(1 + **)^ exp [-pt+2r) arctan

14.4. Bessel

*]}d

Function Expansions

Expansion in Terms of Bessel-Clifford Functions

14.4.1

FL (v, p)=CL (V

^M

P~

L
,

b k t*>

Ik {2jt)

k=2L+l

(t=2 V p,

v >0)

14.4.2

Figure

14.2.

FL>

F'L

,= 10, P =20

GL

and G'L

GL {? ,p)~DL (?i)\L {ri)p- L

l

fc=2+l

(-irb k t k

'

K {2^t)

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

540

/i=(l/5)x2

14.4.3

/2

^{k-2L)b k+1 +kb k ^+b k . =Q

=~ (2^+6)

(k>2L+2)

/.-

63000

(84:r

+1480x 4 +2320x)

14.4.4

=-(1/5)*
K(v)

(-l)*(fc-l)!6*=2

^ = 350

k=2L+l

( 7:r5

(See chapter 9.)

y3

Expansion in Terms of Spherical Bessel Functions

14.4.5

FL

(1056x 6 -1160x3 -2240)

(See chapter 10.)

P)=

(r,,

63000

- 30a;2

1-3-5

k=L

<sp

S hJ-J
\

(2L+l)pCL ( v )

k+i (p)

14.4.6
b L =l,b L+1

2L+3
L+l

Asymptotic Expansion for Large Values of

fc(fc+l)-Z(Z+l)
-

(fc-l)(fc-2)-(+l)

2 ^*-!

(*>+!)
(2L+l)p(7 (,)

no7,p)=i-3-5
(i+1)
(2L+1)

&

\2Tp^L

~i

*P
14.4.8

ft+i
+1
*

(X+2)
(2L+3)

^^

L+1

cos

0j+/

sin 6L

14.5.2

(71,=/ cos

0^ g

sin 0

V ^P

Jk+h(p)

i^=flf* cos dL +f* sin 0^

cos

Qi=f*
9L

0^-^*

=p

y]

In

sin fc,

gf*-fg*= 1

2p Z q+oi

o-=arg r(Z+l+i7?)

14.5.6

6*.

2/3

(2^)

(See 6.1.27, 6.1.44.)

(t-1)
(2&-1)

M=

14.5.3

14.5.5

14.5.7

Expansion in Terms of Airy Functions

x= (2 V -p)/(2r,y>*

FL =g

14.5.4

fc=+l

^=7^^
(2+3)

14.5.1
*~ 2 '

2fc

14.4.7

Asymptotic Expansions

14.5.

(2*4-1)

ij0

<7i

<j

v
+ arctan L+1

(See Tables 4.14, 6.7.)

p -2t7 |<2t7

14.4.9

14.5.8

/~S/*,
fc=0

fl"-2 9kJ*~ibft, g*-T,

k=0

fc=0

fc=0

where
Ai'(x) fi
""Bi'Ca)

Jt

m~V

/o=l, ^ =0,/J = 0, ^*=1 77/p

'

]}

fk+i^&kfk

14.4.10

b kg k

gk+i=a>kgk+b k fk
&o(l,P)

'Bi(;z)

92+xj2

<^+^
(92+M

]}

ft+iUkftb/cgifk+i/p

g*+i=a kgt+b k f$g k+1 /p

ak

_ (2k+l) v
-(2k+2) P

'

0k

- L(L+l)-k(k+l)+r,
(2k+2)p

gl

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

541

14.5.9
,,

(iy-L)(iy+L+ l)

f+ig~l+,

(iy-L)(iy-L+l)(iy+L+l)(iy+L+2)

r-

'

2l(2ip)2
2\(;2ipy

1!(2
(2i P
p))

(iy-L) (iy-L+1) dv-L+2) (iy+L+1) (iy+L+2) fa+Z+3)

-

3!(2ip) 3

'

Asymptotic Expansion for L = Q, p=2ij>>0

F (2y)

14.5.10

r(l/3)j8^

GQ (2y)/^~

14.5.11
r(2/3)

U2 V)
"

2 T(2/3)

^35 T (1/3)

|8

is

rg/3)

i
f

(2y)/y[3^2^py*

2Vi

ztl-|

2:

"l5 T(2/3)

/3

32

6_r

6
/3

^737M0 4

T(l/3)

"l8711- 10 3 r(2/3)

|8=(2ij/3)H,

T (2/3)

92672

8100

ii48
11488

56700

1
10

r(l/3)

'

"'

'

|8

...}

r (1/3) =2.6789 38534

T (2/3) = 1.3541 17939

14.5.12

F (2?)

<?o(2ij)

.70633 26373,

04959 570165

Wf

.00888 88888 89

4.22340 4016
00245 51991 81

00025 34684 115

.00091 08958 061

14.5.13
i?o(27?)

<%(2ij)~

.40869 57323,

_u

-. 70788 17734 1??

1=t

.17282 60369

.00031 74603 174

y

.00358 12148 50
a*.

00031 17824 680

.00090 73966 427

i.

14*
14
*

77=10

Figure
,=0,

14.3.

F (y,

Figure

p).

,=0,
1, 5,

14.5.
1, 5,

10, p/2

I4W

16

/Iff.

20\

'

#oO?, p)10, p/2

2^ M24

/T)=I0

Figure
tj=0,

14.4.
1, 5,

F' {y,
10, p/2

p).

Figure
,=0,

14.6.
1, 5,

Gg(i?, p).
10, p/2

t"

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

542
14.6. Special

Values and Asymptotic Behavior

>0, p=0

14.6.1

L=0, 2r,p

14.6.10

F ~

FL =0, F'L =0

jSe-;

^~

(|8- 2

+^ - j8*}^o
2

"877

Q'L =-co

GL =co,

=0, P =0

14.6.2

F =0, K=C
fll=i/CWf), fl5=

t=p/2r,

(r,)

a=2ij{[*(l-<)]*+arcsin 0-|tt}

L->co

14.6.3

FL ~CL

(r,)

L+1
P

=0,

14.6.4

17=0

0={*/(i-*)}*

F = sin

O' =sin p

p,

=0, p2t7

14.6.11

Fq=cos

i^o= si n P,

G =cos

6L ^BL {-n)p- L

/3;

G =a cos

F^=-t

Go=-t

jS;

(bF

-aG

(aFQ +bGo)

14.6.5

GL +iFL ~exp

i[p-^-v In

>0,

14.6.6

^i=(W)

2p

2"+^]

St 3

a=(- r) i exp
1-*' "-1

77=0

/t+i(p)

[1

"'10
'^'

(!-<)*
*

*V

FL

SW)
Fo~e-

ir

"M

l-(l-*)*

+ 21,ln[ l + (l-0^n
,

*?0,

2r?~p

PL
(ri,

p)

Gl (v,p)

(2^)^ +1 [2(2,p)*]

14 "
2

/Ai(*n

(+1)

'-\lir

Pi =r7+h

2ijp

=-0,

14.6.8

il
(l-0 3J

(2^p)4/2i+1 [2(2^p)*]

i+i

(2n)

14.6.12

(2+l)!<7i (r,)

St*

a=t-\l-t)i, 6=[8 (l-0]" 1

>0, 2t7 p

14.6.7

64(2r?)

\Bi(*)/

+(+i)] 1/2

^u-p^+^^V

J/i[2(2i7p)i]

Pi

Pi

K~e-' "(2^)^ [2(2r,p)i]

r

>?0,

14.6.13

G^2e^(^JK [2{2y p)^)

1

x=(2 v -p)(2 v )-v*

[G
G'

2(^Je*>>K

+iF ]^^

[2(2r] p)i]

=0,

2t7 p

/TV"

a=2-^2i]p

GL

(2 v )-^[Bi'(x)+iAi'(x)]

770
=v+lv 2 +L(L+l)Y /2

^Tm.fPA
2^ \3j
PL )/^

^(Pi)

7T7;

Upl)
/3=(p/2r?)i

(2 v )^[Bi(x)+iAi(x)}

14.6.14
pL

GQ ~&e- a ;G'

[Go+ifi\
14.6.9

2t7~p

L(Pi)/V3

l/6

f,

(+1)1
P

.rji/^f.
~

2^

"*

~ 1/6

(+D l
p

1/6

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

p=2r

14.6.15

14.6.17

r(i/3)

/2gy

tf

2^

V3 7

/V3~

i?-*0

/8

-^/V3^2V^(2W3)

(;?)~

<r

(7=Euler's constant)

-yv

2L

CM-

T(2/3)

Fo

543

L\

(2i+l)!

1/6

>co

14.6.18

14.6.16
<r

CM

(i7)~[;j-H(ln 771)]

2*Z!

-ir,/2

(2Z+1)!

(Equality to 8S for >?>3.)

Numerical Methods
14.7.

In general the tables as presented are not simply

interpolable.

However, values

for

Z>0 may

be

obtained with the help of the recurrence relations.

The values of GL (r), p) may be obtained by
applying the recurrence relations in increasing
order of L. Forward recurrence may be used for
Fl(v, p) as long as the instability does not produce
In this
errors in excess of the accuracy needed.
case the backwards recurrence

scheme

(see

decreasing order of L:
(l)

(2)

(3)

Ft

FL

Fl

11

0.

10

1.

49284
5225
61. 3603
191.238
523. 472

v =2

GL

1.

2
3
4

1.

2.

5.

G'L

0815
4969
0487
0941
6298

3.

1.

60286
56619
79597
7318
5493

The values of G'L are obtained with 14.2.1.

Example 3. Compute (70(17, p) for 77=2, p=2.5.
From Table 14.1, #(2, 2) = 3.5124, G' (2, 2)
for

i=0

Successive differentiation of 14.1.1

gives

dk+2w

k~ 1

k+1

<*-,) H ddPk+1w + ddp* wT)

,ft+2

4.

G'L (r], p) for

= 2.5554.

(4)

and

p)

Using 14.2.2 and 6 (2, 5) = .79445, Oi = -67049

from Table 14.1 we find G {2, 5) = 1.0815. Then
by forward recurrence using 14.2.3 we find:

Ex-

ample 1) should be used.

Example 1. Compute FL (ri, p) and F'L {y\, p) for
p=5, Z=0(l)5. Starting with F&=\,
v =2,
Fu=0, where F*=cFL we compute from 14.2.3 in

Example 2. Compute GL (r),

P =5, =1(1)5.

Use and Extension of the Tables

dp

17.

6
5

1238. 53

2486. 72

4158. 46

5727. 97

6591.81

Taylor's expansion
(Ap) 2
1

.090791
.21481
.43130
72124
99346
1. 1433
.

091

1043

215
4313
72125
99347
1433

2030
3205
3952
3709
29380

/;/F*=1.7344X10- =cThe values in the second column are obtained

from those in the first by multiplying by the
J

normalization constant,
JFt where
known value obtained from Table 14.1.

is

the

starting with ^i*6 =l and Fi*6 =0

same results.
In column 3, the results have been given when

2!

we

w" +

is

w(p+Ap)

With

w=G

w(p)

(ri,p)

+ (Ap)w'

and Ap=.5

get:

d kG
dp"
3.

(A P )*d*G
fc!

5124

-2. 5554
3.

5124

-6. 0678
12.

136

-29. 540
83. 352
-268. 26

3.

dP k

5124

-1. 2777
43905
12641
03160
00769
00181
00042

Repetition
yields the

used in increasing order of L.

F'L (column 4) follows from 14.2.2.

14.2.3

is

(2, 2.

5)=2. 5726

As a check the result is obtained with ti2, p=3,

Ap= .5 The derivative G'Q {r), p) may be obtained using Taylor's formula with

wG'

(ri,

p).

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

544

References
Texts
[14.1]

M. Abramowitz and H. A. Antosiewicz, Coulomb

wave functions in the transition region. Phys.

Rev. 96, 75-77 (1954).

Biedenharn, Gluckstern, Hull, and Breit, Coulomb
functions for large charges and small velocities.
Phys. Rev. 97, 542 (1955).
[14.3] I. Bloch et al., Coulomb functions for reactions of
protons and alpha-particles with the lighter
nuclei.
Rev. Mod. Phys. 23, 147-182 (1951).
[14.4] Carl-Erik Froberg, Numerical treatment of Coulomb
wave functions. Rev. Mod. Phys. 27, 399-411

Tables
[14.6]

Phys. Rev. 96, 77-79 (1954).

Go, G'

[14.2]

[14.7]

I.

and M. Abramowitz, Generation of

Coulomb wave functions from their recurrence

2r,

Government Printing

**(, p)

[14.8]

and

Office,

Washington,

p)

**fy

for p=0(.2)5,

10, 11, 20, 21,

Numerical Computation Bureau, Tables

taker functions

[14.9]

F F

8S.

Tabulates

17= 5(1)5, Z=0(l)5,

Phys. Rev. 98, 1851 (1955).

Tabulates

= = 0(.5)20(2)50,

National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Coulomb

wave functions, vol. I, Applied Math. Series 17
(U.S.

A. Stegun

relations.

for P

D.C., 1952).

(1955).
[14.5]

M. Abramowitz and P. Rabinowitz, Evaluation of

Coulomb wave functions along the transition line.

(Wave functions

in a

of

7D.
Whit-

Coulomb

field).
Report No. 9, Japan (1956).
A. Tubis, Tables of non-relativistic Coulomb

wave

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

La-2150, Los Alamos, N. Mex. (1958). Values

functions,
of

F'o,

G' , P =0(.2)40; i,=0(.05)12,

5S.

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

546
Table 14.1

OF ORDER ZERO
COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

1-3.
see Examples
For use of this table

Fo(i.p)

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

547

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO

Table 14.1

Go(fp)

2.

3)

2.

760C
9. 5899
3.3815
1.2081
4. 3664
1.5946
5. 8778
2.1850
8.1855
3. 0882

5790
1.2482
3.4980
1.0041
2. 9432
8. 7893
2. 6689
8.2266
2.5706
8.1333

14)
15)

1.1727
4.4801
1.7211
6. 6465
2.5793
1.0055
3.9366
1. 5474
6.1061
2.4181

6029
4187
2. 7496
9. 0625
3.0124
1.0093
3.4069
1.1581
3.9629
1.3645

15)
16)
17
17)
18)
18)
19)
20)
20 )
21)

9. 6091
3.8309
1.5320
6.1445
2. 4714
9.9670
4.0300
1. 6335
6. 6365
2. 7024

4.7264
1.6463
5. 7652
2. 0292
7.1771
2.5502
9.1019
3.2623
1.1741
4.2418

o
1
1
2

3
!

10.0

9)

10)

10
11

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

4
(

5
6

6
~l'

7
8

11)
12)

13
13)

(
(

(
(
(
(

0431

0886
9.8003
2. 6401
7. 6551
2.3355
7.4015
2.4167
8.0855
4.

o'

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

1.1975

Oy

2
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

1.8193
4.

2.
8.

GoG?,p)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

5.5
6.0
6.5

!) -5.

("

o -1.2636

-4.2300
i -1. 3813
i -4. 5128
2 -1.5015
2' -5.1001
3 -1.7657
3 -6.2161
4; -2.2206
o;

(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(

4) -8.0354
5 > -2.9409
b -1. 0873

6) -4.

8)
8)

12.

12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

0566

7 -1.5259
)
7 > -5.7831

10.5
11.0
11.5

6132

-2.2067
-8.4732

9 -3.2724
)
10) -1.2706

10) -4. 9580

ID -1.9437
11 -7.6530

12) -3.0256
13) -1.2008
13) -4.7827
14) -1.9115
14) -7.6643

15 ) -3.0826

(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(
(

716-654

16) -1. 2434

16) -5.0296
17) -2.0399

17 ) -8.2941
18 -3.3805

-1.3810
19 -5.6545
20) -2.3201
20; -9. 5394
21) -3.9299
19;

22) -1. 6221

64

36

5494
-7.4783
-5.7358
-8. 3499
-1.9326
-4. 8566
-1.2438
-3.2646
-8. 8150
-2.4467
-8.

9635
0268
-6.0185
-1. 8195
-5. 5897
-1. 7425
-5. 5045
-1. 7601
-5. 6909
-1.8591
-6.
-2.

-6.1315
-2.0402
-6.8449
-2.3143
-7.8819
-2.7027
-9. 3274
-3.2386
-1.1310
-3.9713
-1.4017
-4.9720
-1.7719
-6.3433
-2.2806
-8. 2334
-2. 9841
-1.0857
-3.9642
-1.4526

- 1) -3.
- l) -8.
- 1) -7.
-

4747
3273
0346

11-5.6167
11-7.6379

0-1.6029
0) -3.

7375

0-8.9366
1-2.1901
1) -5. 5222
2)

-1.4325

2) -3. 8154
3) -1.0408
3)
3)
4)
4)

-2. 9006
-8. 2422
-2. 3835
-7. 0031

51-2.0878
5) -6. 3080
6) -1.9295

6) -5.

9693

7-1.8664
7) -5.

8932

8-1.8780
0367
9)-l. 9562
91-6.3878
10)-2. 1009
10) -6. 9573
11) -2. 3188
8) -6.

11) -7. 7763

12) -2. 6230
12) -8. 8973

131-3.0340
14) -1.0399
14) -3. 5813
15) -1.2392
151-4.3069
161-1.5033
16) -5. 2691

11

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

548

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO

Table 14.1

Fo(v,p

,\

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

-1. 0286
- 1 -1. 6718
- 1 +8.7682

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

- ij
- 2s

1.2850
1.1633
8. 3763
5.2251
2.9445
1. 5362
7. 5384

2)

3.

2'

- 5'
- 6)

5181
1.5740
6.7927
2.8407
1.1557
4.5875
1.7814
6.7813
2.5352
9.3224

- 6)

3.

- 3

3'
?;

- 4
|
|

4:
5'

6'

7'

8'

- 8*
- 9
- 9<
-io;
-13)
;

3763
1.2058
4.2504
1.4802
5. 0971
1.7367
5.8586
1.9579
6.4858
2.1306

0'

l'

- 1'
- 1
- 1
|

A\
- 2
- 3'
- 3
- 3'
- 4'
- 4'

4'

- 5)
(

- 5)
- 6)

- 6
-

7'

7'

- 7
- 8'

8'

9)

- 9)

6.9438
2.2461
-121 7.2135
-121 2.3009
-13 7.2918
-13: 2.2965
-14) 7.1900
-14 2.2382
-15 6. 9296
-15! 2.1342

0148
1.3237
1.1803
8.6154
5.5158
3.2100
1.7351
1.

8. 8379
4.2849
1.9924
8.9366
3. 8839
1.6415
6. 7674
2. 7281
1. 0776
4.1786

1.5930
5. 9782
2.2113
8. 0697
2.9081
1. 0358
3. 6487
1.2720
4. 3915
1. 5022

5.0935
1. 7129
-11) 5.7147
-111 1.8924
-12 6.2217
-I?! 2.0316
-13 6. 5907
-13 2.1247
-14 6. 8088
-14) 2. 1694

-11)

-10)

0351
0333
0763
3340
1.1181
1.3540
1.1952
8. 8245
5.7720
3.4502

- 1) +1.
0'
-1.
- l' -7.
- l' +3.

- 1 +1.1034

0'
0'
0'

" !
- 1)
- 1)

- 4)

1.9214
1.0100
5.0593
2.4318
1.1277
5. 0678
2.2145
9.4374
3.9317
1.6046

- 5)

6.

- 5

2.
9.

" l
l
- 1

- 2
- 2'

2'

3'

- 3
- K

- 4

-10'

-11'

- 1) -7. 6744
- 1 -9. 0632

6'

6'
6'

7'

7'

8'

8'
9;

4260
5293
7972
3. 7389
1.4073
5.2291
1.9195
6. 9669
2.5016
8. 8925

3.1309
1. 0924
3.7787
-10' 1.2965
-11 4.4135
-11) 1.4913
-12 5. 0033
-12
1.6672
-13 5.5194
-13) 1.8158
" 9
)
- 9'
-101

9
|

10

- 1) +8.8802
- 1 -4. 3441

-1.1015

-1
- v
- 2
- 2

- 2
- 3

- 3

- 3
- 4
(

- 4
- 5

- 8

1.

- 9
- 9

6.

- 6
- 6

- 7
- 7
- 7

-10
-10
-11
-11
-11
-12
-12

1.

- 1
-

3992

1.2207
9.1794
6. 2092
3.8720

- 1
- 1
- 2

- 2
- 2

- 3

2.

2615

1.2511
6.6087
3. 3543
1.6440
7. 8106
6091
1.6263

3.

-I
- 4
- 4
- 4
- 5
- 5
- 6
- 6

- 6
- 7
- 7

6612
0045

2.1502
7. 6316
2.6859
9.3772
3.2487
1.1173
3. 8154
1.2942

- 1 -3. 0351
- 1 +6.6010

1.2627

6697
0964
1.1325
5.8352
2. 8870
1.3786
6.3805
2. 8716
1. 2603
5.4065

- 8

- 5

3.
2.

2.2716
9. 3643
3.7930
1.5115
5.9333
2.2964
8. 7713
3.3091
1.2340
4.5511

- 5

- 1 +4.7756
- 1 -8. 0125

-1.0616

- 1 -4. 9930
- 1 +5.1312

1.1984
1.3786
1.2085
9.0109
6.0014

- 1 +9. 3919

- 8
- 8
- 8

- 9
- 9
|

-10
-10
-11
-11
-12

7.1627
3. 0895
1.3072
5.4341
2.2220
8.9480
3.5521
1. 3913
5. 3814
2.0569
7746
2.9076
0765
3. 9479
1.4347
5.1691
1.8470
6. 5478
2.3038
8. 0470
7.
1.

,P)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

- 1) -1. 6439
- 1' -8.9251

+6. 5317

-A] -4.9515

- 1 -5.9833
- A -4. 4197

-8. 7151
-4. 9758

- i +2.9104
3.6867
3. 0694

- 3
-1.2700
1'

A
H

- 2
- 2)
- 2

- 3
- 3;
- 3
- 4

- 4'
- 4'
- 5
5<

:S]
- 7
- 7

- 8
- 8
- 8,
- 9
-

9,

-10)

-10
-11)

-11
-12
-12
-13
-13
-14
-14
-15

3.5199
1.7018
7. 8549
3. 4861
1.4956
6.2296
2. 5276
1.0018
3. 8880
1.4803
5.5384
2. 0392
7. 3981
2. 6475
9. 3549
3.2665
1.1280
3.8550
1.3046
4. 3743
1.4540
4.7930
1.5677
5. 0893
1.6405
5.2523
1. 6708
5. 2819
1.6599
5.1871

+2.8830
3.5660

2.

- li

0917
1.2557
6. 8842

1'

1;

- 2)

2
3
3
- 3

- 4
- 4
- 4

5)

- 5
!
- 6

- 6

- 6
_ 7
-

- 8
- 8

9*

- 9)

-10,
-10J

-10
-11
-11
-12
-12
-13
-13
-14

3.

0193

2.1173
1.3148
7. 4742
3.9680
1.9931
9. 5595
4. 4083
1.9647
8.4983
3.5795
1.4721
5.9256

2.3388
9. 0675
3.45/9
1.2988
4. 8095
1.7578
6. 3458
2.2647
7.9952
2.7940
9.6701
3.3165
1.1277
3. 8030
1.2726
4.2267
1. 3939
4. 5659
1.4859
4.8057

- x ) +9. 6217
- 1 +2.6293
- l' -6. 7918

- l' -8.2026
- 1 -4.1714

1 +4.
1 +8.
1

-7.7036

- 2 +3.0507
- l' 2. 8559
- l' 3.4667

1 -7. 6083
- 1 -3.5216
- 2 +5.4822
- 1
2. 8296

- 1

2.9748
2.1357

- 1

1.3640
7.9960
4.3832
2.2750
1.1280
5.3775
2.4777
1.1077
4.8216
2. 0487

- 1

l'

- 1)

2'
2'
2'
2'
3'
3'
3'
4;

- 4

- 5

- 5
" 5
" 6

- 1

- 7)
" 7
)
- 7

- 8
- 8)

- 9

- 9;
-10)
-101

-U
-11
-121
-12
-121

5.4422
1.9382
6. 8378
2.3909
8. 2893
2.8507
9. 7283
3.2955
1.1085
3.7036

- 2
- 2
- 2
-

3
3
3

- 4

- 6

8.

61

-13

5166
3. 4707
1.3887
5.4642
2.1167
8. 0818
3. 0443
1.1324
4.1623
1.5130

- 1

5
5
- 6

- 6

- 1 -3.9577
- 1 +8. 4114
- 1 +6. 3051

8856
6117

2 -5.9095

- 7
- 7
- 8

- 8
- 9
- 9

- 9

-10
-10
-11
-11
-12
-12

<

- 1 -2.9887
- 2 +7.3929
- 1
2. 8044
- 1
3. 3103

3.3827
2.9346

2.1489
1.4058
8.4608
4. 7685
2.5468
1. 2999
6.3815
3. 0279
1.3940
6.2477

_ 1 -2.9353
- 1 -8. 0858
- 1 -7.0180

- 1
_ ^

- i
- 2

<

- 2
- 2
- 2
- 3

- 3
- 3

7329
1.1694
4.9038
2. 0187
8.1695
3. 2541
1.2772
4. 9445
1. 8896
7.1342

- 4
- 4
- 4

2.6629
9.8333
3. 5942
1.3011
4. 6667
1. 6593
5.8508
2.0467
7.1053
2.4488

- 7

2.

- 5

6
6
- 7
- 7

- 8

- 8
- 9
- 9

-10
-10

-10
-11
-11

2.8982
2.1583
1.4416
8. 8777
5.1268
2.8081
1.4707
7.4103
3.6095
1. 7060
8494
3.5246
1. 5479
6. 6617
2. 8139
1.1682
4.7727
1.9209
7.

7. 6241
2.9865

1.1555
4.4191
1.6715
6. 2571
2.3192
8.5155
3.0988
1.1181
4.

0014

1.4209

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

549

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO

7

v\t
0.5
1.0
1.5

2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

-1.8864
1-1.0908
1 1-7.8946
2 )+5.7313
1
8.5834
1.4847
2.0980
3.0138
4. 7449
8.2720
1

2
2

3
3
4
4j

4
5
5
6
6

7
7
8
8

9
9

10
10
11
11
11
12
12
13
13)

1-1.1403
1 1-6.8409
1 1+1.4966
1 ) 9.1321
1.5205
2.1165
2.9779
4.5475

1
1

1 1-5.9842

1
2

- 1 1+7.0005

1.5713
3.1910
6. 8300
1.5259
3. 5340
8. 4429
2.0726
5.2121
1.3393
3. 5096

7.6426
3964
2.7266
5.6125
1.2063
2.6887
6. 1843
1. 4623
3.5436
8. 7792

3971
7.1665
1.2667
2.3913
4. 7587
9. 8888
2.1316
4. 7425
1. 0850
2. 5448

2
2
3
3

9.3615
2.5381
6. 9851
1.9492
5.5096
1. 5761
4. 5596
1.3330
3.9356
1.1728

4
4

3.5260
1.0689
3.2661
1. 0055
3.1176
9.7326
3. 0582
9.6692
3. 0754
9.8379

1
1

2
2
3
3

2.2190
5.7119
1.4951
3.9745
1.0718
2.9290
8. 1041
2.2686
6.4200
1.8356

5
6
6

6
7
7
8

13

6.1041
1. 4943
3.7266
9. 4543
2.4367
6.3731
1. 6898
4. 5378
1.2333
3.3897

4
4
4
5
5
6

6
7
7

5.2995
1. 5441
4.5382
1.3449
4.0168
1.2087
3. 6634
1.1179
3.4335
1.0612

9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12

- 1 1+5.2116
- 1 1+9.7148
- 2 ) -9. 0032

-1.0415
-1.1041
- 1 -5. 0095
- 1 1+2.9641

0040
1.5818
2.1507
1.

4.

4158
2. 6418
7. 4830
2.1387
6.1650
1.7916
5.2473
1.5483
4.6007
1.3764

7
8

9.

8
9
9

10
10
11
11
12

dp

10

1+1.0284
)+2. 9114
1 -8.7095
-1.1353
1 -5. 8782
1 +2. 2822
1
9. 6127
1. 5526
2.1340
2.9524

1.

1
1

Table 14.1

1
1
1

1
2
2
2
3
3

4
4
4
5

5
6

6
6

7
7

8
8

9
9
9

10
10
11

2.9338
4.2789
6. 7939
1.1669
2.1389
4.1320
8.3352
1. 7442
3. 7678
8. 3709
1.9070
4. 4437
1.0570
2.5623
6. 3199
1.5841
4. 0302
1. 0398
2.7177
7.1908

1.9247
5.2078
1.4237
3.9301
1. 0950
3.0778
8.7237
2.4925
7. 1762
2.0813

-4.

1435

1 +9. 4287
1 +7.4235
1 -3. 9931
-1. 1456

-1.0601
-4.2253

+3. 5656
1.
1.

1
1

1
1

J
2

3
3
3

4
4

5
5
5

6
6
7

7
7
8
8
9
9

10
10

0426
6085

2.1665
2.9202
4.1837
6. 4944
1. 0879
1.9428
3. 6553
7. 1811
1. 4634
3. 0787
6618
4783
3559
7.7783
1.8375
4. 4178
1. 0796
2. 6784
6. 7399
1.7186
6.
1.
3.

4374
1592
3. 0621
8.1738
2.2037
5.9978
1. 6472
4. 5626
1. 2742
3. 5867
4.
1.

Go(v. P)

1)

+9.4204
+1. 5804

0)

0177
8017
4488
-5.4037
-6.8137
-1.2552

3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

o!

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

1)
1

i)

i
i)
2

2
3'

3
4
4|

-1.2704
-2.9032
-6.8237
-1.6477
-4. 0793
-1. 0333
-2. 6728
-7. 0464
-1.8904
-5. 1540

8515
0407
1 -2.2915
-5.1862
1
2 -1.2056
2) -2. 8738
2) -7. 0107
3 -1. 7469
3 -4. 4387
4) -1.1482

0829
-4. 2272
-8.7913
i -1.8751
i -4.1077
i -9. 2394
2 -2.1308
2 -5. 0295
3 -1.2129
3) -2. 9831

4262

4 -3. 0197

-4. 0011

-1.1369
-3.2694
6 -9.5069
7 -2.7936
i -8. 2899
8 -2. 4829
8)

- 1 +8.9368

-2.6310
-5.7112

6
6

9)

- 1) -1. 0134

5441
-1.1510
-2.3175

5) -1.
5

1 +7. 0722
1 +7.7643
2 -5. 6347
1 -6. 4998
1 -7. 5558

7724
0611
7507
3342
0700
- i' -5.2327
- i -6. 3266
o) -1. 0709

-6.
1) -7.
1) -6.
1

-7.5021
-2.2856

9 -7.0183
)
10 -2.1712
10) -6.7650
11) -2.1221
11) -6.7001
12 -2.1285
12) -6.8019
13 ) -2.1860

13 -7.0638
14 -2. 2945

1 -6.2420

V -5.3136
-6.

-4.
1 -1.

4 -8.

0639

-2.1843
5 -5.9953
6 -1.6661
5

6 -4. 6839
7 -1.3312
7 -3.8226
8 -1.1083

-3.2430

8 -9.5716
!

-2. 8485

-8.5435
-2.5817
-7.8569
-2.4075
-7.4250
-2.3043
-7.1939
-2.2589

10
10,

11
11
12
12
13

+5.
- i -2.
- i -6.
- i -7.
- i -6.

0) -2.

- 1 -8. 3938
- 1 +3. 7613

1) -8.

- 1 +9.0303
- 1 +3.9589
- 1 -3.1180
- 1' -6. 8725
- 1' -7.1359
- 1' -5.9237
- 1' -5.1597

- 1

-6.1460

0) -1.
0'

0071

2)

-1.9007
-3.7545
-7.6010
-1. 5769
-3. 3574
-7. 3362
-1. 6432
-3.7670
-8.8229

3
3

1
1'
2;

l)
1

l)
1

l)

9014
-4.3326
+6.6389
+8.3156
+2. 4273
-3. 8780
-6. 9193
-6. 9585
-5.7969

1) -5.

0932

1) -5.9925
l) -9. 5489

lj
1
1
2

2)

-1.7550
-3. 3846
-6. 6920
-1.3548
-2. 8128
-5.9900
-1. 3072
-2.9193

-2.1080
-5.1298

2 -6. 6607

-4.9246
5 -1.2929
5 -3.4407
5 -9.2739
6 -2. 5296
6 -6.9781
1
7 -1.9454
7) -5.4781

4 -1.2698
4 -3.1937
4 -8. 1522

3 -3. 6759
3 -8. 8669
4 -2. 1734

5573
-4.4670
-1.2923
-3. 7692
-1.1079
-3.2807
-9. 7840
-2.9377
-8. 8779
-2.6998

7 -2. 9344
7 -8.1256

3 -7.

4717

4 -1.9033
4,

81 -1.
8'

9)

A
10
10
11
11
12)

-2.1099

5 -5. 5322
6 -1. 4684
6 -3. 9424
7

-1.0701

8 -2.2710
8 -6. 4031
9 -1. 8206
9

-5.2180

10 -1.5070
10 -4. 3845
-1. 2846
11 -3. 7889

4
5'

5;
5,

6)

-1.5503

-5.4080
-1.3647
-3.4894
-9. 0337
-2. 3663

6 -6. 2673
!
7 -1. 6775
7 -4. 5347
8 -1. 2375
8

-3.4078

8 -9. 4651
9 -2.6506
9

-7.4812

10 -2. 1275
10) -6.

0938

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

550

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO

Table 14.1

Foiv P
'

- 1 +2.0734

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

+1.0298
1

+7.8227
1.3156
1.4169
s
1.2318

- 1

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

- 2 +2.4612
-1.0170
- 1 -9. 6841
- 1 -1.2613

9.3335
6.3994
4.0596
2.4178
1.3660
7.3768
3.8306
1.9215
9.3472
4.4228

- 1

- 1
;-

- 2

- 2
- 3
'-

- 3
- 4

- 4
-

4'

5'

- 5

- 5
- 6
- 6
- r

- T,
- 7

2.0410
9.2064
4.0667
1.7621
7.5001
3.1398
1.2943
5.2587
2.1078
8.3417

3.2617
1.2609
4.8223
1.8255
6.8436
2.5420
-10 9.3587
-10 3.4166
-10 1.2373
-11) 4.4462
-

(
i

8
- 8
- 9
- 9

12

11

y>

)
)

((((((((((((-

1
1

1)
1
1
2
2)
2
2
1

3
3
3

(- 4
(- 4
(- 5
(- 5

(- 6
(- 6
(- 6
(- 7
(- 7
(- 8
(- 8
(- 8
(- 9
(- 9
(-10

(-10

- 1) -4. 5964
- 1 -8. 6120

+1.0493
1 +5.1844
1 -6.5977
-1. 1642
-7. 2395
1
1 +1.7404
9.7341
1
1.3978

- 1 1+5.1243

1.4462
1.2519
9.6077
6.7378
4. 3989
2.7074
1. 5852
8. 8895
4. 8001
2. 5064

1.4305
1.4586
1.2610
9. 7312
6.8900
4. 5535
2. 8422
1. 6898
9.6316
5. 2898

1.3600
1.4324
1.2422
9.4757
6.5749
4.2347
2.5662
1.4773
8.1375
4.3132
2. 2096
1.0980

- 1

- 1
- 1
- 1
- 1

- 2
- 2
- 2

3087
2.5036
1.1541
5.2102
2.3072
1.0036
4.2931
1.8082
7.5055
3. 0731
5.

-1. 0101
- 2 -5. 5932

14

13

(- 1 ) -6. 9792
(- 1 ) +7. 9515
(- 1 1+8.3008
(- 1 ) -3. 6119
1-1.1262
(
(- 1 -8.5079
(- 2 1+3.2549
(- 1 8.8532

- 2

- 5

1.2700
2624
3.0126
1.4163
6. 5253
2.9480
1.3082
5.7090
2.4529
1. 0386

4.

- 3

- 3
- 4

- 4
- 4
- 5

- 5

1.2422
4. 9601
1.9580
7. 6449
2.9542
1.1303
4. 2845
1.6095
5. 9943
2.2143

- 6
1

- 7
- 7
- 7
- 8

- 8

- 9

- 9
1

+1. 0566

-1. 1551
- 1 -5. 9595
- 1 +3. 0035

- 1
- 1
- 1
1

- 2
- 2
- 2

9)

3371
1. 7878
7.2797
2.9299
1.1663
4. 5940
1. 7916
6.9206
2. 6491
1.0052

-A

- 3
- 3

- 3
- 4
(

- 4
- 4

- 5
- 5
(

- 5
- 6
- 6

- 6
- 7

- 7
- 8
- 8
- 8,

9'

1.3994
5.9525
2.4990
1. 0363
4.2471
1.7213
6. 9031
2. 7406
1. 0776
4.1981

1.1161
1. 4592
1. 4698
1.2697
9. 8472
7. 0328
4. 6997
2.9711
1.7913
1. 0363

- l
- 1
- l
- 1
|

-I
- 2

2.8108
1.4498
7. 2798
3. 5666
1.7085
8. 0157
3. 6890
1. 6677
7. 4139
3.2448

- 2

-1.0318
-1.1153
-4. 7101
+4. 1342

1.0496

- 1

8492
7879
9930
8343

- 1 +9.1875
- 1 -1. 1758

1 +1. 3869
- 1 -8. 7866

6.

3,

15
- 1 +4.
- 1 -9.
- 1 -3.
- 1 +8.

- 2
- 2

- 3
- 3

3,

- 4
- 4,
- 4
- 5(

- 5
{

- 5
- 6
- 6
- 6
- 7
- 7

- 7
- 8
- 8)

5. 7809
3.1214
1. 6367
8. 3567
4.1640
2. 0290
9. 6841
4. 5343
2. 0854
9. 4326

4.2002
1. 8429
7. 9746
3.4058
1.4366
5. 9886
2. 4686
1. 0068
4. 0646
1. 6250

.P)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

-i

2.7803

(- 1 -7.1349
(- 1 -6. 2449
(- 1 +5. 8520
(- 1 +8. 5839
(- 1 +1,6399
(- 1 -5.7064
(- 1 -8. 0763
(- 1 -5.9550
(- 1 -2.1713
(- 1 +1. 0181

- 1)
- 1
- 1'
- 1
- 2

3.2469
2.8649
2.1649
1.4725
9.2538
5.4607
3.0589

((1(((-

(-

- 1) -9.5680

- 1 +1.8546
- 1 +9.2360
+3.8476
-4.5774
1

- 1 -8.1670
- 1 -6.4636
(

- 1 -2.5453
+ 8.9270

- 2
i

- 2
- 2
- 3'
- 3)

4;

4
5<

"

5'

- 6

&:

6)

7)

7
8
8
- 8
- 9
- 9

-10
-10
-11

1.

6391

1
1
1

1
2
2

8.4560
4.2172

(- 2
(- 3

2.0412
9.6175
4.4224
1.9888
8.7636
3.7897
1.6105
6.7342
2.7736
1.1263

(((((-

4.5133
1.7861
6.9850
2.7014
1.0337
3.9159
1.4693
5.4629
2.0135
7.3598

3
3
4

(- 4
- 5

(- 5
(- 6
(- 6
(((((-

6
7
7
7
8

- 8
(- 9

(- 9

(-10
(-10

2.7572
3.1907
2. 8342
2. 1694
1.4994
9.5947
5.7724
3.2995
1.8054
9.5118
8467
2. 3971
1.1542
5.4237
2.4927
1.1224
4.9597
2.1535
9.1993
3.8704
4.

1.6053
6.5690
2. 6544
1.0598
4.1839
1. 6340
6.3169
2.4184
9.1730
3. 4487

+1. 3869

- 1 -9. 5769

- 1 -1.7814
- 1 +7. 9972
- 1 +7. 2679
- 2 -2. 2037
- 1 -6. 4688
- 1 -7. 3882
- 1 -5. 4930
- r -1. 8523
- 1 +1.1221
- 1
2.7353

- 1
" *]
- 1
- 1
- 2

2'

- 2

2,

"
"
-

4'

4'

4'

(
1

2
)

3
3)

5
5|

- 5)

1.2227

- 6)
- 6'
- 7'

5.

0573
5. 4937
2.7714
1.3612
6. 5256
3.0596
1.4055
6.3355
2.8061
1.

3.1402
2. 8059
2. 1722
1.5231
9. 9053
6. 0640
3. 5301
1.9685

- 8
- 8
- 9'
- 9'
- 9!

2466
2.2191
9. 2602
3. 8151
1.5529
6.2491
2.4875
9.8001
3. 8231
1.4774

'

+8.7670
-5. 3599
1 -8.2728
1 +2. 0967
- 1 +8. 8132
- 1 +5.7220
- 1 -1. 7427
- 1. -6.9700
- 1 -7.6466
- 1 -5. 0747
-

1
1

- 1 -1. 5772
- 1 +1. 2094

- 1

- 1
- 1
- 1

1.

- 1
- 2,
- 2
2
]
- 2
"

- 3)

- 3
- 3
- 4
- 4'
- 4
- 5
- 5
- sl

- 6
- 6
- 6'

- 7

7'

- 8)

- 8]
" 8
- 9
I

7144
3. 0946
2.7794
2.1737
1. 5440
1.0189
6.3375
3.7513
2.

1282
1. 1634
6.1551
3.1620
1.5818
7.7243
3. 6892
1.7264
7.9271
3.5765
2.

5873
9375
2.9885
1.2700
5. 3278
2.2081
9. 0465
3.6658
1.4700
5.8367

- 1) +8. 6352

1'

+3.1951

- 1 -8.7421
- 1 -5. 3804
- 1 +4. 9591

- 1 +8. 7738
- 1 +4.1643
- 1, -2.9695
1

- 1 -7. 2842
- r -7. 3777
- x -4. 6963
- 1 -1. 3378
- 1: +1.2836
- 1 2. 6945
- 1' 3.0530
- 1' 2. 7548
- 1
2.1743
- 1 1.5625
A 1. 0450
- 25 6. 5943
l

1.

'

6.

- 2)
- 2
- 2'
- I
- 3
- 3

4'

- 4

4)

- 5)

- 5)
- 5
- 6

- 6'
- 6'
- 7'
- 7
- 7
- 8)
- 8)

9633
2844
1.2693
6. 8276
3.5670
1.8150
9. 0158
4. 3806
2. 0855
9. 7427
3.

2.

4720
019?
8. 9777
3.9341
1. 7006
7.2565
3. 0587
1.2744
5.2514
2.1413
4.
2.

COULOMB "WAVE FUNCTIONS

551

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO

Table 14.1

Go(i,p)

11

12

2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

0)

0-1.2065
!

0)-l. 0105
'-

- 11-3.5145
(

- 11+4.1032

1.0777

(-

0)

(- l 1+1.4266
1-1.0410
{
(- 1 1-1.9619
- 1 +9.6524

- 11-6.8021
- 1) +6. 8165
-

14

13

(- 11-7.4645

-1.0028
- 11+2.1054
01+1. 0819
(- 1) +4. 6526
(- 11-6.4066

0.5
1.0
1.5

01+1.0451
11+1.9303
11-8.2667
01-1.2387
11-9.5867
11-2.8667
1) +4. 5891

- 1 (+9.1486
- 2 -5.4999
'-

'- 1

(- 1

-9.6933
-1.2515
-9.0670
-2.2730

15

(- 1 )+9.0905
- 1 1-5.8152
- 1 1-9.3005

(- 11+8.9435

- 1 1+2.5664

1+1.0999

- 11-6.2172
- 11+6.1593

- 1 ) +7. 4014
- 1 1-2.7342

- 11+5.4881

- 11+3.4046
- 11-9.7885

01+1.1292
- 11-4.6254

-1.0783
-1.2510
1- 1 1-8.5560
)

01-1.1612
0) -1.2413
I

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

0.5

1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

(
1

'

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

0)
0)
0)
1)
1)
1)
1
2)
2)
2)
3)
3)
3)

4
4)

4)
5)
5)
6)
6

6)

7
7)
8)
8)
8)
9)
9)

1.6333
2.1816
2.9102
4.1056
6.2486
1.0238
1.7863
3.2824
6.2966
1.2529
2.5735
5.4370
1.1780
2. 6115
5.9114
1.3640
3.2036
7.6488
1.8544
4.5606

1.1368
2.8697
7.3309
1.8940
4.9456
1.3046
3.4746
9.3396
2.5325
6.9249

- 1) -1.9549

t
(
1

- 1) -9. 3312
- 2-3.0001

- 11+8. 0730

- 11+7.2980

- 11+1.1621

- 11-4.4342

- 11-6.9211

- 1) -6. 7991
- 1) -5. 6855

'

2)
2)
21
2)
3)
3)
4)

4
4)
5)
51

5)
6)
6
71
71

7
8)
81

9)

(
I

3.1990
7.8082
1.9303
4.8301
1.2225
3.1276
8.0845
2.1103
5.5602
1.4781

11-7.2341
11-7.2415
1) +2. 8479
11+8.5982

1+6.2091
21+1.2156

1-4.8470
11-6.8955
1) -6. 6551

2'

3'

i
4
4)
4)
5;

5
6

6
6
7

7
8!

8)

'

2
3

3
3

- 1 +8. 5795
- 1 +5.1517

- 2 -7. 3596
-5.1566

- 1) -6.8530

5
5
6*

6
7

(
1

4
4

3.2432
7.4095
1.7177
4. 0372
9.6130
2. 3172
5.6510
1. 3934
3.4722
8.7394

- 1) +4. 4173

9924
4998
9553
6218
- 1' +6.5611
- 1 +8.2450
- 1' +4.1682
- i; -1. 4460
- 1) -5.3907
+7.
-4.
- l' -8.
- l) -1.
l'

1-8.7431

11-8.8802
21-1.8956
21-4.1335
2) -9. 1940
31-2.0833
31-4.8031
41-1.1255
41-2.6777
41-6.4624
5) -1.5808
51-3.9163
51-9.8198
61-2.4904
61-6.3846

7-1.6537
71-4.3256

8-1.1421
81-3.0423

'

1
(
1

(
i

8-8.1738
9) -2.

2141

1
2
2
2

3;

4
4)

-1.1203
5 -2.7217
5! -6.6925
6 -1.6647
6 -4. 1862
7 -1. 0637
7 -2. 7299
7) -7. 0724
8 -1. 8489
8) -4. 8757
5)

0)

1)
1'
1

1
2'

2
3'

3)

3
J

4)
(
1

-1.6369
-3.2170
-6.4688
-1.3297
-2.7912
-5.9750
-1.3029
-2.8906
-6. 5183
-1.4925

-3.4670
4 -8. 1642
5'
-1.9474
5) -4. 7022
6'
-1. 1486
6 -2. 8369
b' -7.0806
f -1. 7850
7 -4. 5433
8'
-1.1670
4)

11
11
1

1)
2)
21
2)
31
31
3)

41

4)
41

5)
5)
51

6)
6
61

7)

1.1937
1.7172
2.2355
2.8916
3.8977
5.5902
8.5544
1.3878
2.3662
4.2071
7.7536
1.4744
2. 8830
5.7803
1.1857
2.4836
5.3038
1.1531
2.5494
5.7251
1.3047
3.0146
7.0570
1.6726
4. 0107
9.7253
2.3833

1) -4. 6958
11+9.1053
11+3.6132
11-7.5330
11-7.5598
- 21+7.8968
- 11+7.4771
- 11+7.7350

- 1+3.2728
- 1) -2. 0374
- 11-5.5683
- 11-6.7414
1) -6. 2956

11-5.3428
11-4.8313
11-5.4626
- 11-7.9001
01-1.3159
01-2.3213

-1.3790
-2.4689
-4. 5385
-8.5238

11 -3.

3)
I

6758
-7.5239
-1. 5749
-3.3666
-7.3407
-1. 6305
-3. 6849
-8. 4644
-1. 9742
-4. 6712

0)
01

- 1 -4. 8763
- 1 -5.5466
- 1 -8.1456

-8.4240
-1.4516
-2. 6410
-4.9315
-9. 4124
-1.8382

11-8.0595

0)
0)
01

1'

- 1 -5.4165

01-5.4029
11-1.0496
1) -2. 0879
1) -4. 2551

- 1 +5. 0789

01-1.5360

- 1 -6. 8002
- 1 -6.4050

7988
2.3136
5.5378
1. 3427
3. 2955
8.1823
2.0539
5.2096
1. 3345
3.4512

- 1) +9. 7040
- 2 +5. 5060
- l' -9.1975
- l' -4. 3994

8.1567
1.8380
4.2110
9.

2.5369
4. 5863
8.5960
1.6627
3.3072
6.7457
1.4078
3. 0002
6.5186
1.4419

- 1 -4. 9245
-5. 6396

1) -5. 0022
2) -1.0663

-1.4929
61-3.8658
7) -1.0118
71-2.6753
7) -7. 1420
81-1.9243
8) -5. 2302
91-1.4335
9) -3. 9609
10) -1.1028

<

0429
9. 6258
1. 8964
3. 8424
7. 9840
1. 6974
3.6852
5.

1
2

-6.5243
- i -5.4972

0-2.8442

6)

- 1-1.2194
- 11+5.8159

1.1677
1. 6980
2.2229
2. 8940
3. 9383
5.7197
8. 8817
1.4638

7431

I- 1) -5.

01-3.0877
9776
11-1.1842
11-2.4038

3257
21-5.1822
31-1. 1779
3) -2. 7275
31-6.4259
41-1.5386
4) -3. 7400
41-9.2211
51-2.3041
5) -5. 8301

1
1

i- 1 -1.7259
- 1 +5.4393

1.1399
1. 6778
2.2097
2. 8977
3.9853
5. 8691
9.2614
1.5529
2. 7395

'- 11-5.5863
- 11-4.9764

0) -5.

2) -2.

(- 1 +5. 0322

1.0906
2.1919
4.5309
9.6054
2.0835
4.6148
1.0421
2.3953
5.5978
1.3286

- 11+6.6972

0-1.6356
.

1.1100
1.6563
2.1960
0)
01 2.9029
4.0404
0) 6.0432
9.7072
11 1.6587
1) 2.9836
1) 5.6013
0)
01

- 11-5.0324
- 1-5.8597
- 11-9.1132

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

0)
0)

0) -4.

2061

7837
11-1.4720
11-2.8470
11-5.6316
21-1.1385
21-2.3496
21-4.9448
31-1.0599
31-2.3115
3) -5. 1233

4)

0) -7.

-1.1531
41-2.6329
41-6.0946
51-1.4291
5) -3. 3924
5) -8. 1473
6) -1.9785
61-4.8557
7)-l. 2038
7) -3.

0133

552

'

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

COl
COULOMB
WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO

Table 14.1

Fo(v,p)

16

,\P
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

0)+1.0105

- 1) -3. 0813

01-1.0106

'

- 11+1. 0271

01+1.0681
- 11+7.0689
'-

(((({-

1 ) +6. 1193
1 5-8.5450
1) -7. 4809
1 ) +5. 2505

(- 1) +5. 1503

(- 1) -2. 3772
- l)+6. 0673
0) 1.2270
(
1.5072
)
(
1.4897
(
1.2856

(
1.0060
(
(- 1
7.2948
I
4.9703
(
(- 1) 3.2134

0)
0)
0)
0)

- 1)

- 1)
- 1)
- 1)

- 1)
- 1)

- 2)
- 2)

- 21
|

- 3)
- 3)

- 3)
- 3)
- 4)
- 4)

1.1748
1.4845
1.4802
1.2778
9.9567
7.1674
4.8384
3.0947
1.8899
1.1084
6.2723
3.4374
1.8300
9.4892
4.8032
2.3779
1.1532
5.4870
2.5646

- 4)
- 5)

1.1789
5.3346
- 5) 2.3787
- 5) 1.0460
- 6) 4.5399
- 6) 1.9459
- 7) 8.2424
- 7
3.4522
- 7) 1.4304
- 8) 5.8668

0)

-1.0610
- 1) -3. 6504
- 11+8.3235
0)+l. 0517
- l)+2. 2016
0)

1-7.9196

0)

'- 1) -1.3066
'1) +6. 8982
01 1.2736
0) 1.5276
0)
'

0)

- 1)

1.9857
1.1794
6. 7632
3. 7577
2. 0290
1.0674
5.4824

(-

2.

1.3560
6. 5497

3.1079
1.4504
6. 6636
3. 0167
1. 3469
5. 9345
2.5824
1.1105
4.7213
1.9859

(- A
- 5

(~
((((((-

5
5

("
"
((((((-

l
1
1
1
2
1
l
1

-7.4873
+7.7918
+5.5592
-6. 6487
-8. 0683
+7. 3796
+7.9551
+7.3722
+1. 3669
-4.7259

("
I-

1
1

-7. 5469
-6. 8162

6
6
6
1
7

(- 1)
- 1)

1)

- 1)
- 2)
- 2)

- 2)
-

7546

(- 3
(- 4

-1. 2281
! -8. 2121
- 2 -3. 0049
- i +7. 6541

1.3157

2)
3)
3)
3)

- 41
- 4)
- 41
- 5)

- 5)

5)

- 6)
- 6)

- 6)
- 7)

1.4986
1.2930
1.0159
7.4157
5.0960

3.3276
2. 0789
1.2493
7.2527
4.0816
2.2331
1.1907
6.2000
3.1586
1.5768
7.7245
3.7177
1. 7598
8.2016
3.7665
1.7058
7.6243
3.3654
1.4679
6.3305

-8.1320
-3. 2923
1+1.0154
)+3. 015"
1-9.4813
-7. 8654
) +3. 8780
01+1.1240
(
(- 11+7.6776
(- 1) -2. 2935
)

-1.

5461
1.5069
1.3001
1.0253
7.5308

(-

1.

(-

(-

- 1 l>

((-

v
i)

2
i

2)
2)
2'

(- 3 )
(- 3
)

(" 3 )
- 4

" 4
i

- 4)

5.216^
3.4376
2.1696
1.3181
7.7405
4. 4084
2.4418
1.3185
6. 9542
3. 5893

1.8156
9. 0130
4. 3962
2.1092
9. 9629
4.6375
2.1289
9. 6448
4. 3152
1.9078

(f("
("
\-

5
5
5

(-

1) -3.

'

b)

b
l

6)

0524

-1.2155
-7.3630
+6.4345
8. 3446
1.3538
1.5630
1.5147
1. 3070
1. 0343

!-

*
!
2
2
2
2

-1.2226

\~ 1 -9. 5714
(- 1 +5. 9819
(- 1 +8. 0098
(- 1 -6. 0110
-1.0050
(
" 2 +3. 2093
+1.0266
(
J" 1 +9.2908
" 2 -1.3928
(- 1 -9. 3827

f- 1) -9. 0447

(((("
"
("

+1.0298

- 2) -4. 2659

+1.1097

(- 1 +4.6531
(- 1 -6. 0877
1-1.1932
(
(- 1 ) -9. 8377

(- 1) -2. 6356

20

19

18

l)+6. 6039

11-3.8460
0) -1.1328
0) -1.0557
(- l)-3. 5128
'

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

17

6406
5.3315
3.5437
2.2578
1.3858
8.2258
4. 7375
7.

['A
- 1
" X>
" !>

- 2
)
- 2)

6546
1.4504
7433
2.

!=i

7.

:- 3

4. 0459
2. 0721
1.0416
5.1452
2.5000
1.1961
5.6392

:!
!- 4

4
4
5

2.

6221

2032
5.4529
1.

-')

0.5

1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

<
i

- 1)+1. 0374
- l)+9. 2398
- 1) -2. 6352
- 1) -9. 2711

- 11-2.1794
1, +6. 8521
- 1) +8. 2181
- l)+2. 6981

- 1) -3. 9491
- 1) -7. 4641

- l)-7. 0977

(
I

(
1

(
1

11-4.3534

- 1) -1.1279
- 1)+1. 3471
- 1) 2.6755

1)

2.

- 1)

2.1740
1.5790
1.0690

- 1)
- 1)

- 1
" X

" l
" X

" X
('-

1)

!- 4 )
- 4

5)

- 5)
- 5)

6)
7)

- 7)
- 7)
- 8)

1.1789
5.4992
2.5233
1.1401
5.0769
2.2300
9. 6688
4.1409
1.7529
7.3379

- 2
" 2
" 2
- 2
)

"
"

3
3

3
)

!- 4)

>

- 5)
- 5

- 5
" 6
-

6'

- 6

71

(-

7)

+1.4020
2.6574
2.9796
2. 7098
2.1730
1.5938
1.0912
7. 0640
4.3620
2.5860
1.4792
8.1964
4. 4133
2.3153
1.1861
5.9443
2.9194
1.4071
6. 6637
3.1043
1.4240
6.4378
2.8708
1.2636
5.4935
2. 3605

11-9.5176

- 31-6.9768
- l)+9. 5486

(
i

- 4)

- 61

- 1 -4.0420
(- 2 -9.4232

(- 1

6.8361
- 2) 4.1667
- 21 2.4370
- 2) 1.3747
- 3) 7.5088
- 3) 3.9846
- 3) 2.0598
- 3) 1.0396
- 4) 5.1328
- 4) 2.4832

7316

- 2)

3.0148

- 1)

(
1

(
1

21+8.1839
11-8.6636
11-6.0115

2396

+5. 8913

- 1 -7. 9198

-9.2215
-2.1544

("
"

l)+3. 1511

"

- 1) +8. 4585
- 1) +6. 3816

+6.1234
l' +7.7886
1
-3.3293
l -9. 0956
X -3.6640
)
l'

+5. 0199

" X

+8.5260

(- 1) +5.3380

- 1) -5. 3380
- 1) -7. 5595

(.-

11-6.5393
11-3.7584
2) -7. 7728
11+1.4497
1) 2.6401
- 1) 2.9470
- 1) 2.6893
- 1) 2.1715

2) -8. 5571
" l) -5.8167
" l -7.5212
" x -6. 2703
\

" l -3. 4994

l
-6. 2964
-

A +1.4915

(- 1)

6235
2.9166
2.6698

1.6072
1.1118
- 2) 7.2792
- 2) 4.5494
- 2) 2.7313
- 2) 1.5829
- 3) 8.8884
- 3) 4.8514
- 3) 2.5805
- 3) 1.3405

{"

2.1696

- 4)
- 4)
- 4)
- 51
- 5)

(~ 3 ?

- 1)

- 1)

- 5)
- 61
- 6)

- 6)
-

7)

6.8135
3.3940
1. 6592
7.9706
3.7665
1.7526
8. 0374
3.6355
1.6231
7.1576

\
i

~ A
- 1

!)

" X

" !

" 2
- 2
(- 2)
" 2
)
- 3
" 3

(- 3)

" 4

" 4>
- 4)

- 5
"
"
-

-6.3111
-8.4454
-1.3528
+6. 3846

- 2)+l. 8327

+9. 0561
+4. 4171

5
5
)
6
6)
(- 6

2.

1. 6191
1.1309
7. 4828
4.7295
2.8730
1. 6854
9. 5832
5. 2978
2.8547

1.5025
7.7388
3.9067
1.9356
9.4242
4.5139
2.1289
9. 8957
4.5369
2.0531

(-

l)-*-8.

2868

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

553

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS OF ORDER ZERO

Table 14.1

Go(j,p)

16

17

- 1 +1. 0821
- 1 +9. 8687

- 1 -7. 7111

- 1 -2.9626

- 1 +6.0950

-1. 0694

- 1 -7. 6383

- 1 -2.5363

- 1 -9.5594

- 1

+8.7388

- 1 +1. 0254

+1. 0876

+1.0419

+1. 0457
- 2 +8. 8035
-1. 0212
- 1 -7.2872
- 1 +4.1434

+3.5629
-6.2482
-1.2237

+1. 0004
- 1 +1. 7088
- 1 -7.6338

-1.2251
-7. 5801
-7.4816
+6.1662
1. 2182
1.7353
2.2476
2.8903
3.8625
5.4768

-1.2701
-1.2045
-7.1189
-3.0805
+6.4936
1.2413
1.7525
2. 2593
2. 8897
3.8316

iV
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

o]

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

- 2
- 1
0<

o)

1
1
1

1
2
2
2
3'

3)

l\

5
5!

5)

6
6)
6)

8.2695
1. 3223
2.2207
3. 8880
7. 0544
1.3205
2. 5411
5.0139
1.0121
2.0860

4.3833
9.3774
2.0400
4.5079
1. 0109
2.2987
5.2957
1.2353
2.9156
6.9590

-1

+8.3065

- 1
I

- 2
- 1,

o,

18
i

3768
0193
1.2652
2.0953
3. 6163
6. 4666
1.1927
2.2615
4. 3958
8. 7404
5.

1
|

- 1 -9. 7953
- 3 -5. 5146

1
1

1
1

2
2

2
2)

3
3

5'
I

6)

<

7745
3.6727
7.7388
1. 6582
3.6090
7.9717
1.7855
4. 0519
9.3105
2.1648
1.

3
4

- 11+6.6931
- 11+8.7398

20
|

- 11+6.0387
- 11-9.7243

- 11-2.3123

0+1.0133

0-1.0987

- 11+5.0534
- 11-7.5896

+1.1362

- 11-4.5088
- l)+6.7042

0) -1. 0436
- 11-1.6256

- 1 +8. 8526
- 3 -3.2476

01+1.1729

- 11+8.7013

- l)+7. 5425

- 1 -8.8135

- 11-3.9315
|

1.2631
1.7689
2.2705
2. 8898

3.

2)

8044
5.2879
7. 7978
1.2151
1.9863
3.3826
5.9669
1.0855
2. 0297
3.8903

7.

1
1

1
2

2
I
1

4,

5'
i

5)

6267
1.5265
3.1148
6.4702
1.3667
2. 9323
6. 3851
1.4098
3.1542
7. 1454

- 11-1.6427
-

-1.3038
-1.1808
- 1 -6. 6763
- 2 +1.0458
- 1
6.8010

8.

19
- 11-3.3354
- 11-8.3622

1-9.8158
0-1.3275
0-1.1549
1-6.2518

- 21+4.9276

- 1)
01

0)
01

0)
0)
1)
1
11
1)

1)
2)
21

2)

3)
31

4)
4)

5)

5)

0)+1.1657
|

3.4717
6.7162
1.3264
2.6703
5.4726
1.1404
2.4141
5.1860
1.1297
2.4935

01-1.0666
01-1.3430
01-1.1277
- 11-5.8448
-

0906
1.2839
1.7846
2.2814
7.

2.8904
3.7803
5.2085
7.6004
1.1707
1.8906
3.1797
5.5380
9.9453
1.8354

- 1)+6.1562
- 11-3.1172

2+8.5910

- 1)
0)
0)
01

0)
0)
0)
0)

1
1

1
1)
2)

2)

2
3)
3)
3
3

4)
4)

7.3645
1.3037
1.7997

2.2919
2.8915
3. 7589
5.1370
7.4234
1.1312
1.8061
3.0021
5.1664
9.1659
1.6708
3.1213
5.9630
1.1629
2.3115
4.6772
9.6229
2. 0110
4.2650
9.1723

P)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

I
1

1 -8. 8452

-5.6757

!) +2. 7609

1 + 7.9794

+7.1352

- 1

- 1) +2.4665

[- 1 -2. 5327
- 1 -5.7031

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5

- 1 -6.6792
- 1 -6.1949
- 1 -5.2752
1'
-4. 7892
- 1 -5.3860
- 1 -7. 6818

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0

-4. 3562
A -8.9431

- x -3. 6790
!
- i +4.3113
+ 8.1848
- 1) + 6.4978
-

+ 1.7444

-2.9499
-5.8050
-6. 6155
-6.1017
-5.2127
-4. 7495
-5.3157
-7.4860
-1.2115

1
1

-4.9562
-9.8652
-2.0042
-4.1515
-8.7576
-1.8795

2
2
2
3

3
)

-4.0993
0788
-2.0399
-4.6466
-1. 0722
-2.5048
-5.9202
-1.4150
-3.4181
-8. 3412

3) -9.

4
4
5'

5)
5]
6)

+7.7374
1 +6.5787
1

- i
- i

-2. 5439

1
1

6
)
6

1
1
2

2
2
3)
I

3
3

5
5
6
6

-1.5507
-3.3317
-7.2680
-1.6085
-1.8875
-4.3947
-1.0347
-2.4624

+2.5695

- l

1 -9.7102
2 + 3.6067

+9.3570

1 +3.1578
1 -6. 7512
1 -8.2667

1-8.1315

11+7.9224
11+3.1370
11-9.3578
11-2.7296
11+8.1928
1)+6.6241
11-3. 0592

- 11+6.9880

'-

11+5.2246

2+5.2317

- 11+7.7756
- 11+4.6186
- 41+8.3738

- 11-3.6035
- 1-5.9378
- 11-6.4880

11-8.7013

1-5.7890
1)+1.4822

1-5.9344

- 11-3.8601
- 11-5.9783
- 11-6.4254

- 1 1-4.7121
- 1 -5.2509
- 1 -7. 3093

- 11-5.1007
- l)-4.6767

- 1-5.8590
- 11-5.0502

- 1)-5.1908

- 1)-4.6431

-1. 1677

- 11-7.1488

11-5.1349

-1.9822
-3.4609
-6.1663
-1.1209
-2.0805
-3. 9443
-7.6350
-1. 5077
-3. 0346

0-1.1284

1-7.0023

2
2
2
3

-6.2186
-1.2962
-2.7456
-5. 9047
-1.2883

OJ-5.7662

1-1.0363
11-1.9007

1-3.5594
11-6.8033
21-1.3263
(

21-2.6348
21-5.3284

4 -2. 8495
4 -6.3850
5 -1.4484
5 -3. 3247
5 -7.7176

41-2.2832
41-5.0474
51-1.1297
5)-2.5583

01-1.0929
01-1.8154
01-3.1044
01-5.4152
01-9.6285
1) -1.7465
11-3.2330
11-6.1066

01-1.8942

0-3.2719

3-1.0960
3-2.2906
3-4.8605
4-1.0463

11-7.3679
1)+5.3119
11+8.6483
2)-1.9960

(- 11+8.0282

1
1

1-5.6460

- 1 + 5.8546
- 1 +1. 0993
- 1 -3.3031
-5. 8814
- 1 -6. 5515

- 1-7.1410
- 3-3.4829
- lJ+6.3669

- 1 1-6.0151
- 1 -5.1547

- 11+9.3189

- 1 -1.7673
- 1 + 5.4934
- V + 8.1799

-1

-2.0812
-3. 6757
-6. 6261
-1.2193
-2.2921
-4.4031
-8. 6387
-1.7295
-3.5297
-7.3354

4) -3. 6089
4, -8.2028

1 -5.7650

-3.9217
-7.1592
-1. 3348

1
1

"
-

-1.2605
-2.1932

- l -6.4000

- i

10.

15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

-9.7855
)
~ X +2.8609
- 1 +9.1227
" 2 -8.3491
)
-

21-1.1761
2)-2.3079
2) -4.

6095

21-9.3627
31-1.9322
3J-4.0483
31-8. 6039
4)-l. 8537

41-4.0457
4)-8.9396

554

COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

Co(7?)=e- i*T,|r(i+ii?)|

Table 14.2
Co(v)

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.000000
0.922568
0.847659
0.775700
0.707063

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

0.642052
0.580895
0.523742
0.470665
0.421667

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

0.376686
0.335605
0.298267
0.264478
0.234025

1.

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

0.206680
0.182206
0.160370
0.140940
0.123694

1.

1.

75
80
85
90
95

1.00

0.108423

2.

00

1.
1.
1.

1.
1.

1.

1.
1.
1.

1.

1.
1.

1.
1.

1.
1.
1.

- 4,s
"(-4)5(
[ 5 ]
For

In T(l-\-iy), see

Table

6.7.

CoGO

Coin)

00
05

10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45

50
55
60
65
70

08423
49261
30211
25378
[-2)6.33205

2.00
2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20

52279
81320
19173
64804
17287

2.25
2.30
2.35
2.40
2.45

[-2)2. 75796
[-2)2. 39599
[-2)2. 08045

1-2)1. 56632

2.50
2.55
2.60
2.65
2.70

!"-3) 7.

35817
17720
01996
83391
64847

2.75
2.80
2.85
2.90
2.95

[-3; 6.

61992

3.00

[-1)1.
-2)9.
-2)8.
:-2)7.

[-2)5.
[-2)4.
[-2)4.
-2 3.
!-2)3.

<

<

-2H. 80558

;-2) 1.

-2
-2

1.

1.

;-3) 8.

[-3)6.61992
[-3)5.72791
[-3)4.95461
-3) 4. 28450
[-3)3.70402

<

1;

[-3)3.20136
[-3)2.76623
[-3)2.38968
[-3)2.06392
[-3)1.78218

<

[-3)1.53858
-3)1.32801
[-3)1.14604
[-4)9.88816
[-4)8.53013

[-4)7.35735
-4) 6. 34476
[-4)5.47066
'-4)4.71626
[-4)4.06528

<

<

[-4)3.50366

15. Hypergeometric Functions

Fritz Oberhettinger

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties
15.1. Gauss Series, Special Elementary Cases, Special Values
the Argument
15.2. Differentiation

Formulas and Gauss' Relations

for

556
of

556

Contiguous

Functions

and Transformation Formulas

F{a, b; c; z), Polynomials and Legendre

15.3. Integral Representations

Cases of
Functions
15.5. The Hypergeometric Differential Equation
15.4. Special

15.6.
15.7.

561

562
564
565

Riemann's Differential Equation

Asymptotic Expansions

References

National Bureau of Standards.

557
558

565

(Presently, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.)

555

15. Hypergeometric Functions

Mathematical Properties
Gauss

Series, Special Elementary Gases,

Special Values of the Argument

15.1.

15.1.7

TO,

*; f;

-z*) = (l+z*W(l,

Gauss Series

The

circle of

= 2~

convergence of the Gauss hyper-

geometric series

15.1.8

15.1.1

15.1.9

F(a,b;c;z)= 2 Fi(a,

I; 2

[2+(l+2 2 )i]

ln

= (1- 2) ~

2f(o, b; b; z)

F(o, i+o;

-z

l; f;

)=M(i + 2)- 2a +(i-2)- 2a

15.1.10

b; c; z)

F(a,i+a;%;z*) =
n=0

\fi)n

^-

n\

T(a+n)T(b+ri)
^
T(c+n)
~T(a)T(b)hd
T(c)

the unit circle

F(a,

Ki+s^-MKi+s^i+sr-'+Ki+g^i-g]8"-

F(a,

Ra;

15.1-2

15.1.15

c=m

F(a, J+a; 2a; 3)=2 2a

-1

(l-2)-i[l

F (a, 1 a; f; sin

sin
z)

(a+m+lj 6+m+1 m+2;

.

z)

Special Elementary Cases of Gauss Series

15.1.17

F(a, 2-a;f;sin

F(a,

F(l, 1; 2;

F(h

15.1.5

F{\,

z)

1; f; z

1; f;

a; J; sin

= z~

)^"

In

(1-g)

In

(i|)

F(a,l-a;i;sm>z)=

15.1.19

F(a, ^+a;

!-;

556

sin 2

sin (2z)

(2a2)

COs[(2a

- 1)z]

cos z

-tan 2 z)=cos 2a

z cos (2az)

Argument

15.1.20

2 = 2 _1 arctan z
2

= (l-s )^(l,
2

Special Values of the

15.1.6
I;

- 2a

[(2a 2)2]

(a 1)

z)=cos

15.1.18

F(a,

TO,

[(2a 1)2]

(2a 1)
sin

2):

(For cases involving higher functions see 15.4.)

15.1.4

"

+ (l-2)i]

2)

15.1.16

15.1.3

l+2a; z)=2 2a [l + (l-2)*]- 2a

=(l-s)*TO+a, h+a; l+2a;

15.1.14

(b)
(^m+1 m+1 zm+lF

15.1.13

z)

+ 2) 1_2a -(l-2) 1_2a

l-a;i;-2 2 ) =

(For these cases see also 15.4.) The series 15.1.1

is not defined when c is equal to
m, (ra=0, 1,
provided
not
negative
integer
a
or
b
is
a
2,
.),
For
n with n<^m.

lim
F(a, b;c;
c-> m r(c)

[(l

15.1.12

series

F(-a,a;h;-z 2 ) = h{[(l + z>)i+zr+[(l+z 2 ) i -z} 2a }

to!

(l-2a)-

15.1.11

The behavior of this

|2| = 1.
on its circle of convergence is:
(a) Divergence when <% (c a 6)^1.
(b) Absolute convergence when 0t (c a b)^> 0.
(c) Conditional convergence when 1 <^0? (c a
b)^0; the point z1 is excluded. The Gauss
series reduces to a polynomial of degree n in z
when a or b is equal to to, (to=0, 1, 2,
).

is

1; f; z>)

= z~

arcsin z

b; c; 1)

_ T(e)T(fiab)
~r(c o)r(c
(C

ft)

^0, -1, -2,

'(c-o-6)>0)

SYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

F(a,

a-b+1; -1)=2"M

b;

-1, -2,

Differentiation

.)

A F(a,

15.2.1

F{a,

a-6+2;-l)=2-V

b;

Gauss'

Formulas

z)= F(a+1,

6+1; c+1;

s)=^j^ F(a+n,

b+n; c+n;

b; c;

15.1.22
/2

and

Relations for Contiguous Functions

ra+ ^+^g +|fl)

(1+a-MO,

Formulas

Differentiation

15.2.

15.1.21

557

z)

(6-l)- r(a-6+2)
1

15.2.2

Lr(ia)r(f+ia-6)~r(i+ia)r(i+^-6)J

(a-6+2^0, -1, -2,

-n

F(a,

b; c;

z)

.)

15.2.3

F(l, a;

15.1.23

a+1; -l) = M^+?a)-lKia)]

-n

[z+- F(a,

b; c;

z)]=(a) n z a

-l

F(a+n,

b; c; z)

15.1.24
i^ (a, 6,

^a+^b+U)=^

r( x + i a)r( i

15.2.4

6)

(ia+i6+i^0, -1, -2,

.)

15.1.25

F(a,

dn
- [z'-'Fi^b;
d

F{a,

b;

c-n;

z)

15.2.5

ha+hb+l; %)=2TrKa-b)- T(\+\a+hb)

l

b;

[2

c-a + n-l

(h(a+b)+l*0,-l,-2,...)
15.1.26

F(a,

-n- 1

z)]={c-n) n z c

c;

_ z)

(1

= (c-a)

nz

a +b -c

-a- 1

F(a!b

(l-z) a+b

z)]

-c-n

F(a-n,b;c;z)

15.2.6

1-a;

6;

|)=

2-Mr(6) [r(fa+|6) r (Rift-ia)]-

;[(l-zy+-F(a,b;c;z)]

(MO, -1,-2,

...)
=3

(c-g)(c-6)
(1

_ 2) a+

- c -

F(a)

6;c+n

2)

15.1.27

F(l,

a+1; *)=<#(*+*) -*()]

1;

15.2.7

(a^-1,-2, -3,

...)

"

a
^[(l2 r+-

F(a,6;c; 2 )]

15.1.28
-1

(-l)"(a)(c-6) n

a+1; |)=2a a[^(Ria)-^(|a)]

F(a, a;

(a^-1,-2, -3,

(l-z) a

-l

F(a+n,b;c+n;z)

(C)n

...)

15.2.8
15.1.29

*f

r(i)r(l^2a)
n
)-(m-2a
v
4_

(a i+/i-5._2fl-
(a,
2a,
2 +a, 2
v

r( 3 )r(

2a)

aV

(f-2a^0, -1, -2,

{fl, 2

-(c-w)^

...)

15.1.30

[^-'(l-g^-'+^Ca^jc^)]
-"- 1

^ zY~ F{a-n, b;cn; z)

c

15.2.9

+a,

+a, T;_

Wx

r( x

a)r( 5

+ i a)

(f+fa^O, -1, -2,

^[^-'(l-zr+'-^&jcjz)]
.

.)

= (c ri)2

-"- 1

(l

z) a+b ~

-n

F(a n, b n;c n;

z)

15.1.31

F(a,ia+^;|a+f;e^

Gauss' Relations for Contiguous Functions

_ 93+f j -j(+D/^6
~
(l

n -^

r(la+f)
r(|a+f)r(f)
5

11

17

The six functions F(a 1,6;

F(a,
^

F(a,

b;

cl;

b; c; z).

z)

are

c;

z),F(a, bl;c;

called

z)
y

contiguous

Relations between F(a,

b; c; z)

to

and

HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

558

any two contiguous functions have been given by

By repeated application; of these relaGauss.
tions the function F(a+m, b-\-n; c+Z; 2) with
can be
integral m, n, l(c-\-l^0,
.)
1, 2,

15.2.21

[o 1 (c-6-l)a]F(o,

+ (c a)F(a 1,

expressed as a linear combination of F(a,

6; c;

[c-26 + (6-a)2]F(a,

+ (2acaz+bz)F(a,b;
+a(z-l)F(a+l,

c; z)

6; c;

z)=0

15.2.11

2)+(26 c bz+az)F(a,

c;

+ b(z-l)F(a,

c;

2)=0

c 1; 2)
+c[c 1 (2c~a b l)z]F(a,

cCc-lHz-n/Ya,

6; c;

6;

+ 6F(o, 6+1;
(c l)JXa,

6;

6; c; s)

c+1; a)=0

e(l

z)F(a,

6; c;

z)cF(a, 61;

15.2.13

c; 2)

c+1; g)=0

c; 2)

c;

c-1; 2)=0

2)

+ (ca)F(a,

[c2a(ba)z]F(a,

2)=0

15.2.25

6; c; 2)
6;

2)-6c(l-2) F(a, 6+1;

+ (c a)(fib)zF(a,

6;

+ (ca)(cb)zF(a,

c;

15.2.24

(c-6-l).F(a,

15.2.12

c; 2)

15.2.23

6; c; z)

6+1;

6+1;

-(c-b)F(a, 6-1;

c[6 (c o)g]7^a,

(cb)F(a, 61;

e-1; s)=0

6; c; 2)

+ 6(l-2)^(a,
c; z)

6;

15.2.22

15.2.10

(c a)F(a 1,6;

6; c; 2)

-(c-l)(l-2).F(a,

z)

and one of its contiguous functions with coefficients

which are rational functions of a, b, c, z.

6; c; 2)

6;

c+1; g)=0

+ (c-6)F(a, 6-1; c; 2)
(c 1)(1 z)F(fl, 6;

c-1; g)=0

6; c; 2)

15.2.26

+a(lz)F(a+l,

6; c; 3)

[6-l-(c-a-l)2]^(a,

(c a)F(a 1,

6; c;

s)=0

15.2.14

(ba)F(a,

g)+oF(a+l,

6; c;

6; c; 2)

-6F(a, 6+1; e;.s)=0

15.2.15

(cab)F(a,.b;

c;

6; c; 2)

z)+a(l z)F(a + l,

(cb)F(a,

15.2.27

c[c 1 (2c a 6 l)z]F(a,

+ (c a)(c b)zF(a,

6; c; 0)

6-1;

c;

6; c; 2)
6;

c+1;

c(c 1) (lz)F(a,

s)=0

6;

2)

c-1; )=0

15.2.16
1

c[a (c 6)2]i' (a,

6; c;

2) ac(l g)F(a+l,

+ (c a)(c b)zF(a,

6;

6; c; 2)

c+1; 2)=0

15.3. Integral

Representations and Transfor-

mation Formulas

15.2.17

(c-a \)F{a,

6; c;

2)+a^(a+l,

Integral Representations
6; c; 2)

-(c l)^(o,

6;

c 1; g)=0

15.2.18

15.3.1

F(a, 6;c;

(cab)F(a,

6; c; z)

(ca)F(al,

6; c; 2)

+6(l-2)^(a, 6+1;

c;

2) =

T(b)T(e-b)

g)=0

Vi (\ty-*- (\tz)- dt
(@c>m>o)

15.2.19

(6-a)(l-2)F(a,

6; c;

g)-(c-a)F(a-l,

+ (c 6)^(a,

6; c; 2)

6-1;

c;

s)=0

z)F(a,

The integral represents

6; c; 2)

-cF(a 1,

6; c; 2)

+ (c-6)2i^(a,

6;

c+1; 2)=0

a one valued analytic func-

from 1 to
and hence 15.3.1 gives the analytic continuation of 15.1.1, F(a, 6; c; 2).
Another integral
representation is in the form of a Melhn-Barnes
tion in the 2-plane cut along the real axis
co

15.2.20
c(l

integral

HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
15 3 2

F(a

b- c-

'"

F(c)

z)~

559

r(a+)r(6+)r(-)

-^ r(a)r(6)

csc(7rS)(

J_ io> r(i+.) r(c + s )

2)

Here n-<arg( 2)<7r and the path of integration is chosen such that the poles of r(a+s) and
respectively, are at its left
r(6+s) i.e. the points s=an and s=bm(n, m=0, 1, 2,
.)
side and the poles of csc(7rs) or T(s) i.e. s=0, 1, 2, are at its right side. The cases in which a, b
or c are non-negative integers or ab equal to an integer are excluded.
.

Linear Transformation Formulas

From
15.3.3

15.3.1

F(a,

and 15.3.2 a number of transformation formulas

b; c; z)

= (l-z)

-a-b

F(c-a, c-b;

15.3.4

={l-z)~ a F(a, c-b;

15.3.5

6
=t(1-0)- .fY&,

if.

can be derived.

c; z)

^)

c;

c-a;c;-^\

T(c)T(cab) n,

for F(a, b; c; z)

(|arg

+ r()r(!-)
i5 - 3 - 8

=( i

15 - 3 - 9

-^-'S^

i?

'

<-*>~ >*"( 4

- 6 ^- i + i

J
'

- c + J; 1 -" +^
i)
!

<l

(1-)|<

ars

(-*>!<*>

>i^)

"- c+1; g+t - c+1;

f
r(fi)r(^) '- ("
'-i)

(|arg 2|<7r, |arg (1

Each term
15.3.10

of 15.3.6 has a pole

F(a,

b;

a+b;

when c=a-\-bm, (m=0,

1, 2,

.);

this case is

^)=^|y^ g ^|r [2^(n+l)-^(a+n)-^(6+n)-ln

covered by

(l-g)](l-s)

(|arg

Furthermore for
15.3.11

F(a,

6;

m=l,

2, 3,

a+6+m; g)=

g)|<

(l-s)|0, |l-s|<l)

r^^^ ^^
r(a+6+m)
r(a)T(6)

(g
v

_ ir ^
y

^o

(1-V

(a+m).(6+m),
w!(ra+m)!

-^(w+m+l)+^(a+n+m)+^(6+n+m)]

(1

_ g)B[ln (1 _ g) _^ +1)
(|arg

(l-z)|<7r,|l-z|<l)

HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

560
15.3.1,

Fia,

6;

a +i

-m

*)=^ -*- *=$^. d-*

-r?

11

s-n/i
^_/
r(a m)r(o
m) ^ori.!(w+m)!
r-

^T7

r;

Z)

'

[Yn.
l

(1
v

2)
'

1)
v(n-\YK
'

-f(n+m+l)+1,(a+n)+1,(b+n)]
(|arg (l-a)|<T |l-*|<l)
f

F(a,a;c;

15.3.13

= r(a)rr C]_ a
(

z)

b=am or b a m

when

Similarly each term of 15.3.7 has a pole

(-<*))

(g)

"%)*

case

ba=m,

(ra=l,

2, 3,

is

covered by

^- 2-[ln
*
(-z)+2f(n+l)-\l,(a+n)-+(cg-Tln(-g)+^(n+l)-fla+n)-flc-a--n)]
n

(-g)|<>,|g|>l, (c-a) ^0, 1, 2,

(|arg

The

and the case

.)

..

.)

covered by

is

15,3.14 F(a, a-\-m;c; z)F(a-\-m,a;c; z)

~y~"\ S (a)n+
= r(a+m)r(c
y ^
i?~7*u
w!(7i+m)!
a) ^o
(

i/

n+m

'

//

TO+ n)+^(l+n)
2-Hn (_ 2 )+^(i+
rx

vi

v-a

T(c)

^ r(m

w)(a) n

(|arg(-g)|<7r,|s|>l,(c-a)^0,l,2,...)

The

case

caQ, 1, 2,

becomes elementary,

obtained from 15.3.14, by a limiting process (see

15.3.3,

and the case

c a=\,

2, 3,

can be

[15.2]).

Quadratic Transformation Formulas

If,

or one

and only
of

are due to

15.3.15

them

if

(1 c), (ab), (a-\-bc) are such, that two of them are equal
The basic formulas
then there exists a quadratic transformation.
and a complete list is due to Goursat [15.3]. See also [15.2].

the numbers

equal to

is

Kummer

F(a,b;2b>z)

[15.7J

\,

= (l-z)-* F(ia,b-ia;
a

b+fr

^-^

15.3.16

={l-hz)- aF$a,\+ha;b+\;zX2-z)-*)

15.3.17

== (i

15.3.18

=(\-z)-*F\a,2b-a;b+\;

+ iVr^s)-^L,a-6+i- b+h; A~^Zf Yj

- ft-VJE^
4V1-?

\
15.3.19

F(a, a+\)

c;z)

= (h+^y/Tirz)

2a

"
F 1 2a, 2o-c+l; c; 1 r \lZg

1+Vl 2/

=(lVFT ^(2a,c;2c-l;
2a

15.3.20

=(1-

15.3.21

z)~ a F(2a,

2c-2a-l;

15.3.23

F(a,6;

a+6+i;2)=^(2a,

26;

j^)
c;

^M==^
2yi 2
/

V
15.3.22

a+b+%;

^-WT11^)

1
^a+iVl^)- F^a-ft+lja+ft+i;^^
^)
v
vi 2+1/
20

HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
F(a,

15.3.24

a+b-\; z)=(l-z)-*F(2a-l r2b-l;a+b-fr%-yi=z)

b;

^+^^=r

=(l-s)~

15.3.25

P(a,

15.3.26

561

a-6+1;

6;

z)

= (l + z)- P (X
Q

2)

- 2a

F( la-l,a-b+^a+b-h^^^)
\
yi- 3+1/
,

2
fa+\; a-b+1; 4 2 (l + 2)- )

15.3.27

=(lVi)- 2o^(a,a-6+^;2a-26+l; 4Vi(lV^) -2 )

15.3.28

={l-z)- a F{%a, fa-b+h;a-b+l;-z{l-z)- 2 )

F (a,

15.3.29

6;

*+#+*;

z)

= (l-22)" P(^,
a

=P(K >;

15.3.30

P(a,

15.3.31

1 a;

c; 2)

= (l-2)
=(l-z)

15.3.32

|a+; \a+\b+;

j^f)

ia+J6+; 42-42 2)

-1

P(c-a, c+a-;

-1

(l-2z) a

-c

c;

42-4z 2)

F'fa-fa, hc-fa+h c;

(4z

-4z)(l-2z)- 2 )

Cubic transformations are listed in [15.2] and [15.3].

In the formulas above, the square roots are defined so that their value
All formulas are valid in the neighborhood of 2=0.
0^1 2<1.
15.4. Special

Cases of F(a,

is real

and positive when

b; c; z)

Polynomials

When
15.4.1

a or

F(-m,

This formula
15.4.2

Some

6 is

equal to a negative integer, then

g)=S
;f=6

b; c;

,<-..,;__,;

~ m)n(h)n

c= m

I;

m, 1=0,

1, 2,

.)_gj^5

particular cases are

x)=Tn {\-2x)

15.4.3

F{-n,

n; \;

15.4.4

F(-n,

ra+1;

15.4.5

P (-n, 7*+2a; a+|; *)=

15.4.6

P(-ti, a+l+/3+7i; a+1; x

Here

n\

(c)

when

valid

is also

T, P, C*"

1;

x)=P(l-2x)

a,p)

Pn

a)

Ci

(1

-2s)

)=^_p
(a+l;

<./(!

-2a:)

denote Chebyshev, Legendre's, Gegenbauer's and Jacobi's polynomials re-

spectively (see chapter 22).

Legendre Functions

Legendre functions are connected with those special cases of the hypergeometric function for which
a

quadratic

15.4.7

15.4.8

15.4.9

transformation

F(a, b;2b;z)=2 2

=2

- 1

2b

exists

(see

15.3).

T(+b)z*- b (l-z)*< 6

^^~ \
T(2ba)
b

Tr-i

(a)

-*>P!lU[(l-f)(l-3)-*]

g -(i-z)*<-V-<-w Pl~_l

P(a,6;26;-2)=2 2 V-i^%t^0- 6 (l +
L

-a

(6

- a)

e- ' (a

- 6)

(--l)
\z

/
N

P?:?('l+- )(|arg2|<7r,|arg(l2)|<7r)
\

z/

HYPEROEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

562
15.4.10

a
F(a,a+h;c; z)^2 c -'Y{c)z^ c {\-z)^- ^P\al c [{\-z)-^

(|arg 2|<7r, |arg

15.4.11

F(a,a+bc)x)=2- T(e)(-x)l-i c (l-x)l c a -tPl;i

15.4.12

F(a,b;a+b+bz)=2+ b -iT($+a+b)(-z)M- a

- b)

(1 z)\<tt,

not between

( 2)|<V,

15.4.14

F(a,b;a-b+l;z,)=T(a-b+l)z>-*'(l-z)- bP<L-b a

(l-2)|<f,

^(a^^-ft+lj^^rCa-ft+^Cl-^-'C-x)^-^^^^)

15.4.16

F(a, l-a;c;

= Y{c){-z)^

F(a,l-a;c;z) = r(c)z*-i e (l-x)* e -iPL- e (l-2x)

15.4.18

F(a,6;|a+^+^

15.4.20

F(a,

(-<a:<0

= r(R^+i6)[ 2 (2-l)]l

(1

( z)\<jr,

|arg (1

z)\<^jt,

not between

and

-a

-P|a-r-?kl-22)
(2 1)|<7T,

not between

&+&+%; x) = Y{\+ha+hb){x-x )^- a -^P\tX-V {\-2x)

and

b;a+b-%; z)=2 a+b -iT(a+b-i)(-z)^- a b \l-z)-iP\-T-\Kl-z)i]

(| arg( s)|<7r,| arg(l 2)!<tt, ^[(1 2)]>0, snot between

F(a,

b;a+b-hx)=2 a + -^T(a+b-h)x^- a - \l-x)-^H-l-4[(l-x^]

15.4.22

F(a,

b; \;

-b

z)=ir^2a+b -Y{\ ^a)Y{\^b)(z-\)^- a

15.4.23

F(a,b;h x)-T-i2a+6 -tr(Ha)r(R6)(l-x)i

15.4.24

F(a,

b;

*;- s)=7r-*2- B

-1

i- e

-6

and

\P\-XA^)^aX-\{-^)\
\

arg(2 l)j<7r,

not between

(0<x<l

HPi-"-j(a;*)+Ptr-|(-xi)]

r(^+a)r(l-6)(2+l)-* -* & e

and

^ (6_a) {PfrUW+s)-*]
+P; a6 _ [-2*(l+2)-

( according
b; \;

-x)=7r-i2- 6

-1

(0<x<l

(|arg z\<Cir,

F(a,

(0<x<l

15.4.21

15.4.25

(0<x<l

(|arg 3 |<ir, |arg

b;

15.4.17

F(a,

and

not between

{l-z)^-^P Sac {\-2z)

(|arg

2)

(0<x<l

15.4.15

z)

and

(j^rf)
(|arg

15.4.19

not between

b;a+b+h;x)=2a + b -iT(h+a+b)xW- a -'> Pai Zb Zi [(l-x)l]

F(a,

liZlll[(l-z)i]
(|arg

15.4.13

(-<x<0

[(l-x)-*]

and

as J^z^S), z not

between

and

r(|+a)r(l-6)(l+x)-^-i {Pr4-i[xHl+x)-*j+PM- [-x(l+x)-i]}

ft

(0<X< oo
15.4.26

F(a,b;;x)

= -7r-i2 + -Y(a-h)Y(b-^x^a-x)^a

15.5.

Tbe hypergeometric
15.5.1

2(1-2)

a -',)

{PS- B -t(a:)-Pl- 6 -*(-*)

The Hypergeometric Differential Equation

differential equation

^+[ c -(a+b+l)z} ~-abw=0

(0<x<l

HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
has three (regular) singular points 2=0,
(0

15.5.2

Pl

The

The

p$=0,c-a-b,

o=0,l-c,

respectively.

1,

563

pairs of exponents at these points are

pi$=a,b

general theory of differential equations of the Fuchsian type distinguishes between

the following cases.

A. None of

the

numbers

cab; ab

c,

equal

is

an

to

of 15.5.1 in the neighborhood of the singular points

15.5.3

wim =F(a,

15.5.4

w2m = z

15.5.5

wia) =F(a,

15.5.6

15.5.7

u\ ia)

2(1)

-c

a+6+l-c;

b;

= (l-z)

-a

The second
Another

-''F(c-b

z)

=z 1

0, 1,

F{ca, c-b;
c

(l-z) c

-a

c-a;c-a-b+l; l-z) = z

z- 1 )

b-c+1; b-a+1;

z- 1 )

above expressions

= z - (z-l)
= za - (z-l)

is

of representations is obtained

-"F(l-a, 1-6; 2-c;

z)

1+a-c; a+6+l-c; l-z)

linearly independent solutions

are respectively

c; z)

z) = z ~ F(l+b-c,

a-c+1; a-b+1;

set of the

set

- a- b

F(a-c+l, 6-c+l; 2-c;

= z- aF(a,
w2ia) = z- F(b,

15.5.8

= {l z)

b; c; z)

Then two

integer.

-e

(l-z) c

-a - b

F(l-a, l-b;c-a-b+l; l-z)

- a- b

- a- b

F(l-b, c-b; a-6+1;

z~ l )

F(l-a, c-a; ba+1;

z~ l )

obtained by applying 15.3.3 to the first set.

by applying 15.3.4 to -15.5.3 through 15.5.8.

This

gives 15.5.9-15.5.14.

w U0) = (l-z)- a F(a,

15.5.9

-c

15.5.10

w2m =z

15.5.11

wul) = z-

tt

(l-z) c

F(a,

c-b;

-a - 1

c;

-^)=(l-z)-F(b, c-a;

F(a-c+l, 1-6; 2-c;

a-c+1; a+6-c+l; l-z-

-~\=z
= z-

F(b,

-->)

c;

-c

{l-z) c

~b-i

F (b-c+1,

1-a;

6-c+l; a+6-c+l; l-z~

2-c;^-)

15.5.12

-a- b

w2a) = z a ~

15.5.13

w na) = (z-l)- a F(a,

(l-z) c

1 a; c-a 6+1; l-2- ) = 2s 1

F(ca,

c-b; a-6+1;

(l-2) c

-a

-i<

c-a-6+1; l-z-

(c-6,l-6;

-^\=(z-l)- F(b, c-a; 6-a+l;

b

z^\

15.5.14
.14

2(

^z^iz-iy-"-^ (a-c+1,

15.5.3 to 15.5.14 constitute

1-6; a-6+1;

Kummer's 24

^^)=z

-c

(z-l) c

-b- 1

F (b-c+1,

1-a; b-a+1;

The

solutions of the hypergeometric equation.

by means of 15.3.3 to 15.3.9.

ca, cb is an integer. Then one of

j^A

analytic con-

tinuation of Wi,2(0)(s) can then be obtained

B. One of
instance Wi

the

2( o),

numbers

a,

b,

15.5.3, 15.5.4 terminates

and the corresponding solution

the hypergeometric series for

is

of the

form

w=z"(l-zypn (z)

15.5.15

where p n (z) is a polynomial in z of degree n. This case is referred to as the degenerate case of the
hypergeometric differential equation and its solutions are listed and discussed in great detail in [15.2].
C. The number cab is an integer, c nonintegral. Then 15.3.10 to 15.3.12 give the analytic continuation of Wi, 2 (0) into the neighborhood of 2=1. Similarly 15.3.13
ation of Wi, 2 (0) into the neighborhood of 2=00 in case
6

course to the further restrictions

c a=0,

1,

(For a detailed discussion of

cases, see [15.2]).

D.

The number c=l.

15.5.16
716-654

w H0) F(a, b;l;z)

O

64

37

Then

15.5.3, 15.5.4 are replaced

and 15.3.14 give the analytic continuis an integer but not c, subject of

by

all

possible

HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

564

15.5.17

^^ z"Ma+n)-m++(b+n)-m-ty(n+l)+2+(l)}

z+,

=F(a,b;V, g)ln

2l0)

The number c=ra+l, m=l,

E.

15.5.18

w H0 )=F(a, b;m+l;z)

15.5.19

2{0)

=F(a,

m+1;

b;

z) In

...

2, 3,

A fundamental

,:T"y!Li 2"[*(a+rc)-*(a)+*(&+n)-*(&)-<Km + l+w)

(

c=l m, m=l,2,

The number

15.5.20

1(0)

3,

= 2m ^(a+m, 6+m; 1+m;

is

(a)n(b) n

z+S

+ftm + l)-*(w+l)+ttl)]-Z) r~!w r

F.

system

(|g|<l)

....

g ~"

<M<

an da,6^0,

1,

(m-1))

A fundamental system is

2)

15.5.21
ni

\*-~\rti) n n\

-^(6+m)-^(m+l+n)+^(m+l)-^(TO+l)+^(l)]-2
jf=l

(|s[<l and

15.6.

Riemann's

The hypergeometric

differential equation 15.5.1

with the (regular) singular points

special case

Riemann's

of

0,

1,

differential

0
is a
equation

a, 6 5^0,

Special Cases of

Equation

Differential

(a)

The

(w-l)!(-ro)

(1 a m)(l b m) n

1-/3-/3'

zb

|_

W=P Ara

a, b, c

I-7-7H dw
zc

.-(m-1))

15.6.4

(b)

n-a-a'

generalized hypergeometric function

15.6.1

d 2w
dz1

Riemann's P Function

CO

with three (regular) singular points

-1,-2,

/?'

The hypergeometric

?'

function F(a, 6;

c; z)

J dz
15.6.5

raa'(a-b)(a-c)

P0'(b-c)(b-a)

z-b

[_

77'\ca){c b)

zc

00

w=P <

1
=0
(z
a){z
b){z c)
J

I
(c)

The

l-c

The Legendre

cab

functions P?(2), Q?(z)

pairs of the exponents with respect to the

singular points a;

b; c

are a, a';

/3,

/3';

7, 7' respec-

15.6.6
00

tively subject to the condition

w=F^
15.6.2

a+a'+/3+^+7+7 = l

-\v

a-? )-

*h+h
(d)

The complete set of solutions of 15.6.1

by the symbol

is

The

?m

confluent hypergeometric function

denoted
15.6.7
c

1J.6.3

w=P-{ \+u

w=P

ck
k

provided lim c-^

HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

565

Transformation Formulas for Riemann's P Function

b

15. (E?)"(3)'P

=P

15.6.9

p-k-l

y+l

p'-k-l

y'+l

2l

where
15.6.10

Az^+B
Czt+Dv

z--

and A, B, C,
Riemann's

D are
P

Aa +B
Cai+D
x

Ad+B
CCl +D

Abt+B
Cbi+D

arbitrary constants such that

ADBC^O.

function reduced to the hypergeometric function

is

00

/za\ /zc V
a

15.6.11

\z-b) \z-b)

'

(g a)(c 6)
(z b)(c a)

a+j8+7

\
a

a-\-f}'-\-y

7'

The P function on the right hand side is Gauss' hypergeometric function (see 15.6.5). If it is replaced
by Kummer's 24 solutions 15.5.3 to 15.5.14 the complete set of 24 solutions for Riemann's differential
equation 15.6.1 is obtained. The first of these solutions is for instance by 15.5.3 and 15.6.5

15.7.

Asymptotic Expansions

15.7.2

The behavior of F(a, b; c; z) for large

described by the transformation formulas of
For fixed

a, b, z

and large

\c\

one has

\z\

is

F(a,b;c;z)=e-

'a [T(c)/T(c-a)](bz)- a [l+0(\bz\- 1

+[r(c)/r(a)]e 62 (6 2 )

15.3.

-e

[15.8]

[l+6>(|62|-

)]

)]

(~y<arg (&*)<**)
15.7.3

15.7.1

F(a,

F(a,

For fixed
and large

b; c; z)

^^f,+0(\c\
=f]
n!
(c)
n =o

(c^O,
1, 2,
one has [15.2]

a, c, z,
|6|

b; c;

2)="[r(c)/r(c-a)] {bz)- a [\+0(\bz\-

)]

1
c
+[T(c)/T(a)]e'"(bzr- [l+0{\bz\- )}

( ^7r<arg(62)<f7r)

,0<|z|<l)

For the case when more than one

of the

param-

eters are large consult [15.2].

References
[15.1]

and

J.

g6om6triques

[15.2]

Kamp6

de Fe>iet, Fonctions hyperhypersphe>iques (GauthiersVillars, Paris, France, 1926).

P. Appell

A. Erd&yi et
vol. 1

al., Higher transcendental functions,

(McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,

N.Y., 1953).
[15.3]

E.

[15.4] E.

et

Goursat, Ann.
3-142(1881).

[15.5] J.

Goursat, PropriStes generates de liquation

d'Euler et de Gauss (Actuality scientifiques et
industri&les 333, Paris, France, 1936).

Kamp6

Vorlesungen tiber die hypergeometrische

Funktion (B. G. Teubner, Berlin, Germany,

[15.6] F. Klein,
Sci.

Ecole

Norm.

Sup (2) 10,

de Fenet, La fonction hyperg6om<trique

(Gauthiers-Villars, Paris, France, 1937).

1933).

HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

566
[15.7]

[15.8]

Kummer, Uber die hypergeometrische Reihe,

Reine Angew. Math. 15, 39-83, 127-172(1836).
T. M. MacRobert, Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. 42,
E. E.

[15.9] T.

[15.11] C.

Snow, The hypergeometric and Legendre func-

J.

tions with applications to integral equations of

84-88(1923).

potential theory, Applied Math. Series 19 (U.S.

Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,

M. MacRobert, Functions
4th

ed.

(Macmillan and

of a

complex variable,
Ltd., London,

Co.,

England, 1954).
[15.10] E. G. C. Poole, Introduction to the theory of linear
differential equations (Clarendon Press, Oxford,
England, 1936).

1952).

Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of

analysis, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1952).

[15.12] E. T.

modern

16. Jacobian Elliptic Functions

and Theta

Functions
L.

M. Milne-Thomson

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties

569
569

16.1.

Introduction

16.2.

Classification of the

16.4.

Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions

Relation of the Jacobian Functions to the Copolar Trio
Calculation of the Jacobian Functions by Use of the Arith-

16.5.

Special

16.6.

Jacobian Functions when

16.7.

Principal

16.3.

metic-Geometric

16.8.
16.9.

16.10.

Mean

(A.G.M.)

571

w=0

Terms
Change of Argument
Relations Between the Squares
Change of Parameter

or

of the Functions

Parameter (Jacobi's Real Transformation)

Descending Landen Transformation (Gauss' Transforma.

tion)

Approximation in Terms of Circular Functions

16.14. Ascending Landen Transformation
16.15. Approximation in Terms of Hyperbolic Functions

16.13.

....

16.16. Derivatives

Theorems
Double Arguments
Half Arguments
Jacobi's Imaginary Transformation
Complex Arguments
Leading Terms of the Series in Ascending Powers of u.
Series Expansion in Terms of the Nome q
Integrals of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions ....
Notation for the Integrals of the Squares of the Twelve

16.17. Addition

16.18.
16.19.
16.20.
16.21.
16.22.
16.23.
16.24.
16.25.

16.27.
16.28.

576
.

Theta Functions
16.30. Logarithms of Theta Functions of Sum and Difference
16.31. Jacobi's Notation for Theta Functions
16.32. Calculation of Jacobi's Theta Function Q(u\m) by Use
16.29. Logarithmic Derivatives of the

the Arithmetic-Geometric
1

University

of

Arizona.

573
573
573
574
574
574
574
574
574
575
575
575
575

Second

Terms
Kind
Theta Functions Expansions in Terms of the Nome q
Relations Between the Squares of the Theta Functions
of the Elliptic Integral of the

571
572
572
573
573
573

576

Jacobian Elliptic Functions

16.26. Integrals in

570
570
571

Arguments

16.11. Reciprocal
16.12.

576
576

576
577
577

of

Mean

577

(Prepared under contract with the National Bureau of

Standards.)

567

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

568

Page

Quarter-Periods to Jacobi's Eta and Theta

16.33. Addition of

Functions
16.34. Kelation of -Jacobi's Zeta Function to the Theta Functions
16.35. Calculation of Jacobi's Zeta Function Z(u\m) by Use of the
Arithmetic-Geometric Mean
16.36. Neville's Notation for Theta Functions
16.37. Expression as Infinite Products
16.38. Expression as Infinite Series

577
578

578
578
579
579

'

Numerical Methods
16.39. Use and Extension

579
579

of the Tables

References

Table

16.1.

& s (e
t> B

\<x

581

Theta Functions

),^f^aUe\\"

(eV),-^^^\)

a =0(5)85,

Table

582

16.2.

e,

e,=0 o (5)90 o

9-10D

Logarithmic Derivatives of Tbeta Functions

J^ln<> s (u)=/(e\a

584

\nMu) = -M\a)
^ln# n (u) = g(e\ a)

lnUu) = -9(e\\ a)
a =0(5)85,

e, e 1

=0 o (5)90 o

5-6D

The author wishes to acknowledge his great indebtedness to his friend, the late Professor
E. H. Neville, for invaluable assistance in reading and criticizing the manuscript.
Professor Neville generously supplied material

improvements

from

his

own work and was

matter and arrangement.

The author's best thanks are also due to David
preparation and checking of the tables and graphs.

responsible for

many

in

S.

Liepman and Ruth Zucker

for the

and Theta Functions

16. Jacobian Elliptic Functions

Mathematical Properties
Let

Jacobian Elliptic Functions

16.1.

Introduction
is

order.

called

Definition

The Jacobian elliptic function

the following three properties.

m+Wi=l.

We

call

the parameter,

(i)

the complementary

parameter.

eter

erality

is

we

assume that the paramnumber. Without loss of gen-

In what follows
a real

shall

we can then suppose

0<m<l

that

(see

16.10, 16.11).

We define quarter-periods K and iK' by

K(m)=K=
Jo

7:
(1

m sin 2ml/2
0)
2

1/2

iK'(m)=iK'=i
so that

K and K'

f*'

u=Q

is

term

is u,

With regard

unity.

T
(1 mj sm
.

are real numbers.

(i.e.,

are odd,

d$
2

0)

\ju,

is

called

the leading
is

a zero, a

or zero at the

of

is s)

call explicit attention to

pq u.
The Jacobian

we

elliptic

write

the

pq (u\m) instead

functions can

defined with respect to certain integrals.

K(m)=K'(m )=K'(l-m).

also

Thus

be
if

dd

16.1.3

<=f (l-msin 2 0) 1/2

'

if

The

points are at the vertices of a rectangle.

translations of this rectangle

the angle

by \K,

\iiK'

where

16.1.4

<p

is

called the amplitude

<p=amu

and we define
16.1.5

sn w=sin

<p,

en

ucos

n are given all integral values positive or negative, will lead to the lattice

<p,

X,

(iii)

w=0

and the others are even.

value of the parameter,

.c

.s

.d

.n

.d

.c

.s

.c

.d

.n

.d

dn
all

in terms of

on

all

u=(l m sin

2
<p)

V2 =A(<p).

pq u can be expressed
This second set of definitions,
although seemingly different, is mathematically
equivalent to the definition previously given in
terms of a lattice. For further explanation of
notations, including the interpretation, of such
Similarly

.c

pattern being repeated indefinitely

sides.

to

the functions in which one letter

Should we wish to

1/2
1/z

any one of the numbers m,

m u K(m), K'(m), K'{m)IK(m) is given, all the
rest are determined.
Thus
and K' can not
both be chosen arbitrarily.
In the Argand diagram denote the points 0, K,
K-\-iK', iK' by s, c, d, n respectively. These

the

zero at p and a simple

Thus the functions with a pole

note that

also note that

denned by

(ii) The step from p to q is a half period of pq u.

Those of the numbers K, iK', K+iK' which differ
from this step are only quarter-periods.
(iii) The coefficient of the leading term in the
expansion of pq u in ascending powers of u about

origin

the real, iK' the imaginary quarter-period.

We

is

Jo

16.1.2

pq u has a simple

pq u

pole at q.

according as
pole, or an ordinary point.

16.1.1

We

p,

p,

meromorphic function

doubly
an elliptic function.
Let m, mi be numbers such that
periodic

q be any two of the letters s, c, d, n.

q determine in the lattice a minimum
rectangle whose sides are of length
and K' and
whose vertices s, c, d, n are in counterclockwise

Then

the functions
<p.

expressions assn

(<p\a),

en (u\m), dn

(u, k), see 17.2.

569

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

570

16.2. Classification

of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions

According to Poles and Half-Periods

Pole
iK'

Half period iK'

The

Half period

K+iK'

Half period

Pole

Pole

Pole

K+iK'

cd u

dc u

ns u

Periods 2iK',

en u

sd u

nc u

ds u

Periods

sn

nd u

dn u

three functions in a vertical

sc

CS

4K+4iK', IK

MK' 2K+2iK',

4=K

Periods 4^', IK+liK',

2K

column are

copolar.

The four

a horizontal line are

functions in

Of the periods quoted in the

each row only two are independent.

coperiodic.

of

last line

Figure
Figure

16.1.

Jacobian

Jacobian

16.3.

elliptic

sc u, cs u, cd u, dc
elliptic

sn u, en u, dn

Junctions

m=

Junctions

1
:

16.3.

The curve for en (m|J) is the boundary between those

which have an inflexion and those which have not.
16.3.1

Relation of the Jacobian Functions to the

Copolar Trio sn u, en u, dn u

cdu=

2.5
2.0

16.3.2

1.5

en w

j
dcu=

dnu

sdu=dnw

nc

dnw
cn
1

u--

nsu-

it

cn

dsu=

sn-u

dnu
sn

_- " ndu

1.0

16.3.3

ndw=

Slltt

sc

dnw

u= cn.u

cs

cnu
u= sn
w

-.5

And generally if p,

-1.0

s, c,

-1.5

Figure

16.2.

Jacobian

ns u, nc u,
1

elliptic

nd u

functions

q, r are

any three of the letter s

d, n,

16.3.4

pqw=

prw
qrw

provided that when two letters are the same, e.g.,

u, the corresponding function is put equal to

pp

unity.

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

Calculation of the Jacobian Functions by
of the Arithmetic-Geometric Mean
(A.G.M.)

and then compute successively <#v-i,

<p Q from the recurrence relation

16.4.

Use

To

16.4.3

=1

&o= V^i

>

c o=

sn (u\m) =sin

N
N =2 aNu

<p

cos

dn (u\m)-

sin

en (u\m) =cos

From

180

these

all

<pQ

<p

cos (pi <p

<p

the other functions can be deter-

mined.
16.5. Special

Arguments

sn u

dn m

en u

16.5.1

mi

Q + m}/

16.5.3

16.5.4

\iiK')

imr 11 *

16.5.5

\{K+iK')

2 -l/2

16.5.2

c
)=~

16.4.4

when cN is negligible to
terminating at the step
the accuracy required. Find <pN in degrees where
16.4.2

Then

and dn (u\m)

form the A.G.M. scale starting with

16.4.1

sin (2<pn - 1 <f> n

17.6.

calculate sn (w|m), en (u\m),

N -2

<p

(Pi

For the A.G.M. scale see

571

1'

{1

1 '*

mji*

+ mW*

mi 1/2
(1

+ m"
m

m -l/2[(l-(- m l/2)l/?
+ i(l-m

2 1' 2
)

(l

1/4

./l-m 1/2 \

K+\(iK')

16.5.7

iK'

00

16.5.8

IK+iK'

(l-TOl 1/2 )- 1/2

16.5.9

K+iK'

m- 1/2

'V

1/2

1/2

(!_ m l/2)l/2

00

16.6.

./

OT, 1/2

\ 1/2

-imi "
1

\l-m\i 2 )

i(mi/m) V2

m=0 or

Jacobian Functions when

m=l

m=0
sin u

16.6.1
16.6.2
16.6.3

sn (u\m)
en (u\m)
dn (u\m)

16.6.4
16.6.5
16.6.6

cd (u\m)

cos

sd (u\m)
nd (u\m)

sin

16.6.7
16.6.8
16.6.9

dc (u\m)
nc (m|?w)

sec
sec

16.6.10
16.6.11
16.6.12

ns (wjw)
ds (u|m)
cs (u\m)

esc
esc
cot

16.6.13

am

sc (u\m)

(w|m)

COS M
1

u
m

tanh u
sech m
sech w
1

sinh u

cosh w

u
m
tan u

cosh u
sinh w

u
u
u

coth u
csch u
csch u

gd w

1' 2

oo

1' 2

m- 1/4

16.5.6

1/2 1/2

+ WM
(^TtU
V 4 /
-t(l-

()"'<>->
1/2 1/2
)

+ i

wll

l/2)l/2]

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS.

572

+ CM

3 3 3
aB

cc

T+

OT3
1

3 3 s
t3t)"2

CO

d
1

3 3 s
" 2
"a d co
1

^so

0^3

CL,

*^

on

%
O OX!

&j
CM

o3

C3

*<s>

333
a a

OT3

co

-1-2

ss

sj

+
3

OS

O-r!

TJ

5J
CO

3s

CO

CO

"o

03

3 S

3 S

JP
S r s
03

Us
^ &

o=SP

S
3
d O ^
S
CO
S ST)

^ ftOO

g S O

CO

3 S

St4

333

3 3
"Ot3'2

T3
._ CM

T3

S d

oSi
-

eSP

Ph
1

14

dg
co

Si

+
5:

4-

3
3

i d
3 ST3
1

:3"S

=*-i

as s

s?

CO

d
s

CO

to

73 cT

3s

CTl u
1

T3

3
CO

3 3 3
c ac
ot

CO

3 3 s
T3T3T3
O

CO

3 3 S
2
d CO

"U

3s

CO

CO

CXI

to

fcj

o3

CM

*J

5
bJ3^

u
V

.d-d d

fl

P-

Sgx

X'

s
01)
u

bX)

d w
d ord-d
cS X fn

a
m

+3

B.d.22
"^.^

d
d

cn^

_d

<

3
k|
CM

+
3

fl

.1.
I-

JJ

3
d
co

X
3
d

3 3
Ot3
T3

Tl

Tf

CO

fl

+ +

CO

fc<

3 s 3 3

T)

co

cc

co

fl

T3

N eo *
^ ^ *t

irt

so

s
SO

OrHCN

t-

os

om-i

t-;

t-;

l> l> l>

t-;

\0

*0 ^5 *^

1 ph

" 2
d

co

3s

co

co

T3

3 3 s
T3
1

3 3
G.H
T3

35

si

3 S
3t)"H
co C
T3 s;
a

si

37
co

a a
d co

a.

3s

co

co

d-o
I

si

3 3
co

03

si si

3-

S S

Sss

3
a 3

3
3 co
^
a

co si

ST
i
1

3
2
d CO

to

T3

s?d

?7
^7

afi

3 3
d

3 3
T3 12
C

3Si

3Si

si

s 3
d

3
T3
1

3 3

'Ssi*

37

CO
si

S S
1

3 3

T3

T3

c 3 S
co S s

Si

e s

co

37

Sss

SSi

J
-a

CO
Si

^"

S 5

co
1

co^

3 3 3
a g_5
"o
to
1

-r

co

3
_

S3
TJ
1

T3T312

-jd

3 3 3

to

CO
1

"Ssg

3 v- .0

co

ts)

i-*

73*2

3 3 3
T3T3"2
1

73

CO

^
bD

3 3 3
a a c

bX)+3

^+x

g
T3

C8

so

II

-*

333

P*

CM

SO

4m

"*.

co

Is- g x

S
M
d

&<

5.2
ft

It

brd
o
3

3 3 3
flflT)
U CO d

3 3 3
"0*0*0

"O

^
d c TD

CO

CO

T3 T) 73

3 3 s
u u
d CO

T3

HNM

Tj<lrt

t- eo os

CO CO CO
so so ve

CO CO CO
SO v \C

CO CO CO

T3

co

CO

3 3s
CO u
co

333

3 3 s
T3

d a c
co

CO

SO SO \0

to

aj

3 3 S
CO co to
CXI u
CO

to

CO

to

iH tM

pH
fH
i-h

co co co
SO >& SO

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

Relations Between the Squares of the

16.9.

-dn2u+mi=-m

16.9.2

mind 2u-\-mi=mmisd 2u=m

then

M=m sn -m

16.9.1

cn 2

/l-TO^Y

16.12.1

Functions

573

1/2

16.9.3

miSc u-\-mi=minc

16.9.4

cs 2u-\-mi=ds

In

um

um

sn

16.12.2

= (l+ M\')sn(;|M)
stW

(u\ to)

1+m

en (u\m)

16.12.3

u=ns 2u to
remember that

results

'

above

the

using

u=dc

cd 2

dnfa|TO)dnlM|m)

16.12.4

sn 2

'

(y|)u)

_ cnp>|^)dn (v\n)
~l+M

1/2

sn 2

(|M)

- -^

dn2(p|M)
(1
(l+MV2)-dn2

to+TOi=1.
If

pq

u, rt

any two

are

of the twelve functions,

one entry expresses tq 2?/ in terms of

pq u and
2
in
terms
of
xt
Since
expresses
qt
w
u.
another
2
2
obtain
from
the
table
the
tq u- qt it=l, we can
2,

2,

2
bilinear relation between pq u and ri u.
for the functions cd u, sn u we have

nd 2 w=

1 to

cd 2u
>

dn 2 =l to sn2 u

to.

Note that successive applications can be made

conveniently to find sn (u\m) in terms of sn

and dn (u\m)

dn

in terms of

(v\/x)

but that the

(y\n),

calculation of en (u\m) requires

three functions.

all

16.13.

Approximation in Terms of Circular

Functions

When

the parameter to

neglect

and therefore

to

and higher

so small that we
powers, we have

is

may
the

approximations

(1 to cd 2u)(\ to sn w)=TOi.
2/

16.9.6

HM

Thus

2/

16.9.5

/2)

16.13.1

u j m(u sin

sn (u\m) sin

Change of Parameter

16.10.

cos u) cos

m(u sin u

cos u) sin

Negative Parameter
If to is

16.13.2

a positive number, let

en (u\m) cos'U+j
to

n= 1 + TO

16.10.1

sn

16.10.2

en

16.10.3

>

Mr

(u\

+ TO

>

TO)=/ui

V=sd

(u\m)cd

it

(0<M<1)
dn (u\m) 1 ~

16.13.3
J

dn (w| TO)=nd

16.10.4

to sin

(|/x)

(v\n)

am

16.13.4

(m|to)

w t to(w sin

cos m).

it

(w|m)-

of calculating the Jacobian functions

is to use Landen's descending transformation to
reduce the parameter sufficiently for the above

One way

16.11. Reciprocal Parameter (Jacobi's Real

Transformation)

to>0, ii to -1

16.11.1

v=um

16.11.2

sn (w|m)=M 1/2sn

16.11.3

en (u\m) =dn

(v\n)

16.11.4

dn

= cn

(v\n)

(w|TO)

16.14.

Hm)

Ascending Landen Transformation

To increase the parameter,

?--

if

^ = \lJP^ ) ,V -\ + Mi
2

functions whose parameter

is

real

sn(^TO) = (l+Mi 1/2 )

/

16.14.2

Descending Landen Transformation

(Gauss' Transformation)

,<

16.14.4

decrease the parameter, let

/,

i/2x

sn

Hm) cn

(v\n)

dn(p M)
|

16.14.3

To

'2

to>1 then m~ =ii<i\.

elliptic

can be made to depend on elliptic functions whose

parameter lies between
and 1.
16.12.

+ TO

let

/1-TO 1/2Y

4m l/2
16.14.1

(1

Here
Thus

See also 16.14.

formulae to become applicable.

1/2

cn (u\m)

= l+Mi

/
N
=
dn(u|m)
.1

1/2

lTMi

dn 2 HM)-Mi 1/2
dn ( ,| m)

1/2

dB 2 HM)+Mi 1/2
dn (r M)
|

1/2

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

574

Note that, when successive applications are to

be made, it is simplest to calculate dn (u\m) since
functhis is expressed always in terms of the same

The

tion.

16.17.

16.17.1

Addition Theorems

sn(u+v)
sn u-cn w-dn

calculation of en (u\m) leads to that of

dn

v+sn

v-cn u-dn

m sn u-sn v
2

0|m)-

The

calculation

evaluation of

sn (u\m) necessitates the

of

cn(u+v)

v sn u dn u sn
2
2
1 m sn Msn

en u en

three functions.

all

Approximation in Terms of Hyperbolic

Functions

16.15.

16.17.2

16.17.3

dnw-dnw msnw-cnw-sny
2
2
1 msn t sn v

dn(u+v)-

dn

cnu

When

m is so close to unity that

of m can be neglected we

the parameter

and higher powers

have the approximations
2

Addition theorems are derivable one from

another and are expressible in a great variety of
Thus ns (u v) comes from 1/sn (u v) in the
forms
1
msn 2u sn 2 y) / (sn u en dn v sn z> en u dn w)
form (

16.15.1

sn(w|m)tanhw+jm

(sinh

u cosh uu) sech 2 u

from

16.17.1.

ns(^

Alternatively

+ w)=m

1/2

sn

{(iK'u)v)

again from-16.17.1 yields the form (ns

which
nsvcsudsv)l(ns 2 u ns 2 w).

16.15.2

en (u\m) sech u
1

u cosh uu) tanh u sechw

(sinh

u cs v ds,u

The function pq(w+) is a rational function

the four functions pq u, pq v, nq'u, pq'w.

of

Double Arguments

16.18.

16.15.3

16.18.1

sn 2u

dn (u\m) sech.

dnu 2snu-cnu-dnu

2sn u-cn u-

+- m

(sinh

cosh u-\-u) tanh u sech

16.18.2

16.15.4

msn w

(u\m)

gd u-\-j

(sinh

u cosh uu) sech

2
dn2 u cn2 usn2 u dn u
~~ cn 2 u + sn 2 w dn 2 u
mstfu

u
= cn usn

u.

Another way of calculating the Jacobian functions is to use Landen's ascending transformation
to increase the parameter sufficiently for the above
formulae to become applicable.

en 2u
2

am

2
cn2 u+sn2 w dn it

16.18.3

dn 2u

dn u msn ^-cn
2

lmsn^u

See also 16.13.

~~dn

ucn u(dn ul)

2

sn 2 u dn 2u

1 en

2u
1-fcn 2u

16.18.4

_ dn u4-cn ^(dn ^ 1)

tt

cn 2u

16.16. Derivatives

1 dn 2u msn 2 u cn2 u
dn 2 u
1+dn 2u~~

16.18.5

Func-

Derivative

tion

Half Arguments

16.19.
16.16.1
16.16.2
16.16.3

sn u
en u

en u dn u

dn u

sn u dn u
msnucnu

cd u

m\

..

Pole n

16.19.1

sn 2 iw
2

Pole d

16.19.2

=
cn%u
2

nd u

sd u nd u
cd u nd u
m sd u cd u

16.16.7
16.16.8
16.16.9

dc u
nc u

sc

m\ sc u nc u
u dc u
dc u nc u

Pole c

16.19.3

16.16.10
16.16.11
16.16.12

ns u
ds u

16.16.4
16.16.5
16.16.6

sd u

sc

cs

ds U CS M
cs u ns m
ns u ds u

dn 2 i2

u=

16.20. Jacobi's
Pole

Note that the derivative is proportional

product of the two copolar functions.

1-cnti
= 5

1+dn u
dn w+cn u

1+dnw
,

m,+dn M+mcn

Imaginary Transformation

16.20.1

sn(iu\m)=isc(u\m,i)

16.20.2

cn(iu\m)=nc(u\m

16.20.3

dn(iw|m)=dc(w|m

to the

it

j
1+dnw
i

l)

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

Complex Arguments

16.21.

575

16.23.6

nd (w|m)=

With the abbreviations

2tt

2mf^+^S (-D-lf^ 2nr

16.21.1
16.23.7
s 1 =sn(y|m 1 ),

s=sn(x|m), c=cn(x|m), d=dn(x|m),

Ci=cn(y|TOi), di=dn(y|wh)

sn(x-\-iy\m)

16.21.2

16.21.3

27T

Xi.

Ti=0

2n+l

+^ 2

c^+ras2
c

cn(x+iy\m)

dc (w m) =7yF?- sec

sx

c?+ms2

sf

r^+i
V cos

nc (u\m) =

d,

K secw

2m\ /2

S
Kt^

2tt

16.21.4

dn(x+iy\m)-

Ci

(2+i)

J-

16.23.8

Cj is d

Si

(-i) n

diims- C
c?+ms2 sf

-Si

m\' 2

(-1)'

+ q ^ri
!

+ l)

cos (2n

16.23.9

Leading Terms of the Series in Ascending

Powers of u

16.22.

sc (it|m)

K tan y

2m\' 2

16.22.1

sn(u\m)=u (1 + m) 5y+(l + 14m+m

2
)

^
it

<^S

- 1)B

i+^ sin2

16.23.10
27T

7T

ns (.|m)=2^ esc

- (1 + 135m + 135 m +m
2

2ir

--^

rt2"+!

_ g 2+i sin (2n+l)

16.23.11
16.22.2

ds

1i^

2n+1

"

27T

7T

W2
cn(M|m)=l 2j-+(l+4m)

(M|m)=^. csc v^r

0-^ xl
i

-^

r-f- a2n+i sin

j.
1

16.23.12

w
-(l+44m+16m ^-f2

cs (u

b!

m) =

cot

(2n+l)

-^ g

sin 2nv

"2

16.22.3

u2

16.24. Integrals of

u*

dn(u\m) = l m^-+m(4+ra) -j

-m(16+44m+m

+
o!

|T

16.24.1
.

formulae are

known

ysn u du=m~ V2

In (dn

u m.

1/2

cn u)

16.24.2

No

the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic

Functions

y*cn u

du=m~ 1/2

arccos (dn u)

for the general coeffi-

y*dn u dit= arcsin

16.24.3

cients in these series.

Expansions in Terms of the Nome

q=e"*K IK and the Argument v=tu/(2K)

16.23. Series

(sn u)

16.24.4

ycd u du=m~ 1/2

16.24.5

ysd u du=(mmi)~ 1/2

16.24.6

y*nd u du=m{~ 112 arccos (cd u)

In (nd

it+m 1/2sd

u)

'

,fi+l/2

16.23.1

sn

(u\m)=^J2

2 n+i sin (2+l)

16.24.7

16.23.2

cn(w|m)

m^lf^ 1+g **
2

71=0 1-

16.23.3

dn

(|

m)

=^+^ S

cos (2n-|-l)w

j-p-^ cos 2no

16.23.4

cd (u\m)

oo

= w S
m KZ&
2tt

V 1.
J

l-g

(^o^S

(nc

u+sc

1/2

cd

it)

u)

16.24.8

y*nc u

16.24.9

y*sc

du=m\ 112 In

u du=m,i l/2

(dc u-\-m\ /2sc u)

In (dc

u+m\

u cs

16.24.10

yns u du=h\

(ds

16.24.11

yds u du=hx

(ns it cs u)

16.24.12

yes u duhi

(ns

/2

nc u)

u)

-\\n n n+l/2

2 "-*" 1

cos(2n+l)t>

16.23.5

sd (w|m)=

du=ln

,n+l/2

2tt
=

y*dc u

arcsin

- 1)B

n+l/2

i-+?^

sin

(2n+1>

u ds u)

In numerical Uo3 of the above table certain remust be put on u in order to keep the
arguments of the logarithms positive and to avoid

strictions

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

576

trouble with many-valued inverse circular func-

16.27.3

(2, q)

=#3(2) =

tions.

g"
1+22
=
71

Notation for the Integrals of the Squares

of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions

pqH

16.25.2

PsM= "(p q^i)a-I

dt

dt,~Ns

16.26. Integrals in

gral of the

u= ("(nsHj^dt^

Terms

of the Elliptic Inte-

Second Kind

Dn u=E(u)
raCd

16.26.4

u=E(u)m umsn

m N d u =E(u) msn

u cd u

Dc u=E(u)+u-\-sn u

16.26.7

u= '(w)+miW+sn u dc u

16.26.9

TOjSc

16.26.10

Ns

Pole c

u =E(u)-\- sn u dc u

u= E(u) +u en

ratio

K and %K'

two theta functions.

of

'

/K
,

are the quarter periods.

Since

determined when the parameter m is

given, we can also regard the theta functions as
dependent upon m and then we write
q=q(rn)

is

q)

=#

(z\m),a=l, 2,3,4

but when no ambiguity is to be feared, we write

da (z) simply.
The above notations are those given in Modern
Analysis

dc u

16.26.8

mjNc

the

M*,
Poled

u cd u

16.26.6

as

See 16.36.
The notation shows these functions as depending on the variable 2 and the nome q, |g|<0In this case, here and elsewhere, the convergence
is not dependent on the trigonometrical terms.
In their relation to the Jacobian elliptic functions,
we note that the nome q is given by

u= E(u)-\-u-{-msn u cd u

16.26.5
mrriiSd

=1

q= e - rK
Pole n

16.26.3

71

where

mCnu=E(u)m u

16.26.2

?)=^(2) = 1+2Z1 (-l)"2 n2 COS 2W2

(see 17.4)

mSnu=E(u)+u

16.26.1

(2,

pressed

Examples

CcU= Pcd

Theta functions are important because every

one of the Jacobian elliptic functions can be ex-

when q^s

J>qu=

cos 2ri2

16.27.4

16.25.

16.25.1

[16.6].

There is a bewildering variety of notations, for

example the function #4(2) above is sometimes
denoted by & (z) or 0(2); see the table given in
Modern Analysis [16.6]. Further the argument
u=2Kz/ir is frequently used so that in consulting
books caution should be exercised.

u ds u

Between the Squares of the

Theta Functions

16.28. Relations

16.26.11

Ds u=E(u)-\-m

u en

u ds u

Pole

16.28.1

Cs

16.26.12
All

u= E(u) en

the above

may

(2)0 (O)=0t(z)0

u ds w
;

(O)-0 2 (2)0 2 (O)

;

16.28.2

0(2)0 4 (O)

16.28.3

^(2)^(0) = ^(2)r?|(0)-t? (2)^(0)

16.28.4

^(2)tf 2 (0)

-(2)0i(O)-0?(2)0i(O)

be expressed in terms of

Jacobi's zeta function (see 17.4.27).

Z(u)=E(u)-~u, where E=E(K)

16.28.5
16.27.

= ^(2)^(0) -^(2)t>!(0)

0$(O)-r-#(O)

= *S(O)

Theta Functions; Expansions in Terms

of the

Nome

Note

16.27.1
0i(2, ?)

16.28.6

= 2 2 S(-l)
1/4

?,

(2)

n(n+1)

sin

(2n+l)2

16.29.

16.27.2
t?2(2,?)=t? 2 (2)==2 2 /'X; q nin+l) cos
1

(2n+l)g

also the

'(O)=0 2 (O)0 3 (O)0 4 (O) or ,'= M 3 04

Logarithmic Derivatives of the Theta

Functions
'

[(u)

16.29.1

important relation

-^-^cot u+4 2J
tT^i
0i (w)

2n

Hq12
1

sin

2nu

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

16.31. Jacobi's

16.29.2
tan

Mu)

n=l

il= 4 a

i6 - 29 - 3

- i)

2nu

sin

"i4isin2nM

Mu) =4E
-i 1 T

sin

2nu

e(M|ro)=e(u)=0 4 (0),

16.31.2

Form

(u\m)

the

= -H

A.G.M.
a =l,

16.32.1

(u)=Mv) = Q(u+K)

(u)

=#

(v)

= H(u+K)

Mean

*i(a+0) _i n sin (a+ff)

m M<x~P)
sin (a-j8)

+4 Xj

=Q

Theta Function
Q(u\m) by Use of the Arithmetic-Geometric

and Difference

t_

sin

2rw sin 2rij8

scale starting with

=^pm

b =-\fml, c

terminating with the Nth. step

to the accuracy required.

16.30.2

when c N is negligible
degrees,
<pN in

Find

where

m ^(q+ff)
(a-/3)
l? 2

COS (q

^=2%^^-

16.32.2

ff)

7T

C0s(-j8)
oo

+4

16.30.3

*&$=i S

=i

CI^n

fl

"

2n
2n

^
7i

sin

2r^

sin

2n0

and then compute successively #y_i,

from the recurrence relation
<Pi, <p
sin (2^ B _! <p n )=-^ sin

16.32,3

r^s
g
2

sin 2

sin 20

<p

N-2

<?

Then
16.32.4

16.30.4

In

(u\m)

=^

16.32. Calculation of Jacobi's

Sum

16.30.1

In

H(|m)==H()=i(t?)

16.31.4

Logarithms of Theta Functions of

Notation for Theta Functions

16.31.1

16.31.3

K(u)

16.29.4
16.30.

2 (-1)" 1-2

11+4

577

^|=4 S-rAirin

sin

In

2n0

_,
0m=
s
.

In

-4

+^ln

The corresponding expressions when P=iy are

easily deduced by use of the formulae 4.3.55 and

2m}! /2 K'(m)
J

^-^+01

cos

In

sec (2^o *>i)+g In sec

(<pi<f>

cos

>

(2<p 1 <p2 )

+2^+i ^ n

4.3.56.

16.33.

7T

sec (Zvv-i'Pn)

Addition of Quarter-Periods to Jacobi's Eta and Theta Functions

U+K

w + 2if

M + tlf'

u+2iK'

U+X+ttf'

w + 2K + 2iK'

16.33.1

H()

-H()

H,(m)

-H( U

Hi()

-H(u)

e()

9(u)

iM(u)0(m)

-N(u)H(u)

M()6i()

iV(u)H(w)

-H,(m)

M(u)9i(*)

iy(w)Hi(u)

-fM(u)8(tt)

-Ar( u )Hj(u)

6()

6i()

A/(m)Hi(u)

tf()6l()

*"M(M)H(tt)

iV(w)0,( M )

0i ()

9()

a/( M )H( M )

-^(tt)0()

M(u)H,(k)

-JV()8()

16.33.2

16.33.3

01 (u)
16.33.4

0()

where

iV>)=[exp(-^)]<r'

H(w) and Hi{u) have the period \K. 0(w) and

0i (u) have the period 2K.
2iK' is a quasi-period for all four functions,
that is to say, increase of the argument by 2iK'
multiplies the function

by

a factor.

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

578
16.34.

Relation of Jacobi's Zeta Function to the

(,l)

*-()=%^^.()=?
8(K)
0(0)

16.36.2

Theta Functions

m are any integers positive, negative, or

If X,

Z(tt)=^lne()

zero the points Uq-\-2\K-\-2h%K' are said to be

congruent to u

16.34.1

2K

#i

&s (u) has

& c (u) has
&n (u) has

en u dn u
sn u

/ttu\

\2KJ

zeros at the points congruent to

zeros at the points congruent to

zeros at the points congruent to %K'

dd (u) has zeros at the points congruent

to

K+iK'
7T

16.34.2

*'(W

dn u sn u
en u

<m)
2X
<m)

pq u
16.34.4

di

is

pqw=
*.()

\2K)

These functions

Calculation of Jacobi's Zeta Function

Z(u\m) by Use of the Arithmetic- Geometric

16.35.

Mean
Form

A.G.M.

the

Oo=1j

=-\jm u

cQ

terminating at the TVth step

=-Jm

when cN
Find

the accuracy required.

to

<p

is

negligible

in

degrees

where

m-

16.36.5

mT 1/i #d (K-u)=& n (u),

1/i

& c (K-u)=# s (v>)

complementary arguments u and

Ku.

In terms of the theta functions denned in 16.27,

let v= vul (2K), then
16.36.6

M J>M, Uu)-^)
MO)
*J(0)

Na u
N

16.35.2

180

(Ptf=2

16.36.7

and then compute successively <pN -\,

from the recurrence relation
<p
<p

<p

N-2

sin {2<p n _

-<Pn)=-f-sinipn

Mv) = *s()
*3(0)'

1.2

1.0 --K- :

MO)

-V

^-y

5 -

Mv)

K(u)*n(u}..

x ,

16.35.3

have the property

with

starting

17.6

scale

also

16.36.4

for

16.35.1

&p (u)

given by

16.36.3

/tu

~2K

suffix secures that the function

has zeros at the points marked p in the introductory diagram in 16.1.2, and the constant by
which Jacobi's function is divided secures that the
leading coefficient of &p {u) at the origin is unity.
Therefore the functions have the fundamentally
important property that if p, q are any two of the
letters s, c, n, d, the Jacobian elliptic function

u cnu
m s n dn
u

7T

16.34.3

Thus the

Then
k'

~-i

A*

/3K

2K\

k '\

16.35.4
\

Z(u\m)=c

-.5 x

sin <Px+c 2 sin

16.36. Neville's

<p 2 -\-

+Cjv sin

<p

Notation for Theta Functions

*c Ur -,._

'

1.0
1.2 .

These functions are defined in terms of Jacobi's

theta functions of 16.31 by

,
16.36.1

H(w)
fnA
tf.^Hjp^

H(w-hK)
^)^
mI

'

Figure

16.4.

/
^s(u)

Neville's theta junctions

My), My), My), My)

l

m= 2

'

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

I.Or

579

16.38. Expression as Infinite Series

Let v=ttu/(2K)
16.38.1

J
7r(

-11/2

rl/2

a,

S (-D-

t2

n l/2

Figure

Logarithmic

16.5.

derivatives

oj

theta

!*#.(),

In

( +I )

cog (2n

+ 1)

cos 2m;}

2"

16.38.4

*.<)

m= 2

*" (M)

Expression as Infinite Products

16.37.

+u sin (2n+l)

(1+2

2^1

functions

"l 1/2

tir

"

-I 1/2

^i_j
tO_

-ii/2

{1+2

T_2^pzd

16.38.5

(2i^/7r)

1/2

S (-!)

=l+2g+2 2 +2 2 +
4

c os 2nv}

=0

(O, g)

q=q(m), v=tu/ (2K)

16.38.6

16.37.1
1/6

\mm

sine;

n (1 2g

2n

cos

2y+g

4n
)

n=l

(2K77r) 1/2

= l+2g

+2g!+2 2f+

=#

(0, 2l )

16.37.2

# c (^) = (

lu

cosy

16.38.7

(l+2g

2re

cos2w+ 2 4n )
(2m 1/2iiC/7r) 1/2 = 22 1/4 (l+22 + g 6 +g 12 +g20 +.

16.37.3
.37.3

Mu)=(^^Y
\ lt>2 /

n (l+2 2 2n -

cos2;+g4 - 2 )

n=l

.)

= *2(0,

2)

16.38.8

16.37.4
,37.4

\ 1/12

^HiT^)

n (l-22

2n - 1

cos2 y +g

- 2
)

(2m} /2iiL/7r) 1/2 =l-2g+22

-2g9 +.

=#

(0, g).

Numerical Methods
Use and Extension of the Tables

16.39.

Example 1. Calculate nc (1.99650|.64) to 4S.

From Table 17.1, 1 .99650 =^T+ .001. From the
table of principal terms

ncu= m{

1/2

/(u i)+

"-()- 10which

is

From

nc(^L

+ .001|.64)=-

negligible.

Now

is

is

dnf.19
whence dn

of order .001 this value

correct to at least 4S.

2.
Use the descending Landen transformation to calculate dn (.20|.19) to 6D.

Here m=.19, m} =.9 and so from

"=Q
Also
716-654

!
'

Example

(.20|.19)

From

64

38

= .996253.

16.14.1
4(.9)

^360

^
2_
M ~(1.9)
90
20

1+mJ
-

n\ is negligible to
O

^^=.999951

Use the ascending Landen

calculate dn (.20J.81) to 5D.

16.12.1

+" W =I5"= 19

3.

formation to

Example

/2

from 16.13.3

'

= -1667+...
1667

= -[-">lfe)T-0-A)

.001

10000

and since the next term

X7.67

16.12.4

dn(.20|.19)

-(.36)- 1/2

19"
19'

4D.

>

361
19

Mr

<M

=
=^X.20=.19,
"
20
1

Thus

trans-

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS,

580

dn
(

dn (.20|.81)=gX

Example 4. Use the ascending Landen transformation to calculate en (.20|.81) to 6D.

Using 16.14.4, we calculate dn (.20|.81) and
deduce en (.20|.81) from 16.14.3 settling the sign

*)+- 1
361^19

19
y

19
-( iy
|36iy

From

from Figure

16.15.3

As

dn

19

|li)

=sech

19)+

(-

x tanh
i 3Di

19 sech 19
-

calculation of

[sinh.l9cosh.l9+.19]

= .982218+4-X3il

[(.191145) (1.01810)

dn

we reduce
dn

(.20|.81) to that of

( 19

361/

dn(. 19 1|!^)=. 982267

+ J$]

dn

(-184408)[.384605]

(.20|.81)

en (.20|.81)

984056

= .980278.

= .982218+ .000049= .982267.

dn(.20|. 81) = .98406.

Thus

Example

From

Use the A.G.M.

5.

16.9.6

method given

we have dc

the

an

compute dc

scale to

(.672|.36)

Form

in 16.4.

= .36+^l-sn
mi

'

4D.

We now

calculate sn(.672|.36)

by the

(.672|.36)

scale

Cn

Cn

ogN

arjoi

2f

A.G.M.

(.672|.36) to

64

sin

<Pn

vn

sin (2(p-i

<p n )

2<Pn-l

<Pn

an

.9
89721
89721

89443
89721
89721

<p n

=2a n ii

<p 3

11111

1.

.00311

2.

00279

4.

=2

(.

<Po=. 65546

65546
2069
4117
8234

60952
93452
66679
-. 99384
.

10383
00207

10402
00207

89721) (.672) =4.8234

continuing until c n 0 to 5D.

Then complete as indicated in 16.4 to find

snw=. 60952

<p

and so sn u and hence dc

u,

u= 1.1740.

dc

Example

We

6.
Use the A.G.M. scale to compute 0(.6|.36) to 5D.
use the method explained in 16.32 with Oo=l, b =.8, c =.6.

Computing the A.G.M.

(For values of an
n

<Pn

1.

58803
0780

2.

1533

4.

3066

sin

as explained in 17.6,

b, c n ,

see

Example

sin (2<p n -i

<p n

55472
88101
83509
-. 91879

we

find

5.)

2<pn-l

<pn )

<f>n

sec (2<pn -!

<pn )

1.

0048

09789
00260

09805
00260

1.

1.

in 16.32 to sive

= 05734 + .02935 + .00120

= -.02679
@{u\m) = .97357.

In 0(tt|m)

series

TT^lnsec (2^_i-^)

and then complete the calculation outlined

The

the

360\

when

(.187746) (.982218)

= .982218+7X^7
4 obi

16.1.

in the preceding example,

expansion for

is

preferable.

00120

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

Example

Use

7.

the

to

g-series

compute

t? s

cs (.53601 62|.09).

Here we use the

series 16.23.12,

= .59128
(30\45) = 1.02796.

(30\45)

(sec 45)l# c

K= 1.60804 862,

581

Therefore

g= .00589

414,

Since g4

=|^=|radians or

8D, we have to

negligible to

is

30.

sc(.61802|.5)=j^|(sec45 o )

7D

= .68402.

cs (.53601 62|.09)

cot 30

Example

6 }
=2^
-!{it?+2
= (.97683 3852) (1.73205 081)

interpolation in

-3.90733 541[(.00003 4740)(.86602 5404)]

7.

This method

Use theta functions

8.

Find sn (.75342
Table 17.5.

is

to

^61802
1.85407

= .75.

and

6[)

We

Thus
sn (.61802|.5)

(30\45)

that of finding

t? n

(30\45)

If

59128

(w|.5)

.8.

have therefore replaced the problem by

u given sn (u\m), where m is known.

ff s

1.04729

p=am u

= .56458

sin

<p=sn u and so
<p=. 9272952 radians or 53.13010.

16.1.

Use theta functions

to

compute

From Table

5D.

in the preceding
e

= 30,

a=45

Alternatively, starting with the above value of

<p

so (.618021 .5)= !-<

17.5,

M=^(53.13010\45) = 99391.

example

so that
3

:Mf2
# c (30\45)

We

that cs (u\.5)

sn 2 (w|.5)=.64

XyU

sn

As

Example

Thus

-l/2,a=45.

sc (.61802|.5) to

inverse

9.

by

1+cs 2U

Here K(h)= 1.85407

Example

7)

compute

sn (.61802 1. 5) to 5D.

from Table

1.

explained in chapter 17,

Example 11. Find u, given

From 16.9.4 we have

= 1.69180 83.
Example

10.

we can

use the

A.G.M.

ferred

if

more

is

figures are required, or

from a tabular value

use Table 16.1 to give

scale to calculate F(<p\a)

This method

as explained in 17.6.

in

Table

be pre-

to
if

differs

17.5.

References
Tables

Texts
[16.1] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
vol. 2 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,

N.Y., 1953).
King, On the direct numerical calculation of
elliptic
functions and integrals (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1924).

[16.7] E.

[16.2] L. V.

[16.3]

F. O berhettinger, Formulas and

theorems for the special functions of mathe-

W. Magnus and

matical physics (Chelsea Publishing Co.,

[16.5] F.

Tricomi, Elliptische Funktionen (Akademische

[16.6] E. T.

Leipzig,

Germany,

Whittaker and G. N. Watson,

modern

1948).

course of

analysis, chs. 20, 21, 22, 4th ed.

(Cam-

bridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).

riques (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, France, 1901).

Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, 4th
ed. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1945).

[16.10] L.

H. Neville, Jacobian elliptic functions, 2d ed.

(Oxford Univ. Press, London, England, 1951).
Verlagsgesellschaft,

[16.9] E.

New

York, N.Y., 1949).

[16.4] E.

[16.8] J.

Adams and

R. L. Hippisley, Smithsonian
mathematical formulae and tables of elliptic
functions, 3d reprint (The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1957).
Hoiiel, Recueil de formules et de tables numeP.

M. Milne-Thomson, Die elliptischen Funktionen

von Jacobi (Julius Springer, Berlin, Germany,
1931).

[16.11] L.

M. Milne-Thomson, Jacobian
tables

(Dover Publications,

elliptic

Inc.,

function

New

York,

N.Y., 1956).
[16.12] G. W. and R. M. Spenceley, Smithsonian elliptic
function tables, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, vol. 109 (Washington, D.C., 1947).

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

582

THETA FUNCTIONS

Table 16.1

tt

*.(A
c\a
0

)
20

15

10

a A)

25

10
15
20

0.00000
0.08715
0.17364
0.25881
0.34202

0000
5743
8178
9045
0143

0.00000
0.08732
0.17397
0.25931
0.34267

0000
1966
9362
2677
2476

0.00000
0.08782
0.17497
0.26080
0.34464

0000
4152
9967
4191
3695

0.00000
0.08867
0.17667
0.26332
0.34797

0000
3070
1584
6099
7361

0.00000
0.08988
0.17909
0.26693
0.35274

0000
7414
1708
4892
9211

0.00000
0.09149
0.18229
0.27171
0.35907

0000
5034
6223
4833
2325

25
30
35
40
45

0.42261
0.50000
0.57357
0.64278
0.70710

8262
0000
6436
7610
6781

0.42342
0.50095
0.57467
0.64401
0.70845

4343
3708
0526
3768
5688

0.42586
0.50383
0.57797
0.64772
0.71253

0446
6358
7994
1085
4820

0.42998
0,50871
0.58357
0.65399
0.71944

1306
3952
6134
8067
3681

0.43588
0.51570
0.59159
0.66299
0.72935

2163
1435
9683
9145
6053

0.44370
0.52497
0.60225
0.67495
0.74253

5382
0857
0597
6130
3161

60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

0.76604
0.81915
0.86602
0.90630
0.93969

4443
2044
5404
7787
2621

0.76750
0.82071
0.86767
0.90803
0.94148

5843
4821
7668
6964
5546

0.77192
0.82544
0.87267
0.91326
0.94691

5893
2256
6562
9273
1395

0.77941
0.83345
0.88115
0.92214
0.95611

4712
4505
1505
2410
4956

0.79016
0.84496
0.89332
0.93489
0.96935

4790
1783
9083
7610
0025

0.80446
0.86028
0.90955
0.95189
0.98700

5863
0899
1166
9199
0216

40
35
30
25
20

75
80

0.96592
0.98480
0.99619
1.00000

5826
7753
4698
0000

0.96776
0.98668
0.99809
1.00190

8848
6836
5528
8098

0.97334
0.99237
1.00384
1.00768

6839
4367
9133
3786

0.98281
1.00202
1.01361
1.01748

0311
5068
2807
5224

0.99642
1.01591
1.02766
1.03158

3213
0350
2527
9925

1.01458
1.03444
1.04641
1.05041

4761
0908
6011
7974

15
10

10
15
20

0.00000
0.09353
0.18636
0.27778
0.36710

0000
4894
3367
4006
5393

0.00000
0.09606
0.19139
0.28530
0.37706

0000
0073
9811
3629
5455

0.00000
0.09914
0.19754
0.29449
0.38924

0000
2353
9961
2321
7478

0.00000
0.10287
0.20501
0.30564
0.40405

0000
9331
0420
8349
4995

0.00000
0.10740
0.21405
0.31918
0.42204

0000
5819
3194
5434
9614

0.00000
0.11291
0.22506
0.33569
0.44403

0000
2907
4618
3043
4769

25
30
35
40
45

0.45365
0.53676
0.61581
0.69019
0.75934

1073
4494
3814
6708
4980

0.46599
0.55141
0.63268
0.70917
0.78030

3521
5176
1725
3264
3503

0.48110
0.56937
0.65339
0.73250
0.80611

6437
7735
2178
7761
4729

0.49950
0.59127
0.67868
0.76106
0.83776

2749
8602
8658
3101
1607

0.52189
0.61799
0.70961
0.79606
0.87664

9092
6720
8904
0581
1114

0.54932
0.65080
0.74770
0.83928
0.92480

5515
1843
4387
2749
2089

50
55
60
65
70

0.82272
0.87986
0.93030
0.97366
1.00961

9031
2121
4365
6431
2870

0.84552
0.90433
0.95626
1.00092
1.03795

4503
1298
6326
3589
2481

0.87364
0.93455
0.98837
1.03467
1.07308

0739
6042
8598
8996
5074

0.90817
0.97175
1.02796
1.07635
1.11651

9128
1955
3895
2410
4503

0.95071
1.01765
1.07692
1.12798
1.17041

1025
9399
1759
8100
0792

1.00355
1.07485
1.13807
1.19262
1.23801

1297
2509
1621
9342
2299

40

75
80
85
90

1.03786
1.05820
1.07047
1.07456

5044
3585
0366
9932

1.06706
1.08801
1.10066
1.10488

1179
9556
1511
6686

1.10328
1.12503
1.13815
1.14254

6100
6391
8265
4218

1.14811
1.17087
1.18461
1.18920

2152
7087
4727
7115

1.20381
1.22789
1.24242
1.24728

2008
0346
6337
6586

1.27378
1.29959
1.31518
1.32039

3626
2533
2322
6454

15
10

0.00000
0.11968
0.23861
0.35604
0.47120

0000
1778
4577
4091
6153

0.00000
0.12814
0.25558
0.38160
0.50544

0000
8474
9564
3032
4270

0.00000
0.13904
0.27747
0.41467
0.54994

0000
1489
6571
2740
7578

0.00000
0.15372
0.30706
0.45960
0.61082

0000
0475
5715
9511
7702

0.00000
0.17522
0.35063
0.52633
0.70219

0000
3596
9262
5260
9693

0.00000
0.21321
0.42844
0.64743
0.87146

0000
7690
3440
4941
4767

40
45

0.58332
0.69160
0.79525
0.89344
0.98538

3727
6043
0355
6594
4972

0.62633
0.74345
0.85596
0.96294
1.06350

5361
9784
1570
9380
5669

0.68254
0.81164
0.93630
1.05553
1.16824

9331
3704
8263
5305
3466

0.76005
0.90647
1.04907
1.18666
1.31788

8920
6281
2506
0037
6740

0.87783
1.05251
1.22511
1.39412
1.55769

8622
4778
1680
6403
2334

1.10111
1.33612
1.57526
1.81633
2.05616

6239
3616
8297
9939
7815

60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

1.07026
1.14731
1.21579
1.27502
1.32438

6403
5349
4546
0900
1718

1.15670
1.24161
1.31733
1.38304
1.43795

0687
0747
9855
3549
3601

1.27329
1.36953
1.45580
1.53099
1.59408

7730
6895
7011
8883
7380

1.44126
1.55522
1.65814
1.74846
1.82467

6644
4175
9352
0610
1332

1.71363
1.85953
1.99285
2.11103
2.21162

1283
2258
2358
3523
7685

2.29072
2.51529
2.72469
2.91357
3.07668

3417
0558
4161
4159
6743

40
35
30
25
20

75
80

1.36335
1.39150
1.40851
1.41421

0417
0813
9209
3562

1.48140
1.51284
1.53187
1.53824

2159
3876
4716
6269

1.64417
1.68050
1.70253
1.70991

0149
3336
2036
3565

1.88545
1.92971
1.95660
1.96563

5864
0721
6998
0511

2.29242
2.35155
2.38762
2.39974

2061
6149
2438
3837

3.20921
3.30704
3.36705
3.38728

2227
7313
9918

15
10

35

90

e\a
0
5

e\a
0
5

10
15
20

25
30
35

85
90

30

40

35

60'

65

45

70

7004

Vsecatf, (,\a)

e-i*r
In calculating elliptic functions

the descending

e=90--e

elliptic functions,

P.

&(M = &(\ a)

from theta functions, when the modular angle exceeds about

Landen transformation 16.12

Compiled from E.

Qj-arcsin V

Adams and

to induce

65

90'

85
80
75
70
65

60
55
50
45

35
30
25

20

a/

85

80

75

80
75
70

otje

55

50

90"
85

60,

use

dependence on a smaller modular angle.

R. L. Hippisley, Smithsonian mathematical formulae and tables of

3d reprint (The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1957) (with permission).

90
85
80
75
70
65

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

583

THETA FUNCTIONS

Table 16.1

*>\)
e\

10

15

20

25

a/e,

1.00000
1.00001
1.00005
1.00012
1.00022

00000
44942
75362
78184
32051

1.00000
1.00005
1.00023
1.00051
1.00089

00000
83670
16945
47160
88322

1.00000
1.00013
1.00052
1.00117
1.00204

00000
28199
72438
12875
53820

1.00000
1.00023
1.00095
1.00211
1.00369

00000
99605
25510
61200
53131

1.00000
1.00038
1.00152
1.00337
1.00589

00000
29783
02770
73404
77438

90
85
80
75
70

40
45

1.00034
1.00047
1.00062
1.00078
1.00095

07982
70246
77451
83803
40492

1.00137
1.00192
1.00252
1.00317
1.00384

23717
09464
78880
47551
18928

1.00312
1.00437
1.00575
1.00722
1.00874

29684
13049
24612
44718
26104

1.00564
1.00789
1.01039
1.01305
1.01579

21475
74700
27539
21815
49474

1.00900
1.01260
1.01658
1.02083
1.02520

49074
44231
69227
14013
88930

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

1.00111
1.00128
1.00143
1.00156
1.00168

97181
03532
10738
73002
48932

1.00450
1.00515
1.00576
1.00631
1.00678

90305
58975
28392
14139
49535

1.01026
1.01173
1.01311
1.01436
1.01543

07491
27599
39167
22536
98405

1.01853
1.02119
1.02369
1.02594
1.02789

77143
71444
24323
77596
45992

1.02958
1.03383
1.03781
1.04141
1.04452

63905
08852
34098
29561
01522

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

1.00178
1.00185
1.00189
1.00190

02800
05621
36042
80984

1.00716
1.00745
1.00762
1.00768

90696
20912
54187
37857

1.01631
1.01695
1.01735
1.01748

39354
79795
24037
52237

1.02947
1.03063
1.03134
1.03158

37972
73701
99632
99246

1.04704
1.04889
1.05003
1.05041

05862
76746
49895
79735

15
10

00000
71775
17850
47635
00179

1.00000
1.00243
1.00964
1.02143
1.03743

00000
05914
88003
61311
56974

90 c
85
80
75
70

10
15
20
25
30

35

e\
0

30

35

40

45

55

a/e1

10
15
20

1.00000
1.00056
1.00224
1.00499
1.00872

00000
64294
85079
51300
28461

1.00000
1.00079
1.00316
1.00702
1.01226

00000
66833
25308
56701
87413

1.00000
1.00108
1.00429
1.00954
1.01667

00000
26253
76203
73402
23379

1.00000
1.00143
1.00570
1.01267
1.02212

00000
67802
35065
06562
67193

50
1.00000
1.00187
1.00745
1.01655
1.02891

25
30
35
40
45

1.01331
1.01864
1.02453
1.03081
1.03728

83978
21583
23743
00797
45330

1.01873
1.02622
1.03450
1.04333
1.05244

24599
04548
52308
50787
17208

1.02545
1.03563
1.04689
1.05889
1.07126

62012
21191
09786
07481
68617

1.03378
1.04729
1.06223
1.07816
1.09458

46028
03271
37524
10137
82886

1.04414
1.06179
1.08131
1.10213
1.12360

27466
07561
84270
29153
21058

1.05716
1.08002
1.10531
1.13227
1.16009

29130
00285
40947
78297
27802

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

1.04375
1.05003
1.05592
1.06125
1.06584

90125
67930
71242
10260
67280

1.06154
1.07037
1.07866
1.08615
1.09261

84606
85902
37978
23221
66042

1.08364
1.09564
1.10690
1.11708
1.12586

32917
39724
42279
18582
75438

1.11101
1.12694
1.14189
1.15540
1.16706

64844
63970
38846
45920
77783

1.14507
1.16589
1.18543
1.20309
1.21834

37802
54205
40490
54999
25328

1.18791
1.21489
1.24021
1.26310
1.28287

40899
61356
82552
97835
36204

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

1.06957
1.07232
1.07400
1.07456

45853
13226
34764
99318

1.09786
1.10172
1.10408
1.10488

02047
37756
99048
66859

1.13299
1.13824
1.14146
1.14254

42539
53698
12760
42177

1.17652
1.18350
1.18776
1.18920

88244
00363
94140
71150

1.23071
1.23982
1.24540
1.24728

12287
51648
69243
65857

1.29890
1.31072
1.31795
1.32039

75994
29838
95033
64540

15
10

10
15
20

1.00000
1.00313
1.01245
1.02768
1.04834

00000
85295
94672
16504
57003

1.00000
1.00406
1.01615
1.03589
1.06269

00000
92257
50083
51569
75825

1.00000
1.00534
1.02121
1.04715
1.08238

00000
44028
95717
56657
38086

1.00000
1.00720
1.02862
1.06363
1.11122

00000
88997
79374
90673
86903

1.00000
1.01026
1.04076
1.09068
1.15864

00000
06485
43440
07598
11101

1.00000
1.01663
1.06618
1.14751
1.25875

00000
88247
38299
59063
62174

90
85
80
75
70

25
30
35
40
45

1.07382
1.10335
1.13604
1.17088
1.20684

76019
71989
11010
93642
51910

1.09575
1.13408
1.17651
1.22176
1.26848

73598
00433
06705
77148
10938

1.12585
1.17627
1.23214
1.29176
1.35335

71388
97795
31946
91861
85717

1.17001
1.23826
1.31398
1.39491
1.47863

24008
96285
80140
71251
07744

1.24276
1.34068
1.44960
1.56636
1.68752

19421
05139
33094
90138
66770

1.39725
1.55957
1.74151
1.93815
2.14389

25218
26706
57980
19599
95792

60
55
50
45

50

70

1.24281
1.27771
1.31046
1.34007
1.36565

67937
04815
39783
89457
16965

1.31523
1.36060
1.40320
1.44173
1.47501

31927
17261
31647
53793
81348

1.41504
1.47494
1.53123
1.58218
1.62620

43413
78592
64694
06891
90720

1.56259
1.64425
1.72108
1.79070
1.85094

67789
25175
41609
70015
39670

1.80942
1.92833
2.04054
2.14249
2.23090

88493
82823
54606
29245
12139

2.35264
2.55792
2.75309
2.93165
3.08742

71220
12198
84351
25995
47870

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

1.38640
1.40169
1.41105
1.41421

11169
28947
92570
35624

1.50203
1.52194
1.53413
1.53824

00916
10514
83232
62687

1.66195
1.68832
1.70447
1.70991

87940
00831
27784
35651

1.89989
1.93602
1.95816
1.96563

92030
35909
92561
05108

2.30289
2.35609
2.38873
2.39974

04563
12550
86793
38370

3.21489
3.30946
3.36764
3.38728

91220
52989
82512
70037

15
10

e\<*

0
5

55
60
65

60

65

75

70

a 'tj

85

80

Vseca^V)
e=90
In calculating

elliptic

t=90 -t

a =arcsin jm

functions from theta functions,

*nC|m) = *(>")

when the modular angle exceeds about

descending Landen transformation 16.12 to induce dependence on a smaller modular angle.

60,

use the

65

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

584

LOGARITHMIC DERIVATIVES OF THETA FUNCTIONS

Table 16.2

^ln0s.()=/(t\)
E\o

10

15

00

00

00

OO

OO

OO

10
15
20

11.43005
5.67128
3.73205
2.74748

11.40829
5.66049
3.72495
2.74225

11.34306
5.62812
3.70365
2.72658

11.23449
5.57427
3.66823
2.70051

11.08275
5.49902
3.61876
2.66414

10.88811
5.40253
3.55536
2.61756

25
30
35
40
45

2.14451
1.73205
1.42815
1.19175
1.00000

2.14043
1.72875
1.42543
1.18949
0.99810

2.12820
1.71888
1.41729
1.18270
0.99240

2.10787
1.70248
1.40378
1.17143
0.98296

2.07952
1.67962
1.38497
1.15577
0.96985

2.04325
1.65041
1.36096
1.13581
0.95315

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

0.83910
0.70021
0.57735
0.46631
0.36397

0.83750
0.69888
0.57625
0.46542
0.36328

0.83273
0.69489
0.57297
0.46277
0.36121

0.82481
0.68830
0.56754
0.45839
0.35779

0.81383
0.67915
0.56001
0.45232
0.35306

0.79987
0.66754
0.55047
0.44464
0.34708

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

0.26795
0.17633
0.08749
0.00000

0.26744
0.17599
0.08732
0.00000

0.26592
0.17499
0.08683
0.00000

0.26340
0.17334
0.08600
0.00000

0.25992
0.17105
0.08487
0.00000

0.25553
0.16816
0.08344
0.00000

35

40

0
5

30

00

45

20

50
oO

00

25

55
OO

A
90
85
80
75
70

15

10
5

/i

90

15
20

10.65083
5.28496
3.47816
2.56090

10.37113
5.14645
3.38730
2.49430

10.04914
4.98711
3.28290
2.41789

9.68479
4.80696
3.16502
2.33179

9.27764
4.60585
3.03365
2.23605

8.82657
4.38332
2.88859
2.13062

85
80
75
70

25
30
35
40
45

1.99919
1.61498
1.33189
1.11167
0.93301

1.94749
1.57348
1.29791
1.08352
0.90958

1.88828
1.52607
1.25919
1.05154
0.88302

1.82172
1.47292
1.21591
1.01592
0.85355

1.74793
1.41419
1.16828
0.97687
0.82139

1.66695
1.35001
1.11647
0.93462
0.78679

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

0.78307
0.65359
0.53902
0.43543
0.33992

0.76355
0.63743
0.52579
0.42482
0.33169

0.74151
0.61923
0.51093
0.41292
0.32248

0.71714
0.59918
0.49462
0.39991
0.31242

0.69066
0.57749
0.47705
0.38595
0.30168

0.66232
0.55441
0.45846
0.37125
0.29042

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

0.25028
0.16471
0.08173
0.00000

0.24424
0.16076
0.07977
0.00000

0.23751
0.15634
0.07759
0.00000

0.23017
0.15155
0.07522
0.00000

0.22235
0.14645
0.07270
0.00000

0.21419
0.14114
0.07009
0.00000

10

10

60

e\
0
5

10
15
20

25
30
35
40
45
50
55

60
65
70
75

80
85
90

00

65
00

70
00

75
00

85
OO

15
5

afa
90

8.32941
4.13843
2.72935
2.01530

7.78200
3.86930
2.55490
1.88950

7.17654
3.57238
2.36323
1.75208

6.49756
3.24056
2.15026
1.60057

5.71041
2.85790
1.90678
1.42943

4.71263
2.37760
1.60605
1.22261

85
80
75
70

1.57876
1.28047
1.06066
0.88940
0.75000

1.48308
1.20552
1.00096
0.84142
0.71131

1.37931
1.12492
0.93737
0.79086
0.67101

1.26603
1.03795
0.86969
0.73784
0.62941

1.13996
0.94288
0.79715
0.68225
0.58682

0.99169
0.83453
0.71737
0.62344
0.54358

65
60
55
50
45

0.63242
0.53023
0.43911
0.35605
0.27885

0.60125
0.50526
0.41932
0.34063
0.26719

0.56918
0.47987
0.39943
0.32532
0.25574

0.53662
0.45454
0.37992
0.31054
0.24484

0.50411
0.42988
0.36140
0.29684
0.23497

0.47247
0.40690
0.34488
0.28513
0.22685

40
35
30
25
20

0.20584
0.13572
0.06742
0.00000

0.19749
0.13034
0.06478
0.00000

0.18935
0.12512
0.06224
0.00000

0.18170
0.12026
0.05988
0.00000

0.17490
0.11601
0.05784
0.00000

0.16949
0.11272
0.05628
0.00000

Jjnt? c ()=-/(
In calculating elliptic functions from theta functions,
60,

80
OO

15

10
5

\a)
1

when the modular angle exceeds about

use the descending Landen transformation 16.12 to induce dependence on a smaller mod-

ular angle.

JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS

LO l;akithmic DERIVATIVE :s of
rJ0

e\a

tiietj I

FUNCTION S

585

Table 16.2

In 0()=.<7()

10

15

20

25

0.000000
0.001324
0.002607
0.003811
0.004897

0.000000
0.002984
0.005875
0.008583
0.011024

0.000000
0.005318
0.010466
0.015283
0.019616

0.000000
0.008337
0.016401
0.023933
0.030690

90

10
15
20

0.000000
0.000331
0.000651
0.000952
0.001224

25
30
35
40
45

0.001458
0.001649
0.001788
0.001874
0.001903

0.005833
0.006591
0.007147
0.007486
0.007596

0.013124
0.014819
0.016057
0.016804
0.017037

0.023332
0.026318
0.028487
0.029776
0.030154

0.036462
0.041075
0.044394
0.046332
0.046846

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
70

0.001873
0.001787
0.001647
0.001457
0.001222

0.007476
0.007129
0.006566
0.005805
0.004868

0.016753
0.015962
0.014691
0.012979
0.010879

0.029616
0.028185
0.025912
0.022871
0.019154

0.045938
0.043654
0.040077
0.035328
0.029556

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

0.000951
0.000650
0.000330
0.000000

0.003786
0.002589
0.001314
0.000000

0.008455
0.005780
0.002933
0.000000

0.014877
0.010165
0.005157
0.000000

0.022935
0.015661
0.007942
0.000000

15
10

65

e\d
0

30

35

40

45

50

55

85
80
75
70

"A

10
15
20

0.000000
0.012059
0.023711
0.034569
0.044277

0.000000
0.016511
0.032444
0.047248
0.060427

0.000000
0.021734
0.042671
0.062057
0.079221

0.000000
0.027787
0.054498
0.079124
0.100783

0.000000
0.034760
0.068087
0.098650
0.125308

0.000000
0.042791
0.083685
0.120939
0.153099

90
85
80
75
70

25
30
35
40
45

0.052528
0.059074
0.063730
0.066384
0.066987

0.071558
0.080308
0.086442
0.089827
0.090424

0.093605
0.104784
0.112477
0.116544
0.116978

0.118758
0.132533
0.141791
0.146411
0.146447

0.147169
0.163627
0.174358
0.179298
0.178606

0.179081
0.198206
0.210188
0.215082
0.213212

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

0.065561
0.062183
0.056989
0.050157
0.041905

0.088287
0.083549
0.076408
0.067122
0.055989

0.113888
0.107483
0.098051
0.085943
0.071553

0.142097
0.133678
0.121592
0.106302
0.088310

0.172615
0.161784
0.146658
0.127835
0.105932

0.205102
0.191402
0.172831
0.150136
0.124058

40

75

0.032483
0.022163
0.011235
0.000000

0.043344
0.029545
0.014968
0.000000

0.055309
0.037660
0.019067
0.000000

0.068143
0.046339
0.023443
0.000000

0.081578
0.055395
0.028000
0.000000

0.095321
0.064622
0.032631
0.000000

10
15
20

65
0.000000
0.063034
0.122704
0.176024
0.220691

70
0.000000
0.076222
0.147856
0.210938
0.262588

75
0.000000
0.092860
0.179233
0.253725
0.312762

80
0.000000
0.115687
0.221544
0.309882
0.376371

85
0.000000
0.153481
0.289421
0.395712
0.467893

0.000000
0.052098
0.101680
0.146471
0.184635

25
30
35
40
45

0.214885
0.236514
0.249349
0.253651
0.250000

0.255225
0.278976
0.292010
0.294931
0.288691

0.301193
0.326329
0.338517
0.338908
0.328990

0.354775
0.379918
0.389553
0.385698
0.370590

0.420046
0.442452
0.446532
0.435687
0.413176

0.507818
0.520777
0.512966
0.490013
0.456422

65
60
55
50
45

50
55
60
65
70

0.239181
0.222085
0.199639
0.172751
0.142285

0.274426
0.253326
0.226549
0.195171
0.160167

0.310353
0.284538
0.252950
0.216820
0.177204

0.346389
0.315020
0.278119
0.237026
0.192823

0.381811
0.343874
0.301140
0.254956
0.206331

0.415539
0.369741
0.320668
0.269431
0.216780

40
35
30
25
20

75
80
85
90

0.109049
0.073794
0.037222
0.000000

0.122405
0.082664
0.041645
0.000000

0.134996
0.090960
0.045763
0.000000

0.146375
0.098382
0.049423
0.000000

0.156015
0.104574
0.052449
0.000000

0.163217
0.109083
0.054618
0.000000

15

80
85
90
e\a

0
5

60

du

35
30
25
20

15

10
5

90
85
80
75
70

10
5

ln*d() = -j/(\)

In calculating elliptic functions from theta functions, when the modular angle exceeds about
smaller mod60, use the descending Landen transformation 16.12 to induce dependence on a
ular angle.

17. Elliptic Integrals

L.

M. Milne-Thomson

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties

589
589
589
590
592
597
598
599

17.1. Definition of Elliptic Integrals

17.2.

Canonical Forms

Complete Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kinds

Incomplete Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kinds
17.5. Landen's Transformation
17.6. The Process of the Arithmetic-Geometric Mean
17.7. Elliptic Integrals of the Third Kind
17.3.

17.4.

Numerical Methods
17.8. Use and Extension

600
600

of the Tables

References

606

Table 17.1. Complete Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kinds
and the Nome q With Argument the Parameter m

608

K{m),K'(m),
m=0(.01)l

15D; g(m), q(m),

15D; E(m), E'(m),

9D

Table 17.2. Complete Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kinds
and the Nome q With Argument the Modular Angle a
K(a), K'{a), q{a),

2l (),

610

15D

E{a), E'{a),

a=0(l)90

Table

17.3.

Parameter

m With Argument K'(m)/K(m)

K'(m)/K(m) = .3(-02)3,

10D

Table 17.4. Auxiliary Functions

Parameter m

Q(m)=q

(m)/rn 1

612

for

Computation

of the

Nome q and the

612

15D

L(m) = -K(m)+^ln(^),

10D

m!=0(.01).15

Table

17.5. Elliptic Integral of the First

Kind F( v\a)

a =0(2)90 o 5(10)85, <p=0(5)90 o

,

Table

17.6. Elliptic Integral of the

University

of

Arizona. (Prepared

8D
616

Second Kind E(<p\a)

o
a =0(2)90 o 5(10)85, <p=0(5)90
,

613

8D

under contract with the

National

Bureau

Standards-)

587

of

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

588
Table

17.7.

Page
619

Jacobian Zeta Function Z(<p\a)

Values of K(a)Z(<p\a)

a=0(2)90 o 5(10)85, ^=0(5)90,

,

Table

17.8.

Heuman's Lambda Function A

A ( A) = ~
g^I)~
(

a)

6D
622

(<?\a)

+1 K ^ Z (A90-)

6D
,

a=0(2)90 o 5(10)85, *>=0(5)90

,

Table

17.9. Elliptic Integral of the

=0(.1)1,

a=0(15)90,

<p,

Third Kind H(w;

<p\a)

625

5D

The author acknowledges with thanks the assistance of Ruth Zucker in the computaRuth E. Capuano for Table 17.3, David S. Liepman for Table 17.4,

tion of the examples,

and Andreas Schopf

for

Table

17.9.

589

17. Elliptic Integrals

Mathematical Properties
17.1. Definition
If R{x, y)

where y

is

of Elliptic Integrals

17.1.5

a rational function of x and

is

y,

(2-s)6

equal to a cubic or quartic polynomial

J _3+i6
s

(3-2s)J

_2

+6

(l-s)7s _ 1

+ 263(1 2s)JssbtJs+ i=y(xc)~

in x, the integral

(s=l,

\R(x,y)dx

17.1.1

By means
called

is

The

an

elliptic integral.

elliptic

be

general,

terms

in

elementary

of

functions.

and

cer-

and 2)
every elliptic integral can be brought to depend
on the integral of a rational function and on three
transformations

tain

integral just defined can not, in

expressed

2, 3,

of these reduction formulae

Examples

(see

canonical forms for elliptic integrals.

Exceptions to this are

(i)
(ii)

when
when

We
By

by p

substituting for y 2 and denoting

polynomial in a; we get 2

(x)

{[px)Y-y

(x)yp4 (x)]y

wH

/mN
i

ypiix)

the parameter,

(x)dx-\-Z s

the modular angle

x=sin <p=sn u
cos <p=cn

(x)

(1 ra

x*y~ ldx

17.2.5

sin

2
(p)

=dn

u=A(<p), the delta amplitude

<p=a,Tcsm (sn ii)=am u, the amplitude

Elliptic Integral of the First

17.2.6

+2 B J[(x-cyy]s

is

17.2.4
2

where Ri(x) and R2 (x) are rational functions of x.

Hence, by expressing R2 (x) as the sum of a polynomial and partial fractions
1

is

17.2.3

lvMY}y

(x)
=Pi(x)+yp
=R
t~\

17.2.2

= [Pi(x)+yp2(x)] [p

ra=sin2 a;

Ps(x)+yPi (x)

R(x,y)dx=

Definitions

17.2.1

therefore exclude these cases.

(,V)

Canonical Forms

17.2.

R{x, y) contains no odd powers of y.

the polynomial y 2 has a repeated factor.

2
2
F(fp\a)=F(fp\m)= p(l-sin asin 0)-^

dx
17.2.7

Kind

f [(l-f2)(l-mi 2)]-^

Reduction Formulae

Let

17.1.2

dw=u

Jo
(|a
|oi|^0)
y =adx +a 1 x -\-a 2 x +a 3x-\-a i
4
2
3
= 6 (x-c) +6 (x-c) +6 2 (x-c) +6 3 (a;-c) + 64
i

Elliptic Integral of the

Second Kind

(I60I

Is = (x y~
s

17.1.3

By

integrating

dx,

J=
s

the

+ I61MO)

17.2 .8

E(<p\a)=E(u\m)= r(l-t*)-l0mt 2 )*dt

([yix-cYY'dx

derivatives

and

yx s

of

17.2.9

17.2.10

17.2.11

=miU-\- m

f*(l sin 2 asin 2 0)*<#

y{xc)~ s we get the reduction formulae

17.1.4

(s+2)a /s+ 3+ia (2s+3)/ s+ 2+cr2(s+l)/ s+

1

+\a

3 {2s+l)l s +saj s _

See [17.7] 22.72.

=x y
s

(s=0,

dn 2 w dw

1, 2,

.)

en 2 wdw

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

590

In computation the modulus is of minimal imit is the parameter and its complement which arise naturally. The parameter and
the modular angle will be employed in this chapter
to the exclusion of the modulus.

E(<p\a)=um

17.2.12

portance, since

Jo

,.,
17.^.15

'<(tuI2K)

tt

-2K(m)

#t(iru/2K)

E{m)u

* K(m)

(For theta functions, see chapter 16.)

Elliptic Integral of the

The

Third Kind

The

17.2.14

elliptic integral of

the third kind depends

on three variables namely

n(n;p\)=
If

Characteristic n

x=sn

(l-wain 2 *)" [1-sin 2 a

1

sin 2 d]~ 1/2dd

(ii)

the

When

amplitude,

The

in the interval (<*>, ).

(u\m),

integral

17.2.15

characteristic

may

the characteristic

real,

parameter,

the

(i)

the

(iii)

n.

be any number

properties of the

depend upon the location of the charac-

teristic in this interval, see 17.7.

n(n;^|m)=

P (l-nt*)-

17.2.16

l-t )(l-mt*)]- 1
1l

{(
>

(1-wsn 2 (w\m))- dw
The Amplitude

(p=am it=arcsin

Kef erred to the canonical forms of 17.2, the ellipintegrals are said to be complete when the
amplitude is fir and so x=l. These complete intic

^>

(sn w)

= arcsin

can be calculated from Tables 17.5 and 4.14.

The Parameter

Dependence on the parameter

vertical

Complete Elliptic Integrals of the First

and Second Kinds

17.3.

17.2.17

stroke

preceding

tegrals are designated as follows

17.3.1

[K{m)]=K=V[{\-t 2 ){\-mt 2 )]denoted by a

parameter, e.g.,

the

F(<p\m).

Together with the parameter we define the

complementary parameter m x by

m-\-m

When

(1 rosin 2

arranged, see 17.4, that

is

fl)"

'2

K=F(&r\m)=F(&r\a)

17.3.2

17.3.3

=\

E[K{m)]=E=
the parameter

dt

m is

J.

17.2,18

1 '2

real, it

V {\-t )2

xl2

(\-mt 2) mdt

can always be

0<m<l.

\l -ro

sin 2

ey /2de

The Modular Angle a

Dependence on the modular angle a, defined in

terms of the parameter by 17.2.1, is denoted by a
backward stroke \ preceding the modular angle,
thus E((p\a). The complementary modular angle
7r/2 a or 90 a according to the unit and
thus mi = sin 2 (90 a) cos 2 a.

17.3.4

We

E=E[K(m)}=E(m)=E(fr\a)
also define

17.3.5

is

The Modulus

K'=K(m )=K(l-m)= f"

1

17.3.6

In terms of Jacobian elliptic functions (chapter

16), the modulus k and the complementary

modulus are defined by

K'=F(^r\m )=F(^r\hr-a)
l

17.3.7

E'=E(m )=E(l-m)=
l

They
2

=m

are related to the parameter

by k 2 =m

Dependence on the modulus

comma

"\l-m

sin 2 6) 1/2d6

k=ns (K+iK'), k'=dn K.

17.2.19

k'

2
1/2
(l-i sin d)~ dd

preceding

it,

is

thus Il(n; u,

denoted by a

k).

17.3.8

E'=E[K(m )\=E{m
l

)=E(\K\\ir-a)

and %K' are the "real" and "imaginary"

corresponding
functions (see chapter 16).

quarter-periods
elliptic

of

the

Jacobian

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

591

Relation to the Hypergeometric Function

(see

^4,+arf;^
f^l +

17.3.22

chapter 15)

2s

17.3.23

17.3.9

K=\rF{\,\',l;m)

17.3.10

E=^irF{-l,\;\;m)

E 1
^
^=g

(l

-,

CO

+m +

r/Z) 2

(7

1)

1/12-2

g ^(i_ g

2 S)

-2

Infinite Series

17.3.11

am u=v+*j^ where ,= W(2K)

17.3.24
,

->- [i+G) -KrD' m

Limiting Values
17.3.25

lim

IT (#-22) =o

m->0

+(^D' m,+ ]

(W<1)
17.3.26

lim [i-iln (16/m,)]=0

17.3.12

lim

17.3.27

m~\K- E)=lim. m - {E-m K)=Tr/4,

m-0
1

m->o

lim q/m =]im q /m 1

ro->0

17.3.28

= l/lQ

mi->l

Alternative Evaluations of

Legendre's Relation

and #

(see also 17.5)

K(m)=2[l+m[< 2 ]- K[(l-m 2 )/(l + m\> 2 )Y

1

EK'+E'K-KK'=y

17.3.13

17.3.29

17.3.30
Auxiliary Function

to

-1.1

17.3.14

t/ \ =
L(m)

2?(m)

K'{m),
^

^ In

7T

16

= (l+mi/ )2?([(l-mi
2

m=l-16exp

-2m\i 2 {l + m\' 2 )- K{[{l-m\' 2 )l(l + m\ 12 2

)] )

T
s
^T(m)
-r,

iiT(a)=2i? (arctan (sec 1/2 a)\a)

[-7r(K(w)+L(m))/iiL / (m)]
E(a) =22?(arctan

17.3.32

17.3.16

)/(l+mi /2)] 2)

17.3.31

17.3.15

/2

(sec

1/2

a)\a)

Polynomial Approximations

The function L(m)

is

tabulated in Table 17.4.

17.3.33

q- Series

i^(m) = [a

+aim +a
1

w?]

+ 6 m J In
2

The Nome

and the Complementary

Nome

=g( mi )=exp [ itK/JSl']

1

In - In

17.3.19

q<

ir
1

(0</?i<l)

+ [6o+6 TO
(l/mO + eCm)
1

|e(m)|<3X10- 6

= 1.38629

44

a,= .11197 23
2l

qx

2=g(m)=exp [irK'/K\

17.3.17

17.3.18

- 1 +cos a

m=16exp [viK'irrfi+LimM/Kim)]

o2

.07252 96

=.5

h=

12134 78
29

6 2 =. 02887

17.3.34

-\-a i mV\-\-[bo+b
K{m)=[a +a mi+
+MiJ]ln (l/mi)+e(ro)

ft

17.3.20

mi-\-

|e(m)|<2X10- 8
log 10 - log 10
2

-=(tt log 10

e)

= 1.86152

28349 to 10D

o =1.38629 436112

2i

at
a2 =
a3
a4 =

17.3.21

mV

pexp [-^7^=^+8 (0+84 (-^

+992(0+...

.03590 092383
.03742 563713
.01451 196212

=.5

12498 593597
248576
6 8 =. 03328 355346
6 4 =. 00441 787012
bx

6 2 =. 06880

17.3.33-17.3.36 are from C. HasApproximations for Digital Computers, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N. J. (with permission).
3

(|m|<l)

.09666 344259

The approximations

tings, Jr.,

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

592

17.3.35

(m)=[l+a m +a
,

m?]+[6

m +6
1

mf] In (1/mO

+e(m)
|e(m)|<4X10- 6
a,

= .46301

51

61

a2 =. 10778 12

24527 27

b 2 =. 04124

96

17.3.36

E(m) =[l+aimi+

+6

+a4W?]+[6 1 m 1 +

m|] la

(l/mO+eCm)
|e(w)|<2X10-

44325
a2 =. 06260
a 3 =. 04757
a 4 =- .01736
i

141463
601220
383546
506451

&!
fc

24998 368310

2 =. 09200 180037

63

04069 697526

6 4 =. 00526 449639

Incomplete Elliptic Integrals of the First

and Second Kinds

17.4.

Extension of the Tables

Negative Amplitude

Figure

17.1.

Complete

kind.

= -F(<p\m)

17.4.1

F(-<p\m)

17.4.2

E( <p\m) = E(<p\m)

elliptic integral of the first

Amplitude of Any Magnitude

17.4.3

F(sTr<p\m)=2sKF(<p\m)

17.4.4

E(u+2K)=E(u)+2E

17.4.5

E(u+2iK') =E(u)+2i(K'-E')

17.4.&

E(u+ 2mK+2niK') =E(u) +2mE+2ni(K' -E')

17.4.7

E(Ku) =EE(u)+msn u

cd u

Imaginary Amplitude
If

tan 0=sinh

17.4.8

<p

F(iv\a)=iF(d\lr-a)

17.4.9

E(i<p\a)

= iE(6\iT-a) +iF(e\%T-a)
-\-i

tan 0(1

cos

sin

Jacobi's Imaginary Transformation

17.4.10

E(iu\m) =i[u+dn(u\mi)sc(u\mi)

Figure

17.2.

Complete elliptic integral of the

second kind.

E(u\m

Complex Amplitude
17.4.11

F(<p+ii,\m)=F{\\m)+iF{n\m

)]

0)*

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

where cot 2 X

is

the positive root of the equation

[cot (p-\-m sinlrfy cscV mi]x

and m tan ^=tan cot X 1.

x2

cotV=0

593
Parameter Greater Than Unity

17.4.15

F(<p\m)=m,-iF(e\mr

sin

),

^?

E{u\m) =m^E{um^\m-

17.4.16

17.4.12

E(<p+iiP\a)=E(\\a)-iE( j\90-a)
f

+iF(p\QO-a)-

bi+ib 2

d=m?

sin

<p

{m \)u

by which a parameter greater than unity can be

replaced by a parameter less than unity.
Negative Parameter

where

17.4.17

&!

= sin

bz

=(lsin 2 a

63

= cos

a sin X cos X sin 2 ^(1 sin 2 a sin 2

sin

X)(l cos a

sin

/*)*

X)*

F(<P \-m)

sin n cos

= (l+m)-iK(m(l+m)-

-(l+m)-*F (^-<p\m(l+m)-i\
2

M+sin 2 a

sin 2

X sin 2

y.

17.4.18

Amplitude Near to
If cos

17.4.13

a tan

<p

F(<p\a)

tt/2 (see

also 17.5)

E(u\m) = (l+m)*{E(u(l+m)i\m(m+l)-

tan \pl

to(1 + m)~hn{u{\ +m)*|m(l +m)~

+ F($\a) = F(ir/2\a) =K

cd(it(l

17.4.14

E(<p\a)+E(iP\a)=E(ir/2\a)+sm 2 a

sin<p

sin^

Values when cp is near to w/2 and m is near to unity

can be calculated by these formulae.

+m)*|m(l + m)~

whereby computations can be made for negative

and therefore for pure imaginary

parameters,

modulus.
F(cp\a>

F(9\ai

10

Figure

20

17.3.

30

50

40

Incomplete
first
F(<f>\a),

60

elliptic

kind.
<p

constant

70

80

integral

90

oj the

Figure

10

20

17.4.

30

40

50

Incomplete
first

F(<p\a),

60

elliptic

kind.

a constant

70

80"

90

integral oj the

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS
ty\a)

20

Figure

30

40

60

50

Incomplete

17.7.

70

80

90

integral oj the

elliptic

second kind.
E(<p\a),
90 ..eL*^1-

20

Figure

17.5.

30

40

50

<p 90

60

*w

70

>

80

a constant

90

a constant.

E(<p\a)

*9
70

Figure

17.8.

90

V,

jg

80

90

a constant.

17.4.21
10

Figure

20

17.6.

30"

40

50

Incomplete

60

elliptic

70

60"

integral

90

of the

F(<p\90)=\n (sec <p+t&n .^>)=ln tan

17.4.22

F(i<p\90)=i arctan (sinh

17.4.23

E(<p\0)

second kind.
E(<f>\a),

<p

constant

<p

Special Cases

17.4.24

E(i<p\0)=i<p

17.4.19

F(<p\Q)=<p

17.4.25

#(A90)=sin

17.4.20

F(i<p\0) =i<p

17.4.26

E(i<p\90)=isinh

<?

<p

<p)

(^+|)

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

595

Jacobi's Zeta Function

Heuman's Lambda Function

17.4.39

Z(<p\a) =E(<p\a) -E(a)F(<p\a)/K(a)

17.4.27

F(

Z(u\m)=Z(u)=E{u)-uE(m)IK(rn)

17.4.28
17.4.29

Z(-u) = -Z(u)

17.4.30

Z(u + 2K)=Z(u)

17.4.31

Z(K-u) = -Z(K+u)

Ao(<p\)=

-a

K'{a)

17.4.40

h -K(a)Z(<r\90-a)

{K(a)E(<p\90-a)
7T

- [K(a) -E(a) ]Ffc\90-a)

Z(u)=Z(u-K)-msu(u-K)cd(u-K)

17.4.32

Special Values

17.4.33

Z(u\0)=0

17.4.34

Z(u|l)=tanhw
Addition Theorem

17.4.35

Z{u-\-v)=Z(u)-\-Z(y)

wsn sn?) sn(u-\-v)

Jacobi's Imaginary Transformation

17.4.36

TU
iZ(iu\m)=Z(u\m )-\-^^r dn(u\m )sc(u\m
1

Relation to Jacobi's Theta Function

= <d\u)l<d{u)=^\n{u)

Z{u)

17.4.37

Figuee

Heuman's lambda function A

17.10.

(<p\a).

q- Series

Z(u)

17.4.38

2tt

^S<f(l-

~l

2s
)

Numerical Evaluation of Incomplete Integrals of the

First and Second Kinds
sin (irsu/K)

For the numerical evaluation of an elliptic

4
) under the radical
should first be expressed in terms of t2 see
Examples 1 and 2. In the resulting quartic there
integral the quartic (or cubic

are only six possible sign patterns or combinations

namely

of the factors
(t

(a

-t

)(b

The

+a )(t +b

-t

),

),

(a

-t2 )(t 2 -b 2 ),

(f-a ){t -b 2 ),
(?+a 2 )Co 2 -t2 ).
2

(t

+a

)(t

-b

),

which follows is then exhaustive for

which reduce to F(<p\a) or E(<p\a).

The value
is

also

of the elliptic integral of the first

as an inverse Jacobian
Here, for example, the notation

expressed

elliptic function.

x means that x=sn u.

The column headed "t substitution"

u=sn~

list

integrals

kind

gives the

Jacobian elliptic function substitution which is

appropriate to reduce every elliptic integral which
contains the given quartic.
0

20

10

30"

40

50

60

70

80

90

Figuke

Jacobian zeta function K(a)Z(<p\a).

17.9.

716-654

64

39

For an alternate treatment of cubics see 17.4.61 and

17.4.70.

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

596

sa>

"

<

^h

t-h
i

G
-o

XI

H
1

fe

8 Si

-o

& 'h

II

II

9-

9-

iOI

S-.S

ft

H 3.2
-ill
'3

Hl-O

Hl-a

M^
H

-a

a
8
1

^3

"S

'S

-s

s>

T
T3

Si

^s
8

3t
Tjl

*
"* .a

"#

SH

1ft

T}<

**

OS

$>

3t

t^

?3

+
II

eS

A
See

A
-

p-

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

Some Important
4F(A)

cos

Special Cases

y?

<

)*

x 2 -l
x 2 +l

45

1-x 2
1+x2

45

f"

0+t*)i

eft

dt

4 -

17.4.59
eft
f

45 c

J.(l-*)

17.4.56
16
i

3 -l)i

Ji

17.4.55
Ji

15

X-1 + V3

17.4.58

dt

r*

1-V3

eft

Jx 3 - D*

17.4.54

>

17.4.57

dt
(l

cos

3l7i^(A)

17.4.53

597

V3+1-X
V3-1+S

15

V-l+x
V3+1-X

75

1-V3-J
1 + V3-X

75

17.4.60

dt

45 c

Jx(T-<

Reduction of

dtl-JP

where P=P(t)

is

a cubic

polynomial with three real factors P =

Write
(t-ft) (*-&)(*-&) where ft>ft>&.

)*
(1-tf

Reduction of fdt/^P when P=P(t)=?+a 1 t2

Jra t Jra is a cubic polynomial with only one real
2
i
root=j8.
We form the first and second derivatives P'(t), P"(t) with respect to t and then write

17.4.61
1

X=|

(ft-ft)

1' 8
,

m=sin 2

\ 2 =[P'(0)} 1/2

17.4.70

a=g-g,

m!=cos 2 a=-A
Pi

P3

m=sin 2 a=

P"(j8)

8[P'(/3)] 1/2

17.4.71

X f*

J*

X2 -(x-0)

eft

Vp

F(A)

cosv= x2+(x _

F(A)

COS

F(A(90- -))

" '-(j
8 -)

F(A(90- -<*

cos
"
uo

0)

17.4.62

P(A)

x!

j^vp
Vp

sin 2

fa

P2

P3

*>=-

17.4.72
r<

X
J*

17.4.63
17.4
*l>2dt_

F(A)

Vp

COS

_ (ft-ft)(-fc)
*~(fc-ft)(fc-*)

17.4.64
L7.4

P(A)

Jn^P

(/3-x)-X2

M V(-p)

F(A(90-))

V(-P)

))

X2 -(/3-x)
0=ro
7^ c
^
X2 +(p--x)
;

^-Pl

cos 2 <p=x

sin'

<f>=

17.5.

?1 X

-P

Let a n

17.4.67

xf'-^
Jx V-i
V=p

F(A(90-))

cos' >=-

hx

Landen's Transformation

V-p

a+i

(1+sin a n+i)(l+C0S a n)=2

and

<p n ,

let

be two modular angles such that

17.5.1

F(A(90-a))

<p n +i

(fli-fla)(s-fo)

sma *~
(ft- A) (*-/)

17.5.2

(a B+1 <a)

be two corresponding amplitudes

tan

(<p n

+i p n)=cos a n tan

<p n

{<p n +i>f>n)

The emphasis here is on the modular angle since this

an argument of the Tables. All formulae concerning

17.4.69

*
xf'
Jx

such that

17.4.68

V-P

+ >?

17.4.74

Descending Landen Transformation

xf*^=
J-m-y

J<2

dt

f*

17.4.66

(x-0)-X2
"-(X _0) + X

17.4.73

J*

F(A)

Vp

t>2

17.4.65

k'%

eft

F(A(90-))

X-/3 2

cos' #>=-

is

in terms
Landen's transformation may also be expressed
k' = m
complement
=
its
and
m*=sin a
of the modulus &
1

=cos

a.

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS,

598
Thus the step from n

n+ 1 decreases the modular

to

By iterating
angle but increases the amplitude.
the process we can descend from a given modular
angle to one whose magnitude

17.5.14

becomes applicable.
With ao=a we have

17.4.19

have

F(<p\a) =2(l+sin

a^F^on)

F(A)=2 n (1+sin
8

17.5.15

17.5.3

F(<p\a)

17.5.13

=a we

when

negligible,

is

With a

F(fp\a)

=n

a.)

(1

+COS a

-^.VO

)F(<p n\a n )

s=l

= (1 + cos

a)-^(%\ii)

= |(1+ sin
17.5.4

n (l+sma

F(<p\a)=2~ n

=1

17.5.16

F(<p\a)

= [csc a n sin a
$=lim

17.5.17
s

)F(<p n \a n )

F(<p\a)=$

(1+sin

When

a.)

4=1

both

<p

interpolation

$=lim^^(^V)=lim^
K=F(&r\a) = br

17.5.7

(1+sin

II

a,)

F(^\a)=2x-

and a are near

the

in

The Process

17.6.

=1

17.5.8

(see also 17.4.13)

table

to a right angle,

F((p\a)

is

of the Arithmetic-Geometric

Mean
iiC>

number triple (<x b c )

determine number triples

Starting with a given

17.5.9

we proceed

[l-|

E(<p\a)=F(<p\a)

sin 2

difficult.

Either Landen's transformation can then be used

with advantage to increase the modular angle and
decrease the amplitude or vice-versa.

<Pn

17.5.6

(Jx+^*)

<p n

Neighborhood of a Right Angle

17.5.5

In tan

]i
s

ai)F((p!\ai)

(l+| sin a

to

(a u b u cu ), (a2 b 2 c2 ),
cN) according to
., (aN) b N
the following scheme of arithmetic and geometric
,

..

means

+~^

sin ! sin

a^+

+sin a

~ (sin a^)

112

sin

17.6.1

do

+2^

(sin

^ sin a

1/2
2)

sin

<p 2

&i=(a
a>2=h(a,1

+b

& )*

b 2 ={a 1 b 1 )t

1)

17.5.10

E=K s sin
1

+^

+23

sin

sin

ai+

sin

<*!

a2

sin

aN=i(<*'N-i JrbN -i)

ax

sin

a2

sin

a3 +

b N =(aN - 1 bN -i) i

Ci=?(a bo)

C2=h(a,ibi)

Ascending Landen Transformation

Let a n a n+1 be two modular angles such that

,

(1+sin a n )(l + cosa+1 )=2

17.5.11

and

let

<p n ,

<p n+1

(a n+l

>a n

CNh( aN-ibN-i)

be two corresponding ampUtudes

such that

We stop at the iVth step when aN =bN i.e., when

Cat=0 to the degree of accuracy to which the num,

bers are required.

17.5.12

sm(2<p n+l <p n )=sma n sm<p n

(<> +1

<<p

ra )

To determine
K(a) E(a) we
,

the complete elliptic integrals

start with

Thus

the step from n to n+1 increases the

modular angle but decreases the amplitude. By
iterating the process we can ascend from a given
modular angle to one whose difference from a right
angle is so small that 17.4.21 becomes applicable.

17.6.2

a =l, 6

= cos a, c

whence
17.6.3

*()-

2a*

=sin a

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

E (a) = [cg+2cf+2^+

K(a)
K{
-

17.6.4

To determine

^o=l, 6o=sin

17.6.5

we

K'(a), E'(a)
a,

+2V]

17.7.4

* ln

start with

Cq=cos a

599

^( p -^)

= 2 S s-^'Cl-?

28

)- 1 sin

2^

sin 2s/3

17.7.5

whence

cot /8H-4
*i(0)

2s

(l-2g2s cos 2/3+g 48 )-

sin

2(8

K'(a)-

17.6.6

~2a'N

In the above we can also use Neville's theta

functions 16.36.

17.6.7

K,(fi

(a)

iT{a)^
K

=lZ [c;

To

+2c( 2

+2V+

+2"4

from 17.5.2

start

which corresponds to the descending Landen

transformation and determine <p1} <p2
<pN
successively from the relation
.

Then

tan

(<p n

+i<p)

Case

calculate F((p\a), E(<p\a)

17.6.8

U(n\a)=K(a)+S K(a)Z(e\a)

17.7.6

(bja

n)

tan

<pn , <p

Hyperbolic Case

n>l

The case n^>l can be reduced

0<iV<sin 2 a by writing

the

to

case

=<p

N=n~

17.7.7

sin 2 a, Pl =[(n 1)(1 rr 1 sin 2 a)]*

17.7.8

to the prescribed accuracy

n(n; <p\a)

F(<p\a)=<pN/(2aN)

17.6.9

(ii)

= TL(N;

<p\a)

+ F(<p\a)

-1
\n[(A(<p)+p1 tan ^)(A(^)-^ tan ^)

17.6.10

where

Z( A) =#( A) - (#/#) ^(A)

=Cj

sin <pi+c 2 sin

17.7. Elliptic Integrals

<p2

+c n

of the Third

sin

A(<p) is

the delta amplitude, 17.2.4.

U(n\cc)=K(a)-Tl(N\a)

17.7.9

Case

Kind

(iii)

Circular Case sin 2 a<Cn<C

e=arcsin [(1 ri)/cos?

17.7.1

n(w; <p\a)=

(1 n

sin 2 0)

_1

(1 sin2 a

sin 2 0)-d0

0<e< \v

a]*

P=irF(6\W -a)/K(a)
2=ff(a)

U(n;^ir\a)=Il(n\a)

17.7.2

17.7.10

Case

(i)

Hyperbolic Case 0<Cn<C

sin 2

a
v =\TrFW\a)IK{a), 8 2

= arcsin

< e< J

(n/sin a)*,

tt

= [n(l-n)-

(n-sm

a)"

]*

U(n; tp\a)=d2 (\ 4ju)

17.7.11

17.7.12

X=arctan (tanh

+2

V=tirFb\a)/K(a),
x

=[n(l nJ-'Csin* a-w)-

]*

2 (

M=|~Z1

H(w,v\a)=5 [-Jin
1

[0 4 (+|8)/04(-|8)]

+f^08)/d 1 0S)]

l)

tan

u)

s_1 s _1

2s

(l

_1

2s
)

s in

2sy sinn 2 s/3

17.7.13
2

17.7.3

/3

stf

smh

2s0~|

|~l+2

<?*

cosh 2s^l

17.7.14

n(n\a)=^(a) + 4ir2[l Ao(\)l

where A

is

Heuman's Lambda

function, 17.4.39.

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

600

Special Cases

I7(n;*p\a)

-"n=.8,y> = 90

^^n=.7,yj = 90

^____

n=0

17.7.18

3.5

9\a)=Fb\a)

11(0;
3.0

n=0, a=0

17.7.19
2.5

n(0; <p\0)

<p

^/n=0,ip=90
2.0

a=0

17.7.20
1.5

n=l,*p=45

IL(n; <p\o)

= (l ti)~* arctanh

[(1 ti)* tan

<p],

7i<l

= (n 1)~* arctanh [(% 1)* tan

.5

0=0,1,^=15"

<p],

n>l

-a

.<>

Figure

17.11.

Elliptic integral of the third

U(n;
Case

(iv)

=tan

kind

<p\a).

n=\

<p

a=7r/2

17.7.21

Circular Case n<^0

The case 7i<0 can be reduced

sin 2 a<.ZV<l by writing

II(ri; <p\ir/2)

the

to

= (l

\ n* In

case

_1
7i)

a n)(l n)'

p 2 =[ n(l n)

_1

(sin

a;

-1

715^1

<p\a)F((p\a)}

=arctan [(1+sin

a ti)]*

<p)

n = sin a

(1+sin a){2II(sin
7V=(sin 2

(tan <p+sec

(1+Ti* sin <p)(l 7i* sin p)

17.7.22

17.7.15

[ln

a) tan <p/A(tp)]

7i=l cos a

17.7.23

= | In [(1 + tan p
^A( >))- + iln [(A()

2 cos aII(lcos a] <p\a)

17.7.16

A(^))(l-tan
[(1 nKl-rr

sin 2 a)]*H(n;

= [(1-A0(1-^V-

+^

sin 2 o:^(^\a)

sin

<A)
2

+cos

a- tan <p)(A(<p) cos

a)]n(iV; p\a)

arctan

[^

a tan

-1
<p)

+ (l + cos

sin 2<p//A(<p)]

17.7.17

H(n\o)

a)F(<p\a)

7i=sin 2 a

17.7.24

n(sin 2 a; <p\a)=sec 2 aE(<p\a) (tan 2 a sin2^)/(2A(^))

= (-71 cos

a) (1

-ri)- 1 (sin2

+sin

a-n)" n(iV\a)
1

o;(sin

an)~ K{a)
l

7i=l

17.7.25
11(1;

<p\a)=F(<p\a) sec 2 a'( ?\a)+sec 2 atan

<p&(<p)

Numerical Methods
17.8.

Use and Extension of the Tables

Example

1.

Reduce

to canonical

form \y~Hx,

where
2
?/

By

inspection or

we

by

&+| Q*=\

solving an equation of the

find that

=QiQ where # 1= 3x -10x+9, Q

2

First

=- x +8x-10
2

#i-X& = (3 + X)x -(10 + 8X)x+9 + 10X is

2
(x-i) 2 Qi~l Q2
=l (x-2)

Solving for Qi and

= (x-l)

The

Method

X=-g0r2

and then

=-3x +34x -119x +172x-90

fourth degree

(10+8X) 2 -4(3+X)(9+10X)=0;i.e.,if

Q 2 we

get

+2(x-2) 2 ^2= 2(x-l) 2 -3(x-2) 2

,

substitution

= (x l)/(x 2)

then gives

fect

square

if

the discriminant

a per-

jy~ dx=
1

f[( 2 +2)(2 2 -3)]-*cft

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS
If the quartic

=0

has four real roots in x

(or in the case of a cubic all three roots are real),

we must so combine the factors that no root of

Qi=0 lies between the roots of Q2 =0 and no root
of

Q =0 lies between
2

the roots of

QA =0.

Provided

The

scribed will always lead to real values of

discriminant of

so that

W=AvJ +Bw+C
2

we

if

let

3z 2 -10x+9

-x +8x-10

&=0.

of

dx= fr-

f[(z 2 -l)(z2 +l)]- 1/2 dz

dx=

-l)(z 2 +l),

The first method of Example 1 fails with the

above values of Q and Q2 since the root of Qi=0
lies between the roots of Q 2 =0, and we get
imaginary values of X. The method succeeds,
however, if we take Q x =x, Q2 =(xl)(x2), for
then the roots of Qi=0 do not lie between those

Q2 t Qi be

=4(3* 2 +2)(2* 2 -l)

fy~

=(8* 2 +10) 2 -4(* 2 +3)(10 2 +9)

Then

fy~

_Qi_

the discriminant of

4T

=W/w and

write z2

Write

and

A=l, 5=0, C=i

where

Z =(B-z -4AC=(z -l = (z

Second Method

and

values may, however, be irrational.

4W= (2w+ 1) 4w=4u^+

These

X.

Q wQ =x2w(2w+l)x-\-l

is

observed the method just de-

this condition is

601

dt

f[(3* 2 +2)(2* 2 -l)]-*^

Example

Find if (80/81).

3.

First

This method will succeed if, as here, T 2 as a

function of t 2 has real factors. If the coefficients
of the given quartic are rational numbers, the
factors of T 2 will likewise be rational.

Use

17.3.29 with

Since

[(1

-m\'

(1

m=80/81, 7^ = 1/81, mJ /2 =l/9.

+m}

/2

=3.59154 500

1.8 #(.64)

Table

Method
#(80/81) =
8D, taking #(.64) from

)- 1 ] 2

to

= -64,

17.1.

Third Method

Second Method

Write

Q
Q

w-

and

let

3x2 -10z+9

-x +8z-10

Table 17.4 giving L{m)

the discriminant of

K(m) when

is

is

useful for computing

near unity or #'(m) when

Q2 wQ be

#(80/81)=- #(80/81)

In

(16X81)-i(80/81).

7T

By

interpolation in Tables 17.1

and

= .98765 43210,
#(80/81) = 1.57567 8423
Z(80/81) = .00311 16543
#(80/81) = tt- 1.57567 8423) (7.16703

17.4, since

80/81

z*=W/w and Z*=(B-z ) 2 -4AC=(z -l)

2

\y~

+<k8

dx= \Z-Hz

However, in this case the factors of Z are complex

and the method fails.
Of the second and third methods one will always
succeed where the other fails, and if the coefficients
of the given quartic are rational numbers, the

or

2
,

as the case

may

be

be, will

7877)

-.00311 16543

= 3.59154

5000 to 9D.

Third Method

The polynomial approximation

17.3.34 gives to

8D

rational.

Example

2.

Reduce

to canonical

form

Fourth Method, Arithmetic- Geometric Mean

use the third method of

Qi=(x 1), Q =x{x 2) and

2

Qx

Q2

#(80/81) =3.59154 501

y~ dx
l

where y 2 =x(x l)(z 2).

We

is

if

factors of

near zero.

W=4:(Sw+2)(2w-l)=4:(Ait?+Bw+C)
Then

Example

taking

Here

sin

a =80/81 and we start with

writing

x-1
x 2 -2x

Oo=l,

gwing

=^,

=V80/81 = 99380 79900

.

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

602

The computation could

bn

On

1.

2
3
4

00000
55555
44444
43738
43735
43735

00000
55555
44444
79636
95008
95003

11111

11111
33333
43033
43733
43735
43735

33333
14829
10380
94999
95003

99380
44444
11111
00705
.00002
.

also be made using

logarithms with the aid of 17.3.20. The
point of this procedure is that it enables us to
calculate g x without the loss of significant figures

common

Cn

79900
44444
11111
64808
84628

which would
Table 17.1.

result

By

this

from direct interpolation in

means In (1/gi) can be found

without loss of accuracy.

Example 6. Find m to 10D when

#'/#=. 25

and when #'/#=3.5.

Thus #(80/81) =J

Example

Oe

From

=3.59154 5001.

First

Use 17.3.30 which

#(80/81)=^

m (+ = l_16e-*'

Method

gives,

#'/#= 25 we can

with

m= 80/81

Then by

[-TL(m (n) )/K'(m in) )].

exp

Tables 17.1 and 17.4

iteration using

#(.64) -4 #(-64)

= 1.01910

write the

iteration formula

Find #(80/81).

4.

17.3.15 with

,(n)

6047
1.

taking #(.64) and #(.64) from Table 17.1.

.99994 42025
.99994 42041
.99994 42041

Second Method

Polynomial approximation, 17.3.36 gives

= 1.01910 6060. The last two figures
must be dropped to keep within the limit of

#(80/81)

accuracy of the method.

Thus m=.99994 42041.

From

17.3.16 with

Third Method

m n +i = 16e -3.5^
(

Arithmetic-geometric mean, 17.6.

were calculated in Example

we have

3,

'

=| [1.43249

+ ' +*"

.(3)26841 25043
.(3)26837 65
.(3)26837 65

Thus m=. 00026 83765.

The above methods

6048 to 9D.

Find g when m=.9995.

Here mi = .0005 and so from Table 17.4
5.

Q( m) = .06251 563013
2i=i 1 Q(m) = .00003 12578

From

3,

auxiliary

Table 17.3

for

in conjunction with the

L(m) enable us to extend

K'/K>3, and for #7#<-3.

Table 17.4

of

7.
Calculate to 5D the Jacobi?,n
function sn (.75S-2|.7) using Table 17.5.

Example
elliptic

Here

m=sin 2 a=.7, a=56.789089.

15.

17.3.19

Thus, sn (.75342|.7)=sin
from

<p

where

F(<p\ 56.789089)
In

>

71298]

Using the value of #(80/81) found in Example

fourth method, we have

Example

exp [ TL(ml n) )/K(m in) )]

m (n

2
3

= .71624 85649.

= 1.01910

/81

#(80/81)

can write the

The numbers

fourth method, and

*g H w+^

g(

#7#=3.5 we

iteration formula,

<p

is

determined

= .75342.

(j\=n*/]n (-)=tt 2/10.37324 1132

= .95144 84701
2=. 38618

125.

Inspection of Table 17.5 shows that tp lies

between 40 and 45. We have from the table
Of F(<p\at)

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

603

Second Method, Numerical Quadrature

58

56

60

Simpson's formula with

35
40
45
50

63803
73914
84450
95479

63945
74138
84788
95974

.1

64085
74358
85122
96465

Example

this

we form

the table of ^O\56.789089)

ordinates and interval

Evaluate

9.

r
From

1 1

gives .141117.

[(t

-2)(t 2 -4)]-W.

Method, Reduction to Standard Form and

First

Bivariate Interpolation

<p

35

A2

A3
b

63859

Here we can use 17.4.48 noting that a 2 =4,

=2, and that

10144
40

437

74003

10581

45

72

84584

[(t

-2)(t 2 -4)]-idt

509

11090
50

=|[^ \45)-^ \45)]

95674

-r-r
2

=^ [1.854075-

A rough estimate now shows that

40 and 41. We therefore form
7^X56. 789089) by

table of

<p

between

lies

the following

a=--

Thus
a=45,p 1 =90,^2 =30.

40.0
40.5
41.0

whence by

535623]=. 659226

sin <pi=~> sin <P2=t> sin 2

direct interpolation

in the foregoing table

where

.74003
.75040
.76082

Second Method, Numerical Integration

If we wish to use numerical integration we must
observe that the integrand has a singularity at
t=2 where it behaves like [8(2 2)]~*.
We remove the singularity at t2, by writing

linear inverse interpolation

C[(t 2 -2)(t 2 -4)]-Wt= Cj(t)dt+ V[%(t-2)]-Wt

sin <p=. 65137 =sn (.75342|.7).

and so

This method of bivariate interpolation is given

merely as an illustration. Other more direct
methods such as that of the arithmetic-geometric

mean

where
2
2
/(0 = [(* -2)(* -4)]-*-[8(*-2)]-*.

described in 17.6 and illustrated for the

Jacobian functions in chapter 16 are

Example 8. Evaluate

r
First

From

[(2t

less laborious.

we define/ (2) =0,

f(t)dt

can be calculated by numerical quadrature.

Method, Bivariate Interpolation

17.4.50

If

+l)(t*-2)]- 1/2dt.

we have

[(2t

+l)(t -2)]-" dt=F(<Pl\a)-F(<p2 \*,

where

1+
Example

V2

Thus

a= 26.56505

F(<Pl \a)

= 1.1 15921

integral as

=->

Also

[8(t-2)]-*dt=[ (*-2)*][=l
and thus we calculate the

U2

%) 2

\) 2

cos <Pi=-q"> cos

12,

^ = 61.87449

and

therefore the integral

is

<p2

f /(*)<^=l-.340773=. 659227.
10.

Evaluate

=-V2
2

u=

=45,
F(<p2\a) = .800380 and
43,

equal to .141114.

(x

-7x+6)-*dx.

*>2

7? 7z+6 = (x l)(x 2)(z+3) and we use

with/3!=2, ft=l, 183= -3,

17.4.65

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

(3(34

cos 2 ?=3/4.

m=sin =4/5, X=V5/2,

2

the integral=F(90\30)=| (1.071797) (1.001292)

Thus a=63.434949, p=30 and

=1.68575 to 5D.

M=2(5)-* F (30 \63.434949)

J

Second Method, Ascending Transformation

= 2 (5)~* (.543604) = .486214 from Table

17.5.

We
The above

integral

is

of the Weierstrass type

17= @>{\u; 28, 24)

Example 11. Evaluate

in fact

(see

use 17.5.11 to give

and

l+cos an+1 =2/(l+sin an )

chapter 18).

/2/3

(24:-12t+2t 2 -t 3 )- 1/2

COS a n

dt.

sin

<x

J.
33333 333
.02943 725
.00021 673

We

have

94280 904
99956 663
99999 998

2
3

24-12t+2t2 -P=-(t-2)(t2 +l2) = -P(t).

only one real zero and we therefore
use 17.4.74 with P(t)=f2f+12t24:, 0=2 so

There

is

= 16,

that P'(2)

P"(2)=8, X=2 and

m=sin 2 =t>
4

sin

sin
sin

From

sin

<p

<p2

=57. 367805

sin

<p2 ,

<p 3

=57. 348426

<p3

sin

<p 3 ,

<p4

=57. 348425=$.

17.5.16

P(90\30)

- P -4 [^!\60 o )-^ \60)]

Therefore the given integral" is

2

= 1.5 1.94280 904 1.99956 663

J 2/3

Jo

1.99999 998

where

^=70.52877 93

cos <p!=-,

COS

<p2

= n>

13.

Find the value of P(89.5\89.5)

First

evaluate
is

\-l/2

(l-jsin 2 0j

First

+| *)

(p2=60

Example

P*72 /

In tan ^45

= 1.37288 050 In tan 73.674213

= 1.37288 050(1.22789 30)
P (90\30) = 1.68575 to 5D.

and the integral=Ml.510344- 1.212597] = 148874.

Example 12. Use Landen's transformation to

We

^=60

30,

^)=sin a
(2<p p )=sin a
)=sin a
(2<p

sin (2<p2

therefore

a=30.

(2^-90) =sin

(20to5D.

Method

This is a case where interpolation in Table 17.5

not possible. We use 17.4.13 which gives
P(89.5\89.5) =P(90\89.5) F(4\89.5)

Method, Descending Transformation

where
cot

use 17.5.1 to give

^=sin

(.5) cot

(.5)=cos

(.5)

^=45.00109 084
1+sin

<*!=

and W\89.5) = 881390 from Table

l+cos30ro=1.071797

cos <*!=[(! sin a!)(l+sin i)] 1/2

1+sin a 2

~-

= 1.001292; cos a =. 999999

1+cos a
2

1+sin a3

= .997419

l+cos a 2

F (90\89.5)=ii:(sin 2 89.5) =#(.99992 38476)

= 6.12777 88
Thus P(89.5\89.5) = 5.246389.
Second Method

a .000000
Landen's

Thus from

17.5.7,

17.5.

gives

ascending

transformation,

17.5.11,

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS
cos ai =(l-sin 89.5)/(l+sin 89.5)

COS

= [(l cos
a =

sin

a2 =l.

sin ai

ai)(l

+ cos

This

aOP=.99999 99997

605
case

is

0<w<sin 2

n=w >=45, a=30,

e=arcsin (n/sm 2 a)*=30,

17.5.12 then gives

sin

(2^-89.5) =sin 89.5

= .99992
2^i 89.5=89.2929049,
sin (2<p2 <pi) =sin aj sin
sin (2^3

Thus

p )=sin
2

of integrals of the third kind,

(i)

a, 17.7.3

<p2)

P=frrF(S0\Z0) /i(30) = .49332 60

sin 89.5

v=hrF(45\30)/K(30) = 74951

38476

^ = 89.39645

245

=89.39645 602
<p 3 =<p2=$.
u

51,

^=(16/45)*

and so from 17.7.3

<p2

<p

n(i;45 o \30) =

17.5.16 gives

i^(89.5\89.5)

=
)* ln (t&n 89 69822 801) =5.24640.

2= .01797

24.

we

get

"

( .9999619231

Example

Evaluate

14.

Using the

n Q-

6;

f [(9-t )(lG+t
From

2 3
)

]-m

^-series, 16.27, for

45\30)

to5D.

the # functions

= (16/45)* - .02995 89
+ (1.86096 21) (.74951 51)} =.813845.
{

Table 17.9 gives .81385 with 4 point Lagrangian

17.4.51 the given integral

interpolation.

Example

Evaluate the complete

16.

elliptic

integral

where

a=%,

sin

sin

vj 1

sin <P2

=a

a=36.86990

A/5 >

From

^=48.18968

= r^=,

TV\30) =#(30) + (16/45)

-5V17

By

bivariate

interpolation

in

1/2

#(a)Z(\30)

e=arcsin(n/sin 2 a)*=30.
where
Table 17.7

^=23.84264.

we have

17.7.6

(A\30) to 6D.

(tV\30)

Thus using

= 1.743055.

Table 17.6 we
Table 17.9 gives 1.74302 with 5 point Lagran-

find that the given integral

gian interpolation.

i;
[

.80904

- .41 192]= .00496.

Example

Simpson's rule with 3 ordinates gives

(| ;

45\30)

i[.00504+.01975+.005]=.00496.

Example

15.

Evaluate

Evaluate

17.

"V ~i sin

6)

(1

-i sin

~
6)

m dd

to6D.

n(^;45\30)=
This
sin

r/4

(l-^sin 2 0)- (l-jsin 2 0)-*^

1

to 6D.

is

case

(iii)

of integrals of the third kind,

a<n<l,
n=%,

95=45,

a=30

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

606
e=arcsin [(1 n)/cos 2

0^=45

Here n=j> <p=45, a=30 and since the character-

= .79317
o
o
=^7tF(45 \30 )/X(30) = .74951

/3=7rF(45\60) IK(30)

74
greater than unity

istic is

N=n~

5 2 =(40/9)

2=. 01797 24

sin 2

= -H( 2; 45\30) +F(45\30)

(f ; 45\30)

+ (W5)ln

= (40/9)

(f 45\30)
;

use 17.7.7

a=.2, p 1= (l/5)

and so from 17.7.11

we

51

1/2

(7/8)i

_ (1/5)1

(X-4 Mt>)
=-.83612+.80437

=2.10818 51 {.55248 32-4(.03854 26)

(.74951 51)} =.921129.

+iV5ln

Table 17.9 gives .92113 with 4 point Lagrangian

= 1.13214.

interpolation.

Example

Evaluate the complete

18.

elliptic

Numerical quadrature gives the same

Example 20. Evaluate

integral

n
From

(|\30) to

5D.

we have

17.7.14

[1-Ao(e\30>]

where e=arcsin[(l n)/cos 2 a] 1/2 =45.

Table 17.8

Thus using

to

Here the

characteristic

fore use 17.7.15 with

Lagrangian
interpolation.
The discrepancy results from interpolation with respect to n for <p=90 in Table

sin 2

^"^l-i sin2

d)-*dB

is

we

there-

negative and

n= T4

sin 2

and therefore
(5/2)4

(-i; 45\30) = (9/40)*II

Evaluate

19.

a= T4

N{\ w) -1 (sin a n) = A, p =4l

6 point

17.9.

Example

f * *(l+i

5D.

(f\30) =2.80099.

Table 17.9 gives 2.80126 by

result.

(-1; 45\30)

=
n (|\30)=#(30)+!^

V35+V8
V35-V8

(f;

45\30)

+i(5/2)iF(45\30)+arctan (35)"*

(;

45\30)

ir/4

Si-V .)

-'(J

Using Tables 4.14, 17.5, and 17.9 we get

-

n (- fc45\30) =

to5D.

76987

References
Texts
[17.1] A.

[17.6] F.

Cayley, An elementary treatise on elliptic

functions (Dover Publications, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1956).

Higher transcendental functions,

23 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1953).
[17.3] L. V. King, On the direct numerical calculation of
elliptic
functions and integrals
(Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1924).
[17.4] E. H. Neville, Jacobian elliptic functions, 2d ed.
(Oxford Univ. Press, London, England, 1951).
[17.5] F. Oberhettinger and W. Magnus, Anwendung der

[17.7]

[17.2] A. Erctelyi et al.,

vol.

2,

Tricomi, Elliptische Funktionen (Akademische

Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig,

Germany, 1948).

E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of

modern analysis, chs. 20, 21, 22, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).

ch.

elliptischen

Funktionen

Physik und Technik

Germany, 1949).

in

(Springer- Verlag, Berlin,

Tables
[17.8] P.

Byrd and M. D. Friedman, Handbook of

integrals for engineers and physicists
(Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1954).
F.

elliptic

[17.9]

C.

Heuman, Tables
J.

of complete elliptic integrals,

Math. Phys. 20, 127-206 (1941).

[17.10] J. Hoiiel, Recueil de formules et de tables

num6-

riques (Gaut hie r-Vi liars, Paris, France, 1901).

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS
[17.11] E.

Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, 4th

ed. (Dover Publications, Inc.,

New

M. Milne-Thomson, Jacobian
tables

(Dover Publications,

elliptic

Inc.,

function

New

York,

N.Y., 1956).
[17.13] L.

table of

Ten-figure table of the

K, K', E, E' and a

elliptic integrals

mw)'

Soc. 2, 33 (1931).

r>

*i '(0|r)'

Proc.

London Math.

Milne-Thomson,

The

Zeta

function

of

Edinburgh 52 (1931).
L. M. Milne-Thomson, Die elMptischen Funktionen
von Jacobi (Julius Springer, Berlin, Germany,
1931).

K. Pearson, Tables of the complete and incomplete

elliptic integrals (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, England, 1934).
[17.17] G. W. and R. M. Spenceley, Smithsonian elliptic
function tables, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, vol. 109 (Washington, D.C., 1947).

[17.16]

M. Milne-Thomson,
complete

M.

Jacobi, Proc. Roy. Soc.

[17.15]

1945).

[17J2] L.

[17.14] L.

York, N.Y.,

607

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

608
Table 17.1

COMPLETE ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND KINDS

AND THE NOME q WITH ARGUMENT THE PARAMETER m
K(m)=^(l-m.
2

E(m)

(1-m

sin

Ve

2
*)

sin

e)

K\m)=K(m{)
E'{m)=E(vn)

de

q(m) =exp [-*K'(m)/K(m)]

K{m)

qi(m)=q(m{)

K'(m)

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

57079
57474
57873
58278
58686

63267
55615
99120
03424
78474

94897
17356
07773
06373
54166

3.69563
3.35414
3.15587
3.01611

73629
14456
49478
24924

89875
99160
91841
77648

0.00000
0.00062
0.00126
0. 00190
0.00255

00000
81456
26665
36912
13525

00000
60383
23204
69025
13689

1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.59100
1.59518
1.59942
1.60370
1.60804

34537
82213
32446
96546
86199

90792
21610
58510
39253
30513

2.90833
2.82075
2.74707
2.68355
2.62777

72484
24967
30040
14063
33320

44552
55872
24667
15229
84344

0.00320
0.00386
0.00453
0.00521
0.00589

57869
71356
55438
11618
41444

70686
22010
98018
66885
34269

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

1.61244
1.61688
1.62139
1.62595
1.63057

13487
90905
31379
48290
55488

20219
05203
80658
38433
81754

2.57809
2.53333
2.49263
2.45533
2.42093

21133
45460
53232
80283
29603

48173
02200
39716
21380
44303

0.

00658
0.00728
0.00798
0.00870
0.00942

46515
28484
89058
30002
53141

53858
49518
49815
35762
02678

0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1.

63525
1.63999
1.64480
1.64967
1.65461

67322
98658
64907
82052
66675

64580
64511
98881
94514
22527

2.38901
2.35926
2.33140
2.30523
2.28054

64863
35547
85677
17368
91384

25580
45007
50251
77189
22770

0.01015
0.01089
0.01164
0.01240
0.01316

60362
53620
34936
06407
70202

37153
10173
87540
58856
86392

0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

65962
66470
66985
67507
68037

35986
07858
00860
34293
28228

10528
45692
83368
77219
48361

2.25720
2.23506
2.21402
2.19397
2.17482

53268
77552
24978
09253
70902

20854
60349
46332
19189
46414

0.01394
0.01472
0.01552
0.01632
0. 01714

28572
83850
38457
94906
55806

75318
66891
56320
37206
74605

0.80
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

1.68575
1.69120
1.69674
1.70237
1.70808

03548
81991
86201
39774
67311

12596
86631
96168
10990
34606

2.15651
2.13897
2.12213
2.10594
2.09037

56474
01837
18631
83200
27465

99643
52114
57396
52758
52360

0.01797
0.01881
0.01965
0.02051
0.02139

23870
01914
92872
99793
25853

08967
93399
66940
66788
82708

0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1.71388
1.71978
1.72577
1.73186
1.73805

94481
48080
56096
47782
53734

78791
56405
29320
52098
56358

2.07536
2.06088
2.04689
2.03336
2.02027

31352
16467
40772
94091
94286

92469
30131
10577
52233
03592

0.02227
0.02317
0.02408
0.02500
0.02594

74361
48765
52661
89803
64110

57154
35013
67250
73177
66576

0.70
0.69
0.68

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

1.74435
1.75075
1.75726
1.76389
1.77064

05972
38029
85048
83888
73233

25613
15753
82456
83731

2.

83984
27776
09795
31617
10441

24376
64729
27821
25656
65830

0.

.33534

00759
1.99530
1.98337
1.97178
1.96052

02689
0.02786
0.02884
0.02984
0. 03085

79677
40785
51915
17757
43225

51443
93729
76181
44138
51033

0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

1.77751
1.78451
1.79165
1.79891
1.80632

93714
88046
01166
80391
75591

91253
81873
52966
87685
07699

1.94956
1.93890
1.92852
1.91841
1.90854

77498
76652
63181
02691
70162

06026
34220
14418
09912
81211

0.03188
0.03292
0.03399
0. 03507
0.03617

33473
93907
30208
48344
54594

13363
86003
70043
66773
93133

0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

1.81388
1.82159
1.82945
1.83749
1.84569

39368
27265
97985
13633
39983

16983
56821
64730
55796
74724

1.89892
1.88953
1.88036
1.87140
1.86264

49102
30788
13596
02398
08023

71554
53096
22178
11034
32739

0.03729
0.03843
0.03959
0. 04077
0.04198

55570
58239
69950
98463
51981

75822
43468
38753
75263
67183

0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51

0.50

1.85407 46773 01372

0.04321 39182 63772

0.50

00

1.85407 46773 01372

K'(m)

[Hu
See Examples 3-4.
E(m) and E'(m) from L.

0.67

0.66
0.

65

A'(to)
{

M. Milne-Thomson,

K, K',E, E' and a table of

,,,

^(0|0

,..,
*jj

(0|t)

T]

Ten-figure table of the complete elliptic integrals

Proc.

London Math.

Soc.(2)33, 1931(with permission).

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

609

IUMIPU^lH, liLLU 'lie 1 I kl*KAJLS UK THE FIRST AND SECOND KINDS

AND THE NOME

WITH ARGUMENT THE PARAMETER m

7T

*=

Table 17.1

(1- -m sin

2
e)

de

K'(7n) = K(m.])

7T

*(-)-J?(l- -m
7(m)=exp

qi(m)

sin

2
9)

E'(m)=E(m 1 )

i/s

[- -TrK'(m)/K(m)]

qi(m)=q(mi)
E'(m)

E(vi)

m\

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1.00000
0.26219
0.22793
0.20687
0.19149

00000
62679
45740
98108
63082

00000
17709
67492
47C42
09940

1.57079
1.56686
1.56291
1.55894
1.55496

6327
1942
2645
8244
8546

1.00000
1.01599
1.02859
1.03994
1.05050

0000
3546
4520
6861
2227

1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.17931
0.16920
0.16055
0.15298
0.14624

60069
75311
42010
14810
42694

55723
46133
73011
09741
73236

1.55097
1.54696
1.54293
1.53889
1.53483

3352
2456
5653
2730
3465

1.06047
1.06998
1.07912
1.08793
1.09647

3728
6130
1407
7503
7517

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.14017
0.13464
0.12957
0.12488
0.12051

31269
58847
14695
01223
71957

54262
92091
20553
52049
28729

1.53075
1.52666
1.52255
1.51842
1.51428

7637
5017
5369
8454
4027

1.10477
1.11285
1.12074
1.12845
1.13599

4733
5607
1661
0735
7843

0.90
0.89
C. 88
0.87
0.86

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.11643
11261
0.10900
0.10558
0.10235

90607
03164
18330
93457
24235

17472
23363
23834
98477
13544

1.51012
1.50594
1.50174
1.49752
1.49329

1831
1612
3101
6026
0109

1.14339
1.15065
1.15778
1.16479
1.17169

5792
5629
6979
8293
7053

0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.09927
0.09633
0. 09353
0.09084
0.08827

36973
82749
32888
75434
12359

38825
65990
80648
60707
87862

1.48903
1.48476
1.48046
1.47615
1.47181

5058
0581
6375
2126
7514

1.17848
1.18518
1.19178
1.19829
1.20471

9924
2883
1311
0087
3641

0.80
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.08579
0. 08341
0.08111
0.07890
0.07676

57337
33938
74173
17281
08740

02195
83117
41165
26084
04317

1.46746
1.46308
1.45868
1.45426
1.44982

2209
5873
8155
8698
7128

1.21105
1.21732
1.22351
1.22963
1.23568

6028
0955
1839
1828
3836

0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0. 07468 99435 37179

0.07268 44965 37110
0. 07074 05053 87511
0.06885 43052 47167
0. 06702 25515 69108

1.44536
1.44087
1.43636
1.43183
1.42727

3064
6115
5871
1919
3521

1.24167
1.24759
1.25345
1.25926
1.26501

0567
4538
8093
3421
2576

0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.06524
0. 06351
0. 06182
0.06018
0.05858

21836
03934
45979
24161
16483

78738
00746
15898
79938
56838

1.42269
1.41808
1.41345
1.40879
1.40410

1133
3394
0127
0839
5019

1.27070
1.27634
1.28194
1.28748
1.29297

7480
9943
1668
4262
9239

0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0. 44

0.05702
0.05549
0.05400
0.05255
0.05113

02578
63553
81850
41123
26127

14610
09081
43499
42653
21764

1.39939
1.39465
1.38988
1.38508
1.38025

2139
1652
2992
5568
8774

1.29842
1.30383
1.30919
1.31451
1.31978

8034
2008
2448
0576
7557

0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

0.04974
04838
0. 04704
0. 04574
0. 04446

22621
17284
97634
51959
69259

64574
53289
16424
80149
25028

1.37540
1.37051
1.36559
1.36064
1.35566

1972
4505
5691
4814
1135

1.32502
1.33022
1.33538
1.34050
1.34559

4498
2453
2430
5388
2245

0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51

1.35064 3881

0.50

E(m)

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50
ni\

0.

0.

0.

04321 39182 63772

q(m)

1.35064 3881
E'{m)

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

610
Table 17.2

COMPLETE ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND KINDS

AND THE NOME q WITH ARGUMENT THE MODULAR ANGLE
2

2
2
ir()=Jo (l-sin sin

0)

a sin 2

e)

B(H?a -sin
q(a)=exp
a
0

'de

K'() = K(9W-a)
E' (a)=E (90- a)

de

-WT()/A]

?i()

= ?(90-o

K'(a)

K(a)

90-

q(a)

00

1.57079
1.57091
1.57127
1. 57187
1.57271

632b7
59581
49523
36105
24349

94897
27243
72225
14009
95227

98296
72652
39759
81695

25564
78886
99725
49437

0.00000
0.00001
0.00007
0.00017
0.00030

00000
90395
61698
14256
48651

00000
55387
24680
42257
48814

90

5.43490
4.74271
4.33865
4. 05275

1.57379
1.57511
1.57667
1.57848
1. 58054

21309
36077
79815
65776
09338

24768
77251
92838
88648
95721

3.83174
3.65185
3.50042
3.36986
3.25530

19997
59694
24991
80266
29421

84146
78752
71838
68445
43555

0.00047
0. 00068
0.00093
0.00122
0.00154

65699
66451
52197
24470
85045

16867
27305
97816
64294
16579

85
84
83
82

1.

58284
1.58539
1.58819
1.59125
1.59456

28043
41637
72125
43820
83409

38351
75538
27520
13687
31825

3.15338
3.06172
2.97856
2.90256
2.83267

52518
86120
89511
49406
25829

87839
38789
81384
70027
18100

0.00191
0.00231
0.00276
0. 00324
0.00376

35945
79450
18093
54674
92262

90170
15821
29252
43525
86978

80
79
78
77
76

59814
60197
1.60608
1.61045
1.61510

20021
85300
13494
41537
09160

12540
86952
10364
89663
67722

2.76806
2.70806
2. 65213
2.59981
2.55073

31453
76145
80046
97300
14496

68768
90486
30204
61099
27254

0.00433
0. 00493
0.00558
0.00627
0.00700

34205
84132
45970
23946
22602

09983
64213
58517
95994
97383

75
74
73
72
71

20
21
22
23
24

1.62002
1.62523
1. 63072
1. 63651
1.64260

58991
36677
91016
74093
41437

24204
58843
30788
35819
12491

2.50455
2.46099
2.41984
2.38087
2.34390

00790
94583
16537
01906
47244

01634
04126
39137
04429
46913

0.00777
0.00859
0. 00944
0.01035
0.01130

46804
01752
92999
26461
08432

16442
53626
75082
44729
78049

70
69
68
67

66

25
26
27
28
29

1.

64899
1.65569
1. 66271
1. 67005
1. 67773

52184
69263
59584
94262
48840

78530
10344
91370
69580
80745

2.30878
2.27537
2.24354
2.21319
2.18421

67981
64296
93416
46949
32169

67196
11676
98626
79374
49248

0.01229
0.01333
0. 01442
0.01555
0.01673

45605
45085
14412
61584
95077

27181
07947
80638
97708
33023

65
64
63
62
61

30
31
32
33
34

1.68575
1.69411
1.70283
1.71192
1.72139

03548
43573
59363
46951
08313

12596
05914
12341
55678
74249

2.15651
2.13002
2.10465
2.08035
2.05706

56474
14383
76584
80666
23227

99643
99325
91159
91578
97365

0.01797
0.01925
0.02059
0.02197
0. 02341

23870
57475
05967
80013
90910

08967
39635
10437
16901
88188

60
59
58
57
56

35
36
37
38

51756
92344
52364
61840
59091

57058
26774
68845
59342
05608

2.03471
2.01326
1.99266
1.97288
1.95386

53121
65652
97557
22662
48092

85791
05468
34209
74650
51663

0.02491
0.02646
0.02807
0.02974
0.03147

50625
71830
67957
53239
42771

23981
76961
17219
19583
20286

55
54
53

39

1.73124
1.74149
1.75216
1. 76325
1.77478

40
41
42
43
44

1.78676
1. 79922
1.81215
1.82560
1.83956

91348
15440
98536
18981
67210

85021
49811
62126
35889
93652

1.93558
1.91799
1.90108
1.88480
1.86914

10960
75464
30334
86573
75460

04722
36423
63664
80404
26462

0.03326
0.03511
0.03704
0.03902
0.04108

52566
99625
02001
78889
50703

95577
22096
87133
26607
79885

50
49
48
47
46

45

1.

0.04321 39182 63772

45
a

2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14

15
16
17
18
19

1.

1.

85407 46773 01372

90-

1.85407 46773 01372

0i()
r(

lf]

Compiled from G. W. and R. M. Spenceley, Smithsonian

89

88
87
86

81

52
51

-6 )9
]

elliptic

function tables, Smithsonian

Miscellaneous Collection, vol. 109, Washington, D.C., 1947 (with permission).

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

611

COMPLETE ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND KINDS

AND THE NOME q WITH ARGUMENT THE MODULAR ANGLE
I()=} 2

(l-sin 2 sin 2

K'(*) =

2
2
E(a)=Jo (l-sin asin

g(a)

?j(

K (90 -a)

E' (a)=E (90-)

0;

exp [-*K'(a)/K(*)-\

gi()=?(90-)

E(a)

a)

Table 17.2

90-

E'{a)

1.00000
0.40330
0.35316
0.32040
0.29548

00000
93063
56482
03371
83855

00000
38378
96037
34866
58691

1.57079
1.57067
1.57031
1.56972
1.56888

63267
67091
79198
01504
37196

94897
27960
97448
23979
07763

1.00000
1. 00075
1.00258
1.00525
1.00864

00000
15777
40855
85872
79569

00000
01834
27552
09152
07096

0.27517
0.25794
0.24291
0.22956
0.21754

98048
01957
29743
71598
89496

73563
66337
06665
81194
99726

1.56780
1.56649
1.56494
1.56316
1.56114

90739
67877
75629
22295
17453

77622
60132
69419
18261
51334

1.01266
1.01723
1.02231
1.02784
1. 03378

35062
69183
25881
36197
94623

34396
41019
67584
40833
90754

10
11
12
13
14

0.20660
0.19656
0.18728
0.17865
0.17059

97552
76611
51836
56628
45383

00965
43642
10217
04653
49477

1.55888
1.55639
1.55368
1.55073
1.54755

71966
97977
08919
19509
45758

01596
70947
36509
84013
69993

1.04011
1.04678
1.05377
1.06105
1.06860

43957
64993
69204
93337
95329

06010
44049
07046
53857
78401

15
16
17
18
19

0.16303
0.15591
0.14919
0.14283
0.13680

35348
66592
73690
65198
08474

21581
65792
67429
36280
28619

1.54415
1.54052
1.53666
1.53259
1.52830

04969
15741
97975
72877
62960

14673
27631
68556
45636
54359

1.07640
1.08442
1.09265
1.10106
1.10964

51130
52193
03455
21687
34135

76403
72543
37715
57941
42761

74
73
72

20
21
22
23
24

0.13106
0.12559
0.12037
0.11539
0.11062

18244
47852
82455
33684
35386

99858
09819
07894
49987
78854

1.52379
1.51907
1.51414
1.50900
1.50366

92052
85300
69174
71479
21353

59774
25531
93342
16775
53715

1.11837
1.12724
1.13624
1.14534
1.15454

77379
96377
43646
78566
66775

69864
57702
84239
80849
24465

70
69
68
67
66

25
26
27
28
29

0.10605
0.10167
0.09746
0.09342
0.08953

40201
16783
47524
26672
58769

85996
93444
70352
88483
52553

1.49811
1.49236
1.48642
1.48029
1.47396

49284
87111
68037
26638
98872

22116
24151
44253
27039
41625

1.16382
1.17317
1.18258
1.19204
1.20153

79644
93826
90849
56765
81841

93139
83722
45384
79886
13662

65
64
63
62

30
31
32
33
34

0.08579
0.08219
0.07872
0.07537
0.07215

57337
43773
46415
99738
43668

02195
66408
92073
58803
98737

1.46746
1.46077
1.45390
1.44686
1.43966

22093
35062
77960
92406
21471

39427
13127
65210
95183
15459

1.21105
1.22058
1.23012
1.23966
1.24918

60275
89957
72241
11752
16206

68459
54247
85949
88672
07472

60
59
58
57
56

35
36

39

0.06904
0.06603
0.06313
0. 06033
0.05763

22996
86859
88302
83890
33361

09032
10861
96461
33716
79494

1.43229
1.42476
1.41707
1.40923
1.40125

09693
03101
49233
97160
97507

06756
24890
71952
46096
85523

1.25867
1.26814
1.27757
1.28695
1.29627

96247
65310
39482
37387
80079

79997
65206
50391
83001
94134

55
54
53
52
51

40
41
42
43
44

0.05501
0.05249
0.05005
0.04769
0.04541

99336
47051
44121
60340
67490

98829
04844
29953
17056
83529

1.39314
1.38488
1.37650
1.36799
1.35937

02485
65913
43257
91658
69972

23812
75413
72082
73159
75008

1.30553
1.31472
1.32384
1.33286
1.34180

90942
95602
21844
99541
60581

97794
64623
81263
17179
29911

50
49
48
47
46

45

0.04321 39182 63772

1.35064 38810 47676

45

1
2

3
4
5
6

7
8

37
38

90-<*

?()

1.35064 38810 47676

E'(a)
(
:

716-654

64

40

T]

E{a)

90
89
88
87
86
85

84
83
82
81
80
79
78

77
76
75

71

61

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

612

m WITH ARGUMENT

PARAMETER
PAI

Table 17.3

A"

K'(m)/K(m)
K'

K'

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

0.99954
0.99912
0.99844
0. 99740
0.99590

69976
85258
79307
80762
01861

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

0.30866
0.29292
0.27782
0.26335
0.24949

25998
52811
39170
17107
94512

2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.99380
0.99101
0. 98739
0. 98284
0.97726

79974
23521
58502
72586
54540

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

0.23625
0.22360
0.21154
0.20003
0.18908

58558
78874
10467
96393
70181

2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

0.97056
0. 96266
0.95352
0.94310
0.93138

27485
75125
60602
38029
57063

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

0.17866
0.16875
0.15934
0.15040
0.14193

58032
80773
55603
97635
21249

2.30
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

0.91837
0.90409
0. 88859
0.87191
0. 85413

61134
80105
18214
38254
42916

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

0.

13389
0.12627
0.11906
0.11223
0.10577

41273
73987
38004
54993
50300

2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48

0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78

0.83533
0.81560
0.79505
0.77377
0.75188

54217
91841
51193
81814
6671]

1.60
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68

0.

09966
0.09388
0.08843
0.08327
0.07841

53447
98538
24583
75739
01486

2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58

0.

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

0.

72949
0.70669
0.68361
0.66035
0.63700

03078
84707
86358
50204
74395

0.07381
0.06948
0.06539
0.06153
0.05789

56747
01950
03054
31533
64327

2.60
2.62
2.64
2.66
2.68

0.

1.74
1.76
1.78

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

0.

61367
0. 59043
0. 56737
0.54457
0.52209

03730
22404
48621
30994
46531

1.80
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88

0.05446
0.05123
0. 04819
0. 04532
0.04262

83767
77481
38272
63995
57408

2.70
2.72
2.74
2.76
2,78

0.

0.50000
0. 47834
0.45716
0.43651
0. 41642

00000
24497
83054
71048
19278

1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98

0.04008
0.03768
0.03543
0.03331
0.03131

26022
81947
41720
26147
60134

2.80
2.82
2.84
2.86
2.88

0.

1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

39690
37800
0.35971
0.34205
0.32503

97552
18621
42366
80100
98919

2.00
2.02
2.04
2.06
2.08

0.02943
0.02766
0. 02600
0.02444
0.02297

72515
95892
66464
23873
11038

2.90
2.92
2.94
2.96
2.98

0.

1.20

0.30866 25998

2.10

0.02158 74007
(-5)81

3.00

0.

1.

00

0.
0.

T7

>3.0,

K < 0.3,

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

rn

K'

K'

For

70
72

0.

see

Example

02158
02028
01906
01791
01683

74007
61803
26278
21974
05990

01581
01485
01395
01311
01232

37845
79356
94517
49385
11967

01157
01087
01021
00959
00901

52117
41433
53165
62118
44574

00846
00795
00747
00701
00659

78199
41974
16117
82011
22140

00619
00581
00546
00513
00481

20026
60167
27984
09763
92610

00452
00425
00399
00375
00352

64398
13725
29873
02764
22924

00330
00310
00291
00274
00257

81448
69966
80bl0
05988
39151

00241
00227
00213
00200
00188

73568
03103
21990
24811
06475

00176
00165
00155
00146
00137

62198
87487
78119
30127
39785

00129 03591
["(-5)11
6
J
L

6.

Table 17.4

AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS FOR COMPUTATION OF THE NOME

,1/

0.

00
01

0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07

L(m) K(n )+

Q(m)

'i
0.

h{in)

0.06250
0.06281
0.06313
0.06345
0.06378
0.06411
0.06445
0.06479

00000
45660
33261
63756
38128
57394
22603
34842

In

00000
0.00251
0.00506
0.00765
0. 01027
0.01292
0.01561
0.01834
0.

[
6.

00000
65276
66040
09870
04595
58301
79344
76360

T]

L(m)

L(m)
00000
38302
60188
34180
42217
13714
66828
57396

i'T]
See Examples 3, 5 un<I

AND THE PARAMETER""

0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15

0.06513
0.06549
0. 06584
0.06620
0.06657
0.06694
0. 06732
0.06770

95233 36060
04937 14101
65155 38584
77131 77434
42154 15123
61556 59704
36721 61983
69082 47689
,-,,
7]

02111 58281
0.02392 34345
0.02677 14110
0. 02966 07472
0.03259 24678
0.03556 76342
0.03858 73466
0. 04165 27452
["(-6)6]
0.

_,

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

613

ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE FIRST KIND

F{ v \a)

Table 17.5

F( p\a)=f*(i- Sin 2 asi ll 2e)~ i de

l

a\<f

10

15

20

25

2
4
6
8

0.08726
0.08726
0. 08726
0. 08726
0. 08726

646
660
700
767
860

17453
0.17453
0. 17453
0.17454
0.17454

293
400
721
255
999

0.26179
0.26180
0.26181
0.26183
0.26185

939
298
374
163
656

34906
0.34907
0. 34909
0.34914
0.34919

585
428
952

10
12
14
16
18

08726
08727
0. 08727
0.08727
0. 08727

980
124
294
487
703

0.17455
0.17457
0.17458
0.17459
0.17461

949
102
451
991
714

0.26188
0.26192
0.26197
0.26202
0.26208

842
707
234
402
189

20
22
24
26
28

0.

08727
0.08728
0. 08728
0. 08728
0. 08729

940
199
477
773
086

0.17463
0.17465
0. 17467
0.17470
0.17472

611
675
895
261
762

0.26214
0.26221
0.26228
0.26236
0.26245

568
511
985
958
392

34
36
38

08729
08729
0. 08730
0.08730
0. 08730

413
755
108
472
844

0.17475
0.17478
0.17480
0.17483
0.17486

386
119
950
864
848

0.26254
0.26263
0.26273
0.26282
0.26293

249
487
064
934

40
42
44
46
48

0.08731
0. 08731
0. 08731
0. 08732
0.08732

222
606
992
379
765

0.17489
0.17492
0.17496
0.17499
0.17502

887
967
073
189
300

50
52

0.

08733
0.08733
0. 08733
0. 08734
0. 08734

149
528
901
265
620

0.17505
0.17508
0.17511
0.17514
0.17517

0.08734
08735
0. 08735
0.08735
0.08736

962
291
605
902
182

08736
08736
0. 08736
0.08737
0.08737

82
84
86
88

08737
08737
0.08737
0. 08737
0. 08737

90

0.

0.

0.

30
32

0.

0.

54
56
58
60
62
64

0.

66
68
70
72
74
76
78

0.

0.

80

0.

0.

[
5

15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

The

148
998

231
855
719
806
086

0.52359
0.52362
0.52370
0.52384
0.52403

878
636
903
653
839

0.34927
0.34936
0. 34947
0. 34959
0. 34972

479
558
200
358
983

0.43673
0.43691
0.43711
0.43735
0.43761

518
046
606
119
496

0. 52428
0.52458
0.52493
0.52533
0.52578

402
259
314
449
529

0.

34988
0.35004
0.35022
0. 35040
0.35060

016
395
048
901
870

0.43790
0.43822
0.43856
0.43893
0.43932

635
422
733
430
365

0.

52628
0.52682
0.52741
0.52804
0.52872

399
887
799
924
029

868
803
576
083
218

0.

052

0.35081
35103
0.35126
0.35150
0.35174

43973
0.44016
0.44060
0.44107
0.44154

377
296
939
115
622

0.52942
0.53017
0.53094
0.53174
0.53257

863
153
608
916
745

0.26303
0.26313
0.26324
0.26335
0.26345

369
836
404
019
633

0.35198
0.35223
0. 35249
0. 35274
0.35300

869
920
254
748
280

0.44203
0.44252
0. 44302
0.44353
0.44404

247
769
960
584
397

0.53342
0.53429
0.53517
0.53606
0.53696

745
546
761
986
798

392
448
455
397
260

0.26356
0.26366
0. 26376
0.26387
0.26396

191
643
936
020
842

0.

35325
0.35350
0.35375
0.35400
0. 35424

724
955
845
269
101

0.44455
0.44505
0.44555
0.44604
0. 44652

151
593
469
519
487

0.53786
0.53876
0.53965
0.54053
0.54139

765
438
358
059
069

0.17520
0.17522
0.17525
0.17527
0.17529

029
690
232
640
903

0.26406
0.26415
0.26424
0.26432
0. 26440

355
509
258
556
362

35447
35469
0. 35490
0.35511
0.35530

217
497
823
081
160

0.44699
0. 44744
0.44787
0.44828
0. 44867

117
153
348
459
252

0.54222
0.54304
0.54382
0. 54456
0.54527

911
111
197
704
182

442
681
898
092
262

0.17532
0.17533
0.17535
0.17537
0.17538

010
949
712
289
672

0.26447
0.26454
0.26460
0.26465
0.26470

634
334
428
883
671

0.35547
0. 35564
0.35579
0.35592
0. 35604

959
377
326
721
488

0.44903
0.44936
0. 44967
0.44994
0.45019

502
997
538
944
046

0.54593
0.54654
0.54710
0. 54760
0. 54804

192
316
162
364
587

408
528
622
689
730

0.17539
0.17540
0.17541
0.17542
0.17542

854
830
594
143
473

0.

26474
0.26478
0.26480
0.26482
0.26483

766
147
795
697
842

0.35614
35622
0.35629
0.35634
0.35636

560
881
402
086
908

0.45039
0.45056
0.45070
0.45079
0.45085

699
775
168
795
596

0.54842
0.54873
0.54898
0.54916
0.54927

535
947
608
348
042

17542 583
7,S
( -4

0.

0.

-| )S
]

26484 225

0.26182
08726 730
0.17453 962
0.26199
08727 387
0.17459 198
0.26232
0. 08728 623
0.17469 061
0.17482 397
0.26277
0.08730 289
0.26329
0.17497 630
0. 08732 185
0. 26382
0.17512 935
0. 08734 084
0.26428
0.17526 454
0. 08735 756
0.26463
0.17536 525
0. 08736 998
0.26481
0.17541 895
0.08737 659
table can also be used inversely to find c=am u

functions, for

30

0.43633
0.43634
0.43639
0.43647
0.43659

08737 744
(

0.

0.

0.

example sn w=sin

<p,

180
739
912
965
709
007
466
238
840

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

35637 851

0.

[<"*]
0.34911
34953
0.35031
0.35138
0.35261
0.35388
0.35501
0.35586
0. 35631
0.

842
092
330
244
989
123
092
223
976

45087 533

0.43643
0.43722
0.43874
0.44083
0.44328
0. 44580
0.44808
0. 44981
0.45075

361

998
792
848
233
113
179
645
457

0.54930 614
"6 9
(
'
5
]
[

0.52377
0.52512
0. 52772
0.53134
0.53562
0.54009
0.54419
0.54735
0.54908

095
754
849
425
273
391
926
991
352

where u=F(<p\a) and so the Jacobian elliptic

dn u= (1-sin 2 a sin 2 v) 2 See Examples 7-11.
the complete and incomplete elliptic integrals, Cambridge

en m=cos

<p,

Compiled from K. Pearson, Tables of

Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1934 (with permission).

1/

Known errors have

been corrected.

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

614
Table

ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE FIRST KIND F{ v \ a

17.5

F( v \ a
a\<p

0"

35

40

)=f*

(1-sin2 sin 2 e)~ d&

45

50

60

55

87266
87278
87312
87370
87451

463
045
784
649
593

0.

95993
0.96008
0.96052
0.96127
0.96231

109
037
821
450
911

1.04719
1.04738
1.04794
1. 04888
1.05019

755
465
603
194
278

87555
87682
87832
88004
88199

545
412
076
389
174

96366
96530
0.96723
0. 96947
0.97200

180
224
998
438
462

1.05187
1.05394
1.05638
1.05919
1.06239

911
16C
099
813
384

143
422
324
461
389

0.88416
0.88655
0.88915
0.89198
0.89501

214
254
992
071
076

0.97482
0.97794
0. 98135
0.98505
0.98904

960
790
773
681
227

06596
1.06992
1.07425
1.07897
1.08407

891
405
976
628
347

610
558
599
024
039

0.

89824
0.90167
0.90530
0.90911
0.91310

524
852
415
465
148

0.

052
335

80436
80687
0.80951
0.81228
0. 81516

1.

99331
99785
00267
00776
01311

059
743
749
438
039

1.08955
1.09540
1.10163
1.10824
1.11521

067
656
899
474
933

0.72126
0.72338
0.72556
0.72778
0.73003

235
98?
741
615
640

0.81814
0. 82123
0. 82440
0.82764
0.83095

765
227
346
941
712

0.91725
0.92156
0. 92601
0.93059
0.93528

487
370
535
558
835

1.01870
1. 02454
1. 03060
1. 03687
1.04333

633
127
230
427
948

1.12255
1.13024
1.13828
1.14665
1.15533

667
880
546
369
731

947
150
639
636
343

0.73230
0.73458
0. 73687
0. 73913
0.74137

789
970
028
751
870

0.83431
0.83770
0.84110
0. 84450
0. 84788

247
010
344
468
483

0.94007
94493
0.94985
0.95479
0.95973

568
756
177
381
682

04997
05676
1. 06367
1.07067
1. 07772

735
412
248
128
516

1.16431
1.17356
1.18305
1.19275
1.20261

637
652
833
650
907

64084
64220
0. 64351
0. 64476
0.64595

944
613
521
839
751

0.74358
0. 74572
0.74781
0. 74981
0.75172

071
998

0.

266
471
208

0.85122
85450
0. 85769
0.86077
0. 86373

375
024
220
677
057

0.96465
0. 96950
0. 97426
0. 97889
0.98336

156
647
773
946
406

1. 08479
1.09183
1. 09879
1.10562
1.11226

434
436
601
535
392

1.21259
1.22263
1.23265
1.24259
1.25236

661
139
660
576
238

458
189
209
829
415

0.75352
0.75519
0.75673
0.75813
0.75936

078
716
800
076
376

0.86652
0.86915
0.87157
0.87376
0. 87572

996
135
159
830
037

0.

76
78

0. 64707
0.64811
0.64906
0. 64991
0.65067

98762
0.99163
0.99536
0.99876
1.00180

253
507
166
287
067

1.11864
1.12471
1.13039
1.13561
1.14031

920
530
401
610
304

1.26185
1.27098
1.27961
1.28763
1.29492

988
218
482
696
436

80
82
84
86
88

0.65132
0.65186
0. 65228
0.65259
0. 65277

394
270
622
116
510

0.

76042
0.76130
0.76200
0. 76250
0. 76280

640
931
457
582
846

0.
0.

87740
87881
87992
0.88072
0.88121

833
481
495
675
1*3

1.00443 942
1. 00664. 678
1.00839 470
1. 00966 028
1. 01042 658

1.14441
14787
1.15062
1.15261
1.15382

892
262
010
652
828

1.30135
1.30680
1.31117
1.31436
1.31630

321
495
166
170
510

90

0.65283 658
2

0.

76290 965

0.

88137 359

1.01068 319

524
819
691
108
010

0.

4
6
8

0.61086
0. 61090
0.61103
0.61125
0.61155

69813
0.69819
0. 69838
0.69869
0. 69913

170
436
220
484
161

78539
0. 78548
0.78574
0.78617
0. 78678

816
509
574
974
644

10
12
14
16
18

0.61193
0.61239
0.61294
0.61357
0.61428

318
927
707
504
140

69969
0.70037
0.70117
0.70209
0.70313

159
358
608
730
511

0.

78756
78851
0. 78963
0. 79091
0.79236

494
403
221
768
827

20
22

406

24
26
28

0.61506
0.61592
0.61684
0. 61784
0. 61890

871
515
682

0.70428
0.70555
0.70692
0.70839
0.70997

706
037
183
788
451

0.79398
0.79575
0.79768
0.79976
0.80199

30
32
34
36
38

0.62003
0.62121
0. 62244
0.62373
0.62505

018
138
622
019
840

0.71164
0. 71341
0.71526
0.71719
0. 71919

728
124
098

40
42
44
46
48

0. 62642
0.62782
0. 62925
0. 63070
0.63216

563
630
446
385
783

63363
0.63511
0.63657
0.63802
0.63945

50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64

66
68
70
72
74

15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

0.

0.

0.

0.61113
0.61325
0.61733
0.62308
0.62997
0. 63730
0.64414
0. 64950
0.65245

071

335
114
857
236
691
374
930
235
368

0.

0.69852
0.70162
0. 70764
0.71621
0.72667
0.73800
0. 74882
0.75745
0.76227

8
]

295
198
702
617
222
634
464
364
978

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

rn
0.78594
0.79025
0.79870
0. 81088
0.82601
0.84280
0.85924
0.87269
0.88036

111
416
514
311
788
548
936
924
502

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

"l

0.87338
0.87915
0. 89054
0.90718
0.92829
0.95232
0.97660
0.99710
1.00908

0.

0.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1,

1.15423 455

[<?i]

)6

0.

1.31695 790

[<-*>*]

828
412
388
679
036
094
210
535
899

0.96086
0. 96832
0.98317
1.00518
1. 03371
1.06716
1.10223
1.13306
1.15171

405
014
128
803
296
268
077
645
457

1.04836
1.05774
1.07657
1.10489
1.14242
1.18788
1.23764
1.28370
1.31291

715
229
042
545
906
407
210
993
870

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

615

ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE FIRST KIND

F(<Aa)=
v\<p

0"

Jq

(i- sin

75

70

65

<*

Table 17.5

F(>\)

sin2

0)~^0
85

80

90

4
6
8

1.13446
1.13469
1.13537
1.13652
1.13813

401
294
994
576
158

1.22173
1.22200
1.22282
1.22420
1.22612

048
477
810
180
810

1.30899
1.30931
1.31028
1.31190
1.31417

694
959
822
491
314

1.39626
1. 39663
1.39775
1.39962
1.40225

340
672
763
909
598

1.48352
1.48395
1.48523
1.48736
1.49036

986
543
342
769
470

1.57079
1.57127
1.57271
1.57511
1.57848

633
495
244
361
658

10
12
14
16
18

1.14019
1.14273
1.14572
1.14919
1.15313

906
032
789
471
409

1.22861
1.23165
1.23525
1.23943
1.24418

010
180
808
470
827

1.31709
1.32068
1.32494
1. 32988
1.33550

778
514
296
047
840

1.40564
1.40980
1.41474
1.42048
1.42703

522
577
871
728
700

1.49423
1.49898
1. 50463
1.51120
1.51870

361
627
742
474
904

1.58284
1.58819
1.59456
1.60197
1.61045

280
721
834
853
415

20
22
24
26
28

1.15754
1.16244
1.16782
1.17369
1.18005

967
535
525
362
472

1.24952
1.25545
1.26198
1.26913
1.27690

627
700
957
385
045

1.34183
1.34888
1.35666
1.36519
1. 37448

901
616
531
359
981

1. 43441
1.44264
1.45174
1.46174

578
399
466
360
1.4(7266 958

1.52717
1.53662
1.54710
1.55863
1.57125

445
865
309
334
942

1.62002
1.63072
1.64260
1.65569
1.67005

590
910
414
693
943

30
32
34
36
38

1.18691
1.19427
1.20213
1.21050
1.21938

274
162
489
542
520

1.28530
1. 29434
1.30404
1. 31442
1.32547

059
605
906
210
772

1.38457
39547
1.40720
1.41979
1.43327

455
013
064
198
179

1.48455
1J49743
12 51134
1,52633
1. 54244

455
384
644
523
734

1.58502
1.59998
1.61618
1.63370
1.65259

624
406
906
398
894

1.68575
1.70283
1.72139
1.74149
1.76325

035
594
083
923
618

40
42

1.22877
1.23867
1.24907
1.25998
1.27138

499
392
904
475
210

1.33722
1.34968
1.36286
1.37676
1.39139

824
545
013
148
640

1.44766
1.46301
1.47934
1.49668
1.51507

938
565
287
437
416

1.

55973
1.57825
1.59806
1. 61923
1. 64184

441
301
493
762
453

1.67295
1.69485
1.71839
1.74369
1.77086

226
156
498
264
836

1.78676
1.81215
1.83956
1.86914
1.90108

913
985
672
755
303

1.28325
1.29559
1.30836
1.32154
1.33507

798
414
604
149
910

1.40676
1.42287
1.43971
1.45726
1.47551

855
717
560
935
372

1.53454
1.55513
1.57686
1. 59977
1.62387

619
354
709
378
409

1. 66596
1.69168
1.71910
1.74830
1.77941

542
665
125
880
482

1.80006
1.83143
1.86515
1.90143
1.94050

176
068
414
591
873

1.93558
1.97288
2.01326
2.05706
2.10465

110
227
657
232
766

66
68

1.34892
1.36301
1.37727
1.39159
1.40586

643
803
323
384
195

1. 49441
1.51390
1. 53392
1.55435
1.57507

087
609
332
972
940

1.64917
1.67568
1.70336
1.73216
1.76199

867
359
398
516
085

1.81252
1. 84776
1.88523
1.92503
1.96725

953
547
335
509

237

1.98263
2. 02813
2.07735
2.13070
2.18865

957
570
219
052
839

2.15651
2.21319
2.27537
2.34390
2.41984

565
470
643
472
165

70
72
74
76
78

1.41993
1.43365
1.44684
1.45927
1.47073

796
925
001
266
163

1.59590
1.61661
1.63693
1.65651
1. 67495

624
644
134
218
873

1.79268
1.82402
1.85566
1.88713
1.91779

736
292
175
308
814

2.01192
2.05903
2.10843
2.15978
2.21243

798
582
282
295
977

2.25177
2.32070
2.39615
2.47892
2.56980

995
416
610
739
281

2.50455
2.59981
2.70806
2.83267
2.97856

008
973
762
258
895

80
82
84
86
88

1.48098
1.48977
1.49690
1.50215
1.50537

006
975
410
336
033

1.69181
1.70658
1.71876
1. 72786
1.73350

489
456
033
543
464

1. 94682
1.97316
1.99562
2.01290
2.02384

231
666
118
452
126

2.26527
2.31643
2.36313
2.40153
2.42718

326
897
736
358
003

2.66935
2.77736
2.89146
3.00370
3. 09448

045
748
664
926
898

3.15338
3.36986
3.65185
4.05275
4.74271

525
803
597
817
727

90

1.50645 424

44
46
48
50
52

54
56
58
60
62
64

[
5

15
25
35
45
55

65
75
85

4)3

-s

1.13589
1.14740
1.17069
1.20625
1.25446
1.31490
1.38443
1.45316
1.49977

544
244
811
660
980
567
225
359
412

1.73541 516
)5
(
[
]

1.

2.02758 942

604
471
460
104
948
433
676
711
395

3.13130 133

00

("(-3)7-1

1.22344
1.23727
1.26548
1.30915
1.36971
1.44840
1. 54409
1.64683
1.72372

2.43624 605

['"if]
1.31101
32732
1.36083
1.41338
1.48788
1.58817
1.71762
1.87145
2. 00498
1.

537
612
467
702
472
233
935
396
776

['"if]
1.39859
1.41751
1.45663
1.51870
1.60847
1.73347
1.90483
2.13389
2. 38364

928
762
012
347
673
444
674
514
709

1.48619
1.50780
1.55273
1.62477
1.73081
1.88296
2.10348
2.43657
2.94868

317
533
384
858
713
142
169
614
876

1.57379
1.59814
1.64899
1.73124
1.85407
2.03471
2.30878
2.76806
3.83174

213
200
522
518
468
531
680
315
200

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

616

ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE SECOND KIND E( r\a)

Table 17.6

E(r\ a )= [o* (l-sitf

a\ip

10

a sin 2

h
e)

ds

20

0.08726
0. 08726
0. 08726
0. 08726
0. 08726

646
633
592
525
432

0.

17453
0.17453
0. 17452
0.17452
0.17451

293
185
864
330
587

15
0.26179
0.26179
0.26178
0.26176
0. 26174

939
579
503
715
224

0.34906
0.34905
0.34903
0.34899
0.34893

585
742
218
025
181

0.43633
0. 43631
0.43626
0. 43618
0.43607

231
608
745
665
403

0.52359
0.52357
0.52348
0.52335
0.52315

878
119
856
123
981

08726
08726
08725
08725
08725

313
168
999
806
590

17450
17449
0. 17448
0.17446
0.17444

636
485
137
599
879

0.26171
0.26167
0.26162
0.26157
0.26151

041
182
664
510
743

0.34885
0.34876
0.34866
0.34853
0.34840

714
657
055
954
412

0.43593
0.43575
0.43555
0. 43531
0.43505

Oil
552

106
765
633

0.52291
0.52261
0.52227
0.52187
0.52142

511
821
039
317
828

08725
08725
08724
08724
08724

352
094
816
521
208

0.17442
0.17440
0.17438
0. 17436
0.17433

985
926
712
353
862

0.26145
0.26138
0.26131
0. 26123
0.26114

391
485
056
141
778

0.34825
0.34809
0.34791
0.34773
0.34753

492
262
800
187
510

0.43476
0.43445
0.43411
0.43375
0.43337

831
488
749
767
709

0.52093
0.52040
0.51982
0.51921
0.51856

770
357
827
436
461

0.08723
08723
0. 08723
0. 08722
0. 08722

881
540

187
824
453

0. 17431
0.17428
0.17425
0. 17422
0.17419

250
529
714
817
852

0.26106
0.26096
0. 26087
0. 26077
0.26067

005
867
405
666
697

0.34732
0.34711
0.34689
0.34666
0.34642

863
342
050
093
580

0.43297
0.43256
0. 43212
0.43168
0. 43122

749
075
880
368
748

0.51788
0.51716
0.51643
0.51566
0.51488

193
944
040
820
638

08722
08721
08721
08720
08720

075
692
307
920
535

0.17416
0.17413
0.17410
0.17407
0.17404

835
779
700
613
531

0.26057
0.26047
0.26036
0.26026
0.26016

545
261
893
492
110

0.34618
0.34594
0.34569
0.34545
0.34520

625
343
850
266
710

0.43076
0.43029
0.42981
0. 42933
0. 42885

236
055
431
594
776

0.51408
0.51327
0.51246
0.51163
0.51081

862
866
037

08720
0.08719
0. 08719
0. 08719
0. 08718

152
774
402
039
686

0.17401
0.17398
0.17395
0. 17392
0.17389

472
449
477
571
745

0.26005
25995
0.25985
0.25975
0. 25966

795
600
574
765
224

0.34496
0.34472
0.34448
0.34425
0.34402

302
162
409

159
529

42838
42791
0. 42744
0.42699
0.42655

212
134
775
368
138

0.50999 501
0.50918 310
0.50838 287
0.50759 831
0.50683 341

345
017
704
408
130

0.17387
0.17384
0. 17381
0.17379
0.17377

013
388
883
511
283

0.25956
25948
0.25939
0.25931
0. 25924

996
126
660
640
104

0.34380
0.34359
0.34339
0.34320
0.34302

631
575
465
404
487

0.

64
66
68

08718
08718
0. 08717
0. 08717
0.08717

42612
42571
0.42531
0. 42494
0.42459

308
097
712
358
224

0.50609
0.50537
0.50469
0.50404
0.50343

207
811
523
700
686

70
72
74
76
78

0.08716
0.08716
0. 08716
0. 08716
0. 08716

871
633
416
223
053

0.17375
0. 17373
0.17371
0.17370
0.17368

210
302
568
018
659

0.25917
0.25910
0. 25904
0.25899
0. 25894

090
634
767
519
917

0.34285
0.34270
0.34256
0.34243
0.34233

805
443
478
984
022

0.42426
0.42396
0. 42368
0.42344
0.42322

495
339
913
363
817

0.50286
0.50234
0.50186
0.50143
0.50106

804
359
633
886
351

30
82
84

0.

86
88

08715
0.08715
0.08715
0. 08715
0.08715

909
789
695
628
588

0.17367
0.17366
0.17365
0.17365
0. 17364

498
539
789
250
926

0.25890
0.25887
0.25885
0.25883
0.25882

983
737
195
370
271

0.34223
0.34215
0.34209
0.34205
0.34202

650
915
857
507
889

0.42304
0.42289
0.42277
0. 42268
0.42263

389
175
258
700
547

0.50074
0.50047
0.50026
0.50011
0.50003

232
707
923
993
003

90

0.

08715 574

0
2

4
6

10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32

34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52

54
56
58
60
62

0.
0.

0.
.

"

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

08726
08725
0. 08724
0. 08723
0. 08721
0. 08719
55
0.08717
65
0. 08716
75
0.08715
85
See Example 14.
5

0.

15
25
35
45

0.

0.
0.

0.17364 818
7)3
( ~4

)4
]

562
905
671
006
113
220
554
317
659

0.17452
0.17447
0.17437
0.17424
0.17409
0.17394
0.17380
0.17370
0.17365

624
391
550
275
157
015
680
770
493

0.

0.

0.25881 905
(

T]

26177
0.26160
0.26127
0.26082
0.26031
0. 2598C
0.25935
0.25902
0. 25884
0.

698
165
157
567
693
639
592
064
192

25

0.34202 014
(

0.34901
0.34860
0.34782
0.34677
0.34557
0.34436
0.34329
0.34250
0.34207

0.

0.

0.

30

0.42261 826
4
(

329
188
632
648
562
714
797
043
467

0.43623
0. 43543
0. 43394
0.43190
0. 42957
0.42721
0.42512
0.42356
0.42272

105
791
028
776
525
938
769
271
556

767
454

0.50000 000

0.52342
0.52207
0.51952
0.51605
0.51204
0.50798
0.50436
0.50164
0.50018

670
785
597
197
932
838
656
622
720

Compiled from K. Pearson, Tables of the complete and incomplete elliptic integrals, Cambridge Univ.
Known errors have been corrected.
Press, Cambridge, England 1934 (with permission).
,

617

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE SECOND KIND E( v \ a

E {v\ a
0"

45^

40

35

a\<!

(1-sin 2

sin 2 e)

Table 17.6

de

50

55

60

0.61086
0.61082
0.61069
0.61047
0.61018

524
230
365
983
171

0.69813
0.69806
0.69788
0. 69756
0.69713

170
905
136
935
427

0.78539
0. 78531
0.78505
0.78461
0. 78401

816
125
085
792
409

0. 87266
0.87254
0.87220
0. 87162
0. 87081

463
883
183
487
998

0.95993
0.95978
0.95933
0.95859
0.95755

109
184
459
083
301

1.04719
1.04701
1. 04644
1.04551
1. 04421

996
764
646

10
12
14
16
18

0.60980
0.60933
0.60879
0.60817
0.60748

055
793
577
636
229

0.69657
0.69590
0.69511
0. 69420
0. 69318

784
226
023
492
999

0.78324
0.78230
0.78120
0.77994
0. 77853

162
343
308
473
323

0.86979
0. 86853
0.86707
0.86539
0.86350

001
863
031
034
481

0.95622
0.95461
0. 95271
0.95054
0.94810

460
005
478
522
878

1.04255
1.04052
1. 03814
1.03542
1.03236

047
491
615
177
049

20
22
24
26
28

0.60671
0.60588
0.60498
0.60402
0.60300

652
229
319
308
616

69206
69084
0. 68953
0. 68812
0.68663

954
814
083
308
077

0.77697
0.77527
0.77343
0.77147
0.76939

402
316
735
387
059

0.

86142
0.85914
0. 85668
0. 85405
0.85126

062
545
781
695
295

0.

94541
0.94246
0.93928
0.93587
0.93225

386
984
709
699
186

1.02897
1.02526
1.02126
1.01696
1.01238

221
804
023
224
873

30
32
34
36
38

0.60193
0.60081
0.59966
0.59846
0.59723

687
994
035
332
431

0.68506
68341
0.68171
0. 67994
0.67813

023
817
170
830
578

0.76719
0.76489
0.76250
0.76003
0.75749

599
908
947
726
309

84831
84522
0.84201
0.83868
0.83525

663
958
414
340
115

92842
92441
0.92022
0.91588
0.91140

504
083
452
234
150

1.00755
1.00247
0.99717
0.99167
0.98598

556
977
966
469
560

40
42
44
46
48

0.59597
0.59470
0.59341
0.59211
0.59081

897
312

0.67628
67439
0. 67248
0.67056
0.66863

229
630
651
191
167

0.75488
0.75223
0.74954
0. 74682
0.74409

809
383
234
605
773

0.

83173
0.82814
0. 82449
0.82080
0.81709

189
080
369
700
775

0.90680
0.90209
0. 89731
0. 89246
0.88758

017
742
325
858
513

0.98013
0.97414
0.96803
0.96184
0.95558

430
397
899
497
873

50
52
54
56
58

0.58951
0.58823
0.58696
0.58571
0.58450

664
065
171
622
056

0.

66670
66479
0.66290
0.66104
0.65922

515
183
130
317
707

0.74137
0.73865
0.73597
0.73332
0.73074

047
766
286
979
229

0.81338
0.80968
0.80601
0.80239
0.79884

346
217
230
262
217

0.

88268
0.87779
0.87293
0. 86812
0.86340

551
305
184
660
261

0.94929
0.94300
0.93673
0.93051
0.92439

830
285
272
931
505

60
62
64
66
68

0.58332
0.58218
0.58109
0.58006
0.57908

103
382
497
032
549

0.65746
0.65575
0.65412
0.65257
0.65110

255
905
585

0.72822
0.72578
0.72345
0.72122
0.71911

416
915
085
260
737

0.79538
79202
0. 78879
0.78571
0.78279

015
582
839
685
987

0.85878
0. 85430
0. 84997
0. 84583
0.84191

561
169
709
811
082

0.91839
0.91254
0.90689
0.90146
0.89630

329
821

460
778
323

70

584
641
189
663
450

0.64973
0. 64847
0. 64731
0. 64628
0. 64537

667
154

74
76
78

0.57817
0.57733
0.57657
0.57588
0.57528

0.71714
0.71532
0.71366
0.71216
0.71085

767
545
196
766
210

0.78006
77753
0.77521
0.77312
0.77129

562
157
434
952
143

83822
83479
0.83165
0. 82882
0.82631

090
335
223
031
879

0.89143
0.88690
0.88273
0.87896
0.87563

642
237
530
810
185

80
82
84
86
88

0.57476
0. 57434
0.57400
0.57376
0.57362

897
302
912
921
470

0.64459
0.64394
0. 64344
0.64307
0. 64286

347
879
316
973
075

70972
70879
0.70805
0.70753
0.70721

381
019
745
050
289

0.76971
76840
0.76737
0.76663
0.76619

298
544
830
912
339

0.82416
0.82238
0.82097
0.81996
0.81935

694
177
770
631
604

0.87275
0.87036
0.86847
0.86712
0.86629

520
381
970
068
990

90

0.57357 644

4
6

72

[
5

15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

278
406
324

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

T]

0.61059
0.60849
0.60451
0.59906
0.59276
0.58633
0.58057
0.57621
0.57387

734
557
051
618
408
563
051
910
732

197
612

812
328
322

64278 761

0.
0.

0.70710 678

[<T]
69774
0.69467
68883
0.
0.68083
0.67152
0. 66196
0.65333
0.64678
0. 64324
0.

083
152
790
664
549
758
844
548
351

78485
0.78059
0.77247
0.76128
0. 74818
0.73464
0.72232
0.71289
0.70776
0.

586
337
109
304
650
525
215
304
799

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

0.76604 444

[<T]
87194
0.86625
0. 85539
0.84036
0. 82265
0.80419
0.78723
0.77414
0. 76697
0.

199
642
342
234
424
500
820
195
232

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.81915 204

0.95899
0.95166
0.93760
0.91807
0. 89489
0.87052
0. 84788
0.83019
0.82042

964
385
971
186
714
066
276
625
232

755
051

0.86602 540

ri
04603
1.03682
1.01914
0.99445
0.96495
0.93361
0.90415
0.88079
0.86773
1.

)7

012
664
662
152
146
692
063
972
361

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

618

ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE SECOND KIND E( v \ a

E{vV) = \* (1-sin2 sin 2 efde

Table 17.6

75

70

65
0

80

85

90

13446
13423
13354
13240
13081

401
517
929
837
573

1.22173
1.22145
1.22063
1.21926
1.21735

048
628
443
717
820

1.30899
1.30867
1.30770
1.30609
1.30385

694
442
767
916
297

1.39626
1.39589
1.39477
1.39291
1.39031

340
024
165
030
062

1.48352
1.48310
1.48182
1.47970
1.47674

986
448
929
717
288

1.57079
1.57031
1.56888
1.56649
1.56316

633
792
372
679
223

18

1.12877
1.12629
1.12338
1.12004
1.11628

602
5?2
066
099
624

21491
21193
20844
20443
19992

274
748
065
195
262

1.30097
1.29747
1.29335
1.28863
1.28331

484
215
393
089
541

1.38697
1.38292
1.37815
1.37268
1.36651

886
302
292
017
823

1.47294
1.46831
1.46287
1.45662
1.44959

312
652
363
693
085

1.55888
1.55368
1.54755
1.54052
1.53259

720
089
458
157
729

20
22
24
26
28

1.11212
1.10757
1.10265
1.09736
1.09173

778
834
204
439
228

1.19492
1.18945
1.18352
1.17715
1.17036

542
465
618
743
745

1.27742
1.27096
1.26396
1.25643
1.24840

153
502
337
578
326

1.35968
1.35218
1.34405
1.33531
1.32596

233
961
903
146
967

1.44178
1.43321
1.42392
1.41391
1.40321

179
813
023
049
335

1.52379
1.51414
1.50366
1.49236
1.48029

921
692
214
871
266

30
32
34

1.08577
1.07950
1.07295
1.06614
1.05909

404
942
961
728
660

1.16317
1.15560
1.14768
1.13943
1.13087

686
796
469
273
946

1.23988
1.23091
1.22151
1.21170
1.20152

858
635
305
705
870

1.31605
1.30560
1.29463
1.28318
1.27128

841
436
629
499

532
503

343

1.39185
1.37986
1.36727
1.35411
1.34041

328
306
965

46746
45390
43966
42476
40923

221
780
215
031
972

1.05183
1.04438
1.03677
1.02904
1.02122

322
435
875
677
034

1.12205
1.11298
1.10371
1.09426
1.08468

408
760
291
484
023

1.19101
1.18018
1.16909
1.15777
1.14625

036
648
366
077
899

25896
24627
23324
21991
20633

675
240
019
241
398

1.32623
1.31158
1.29652
1.28110
1.26535

066
614
865
340
837

1.39314
1.37650
1.35937
1.34180
1.32384

025
433
700
606
218

305
010
835
632

414

1.07499
1.06525
1.05550
1.04578
1.03614

796
908
682
671
663

13460
12284
11104
09923
08748

200
604
010
604
883

1.19255
1.17861
1.16458
1.15051
1.13645

255
873

54
56
58

1.01333
1.00542
0.99751
0.98966
0.98190

1.24934
1.23311
1.21672
1.20024
1.18373

449
580
971
724
339

1.30553
1.28695
1.26814
1.24918
1.23012

909
374
653
162
722

60
62
64
66
68

0.97427
0.96681
0.95958
0.95261
0.94595

354
780
158
084
256

1.02663
1.01731
1.00822
0.99942
0.99099

689
023
192
966
354

07585
06440
05318
04228
03176

669
132
814
653
998

1.12248
1.10866
1.09507
1.08178
1.06889

590
752
580

986
476

1.16725
1.15089
1.13472
1.11882
1.10330

747
364
145
658
172

1.21105
1.19204
1.17317
1.15454
1.13624

603
568
938
668
437

70
72
74
76
78

0.93965
0.93376
0.92833
0.92340
0.91901

447
462
088
024
802

0.98297
0.97544
0.96845
0.96208
0.95638

583
068
360
074
776

1.02171
1.01220
1.00333
0.99517
0.98783

634
781
091
606
670

1.05648
1.04465
1.03350
1.02317
1.01376

221
133
951
331
904

1.08824
1.07377
1.06000
1.04707
1.03513

773
505
556
504
640

1.11837
1.10106
1.08442
1.06860
1.05377

774
217
522
953
692

80
82
84
86
88

0.91522
0.91206
0.90956
0.90776
0.90667

691

588
905
445
305

0.95143
0.94729
0.94400
0.94162
0.94017

847
297
544
171
677

0.98140
0.97598
0.97165
0.96849
0.96657

781
331
228
392
142

1.00543
0.99831
0.99255
0.98830
0.98568

295
000
019
025
915

1.02436
1.01495
1.00715
1.00123
0.99748

393
896
650
026
392

1.04011
1.02784
1.01723
1.00864
1.00258

440
362
692
796
409

90

0.90630 779

2
4
6

10
12
14
1

36
38
40
42
44
46

48
50
52

15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

621
210
710

m m

0.96592 583
- 4,2
(
[ 7
i

0.98480 775
2

13303
12176
10005
06958
03292
99358
95606
92579
90857

1.30698
1.29106
1.26026
1.21665
1.16345
1.10513
1.04769
0.99915
0.96992

1.39393
1.37550
1.33976
28896
22661
15755
08838
02823
99022

553
337
236
479
660
365
Oil
978
873

0.93969 262

1.22001
1.20649
1.18039
1.14359
1.09900
1.05063
1.00378
0.96518
0.94269

878
962
569
813
829
981
508
626
813

342
728
405
853
846
448
389
744
212

['t'

0.99619 470

[(-4)3]

358
358
099
903
050
065
943
305
779

1.48087
1.45984
41900
36076
28885
20849
12673
05342
00394

384
990
286
208
906
656
373
632
027

1.00000 000
(-4)41
[(-4)4]
10
56780
54415
49811
43229
35064
25867
1.16382
1.07640
1.01266

907
050
493
097
388
963
796
511
351

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

JACOBIAN ZETA FUNCTION

a\tp

K (90) Z( v\a) = K (90)Z(u\l)=K (90)

10

0.000000
0.000083
0.000332
0.000748
0.001331

0.000000
0.000164
0.000655
0.001474
0.002621

16
18

0.002080
0.002997
0.004082
0.005337
0.006761

20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38

0.

15
0.000000

619
Table 17.7

Z(*\)

tanh = for

all

20

u
30

25

0.000239
0.000957
0.002155
0.003832

0.000000
0.000308
0.001231
0.002770
0. 004928

0.000000
0.000367
0.001467
0.003302
0.005875

0.000000
0.000414
0.001658
0.003734
0.006644

0.004098
0.005905
0.008043
0.010516
0.013324

0.005992
0.008635
0.011765
0.015384
0.019496

0.007706
0.011107
0.015136
0.019796
0.025094

0.009188
0.013246
0.018055
0.023621
0. 029951

0.010393
0.014987
0.020433
0. 026740
0.033919

0.008357
0.010125
0.012067
0.014186
0.016483

0.016470
0.019958
0.023791
0. 027972
0.032508

0.024105
0.029216
0.034834
0.040968
0.047624

0.031035
0.037627
0. 044878
0.052799
0. 061401

037055
044942
0.053626
0.063119
0.073438

0.041981
0.050941
0.060814
0.071617
0.083373

018962
0.021625
0.024476
0.027520
0.030761

0.

037403
042664
0.048298
0.054315
0.060725

0.054811
0.062540
0. 070823
0.079674
0.089108

0. 070696
0.080700
0.091430
0.102905
0.115148

0. 084599
0.096624
0.109534
0.123356
0.138120

0.096103
0.109834
0.124596
0.140421
0.157347

40
42
44
46
48

0.034205
0.037860
0.041734
0.045835
0.050177

0.

067540
074774
0.082444
0.090569
0.099172

0.099145
0.109807
0.121118
0.133109
0. 145813

0.128185
0.142046
0.156765
0. 172383
0.188947

0.153860
0.170614
0. 188428
0.207353
0.227450

0.175418
0.194683
0.215197
0.237025
0.260240

50
52
54
56
58

0.

054771
0.059634
0. 064786
0. 070249
0. 076052

0.108280
0.117925
0.128146
0.138989
0.150510

0.159273
0.173536
0.188661
0.204716
0.221785

0.206513
0.225145
0. 244921
0.265933
0.288294

0.248789
0.271452
0.295538
0.321161
0. 348462

0.284929
0.311193
0.339150
0. 368940
0.400731

60

62
64
66
68

0.082227
0.088818
0.095876
0.103468
0.111676

0.162776
0.175872
0.189901
0.204994
0.221320

0.239971
0.259398
0.280221
0.302637
0.326895

0.312138
0. 337632
0. 364981
0.394446
0.426356

0.377610
0. 408811
0.442321
0. 478462
0.517644

0.434726
0.471170
0.510371
0.552710
0.598675

70
72
74
76
78

0.120612
0.130420
0.141301
0.153537
0.167542

0.239097
0.258615
0.280272
0.304631
0. 332519

0.353322
0. 382351
0.414575
0.450832
0.492356

0.461145
0.499384
0.541857
0.589673
0. 644462

0.560402
0. 607444
0.659739
0.718657
0.786214

648900
0.704225
0.765797
0.835238
0.914934

80
82
84
86
88

0.183967
0.203902
0.229402
0.265091
0.325753

0.365230
0.404937
0.455734
0.526833
0. 647691

0.541075
0.600229
0. 675918
0.781873
0.962000

0.708771
0. 786884
0.886859
1. 026844
1.264856

0.865556
0.961976
1.085434
1.258352
1.552420

1.008608
1.122523
1. 268462
1.472953
1.820811

0.000519
004688
0.013105
0.025973
0.043755
0. 067477
0.099601
0.147228
0.245478

0.001023
0.009238
0.025838
0.051258
0. 086448
0.133487
0.197305
0.292070
0. 487761

0.001496
0.013513
0.037836
0.075176
0.127026
0.196567
0.291216
0.432134
0.723644

0.001923
0.017387
0. 048754
0.097073
0.164459
0.255266
0.379430
0.565011
0.949910

0. 002292
0.020743
0.058271
0.116329
0.197748
0. 308149
0.460039
0. 688264
1.163313

002592
0.023479
0.066098
0.132373
0.225942
0.353807
0.531121
0. 799407
1.360551

4
6
8

10
12
14

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

90

15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

0.

0.

See Example 16.

integrals
Compiled from P.F. Byrd and M.D. Friedman, Handbook of elliptic
and physicists, Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1954 (with permission).

for engineers

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

620

JACOBIAN ZETA FUNCTION

Table 17.7

Z(*\)

K(a)Z(v\<x) = K(a)E(v\a)-E(a)F(v\a)
a

K(90 )Z(<p\)=K(90)Z(u\l)=Z(90
a\<P

35

40

000000
0.000450
0.001800
0. 004052
0. 007212

0.

011284
016276
0.022197
0.029060
0. 036876

0.011833
0. 017073
0.023293
0.030505
0. 038728

045662
055435
0. 066216
0.078026
0.090893

30
32
34
36
38

4
6

10
12
14
16
18

0.

0.

0.

000000
0. 000471
0.001886
0. 004248
0. 007561

tanh

w=~

for all

45
000000
000479
001916
004314
007681

0.000000
0. 000471
0. 001887
0.004250
0. 007567

0.000000
0.000450
0.001800
0.004056
0. 007224

60
000000
0.000415
0.001659
0. 003739
0. 006660

012023
017353
0. 023683
0.031029
0. 039411

0. 011849
0.017106
0. 023354
0. 030610
0. 038897

0.011313
0. 016337
0.022312
0. 029257
0.037194

010433
0.015070
0.020588
0.027006
0. 034347

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

50

55

0.

0.

0.

047979
058279
0. 069655
0.082132
0. 095744

0.

048850
059372
0.071005
0.083783
0. 097742

0.

0.

0.

048238
058663
070203
082895
096782

0.

0.

0.104844
0.119914
0. 136138
0.153557
0.172220

0.110525
0.126515
0.143758
0.162305
0.182211

112924
129375
0. 147147
0.166300
0. 186898

0.111909
0. 128330
0.146103
0.165296
0. 185983

0.

107447
123327
0.140549
0. 159186
0. 179319

0.099613
0.114438
0.130548
0. 148018
0.166934

40
42
44
46
48

0.192178
0.213492
0.236228
0. 260466
0.286295

0.203541
0. 226365
0. 250764
0. 276831
0. 304671

0.209016
0.232738
0.258158
0. 285383
0. 314535

0.208248
0. 232187
0.257907
0.285531
0.315196

0.201042
0.224459
0. 249691
0.276871
0.306156

0.187395
0.209512
0.233413
0.259243
0.287169

50
52
54
56
58

0.

313816
0.343151
0. 374438
0. 407844
0. 443565

0. 334405
0.366173
0.400138
0. 436490
0. 475457

0.

345755
0.379203
0.415067
0. 453565
0. 494956

347064
0.381317
0.418166
0. 457861
0.500691

337723
371776
0.408552
0. 448328
0.491428

0.317383
0.350108
0. 385601
0.424167
0.466161

60
62
64

0.517310
0.562378
0.611064
0. 663870
0.721434

0.

66
68

0.481836
0.522947
0. 567251
0.615191
0. 667330

539547
0.587709
0. 639896
0. 696670
0.758741

0. 547003
0.597211
0. 651822
0.711460
0.776910

0. 538238
0.589220
0. 644933
0.706068
0. 773487

0.512007
0.562214
0.617399
0.678320
0. 745922

70
72
74
76
78

0.724397
0. 787359
0.857536
0. 936789
1. 027859

0.784577
0. 854390
0.932355
1. 020563
1.122089

0.827024
0.902728
0. 987491
1. 083621
1. 194508

0.849178
0.929590
1.019938
1.122735
1.241670

0.

848294
0.931931
1. 026343
1.134246
1.259612

0.821411
0.906356
1.002860
1.113848
1.243568

80
82

1.135017
1.265447
1.432669
1.667113
2.066078

1.241721
1. 387516
1.574623
1.837147
2. 284127

1.325428
1. 485245
1. 690632
1.979107
2. 470622

1.382470
1. 554749
1.776579
2.088611
2.620801

1.

408589
1.591484
1. 827639
2. 160541
2.729164

1. 398577
1.589820
1.837791
2.188502
2.788909

0.002813
0.025510
0.071991
0.144695
0.248154
0.390865
0. 590735
0. 895883
1.538234

0.002948
026774
0. 075754
0.152865
0.263583
0.418002
0.636916
0.975016
1.692810

0.002994
0.027228
0. 077249
0.156547
0.271538
0.433972
0. 667669
1.033955
1.820471

002949
026855
0. 076403
0.155518
0.271473
0. 437641
0.680968
1. 069585
1.916972

0.002815
025662
0.073210
0. 149686
0.263028
0.428046
0. 674774
1.078397
1.977347

0.002594
0. 023683
0. 067742
0.139108
0.246077
0.404479
0. 647089
1.056317
1.995386

20
22
24
26
28

84
86
88

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

046150
056156
067246
079461
092844

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

042639
051912
062203
073551
086003

90

15

25
35
45
55
65
75
85

0.

0.

0.

0.

621

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

JACOBIAN ZETA FUNCTION

K(a)Z(<p\<x)

tanh

u=-

0.

4
6
8

000000
0.000367
0.001468
0. 003308
0.005893

70
000000
000308
001232
002776
004946

75
000000
0.000239
0. 000958
0.002160
0. 003849

10
12
14
16
18

0.009233
0.013341
0. 018231
0.023922
0. 030438

0.007751
0. 011202
0. 015312
0.020098
0. 025581

006032
0.008718
0.011920
0. 015649
0.019924

20
22
24
26
28

0.

037803
046047
055206
065319
076431

031783
038732
0. 046459
0.055000
0. 064397

0. 024763
0.030188
0. 036225
0. 042905
0. 050260

30
32
34
36
38

0.

088594
0.101867
0.116315
0.132015
0.149053

0.074696
0. 085951
0. 098224
0.111585
0.126114

0. 058332
0.067164
0. 076808
0. 087324
0.098779

167527
187551
0.209254
0.232785
0.258315

0.

141905
0.159064
0.177713
0. 197996
0.220078

0.111254
0. 124839
0.139641
0.155784
0.173414

0.

244154
270454
0.299246
0. 330854
0. 365664

0.192704
0.213858
0.237121
0.262789
0.291220

0.133299
0. 148154
0. 164550
0.182720
0. 202947

0
2

40
42
44
46
48

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

Table 17.7

= K(a)E( V\ a )-E()F(<p\a)

K (90) Z(v\)=K (90) Z(u\l)=K (90)

65

Z(*\)

0.

0.

for all u

80
000000
0. 000164
0. 000656
0.001477
0. 002633

85
000000
0.000083
0. 000333
0. 000750
0.001337

0.004127
005966
0.008158
0.010713
0.013642

002096
003030
0.004143
0. 005442
0.006930

0.016959
0. 020680
0. 024823
0. 029411
0. 034466

008617
0.010509
0.012617
0.014952
0.017526

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

040018
046099
052747
060004
067920

076554
085973
0. 096255
0.107493
0. 119798
0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

020354
0.023454
0. 026845
0. 030550
0. 034595
0.

039011
043833
0. 049104
0. 054874
0.061201
0.

0.

068157
075826
084312
093745
104281

50
52
54
56
58

286045
0.316206
0. 349070
0. 384960
0.424255

60
62
64
66
68

0.467411
0.514976
0.567621
0. 626169
0.691653

0.404143
0.446860
0.494517
0. 547987
0. 608372

322854
358236
0.398048
0.443155
0. 494668

0.225584
0.251076
0.279993
0.313069
0.351277

0.116121
0.129521
0.144812
0.162430
0.182965

70
74
76
78

765385
849072
0.944993
1. 056298
1.187535

0.677086
0.755975
0.847508
0.955095
1. 083634

0.554038
0.623195
0. 704762
0.802400
0. 921408

0.395917
0. 448779
0.512376
0. 590350
0.688163

0.207230
0.236382
0.272114
0.317015
0.375226

80
82
84
86
88

1.345674
1.542281
1.798909
2. 163806
2.790834

1.240571
1.438150
1. 698985
2. 073357
2.721008

1.

069839
1.260828
1.518315
1.894760
2.555104

0.814374
0.983236
1.220780
1.583040
2.241393

453784
0.565578
0.736684
1.028059
1. 628299

0.002295
0. 020975
0.060141
0.124003
0.220781
0.366615
0.596098
0. 998480
1.962673

0. 001926
0.017619
0. 050625
0. 104764
0. 187640
0.314676
0. 520463
0.899033
1. 866624

001498
013718
0. 039483
0. 081953
0. 147536
0. 249634
0.419877
0.751288
1.686113

0. 001025
0.009390
0.027060
0. 056296
0.101748
0.173397
0.295957
0.549278
1. 380465

0.000520
004769
0.013755
0. 028657
0. 051923
0. 088901
0. 153297
0.293208
0.860811

72

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.
.0.

0.
0.

0.

90

15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

0.

0.

0.

90

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

622

HEUMAN'S LAMBDA FUNCTION

Table 17.8
Ao(*>\)
a\tp

-F(*>\90-

A (\ a )

i+? E(a\Zfv\90 >-)=- \K(a)E( *\90 o -)-[jq)--E( a )F(A90 o -)i

7T

10

15

30

25

20

087156
0.087129
0.087050
0. 086917
0. 086732

0.173648
0. 173595
0.173437
0.173173
0.172804

0.258819
0.258740
0.258504
0.258111
0.257562

0.342020
0.341916
0. 341604
0.341084
0. 340359

0.422618
0. 422490
0.422104
0.421462
0.420566

0.500000
0. 499848
0.499391
0. 498633
0. 497574

086495
086206
085866
085476
085037

0.172332
0.171757
0.171080
0.170303
0. 169429

0.256858
0.256001
0.254994
0.253838
0.252536

0.

339430
338299
336969
335445
333729

0.419419
0.418024
0. 416385
0.414506
0.412394

0.496219
0. 494572
0.492638
0.490424
0.487937

084549
084013
083432
082806
082136

0.168458
0.167393
0.166236
0.164991
0.163661

0.251092
0.249509
0.247790
0.245941
0.243966

0.

331827
329743
327483
325052
322458

0.410054
0.407492
0.404717
0.401736
0.398558

0.485184
0. 482176
0. 478920
0. 475428
0. 471710

081425
080674
0.079884
0. 079058
0.078198

0.162247
0.160755
0.159187
0.157548
0.155842

0.241870
0.239657
0.237335
0. 234908
0.232383

0.

319707
0.316806
0.313764
0. 310587
0.307286

0.395191
0. 391645
0.387930
0.384057
0.380037

0.

0.077307
076385
0. 075436
0. 074463
0. 073469

0.154073
0.152246
0.150367
0.148439
0.146470

0.229767
0.227068
0.224292
0.221447
0.218543

0.

303869
0.300346
0.296727
3.293022
0.289242

0.375880
0.371600
0.367209
0.362720
0.358145

0.445330
440378
0.435306
0.430127
0.424860

50
52
54
56
58

0.072455
0.071426
0. C70385
0. 069336
0.068281

0. 144464
0.142428
0.140370
0.138295
0.136211

0.215587
0.212589
0.209558
0.206506
0.203443

0.285399
0.281505
0.277573
0.273616
0. 269648

0.353500
348799
0.344057
0.339290
0. 334516

0.419519
0.414121
0.408685
0.403228
0.397769

60
62
64

0.

66
68

067226
0.066175
0.065131
0.064100
0. 063088

0.134126
0.132049
0.129989
0.127955
0.125958

0.200380
0.197331
0. 194307
0.191324
0.188396

0.265684
0.261739
0.257832
0. 253979
0.250200

0.329751
0.325015
0. 320328
0.315710
0.311185

0.392328
0.386926
0.381586
0. 376331
0.371186

70
72

0.062100
061143
0.060223
0.059348
0.058528

0.124009
0.122121
0.120307
0.118583
0.116967

0.

0.

185540
0.182774
0.180119
0. 177596
0. 175231

0.246517
0.242952
0. 239531
0.236282
0.233238

306778
3C2515
0. 298427
0.294547
0.290914

0.366180
0. 361342
0. 356706
0.352309
0.348194

84
86
88

057773
057095
0. 056508
0.056034
0. 055698

0.115479
0.114143
0.112988
0.112053
0.111392

0.173054
0.171099
0.169410
0. 168043
0.167078

0.230436
227922
0.225750
0.223992
0.222751

0.287571
0.284573
0.281983
0.279887
0.278408

0.344410
0.341017
0. 338088
0.335718
0.334046

90

0.055556

0.111111

0.166667

0.222222

0.277778

0.333333

4
6

10
12

0.

0.
0.

14

0.

16
18

0.

20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38

40
42
44
46
48

74
76
78
80
82

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

["(-5)21
5
J
L
5

15

25
35
45
55
65
75
85

0.086990
085677
0.083124
0. 079476
0.074953
0. 069861
0. 064614
0.059779
0.056256
0.

-|)B

0.173318
0.170704
0.165625
0.158377
0.149408
0.139334
0.128968
0.119433
0.112490

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

C.

5)7

-e

0.258327
0.254434
0. 246882
0.236134
0.222878
0.208034
0.192809
0.178839
0.168682

Compiled from C. Heuman, Tables of complete

1941 (with permission)

0.

T]

0.341370
336231
0. 326288
0.312192
0.294884
0.275597
0.255897
0.237883
0.224814
0.

elliptic integrals, J.

0.

0.

0.

467777
0.463642
0. 459316
0. 454813
0.450147

0.

4)1
]

['I' ]

0.421815
0. 415475
0.403252
0.386013
0. 364976
0.341676
0.318009
0.296459
0.280867

0.499050
0. 491565
0. 477203
0.457086
0.432729
0.405958
0.378946
0. 354475
0. 336826

-e

Math. Phys.

20, 127-206,

623

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

HEUMAN'S LAMBDA FUNCTION

F(*\90- a
Ao(r\)-

Tab,e 17 8

Ao(*>>)

K(a)Z(v\90 -)-- \K(a)E(A90-^- -[K(*)-E(*)]F(v\90-)\

o

""

7T

35

a\<P

K {a)

45

40

60

55

50

642788
642592
0.642006
0. 641032
0.639674

0.707107
0.706891
0.706247
0.705177
0.703687

0. 766044
0.765811
0.765113
0.763956
0.762347

0.819152
0.818903
0.818157
0. 816922
0.815210

0.866025
0.865762
0. 864975
0. 863674
0.861876

0.569244
0.567360
0.565150
0.562623
0.559789

0. 637940
0.635836
0. 633373
0. 630561
0.627412

0.701786
0. 699484
0. 696794
0.693729
0.690306

0.760298
0. 757822
0.754937
0.751660
0.748011

0.813034
0.810416
0.807375
0.803935
0.800123

0.859602
0.856877
0. 853731
0.850194
0. 846297

0.556657
0.553238
0.549546
0.545591
0.541389

0.623939
0.620157
0. 616080
0.611725
0.607107

0. 686540
0.682450
0.678054
0. 673372
0. 668422

0.744012
0.739683
0.735049
0.730130
0.724951

0.795963
0.791483
0.786709
0.781667
0.776384

0. 842073
0.837553
0. 832766
0. 827743
0.822510

0.

602244
0.597153
0.591851
0.586356
0. 580687

0.

38

0.536953
0.532297
0.527437
0.522388
0.517165

663225
0.657801
0.652170
0.646351
0. 640365

0.719533
0.713900
0.708073
0.702074
0.695923

0. 770883
0.765190
0.759326
0.753314
0.747177

0.817093
0.811517
0.805804
0.799976
0. 794052

40
42
44
46
48

0.511786
0.506266
0.500622
0. 494873
0. 489034

0.574862
0.568898
0.562815
0. 556632
0.550366

0. 634231
0.627970
0. 621600
0. 615142
0. 608615

0. 689642
0.683251
0.676769
0.670217
0.663613

0.740932
0. 734602
0.728203
0.721756
0.715277

0.788051
0.781992
0.775891
0. 769764
0.763627

50

0.483125
0.477164
0.471170
0.465163
0.459163

0.544038
0.537668
0.531275
0. 524879
0.518502

0.602038
0.595432
0.588817
0.582212
0.575640

0.656976
0.650326
0. 643682
0. 637064
0.630491

0.708785
0.702298
0.695832
0.689405
0. 683037

0.453192
0. 447272
0.441428
0. 435683
0.430065

0.512167
0. 505895
0.499711
0. 493642
0.487715

0.569122
0. 562680
0. 556339
0.550124
0.544062

0.

623985
0.617567
0.611258
0.605085
0. 599072

0.

676745
0.670549
0.664469
0. 658528
0. 652749

0.727455
0.721680
0.716024
0.710504
0.705142

4
6
8

10
12

14
16
18
20
22

24
26
28
30
32

34
36

52

54
56
58
60
62

64
66
68

0.573576
0.573402
0.572878
0.572009
0.570795

0.

0.

0.757496
0.

75-1385

0.745310
0.739286
0.733329

699961
694985
0.690244
0.685770
0.681601

70
72
74
76
78

0.

424604
0.419332
0. 414284
0.409500
0.405026

0.481959
0. 476408
0.471098
0.466070
0.461371

0.538183
0.532519
0.527106
0.521985
0.517202

0.593247
0. 587641
0.582290
0.577231
0.572511

0. 647159
0.641784
0. 636659
0.631818
0.627303

0.

80
82
84
86
88

0.400915
0.397229
0. 394049
0.391477
0. 389662

0.457055
0.453189
0.449853
0. 447157
0. 445255

0.512813
0. 508883
0.505494
0.502754
0.500823

0.568181
0.564307
0.560967
0. 558268
0.556366

0.623166
0.619464
0.616276
0.613700
0.611884

677782
674368
0.671427
0. 669053
0.667379

90

0.388889
4)1
(

0.

444444

0.500000

0.555556

0.

611111
-64)1

0.666667

[
5

15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

-a

0.572487
0.563926
0.547600
0.524935
0.497760
0.468167
0.438541
0.411857
0. 392679

' 4)1
6

1
]

0.

641567

0.

6320]

0.613936
0.589127
0.559735
0.528076
0. 496661
0. 468546
0. 448417

['I'

4)1

0.705765
0.695307
0. 675748
0. 649283
0. 618381
0.585512
0.553214
0.524506
0.504034

[<-e

0.

0.

0.

4)1

0.764592
0.753346
0.732623
0.705094
0. 673501
0. 640369
0. 608153
0.579721
0.559529

0.817600
0.805703
0.784220
0.756337
0.724985
0. 692612
0. 661480
0.634200
0.614903

[<-e

864388
0.852010
0. 830282
0. 802903
0.772830
0.742291
0.713246
0. 687972
0. 670162

0.

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

624

HEUMAN'S LAMBDA FUNCTION

Table 17.8

A (^\)

*>\90-) +ZK(*)Z(
,2
v \90-a)
Ao(*>\) =
K'( a)

=-{K(<*)E(v\90 o - a)-[K(<x)-E(a)]F(<p\90 o -oc)}

65

a\<p

80

75

70

85

0.906308
0.906032
0.905210
0. 903857
0.901997

0.939693
0. 939407
0.938559
0.937172
0.935282

0.965926
0.965633
0. 964769
0.963376
0.961512

0.

984808
0.984511
0.983652
0.982315
0.980599

0.996195
0.995903
0.995130
0. 994063
0. 992833

0. 899660
0.896881
0. 893699
0.890152
0. 886280

0.932934
0.930177
0.927061
0. 923634
0. 919940

0.959244
0. 956638
0.953755
0. 950646
0. 947355

0.978597
0.976384
0.974016
0.971534
0. 968969

0.991511
0.990135
0. 988727
0. 987299
0.985858

24
26
28

0.882119
0. 877704
0. 873068
0. 868240
0.863249

0.916018
0.911904
0. 907630
0.903221
0. 898703

0.943918
940364
0. 936718
0.933000
0.929226

966343
0.963671
0. 960968
0.958241
0.955500

30
32
34
36
38

0.858117
0. 852869
0. 847523
0. 842100
0.836615

0.

894095
889416
0. 884681
879904
0.
0.875099

0.

40
42

0.831085
0.825524
0.819946
0.814365
0.808792

0. 870277
0.865449
0.860625
0.855814
0,851026

4
6
8

10
12
14

16
18
20
22

44
46
48
50
52

54
56
58

0.803241
0.797724
0.792252
0.786839
0.781496

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

846269
841553
836887
832280
827742

0.

925409
0.921563
0. 917695
0.913817
0.909935

0.

0.984410
982958
0.981506
0.980054
0. 97860*
0.

0.952751
949998
0.947247
0. 944502
0.941766

0. 977159
0.975719
0. 974286
0.972861
0.971445

0.906056
0.902138
0. 898337
0. 894508
0.890708

0.939042
0.936335
0.933647
0.930981
0. 928341

0.970039
0. 968644
0. 967262
0.965894
0. 964540

886942
883216
0. 879537
0.875911
0. 872345

0.925731
0.923152
0.920610
0.918108
0.915649

963204
961885
0.960586
0.959309
0.958055

868846
865421
0. 862080
0. 858831
0.855685

0.913240
0.910884
0.908588
0. 906357
0.904198

0.956826
0.955626
0. 954457
0.953321
0.952223

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

64
66
68

776237
0.771077
0. 766029
0.761110
0.756338

0.823283
0. 818913
0. 814645
0.810490
0. 806464

70
72
74
76
78

0.751731
0.747312
0.743104
0.739137
0. 735442

0.802561
0. 798860
0.795319
0.791983
0. 788877

0.

852654
849751
846990
844390
841972

0.902119
0.900129
0. 898237
0. 896456
0. 894800

0.951166
0.950154
0.949193
0. 948288
0.947446

80
82
84
86

0.732059
0.729036
0. 726434
C. 724333
0.722852

0.786036
0. 783497
0.781312
0.779549
0. 778307

0.839759
0. 837783
0.836083
0.834711
0. 833745

893286
891933
0.890770
0.889831
0.889170

0.946677
0. 945990
0.945400
0.944923
0. 944587

0.722222
4)1
(
[ -a
]

0.

777778

0.833333

60
62

88
90

15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85

0.

0.904599
0.891969
0. 870676
0. 844820
0.817155
0. 789537
0.763552
0.741089
0.725315

-| >9
]

0.937930
925384
0.905441
0. 882297
0.858217
0. 834576
0.812552
0.793624
0.780373
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.964135
0.952226
0.934867
0.915757
0.896419
0. 87^717
0. 860443
0.845669
0.835352

0.

0.

888889

0.
(

0.

)5

944444
(

0.983037
0.972787
0.959607
0.94587 3
0.932311
0.919353
0.907464
0. 87332
0.890270

90

-f> ]

0.994624
0. 988015
0.980779
0.973573
0.966576
0. 959944
0.953885
0.948733
0.945145

625

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE THIRD KIND

U(n; <p\a)=

a\<p

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

15

(1-n

sin

_1

2
0)

30

[l-sin

a si n 2

n(n;<p\)
~de

#]

60

45

Table 17.9

75

90

30
45
60
75
90

0.26180
0.26200
0.26254
0.26330
0.26406
0.26463
0.26484

0.52360
0.52513
0.52943
0.53562
0.54223
0. 54736
0.54931

0.78540
0.79025
0.80437
0.82602
0.85122
0.87270
0.88137

1.04720
1.05774
1.08955
1.14243
1.21260
1.28371
1.31696

1.30900
1.32733
1. 38457
1.48788
1.64918
1.87145
2.02759

1.57080
1. 59814
1. 68575
1. 85407
2.15651
2.76806

0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1

15
30
45
60
75
90

0.26239
0.26259
0.26314
0.26390
0.26467
0.26524
0.26545

0.52820
0.52975
0.53412
0.54041
0.54712
0.55234
0.55431

0.80013
0.80514
0.81972
0.84210
0. 86817
0.89040
0. 89939

07949
1.09058
1.12405
1.17980
1.25393
1.32926
1.36454

1.36560
1.38520
1. 44649
1.55739
1.73121
1.97204
2.14201

1.65576
1.68536
1.78030
1.96326
2.29355
2.96601

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

15
30
45
60
75
90

0.26299
0.26319
0.26374
0.26450
0.26527
0.26585
0.26606

0.53294
0.53452
0.53896
0.54535
0.55217
0.55747
0. 55948

81586
0.82104
0.83612
0.85928
0. 88629
0.90934
0.91867

1.11534
1.12705
1.16241
1.22139
1.30003
1.38016
1.41777

1.43078
1.45187
1.51792
1.63775
1. 82643
2. 08942
2.27604

1.75620
1.78850
1.89229
2.09296
2.45715
3.20448

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3

15
30
45
60
75
90

0.26359
0.26379
0.26434
0.26511
0.26588
0.26646
0.26667

0.53784
0.53945
0. 54396
0.55046
0.55739
0.56278
0.56483

0.83271
0.83808
0.85370
0.87771
0.90574
0.92969
0.93938

1.15551
1.16791
1.20543
1.26812
1.35193
1.43759
1.47789

1.50701
1.52988
1.60161
1.73217
1.93879
2.22876
2.43581

1.87746
1.91309
2.02779
2.25038
2.65684
3.49853

0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4

0.26420
0.26440
0.26495
0.26572
0.26650
0.26708
0.26729

0.54291
0.54454
0.54912
0.55573
0.56278
0.56827
0.57035

0.

15
30
45
60
75
90

85084
85641
0.87262
0.89756
0.92670
0.95162
0.96171

1.20098
1.21419
1.25419
1.32117
1.41098
1.50309
1.54653

1.59794
1.62298
1.70165
1.84537
2.07413
2. 39775
2.63052

2.02789
2.06774
2.19629
2.44683
2.90761
3.87214

0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

15
30
45
60
75
90

0.26481
0.26501
0.26557
0.26634
0.26712
0.26770
0.26792

0.54814
0. 54980
0. 55447
0.56119
0.56837
0.57394
0.57606

0.87042
0.87621
0.89307
0.91902
0.94939
0.97538
0.98591

1.25310
1.26726
1.31017
1.38218
1.47906
1.57881
1.62599

1.70919
1.73695
1.82433
1.98464
2.24155
2.60846
2. 87468

2.22144
2.26685
2.41367
2.70129
3.23477
4. 36620

0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6

15
30
45
60
75
90

0.26543
0.26563
0.26619
0.26696
0.26775
0.26833
0.26855

0.55357
0.55525
0.56000
0.56684
0.57414
0.57982
0.58198

0.89167
0.89770
0.91527
0. 94235
0.97406
1.00123
1.01225

1.31379
1.32907
1. 37544
1.45347
1.55884
1. 66780
1.71951

1.85002
1.88131
1.98005
2.16210
2.45623
2.88113
3.19278

2.48365
2.53677
2.70905
3. 04862
3.68509
5. 05734

15

-46)5
[
]
(

See Examples 15-20.

-64)4

0.

0.

( "78)7

[<- 3> 2
]

1.

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS

626

ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE THIRD KIND

Table 17.9

"

n(n; <p\a)=

n
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7

a\<p

(1-n

sin

_1
e)

30

15

[l-sin a sin 2
2

45

e]

n(n,->\<*)

"de

60

90

75

0.55918
0.56090
0.56573
0.57270
0.58014
0. 58592
0.58812

0.91487
0.92116
0.93952
0.96784
1.00104
1.02954
1.04110

1.

15
30
45
60
75
90

0.26605
0.26625
0.26681
0.26759
0.26838
0.26897
0.26918

38587
1.40251
1.45309
1.53846
1.65425
1.77459
1.83192

2.03720
2.07333
2.18765
2.39973
2. 74586
3.25315
3. 63042

86787
2. 93263
3. 14339
3.56210
4. 35751
6.11030

0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8

15
30
45
60
75
90

0.26668
0.26688
0.26745
0.26823
0.26902
0.26961
0.26982

56501
56676
0.57168
0. 57877
0.58635
0.59225
0.59449

94034
94694
0.96618
0.99588
1.03076
1.06073
1.07290

1.47370
1.49205
1.54790
1.64250
1.77145
1.90629
1.97080

2.30538
2.34868
2.48618
2.74328
3. 16844
3. 80370
4.28518

3.51240
59733
3.87507
4. 43274
5.51206
7.96669

0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9

15
30
45
60
75
90

0.26731
0.26752
0. 26808
0. 26887
0.26966
0.27025
0.27047

0.57106
0.57284
0.57785
0.58508
0.59281
0. 59882
0.60110

96853
97547
0.99569
1.02695
1. 06372
1.09535
1.10821

1.58459
1.60515
1.66788
1.77453
1.92081
2. 07487
2.14899

2. 74439
2.79990
2.97710
3.31210
3. 87661
4. 74432
5.42125

4.96729
5.09958
5.53551
6.42557
8.20086
12.46407

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

15
30
45
60
75
90

0.26795
0.26816
0. 26872
0.26951
0.27031
0.27090
0.27112

0.57735
0.57916
0. 58428
0.59165
0.59953
0. 60566
0.60799

1. 00000
1.00731
1. 02866
1.06170
1.10060
1.13414
1. 14779

73205
1.75565
1.82781
1.95114
2.12160
2.30276
2.39053

3.73205
3.81655
4. 08864
4.61280
5.52554

-46)6

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

4)6

[ -s

].

"73)2

- 2)1
7

2.

3.

00
00
00
00

00

0t)372

00

8.22356

00

7.

18. Weierstrass Elliptic

and Related

Functions
Thomas H. Southaed

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties
Symbolism, Restrictions and Conventions
Homogeneity Relations, Reduction Formulas and Processes
Special Values and Relations
Addition and Multiplication Formulas
Series Expansions
Derivatives and Differential Equations
Definitions,

18.1.

18.2.
18.3.
18.4.
18.5.
18.6.

18.7.

Integrals

18.8.

Conformal Mapping
Relations with Complete Elliptic Integrals
and K' and
Their Parameter m and with Jacobi's Elliptic Functions
Relations with Theta Functions
Expressing any Elliptic Function in Terms of (J> and ff>'
Case A=0
Equianharmonic Case (g2 =0, 0s=l)
Lemniscatic Case (02=1, 03=0)
Pseudo-Lemniscatic Case (g2 = 1, 03=0)
.

18.10.
18.11.

18.12.

18.13.
18.14.

18.15.

Numerical Methods
18.16. Use and Extension

649
650
651
651

652
658
662

663
663

of the Tables

References

633
635
635
640
641
642

18.9.

at

629
629
631

670

University of California, National Bureau of Standards, and California State College

Hay ward.
627
716-654

64

- 41

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

628
Table

Table
2/3
(92=g2 gz~ )

18.1.

for

Obtaining Periods for Invariants g2 and g3

Page

673

Non-Negative Discriminant (3<<?2 <>)

^r+J5 *<?-*>; ? =3(.05)3.4, 7D

ri",
/6

<gl

o>'9l

ogV'-gl

*,

/6

/i;

?,=3.4(.1)5(.2)10,

<*'$*WH; -g^=.i(-.oi)o, 7D

Non-Positive Discriminant

/6

<^

/6

co 2

co 2

( <0 2 <3)
-

=0(-M)-.2, 7D
&'#; fc-^-X-- 05)-i, 7D
1/4

|^ 2

7D

o>' 29 y\g 2

rii;

-g

^ +f ln(3-?

/6

<#

2 );

? 2 =-l(.2)3, 7D

Table for Obtaining ff> Q>' and

Keal Half-Period Period Ratio a)

Table

18.2.

Positive Discriminant
z

on Ox and Oy (Unit
674

(0<x<l, 0<y<a)

g>{z), z g>'{z),

zUz),a=l,

x=0(.05)l, 2/=0(.05)

1.05, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 2, 4

1.1, 1.2 (.2) a,

6-8D

Negative Discriminant (0<x<l, 0<y<a/2)

z

3>(z), z3 g>'(z), z$(z),

a=\,

1.05, 1.15, 1.3, 1.5, 2,

z=0(.05)l, 2/=0(.05)l (.l)6(6>a/2),

Table 18.3. Invariants and Values

Real Half-Period)
a=l(.02)1.6(.05)2.3(.l)

4,

<*>,

7D

at Half -Periods

(1

<a<)

(Unit

680

6-8D

Non-Negative Discriminant
g2,gz,e 1 =g>{l),e z =g){o3 '),7i=^l),

r,'

'l%=tW)l%

<r(l), o-(u')/*,

*(*)

Non-Positive Discriminant
92, g,

eu

ife

= f(l)>

V2/i={(o>2)/i, o-(l),

a(,a>a)/i, o-(w')

The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance and encouragement of the personnel
Numerical Analysis Research, UCLA (especially Dr. C. B. Tompkins for generating the
author's interest in the project, and Mrs. H. 0. Rosay for programming and computing,
hand calculation and formula checking) and the personnel of the Computation Laboratory
(especially R. Capuano, E. Godefroy, D. Liepman, B. Walter and R. Zucker for the preparation and checking of the tables and maps;
of

629
18.

Weierstrass Elliptic and Related Functions

Mathematical Properties
18.1. Definitions,

An

Symbolism, Restrictions and

Conventions

function

elliptic

periodic function of

which

is

a single-valued doubly

a single complex variable

analytic except at poles and whose only

is

singularities in the finite plane are poles.

w' are

If

u and

a pair of (primitive) half-periods of such a

then /(z+2Mw+2iW)=/(z),
being integers. Thus the study of any

function j(z),

and

such function can be reduced to consideration of

its behavior in a fundamental period parallelogram (FPP). An elliptic function has a finite
number of poles (and the same number of zeros)
in a FPP; the number of such poles (zeros) (an
the order of the function (poles
and zeros are counted according to their multiAll other poles (zeros) are called conplicity).
gruent to the irreducible set. The simplest (non-

irreducible set)

Invariants

W=2Mo3+2Nu',

Let

functions are of order two. One

choose as the standard function of order two
either a function with two simple poles (Jacobi's
choice) or one double pole (Weierstrass' choice)

g^GOZ'W-* and

18.1.1

FPP.

pairs

INVARIANTS, summation
M, N except M=N=0.

= (P( z w
\

>

w ')

is

an

elliptic

function of order

Weierstrass' ^-Function {(z)

the condition $'(z)

= (p{z)\

= {(z\w,

being over

all

@(z) = @(z;g2 ,gs)

18.1.2

g>'(z)=&'{z;g2,gz)
ttz)=t(z;g2 ,g3 )

18.1.3
18.1.4
18.1.5

o(z)

Fundamental

= a{z;g ,gz)
2

Differential Equation, Discriminant

and

Related Quantities
18.1.6

(P'

(z)=l(p\z)-g2 (p{z)-gz

18.1.7

=4(&(z)-e )(@(z)-e Kg>(z)-e

2

3)

18.1.8

A=gt-27gl=16(e2 -e 3 ) 2 (e 3 -e

') satisfies

2=0 whose principal part is 2 -1

vanishes at 2=0 and is analytic in a
;

NOT

is
an
neighborhood of the origin.
i;(z)
elliptic function, since it is not periodic. However,
it is quasi-periodic (see "period" relations), so

reduction to

FPP

is

possible.

Weierstrass' a-Function a(z)

g2

= M^e +e
2

e3

2
1)

(e 1

-e 2 ) 2

= a(z\w,

+e2 e )=2(e 2 +el+el)

3

<73=4w3=-(e?+el+e!)

18.1.10
18.1.11

e l -\-e 2

+e =0
3

18.1.12

ei+e$+ei=gl/8

18.1.13

4e t -g2 e t -g3 =0(i=l,2,Z)

3

Agreement about Values of Invariants (and Discrim-

further, f(z) has a

simple pole at

z~

18.1.9

two with periods 2o>, 2o/ and having a double pole

2
&>{z) z~ 2 is
at 2=0, whose principal part is z~
analytic in a neighborhood of the origin and vanishes at 2=0.

liz)

integers.

Alternate Symbolism Emphasizing Invariants

Weierstrass' (P -Function. Let , ' denote a

Then
pair of complex numbers with J^aZ/co^O.
(P(.z)

g3 =1402'W-

are the

trivial) elliptic

in a

g3

M and N being

Then

is

may

and

(72

inant)

We
and g3

shall consider, in this chapter, only real g2

(this seems to cover most applications)

hence A

is real.

what follows

We

shall

dichotomize most of

A>0

or

A<0).

Homoge-

18.2.1-18.2.15

enable

a further

(either

neity relations

restriction to non-negative g3 (except for

') satisfies

is an
which vanishes at the origin.
Like f, it is NOT an elliptic function, since it is
not periodic. However, it is quasi-periodic (see

one case

when A=0).

the condition <t'(z)/<t(z)={(z); further, a{z)

entire

function

"period" relations), so reduction to

sible.

FPP

is

pos-

Note on Symbolism for Roots of Complex Numbers and

for Conjugate Complex Numbers
In this chapter, z 1/n (n a positive integer) is used
to denote the principal nth root of z, as in chapter
3; 2 is used to denote the complex conjugate of 2.

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

630

FPP's, Symbols for Periods, etc.

*>

A<0

>
1

2tu'

J
R2

tii

2tu 2

R3

^-X

W2

J
R,=

^-FPP
4

*-X

2ou

cu

RECTANGLE

Figure

18.1

W2=co+&j'
C03

co'

|co'|^co,

since g3

co

C0

REAL
PURE IMAG.

co

=w
/

aj 2

2
co^

^0

REAL
PURE IMAG.

|l|^2, since

t73

^0

Fundamental Rectangles

Study of all four functions {Q> ,(p ', f a) can be reduced to consideration of their values in a Fundamental Rectangle including the origin (see 18.2 on homogeneity relations, reduction formulas and
,

processes).

A>0

'

A<0

>

Fundamental Rectangle
tices 0,

co, o) 2

and

is

- FPP, which has ver-

Fundamental Rectangle has

vertices 0,

co 2 ,

co 2 -f-7p

a?2

co'

2'

y
to,

CD'

FUNDAMENTAL
RECTANGLE
(r-J-

W2

CO,

FPP)

cu 2

FUNDAMENTAL
fECTANGLE

id

^x
GJ,

Figure
There

is

-0~X

18.2

a point on the right boundary of Fundamental Rectangle where

Cf)

=0.

Denote

it

by

Zo.

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

18.2.

Note that Period Ratio

18.2.1

18.2.2

18.2.3

The Case g3<0

Homogeneity Relations, Reduction

Formulas and Processes

Homogeneity Relations (Suppose

is

Put =i and
18.2.16

preserved.

3>(U\t, tu')=t- 0)(z\<*, a')

/

)=r f(s|
1

')

e.g.,

Q> (2; g2 g3) =

,

Thus the case

>O.
3

obtain,

tj^O)

g>'{U\t, ta')=t-*3>'{z\o>, ')

f(te|to,

631

<0

g> 3

-@

(is;

g2>

-g )
3

can be reduced to one where

"Period" Relations and Reduction to the

FPP (M,N

integers)

18.2.4

<r(te|fc>,

to

18.2.5

gi(<, ta

18.2.6

ft(fv, to

18.2.7

18.2.9

)=^( z li "0

)=rig (a

)=" 8flf3(,

*o/)=r 12A(o>,

A(to,

tu')=r 2

ff(fa>,

(w, a'),

18.2.17

g>'(z+2Mo}+2Na') = (P'(z)

18.2.18

g>(z+2Mo}+2Nw') = (P(z)

')
')

to')=<" fi(f w '), =1,

,(*,

18.2.8

2,

18.2.19
t (z+2Mw+2Nw') =f(g)

')

i=l,

2, 3

+2Mv +2Nri'

18.2.20

(See 18.3)

<r(+2M+2iW)

(See 18.10)

18.2.10

q(ta,ta )=z(u,a')

18.2.11

m(Ua, tw')=m(a, a')

== (_ 1 )Jf+if+Jor<r (g) eXp

(See 18.9)

[(z+Mw+Na>')(2MV

+2W)]
18.2.12

#>'(fe;

18.2.13

#> (te;

18.2.14
18.2.15

rVa, r+gd=r*&'{z; g2 g 3 )
,

3)

2,

"Conjugate" Values

3)

flf

/(z) =7(2)

flf

denotes conjugate of
Point

18.2.25

St

#>(24)

= ^(2a>-2

<t(24)
3

&'{%) = - P'V^-Zt)

18.2.27

#> (23) = #>(2a>2 -23)

18.2.29

(r(23)

3)

(z3 )

18.2.32

f(^)
<r(22)

= f(2a-2o, )+27,'

= -(r(22-2o,0

= ~i"(2*-as)+2(i+f')

<7(2 3 )

= a-(2o,
2

(P{z2)

= g>{z

2)

exp prj'fe-w')]

3)

f(%)

{z2)=g>'(z2 -2<*')

&(22)=g>(z2 -2w')

18.2.31

18.2.33

exp [2(77+770(^4 a)]

}2

Point 2 in Rt

&

18.2.30

4)

= -g>'(2o -z
8>{zt) = g> (2 0,2-23)
f

')

= <7(2w 2

+7,')

7? 3

ff>

= -r(2co -2 )+2(7;+7
= (7(2w2 exp [2(77+7/0(230,2)]
2

18.2.26

r(23)

r(24)=-r(2aJ2 -04)+2(7

Point s in

18.2.28

= -f(2-s*)+2i
)=<r(2 2 exp [27j(2 )]
4)

in

A<0

4)

f(24)

(r(g4

of the functions

s)

&'&)=- g>'{2u - Zi
3>(24) = @(2a -zd

(P'^=-g>'v<s>-z?)

18.2.24

any one

is

Reduction to Vi FPP (See Figure 18.1)

(s

18.2.23

where /

8,

A>0

18.2.22

where ??=f(w), i/=i(0

18.2.21

r^ rfy =r @(z; g2, 9z)

=rr(; 02, &)
r (fa r ^, r
r(te; r
T ^) =*r(; #, #,)

f0?a)=76%)
<r(z2)

= a(z

i)

3)

exp

[2(77+77') (230,2)]

\
WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

632

Reduction from

FPP

Fundamental Rectangle

to

A<0

Case

We

need only be concerned with the case when

A2

z is in triangle

2w'z

(therefore

is

in triangle

A,).

@(z) = g>(2a>'-z)

18.2.34

= -g>'(2u'-z)

18.2.35

g>'(z)

18.2.36

?(z)=2r,'-{(2a>'-z)

18.2.37

Figure

<t(z)

= <t(2o)'-z)

exp [2ij'(g ')]

18.3

Reduction to Case where Real Half-Period

Unity

is

(preserving period ratio)

A>0

A<0
(o) 2

18.2.38

(za^l,-)

Cp'izl^a')^*-*^'

CO/

\
18.2.39

18.2.40

18.2.41

#>(S|, u')

f (3|,

= w-

CP

/)= _1 f
/\

ct(2 w,

co

(zu\
( Zco

_1

\l,

|l,

18.2.43

18.2.44

/)

(, O)')

_6
C0

^3 (

1,

w')=oj~ 2 ei (1,
\

CO

co/

co/

A(co, co')

= co-

12

(l,
}
CO/
\

\-,-)
|2

o> 2

|o> 2

1
t (z\a,a}')=a)2 { ( ZW2

o> 2

ei(co,

\ >

l2

"2/

fl'8

o/^coj 2 ^

co 2

|a> 2

>

\0) 2

/ ) = 2" 6

W W '\
/ 2w -ll

^(^CO^CO^^f
3 (cO,

W2/

-)
(W|->
/
\

#>(z|, a>')=a; 2 Cp

/)

0) 2

>

\co 2

co 2

/)

)
>

\C0 2

0) 2

(t=l,2,3)

(*=1,2,3)
18.2.45

=o>+o/)

@'(z\u,a>')=a; 3g)'(zw;

/\
/
o"(,2 a), o> J

w /

e f (co,

^2(, )=~*^2(j,
\

.Sf 8

= ua / 20) -1111, W'\

\

18.2.42

to

in

A(o>, co')

- 12
co 2

A (,
\0>2

C0 2

NOTE: New real half-period is

O)
0) 2

O)'
0J 2

0)

0)'

C0 2

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

18.3. Special

633

Values and Relations

Values at Periods
ff>,

(p'

and

f are infinite, a is zero at

z=2w u i=l,2, 3 and

at 2co 2 (A<0).

A<0

A>0
Half-Periods
18.3.1

g>(<*i)=e&=l,2,3)

18.3.2

#>'(<)=0(;=1,2,3)

18.3.3

*=r(,)(i=l,2,3)

vi=v,m=v+v' ,V3=y'

18.3.4

R=23+^e* (vj,=l,2,3; i^j,i^k,j^k)

18.3.5

=(e,-e,)(e,-e*)=2eS+J^=3 e ?-f-

18.3.6

e 2 real

real

18.3.7

et

18.3.8

ei>0>e 2 >e 3
(equality

when

<7 3

(e 2

=0)

e1

and non-negative

0 when

=a+ip

gr 3

=0)

e3

=e

where a>0,/3>0
(equality

when y3 =0)

18.3.9

r/>0

18.3.10

77'/i=0 if

18.3.11

|'|/ w gl.91014

18.3.12

Hi>0,H>0

H >0

18.3.13

H =%4^-Hl

7r/4<arg(#3) <tt/2 (equality

18.3.14

<7(

18.3.15

<r(o>')

18.3.16

<r

18.3.17

arg[<r(co 2

?2>0

050 (approx.)

(a 2)

ffl/2

if

|J|/ 2 3.81915

447 (approx.)

w ) = e'

W^O

/H} /2

<T(u> 2)

= ie^^ /Hl
= eW2/(-H

/2

/2

a(u'2

= ei22

/2

if

g3 =0)

H^Hs

/H\' 2

)=ieW

/m>

2)

argk( w ')]=^- +|-iarg(6 2 +ff2 - ej )

2

)]=Y+!

Quarter Periods
18.3.18

g>(u/2)=e l -\-H1 >e 1

18.3.19

#> ' (co/2) = -2H

18.3.20

f(/2)=i[i,+V2fl'1 +3

5>W2)=ea +fl2 >e

^2H +3e
1

I]

#> ' (to8/2) = -2HH2H2 +3e 2

f(a/2)=4[ij,+V2H2 +3eJ

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

634

A<0

A>0
i7

/8

18.3.21

18.3.22

<K/2)=~2 lliH\'\2H
;

#>

(a//2)

ff

+3e

1)

(T

2 /8

^2,2)= 2 Wl'\2H +Ze yi*

l

=e 3 -^3<e <0

g>

18.3.23

0>'WI2) = -2H3i^2H3 -3e 3

18.3.24

f('/2)=4[u -iV2fl'8-3e3]

(w'2 /2)

=e2 -H2 = & (g>2 +2/2) <e2 <0

#> '(2 /2) = -2H2i^2H2 -3e2 = ff> '(a>2 +

f(<oa/2)=Mib-*V2H2 -3e 2

.i|V/8

18.3.25

i)

lg' 2

K /2)= 2l/4fll/8(2Hg _ 3e8)1/ 8

<K<*/2)

'<o

= -f(

-H

18.3.26

g>(co2 /2)=e 2

18.3.27

{P'fa/2)

78

18.3.28

18.3.29

^ u ^-[4Hl(2H -3e

i,

2 a2 /&

irl4

U*>'l2)=hW-i(2H3 -3e 3)i]

W2) =i[ij2-i(2fla-38)*]
e

-H

g>'W\2) = -2iH3 (2H3 -3ez)i

= -2H i(2H -3e )*

i,V/8gi*/4

<r(a//2)=;

[4^1(2ff3 -3e 3 )] 1/8

1/s
2 )]

One-Third Period Relations

At 2=2 Wl/3(i=l,

2, 3)

or

2o> 2 /3,g>"

=12g>g)' 2

equivalently

48#> 4 -2402 #> 2 -48<73 #>-<if22 =O

18.3.30

A<0

A>0

2W3)=|+[W-

r(

f(2W3)=^+[^2J

18.3.32

18.3.33

18.3.34

f(2<W3

f(2o73) =%:

)=f+[JMJ
exp

ff(2/3)

<r(2W3)-

18.3.35

18.3.36

exp

<r(273)

tr(2w 2 /3)

[2i ?

exp

(j79]

[p

2' <

tr(2o> 2 /3)

"

[2q 2 co 2 /9]

(2a; 2 /3)]

1/3

(r(273)=

2 ' i/3

f?)
(

t)

'

r)'w=Ti/2

(also valid for

?; 2

18.3.39

u2

A<0)
Relations

18.3.38

a> 2

Among

the Hi

tf?+#l+#I=3<72 /4

(2co 2 /3)]

exp

1/3

2 'ri/3

[2ij'79]

[#>'(2a//3)] 1/3 e 2 * i/3

Legendre's Relation

18.3.37

[27? 2 a>2/9]
/

[#>'(273)] 1/8 e

V5> (2 /3)
-exp [277 oj 2 /9]

V#>'(2a>/3)
/

+[^v3)]'

exp

[2^/9]

2 1 '*i21' 8 (2ff2-3 2 ) 1 ' 8

g>(p'l2)=e t

2 /2)

+ft>;/2)+2i,

=o-(oj 2 +oj2/2)

18.3.31

=m
,

exp

jj' 2 ]

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

635

#?#ifli=-A/16

18.3.40

16H6i -12g2Hii +A=0(i=l,

18.3.41
18.4.

Addition and Multiplication Formulas

Addition Formulas2

5)

18.4.2

2, 3)

(i 5^:82)

'fa+d- g ^M^gOz^gg|^ffl ^^ffl^O g

f(si+S2)=r(si)+r(22)+2

18.4.3

18.4.4

cr( 2l

+2

2 )cr(2 1

ffl( gl )-ffl( ga )

-2 = -(r2 (2 )^(22)[^(2i)-^
2)

(22)]

Duplication and Triplication Formulas

[Note that^''=6^ 2 ( 2 )-|,^' 2 (0)=4^3( 2 )_^^( 2 )_ ff3 and

&^=-

18.4.5

18.4.6

#>

(2 2

r7>'''( 2 )=12,f7)( 2 )r7)'( S

@^+[Pii

)-

4#>' 3 (s)
f(22)=2f(z) + #>"(z)/2#>'(2)

18.4.7

18.4.8

o(2z)

18.4.9

= -g)'{z)<r\z)

f(32)=3f(s)-

18.4.10

<r(32)

= -^

g>'(z)g>'"{z)-g>"Kz)
,2

(2) <7> 2 )[,r7)(2 2

)- ^( 2)]
(

Expansions

18.5. Series

Laurent Series

@(z)=z- 2 +itc k z 2k - 2

18.5.1

18.5.2

where

c2

=g /20,

c3

=g

/28

and
18 * 5 - 3

Ck

=(2k+r)(k-B)

)= _2 2

-3

18.5.4

'( 2

18.5.5

f(2)=2- -f:c,2

*- k = 4

CmC

+Zl(2^-2)c t 2

2*- 1

*- 3

/(2^-l)

fc=2

Am _L A** _L

rjo

a(z)=

18.5.6

nCtio
2

Formulas

for f

and

<r

m ~
n
amn nV2y
n (^"
2)
(2^
3)
v
y3/
v*"

.
-

are not true algebraic addition formulas.

(4ro+6n+l)!

)]

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

636

where a o=l and

18.5.7

1 (\

am n =S(m-\-l)am+

18.5.8

i,

n- 1

+Y

(n+l)a m - 2

n+1

^ (2m-\-Sn l)(4m+6n l)am -

being understood that a mn =0 if either subscript is negative.

(The radius of convergence of the above series for (J> z~ 2
smallest of |2w|, |2w'| and |2a>2w'|; series for a converges for all
it

Values of Coefficients 3

Ck

in

Terms

of

(J>

fJ\-2z~ 3

and

f z~

lin

is

equal to the

z.)

ci

and

c%

c 4 =c|/3

18.5.9

18.5.10

c5

=3c2 c 3 /ll

18.5.11

c 6 =[2c|+3c]/39

18.5.12

c 7 =2cic 3 /33

18.5.13

c 8 =5c 2 (llc|+36cI)/7293

18.5.14

c9

18.5.15

c 10

=c

(29c|+llc|)/2717

= (242c^+ 1455c|cl)/240669

18.5.16

cii=14cjc 8 (389c!+369c)/3187041

18.5.17

c 12 =(114950cl+1080000c|ci+166617c!)/891678645

18.5.18

c 13 =10cic 3 (297c|+530ci)/11685817

Cu=

18.5.19

(306735) (215441)

4c 3 (62921815c|+l79865450c|cl+14051367c|)

18.5.20

c 15

(179685) (38920531)

c|(58957855cl+1086511320cjc|+875341836c|)

18.5.21

c 16

18.5.22

(5909761 )(5132565)
c 2 c 3 (30171955c|+126138075c|c!+28151739c!)

c 17

(920205)(6678671)

1541470 949003(^+30458088737

18.5.23

2c2 (528770cf4-7164675clc|+2989602c|)

I55c 62c 32

c.

+ 122378650673

378c|c|+2348703 887777c^

(1342211013)(4695105713)
2c 2 c 3 (3365544215c 2 +429852433 45c|ef
i

18.5.24

+ 852774347 let)

ci9=

(91100295)(113537407)
3

NOTES:
were computed and checked independently
by D. H. Lehmer; these were double-checked by
substituting g 2 =20 c 2 93=28 c 3 in values given in
1.

C4-C16

[18.10].
2.

the

C17-C18

same

were derived from values in [18.10] by

These were checked (numer-

substitution.

ically) for particular

values of g 2

gz-

3. c !9 is given incorrectly in [18.12] (factor 13 is

missing in denominator of third term of bracket);
this value was computed independently,
4. No factors of any of the above integers with more
than ten digits are known to the author. Tliisisnot
necessarily true of smaller integers, which have, in
many instances, been arranged for convenient use

with a desk calculator.

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

637
^,

W 8
3
S5

-S

ti

C^J

OS
OO
OS

"*co

OS
CO

m eo
CN

"co

2
c
eo
r-

si
CO

OS
!>

i
CO
s
to
to
OS
op

t*
**e6

OS
CO

_I>
CO

s
K
8
CO

r^H

o
<!
r-*

8
e

"*t*

CO

^to
^co
"cN

s
to

eo

CO
os

CO

OS

OS

o
r
"? 3
CO
to
to
"co
2

*o
CO
Os
CN

&
S

*"co

CO

00

cn
to

_l

"eo
"cN

13

to

o
U

Os
^<
*

CD

4)

iO

to

"cN

CO

CO
iO

OS
eo
CO
OS

oo

-a
~CO
"cn

oo
^*

^eo
^co

s
CN

**CN

OS
10
CO

+f
SB.

beo

g
to
CN

"eo

CO

^N

r
00
to

I>

*CO

CN

CO
t*

OS
to

'co

it

CO

I
CN
t8
CN

w co

*~co

*9

<*9

OS
00

iO

OS

CO

*CO
"cn

^t
^eo
"cn
1

'3

CO

t^.
1

a,

i
eo
(i

7 ?

OS

eg
CO

VI

a
to
"co

CO

CN

00
CO

OS

00
t>

tO
C4
00

eo
to
CO

"ro

to

^co

to

^
CO

*~eo

CO
CO
CN

OS

**co

s
CN

"""cN
1

3S

CO

^s

rt

10

a^

co

CNCQ

*H
CO

CO

o
CN
CO
*?

^CO
""cn

OS
CO

OS

to

~eo

CN
cn

eo

CN

? f

CO

o
c

CN
I

10

(M
CO

"eo

to

00

**

t^
CO

CN
1

rto

"co

CO

CO
op
OS

CO

"eo

t~

CN
1

CO
*?

I'
CN

o
to

*9
^eo

CO

o o

eo

00

CO

to
CO
to
-*

CO
op

eo

^o

t-

OS
CO

a>

eo

w*9
"co

eo

CO

eo
CN
CO

^co

+3
S

t--

^6
~eo
*cA

o*
CO

CO
r-

a*
*9

to

OS
00

~CO

*~CN

*~cn

CO
CO

tO

CO
9?
to

~eo

"co

CN

- **

r*-

~CC

00

!>
to

OS

iO

^co

CO
19
to

CN
OS

^co

*"eo

"eo

CN

il
a

Si

CO

*9
CO

tO
?

so

l>

a
OS

Z*
O

1
CN
1

OS
to
70

f-t

^co
"19

CO

CO

?
CN

09

"cN

CO

as

CO

9 5
*
*

CO

as

o 6

o
X

^H

""co
*~cn

as

CN

00

CO
00
CO
CN
os
CM
9?

<*9

"co
*CN
CM

r-

n
CO

to
""co

"cn

*co

""to

~CO

CO

CN

CO
1

"*

0*

<-i

OS

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

638

Reversed Series 5 for Large LP

[

Reversed Series for Large (P

'

18.5.25
2

z=\ [2 M + C2 ^+c 3u 7 +| tf+^ff u 11

18.5.29

z=A u+A u +A u'+A<>u +

18.5.30

where u=(g> niz Y

+^ (3a+5a)tt"+a^
+^?'(+7aS)M u +^

+^- (9aI+4a!) W
3

tt

+ 10al)u

e ul%

1 'z

18.5.32

a A2
AA - -A,

18.5.33

A r a A

18.5.34

A =0

21

23

+i|| (12a!+7l)w"

(3al

A =2

18.5.31

;i

A n =8a a A Jll
2

18.5.35

3
25
+2^0 (33a|+180a2 ^+10a|)^

18.5.36

+^(llai+10a!)^

A = 96a|a /175

18.5.37

3a
4-^
(143af+1155a al+210a )w
2 -29
2

21a 3

29

18.5.38

2 3 -31

1&

18.5.39

(143a2 +220a|ai+6a|)w 31

where a2 =g2/6, a3 =</ 3 /6

Reversed Series for Large f
|

+^ (65a|+728 alal+280a|)w

33

18.5.40
18.5.41

+ffff

+^
11

(1105a29 +16380aa|+10920ala|

143a2

+ ^S

V +56a!)u

(85a|+280a2

where

u=$~

18.5.43

18.5.44

Ag=%/7

18.5.45

A n =35 8 /ll

1615 2+ 71402ai+2520a3^+24al) w 43

18.5.47

18.5.48

^n=nrk
9163

where a2 =g 2 /8

a3 =0 3/8

u=({p-

x )i

In this and other series a choice of the value of the

made so that z will be in the Fundamental
Rectangle (Figure 18.2), whenever the value of the given
function is appropriate.
root has been

18.5.49

A,

18.5.50

where

18.5.51

ls

323323
52

=-415f5 3/91

S2

+ 0(l*")~l

18.5.28

+.

39

18.5.46

18.5.27

(323a 9 +6120a26ai+6300a23at+336al)w 41

A = S /5
A =-8 /7

18.5.42

37

+27^1

z=u+A u +A u +A u

(195a26 +455aial+42a|)w 35

+ 168al)w +^^-

18.5.26

(134951-411651)

(11543151-2256851)

=g /12
2

53

=^ /20
3

'

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Other Series Involving
Series near z

[ff>(z

where

18.5.57

ff>

)=0]

u= (2

o} t )

Other Series Involving

18.5.52

(jJ

Series near z

(P = &>fr

r
I

114c 2 c 3

10c 8

-3c au4 -4c,tt 8 +-g- u

7(124-54)

10

*+[i

18.5.58

5c 14c u

2
M
33~ W \+u

488CJC3

M 12

13

(#>

'-#>

o)

= r-10c w-56c w
2

84^-10^

+5clu +33c 2 c 3 w 4

1363clc 3-M

143

]4

= g>'(z

']

143

+ J> of- 15c w

18.5.53

),g>o

)=iT[gz

-28c3 m 6 +30c^ 8 + 114c2 c 3^ 10

+7(12ci-5ciK 2 -

18.5.54

244 ^ C3
11

^ +7Oa y+2a (2^ +70 ^ +21a K

+(^-V
^ +15a ^
+1503

{^i+20a

3(

+132a

)z>

(z-z

Z&o A

)=A-bA

+ 106^) ^L

+3(c2 +6 2 ).4

-3[36c 3 -3#> ;+46 3

-3#> o(f c2 +216 2

^ +^|
8

-flOOd-279,0

+ {154a

2
o

6+1326 4

g>'J+^^f^+V2a^ v

+33<7}

c2

^+
9

A=(@ '-& ^)l(-10c

where

18.5.61

(2856

18.5.60
7

M+^Cp?

(fefH.{^+eaF}

^ 14]+

u= (z z

where

18.5.59
2

70c2 (55c|-2316d)

502(55^-2316^)^

wh.eTeu=(zz

5452cjc3

10

33

+30c|w 5 +264c2 c 3w 7

(840c|-100c|)

+15fl

639

2)

+\(s{28a3 +gl}g>' s +Ug3 {98a*+gl}g>' 6

and b=4g3 /g2

18.5.62

/^|a

+2002a3

+ 16016 a?g g> + 19448 a

2

where == #> /(#>

18.5.55

Series near

+^^o

v l0]+

a=#

and

Series near

co f

18.5.63

^'=2(3d-5c

2 /4

+ 21c e

o} t

)a+4(10c2 e +21c 3 )a3 +6(7c2 e?

i

+5ci)a +24(6c 3 ef+10cie

18.5.56

+ llc c )a +10 (22c >e?+92c c e

2

(#>

-e

= (3^-5c )w+(10c e +21c )w +(7c e?

+ 21c e +5c .)u + (18^+30^,

i)

+105ci

10eg\

3-

+33c 2 c3 )u +(22c^+92c2 c3e +105c

,/364

a9 +24

"

110

c 2 c 3 e?+-

Cl<?i

+42^,+^ dc ) a+70 (~ c\e\

3

3-^

10c

1214

3405
405

728
2
M5 +(Z
c2 c3 e
-jj

i+

220

/635

45750

IF ^'"^liT

2
2C *

..

cfe i +84cc,

855

25

171

681

9150

5^

A
C

+ ...,
-

+ l3 V +
.

18.5.64

where

a=(z a><).

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

640

Other Series Involving

Series near z [ff> (z

Ordinary

=0]

and

18.6. Derivatives

(c 2

=g /20,

5clw

61cjc 3 tt

w 14 -f

26
7c w
+_
2

10

16

(5c| 12c|)

clu

66

llc 2 c 3 v?

"]

f (z) = -0 (2)

\c2c 3 u l

18.6.2

^(2)/<r(0)=r(3)

22

18.6.3

fg^

rp' 2 {z)=^g>\z)-g2 (p{z)-gz =4:{Cp"-5c2 g>-7c 3 )

H?
,

18.6.1

~3~

Equations

=g /28)

c3

18.5.65

u2 c2u6 c 3 u8
r-fo=#>o[- 'Y + ~2~ + ~T

Differential

#>''(2)

18.6.4

(10c|-84cj)

Mn

= 6#>

(z)-^

=6,r7> 2 -10c2

= l2 3>g>'

3>'"(z)

18.6.5

33

18.6.6

1363cjc 3

U la +

429

c a (2316cg-55cg)

429

"!

(z)=i2(#>0''+r?>' 0')

(4)

'
(

=5! [#> 3 -3c2

where u=(zZo),

18.5.66
18.5.67

r<>=r(zo)

g>{z)=i2{g>cp'"+2(p' g>"+ g>"

Series near

-^?]

18.6.7

g>')

o} t

=3-5\@'[rp*-c 2
(3^-5c 2)

(f >?i) = e*a
x

,..

18.6.8

18.5.68
(10c2 e I +21c 3 )a5
g

ad3

+ &>&>)
(7c 2 e?+21c 3 e i +5c^)a

(BcaeS+lOcfo+llcgCgV

18.6.9

=7![#> -4c2 #> -4c 3<0+5cl/7]

18.6.10

(P

m (z)=4-7\g>'[@ -2c Cp-c

3

3]

18.6.11

(22^+92^3^+105^-^ c ) a
3

#>

11

2 /364

110
_

C2C3e '+~3

Cs)=9![#>

-5c8 #> 8 -5c #> 2

8

+(10c|#> + llc2 c3 )/3]

U
~ 13 \1T

< 8)

18.6.12

= 5-9\(P'[(p

(z)

,.._ .
3
c 2^+42ce i

-3c 2 g) 2 -2c (P
3

18.6.13

+lT^3) -f(lf M+T^

(lo,

13

(2)

= ll![0 -6 C2 -6c
+7ct,(?>
+ (342c c #>+84c -10c )/33]
4

681

9150

+2c|/3]

3
!

18.6.14

d +]|c|)^-..

(n)

18.5.69

(2)=6ai!0'[#> 5 -4c2 #> 3 -3c 3 #> 2

+ (77d#>+57c c )/33]

where a =(2 w*)

2 3

18.6.15

Reversed Series for Small

|<r|

(U)

72
= +.V
IV71+ 3147
+ 73

<r

"

197273

55

18.6.16
~9
(18

6006

18.5.71

where y2 =g2 /4:8

18.5.72

73=0 3 /12O

For reversion

of

Maclaurin

H2) = 7a3!#>'[#>

+ 5cf#>

384271+861^

""

13
"

+-!

series, see 3.6.25

-5c2 #> 4 -4c 3<r?> 3

+60c c3 #>/ll + (12c2.-5c3 )/13]
6

18.6.17

#>

[18.18].

18.5.70

= 13![#>

-7c2#> 5 -7c8 #>*+35cI> 8 /3

/13- 1363c|c 3 /429]
+210c 2c3<9> 2 /ll+(84c|-35c23 )
(s)

(l4)

)= 15! \g> -8c2 g> 6 -8c

g> 6 +52ci#> 73
+ 328c2 c3 #> /l 1 + (444c!- 328cl) #> 2/39

(2

-488cic3 ^>/33 + c2 (55c|-2316c|)/429]

18.6.18

and

g>(z)=8-i5\g>'[g> 7 -6c2 g* 5 -5c3 g> i+26c2i g) 3 /3

+ 123c c
2

3> 711 + (lllcl-82c|) #> /39-61cic3 /33]

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Partial Derivatives with Respect to Invariants

y"=[aff

>

(z)

+ b]y

641

(Lamp's equation)

see

[18.8],

2.26
18.6.19

For other
1-3)

orders

f-|03z)+60
|^=0'(30
d0

-90 3 ,0-0

[18.8],

(of

nos.

For the use of (P (2) in solving differential equaform y ,m +A{z,y)=0, where A{z,y) is
a polynomial in y of degree 2m, with coefficients
which are analytic functions of 2, see [18.7],
tions of the

18.6.20

m=

equations

specialized)

{P(z), see
1.49, 2.28, 2.72-3, 2.439^40, 3.9-12.

(more

involving

g> >

(_

+M?)-9,3^ 2 +| G> +1 ft*

gxK

p. 312ff.

18.6.21

18.7. Integrals

Indefinite

4^-- r(i^+|ft)

^g>\ z )dz=\(p

18.7.1

'(z)+j2 g2 z

+5(fla5>+|Jl)-|*P'

g>*Wz=g>"'{z)~g*t(z)+^9iz

18.7.2

18.6.22

MBK ^ +H
9

(formulas for higher powers

-| ft* Q

ft

^ +4 ^) + 4

'

ft

may

be derived by

integration of formulas for Q> (2Jt> (2)

fp n {z)dz, n any positive integer, see
For

'

[18.15] vol. 4, pp. 108-9.

18.6.23

^=2

ft ff

"+2 9 a ^~8 & z2<1 ~2 9lZa

'

If

G>

'(a)

?*0

18.6.24
18.7.3

.do-

//I2 3
,1
-74 * 4 w^jjj ftft* "i-4 fts*
9

ff

d^2

here

'

denotes ^

=22f(a)+ln o{z a) In

For fdz/[g> (z)-g> (a)]",(#>

Differential Equations

Equation

Solution

18.6.26

A<0

A>0
18.7.4

y=

=(V -3ay2 +dy) 2

s

dt

a-3g>'(z;0,g3)

dt
==

w 2 == f"

~~

J, Js(t)

V(i)

4-3a2

18.7.5

27
18.6.27

= (y+) (y+A)
2

y=3>\z\

ft,

o)-b,

02= -3 (a 6)

18.7.6

18.7.7

dt

2 =i

<

-<

n any posi-

Definite

y^+Vp'^o,-^)

y=f(y-ay

'(a) 9*0)

<r(z-\-a)

tive integer, see [18.15], vol. 4, pp. 109-110.

18.6.25

f3

Jdz

VROI
where

is

%s

real

s(t)=4t*

and

CO

VKOI

<
WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

642

18.8

Conformal Mapping
w = u-\-iv

A<0

A>0

w=(J>{z) maps the Fundamental

the Fundamental Kectangle

onto the half-plane v<0; if |w'|=(0s=O), the

w =g)(z) maps

isosceles triangle 0<oa>2 is

onto the half-plane v<0;

triangle

isosceles

mapped onto u>0, v<0.

0w2 '

is

if

Rectangle

|w 2 |=co 2 (<7 3 =0),

the

mapped onto u>0,

v<0.

Rectangle
w=ff>'(z) maps the Fundamental
if
III;
quadrant
less
w-plane
|'|f=> the
onto the
v>u.
triangle Ocow2 is mapped onto v>0,

w=(P'(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle

onto most of the w-plane
|aj 2

|=oj2

the triangle

quadrant III;

less

0o>2 a/ is

if

mapped onto v>0,

v>u.
(a

= period ratio)
w=$(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto
u>0. The image is mostly in

w=$(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto

the half-plane u>0. If a < 1.9 (approx.), v<0;
otherwise the image extends into quadrant I.
For very large a, the image has a large area in

quadrant

the half -plane

quadrant IV for small a, entirely so for (approx.)

1.3<a<3.8. For very large a, the image has a
large area in quadrant I.

I.

w=a{z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto

w =a(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto

1.9 (approx.), onto quadrants
quadrant I if a
For large
I and II if 1.9<a<3.8 (approx.).

<

a, arg[o-(w 2

)]t5

around the origin

slits

if

II

a<C3.8 (approx.), onto quadrants I

if

3.8<o<7.6

(approx.).

a,

for large a.

winds around the origin for large

circle),

in line)

and

consequently the image winds

Other maps are described in

(square on

quadrant

and

equilateral triangle

13.11

in [18.24], p. 35

arg

r (

w2 -)-

For

large

^-hjS consequently the image

a.

Other maps are described in [18.23] arts. 13.8

triangle on half-plane)
and 13.9
(isosceles triangle on half-plane).

[18.23] arts. 13.7

on plane with 2

(ring

(equilateral

(double half

on half-plane).
Obtaining

(7)

'

from

fT)

'2

Fundamental Rectangle

Fundamental Rectangle

A <

A >0

FUNDAMENTAL

FUNDAMENTAL RECTANGLE

RECTANGLE

y
(x)' =

id

A
l'0/2

(.4, .4)

(.4,.4)

.4

OJ =

.4

Figure
In region

@{(P ') >0 if y

In region

> 4 and x<.

5;

/(#>')>() elsewhere

18.4

(1)

If

a > 1.05, use criterion for region

for

A>0.
(2)

If

l<a<1.05:

x<A, -7r/4<arg
.4< x

.5.

J(Cf)

^(#>')>0
/

(^> )<37r/4
elsewhere
') >
if

if

y>A

A<y<.5

and
and

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

In region

The sign
digits)

2/2?,

In region

(indeed, perhaps one or

of ff>'
of the

is

more significant

obtainable from the

Laurent

first

Use the

643

B
criterion for region

for

A>0.

term,

series for ff>'.

(Precisely similar criteria apply

A>0

when

the real half -period 5^1)

w=l

Map: (J>(z)=u+iv
Near zero:

ff>{z)

=~2+ei

#Kz)=-2+c2 2 2 +e2
5

-'

,|5.Z
l 2
U)

l<.003
.5

=1

1.0

/ = 1.4i

1.5

1.0

.5
/

=2.0i

Figure
716-654

64

42

.5

18.5

--

WEIEESTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

644

A<0

w2 =l

Map: (P(z)=u+iv
Near

zero:

^(2)=-2+i

P(a)=^+C2

+e

rmg

|e,|<.7
|2 | < .05

w2 l

2=1.5i

"4

"3

"2

"I

.5iV

TT--rT-|-rT-i -

-L

.07

wj=2.0i
|e
2

Figure

18.6

<

.03

--

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

645

=1

A>0

Map: $(z)=u+iv
Near

zero:

{{z)=

|-ei

Z
1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

6
3.5

,'

.5

|2

1.0

1.0

.01

|e,l <

< 2 X I0~ 5

a =1

1.0

.5

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

.5

le,l<

.007

|2 <

.0002

'

= 1.4i
T,

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

20 T-i-rrTT-i-r

it

.5
ie,l <
| 2

<o'=2.0i

Figure

18.7

<

.007

.0002

1.0

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

646

A<0

w2 =l

Map: ${z)=u+iv
Near

>

.5

1.0

1.5

zero:

2.0

${z)=

.,

C223

2.5

3.0

f-i

3.5

'311
|,l<.04

k 2 l<.oooz

w2 =l

75

"

.5

.5

1.0

e ll<.007

| 2 I<.0009

W2

= 1.5i

TITTTTTTT"

<.004

lll

Up

w 2 =2.0'

Figure

18.8

<. 0004

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

A>0
Map:

647

=1

<r(z)=u-\-iv

\~[~"

-ri-rj-]

CO

=1
.5

1.0

y
t

1.4

1.0

0.5

o'

= lAi
1.0

iy

2.0

1.5

- ---

---

1.0

.5

co'=2.(H
.5

1.0

Figure

18.9

i.o

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

648

A<0
Map:

w2 =l
<r(z)=u-\-iv

.5i

ii

1.0

a>2=*

75
.5

*>
1.0

W2=1.5t

TTTITT1TJ'

_i

Li-L
.5

W2=2.0i
.6

.8

Figure

18.10

J __l_l

i.o

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

18.9.

Relations with Complete Elliptic Integrals

and with Jacobi's

(Here

K{m) and K'(m)=K{\ m)

Elliptic

K and K'

A<0

(2-m)g(m)

<i=

(2m-l)+iVm-m'
OC02

OCO

e3=

18 . 9 . 3

18 ' 9 - 4

one

18 ' 9 - 5

93=

(2m-l)K2 (m)
sv

(2m-l)-6jVm-m

3co

oco 2

4(m 2 -m+l;i?4 0)

3V

27^?

12

CO

3^|

_8(2m-l)(32m 2 -32m-l)K6 (m)

93

27^1

_ -256(m-m
Aw

(m)

co 2

K{m)

u=K(m)/(e -e 3 ) l/2

w2 =K(m)/H2i ' 2

18.9.9

m=(g e

m "= 2~~St

3)

18.9.10

[0

<m <

|,

since g3

> 0]

@(z)=e

5>()=,+(ei-,)/Bn(g'|m)

18.9.11

12
)if (m)

7^,
K(m)

18.9.8

3 )/(e

i2

= ^57r

4(16m 2 -16m+l)ii:4 (m)

d2=

4(m-2)(2m-l)(m+l)K6 (m)

lo.V.7

2(l-2m)K (m)
2

e2=

-(m+l)iP(m)

_ 16m (m-l) X
Awl2

IB.y.o

are complete elliptic integrals of the 1st kind; see chapter 17.)

18 . 9 .!

e2=

and Their Parameter

Functions (see chapter 16)

A>0

lfflQ9
18 - 9 - 2

649

+H l^/nZl
2

18.9.12

5>'(2)=-2(e

-e 3

3/2
)

-cn(2*|m)dn(2*|m)/sn 3 (2*|m)

***

wnere

-4ffJ /2 sn(g' lm)dn(z' \m )

[l-cn(z'\m)] 2

where

z*=( ei -e 3 )lz
18.9.13

,= f()=^) [3#(m)+(m-2)#(m)]
oco

,/

18.9.14

= f(M

is

a complete

i, 2

=f(co 2

)=^^ [6(m) + (4m-5)if(m)]

c>co 2

)=

W-rt
,;
CO

\E{m)

z'=2zH\ 12

elliptic integral of

)=

the 2d kind (see chapter

co 2

17).]

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

650

18.10. Relations

with Theta Functions (chapter

16)

definitions of the four # functions are given by the series 16.27.1-16.27.4 which converge
(Some authors use irz, instead of z, as the independent variable.)
complex z and all q defined below.
These functions depend on z and on a parameter q, which is usually suppressed. Note that

The formal

for all

#i(0)=M0)M0)M0), where

0,(0)

=0,(0,

A<0

A>0
18.10.1

= o4/2&>2
q= iq = ie

T=Ci//o>

q=e

18.10.2

*T

=e~ rK

q).

T2

'

,K

= ie~' u

irT 2

'i

{,2a *

18.10.3

gis real and since g 3 >0(|co'|>w),

0<q<e~ v

is

pure imaginary a

o<k|<<r* /2
(v=wz/2w)

18.10.4

18.10.5

^-'i+i^L^OMioJ

K)

4c3

M0)M0)M0)i

t(g)=^+

18.10.7

- e2+

K) ~

V * [{V)

{z)

<P)

?(z)-

As \*l()
(-) -^
2

2w

ioiao
18.10.8
18.10.9

(=ir2/2co2)

/ \
,(*)=-

exp

l'2' 1 =[*i(0)+#S(0)]
12co 2 e 2 =7r2 [t? 2 (0)-t? 4 (0)]

18.10.11

12a, 2 e 3

18.10.12

(e 2

)J

V2S
I

2o> 2

exp

V)

g-) |U
/*7 2 2

t?,()

12o) 2 e 2 =-r2 [^(0)+t?l(0)]

=-7r2 [0|(O)+t? 34 (O)]

- e3 = _i( e 3_e

3
4S *,(O)0 8 (O)*4(O)0 1 ()

12| 1 =ir[d3(0)-*J(0)]

18.10.10

ff(2)=

mJMHv)\

12a, e3

)i=^t? 2 (0)

( a

iia>

=-

7r

[T?|(O)+0|(O)]

- 8)*=i(3- s )*=^ L 0i(O)

Jaj 2

-e 3)i=-i(e 3 -e^=fd 2 (0)

18.10.13

( ei

18.10.14

(i-1)*=-t( 1 -e 1 )*=57*5(0)

^w

(e 1 -e3)*=i(e 3 -gi)*=^

( e2

L0i(O)

_ ei)i == _i(ei _ e2)i =JL^2 (0)

Zw 2

i8.io.i5

^=|(0[*5(O)+*i(o)+*S(o)]

fc=f(^)Wo)+*5(o)+*2(u)]

18.10.16

g3 =4eje 2 e 3

^3=4e

tf-*[(0)

^.-"^
(-A)^^'
4a>

18.10.17

e2 e 3

*u

***"'
18.10.18

18.10.19

f T();

"

,'

12*I(0)

S (-(')=^zi
w

,-K^*-fW
,;

^^

0)

i2^J(0)

sfW=Mc5
w
2

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

651

Series

18.10.20

*i(0)=0

18.10.21

+
(0) = l+2[2+ S +2 +
4
(0) = l+2[- 2+2 ~2 +

0s(O)=2g*[l+fl

l._|_

*4

( n +l>

+gn*+

r? 3

18.10.23

fi

18.10.22

+g

p.4

2._|_

+
.

.]

+(-l) B22 +

Attainable Accuracy

A<0

A>0
Note:

Note: #,(0)>0, j=2,3,4

M0)=Aeir/ A>b;
*,

&
#/(0)

j=2,

3,

>0; *4 (0)=* 8 (0)

3S

2 terms give at least 5S

2 terms give at least

3 terms give at least IIS

3 terms give at least 5S

4 terms give at least 2 IS

4 terms give at least 10S

Expressing any Elliptic Function in Terms of (P and

18.11

any

If j(z) is

3 (0)

function and

elliptic

(J) (z)

ff>'

has same periods, write

/(s)=^|[/(0)+/(-2)]+M{/(s)-/(-s)}{^ / (s)}- 1 ]^ , (s).

18.11.1

we ask how to express an even elliptic funcBecause of the evenness, an irreducible set of zeros can be
denoted by a (i=l, 2,
k) and the set of points congruent to a (i=l, 2,
k) correspondingly in connection with the poles we consider the points 6 i} i=\, 2,
Then
k.
Since both brackets represent even elliptic functions,

tion g(z) (of order 2k) in terms of ff>

.

(z).

^ k{WFM}A

18.11.2

Case A=0(c>0)

18.12.9

Subcase I
2

18.12.10

>O, g3 <0: (e!=e 2 =c,

#,=# =0,

18.12.2

e3

18.12.11

H =Sc

is

18.12.12

f(z; 12c

,-8c

= -c2+(3c)^

coth

[(3c)z]

18.12.5

w=oo
;

= (3c)-^ sinh [(3c)^]e"

w' = (12c)-iwi

,=f(M)==-oo
,,'=$(')=

<r(w)=0

2coV^_4

,(')=

c '

ff(a>2

)=0

18.12.13

#>(a>/2)=c

18.12.14

#>'(<o/2)=0

18.12.15

f(co/2)

18.12.16
12c2 ,-8c3 )

m=l

2=1,

7T

18.12.4

18.12.8

{P(z; 12c2 ,-8c 3 )=c+3c{sinh [(3c)*z]}- 2

18.12.7

=-2c)

18.12.3

18.12.6

whe

18.12.

<r(z;

If any a { or b is congruent to the origin, the corresponding factor is omitted from the
Factors corresponding to multiple poles (zeros) are repeated according to the multiplicity.

a constant.

product.

18.12.1

= ->

(7(03/2)

=0

2 2
/

18.12.17

#>('/2)

= -5c

18.12.18

18.12.19

f(72)=l(-cw

+ir/ W

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

652

coV 2/9 V2

KW

18.12.20

18.12.21

g>(a, 2/2)=c

18.12.22

#>'(a/2)=0
f ( W2/2 )

18.12.23

18.12.46

#>'(o,2 /2)=0

18.12.47

f(c 2 /2)=^+;oo

7T

18.12.48

<r(o> 2

Subcase III

= -co-|-

<r(o> 2

/2)=0

5>(g;0,

18.12.50

Subcase II

18.12.51

18.12.25

92>0, g 3 >0:

(e 1

i?!=3c,

18.12.26

18.12.28
8c3 )=c2+(3c)* cot [(3c)*z]

w= to/ =

= (3c)-* sin

[(3c)*2]c"

18.12.32
18.12.33

18.12.34

#>W

(g2 =0, g3=l)

;O,l).

Tbe

case

EQUIANHARMONIC

called tbe

is

g2 =0,
case.

2/2

FPP;

o>=(12c)-*7r, w'=ioo

Ai

18.12.31

Equianharmonic Case

If g 2 =0 and <73>0, homogeneity relations allow

us to reduce our considerations of (J) to(J){z; 0, 1)
Tbus
(ffl> f an(l " are bandied similarly).

18.12.30

<

~2

&=1
12c2 8c3 )

0)=2

18.12.53

0(z;O,03 )=$ /3

18.12.29
<r(s;

= 3-

(7(2; 0,

H =H =0

3
2
#>(g; 12c 8c )=-c+3c{sin [(3c)*g]}

2
f(g; 12c

= 2-

18.12.52

=2c,e 2 =e 3 =c)
2

0)

r(2;0,0)

18.13.

18.12.27

gf3=0(c 1 =e 2 =C3= =0)

02 ==0,

18.12.49
18.12.24

/2)=0

^=f( w)=cw

= A0oj

Let

,,'=(') =*

Reduction

22

is

denote

to

Fundamental Triangle

the Fundamental Triangle

iT/3

throughout 18.13.

g 1.5299 54037 05719 28749 13194 17231 6

m=0

g=0,

2coe'

2/24

o-(w):
7T

18.12.35

<r(w')=0

18.12.36

<r(a> 2

18.12.37

)=0

#>( W /2) = 5c

x+yv^-2.*o

18.12.38

18.12.39

f(co/2)=i(c+ir/co)
2
5lr /96

18.12.40

18.12.41

18.12.42
18.12.43

18.12.44
18.12.45

C)V2

a(co/2):

@(o'/2) = -c
g>'(a'/2)
f'(a>72)

=Q
Figure

= +t

(r(72)=0
ff>fa/2)

= -c

18.11

This value was computed and checked by multiple

precision on a desk calculator

30S.

and

is

believed correct to

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Reduction for z2 in

A2 Zi=ez 2
:

18.13.2

#>'(z2 )

18.13.3

r(22)

^(

A=-27,

2l )

ff2 =V3(4- 1/3 ),

= e- f(2i)
=

o-(z 2 )

Reduction for

z3

in

ffx=V3(4- 1/3 )7,

= -.0'(zi)

e<r(Zi)

A 3 : Zi=e~ 1 (2u , z3)

18.13.5

2
ff>(zs)=e- g>(z l )

18.13.6

@'(z3)=@'(zi)

is

in Ai

ff3 =V3(4-^)6

m=sin 2 15eO_ 2-V3

2

18.13.10

18.13.4

and Formulas

Special Values

18.13.9

^>(22 ) = e-

18.13.1

in

is

653

g=^e

18.13.11

# 2 (0)=Ae iW8

18.13.12

# 3 (0)=^le tV/24

18.13.13

V3/2

(O)=4e-'* /s *

18.13.14

A=

where
18.13.7

18.13.8

= -e- f(sO+V,
n^JV)
=
exp [(z w'KV)]

(co 2 /7r)

1/2

1 .0086

2 1/3 3 1/8

67

f(23)

ff(2i)

<r(?s)

w2 =

18.13.15

#(m)2

_r

1/3

31/4

(l/3)
47T

Values at Half-periods

.0'

LP

cr

18.13.16
e1= 4-i/3 2

CO=COl

7/

= e7r/2o)2V 3

_1

cr(c02)

18.13.17
e2

0) 2

= 4-w

12

e >r/4VF(21/3)

= 1 + V == Tr/2oi2'\3

3*

18.13.18
to

CO3

e3

= 4-/3 -2

i,'

e2

= 4->/3

j/2

= e- ir/2w V3
1

ecr(>2)

18.13.19
C02'

Values
g>

,==

^e3x/4V3(21/3)

iri/2u2 = v' 1

along

(0,

3*

o> 2 )

fP'

<j

18.13.20

-V3Kcos 20+^cos

Vcos 80
2&> 2 /9

-^008

20

v' cos 40

'v'cos

20

40]

y/ cos 40

18.13.21

-V3(2!/3+l)/(2i/3-l)

1/(21/3-1)

012/3

V2

+ V3(2

2/3

+ 2 + 2^/3)

gir/36V3

/21/3

31/6

V2"3 +l

18.13.22

Vcos 40
v cos20 o --v/ cos80

4co 2 /9

-V3[^cos 20+v cos 80]

Vcos 20- v' cos 80
/

18.13.23
co 2 /2

e2

+H

-33/V2+V3

(it/4m,V5)

+ (3'/V2+ V3/2*/3)

e T/16VF( 2 l/12)
3>/ 4

18.13.24
2a>2/3

-V3

i(v2)

18.13.25

N^cos 20
8co 2 /9

Vcos40+ v'cosSO
7

Values at

2co 2 /9, 4co 2 /9

and

-V3[^cos 40- Vcos 80]

v'cos 40+"^ cos 80
8co 2 /9

from

[18.14].

+ S~

l/i

V2 + V3

T/9vr/3i/6

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

654

Values along

(0,

&

G>

ff

gr/12 VFgtr/g

18.13.26

Zo/2

I/8 2
e

e-w.

3i

18.13.27
3z /4

31/4

[jl+2-"']
T

i(3/*)V2-V3

L4a, 2

c 3x/i6 Vi( 21/12 )e/

3i,4V2-V5
|

2"

3i/"V2-V3

18.13.28

Duplication Formulas

where tan <t>=Q>'(x), 0<a;<^2w2 and we must

choose

#>(z)[ffl (z)+2]

#>(2z)

18.13.29

40

18.13.31

<

(z)-l

^w ^yy-

i8.i3.3o

e x/3V3. e i T /6

?5? e -.W6

Zo

in intervals

(7T

7r\

/IT

37r\

/37T 5tt\

3#> 2 (z)

f(2s)=2f(s)4

Complex Multiplication

tr(22)=-

18=13.32

(2)(7 (2)

18.13.35

@(ez) = e-*g)(z)

18.13.36

g>'{*z)=-g>'{2)

Trisection Formulas (* real)

18.13.33

*-

/~ >

r(60)

18.13.38
<^>+7r
Wcos- 4/cos

In the above,

18.13.34

'(!)=_

-+y cos </>+7T

denotes (as

it

does throughout

The above equations are useful

as follows, e.g.
If z is real, ez is on 0o>' (Figure 18.11); if tz
were purely imaginary, z would be on 0z (Figure

V3~

Wcos - y cos

|-(

<r(ez)

section 18.13), e iT/3

a/cos

= e- 2
= e<r(z)
1

18.13.37

7T

%/cos

18.11).

Conformal Maps
Equianharmonic Case

-60

.2

.4

.6

.8

1.4

-r-

Map: j(z)=u+iv
Zo

>()
^ri.

5 _

Near

zero:

..

#>(2)=-2 +ei.

1.0

)=

?+li+<

< .04

<.000l

1.5

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Nil*

.2

|e 2 |<

-00

655

Near

zero: ff>

'(z)

3-+61

(P'(z)=-^+Y+*>

r(g)

Near

zero:

(2)=

f(8,)

h^i

HhlS +e

'

<z)

1.0

.5-

.5

Figure

1.0

18.12

1.6

1.2

1.4

1.6

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

656

Laurent Series for (P (P' and

Coefficients for

EXACT

= 0form^3fc)
APPROXIMATE c3h

c9*

1/28
1/10192
l/(13-28 2 )
1/5422144
1/(13- 19-283 )
2 -19-28 <
234375/(7709611 X10 8 )
3/(5-13
)
2 -19-31-285
78125/(16729 85587X10 8 )
)
4/(513
(7-43)/(133 -19 2 -31-37-28 6 )
(6-431)/(5-13 3 -19 2 -31-37-43-28 7 )
(3-7-313)/(5 2 -13M9 2 -31-37-43-28 8 )
(4-1201)/(5 2 -13M9 9 .31-37-43-28 9 )
2
10
5
3
(2 2 -3-4M823)/(5-13 -19 -31 -37-43-61-28 )
(3-79-733)/(5-13 4 .19 3 -31 2 -37-43-61-67-28 11 )

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

3-1153-13963-29059
12

5 3 -13 6 -19 4 -31 2 -37 2 -43-61-67-73-28 12

2 2 -3 2 -7-ll-2647111
5-13.19 4 -31 2 -37 2 -61-67-73-79-28 13

13

(c m

X 10"*

5714
9.8116
1.8442
3.0400
4.6697
6. 8662
9.7990
1.3685
1.8800
2.5497
3.4222

28571
16954
88901
36650
95161
18676
31742
06574
72610
66946
48599

42857
47409
21693
35758
83961
79393
57961
79360
01329
68202
51463

4.5541

38864

99184

66X10-"
87X10-*
40X10~ M
63683X10-"
05316X10-3 "
30391 XIO"33

6.0171

15776

98241

99591 XIO"36

3.

...

73312
55885
61350
00384
36788
41839
13026
79236

40188X10-'
78983X10-''
20301 X10-

33643X10-1'
98X 10-"

approximate values determined from exact values of c3k subsequent values determined by using exact ratios
All approximate c's were checked with the
using at least double precision arithmetic with a desk calculator.
use of the recursion relation; c% C27 are believed correct to at least 21S;
C30
C39 are believed correct to 20S.
First 5

Czk/czk-3,

C3k< 13*->

c3

28*zj,

= 2,

3, 4,

18.13.46

Other Series Involving {P

Reversed Series for Large

(P

u =e2

ww

-\-k^=

w += w
4

18.13.39
.

K%r

'

26

T 38 T 40 1
231tt

592

1143

63^
248
18.13.47 where

429u7
'

688

w = (Pe2 )/3e

0( 8 )"l

G>>

Other Series Involving

18.13.40 where u=ff>~ 3 /8 and z is in the Fundamental Triangle (Figure 18.11) if ff> has an appro-

8
-f-0(w )~L

Reversed Series for Large

Q)

18.13.48

priate value.

g=21 /3(^)/l/3)-V'/3

Series near a

[l~ (U>')-

18.13.41

5>=[i-y+3^>{-l+3+
18.13.42

M")

z
if

being in the Fundamental Triangle (Figure 18.11)

(P' has an appropriate value.
Series near o

18.13.43 where

u=(zz

18.13.49

Series near

coj

18.13.44

(&>

-e 2 )=3e u fl +x+x 2 +
2
2

x3

(g>'-i)=x [-2-tx+jl
18.13.50 where

18.13.51

18.13.45 where

u={z

co2 )

2
,

x=e 2u

x=(z

2
a;

+| *+0(**)]

x=2a[l-ia-^ a + -^-+0(a )\
2

18.13.52 where <*=(#> '-i)/(-4)

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Series near

2 7 -3 5 -5 2 -31

coj
,

18.13.53

#>'

657

= 6eI(s- [1+2^+3^+y ^

8)

12

-3

2 8 -3 8 -5-9103

25!

31!

-5-229-2683
37!

2 14 -3 10 -5-23-257-18049
43!

v=e2 (z o>2)

18.13.54 where

15

-3

12

-5-59-107895773

2 49

49!

2 55)

18.13.55

(-*)=(

[l-2w+9w

#>'/6e!)

18.13.66

360
-^

-w

Z=a-

+330w4 2268w

212058

41^
3

2 -3-5-7

'

-3 2 -5 2

W +0(w )]>

-lM3 + 2
n

13

w= ^'79

Other Series Involving

Reversed Series for Large

18.13.67

18.13.57

17 7

'=r'D-|

0(t

3553

143

31-lOlcr
l5

-3 -5-ll

25
t

-17-23^

'

g>(x)=J2a n x6n + e(x)

|e(x)|<2X10- 7

4
)

=(- 1)9.99999

a4

96

=- (-9)2.20892

47

7=r72o

18.13.58

Series near a

o 1== (-2)3.57143 20

a 5 =(-10)1.74915 35

= (-5)9.80689
a = (-7)2.00835

a6

a2

18.13.59

t-f.)=

496T

r2

Economized Polynomials (0<*<1.53)

T
|f

-3 4 -5 3 -ll-17-19

"

18.13.56 where

13-337 o-19
10

3u u

'

+ 56
+ U-308j +O(tt
56-5096j
5096
L"
,

18.13.60 where

'

93

=-(- 12)4.46863

93

02

'

it=(2

18.13.68
Series near

xz g>'(x)=J^a n x

18.13.61

[f-%)=-i(a-*0 [l++| v +j
2

+77 u5+ 9T

6n

+e(x)

C02

w6

+|

(x)|<4X10- 7

4
t;

+6l +
u7

= -2.00000 00
Gl = (-l)1.42857

a4

=- (-9)2.12719

66

a 5 =(- 10)6.53654 67

22

a 9 =-(-ll)1.70510 78

o 2 =(-4)9.81018 03

v=e 2 (z cu2 ) 2

18.13.62

a 3 =(-6)3.00511 93
18.13.63
(

_ <Bl)= (f=2)ri_

12w 2

267W3

35

t( ,- f

)2vf

275

W=(f

18.13.64

1634208

3575

'

/2

Series Involving u

18.13.65
2-3

r ~7T
2

2 3 -3 3

T3T

13

2 6 -3 4 -23

+ ^9T- 2
.

139w 4
5

'

18.13.69

19

x{(x)=32a n x6n +e(x)

|e(a;)|<3X10- 8

-\-0(w')}

=(- 1)9.99999

2
1fe)

a 4 =(- 10)6.12486 14

98

= - (-3)7.14285

86

a 5 =(-ll)4.66919 85

o2

65

a 9 =(-l2)1.25014 65

84

=- (-6)8.91165
a =- (-8)1.44381

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

658
18.14.

Lemniscatic Case

jFPP; Reduction

(02=1, 03=0)

Ai = A0wa>

If g2 >0 and 03=0, homogeneity relations allow

us to reduce our consideration of (P to (J> (z; 1, 0)

({P'y f an<i

caUed the

Thus ff>{z;
The case g2 =l, g3 =0

are bandied similarly).

0)=g2i (P(zg2i;

92,

is

ff

0).

1,

LEMNISCATIC

case.

Fundamental Triangle
the Fundamental Triangle

is

to

a 1.8540 74677 30137 192 8

Reduction jor

in

z*_

A2 2i=ii2
:

is

in

18.14.1

<?(%d = -lP(zi)

18.14.2

8>'(z*)=i(P'{zx)

18.14.3

f(22)

18.14.4

<r(22

= -if(2i)

)=^(2 )
1

Special Values

and Formulas

18.14.5
u;

(=

|(J

# =# =2-, H =i/2,

A=l,

): JO)

oj 2

=Z

m=sin2 45=?, q=e~*

18.14.6

(O)=#4 (O)=(a>V2/7r)*; *8(0)=(2/t)

cousin 2 45)=^^=-^ where

18.14.7

S2.62205 75542 92119 81046 48395 89891 11941

36827 54951 43162

the Lemniscate constant

is

[18.9]

^X

This value was computed and checked by double

methods on a desk calculator and is believed

precision

Figure

18.13

correct to 18S,

Values at Half-periods

&'

g>

18.14.8

ei=i

&)=&)]

71'= 5r/4<0

e w/8(21/)

18.14.9
(oz^Zo

e3

=0

v+v'

c'/ 4 (V2)e''/*

e3

=-

t)'= m'/4co

; e W8(2l/4)

18.14.10
<<j'

= W3

Values along

w)

(0,

0'

8>

<T

18.14.11
to/4

^(V^+2>^)(l + 2^)

18.14.12
o,/2

e /32(21/l)

a/2

Sw

2V2

a*

18.14.13

2a>/3

Wl + sec30
V3

18.14.14
3to/4

V|(Va-2

)(l

a=l + V2

+ 2i)

/#>(2u,/3)

3*

2>?

e r/18(31/8)

(2+V3)

1'

11

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Values along

(0, z

659

>'

9>
18.14.15

gT/64(21/W)

-k+V2)
2

*o/4

a(VS+V2)e il/4

a^(V^+V2) I/4

18.14.16
i/2

t/2

4cov'2

18.14.17

e'^ 4

-y Vsec30-1

2z /3

A/2y3-3

2g 2;

V3

+r
,

e r/i6(2i/8)e>/<

ffl,(2zb/3) -[^

e T/9 e .T/( 3 l/6)

72Vf=3

18.14.18

3z /4

(a

V2a)

a(V5-V2)e'/*

9r/64 (21/32)

a'/ 4 (VS-V2)

1/4

a=l+V2
Duplication Formulas

18.14.19

ff>

18.14.24

(2s)

*5>' (|)=^'(x)T[2^(x)+i]V,9>(x)-|

=[0

(g)+i] /{0(g)[4#> (s)-l]]

-[2^(x)-*]V^>(x)+i
18.14.20

-2g>v\x)
2

0'(2g)=(|W)(|8 --6|H-l)/[320'

(2)]

/3=40()
[Use

18.14.21

f(2g)

18.14.22

ff

= 2f(g)4

(s)-f

6ffl

(22)=:- 9)

18.14.25

(P{iz)=-<?{z)

18.14.26

g>'{ie)=ig>'(z)

18.14.27

*)=-**)

18.14.28

<r(iz)=ia(z)

(2)<r (2)

18.14.23

=[0K*)+{0(*)+*}][0*(*){0> (*)-*}*]

on w<a;<2c<j]

Complex Multiplication

Bisection Formulas (0<Cx<[2co)

on 0<Cx<w,

<

[Use

on 0<Ca;<w,

(See [18.13].)

on

w<2<2w]

The
e.g.

above, equations could be used as follows,

If z

were

real, iz

would be purely imaginary.

Conformal Maps
1.2

1.4
1

Lemniscatic Case.

Map: /(g)=+i

"

^0

>y

0(g)
t

Near zero:

ff>(z)=-i -\-e 1

T
1.0
>

(*)=p+|j+i,

Neare:

ffl( 2

)=

\z\<\

~ (g ~ 2o)2

l,l<.OS

| 2 I<.0009

8>

|2-2 |<V2

^(^- -(g-go)
716-654

64

43

(g-go)

6
,

l3 l<.l
ie 4 l<.oi

*-x
1.8

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

660

Zo
>y

.5

1.0

1.5

>'()

-/

le 2

//

2
^-\-t\

zero: Cf)'{z)=

Nearg :g> (g)=

/7)// rV #> (2)-

.2

ll.3/l.2/|.j

f(*)
zero:

f(g)=

Near

g:

f (z)=r

+ -^^+e
12

= fo4

12

3(g-2
+_
40
,

+
,

'4

(.9

1.0

1.81V,

.6

(2

|e,|<.02

^7

560

.8

T-4
'

2.0

'(g)

1.8

|s So|<V2
f(2)

(g gp) 3

-(g-go)

+e 3

.4

2o)

.1

A.2i

.2

rt8)Hri6+* N<1

004

roi
11.0

Hi

l^ 4 l<

<

.4

Near

I 3 l< .4

Near

l,l<

| 2

<.000l

|jl<.02
|4 |<.002

2.

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Coefficients for Laurent Series for [fi , [fi
(c m =

EXACT

for

APPROXIMATE

7
8
9

.8333
.641025
.47134
.31422
.20142
.12502
.75927
.45338

)
7

16

C2k<~> k=\,

2,

xio- 3

641025
23831 07088
82554 04725
83688 49183
45048 02941
19109 76468
43533 93461
.

XIO-*

98944 X lO- 7

99296X10-9
32882 X10- 11
37651 XIO- 13

59917X10- 16
06092 X10- 18

Other Series Involving (P'

Other Series Involving (P

Reversed Series for Large

c 2k

.05

c 2k

= 1/1200
2/(313-20 = 1/156000
5/(3- 13- 17-20*) = 1/21216000
2/(3 -13-17-20 = 1/(31824X 10
10/(3 -13 -17-20 = 1/(4964544X 10
4/(3-13 -17-29-20 = 1/(7998432X 10
2453/(3Ml-13 -17 -29-20 )=958203125/(1262002599X10
2-5-7-61/(3 -13 -17 -29-37-20 = 833984375/(18394643943X10")

and

odd)

1/20
l/(3-20 2 )

661

Reversed Series for Large

<[/'

LP

18.14.38
18.14.29
2

= (5>-

1/2

35w 4

[l+|+~f 5w
26
,

3w5

231w6

429w 7

461 89w 10

4736

10496

v=Aui/6,

1/3

and z
Fundamental Triangle (Figure 18.13)
an appropriate value.

128

12155w9

A=2

18.14.39

195w8

464

400

136

'

0(w -)}

in the
Q>' has

is
if

Series near o

18.14.40
18.14.30

w= ff> - /8,
2

and

z is in the

Fundamental

if

(J>

has an appropriate

10w 2

1
tw
\ T
,
o
#>'=2
(s-so) [~l+3w
/

Triangle (Figure 18.13)

35w3

.v~|

3~+l^ + C>(w )J'

value.

)720

18.14.42

yii5

1*

18.14.31

w=(2-2

18.14.41

Series near zo
rft

2ff>

o /^/
(z- Zo \)=2lP'
/

5w
84w
,
+_
M
i+_+
+ 0(

Ti
I

Sit

"|

4N

*)J,

x=(z-z

18.14.32

18.14.33

x--

/2

7w

' w-

llto

75

195

-+

0(w 9

Series near

)]

w=2#>
Series near

g>- e

^ v+v^4^4 + ^ + ^ +
5

'

'

18.14.44

#>'=*[

+jx
5~

+^x +^x +^x w +0(x

6

'

l2

)j,

&>

18.14.34
{

U=4:(P'

18.14.43

75

'

75

'

x=(z w)

18.14.45
0{vS)>

325

18.14.46

x=&'-&'

12#>' 5

15#>' 7

18.14.35
18.14.36

Other Series Involving

75

Reversed Series for Large

52y 5"
15
18.14.37

y=

(&-

ei )

1064/
~

195

W)],

P"

18.14.47

18.14.48

g= r ih_+^
v

136t>

1001

'

|f|

1349V
-+0(t>6)],
9163

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

662

Economized Polynomials (0<*<1.86)

Series near o

18.14.49
(f

x2 g>(x)=J2a n xin

18.14.57

-f,)=i(,- 2 .) s [|-?+|-|+o()}

|e(x)|<2X10- 7

v=(zz y/20

18.14.50

Series near

Oo=( 1)9.99999
a1= (-2)4.99999

(a

18.14.51

a2

(r-iH-

240

70

20

825

a3

= (-4)8.33352
= (-6)6.40412

= (-8)4.81438

20

98

a4

62

a 5 =(- 10)2.29729 21

77

a 6 =( 12)4.94511 45

86

0(x"),

9750

31200

x=(z w)

18.14.52

+ e(x)

18.14.58

x (P'(x)=Jla n xin +e(x)

i

18.14.53

x=w-

'

7W5

13w 7

30

63

'

929w9

194wu

4536

891

e(x)|<4X10-

942883w 13
3891888

'

w= 2(f

18.14.54

02

a5

a2

38

a6

=( 11)5.54177

<r

59

a4

00

Oi=( 1)1.00000

= (-3)4.99995
o = (-5)6.41145

ri)

Series Involving

= 2.00000

= (-7)6.58947
= (-9)5.59262

+0(w15

52

49
69

18.14.55
z

<r=z2-5!

32 z9

2 2 -9!

3-232 13
2 3 -13!

'

3-1072 17

'

33 -7-23-37z 21
2 5 -2l!

2 4 -17!

18.14.59
2

3 -313-5032 25

3 4 -7-6859732 29

2 6 -25!

2 7 -29!

|e(x)|<3X10" 8

18.14.56

=(- 1)9.99999

2 9 .3-7

+2

17-113CT
13

-3 -7

18.15.

= ( 2)1.66666
<h= (-4)1.19036
o = (-7)5.86451
a,

17

-lM7

a4

99

-3 4 -7-ll-13

122051<r
i~2 19 5 2

xt(x)=^a n xin -\-e(x)

...

5-13<r

i~2 23

.3

21

-lM9

i~

= (-9)2.57492 62
= ( 11)5.67008 00

74

a6

70

a 6 =( 13)9.70015 80

63

Pseudo- Lemniscatic Case

(g2

=-h g*=0)

If ffe^O and g 3 =0, homogeneity relations allow

us to reduce our consideration of ff> to (J> (z; 1,
0).

Thus

18.15.1

@(z;g

2,

0)

\g 2 \^g>(z\g 2

\^;-l,

[#>', f and a are handled similarly].

its similarity to the lemniscatic case,

0)

*-X

Because of

we

refer to

the case g2
1, 3 =0 as the pseudo-lemniscatic
case.
It plays the same role (period ratio unity)
for A<0 as does the lemniscatic case for A>0.

u2 =V2X

(real half-period for lemniscatic case)

=oi (the Lemniscate Constant

see 18.14.7)

2o)

Figure

18.15

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Special Values

A= l,g = l,#s=0

18.15.2

and Relations
18.15.4

M0)=R2

18.15.3

T1

= i/V2, H =l H =i/&
s

663

m=i

l/i

* /8

&3 (0)=Re W8

where

18.15.5

q_=ie-">*

M0)=Re~

i * /s
,

R=Vw ^2/ir
2

Values at Half-Periods
#>'

18.15.6

o>

18.15.7
18.15.8
18.15.9

o)2
o>'

a>i

i/2

e -.V/4 e r/8(21/4)

(1721/2')
772

a> 3

<7

-i/2

= 7r/2o)2

e <x/4 e x/8(21/4)

172'

ia-(oi2)

'

o) 2

e x/4^

Kl2+>72')

= ^2

Relations with emniscatic Values

18.15.10

#>(2; -1, 0)=i#>(2e w4 ;

18.15.11

g>'{z;

-1, 0)=e M,i

1,

CP'(ze i"

0)
/i
;

0)

1,

18.15.12

f(z;

-1, 0)=e Mi {(ze

18.15.13

(7(2;

-1, 0)=e- Mi a(ze Mi ;

*' i
;

1,

0)

1,

0)

Numerical Methods
18.16.

Example

1.

Use and Extension of the Tables

Lemniscatic Case

Given z=x-\-iy in the Fundamental Triangle, find (J>{ff>'',,<*) more accurately than can be
done with the maps.
a Use Maclaurin series throughout the Fundamental Triangle.
Five terms give at least six
significant figures, six terms at least ten. ff>, f
Use Laurent's series directly "near" 0, (if [s|<C 1 four
(a)

terms give at least eight significant figures for

nine for f five terms at least ten significant figures for

(J)
eleven
for
Use
Taylor's
series
directly
"near"
z
Elsewhere (unless approximately seven or
f).
(P
eight significant figures are insufficient) use economized polynomials to obtain ff>(x), (J>'{x) and/or f(x)
,

To

as appropriate.

get ff>(iy), ff>'(iy) and/or f(iy), use Laurent's series for "small" y, otherwise use
ff>(y), f*'(y) and/or (y), then use complex multiplication to

economized polynomials to compute

obtain @>{iy), (P'{iy) and/or ${iy). Finally, use appropriate addition formula to get f>(z) and/or {(z).
Q>' Use Laurent's series directly "near"
(if \z\<^ 1, four terms give at least six significant figures,
five terms at least eight significant figures)
Elsewhere, either use economized polynomials and addition

formula as for Q) and

f,

or get ff>' 2 =4:ff> 3

ff>

and extract appropriate square root {Q.(P '>

0).

corresponding to a point in the Fundamental Triangle, compute z more

accurately than can be done with the maps. Only a few significant figures are obtainable from the use
of any of the given (truncated) reversed series, except in a small neighborhood of the center of the seriesFor greater accuracy, use inverse interpolation procedures.
(b)

Given

ff>(ff>', f, a)

Example

2.
Equianharmonic Case
Given z=x-\-iy in the Fundamental Triangle, find (P(ff>', f, <r) more accurately than can be
done with the maps.
oUse Maclaurin series throughout the Fundamental Triangle. Four terms give at least eleven
significant figures, five terms at least twenty one.
llS for f
(if |z|< 1, four terms give at least 10S for ff>
#>,f Use Laurent's series directly "near"
five terms at least 13S for
significant
for
Elsewhere (unless approximately seven or eight
f).
ff>, 14S
figures are insufficient) use economized polynomials to obtain ff>{x), @>'{x) and/or f(x), as appropriate.
To get Q> (iy), ff>'(iy) and/or f (iy), use Laurent's series. Then use appropriate addition formula to get
(a)

@{z) and/or

f (2).

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

664
g>'

Use Laurent's

series directly

"near"

Elsewhere, either proceed as for

US).
root

(if

and

ff>

f,

|3J<Cl, four

or get

terms give at least 8S, five terms at least

n =k(p'i \ and extract appropriate square

(J)

(gCp'm-

Given &(&',,(?) corresponding to a point in the Fundamental Triangle, compute z more

Only a few significant figures are obtainable from the use
accurately than can be done with the maps.
series,
except in a small neighborhood of the center of the series.
of any of the given (truncated) reversed
procedures.
For greater accuracy, use inverse interpolation
Example 3. Given period ratio a, find parameters m (of elliptic integrals and Jacobi's functions
of chapter 16) and q (of # functions).
m In both the cases A>0 and A<0, the period ratio is equal to K'{m)IK(m) (see 18.9). Knowing
K'/K, if 1<K'/K^ 3, use Table 17.3 to find m; if K'/K>3, use the method of Example 6 in chapter 17.
An alternative method is to use Table 18.3 to obtain the necessary entries, thence use
(b)

m=(e 2 e

m=\

)/(ei

3)

in case

A>0,

3e 2 /4T2 in case A<C0.

In both the cases A>0 and A<0, the period ratio determines the exponent for g[qe~

q=ie~*

a' 2

[e.g.,<T

if

4 - 72 'r

A<0].

Hence

enter

Table 4.16

[e~^,

Ta

A>0,

if

x=0(.01)l] and multiply the results as appropriate

=(e-'0 4 (e-- 72T)].

Determination of Values at Half-Periods, Invariants and Related Quantities from Given Periods (Table

A<0

A>0
Given w and

form w'/iu and enter Table

a/,

18.3.

Multiply the results obtained by the appropriate

power of co (see footnotes of Table 18.3) to obtain
value desired.

Example

Here

Given w2 and
18.3.

w2 and enter Table

Multiply the results obtained by the appro-

priate

power

w'

= lli,

find e f g u
,

and

Table

18.3 gives

e3
t72

(see footnotes of

Table

18.3)

o}2

'=lli, find

Here o/ag=l.l, so that

eu

g i} and A.

direct reading of

Table

18.3 gives

= 1.6843 041
(l) = -.2166 258 (=- ei -e
(l) = - 1.4676 783
(l) = 10.0757 7364

i(l)
e2

co2

co 2 '/^

4.

Given w2 =10,

A.

a'jiu 1.1, so that direct reading of

of

form

co2 ',

to obtain value desired.

Example

4.

Given a>=10,

18.3)

flf,(l)

e2

3)

Multiplying by appropriate powers of

589i

e,(l>=i(l)

= -37.4874 912
0,(1) = 16.5668 099.

g2 (l)

=2.1420 1000.

obtain

= .2166 2576+3.0842
(l) = .4332 5152 = -2^(x)

e 1 (l)

w= 10 we

Multiplying by appropriate powers of u2 =10

obtain

we
!

e2
e3
{7 2

= 01684 3041
= .00216 6258
= -.01467 6783

e2

03=2.1420 1000 x 10~

whence

=e
^=-3.7487
e3

=1.0075 77364 x 10~

= .00216 62576+. 03084

= 00433 25152
t

4912 x 10~ 3

03=1.6566 8099 x 10" 6

whence

A=8.9902 3191 x 10" 10

A=-6.0092 019 x 10" 8

2589i


WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Example

Example 5. (A>0)
Given w=10, a/=55i, find y, i\' <r(w), <r(a/)
and o-(co2).
Forming o//ico=5.5 and entering Table 18.3 we
= .82246704, <r(co) =.96045 40. Using
obtain
Legendre's relation we find ?/=i}a/ 7ri/2=2.9527
Since interpolation for <r(w') and o-(a>-fo/)
723t.
is

made

ij

of 18.3.15-18.3.17 together

o-(o/)/i=.0071177

and

i?

= -.00157 26664i, <r(w2) = 1180.5028,

= 1190.152i and tr(w')=475.084+476.717i.

H=

yields

',

t\

Multiplying the results obtained by the appropriate powers of a>2 gives 7? 2 =. 00156 26756, t\2

with 18.3.4 and 18.3.6. Values of g2 g3 and e x can

be read directly to eight significant figures and e 3
to about five significant figures giving 2 =8.1174
#3=4.4508 759, ^ = 1.6449 341, and e 3
243,
= -.82247. Use of 18.3.6 yields 3 .00174 69
Application of 18.3.1569i.
and
2 =. 00174
18.3.17

(A<0)
jj

t?

use

5.

Given a>2 =1000, w2 '=1004i, find 2 2 a^),

cr(ci> 2 ') and <r(o>').
With a2r /ia2 = 1.004, four point interpolation in
Table 18.3 gives 2 = 1.5626 756, 2 = 1.5726 664i,
<r(w 2) = 1.1805 028, tr(a>2 ) = 1.1901 52i and
ff(w')
= 475084 + .476717i.

is difficult,

665

cr(w 2 )

<j(w 2 )

= .002016 010551 Multiplying the results

obtained by the appropriate powers of w we ob= .29527 723i, o-(co)=9.6045
tain = .08224 6704,
= .02016-. 1055i.
40, ff( = .071177i and
tj'

7j

o-(o> 2)

Determination of Periods from Given Invariants (Table

Given
(if ^3=0,
g 2 =g2g~

and w

>O

|w'|
.

1/6
3

co;

Example

A<0

A>0
>O such

that A=02 27gr|>0

3
see lemniscatic case), compute
l

Given g2 and 3 >O such that A=02 -27$<0 (if

03=0, |w2 '|=w2 see pseudo-lemniscatic case), compute 02=020s" 2/3
From Table 18.1, determine
1/6
and w2 '03 I/6 thence co2 and o>2 '"203
!

thence w and

18.1,

determine

w03 1/5

a'.

Example

6.

Example

7.

Given

=0

g2 =8,

With
Table

_2/3

Computation of [P, (P', or

(or arbitrary periods
in any case, periods

First reduce the

by use

problem

of appropriate results

(if

7.

find 2 and w2
=7/3.3O19 2725=2.119974, from
18.1 co2 3 1/6 = 1.3423 442 and w/03 1/6 =3.1441
14Hwhenceaj2 =. 99579 976 and w2 =2.33241 83i.

03=4, find w and o>'. With

=3.1748 02104, from Table 18.1 "03 1/6
1.2718 310 and a/ 3 1/6 = 1.8702 425*.
whence =1.009453 and w'=1.484413i.

Given

6.

Given g2 = 10, 03=2, find w2 and o>2

With
-2/3
-10/1.5874 0105 = -6.2996 053, from
02 = 0203
Table 18.1 co2 3 1/6 = 1.5741 349 and w2 3 1/6 =1.7124
396i whence 2 = 1.40239 48 and oj2 = 1.52561 02i.

Given 2 =1O, g3 =2, find a and a/. With 02 =

from Table 18.1 o# 3 1/6
M3 -2/3=6.2996 05249,
1/6 =
1.2324 295^ whence a>=
1.1267 806 and o/03
1.003847 and w' = 1.097970i.

Example

From Table

2/z

and

18.1.)

f for Given z

=7, 03=6,

=^ -

and Arbitrary

g2 , g 3

from which 2 and g3 can be computed

must be known, at least approximately)

necessary) to computation for a point z in the

from

2/3

18.2.

Figure

18.16

Fundamental Rectangle

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

666

Method

1 (as accurate as desired)

both x and y are "small," (point in double-cross hatched region) use Laurent's series in 2 directly.
If either x or y is "large," use Laurent's series on Ox, then on Oy and finally use an addition formula.
/2
3
(For ff> ' an alternative is to get <p then compute the appropriate root of (J> =4 ff> g2 IP g3 see 18.8.)
If

A<0

A>0
Method

2 (for @> or @>

'

Method

only)

Compute e t (i 1,2,3)
g3
use Table 18.1 to get the periods, then get e t in
Table 18.3; if periods are also given, use Table 18.3
In any case, obtain m(=[e 2
directly).
3 ]/
(if

only g2

are given

functions

thence Jacobi's
[eie 3 ])
cn(g*|m), dn(2*|m), from 16.4
g> or g>' from 18.9.11-18.9.12.
}

Method
e~

TX

3 (accuracy limited

and by the method

sn(s*|ra),

and 16.21 and

or

(for

and i72

'

only)

only g2 ,g 3 are given, use

Table 18.1 to get the periods, then get e t in
Table 18.3; if periods are also given use Table 18.3
directly).
In any case, obtain m(=y2 3e 2 /4:H2 )
thence Jacobi's functions sn(g'|m), en (z'\m),
e2

(if

dn(2'|m), from 16.4 and 16.21 and

or

0'

from

18.9.11-18.9.12.

by Table

4.16 of

of getting periods)

Obtain periods, their ratio a, then g=e~ wa from

Table 4.16. Hence get 0,(0), i=2,3,4 from
truncated series 18.10. 21-.23.

Compute

Method

3 (accuracy limited as in the case

A>0).

Obtain periods, their ratio a, thence q2 =e~ Tal2

from Table 4.16. Then proceed as in the case
A^>0, using corresponding formulas.

Compute appro-

z=x and

z=iy, whence
&(iy), ffl'(iy)
and/or (iy), then use an addition formula (if
either x or y is "small", it is probably easier to
priate # functions for

get

g>(x),

and/or

g>'(x)

for

f(x),

use Laurent's series)

Example

8.

Given 2=.07 + .K,

<jf

=10, g3 =2,

find (P.

Using Laurent's

series directly

with

Example
find0.

Given 2=.l + .03*, g2 = 10,

8.

Using Laurent's

c 2 =.5

c2

c 4 =. 08333

+c2 z 2 =-

+ C32 4=+c 42 6=+

(P(z)

c2 z

000+

.00700 00^

c3 2 4

.00001214-

.00001 02^

c4 2

.00255
.00000

= -22.97450

.00000

OH

010-63.05323

28i.

024-

Example 9. Given 2 = 15 + 73i, g2 =8, g3 =4,

From Example 7, = 1.009453, ' =
1 .484413i.
From Table 18.3, ^ = 1.61803 37,
e = -.99999
96, whence m=. 14589 79.
From
3

M=7 and .ZV=24, #> (.867658 +

= 0(1 5 +73i)._Since z lies in R by
0(1 5 + 73i) = 0(. 867658 + 1.22065*).
with

.748176*)

18.2.31

From

2,

16.4 with 2*=1.40390+1.97505t, sn(2*|m)

= 2.46550+ 1.96527*.
= -. 57743 + .067797i.

85714
33333

76.59287 938-50.50079 960*

= -.00455 000= + 00000 334+

=-. 00000 002 +
.

.00300 000*
.00000 780*
.00000 011*

0(2) =76.58833 270-50.50379

find g>.

18.2.18

with

series directly

c 4 =. 80333
-2

Using 18.9.11, 0(15+73*)

=2,

= .5

c 3 =.07142

07142 85714
33333
c 8 =. 00974 02597
-= -22.97193 820-63.06022 25i
g
c8

<7 3

169*.

Example 9. Given 2 = 1.75+3.6*, 2 =7, 3 =6,

0. From Example 7, co 2 =. 99579 98, u2 =
<?

find

Using 18.2.18 with M=l, N=l,

(-.24159 96-1.064836*) =
(.24159 96 + 1.0648 36*). With A< from Table
18.3, e 1= -.81674 362 + .50120 90*, e 2 = 1.63348 724,
e 3 = .81674 362 .50120 90* whence m = .01014
2.33241

83*.

(1.75 + 3.6*) =

H\ = 1.58144 50, so that 2 =22#t = .76415

From 16.4, cn(z'|ro) =4.00543 66
29+3.367959*.
,

3566,

-12.32465

69*.

Applying 18.9.11,

= -. 960894 .383068i.

(1.75+3.6*)

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

A>0

667

A<0

f(9

Example 10.
= 7i find
Given
co 2 =5,
o)'
2
#>'(3+2i) by use of theta functions, 18.10 and

addition formulas.

addition formulas.

Given o>=10, a/=2(H, find

Example 10.
+ 19i) by use of theta functions, 18.10 and

With the use

For the period ratio a=a//ari=2 with the aid of

Table 4.16, q=e~ 2 *=. 00186 74427.
Using the truncated approximations 18.10.2118.10.23 we compute the theta functions for
argument zero. Using 16.27.1-16.27.4 we compute the theta functions for arguments v where
z=x and z=iy. Then, with 18.10.5-18.10.7
together with 18.10.9 and 18.10.18 we obtain

= .11090
The

r(9

formula 18.4.3,

+ 19i) =

07439 49 -.00046

for

argument

and the theta

18.10.6 together with 18.10.10,

.10576

946,

&>(2i)

Using 18.10.5-

we

= -.24497

-.07769 187*, and 18.4.2

-.00069 182 f .04771 305*.

find

& =
(3)

#>'(3)

773,

-.07474140, p'{2i)= -.25576 007*.

tion formula 18.4.1 yields ,0(3+2*)

we obtain

The

addi-

= .01763

210

yields #>'(3+2*)

S8i.

Use of Table 18.2 in Computing

If

computed

18.10.21-18.10.23

to z =Zi+z 2 using 16.27.1-16.27.4.

= .09889 5484, f(19i) = .00120 0155i,

#>'(9) = -.00125
8460,
9647,
#>(9) = .01706
g>(l9i) = -.00861 2615, #>'(19i) = -.00003 757i.
addition

12784*.

functions for arguments v x and v2 corresponding

t (9)

Using the

Table 4.16 and 18.10.2, q=ie~- 7 '

theta functions are

using

zero

of

(J)

(J)'

',

f for Special

Period Ratios

the problem is reduced to computing @> Cf> f in the Fundamental Rectangle for the case when the
is unity and pure imaginary half-period is ia, for certain values of a Table 18.2 may be
,

',

real half-period

used.

Consider

(J>

as

an example.

If

\z\

is

"small", then use Laurent's series directly for

ff> (z)

[invar-

Table 18.3].
and y "small" use Table 18.2 to obtain x2
(x) and 3?ff>'(x), thence Cf> (x) and #>'(x)
use Laurent's series to obtain (J>{iy) and (P'(iy); finally, use addition formula 18.4.1.
For x "small" and y "large", reverse the procedure. For both x and y "large," use Table 18.2 to
obtain (P(x), (J>'{x), (J> (iy) and (P'iiy), thence use addition formula 18.4.1.
Similar procedures apply to (J)' or f.
For ff>', one can also first obtain (J) then compute ff>' 2
z
g
2 [Pgz and extract the appropriate square root (see 18.8 re choice of sign for &').
=^ff>

iants for use in the series are given in

If x is "large"

A>0

A<0

Example 11. Compute (P{.%-\-i) when a=1.2.

Using Table 18.2 or Laurent's series 18.5.1-4 with
02=9. 15782 851 and
#3=3.23761 717 from Table 18.3,

Example 11. Compute ff> (.9 + .1*) for a=1.05.

Using Table 18.2 or Laurent's series 18.5.1-4 with
g2 = -42.41653 54 and
03=9.92766 62 from Table 18.3,

^(.8) = 1.92442

(P

11,

&' (.8) = -2.76522

= -1.40258 06 and
#>'(*) = - 1.19575 58*.
Using
ff>(i)

mula

the addition for-

mula

18.4.1

rp(.8+-i)

<

= .34080 33,
= -2.164801,
g>(.li) = -99.97876,
#> '(.It) = 2000.4255*.
(.9)

#>'(.9)

05,

= -. 381433 -.149361*.

Example

12.

Compute

f(.02+3*')

g>
for

a=4.

Using Table 18.2 or Laurent's series 18.5.1-5 with

02=8.11742 426
03=4.45087 587
from Table 18.3,
f (.02)

=49.99999

89,

#> (.02) =2500.00016,

(P'{m) = -249999.98376,

= .89635 173*,
#> (3*) = -.82326 511,
#)'(3{) = -. 00249 829*.
f (3*)

Applying the addition formula 18.4.3,

f(.02+3*)

= .016465 + .89635*\

With the addition

for-

18.4.1

(.9 -f.li)

= .231859-. 215149*.

Example

12.

Compute

,#>'(.4

+ .9i)

for

a=2.

Using Table 18.2 or Laurent's series 18.5.1-4,

with
2 =4.54OO9 85,
03=8.38537 94
from Table 18.3,
^(.4) =6.29407 07,
(P'{A) = -30.99041,

- 1.225548,
@ >(${) = -3.19127 03*.
g>l%i) =

Using the addition formulas 18.4.1-2,

#>'(-4 + .9i) = l. 10519 76-.56489

00*.

'

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

668

Computation of <r

for

Given % and Arbitrary g2 and

from which g2 and g 3 can be computed

(or periods

gz

in any case, periods must be known,

at least

approximately)
First reduce the
(see 18.2)

problem

A<0

A>0
^2>w/2

If

Fundamental Rectangle

necessary) to computation for a point z in the

(if

After final reduction let z denote the point obtained.

If
or,

><y

2 or

yz^>o}'2 /A, use duplication formula as in case

A >- Otherwise, use Maclaurin series for a

>a>'/2, use duplication formula

directly.
<r(z)

= -0'(?/2)^2/2),

by use of Maclaurin series for a

and (P'{z\2) by method explained above. Otherwise, simply use Maclaurin series for <r directly.
obtaining a{z\2)

An alternate method is to use theta functions 18.10 first computing g and #i(0), t=2,
A<0
A>0
Example

Compute

13.

a(A-\-1.3i)

to obtain ff> (.2

The

+ .65r) = 5.02253

80-3.56066

93i.

duplication formula 18.4.8 gives o-(.4+1.3i)

= .278080+ 1 .272785i.
Given

Compute

13.

<r(.8+.4i)

for g2

=l

=6. From Example 7, w2 =. 99579 976, w 2

=2.33241 83i. Since ^z>o> 2 /2, the Maclaurin

gf 3

used to obtain <x(z/2)

a(A-\-.2i)
19962 017t, the Laurent series
-3.70986 70
18.5.4
obtain g>'(A+\2i)
to
+22.218544i. The duplication formula 18.4.8
gives <r(.8+.4i)
.81465 765+. 38819 473i.
series 18.5.6 is

= .40038

019+

<r(ff>, ff>', f)

the equivalent, find

Example

for g2 =8,

#,=4. From Example 7, w= 1.009453 and w'

1.484413i Since /3>a//2, the Maclaurin series 18.5.6 is used to obtain a(z/2) = a(.2-\-.&5i)
= .19543 86+.64947 28i, the Laurent series 18.5.4

3, 4.

corresponding to a point in the Fundamental Rectangle, as well as g2 and g3 or

z.

Only a few

significant figures are obtainable from the use of any of the given (truncated) reversed
except in a small neighborhood of the center of the series. For greater accuracy, use inverse
interpolation procedures.

series,

If the given function does not correspond to a value of z in the Fundamental Rectangle (see Conformal Maps) the problem can always be reduced to this case by the use of appropriate reduction for-

mulas in 18.2. This process is relatively simple for ff*(z), more difficult for the other functions (e.g. if
A>0 and ff>=a-\-ib, where b^>0, simply consider ff>=aib and find Zi in R [Figure 18.1]; then comx

pute z2 =Si+2o/ the point in

,

corresponding to the given

ff>).

A>0
Example
find

Given (p = \-i, #2 =10, g3 =2,

14.

Using the

z.

series 18.5.25 z x

A<0

first

three terms of the reversed

.727 + A23i. The

Laurent

series

18.5.1 gives

(P

(21)

= 3> (.727 + .423i) = .825 - .895t

(z 2 )

=#

(.697

+ .393i) = .938-1.038i.

Inverse interpolation gives

,,

= .707 + .380i.

Repeated applications of the

above procedure yield 2=. 706231 + .3798931
2j

a>2

is

and
)

Example 14. Given ff> = 1 -\-i, g2 = 10, g3 =2,

From Example 6, a>2 = 1.40239 48 and
find z.

= 1.52561

02i.

computed with

Since 6>0, z exists in

Qf>

2u= 1.55377
=

C8tt

c 3u

Using 18.5.25 with

a 3 =.25, u=[(ff>)- 1
from Example 8
1.25,

1/2
]

and the

.08044 9281 -.19422 17466i

9359 + .00812 66047i

^+=-.10115 7160-.04190

coefficients c

3973 + .64359 42493i

=- .01961

and

06673i

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

669

A<0

A>0

term

Stopping

with

Assuming

A2= .03 .OH,

.23i)

= .91410

the

u7

in

2i.81

+ .23i.
+

using 18.5.1, #> (.81

95 -.86824

&>(.78

37i,

+ .22i) =

1.03191 60-.91795 22i; with inverse interpolation

zf = 7725 + .2404i.

Kepeated

applications

inverse interpolation yield z=. 772247

Example
find

Given

z.

find

15.
Given a=A-\-.li, g2 =7, #3=6,
Using the reversed series 18.5.70 with

z.

72 =. 14583, 73= .05

^=-.13333

333,

A = -.02857

14286,

Example

f=10 15i,

g2 =8, #3=4,
Using the reversed series 18.5.40 with
15.

a= + .40000
72 ^

+ -04615 384615i
A u = -.00000 001402 + .00000 006860i
4tM = .00000 000004 -.00000 000003i
u=

of

.239258t.

.03076 923076

= + .00011

000+. 10000 OOOi

783+. 00032 696i

Y30-*

^-=-.00000 208+

00001 432i

2j
37k
1

z=

.03076 921670

+ .04615

391472t.

-.00000 093 +. 00000 126i

14
197273*"

.00000 013+. 00000 006i

55

g= .40011 469+. 10034

Methods of Computation of [fi ([fi', f or a) for Given
z and Given g 2 , gz (or the equivalent), with the Use
of Automatic Digital Computing Machinery
(a)

Integration of Differential Equation

given)

by

integrating

ff>"=Q

ff>

g /2.
2

do this on SWAC, via a modification

of
the Hammer-Hollingsworth method
(MTAC, July 1955, pp. 92-96) due to Dr. P.
Henrici, exists at Numerical Analysis Research,

program

to

UCLA (code number 00600, written by W. L.

Wilson, Jr.). The program has been tested
numerically in the equianharmonic case, using
For example,
one starts with z*=u2 using an "integration
step" (h,k), where h and k are respectively the
horizontal and vertical components of a step,
with (h,k) having one of the six values (2A ,0),
(h ,k ), h =u2 /2000, & =m/2000, one can
expect almost 8S in @> and 7S in ff> after 1000
steps, unless z is too near a pole.

integration steps of various sizes.

if

(b)

Use

or

a^2y3(A<0),

far corner of the

However,

if

a^V3(A>0)

the series will diverge at the

Fundamental Rectangle,

may be made

ff> and (P' may be generated for any z close

enough to a "known point" z*(@(z*) a,nd(p'(z*)

being

ratio a is not too large.

260i

so that

an appropriate duplication
use
Alternatively,
one may compute the
formula.
on
and
functions
Ox
Oy, then use an addition
formula.

Even

of

so,

the

series

will

diverge

at

a^4(A<0).

if a^2(A>0) and at z=ia/2

For great accuracy, multiple precision operations
might be necessary. Double precision floating
point mode has been used in a program, written
for SWAC, to compute ff> (p and TFor computation of a, use of the Maclaurin
series throughout the Fundamental Rectangle is

z=ia

if

'

probably simplest (series converges for all z).

Mention should be made of the possible use of
These series
the series defining the # functions.
converge for all complex v, and the computation
of &>,&>', f and a by 18.10.5-18.10.8 could easily
be mechanized. The series involved have the
advantage of converging very fast, even in case

A<0, where

\a\^e~*l2 (q^e- T

if

A>0).

of Series

The process of reducing the computation problem to one in which z is in the Fundamental
Rectangle can obviously be mechanized. Inside
the Fundamental Rectangle the direct use of
Laurent's series

is

appropriate

when the period

Use of

Maps

problem (of computing <J> ff>', f or a for

reduced to the case where the real halfperiod is unity and imaginary half-period is one
If the

given

z) is

of those used in the

maps

in 18.8 inspection of the

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

670

appropriate figure will give the value of ff>{z)

2 3S.

is wanted instead,
If (J>
[f (2) or o-(z)] to
/2
and select sign (s)
get ff>, use 18.6.3 to obtain
(See Conformal Mapping
appropriately.
of #>
'

approximation to

may

+m/ (A<0)

(18.8) for choice of sign of square root of ff>'

Computation oj

)-

(or equivalent)

2
Since z (J>(z )=0, the Laurent's series gives

= l JrC u

rC iuZJrC iu

2 -i

].

a monotonic decreasing

a^l

=^W>-IT arccosh

for

A>0

and

.7297)].

V3~(

and

iJ

=(a2

a monotonic increasing function of a for

/ co 2 is

A<0

is

we

Graeffe's process,

=w+i?/ (A>0),

to obtain an approximation to z

function of (period ratio)

[1

Given g2 g3

by

noted that y /u

It is

'

\z

use the fact that 2

[0^ 2/0/^2 <C - arccosh V3]

7T

where u=z\.
Graeffe's

We may

(root-squaring)

solve this equation [by

process

or

for its absolutely smallest root [having

otherwise]

found an

is available from Table 18.2 or from

Conformal Maps defined by fP (z).

Further data

References
Texts and Articles

A simple trisection formula for the

function of Weierstrass in the equianharmonic case, Norske Vid. Selsk. Forh. Trond-

[18.14] E. S. Selmer,
elliptic

Appell and E. Lacour, Principes de la theorie des

(GauthierVillars, Paris, France, 1897).
A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions'
vol. 2, ch. 13 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1953).
E. Graeser, Einfuhrung in die Theorie der elliptischen Funktionen und deren Anwendungen
(R. Oldenbourg, Munich, Germany, 1950).
G. H. Halphen, Traite" des fonctions elliptiques et
de leurs applications, 1 (Gauthier-Villars, Paris,
France, 1886).
H. Hancock, Lectures on the theory of elliptic
functions, vol. 1 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1910, reprinted, Dover Publica-

[18.1] P.

fonctions elliptiques et applications

[18.2]

[18.3]

[18.4]

[18.5]

tions, Inc.,

New York,"'N.Y.,

heim
[18.15] J.

19, 29, 116-119 (1947).

Tannery and

J.

Molk, Elements de

la theorie des

fonctions elliptiques,

(Gauthier-Villars,

[18.16] F. Tricomi, Elliptische

Funktionen (Akadenr'sche

4 vols.
Paris, France, 1893-1902).

Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig,
[18.17] F. Tricomi,

Funzioni

Germany, 1948).
2d ed. (Bologna,

ellittiche,

Italy, 1951).

Van

[18.18] C. E.

Phil.

[18.19] E. T.

Mag.

Orstrand, Reversion of power series,

(6) 19, 366-376 (Jan.-June 1910).

Wbittaker and G. N. Watson,

modern

course of

4th ed. (Cambridge

Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).

1958).

analysis,

ch.

20,

Hurwitz and R. Courant, Vorlesungen uber

[18.6] A.

Funktionentheorie und elliptische

Funktionen, 3d ed. (Springer, Berlin, Germany,

allgemeine

Guides, Collections of Formulas, etc.

1929).

Ordinary differential equations (Dover

New York, N.Y., 1944).
E.
Kamke,
Differentialgleichungen,
Losungsmethoden und LQsungen, vol. 1, 2d ed. (Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, Germany

[18.7] E. L. Ince,

[18.20] P. F.

Publications, Inc.,

[18.8]

Appendix,
[18.21]

1943).

D. H. Lehmer, The lemniscate constant, Math

Tables Aids Comp. 3, 550-551 (1948-49).
[18.10] S. C. Mitra, On the expansion of the Weierstrassian
and Jacobian elliptic functions in powers of the
argument, Bull. Calcutta Math. Soc. 17, 159-172

[18.9]

and W. Magnus, Anwendung der

elliptischen Funktionen in Physik und Technik
(Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1949).

An introduction to the theory of elliptic

functions and higher transcendentals (Univ. of
Calcutta, India, 1928).

[18.12] G. Prasad,

[18.13] U.

Richard, Osservazioni sulla bisezione delle

funzioni ellittiche di Weierstrass, Boll. Un. Mat.
Ital. 3, 4, 395-397 (1949).

sec.

1030

(Springer-Verlag,

Berlin,

Germany, 1954).
A. Fletcher, Guide to tables of elliptic functions;
Math. Tables Aids Comp. 3, 247-249 (1948-49).

Handbuch der Physik, vol. 1, pp. 120146 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1956).

[18.22] S. Flugge,

[18.23]

H. Kober, Dictionary of conformal representations

(Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1952).

(1926).
[18.11] F. Oberhettinger

Byrd and M. D. Friedman, Handbook of

integrals for engineers and physicists,

elliptic

[18.24] L.

M. Milne-Thomson, Jacobian

tables

(Dover Publications,

elliptic

Inc.,

function

New

York,

N.Y., 1950).
[18.25]

K. Weierstrass and H. A. Schwarz, Formeln und

Lehrsatze zum Gebrauche der elliptischen Functioned Nach Vorlesungen und Aufzeichnungen
des
Herrn K. Weierstrass bearbeitet und
herausgegeben von H. A. Schwarz, 2d ed.
(Springer, Berlin,

Germany,

1893).

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Tables
[18.26]

Chih-Bing Ling,

H. Southard, Approximation and table of the

Weierstrass (P function in the equianharmonic
case for real argument, Math. Tables Aids Comp-

[18.28] T.

Evaluation

at

half-periods

of

Weierstrass' elliptic function with rectangular

primitive period-parallelogram, Math. Comp. 14
69, 67-70 (1960). Values of e< (i= 1, 2, 3) to 15D
for various period ratios in case A>0.
[18.27] E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, 4th
ed., pp. 100-106 (Dover Publications, Inc., New

Equianharmonic

York, N.Y., 1945).

671

case, real

11,

to

58,

7D

99-100 (Apr. 1957).

.

with

modified

f(u)=ff>(u)--2
central

differences,

w = 0(.l).8(.05)1.55.
[18.29]

A study of an elliptic function

Chicago, 111., 1946).
Air Documents
Division T-2, AMC, Wright Field, Micro-

D. A. Strayhorne,
(Thesis,

argument,^
(u), \JJ
r\xment,(P(u),(P'
'

4<02

mostly 4D.

(u),

a
?(u), c
f(w),

(w),w=0
{u),u=V

(z

{j^q)

film

No. Rc-734F15000.

z=.04z"(.04*')1.36t.

ff>(z; 37,

-42),

4D,

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND REL.VTED FUNCTIONS

673
Table 18.1

TABLE FOR OBTAINING PERIODS FOR INVARIANTS g2 AND g3

\ft"ftft

3)

Non-Negative Discriminant
1

Non-Positive Discriminant
1

ug

ft

'i2

3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20

1.28254
1.27944
1.27637
1.27333
1.27031

98
73
43
49

1.52168
1.51892
1.51685
1.51505
1. 51342

3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40

1.26732
1. 26436
1.26143
1.25853

80
90
77
38

1.51193
1.51053
1.50923
1.50799

03

g\

82

^2 -3)

in
i

83

45
84

18
84
08
63

(o'gifi

1.25853
1.25280
1.24718
1.24166
1.23624
1.23092

38
64
42
45
47
23

1.69503
1.64719
1.60789
1.57451
1. 54548
1.51978

33
87

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.22569
1.22055
1.21551
1.21055
1.20568

47

1.49672
1.47581
1.45668
1.43905
1.42269

94
86
57
10
63

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.20089
1.19618
1.19156
1.18700
1.18253

62
86
00

1.40744
1.39316
1.37973
1.36706
1.35506

84
72
79

95

44
69
50

83

18

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

1.17812
1.16953
1.16120
1.15314
1.14532

83
35

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

1.13773
1.13036
1.12321
1.11626
1.10950

46

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

1.10293
1. 09653
1.09030
1. 08423
1.07831

00
11

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

1.

96
34
23

91
55

38
49

03

04
46

07254
06691
1.06142
1.05606
1.05083

74
15

1.04571
1.04071
1.03582
1.03104
1.02636
1. 02178

58
56
65
44
52
54

63
95
83

1.

1
1

ft"

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

1.81701
1.82207
1. 82696
1.83165
1.83611

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

1.84028
1.84412
1.84756
1.85050
1.85280
1.85407

0.

OC

99
90

90
87

17
47
45
35
78
73

47

"(-4)r
10

A*

22
48

3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
10.0

93

65
31
54

10
70

1.25356
1.23923
1.22577
1.21310
1.20113

57
29
98
78
41

1.18978
1.17901
1.16874
1.15895
1.14959

83
03
82

1.14063
1.13203
1.12377
1.11583
1.10817

29

1.10079
1.09367
1.08678
1.08012
1.07367
1.06742

87
40

60
08
69

67
65

2.62205
2.62384
2.62710
2.63126
2.63611

76
98
11

-0.05
-0.06
-0.07
-0.08
-0.09

2.60137
2.59464
2.58720
2.57909
2.57032

48
00
37

-0.10
-0.11
-0.12
-0.13
-0.14

2.

SC^l

-0.15
-0.16
-0.17
-0.18
-0.19
-0.20

10
20

- 25

34

- 20

05
09

2.64151
2.64735
2.65355
2.66002
2.66669

75
47
55
74

- 14
- 13
- 11

2.550.3
2.54025
2.52905
2.51729

33
61
86
23
09

2.67350
2.68037
2.68725
2.69409
2.70081

25
66
88
09
77

2.50500
2.49221
2.47895
2.46527
2.45118
2.43675

11
23
70
01
90
29

2.70738
2.71375
2.71986
2.72568
2.73117
2. T3630

70
03
26

31
52
70

(-4)r
10

^|=0.20412 4145

1.82987 88
1.94863 05

04569 84
2.12452 34
2.18836 87

-0.45
-0.50
-0.55
-0.60
-0.65

1.69080
1.68433
1.67705
1.66962
1.66240

53
20
44

31
03
31
74
42

98
65

2.24023
2.28267
2.31773
2.34701
2.37174

-0.70
-0.75
-0.80
-0.85
-0.90

1.65555
1.64914
1.64320
1.63771
1.63264

57
98
64
44
84

2.39284
2.41102
2.42683
2.44070
2.45294

34
56
68

-0.95
-1.00

1.62797 70
1.62366 67

2.

1
1

Iffln(3-g2)

3.

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

1.52995
1.51022
1.49067
1.47143
1.45262

40
67
44

3.09846
3.10458
3.10899
3.11182
3.11318

47
18
55
48
95

10
11
13
14
17

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

1.43430
1.41652
1.39933
1.38273
1.36672

15
88
41
24

3.11320
3.11196
3.10955
3.10604
3.10147

22
36
78
84
38

20

2.0
2.2
2.4

1.35131 24
1.33647 63
1.32220 24
1.30847 11
1.29526 10
1.28254 98
[(-3)3"'

3.09584
3.08910
3.08116
3. 07175
3.06025
3. 04337

00
74
35
37
10
67

75
13

06892 24
08070 50
3.09053 50

<ft

25
33
50
100
00

2.6
2.8
3.0

10

71

V6_ 0.40824 829

6

__

3.

5
4
3
3

2.46384 40
2.47359 62

06
81

2
2
2

05
88

3.03954 85
3: 05518 40

7
6
6
6
5

63

8
7

<ft>

49
74
94
71
14

67
93

'

53
02
37
72
90
47

w sf/
2

rf

263

51

1.86873
1.86447
1.86077
1.85769
1.85534
1.85407

- 10
9
8

1.62955
1.66926
1.68880
1.69574
1. 69529

1.62366
1.60646
1.58820
1.56918
1.54967

69
66

8l

- 17

-0.20
-0.25
-0.30
-0.35
-0.40

ft

83

OO

-100
- 50
- 33

-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2

84

06
56
68
40

59
09

1.89818
1.89119
1.88476
1.87888
1.87354

<ft>

iffjlSalV*

76
54
53
87
43

51

i !/
a 8*g$l
l

X
4

2.62205
2.62025
2.61693
2.61258
2.60737

88

2#3lft

-0.00
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04

ft"

51

1.34368
1.32250
1.30316
1.28537
1.26889

It

ft-

A=

1
1
1
1
1

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

674
Table

TABLE FOR OBI rAir JING

18.2

&'

#>,

A ND

ON

0*

AND

Oj

(Positive Discriminant Unit Real Half-Period)

z2ff>(z)

z=x\c

1.00

1.05

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.00000
1.00000
1.00005
1.00029
1. 00094

00
37

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

1.00230
1. 00479
1. 00889
1.01520
1. 02442

98
35
27

91
91
57

23
50

54
92
23
99
15

1. 03486
1.05152
1.07381
1.10307
1.14092

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

1.19894
1.26229
1.34171
1.44091
1. 56460
1. 71879

38

1.18933
1.25071
1.32807
1.42515
1. 54671
1. 69885

01

37
81

22
62

U-B)4
I

2/'=.'/ \"

1.00

1.00230
1. 00479
1.00889
1. 01520
1. 02442

98
35
27
23
50

1.00210
1.00435
1. 00804
1.01371
1.02194

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

1.03738
1.05504
1.07855
1.10923
1. 14872

54
92
23
99
15

1.03345
1.04901
1. 06955
1. 09614
1.13001

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

1.19894
1. 26229
1.34171
1.44091
1. 56460

38

1. 17264
1.22578
1.29157
1.37264
1.47224

1.00
1.05
1.10

1.71879 62

z/*=.'A

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0

00

37
91
91
57

01

37
81

22

1.
1.

rf

08

47

21
22
35

1.03302
1. 04895
1.07036
1. 09857
1.13524

40
86
28
17
40
59

1.18232
1.24227
1.31812
1.41364
1.53366
1.68430

81
11
95
09
81

98
18
80
04
41

02

1.00000
1.00000
1. 00004
1. 00021
1. 00068

1.00181
1.00379
1.00709
1. 01224
1. 01985

79
79
99
31
94

1.03071
1. 04572
1.06601
1.09291
1.12807

36

-f

34
40
31
20

14
08
86

37
93

00000
1.00000
1.00005
1.00025
1.00080

1.

1.

[<1>

31
03

42
14

1.

64
97
03
69

1. 02883
1. 04309
1. 06246
1.08829
1.12222

08
40
70
58
46

1.16627 18
1.22292 96
1.29529 60
1.38725 23
1.50370 31
1.65090 68
)4
(
]
[

04

38
50
38

1.02421
1. 03488
1.04856
1. 06569
1. 08671

18
21
64
92

63

1.15387
1.19980
1. 25602
1.32443
1.40736

03

1.13065
1.16777
1.21233
1.26544
1.32835

03

68
53
52
61

1. 50769 66
1.62902 39
1.77589 10

1.

09

18
97
15
02

1.40258 06

1.
1.

00021 13
00066 38

1.11207
1.14221
1.17761
1.21873
1.26610

[<-f']

59449 89

[<-J> ]

1.2

1.1
1.

50769 66

1.02810
1.04207
1.06109
1.08650
1.11995

10
28
15
29
41

1.02808
1.04204
1.06105
1.08646
1.11990

38
87

1.16346
1.21955
1.29130
1.38264
1.49846
1. 64507

98

1.16340
1.21947
1.29121
1.38253
1.49834
1.64493

37
17
57
27
59

[<1

1.40258 06
1.85616 29

97
14
94
17

00000
1.00000
1.00004
1.00020
1.00063
1.

39
99

involved.

Aitken's interpolation

may

be used

may

be used in this case.

For the computation of 9>,

18.4 and Examples 11- 12).

3>'

or

18
16
09
79
34
95
74

03

1.10494
1.13243
1.16435
1.20095
1. 24247

84
76
46
66
14

1.10478
1.13220
1.16404
1.20053
1.24191

1.28909 73

[,-4,6]

4.0

2.0

1.28909
1.52970
1.86127
2. 28676
2.80921

73

17
05
23
52

Interpolation with

As few as 3S may

at z= +iy, an addition formula

85
09

1.28836 81

respect to will, in general, be difficult because of the non-uniform subintervals

be obtained.

17

70
18

1.4

the real half-period *1, see 18.2 Homogeneity Relations.

75
52
03
34
99

1.02308
1.03315
1.04601
1. 0620C
1.08148

59
33
64

3.43759 29

If

1.00154
1.00317
1.00581
1.00977
1.01540

77
83
96

1.32024 17
1.61789 95
2.09401 44

41

00
25
04
37
94

1.02310
1.03319
1.04606
1.06208
1.08160

91
07
05

1.00000
1.00000
1.00004
1.00020
1.00063

09
20
45
47
44

18
89
10

51

4.0
00
25
05

33

52

00
25
07
73

)4

88
81

- 4)8
6

14

1.00154
1. 00317
1. 00581
1. 00978
1.01542

81

1.32024 17

36

71
57
93
19

02

2.0

1.00160
1.00330
1.00605
1.01020
1.01612

81
81
25

05

97

1.00162
1.00340
1.00639
1.01107
1.01806

15
91
40
28
92

1.00176
1.00362
1. 00667
1.01129
1.01792

1.05

1.00

1.00162
1. 00340
1. 00640
1.01108
1. 01807

1.00000
1.00000
1.00004
1.00020
1.00065

1.4

02707
1.03925
1.05504
1.07507
1.10003

79

98
80
56
98
24

1.00000 00
1.00000 26
1.00004 19

34
92
37
16
04

39

1.00167
1. 00351
1.00659
1.01140
1.01857

00
29
57
05
54

03061
1. 04466
1. 06309
1.08675
1.11663

86

26
22
46
25

00
25
08
75

00

1.00000
1.00000
1.00004
1.00023
1.00072

1.00195
1.00403
1.00743
1. 01263
1.02016

4.0

1.00000
1.00000
1. 00004
1.00020
1. 00066

1.2
00

1.71879 62

1.

78

['I'

04
44
87
60
89

59449 89
74462 36

)4

73
29
64
45

94
95
03
31
65
66592 77

1.1

00

00

1.17348
1.23162
1.30556
1.39912
1.51717

14

1.05

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

05

79
21
00
70
00

36

1.00000
1.00000
1.00005
1.00027
1.00086

0.10
0.15
0.20

0.

1.00198
1. 00414
1.00772
1.01326
1.02144

00

)4

1.00000
1.00000
1.00005
1.00029
1.00094

0.00

32
61
33
14
65

1.00212
1. 00441
1.00821
1.01408
1. 02269

03738
05504
1.07855
1.10923
1. 14872
1.

1.00000
1. 00000
1.00004
1. 00023
1.00074

34
41
41

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

1.

00
32
05
59
12

29
59
31

77

1.00000
1.00000
1. 00005
1.00025
1. 00081

1.00000
1.00000
1.00005
1. 00027
1.00086

2.0

1.4

1.2

1.1

288368
527649
1. 855916
2.273495
2.777516
1.
1.

3.363868
4.028426
4.767658
5.578809
6.459856
7.409386
8. 426442
9.510400
10.660867
11. 877621
13.160574

675

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

TA BL1 : FOR OB TA1 NING
(Positive

g>,

9'

\ND

Qx

Oi>

AND

Oy

Table 18.2

Discriminant Unit Real Half-Period)

ziff>'(z)

Z=3'\ a

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99988
-1.99940
-1.99810

00
26
18
16

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

-1.99537
-1.99038
-1.98210
-1.96928
-1.95036

33

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

-1.92339
-1.88593
-1.83488
-1.76619
-1.67451

01
83

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

-1.55271
-1.39118
-1.17683
-0.89169
-0.51095
0.00000

75

00
32
17
07

-2. 00000 00
-1. 99999 37
-1. 99989 89
-1. 99948 63

79

-1.99836 70

99572
99107
98332
97121
95319

57
69
00
06
16

-1. 99598 17
-1. 99158 17
-1. 98420 07

-1. 92730 50

-1.89106
-1. 84127
-1. 77376
-1.68307

99
53
43

43
27
97
45

-1. 56189 13

74
65
20

-1.40041
-1.18536
-0. 89858
-0.51505
0.00000

81
87
00

i.oo

70
53
18
33
00

-2.00000
-1. 99999
-1. 99991
-1. 99956
-1. 99861

00
47
53
73
55

-2.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

00000
99999
99991
99958
99865

00
49

33
67
95
35

99656
99273
98621
97581
95998

38
31
22
33

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

99666
99293
98656
97637
96080

63
42
35

77

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

50

-1.97260 99
-1. 95525 47

-1.99630
-1.99221
-1. 98530
-1. 97437
-1.95785

-1.93016
-1. 89480
-1. 84594
-1. 77931
-1. 68934

-1. 93377 03
-1. 89954 33
-1.85184 82
-1. 78633 89
-1. 69729 96

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

93671
90341
85668
79209
70382

95
73
71
80
60

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

57715
41579
-1.19959
-0. 91006
-0.52188
0.00000

-1.
-1.
-1.
-0.
-0.

58416
42286
20613
91535
52503
00000

75
23
88
50
45
00

21
97
09
45
72

-1. 56861 96
-1. 40719 15

-1.19163
-0. 90364
-0. 51806
0.00000

T]

1.05

25
00

28
00

1.1

33
23

-1. 99581 31
-1. 99133 82

95
90
13

-1.98398 06
-1. 97268 69
-1. 95619 80

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

-1.92339
-1.88593
-1.83488
-1.76619
-1.67451

01
83
99
53
43

-1.93299
-1. 90123
-1. 85861
-1. 80221
-1. 72827

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

-1.55271
-1.39118
-1.17683
-0.89169
-0.51095

74
65
20

-1. 63184 71
-1. 50639 22

-1. 68753 62
-1. 58698 80

-1.34312 50
-1.13018 63
-0. 85145 23

-1.45865 26
-1.29452 95
-1. 08387 84

-0.48485 79
0.00000 00

-0.
-0.

1.00
1.05
1.10

87

0.00000 00

[<1
z/i=y\a
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

81

0.

1.00

1.05

-0.48485 79

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0

64

84
75
50
44
05

[<? ]

12

00000 00

716-654

00

32
21
48
08

44

-2.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

00000
99999
99989
99949
99840

00

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

99613
99202
98533
97513
96039

14
89

93989
91218
87553
82780
-1.76629

10
25
39

37
95
33
62

03

44
48

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

48
64

81220 52
45984 59
0.00000 00
(

-2.
-1.

-1.
-1.

']

1.1
-0. 81220 52

61

29
24
69
70
00

T]

-1.99537
-1.99038
-1.98210
-1.96928
-1.95036

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

00

4.0

00
43
80
10
41

26
18
16
75

-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99988
-1.99940
-1.99810

2.0

00000
99999
-1.99990
-1. 99953
-1. 99850

-2.00000
-1. 99999
-1. 99989
-1. 99945
-1. 99828

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.4

1.2

-2.00000
-1. 99999
-1. 99989
-1. 99945
-1. 99825
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

23
95
90
13

z/i=y\a

1.1

1.05

1.00

1.2
-2. 00000 00
-1. 99999 43
-1. 99990 89

0.

1.4
-2. 00000

-1. 99856 33

-1.99652
-1.99289
-1. 98701
-1. 97818
-1. 96561

94
25
63
68
82

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

99685
99359
98837
98065
96982

19
12
91

94845
92574
89643
85930
81290

17
23
16
08
09

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

95533
93661
91313
88437
84984

26
23
16
77

-1.75545 41
-1. 68471 79
-1. 59780 32
-1. 49093 18

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

61

-1.35912 08

80902
76134
70615
64263
-1.56972

-1.19575 58

-1.48600 58

m
1.2

-1.19575 58
0.00000 00

02
82

-1.99666
-1.99293
-1.98657
-1.97638
-1.96082

88
89
17
34
78

93786
90492
85856
79433
-1.70636

53
32
93
95
76

-1.93789
-1.90495
-1.85861
-1.79439
-1.70642

86
37
25
75

-1. 58689
-1.42561
-1.20869
-0. 91741
-0. 52626
0. 00000

93

79
13
70
26

-1.58696
-1.42568
-1.20875
-0.91746
-0.52629
0.00000

39
30
17
57
14
00

['I

81

14
86

00

T]
2.0

00

48

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

49
82
17
97

rn
-1.99999
-1. 99991
-1. 99958
-1. 99869

-1.99954 15

-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99958
-1.99865

65
07
07

01
60

78

96
96
75
20

4.0

49
94
59
99

-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99959
-1.99874

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

99697
99386
98890
98159
97144

66
12
48
94
57

-1.99697
-1.99386
-1.98891
-1.98162
-1.97148

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

95797
94078
91952
89395
86392

74
35
74
96
68

-1.95803
-1.94088
-1.91967
-1.89418
-1.86425

82937
79034
74698
69950
-1.64818

52

89
46
14
82

-1.82985
-1.79102
-1.74793
-1.70082
-1.65001

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

-1.48600 58
-0. 99449 51
0.00000 00

23

T]

-2.00000
-1. 99999
-1. 99991
-1. 99959
-1. 99873

00

-1.59338 85

[(-4,4]

1.4

00

2.0

00

49
95
62
11

95
76
71

18
38
95

17
77
46
71
21

80
96
95
75

-1.59588 68

m
4.0

85
40
03
76
27

-1.59588
-1.35527
-1.09935
-0.85550
-0.64191

68

0.00000 00

-0.46669
-0.33022
-0.22828
-0.15467
-0.10296

27
92
89
43
79

-0.06745
-0.04346
-0. 02734
-0.01629
-0.00795
0.00000

48

-1.59338
-1. 34717
-1. 07521
-0. 78786
-0. 46104

93
83

88
20

22
75
07
66
00

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

676

T ABLI FOR OljTAir ng

Table 18.2

g>,

A \D

7>'

ON

Ox A JND Oy

Discriminant Unit Real Half- Period)

(Positive

2f (z)

Z=2'\c

1.00

00000
0. 99999
0. 99998
0.99990
0. 99968

OOC
876
031
029
483

99923
99840
99704
99494
99189

041
360
076
715
577

98762
0.98183
0.97419
0. 96430
0. 95174

541
783
386
782
028

93598
91647
89251
86334
82800
78539

819
208
910
108
562
822

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

0.

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

1.05

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

000
887
198
871
119

1.00000
0. 99999
0. 99998
0. 99991
0. 99973

000
895
319
481
030

1.00000
0. 99999
0.99998
0. 99992
0. 99975

000
905
471
246
429

1.00000
0. 99999
0. 99998
0. 99992
0. 99977

99929
99853
99727
99534
99251

399
355
741
298

010
782
912
028
602

99939
99874
99766
0. 99599
0.99353

799
617
478

0.
0.

583

99934
99862
99744
0. 99563
0.99296

98854
98315
97599
96671
95486

726
105
894
478
674

98921
98410
0. 97731
0. 96846
0.95714

683
521
096
489
079

0.99005
0. 98530
0. 97896
0. 97066
0.96000

855
511
146
726
343

0.93995
0.92140
0. 89855
0. 87059
0.83659
0. 79543

720
960
136
177
307
267

0. 94284 503
0.92500 321
0. 90294 299
0. 87587 177
0. 84284 790
0. 80274 283
- 4)9
(
[ 8 ]

94648
92952
90847
88252
85073
81195

146
973
617
588
222
906

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

1.00

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

1.05

438
357
896
926
710

0.

99166
98791
98306
97694
96935

445
646
740
003

94842
93328
91496
89299
86683

600
385
295
175
386

0. 95489
0. 94200
0.92657
0. 90827
0. 88676

807
908
574
878
908

0.96010
0.94902
0. 93589
0. 92051
0. 90268

986
381
412
815
849

0.

88219 209

0.

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

0.

0.93598
0.91647
89251
0. 86334
0. 82800

819
208
910
108
562

0.

0.94322
0. 92626
90559
0. 88063
0. 85068

518
102
833
688
069

0.

78539 822

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0. 83587 315
0.79939 419
0. 75655 714

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.86166 128

0.
0.

0.

0.

4,4

[<-*>*]

r,

1.2

1.1

0.83587 315

0.

0.
0.

86166 128
71573 454

061

rn

00000
99999
99998
99993
99978

000
915
649
181
537

1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99993
0.99978

000
916
650
187
555

99947
99892
99802
99665
99469

871
586
472
871
855

0.99947
0.99892
0.99802
0.99666
0.99470

917
682
653
184
368

0.99200
0. 98842
0. 98381
0. 97799
0. 97081

425
700
123

0.99201
0.98843
0.98382
0.97802
0.97085

225
902
874
138
406

0.

96211
95172
93947
0.92521
0.90878

557

0.

061
230

0.96216
0.95178
0.93955
0.92532
0.90892

276
405
644
176
628

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

T]

651
949

144
307

89003 731

lP]

2.0

1.4

0.88219 209
76897 769
0. 59293 450

0.

045
954
099
438

4.0

2.0

99078
0. 98659
0. 98113
0. 97419
0.96553

0.

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

rn

1.4

725
820
291
464
810

817
988
238
373
320

81491 420

0.

98969
98495
97875
97080
96080

98882
0. 98364
0. 97684
0.96808
0.95701

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.78539 822

155
503
003
902
964
703

935
517
811
557
077

541
783
386
782
028

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

0.95062
0.93468
0.91478
0.89010
0.85971
0.82246

0. 99945
0.99888
0. 99794
0. 99652
0. 99448

98762
0. 98183
0. 97419
0. 96430
0.95174

1.05

446
128
876
936
076
820

0.

928
991
989
100
695

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

1.00

95059
93465
91473
89005
85966
82239

0.

0.

99940
99877
99774
99618
99391

0.

= ?/ ,a

1.2

490
904
833
272
132

0.

0.

033
639
485

;/)'

ra

0.99101
0.98666
0.98083
0.97317
0.96326

758
014
544
586
092

836
660

0.

0.

0.

531

106
582

867
012
605
633
002

99934
99865
99750
99575
99322

99929
99854
99731
0.99541
0. 99266

[<-*>*]

525
007
848
364
486
977

0.

0.99100
0. 98666
0. 98082
0. 97315
0. 96324

0.

041
360
076
715
577

81491 420
77237 164

94944
93322
91298
0. 88795
0.85716
0. 81947

0.
0.

0.99946
0.99888
0.99790
0.99640
0,99417

752

99923
99840
99704
0. 99494
0.99189

0.

0.

340
174

321
957
793
831
016

0.

i.

0.

0.

0.

99074
98628
98030
97246
96233

0.

0.

99946
99887
99790
0. 99639
0.99417

364

0.

0,

000
912
601
935

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

1.00
1.05
1.10

0.

469
196

000
915
644
115
148

1.00000
0. 99999
0.99998
0. 99992
0. 99977

1.

0.

0.

501
235
008

1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99993
0.99978

000
905
476
299
725

000
887
200
891
234

0.

0.

0.

0.

99944
99884
99784
99628
99399

000
915
643
109
130

1.00000
0. 99999
0. 99998
0. 99992
0. 99975

1.00000
0. 99999
0. 99998
0. 99990
0. 99971

0.

0.

122
179

0.

377

1.00000
0. 99999
0. 99998
0. 99993
0. 99978

000
895
322
516
226

000
876
031
029
483

0.

0.

000
912
595
868

00000
0.99999
0.99998
0. 99991
0. 99973

1.00000
0. 99999
0. 99998
0. 99990
0. 99968

0.

0.

1.1

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

0.

0.

4.0

2.0

1.4

1.00000
0. 99999
0. 99998
0. 99990
0. 99971

[(-4) 9]

z/i=y\a

1.2

1.1

89003
78909
0. 64073
0.43846
+0.17708
0.

0.

0.89022 154

4,s

4.0

731
505

496
099
802

-0.14800 012

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0

r(-3)8i

0.89022
0.78956
0.64184
0.44095
+0.18250

15
60
73
77
43

-0.13652
-0.51809
-0.96348
-1.47349
-2.04858

01
61
97
03

-2.68905
-3.39508
-4.16677
-5. 00417
-5.90734
-6.87630

52
38
17
86
21
32

16

r,f]

677

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

TABLE FOR OBTAINING

<?,

S>'

AND

ON

Ox

AND

Table 18. 2

Oy

Unit Real Half-Period)

(Negative Discriminant

*0> (x)

z=x\

1.00

1.05

08
32

1.00000
0.99998
0. 99983
0.99918
0. 99743

99182
98317
96915
0. 94811
0.91839

47
67
65
25
70

99381
98736
0.97703
0. 96174
0. 94051

16
11
14
61

87853
82744
76469
0. 69080
0.60756

56
45
39
48
14

0.

91254
87744
83537
0. 78725
0.73495

55

0.

80
63

0.51830
0.42820
0.34438
0.27605
0.23446
0.23286

84
16
12
07
42
11

0.

68155
63143
59046
56611
56753
60563

50
16
32
51
12

1.00000
0.99998
0. 99976
0. 99880
0. 99622

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

0. 99079
0.98097
0. 96495
0. 94070
0. 90617

63

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

0.

85939
79882
72356
63382
53123

83
11
52
07
69

0.

41930
0.30366
0.19233
0. 09574
0. 02666
0.00000

23
33
10
08
27

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

0.
0.

0.
0.

37
40
33

82
11

57
03

0.

ri

00

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

0.99079
0. 98097
0. 96495
0. 94070
0. 90617

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

0.

00

68
83

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

37
40
33

0.

11
57
03

0.

85939 83

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

05

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

05
90

48

-f

76
27
78

99165
98266
96786
94525
91264

0. 99345
0.98628
0. 97433
0. 95576
0. 92846

20

22
42
04
56

86784 46
80881 13

77

00
75
06

1.00000 00
1.00000 14
1. 00002 30

51

1.
1.

26
51

45

99860
99725
0.99525
0. 99255
0. 98928

95189
93426
0.91429
0.89316
0. 87276

16
12
23
80
38

0. 98573
0.98244
0. 98031
0. 98063
0. 98521

85577
0. 84585
0. 84771
0. 86731
0. 91197
0.99060

68
35
96

99643
1.01739
1. 05201
1.10523
1.18314
1.29335

0.

0.

20
01

78
25
83

00
98
59

0.

47
10

16
83
43

47
67

0. 89009 57
0.83817 66
0. 77024 24

0.99589
0.99132
0.98354
0. 97122
0. 95268
0.92592
88861
83812
0. 77163

-|> 2

r?

93
51
96
95

0.

37

10
71

41
27

0.

17
10

0.

71

12

13
11

01

1.

01895
1.02925
1. 04381
1.06395
1.09136

42
89
01
05
32

1.02806
1. 04202
1.06102
1. 08641
1.11984

1.12815
1.17693
1.24098
1. 32440
1.43234
1.57134

05

1.16333
1.21939
1.29112
1.38242
1.49822
1.64479

30
24
64
20
13
07
81
21

77
96

28

[<-*>*]

01
83

44
76
72
85
70

1.

T]

00

25
07
71
92

38
46
11
17
02

66

47
67
83

70
76
20
16
38
24
64

[<T]

2.0

4.0

75
93
96
61

1.00000
1.00000
1. 00002
1.00011
1.00034

14
24
15
41

00000 00
1.00000 32
1. 00004 04
1.00020 35
1. 00063 88

99827
0.99626
0. 99275
0. 98701
0.97806

12
60
81
30
19

1.00081
1.00162
1.00285
1.00459
1. 00684

39
14
94
41
49

1.00154
1.00317
1.00580
1.00976
1.01539

96465
0.94522
0. 91784
0. 88019
0. 82955

71
83

50
00
45

1.00955
1.01258
1. 01563
1. 01827
1.01983

92
51
95
41

1.02305
1.03311
1.04595
1.06191
1.08136

01942
1. 01585
1. 00758
0. 99269
0.96882
0. 93312

61
25
28

0.

00

76286 31

1.

3)2

[<-,

1.5

1.00000
0.99999
0.99995
0.99978
0. 99931

00

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
(

14

71

1.00162
00340
1. 00639
1.01107
1.01805

0.

00011 83
00038 24

1.00000
1.00000
1.00004
1.00020
1.00065

1.00096
1.00205
1.00396
1.00705
1.01183

02
94

0.

T]

1.00000
0.99999
0. 99989
0. 99948
0. 99834

30

0.

1.3

1.00000
0.99998
0. 99983
0.99916
0. 99734

00
67

38
10
43

4.0

1.00000
0. 99999
0.99996
0. 99980
0. 99940

17
06

0.

2.0

1.5

00

0.99631
0.99255
0. 98664
0. 97810
0. 96656

)5

1.00000
0.99999
0.99990
0. 99950
0. 99845

1.15

1.00000
0.99998
0. 99978
0. 99892
0. 99658

63
82

98
74
15
55

0.

1.05
00
52

00

0.

>5

z/i=y\a
1.00
1.00000
0.00
0.05
0. 99998
0. 99976
0.10
0.15
0. 99880
0. 99622
0.20

1.3

1.00000
0.99998
0.99978
0.99893
0. 99663

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

00
52

1.15

00

61

39
29
29

T]

z/i=y\a
1.1
1.2
1.3
Interpolation with
1.4
If the real half-period *1, see 18.2 Homogeneity Relations.
1.5
respect to a will, in genera be difficult because of the non-uniform subintervals

1.

1.10461
1.13197
1.16373
1.20012
1.24136
1.28763

61
22

47
35
36
58
90
22
71

14
36
83
23
24
39
91

[,-4,6]

4.0

1.39585
1.52559
1.67719
1.85056
2. 04521

80
80
97
87
26

2.26025
2.49441
2.74594
3.01245
3.29069

62
96
50

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

involved.

Aitken's interpolation

be obtained.

may

may

For the computation of

be used in
(P,

be used (18.4 and Examples 11- 12).

ff>'

or

this case.
As few as 3S may
at 2= x+iy, an addition formula

16
52

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

678

TABLE FOR OBTAINING

Table 18.2

fl>,

3>'

AND

ON

Ox

AND

Oy

(Negative Discriminant Unit Real Half-Period)

z-W{z)
Z

= l\(

1.00

1.05

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

-2.00000
-2. 00002
-2.00047
-2. 00239
-2. 00753

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

-2.01829
-2. 03755
-2. 06843
-2.11379
-2.17550

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

-2. 25339 16
-2. 34395 53
-2. 43881 27

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

-2. 56240 86
-2. 44770 16
-2. 18496 84
-1. 72414 78

00
95
25
01

43
41

78
88
74
18

-2.52318 49
-2. 57463 40

-1.01321 01
0.00000 00
(

-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.

00000
00002
00042
00212
00667

-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.

01608
03274
05907
09713
14789

73
55
94
03

87

-2. 01196 38

02397
-2. 04247
-2. 06835
-2. 10148

-2.18023
-2. 21466
-2. 23248
-2.21839

97
43
50
89

-2.15233
-2. 00933
-1. 75959
-1. 36864
-0. 79716
0.00000

79
39
77

85
73

49
27

-2.39712 18
-2. 26959 69
-2. 01105 50

-1.57813 99
-0. 92423 16
0.00000 00
<

-| ,s

00000
00002
00042
00216
00685

-2. 01677 67
-2. 03479 40
-2. 06420 40

-2. 25339 16

82
03
00

00
65
55
12
42

-2.10841 06
-2.17036 66
-2. 25173 01
-2. 35170 68

-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.

00000
00002
00032
00168
00540

00
24
63
17
32

-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.

00694
01358
02334
03614

49

-2. 00246 05
-2. 00448 84
-2. 00696 68

-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.

73
71
78
-2.05106 10
-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.

06592
07692
07815
06116
01460

49
41
03
83
73

-1. 92378 08
-1. 77031 11

-1.53168
-1.18057
-0. 68374
0.00000
(

00
05
97
65
32

-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.

-2. 22747 67
-2.33108 42
-2.46061 76

-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.

z/i=y\a

)2

)2

-f ]

64
05
70
83
83
53

-1.93791
-1.90499
-1.85865
-1.79444
-1.70648

93
42

-1.62181
-1. 46089
-1. 24141
-0. 94387
-0. 54202
0. 00000

13
21
08
76
52
00

-1.58702
-1.42574
-1.20881
-0.91751
-0.52632
0.00000

84
81
20

76023
60178
37288
05066
60580
00000
[

25
75
13
42
78
00

)2

2.0

11

81

54
76

44
04

00

4.0

00000
99999
99995
99978
99935

00

62
41

-2.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

00

-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99959
-1.99874

00378
00844
01691
03134
-2.05462

54
10
87
51
43

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

99851
99718
99536
99323
99120

75
99
97
08
21

-1.99698
-1.99387
-1.98892
-1.98164
-1.97152

24
40
95

56

-1.
-1.
-1.
-2.
-2.

99006
99107
99605
00760
02919

63
16
96
83
12

-1.95810
-1.94097
-1.91982
-1.89440
-1.86458

18
97

-2. 06534 90

-1.83032
-1.79170
-1.74889
-1.70215
-1.65184
-1.59838

00
50

28

-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.

16805
25504
37230
52442

61

-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.

09057
14403
22089
32798
47283

-2.

66308 69

-|,4

63

1.5

-2.00000
-2. 00000
-2. 00008
-2. 00043
-2. 00145

22
50
60
12
25

[(

23

16
74

-| )2

00859
01849
03567
06346
-2.10597

79
39
19

36
99
65
72

95234
92399
88246
82286
73878

00922 15

87
55

83
21
07

00

49

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

0.

30

71
34
65
66

-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99958
-1.99866

-2. 00685 64
-1. 99665 49
-1. 97452 31
-1. 93392 01
-1.86620 81

-2.

00

25

00

-2. 00992 37

-2.00001
-2. 00020
-2. 00104
-2. 00340

50
74
44
66

4.0

00000
99999
99995
99975
-1.99919

-2.
-1.
-1.
-1.

-1.99667
-1.99294
-1.98657
-1.97639
-1.96084

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-0.

1.3
-2. 00000 00

00

99793
99544
99095
98338
97120

-| )2

-2. 01340 12
-2. 02825 59
-2. 05319 59
-2. 09200 85
-2. 14879 02

00000
00000
00007
00037
00110

-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.

32
88
39

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
[

2.0

-2.00000
-2. 00001
-2. 00019
-2. 00097
-2.00297

)3

1.15

41

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

99
95
37
48

-J2.

1.05

78
88
74
18

37
92
56

-2.28098
-2. 35140
-2. 40840
-2. 43241

-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.
-2.

01829
03755
06843
-2.11379
-2. 17550

00
04

-2. 14013 46

00
95
25
01
43

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

-2.
-2.
-2.

65
27
89
30

-2.00000
-2. 00002
-2. 00032
-2. 00161
-2. 00502

-2. 21047 72

lf]

z/i=y\a
1.00
0.00 -2.00000
0.05 -2.00002
0.10 -2. 00047
0.15 -2. 00239
0.20 -2.00753

00

1.5

1.3

1.15

61
13

29
02

-2.12187
-2. 20596
-2. 32643
-2. 49375
-2. 72008
(

72

58
38

04
83
60
12
43

t*

00

49
95
66
22

41
19

80
95
73
90

68
39
68
57
35

m
4.0

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

-1.48398
-1.36337
-1.24144
-1.12345
-1.01509

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

-0.92286
-0.85472
-0.82134
-0.83783
-0.92645

[<1

95

47
17
13
75
21
55

27
54
86

)9
]

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

679

&, 3>' AND r ON Ox AND Oy

(Negative Discriminant Unit Real Half-Period)

TABLE FOR OBTAINING

Table 18.2

r()

z=x\a

1.05

1.00

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

00000 00
1.00000 49
1. 00007 88
1.00039 88
1.00125 98

1.00000
1.00000
1.00007
1.00035
1. 00112

70
60

1.00000
1.00000
1. 00005
1.00027
1.00086

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

1.

00307
1. 00636
1.01176
1. 01999
1.03186

1.

23
45
18

00274
1.00566
1. 01043
1.01767
1. 02805

09
06
07
00
07

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

04821
06990
09776
1.13248
1. 17462

35
78
14
70
06

04227
06102
08493
1.11454
1.15021

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

1. 22444
1.28188
1.34648
1.41726
1. 49272
1. 57079

09

76
26
20
42

1.19206
1. 23993
1.29329
1.35118
1.41220
1. 47443

1.

1.
1.
1.

[<"f

33

38

62

1.
1.

1.

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

1.

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

z/i=y\ A
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

99968
0. 99934
0. 99875
0. 99781
0.99639

98
32
38
57
49

0.99946
0.99888
0.99791
0.99640
0.99417

31

0.99102
0.98667
0.98085
0.97318
0.96328

34
43
40
16

1.00000
1.00000
1.00001
1.00006
1.00020

1.00208
1. 00429
1.00787
1.01325
1.02090

94
54
32
74
50

1.00125
1.00256
1.00467
1.00779
1.01217

79
91
27
77
02

1.00048
1.00098
1.00175
1.00285
1. 00433

15
21
81
88
58

1.03127
1. 04478
1.06180
1. 08258
1.10724

19
39
26
64
76

1.01799
1.02543
1.03459
1.04547
1.05796

52
63
22
13
45

1.00619
1.00840
1. 01087
1. 01343
1. 01581

68
79
54
17
69

0.

86
78
24

1.13570
1.16765
1.20248
1. 23929
1.27679
1.31332

79
25
62
22
52
66

1.07181
1.08659
1.10165
1.11613
1.12887
1.13842

59
33
80

1.
1.
1.
1.

01765
01845
01754
01408
1.00702
0. 99506

94
50
41
58
73
76

0.96501 30
0.95262 09
0. 93672 94
0. 91653 15
0. 89105 46
0. 85912 29
4,S
( -6

44
06

37
03

48

[,-4,5]

[(

33
38
23

45
18

04821 35

1.15

1.05

iffl

1.00307
1. 00636
1. 01176
1. 01999
1. 03186

95
24
10
51

1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99993
0.99978

00
21
31
65
15

00

35
36
65

-4,4]

[(

00
08

32
60
48
81
15

16
61
47

-4)6]

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

99432
99139
98734
98186
97457

z/i'=^
1.00
0.00
1. 00000 00
0.05
1.00000 49
0.10
1. 00007 88
0.15
1. 00039 88
1.00125 98
0.20

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

1.00000
0.99999
0.99999
0. 99996
0. 99987

1.00000
1.00000
1.00003
1.00016
1.00052

00

[<-*>*]

']

1.00000
1.00000
1.00007
1.00035
1.00113

00
44

1.00277
1. 00576
1.01069
1.01824
1. 02921

55
38
02
62
31

1.
1.

08
86
51

04444 39
06483 58

1.00000
1.00000
1.00005
1.00027
1.00088

73
05

1.
1.
1.

00841 42
01445 97
02333 32

1.

03581 72
05277 97
07515 67

1.

1.5

1.3

00
34
46

1.00216 14
1.00451 03

1.

1.00000
1.00000
1. 00003
1.00017
1.00054

34
04
31

00
08
35
91

1.00134
1.00281
1.00529
1.00917
1.01496

04
53
28
72
03

1.00055
1.00117
1. 00225
1.00396
1.00658

43
94
03

1.02322
1.03466
1.05006
1.07029

84
71
29
97

1.

1.

01042
01588
02344
03369
04730

41
39
73
45
93

1.

06508 51

21

1.
1.
1.

22

67
42

~n

[(

T]

11

37
86
12
79
06
91
27

0.95064 87
0.93471 88
0.91482 13
0.89015 86
0.85977 85
0.82253 59
4)9
( -6
[

4.0

1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99993
0.99978

00
92
65
19
57

99971
99943
99897
0.99830
0. 99739

90
06
41
68
10

0.99947
0.99892
0.99802
0.99666
0.99470

96
78

99619
99471
99295
99095
98878

89
80
77
58
64

0.99202
0.98845
0.98384
0.97804
0.97088

98656
98447
98273
98166
98165
98319

79
25
54
56
63
64

0.96221 00
0.95184 75
0.93964 06
0.92543 21
0.90906 94
0.89040 57
- 4>3
(

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

[(-4,6]

41

13

00
95
25
24
28

0.

55

57

17

00000
0. 99999
0. 99999
0. 99996
0.99988

0.

-4,6]

16
37

00
92
65
12

1.

0.

00

2.0

1.00000
1.00000
1.00001
1.00006
1.00022

00

0.

4.0

2.0

1.5

1.3

1.15

83

50
88
03

10
63
63
86

4.0

0.84561
0.79003
0.72274
0.64295
0.55003

98
67
36
89
38

0.44345 14
0.32282 70
0.18790 92
+0.03858 90
-0.12508 40
(-|)2
l
[

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

680

INVARIANTS AND VALUES AT HALF-PERIODS

Tabic 18.3

a7i

r/2

(Non-Negative DiscriminantUnit Real Half-Period)

P3= &{>')
i fd)
d = 5>(l)
03
1.71879 64
-1.71879 64
0.00000 000
0. 78539 816
-1.66138 15
0.55318 992
1.71005 96
0. 78979 718
-1.60783 69
1.70235 77
0. 79367 192
1.03485 699
-1.55787 59
1.45484 521
1.69556 79
0.79708 535
-1.51123 63
1.68958 18
0. 80009 279
1. 82151 890

1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08

11.81704
11.37372
10.98419
10.64177
10.34065

500
384
107
347
794

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

10.07577
9. 84269
9. 6375*
9.45693
9.29789

364
185
049
072
413

2.14201
2.42241
2.66798
2.88320
3.07195

000
937
153
000
918

1.68430
1.67965
1.67554
1.67193
1.66874

41
08
80
04
05

-1.46767
-1.42698
-1.38894
-1.35338
-1.32011

83

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

9.15782
9.03445
8.92575
8. 82999
8. 74560

851
117
843
055

3.23761
3.38308
3,51088
3.62320
3.72197

717
317

1.66592
1.66344
1.66126
1.65933
1.65763

77

223
977
756

67123
60568
8.54791
8.49698
8.45209

169
628
374
890
746

3.

80885
3.88529
3.95256
4. 01178
4.06392

265
056
351
462
870

1.65613
1.65480
1.65364
1.65261
1.65170

11
86
22

8.41252
37763
34687
8.31975
8. 29583

263
305
283
228
997

4. 10985
4.15029
4.18593
4.21732
4.24498

014
819
045
438
728

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

27475
8.25616
8.23977
8.22531
8.21257

580
484
191
684
036

4.
4.

26936
29084
4.30978
4.32647
4. 34119

1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80

8.20133
8.17870
8.16217
8.15011
8.14129

033
308
907
147
812

1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05

8.13486
8.13016
8. 12672
8. 12421
8.12238

2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

8.

2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3

8.

,'//=r(')/*

-0.78539
-0.76520
-0.74537
-0.72588
-0.70669

82
32
75

58
61

12
96

0.80274
0.80507
0.80713
0. 80895
0. 81054

283
817
637
045
949

-0.68777
-0.66910
-0.65066
-0.63241
-0.61434

92
88
09
38
79

-1.28900
-1.25988
-1.23262
-1.20710
-1.18320

20

0.

23
55
65
95

81195
0.81320
0. 81429
0. 81526
0. 81611

906
168
717
299
453

-0.59644
-0.57869
-0.56106
-0.54356
-0.52616

78
50
97

70

0.
0.

33

0.

31
85

0.

81686
81752
81811
81862
81907

533
732
103
572
958

-0.50887
-0.49166
-0.47452
-0.45746
-0.44046

14

91

37
67

-1.16082
-1.13985
-1. 12021
-1.10180
-1.08454

1.65090
1.65020
1.64957
1.64903
1.64854

68
13
92
06
68

-1.06837
-1.05321
-1.03899
-1.02566
-1.01316

47

0.

20
58
55
45

0.
0.

81947
81983
82014
82041
82066

977
269
389
831
031

-0.42352
-0.40663
-0.38978
-0.37298
-0.35621

46
39
91
56
91

502
965
602
752
120

1.64812
1.64774
1.64741
1.64711
1.64686

02
39
20
94
13

-1.00144
-0.99044
-0.98012
-0.97045
-0.96137

04

0.82087
0.82106
0. 82122
0. 82137
0.82150

370
191
787
423
329

-0.33948
-0.32278
-0.30610
-0.28945
-0.27282

58

4.35416
4.38026
4.39931
4.41322
4.42337

210
291
441
294
818

1.64663
1.64617
1.64584
1.64559
1.64541

38
54
08
63
78

-0.95285 64
-0.93379 17
-0.91752 88
-0.90365 18
-0.89180' 82

82161
82184
82201
82213
82222

711
628
364
589
516

-0.25620
-0.21475
-0.17337
-0.13205
-0.09079

90
00
32

127
001
634
844
671

4.43079
4.43620
4.44016
4. 44305
4. 44516

368

1.64528
1.64519
1.64512
1.64507
1.64503

73
21
25
17
45

-0.88169
-0.87306
-0.86569
-0.85939
-0.85402

76

0.

896
375
205
152

52
37

0.
0.

038
800

82

0.
0.

676

-0.04955
-0.00835
+0.03283
0.07400
0.11515

91
41
07

10

82229
82233
82237
82239
82241

8.12104
8.12007
8.11935
8. 11883
8.11845

883
164
791
660
583

4.44670
4.44782
4. 44864
4.44924
4.44968

219
746
934
963
808

1.64500
1.64498
1.64497
1.64496
1.64495

74
76

-0.84942
-0.84550
-0.84215
-0.83928
-0.83684

78

0.

41
20
80
11

0.

82243
82244
82244
82245
82245

032
022
745
274
659

0.15630
0.19745
0.23858
0.27972
0.32085

73
01
81
23

11797
8. 11771
8.11758
8.11750
8. 11746

459
785

222
785
555
969
457

1.64494
1.64494
1.64493
1.64493
1.64493

51

37
28
54
58
33

82246
82246
82246
82246
82246

146
406
546
619
659

0.40311
0.48536
0.56761
0.64986
0.73211

12

00
71
57
49

-0.83296
-0.83013
-0.82806
-0.82655
-0.82545

0.

087
782
884

4.45024
4.45053
4.45069
4.45077
4.45082

11744
8.11743
8.11743
8. 11742
8.11742

804
694
103
787
619

45084
4.45086
4.45086
4.45087
4.45087

852
130
811
174
368

1.64493
1.64493
1.64493
1.64493
1.64493

45
43
42
41
41

-0.82464
-0.82406
-0.82363
-0.82331
-0.82308

81
01

06
68
78

0.

82246
82246
82246
82246
82246

680
691
698
701
702

0.81435
0.89660
0.97885
1.06109
1.14334

3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

8.11742
8.11742
8.11742
8.11742
8.11742

529
481
455
441
434

4.45087
4.45087
4.45087
4.45087
4.45087

472
528
556
572
581

1.64493
1.64493
1.64493
1.64493
1.64493

41
41
41
41
41

-0.82292
-0.82279
-0.82270
-0.82264
-0.82259

04
82
89
37

0.

82246
82246
82246
82246
82246

703
703
703
704
704

1.22559
1.30783
1.39008
1.47233
1.55457

3.9
4.0

8.

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

8.

8.

8.
8.

8.

138

4.

74
03

17
09

32
26
49

19
48

37
84
19
37

61

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

281
820

11742 430
8.11742 426

4.45087 585
4.45087 587

1.64493 41
1.64493 41

-0.82256 13
-0.82253 59

0.
0.

82246 704
82246 704

11742 426

4.45087 590

1.64493 41

-0.82246 70
)5
(

0.

82246 704

8.

T]

For = l:.<72 = u4,

^ = 0,

~n =

e^wi/2,

For a=:g2 =Ti/12, 93 =ir<i/216,

(u= 1.85407 4677

is

e3

*,

-2/2,

=7r2/6,

T]

i=?r/4, ij7?"=-7t/4.

^ = -tt-'/12,

54
03

03
75
53
65

22
54
25
11

85

10

01

80

38

38
39
24
01

74

44
13
81

48
16
83
50

17
84

1.63682 51
1.71907 18
00
(

T]

,=7^/12, ,'/=..

the real half-period in the Lemniscatic case 18.14.)

For 4<a< - to obtain

i' use Legendre's relation d' = ' -ir//2.

obtain the corresponding values of tabulated quantities
multiply g2 by ,,-4, <h by u -o, e by a -2 and
, by -i.
{
,

To

when

the real half-period u^l,

681

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Table 18.3

INVARIANTS AND VALUES AT HALF-PERIODS

(Non-Negative Discriminant Unit Real Half-Period)

= w'/'

<r(o/) //

55<r(<o2

3e{<*i)

98
54

0.949899
0.967481
0.984884
1.002097
1.019107

1.182951
1.170397
1.157316
1.143695
1.129522

1.182951
1.218650
1.253864
1.288619
1.322935

0.95482
0.95549
0.95608
0. 95659
0.95705

97
47
10
79
36

1.035904
1.052476
1.068811
1.084899
1.100727

1.114782
1. 099457
1.083531
1. 066989
1.049814

1.356827
1.390301
1.423362
1.456007
1.488231

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

0.95745
0.95780
0.95812
0.95839
0.95864

55
98
77
07

1.116285
1.131562
1.146546
1.161227
1.175594

1.031991
1.013507
0.994349
0.974506
0.953970

1.520022
1. 551369
1.582254
1.612657
1.642557

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

0.95885
0.95904
0.95921
0.95935
0.95948

49
38
04
73
68

1.189636
1.203344
1.216707
1.229716
1.242361

0. 932733
0.910790
0.888138
0. 864776
0. 840704

1.671930
1.700750
1.728989
1.756618
1.783607

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

0. 95960
0.95970
0. 95979
0.95986
0.95993

10
18
06
89
80

1.

254633
1.266522
1.278021
1.289120
1.299811

0.815927
0.790449
0.764278
0. 737425
0.709900

1.809925
1. 835542
1.860425
1. 884541
1.907860

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

0.95999
0.96005
0.96010
0.96014
0.96017

90

1.310087
1.319941
1.329364
1.338351
1.346895

0.

27
01
19
87

681719
0.652896
623452
0. 593404
0. 562777

1.930348
1.951974
1.972707
1.992515
2.011370

1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80

0.96021
0.96027
0.96032
0.96035
0. 96038

13
67
45
94
49

1.354990
1.373224
1.388539
1.400869
1.410170

0.531593
0. 451372
0.368286
0.282840
0.195588

1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05

0.96040
0. 96041
0. 96042
0.96043
0. 96043

35

1.416408
1.419573
1.419665
1.416707
1.410733

2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30

0. 96044
0. 96044
0.96044
0.96044
0.96045

35
63
84
99
10

2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

0.

96045
0.96045
0. 96045
0.96045
0.96045

2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3

-(l)

1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08

0.

94989
0.95114
0.95224
0.95321
0.95407

88
80

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

92

22

0.

2. 029242
069439
2.102914
2.129313
2. 148344

2.

0.107125
018074
-0.070918
-0.159199
-0.246114

2.159783
2.163478
2.159353
2.147412
2.127732

1.401800
1.389977
1.375349
1.358018
1.338098

-0.331019
-0.413290
-0.492330
-0.567579
-0.638522

2.100473
2. 065864
2. 024211
1. 975882
1.921308

24
31
35
37
38

1.291016
1.235264
1.172151
1.103091
1.029557

-0.765682
-0. 870782
-0.951807
-1.007808
-1.038896

1.795415
1. 650936
1.492779
1.326086
1.155967

0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0. 96045

39
40
40
40
40

0.953025
874937
0.796655
0.719428
0. 644360

-1.

046157
-1.031530
-0.997636
-0. 947586
-0. 884775

0.987255
0. 824296
0. 670787
0.529666
0.403050

3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045

40

0. 572395
0.504299
0.440663
0.381903
0.328268

-0.

40
40
40
40

812687
-0.734720
-0. 654024
-0. 573398
-0.495196

0.292246
0.197780
0.119493
0. 056643
+0.008033

3.9
4.0

0.96045 40
0.96045 40

0.279851
0.236623

-0.421291
-0.353075

-0. 027857
-0. 052740

00

0.96045 40
2
['"I' ]

0.000000
9

0.000000

0.000000

A=

W 2 =l + G)' e 2 =0(l+<o'

71

70
43
96

)- ( + e

0.

ft'
r

:s),

'2

(=1.85407 4677

To

is

[<1

=i + n'
+
o-( W2 = V2^V^/ u
)
'(l

For=l: <r(l) = e7r 8 2 1/4 /, *(<>') = "(!),

For a = -: (\)=2<*2lu ;*, '(0 = 0, (*)-0.
/

+0.

13

,2
1

<>')

the real half-period in the Lemniseatic case 18.14.)

obtain the corresponding values of tabulated quantities

*>*!, multiply o by &>.

when the

real half-period

WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

682

INVARIANTS AND VALUES AT HALF-PERIODa

Table 18.3

(Non-Positive Discriminant Unit Real Half-Period)

$e =

3e,=

a=a'2 /i

39 (1-1)

9s

92

99
74
96
18
81

-1.61384
-1.62120
-1.62804
-1.63434
-1.64006

68
68
93
46
85

24

39
44
58

1.24699
1.22283
1.19995
1.17830
1.15780

82
95
09
77

-1.64520
-1.64973
-1.65364
-1.65693
-1.65959

18
00
28
36
88

2.39318
2.32886
2.26569
2.20369
2.14291

14
49
11
72
32

1.13842
1.12010
1.10279
1.08644
1.07100

65
52
31
09
10

-1.66163
-1.66305
-1.66384
-1.66403
-1.66361

209
926
339
513
226

2.08336
2.02506
1.96802
1.91226
1.85777

24
27
64
13

1.05642
1.04267
1.02970
1.01747
1.00593

75
61
43
14
83

-0.64667
-0.65730
-0.66728
-0.67666
-0.68548

980
023
357
751
761

1.80455
1.75261
1.70192
1.65250
1.60432

50
00
94
41
26

0,99506
0.98482
0.97517
0. 96608
0.95751

76
36
21

57
23
77
94
28

-0.69377
-0.71238
-0.72831
-0.74194
-0.75360

734
375
198
441
961

55737
44527
34049
24271
15159

16
36
21
21
40

-0.76358
-0.77212
-0.77942
-0.78567
-0.79101

973
691
883
351
353

1.06678
0.98792
0.91466
0. 84665
0.78355

48

957
352
119
458
383

0.

725C4
0.67080
0.62056
0.57401
0,53092

25

3.

08425
3.01273
2.94140
2.87040
2.79990

89
84
17
90
29

1.38885
1.35748
1.32766
1.29935
1.27247

571
512
481
513
139

2.73000
2.66084
2.59249
2.52505
2.45859

96

-0.49530
-0.51494
-0.53342
-0.55081
-0.56715

414
941
897
058
817

22
31
36
81
70

-0.58253
-0.59698
-0.61058
-0.62336
-0.63538

19.01038
18.42378
17.83959
17.26123
16.69159

59
52
12
98
27

16.13300
14.79653
13.56033
12.43388
11.41927

45

-0.21662
-0.25266
-0.28660
-0.31854
-0.34862

576
894
315
915
086

22.90208
23.38397
23.67693
23.80660
23.79610

34
82
85
45
09

-0.37692
-0.40356
-0.42863
-0.45222
-0.47442

71
82
67

23.66620
23.43548
23.12052
22.73602
22.29496

08
95
98
29
60

-13.28947
-12.12676
-11.01876
- 9.96396
- 8.96072

27
19
70
40
32

21.80880
21.28756
20.74000
20.17372
19.59530

8.00733
7.10204
6.24304
5. 42853
4.65668

71

53

10
12
14
16
18

-37.48749
-35.54027
-33.62168
-31.73930
-29.89938

12
17
02
91
64

16.56680
18.47603
20.02550
21.25543
22.20294

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

-28.10693
-26.36591
-24.67936
-23. 04950
-21.47786

45
62
58

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

-19.96535
-18.51237
-17.11886
-15.78441
-14.50828

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80

01

63
81
67
52
53

63
63
30
87

0.00000
4.41906
8.23156
11.49257
14.25448

52

36
63
20
53

- 3.92570 12
- 2.26537 64
- 0.82241 58

+ 0.42844 48
1.51045 44

*i/*-r(5J/i

-1.57079
-1.58005
-1.58905
-1.59772
-1.60600

1.57079
1.53091
1.49282
1.45647
1.42184

00
19
30
84

16

=r(i)

68
39
40

000
810
083
202

-47.26818
-45.35272
-43.40071
-41.42954
-39.45420

60

3.43759
3.36827
3.29802
3.22711
3.15578

0.00000
-0.04867
-0.09452
-0.13769
-0.17834

00
02
04
06
08

83

i2

00

00
58
28
26
99
08
17
82

547'

29
69

07

09

82

38
99
31

13

-1.66259 42
-1. 66C99 26

-1.65881 85
-1.65608 44
-1.65280 40
13

09
90

-1.64899
-1.64466
-1.63982
-1.63450
-1.62871

0.94945
0.93130
0.91571
0.90232
0.89084

69
88
53
74
07

-1.62246
-1.60493
-1.58487
-1.56251
-1.53807

17
31
67

0.88099
0.87254
0. 86531
0.85912
0. 85382

10
91
67
29
00

-1.51175
-1.48374
-1.45422
-1.42354
-1.39126

93
94
51
69

17

91
Oo
95
40

0.84928
0.84539
0.84207
0.83923
0.83679

11
69
37
09
93

-1.35810
-1.32398
-1.28903
-1.25332
-1.21695

23
93
05
31
43

08
76
65
26

97
94

1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05

2.44471
3.25015
3.94365
4.54009
5. 05259

18
25
85
79

10.51370
9.71138
9.00473
8.38537
7.84470

92
21
54
94

2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30

5.49261
5. 87014
6.19388
6.47134
6.70905

57
76
05
49
42

7.37428
6.96611
6.61278
6.30752
6.04422

09
56
90

86
78

79557
-0.79948
-0.80282
-0.80567
-0.80811

2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

7.08692
7.36377
7.56643
7.71470
7.82312

59
30

5.62231
5.31058
5. 08099
4.91228
4.78851

14
54
59
49
39

-0.81198
-0. 81480
-0.81687
-0.81837
-0.81948

137
718
167
985
158

0.45410
0.38831
0.33200
0.28383
0.24262

32
56
75
23
75

0.83294
0. 83012
0.82805
0.82655
0.82545

16
09
92
25
16

-1.14253
-1.06629
-0.98863
-0.90990
-0.83032

28

2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3

7.90239
7.96032
8.00265
8.03358
8.05618

4.69782
4.63142
4.58284
4.54731
4.52134

05
26
25
53
25

-0.82028
-0.82087
-0. 82130
-0.82161
-0.82184

636
422
361
725
634

0.20739
0.17726
0.15151
0.12949
0.11067

21

58
09
50

72
96
03
67
77

-0.75011
-0.66941
-0.58833
-0.50697
-0.42540

58
39
87

62

0.82464
0.82405
0.82363
0.82331
0.82308

3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

8.

80

93
72
14
62
65

-0.82201
-0. 82213
-0.82222
-0.82229
-0.82233

0.09459
0. 08084
0.06909
0. 05904
0.05046

10
29
25
97
65

0.82292
0.82279
0.82270
0.82264
0.82259

04
82
89
37

-0.34366
-0.26179
-0.17984
-0.09781
-0.01572

33

69
57

4.50235
4.48848
4.47835
4.47094
4.46553

368

8.

3.9
4.0

8.10812 30
8.11063 05

8.11742 43

61

39
83

07
11

32
32
01

07268
08474
8.09355
8. 09999
8.10469

For a =

l:

For a= -

g2 =

00

<7 ,
:

-0.

590
517

038
800

0.

04313 08
03686 13

0.82256 13
0.82253 59

4.45087 59

-0.82246 703

0.00000 00
- 3)i1
1
(
'ri'
]
[ 6

0.82246 70

= 0,

4H

18

[<-,

Pl =0,

0,

3e 1 = a 2

*2

by a2

SRe

-tt2/12,

use Legendre's relation

i^v^-

9s

by <^

6
,

ei

by

o>~

and

by

a^

1
.

71"'-

when

92

32

91

06
10
75

-64 ' 3

3e x =0, *2 =jH712, a7*--.

x
the real half-period in the Lemniscatic case 18.14.)

, to obtain io

</

82

+0.14855 08

'[ (-4)3]

03
37

09

+0. 06639 64

=t/2, ^/i=-n/2.

obtain the corresponding values of tabulated quantities

multiply

61

-0.82237 279
-0.82239 820

g2 =ir* /12, g3 =*e/216,

is

33

73
65
46
46

4.46158 47
4.45869 80

pi

-4V,

(u= 1.85407 4677

For 4<o<

01

To

81

the real half-period ">2*1,

V
WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS
IJNVARIA JNTS

AND VALUES AT HALF-PERIODS

683

Table 18.3

(Non-Positive Discriminant- -Unit Real Half-Period)

o-(<4)/?

&,(*')

tfo-K)

1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08

1.18295
1.17091
1.15940
1.14841
1.13793

13
79
62
45
68

1.182951
1.219157
1.255842
1.292964
1.330480

0.

474949
0.475654
0.476433
0.477275
0.478169

474949
0.483826
0.492792
0.501851
0.511006

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

1.12796
1.11848
1.10948
1.10094

39
38
26

1.368342
1.406502
1.444910
1.483513
1.522257

0.479107
0.480078
0.481074
0.482085
0.483104

0.520259
0.529611
0.539064
0. 548616
0.558268

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

1.08519
1. 07794
1.07109
1. 06461
1. 05850

40
61
31
72
11

1.561089
1.599952
1.638790
1.677548
1.716167

0.484122
0.485132
0.486126
0.487098
0.488041

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

1.05272
1. 04727
1. 04214
1. 03729
1.03272

75
97
12
63
96

1.754591
1.792765
1.830630
1. 868133
1.905218

0.488949
0.489817
0.490639
0.491410
0.492126

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

1.02842 64
1.02437 26

1.941832
1.977922
2.013437
2.048327
2. 082544

0.

02055 48
1. 01696 00
1.01357 57

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

1.01039
1.00739
1.00457
1.00191
0.99942

05
28
23
88
27

2.116040
2.148771
2.180693
2.211766
2.241950

495045
495272
0.495418
0. 495480
0.495458

0.724295
0.735221
0. 746189
0.757192
0.768229

1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80

0.99707
99179
98727
0.98340
0.98008

51

0.

98
79
36
56

2.271208
2.340071
2.402437
2.457895
2.506120

0.495348
0.494687
0.493456
0.491645
0.489246

0.779295
0.807059
0. 834917
0. 862812
0. 890687

1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05

0.97724
0.97481
0.97273
0.97095
0.96943

49
36
30
31
05

2. 546866
2.579972
2.605345
2. 622973
2.632902

0.486255
0.482673
0.478503
0.473748
0.468417

0.918490
0.946170
0.973680
1.000975
1.028011

2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30

0.96812
0.96701
0. 96606
0.96524
0.96455

82
46
23
80
19

2.635245
2.630169
2.617892
2.598678
2.572828

0.462516
0.456054
0.449041
0.441488
0.433405

1.054750
1. 081151
1.107179
1.132799
1.157978

2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

0.96344
0.96264
0.96205
0.96162
0.96130

79
18
12
65

2.502604
2.410244
2.299090
2.172666
2.034544

0.415693
0.395997
0.374417
0.351055
0.326022

1.206881
1.253647
1.298044
1.339858
1.378884

2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3

0.96107
0.96090
0.96078
0.96069
0.96063

67
89
62
67
12

1.888235
1.737097
1.584242
1.432486
1.284291

0.299435
0.271420
0. 242114
0.211664
0.180224

1.414929
1.447812
1.477367
1.503441
1.525899

3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

0.96058
0.96054
0.96052
0.96050
0.96049

34
86

08

1.141740
1.006520
0.879924
0.762869
0.655914

147962
0.115052
0. 081678
0. 048028
+0.014297

1. 544621
1.559512
1.570495
1.577518
1.580552

3.9
4.0

0.96048 09
0. 96047 37

0.559298
0.472982

-0. 019318
-0.052618

1.579595
1. 574671

00

0.96045 40

0.000000

0.000000
2

0.000000
4' 5
['"a ]

a=*>yi

o-(l)

1.

49

09285 44

1.

0.

13

31
44

A=

['I'

['"I"]
= 1 + 9-,
2 2'
For o=l: c(l)=e %i lo>,
1

3-o(MH
*(a'2 )

Fora=~: ^(l)=2^r2 24 /7r,

/

("=1.85407 4677

<'

= -2Re
2 =g>(l)

= i<r (l)

*(<4)=0,

o-(o/) =<.*'

0.618179
0.628474
0.638850
0. 649302
0.659828
0.670422
681082
0.691804
0.702582
0.713414
0.

0.
0.

0.

['-f

]
,

0.568019
577866
0.587809
0. 597843
0.607968
0.

492783
0.493376
0. 493902
0.494357
0.494739

Ci)

0.

=(

+
\2

r/4

/2

=
2

{ " 2+V2)

/V

<<O=0.

is the real half-period in the Lemniscatic case 18.14.)

obtain the corresponding values of tabulated quantities when the real half-period
"25*1, multiply a by "2.

To

19. Parabolic Cylinder Functions

C. P.

J.

Miller

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties
19.1. The Parabolic Cylinder Functions, Introductory

686
686

The Equation j{-{\x 2 +a)y=Q

Power

19.2 to 19.6.

Other

Standard Solutions,

Series,

Integral

Relations,

Wronskian

Representations,

and
Recurrence
686
689
691

Relations

Asymptotic Expansions
19.15. Connections With Other Functions

19.7 to 19.11.

19.12 to

<

The Equation ^- +{\x 2 -a)y=0

2

Standard Solutions, Wronskian and

Other Relations, Integral Representations
19.20 to 19.24. Asymptotic Expansions
19.25. Connections With Other Functions
19.16 to 19.19.

Power

Series,

19.26. Zeros
19.27. Bessel Functions of

Order \,

as Parabolic Cylinder

697

Functions

Numerical Methods
19.28. Use and Extension

697
697

of the Tables

References

Table

19.1.

692
693
695
696

700
U(a,

x)

and V(a,

(0<x<5)

x)

a=0(.l)l(.5)5;a:=0(.l)5

702

5S

Table 19.2. W(a, x)

(0<x<5)
a=0(.l)l(l)5; z=0(.l)5, 4-5D or S

712

Table

720

19.3. Auxiliary

Functions

The author acknowledges permission from H.M. Stationery Office to draw freely from
and the tabular values of W(a, x) for a= 5(1)5,
z = 0(.l)5. Other tables of W(a, x) and the tables of U(a, x) and V(a, x) were prepared on
EDSAC 2 at the University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge, England, using a program
prepared by Miss Joan Walsh for solution of general second order linear homogeneous
differential equations with quadratic polynomial coefficients.
The auxiliary tables were
prepared at the Computation Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards.
[19.11] the material in the introduction,

1
The University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge, England.
contract with the National Bureau of Standards.)

(Prepared under

685

19. Parabolic Cylinder Functions

Mathematical Properties
19.1.

The Parabolic Cylinder Functions

19.2.1

Introductory

These are solutions of the

d2y

19.1.1

differential equation

+(ax*+bx-\-c)y=0

e-^F^a+bi-Ax*)
with two real and distinct standard forms
19.2.2

g-(i*

19.1.2

+a)</=0

= e M(-ia+i, h -ix
= e {l + (a-i) ^+(a-i)(a-f) |+

dy
2
,+ (x -a)y=0
dx

19.1.3

The

i*

l*

functions

19.2.3

y2 =xe-^M{\a+hhW)

19.1.4
y(a,

y(a, x)

y(a,

x)

ix)

y(a, ix)

^+

+ (a-l)(a-*) t+
5!

,-t**/z+(a+f)fj.+ (a+$)(a+*)
are

all

one

is

solutions either of 19.1.2 or of 19.1.3

such a solution.
of a by

Replacement

ia and x by xe

any

if

19.2.4
14 *"

converts

=xe^M(-ia+f

If y(a, x) is a solution of 19.1.2,

19.1.2 into 19.1.3.

then 19.1.3 has solutions:

=e

i*

/x+(a-f)

f
f|
3!

-,ix

2
)

19.1.5

y(ia,xe iiT )

these series being convergent for

y(ia, xe*")

y(ia,xe' iiir )

y(ia,xe~ iiir )

Both variable x and the parameter a may take

on general complex values in this section and in

(see

chapter 13 for

M(a,

all

values of x

z)).

c,

Alternatively,
19.2.5

many

subsequent sections. Practical applications

appear to be confined to real solutions of real equations; therefore attention is confined to such solutions, and, in general, formulas are given for the
two equations 19.1.2 and 19.1.3 independently.
The principal computational consequence of the
remarks above is that reflection in the y-axis
produces an independent solution in almost all
cases (Hermite functions provide an exception),
so that tables may be confined either to positive
x or to a single solution of 19.1.2 or 19.1.3.

The Equation g-Q *+,) y=

19.2.

Even and odd

686

Power

6!
1

19.2.6

*=*+4+(*+i)si+ (>

,+3

which non-zero

coefficients

an

of

connected by

Series in x

solutions of 19.1.2 are given

H?i

+(a+W+f )+(a>+ 35a>+*f a) g+

in

=0

211 \x
f)^+(a +25as+^ a)fj+
x

+(a*+lla 2 +

by

19.2.7

a n+i =a-a n +-gn(n

l)a

-2

x n /n\

are

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Standard Solutions

19.3.

687

19.4.4

These have been chosen to have the asymptotic

behavior exhibited in 19.8. The first is Whittaker's function [19.8, 19.9] in a more symmetrical

r(i-ja)cosx(| + |ffl)

=2sinir(Hia).F

i/ I

V2**-*

=U(a,x)+U{a,-x)

notation.
19.4.5
19.3.1

r(f-js) sin7r(j+|a)

U(a,x)=D- a -i(x)=cosT(l-\-^a)-Y

V^F2^-*

sin7r(i+a)-F

=U(a, x) U(a,
2

=T

{sinTrd+^-F!

^_^

which

a -i ,

yi-ViF

2ia+i

-fiiUifl,
21 . +lr( j

+ia)

x) =

r(i-o){-** ( ^-* i7(-a,t*)+** a+

r(i-4a)

esc

ir

^(a,0)- 2i +i

2/2

19.5. Integral

+ ia)
U'(a,0)

-y/V

19.4.

2i a

-ir(i + ia)

r(*-o)

U(a,z)-

19.5.1

19.3.6
2* + Uinir(|

Representations

A full treatment is given in [19.11] section 4.

Representations are given here for U(a, z) only;
others may be derived by use of the relations given in

V^r

r( |

W( o,T)}

(l +ia)_

>=^^^y^*^mva

19.3.5

F(a,0)

Tx)}

yi
)

19 3 4

C/(a,

19.4.7

y -^

19.3.3

^U(a, ix) =
ra+aHe-^-^a, x) + e ^
i

+cos7r(i+ia)-F 2 }
in

x)

19.4.6

19.3.2

V(a,x)

y2 =2cos7r(f+ia)-r2

_,
g-i*

2wi

|a)

r(f-|a)

= r(j

19.5.2

a)
.

6 2s

e* f e-*'

-^V~ys

(2+0 a_i^

2^+^sin7r(|-^a)
F'(a,0)

r(i-|a)

In terms of the more familiar

D n (x)

of

where a and /3 are the contours shown in Figures

19.1 and 19.2.

Whit-

When a+|

taker,

a positive integer these integrals

is

become indeterminate;
19.3.7

19.4.
19.4.1

r (i+o)

{sin xa-Z>_ a _j(x)

Wronskian and Other Relations

W{J7,y}=V2/^

V (a, x) = T (i+a)

r(H)

sin ira-U(a, x) +E/(a,

-zs- iS 2 a+ ids
s

PLANE

PLANE

x)

~)
SD

19.4.3

r(i+a)C/(a,x) = 7r sec 2 7ra{V(a,

e -i*

+I>_ a _ (-x)

19.4.2
7r

U{a,z)-

19.5.3

19.3.8

V (a, x) =-

in this case

U(a, x)=Z>_ a _j(x)

x)
sin7ra-V(a,x)}

Figure

19.1

-<arg j<x

Figure

19.2

-r<arg (z+0>*

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

688
U(a,

19..5.4

z)

= -Lr-. e^
e

<-*>**

^
l22

19.5.5

19.5.9

f e- 2s+ * s V-*is

e"+i s

-a

-ds

/.

V27ri

19.5.10
19.5.6
J4

27TI

where

e3

e,

and

are

e4

shown

Figures 19.3 and

in

The contour

19.4.

<x>e~ iT

PLANE

PLANE

(J2

coe^

to

v)~

ia ~^

such that (\z 2 -\-v) goes from

is

ft

v=\z

while

has

no encircled;

is

principal value except pos-

its

in the immediate neighborhood of the

branch-point when encirclement is being avoided.
Likewise r\ x is such that {\z 2 v) goes from <e
to oo e~ u while encirclement of v=
\z 2 is similarly avoided. The contours (ft) and (7/1) may be
obtained from ft and vi by use of the substitution

sibly

i,r

v=\zH.

The
Figure

Figure

19.3

On
On

-Jir<arg s<ir

3
<

19.4

io)r
= r(i-fc)
2i+!

T* J(fi>

a=f

J^,

become inde-

19.5.8
.

for these values

19.5.11

Jir<arg <ir

fir<arg

<$*

U(a,z)

19.5.7

U(a,z)

and

expressions 19.5.7

terminate when

r(l+W

/. e-V

2?-* z2

fl

-(2 2 +2s)-i a -i(fe

Again 19.5.9 and 19.5.10 become indeterminate

^"(l+O^-'Ci-O -10-1 ^

when a=\,

f,

for these values

.;

19.5.12

19.5.8

.r(|-4a)
21'a+J 7ri

J fl

ZC

U g +t>)i-*(j2_)-*-dt>'

>

e
)=i^rrr^
1 Utw

~ lz2

~' sia ~ i
(

z2

Jo

+ 2s ^~

ia ~ ids

Barnes-Type Integrals
_i2

19.5.13

J7(a, g

+ <oi r(s)r(+a-2s)

)=^r2
2iri

rfi+a)

J_- ai
CO

U2zY'ds

where the contour separates the zeros of r(s) from those of

(|arg 2|<|tt)

19.5.14

F(a,

.)_ Jl

f.
\7r27ri

19.6.

-.

f WHH-

J_

aj j

8 ")

T(^ a)

Recurrence Relations

vv
(V

r(a+J 2s).

ao-

cos

Similarly

(|arg 2|<i7r)

19.6.7

19.6.1

U'(a,x)+xU(a,x) + (a+l)U(a+l,x)=0

19.6.2

U'(a,x)-$xU(a,x)+U(a-l,x)=0

19.6.3

2r/'(a,x)+E/(a-l, x)+(a+)E/(a+l, x)=0

19.6.4

xU(a,x)-U(a-l,x) + (a+$)U(a+l,x)=0

2l '(a,x)-F(a+l,x)-(a-|)F(a-l,x)=0
19.6.8

These are

also satisfied

19.6.5

19.6.6

F'(a,x)

by T(ia)V(a,

These are

also satisfied

x).

{a,x)-\xV{a,x)-{a-^)V{a-l,x)=Q

+ |xF(a,x)-F(a+l,x) =

xV(a,x)-V(a + l,x) + (a-i)V(a-l,x)=0

19.6.9

19.6.10

y' (fl,x)
l

+ lxy

y' (a x)
l
>

(a x)
>

by U(a, x)/T(% a)

= (a+$)y

(a+l,x)

%xy (a,x) = (a$)y

1

(al,x)

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

+ \xy (a, x)=y (a+l, x)

y' (a, x) \xy {a, x)=y (al, x)
y' (a, x)
2

19.6.11

19.6.12

sense of Watson [19.6], although valid for a wider

range of |argx|in Poincare's sense; the second
series is completely valid only for x real and positive.

Asymptotic Expansions

Expansions for a Large With x Moderate

19.9.

Expressions in

19.7.

689

Terms of Airy Functions

a positive

(i)

When
0<x<

large

is

and

negative,

write,

for

When

U(a,

19.9.1

19.7.1

,=iJV

ds=i

arccos

^-^Jl 11?

(<

x)

= '2* a

i,
V

Vl
>

^ T -^pj2p)* T
-n 3(2%)

Then

for

x>0,

(>

2%

5(2%)

VPT
7

(2p)

a-

The upper

sign gives the first function,

and the

lower sign the second function.

U(a, x)~2-i-*>T (i-ia)

(^L^Ai(t)
When

r (i-a) F(a, x)~2-i-^r ft-**) (j^-^BiCi)

r as a function of

[19.5] for further

19.8.

a-iS

p=yj a,

V(a,

x)

then

tXl+|a)

r (l_l

2a+i

ip *

exp 0,+iw*)

19.9.5
(x)

2(|x) 4

9(fx)

(2p)

(2p)

'

(g+i)(q+f)(q+)(a+i)
2-4x 4

3(2%)

-}
(x^+<)

19.8.2

2V

2^X5(2^)

'"

(2pY

19.10.
(i)

X-\2X)

TV2%)
5

(2p)

will

00)

be

Darwin's Expansions

a positive, x 2 +4a large.

19.10.1

(x->+oo)
These expansions form the basis for the choice of
standard solutions in 19.3. The former is valid
for complex x, with |arg x\<J?w, in the complete

Further expansions of a similar type

found in [19.11].

ffl

(a-

V-Vv-^ 14 (a-j)(a-f)
2x
(a-i)( a -f)( -f)(a-|)
2-4x 4

-^(|x) 6

(a+j)(a+f)
2x

V(a,x)'

with

where

19.8.1
izi

+iT (i a)

|.

Expansions for x Large and a Moderate

~e

x)

developments.

When x>>|a|

x)

a>>x

19.9.4

U(a,

Table 19.3 gives

a negative

(ii)

19.7.4

U(a,

-,-

mxY-Uhx)_i~""'
(2p)*

1)

19.7.3

See

(2%)

2(x)*

Vs 2 -lds=iV 2 -l-i arccosh

where
19.9.3

exp {px+v2)

+ ia

1)

19.7.2

# 2 =4

exp ( px-\-Vi)

+*r(f+a)

V7T
2*H-i r
(f

U(a,-x)

19.9.2
-s

with p=^a, then

t={4\a\)h

x=2V|a||

&

ax

0=4a#!(x/2Va) =i

Write

X=Vz T4a
2

Cx

x+X
Xdx=|xX+a In -=7 -v^M-4a+a

arcsinh ^-j=

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

690

(2tt)

U(a,

19.10.2

19.10.11

for fij, then

Table 19.3

(see

F(a,):

1/4

{ d+v(a,

exp

x)

x)}

Vr(i+)

-*-

U(a,

19.10.3

(2tt)

VF g

e^sin {i7r+^-7ra+0+

1 }

(2ir)Vr(*=S)

1/4

exp

{e-\-v(a,

x)}
where

where
19.10.12

ilnF-^ +^f

vr

19.10.4
(a,

X+S (-l) ^ /X
s

&)~-i In

C^a

C? 3

3s

y9 +

V3

(a;

(a>0, x 2 +4a^+oo)
In each case the

and

c? 3 ,

(ii)

is

+4a-> 00)

d 3r are given by

given by 19.10.13.

a negative, x 2 +4a large and positive.

X=^/x

19.10.5

e=4\a\Mx/2^\a\)=i

Write

19.10.13

-4\a\

x+X

f ,_Xdx=ixX+a In p=

=\x-yjx 2

4|aj+a

arccosh ^-7=^

d=f

x 2 -2a

_1/ _7_

"'""A
(see

coefficients

Table 19.3

for

J_

X9

5760

320

aX 7

i9 a 2
*

320

>

# 2 ), then

+T2
1

19.10.6

U(a,

x)

=^J-^ exp
(2tt)

-0+v(a,

dj 2

x)

^3

=--^

4
a;

-186aa; 2 +80a2

See [19.11] for d 15

alternative form.

19.10.7

F(a, x

exp
(2 7r)

{6-\-v{a,

a3 z 3 -19a4a;

.,

d2 i, and

[19.5]

for

an

x)

^Vr(F^)

19.11.

where again

When

is

Modulus and Phase

negative and |x!<2-vV|, the func-

U and V are

tions

19.10.8

oscillatory

and

it is

sometimes

convenient to write
v(a,

z)~ -iln

X+2 (-l)^

3s

/X 3

=i

(a<0,

and

2
a;

+4a^+oo)

is given by 19.10.13.
a large and negative and x moderate. Write

</ 3s

(iii)

19.11.1

U{a, x)+iT(%a)V(a, x)=F(a, x)etxla-*

19.11.2

U'{a, x)+iT(\-a)V'(a,

Then, when

a<0

x)=G(a, xW*^*

and |a|a; 2

19.11.3

F=V4|a|-z 2

19.10.9

F=^=Me

X(ia+i)ir+px+v

0=4|a|# 4 (a;/2VH)

=4 fVdx=ixF+|a|

arcsin

-?L

where

rj v t are given

Alternatively,

(see

Table 19.3

for

#4=4* #,),

then

fa)

^ (a

* )==
'

(2tt)'/*

'

cos

|i*+*+*+t><|

19.9.5

and

p^a.

withp=V|a|, and again

aas

19.11.4

2* +

19.1010

by

x 4

/.
(4p)

2
'

(4p)<

^-s 6 -144s 2
(4p)

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

4

%x 2

x~( a+i)ir+px*l

19.11.5

fa;

1M

4~6

16

x) =

Z7(a,

V^F2

3-V.4

-\-\a fi -\x 2

^aa+i,i,ix

r(f+*a)

(4p)

(4p)

(4p)

^
r(|+|a)

4 j,6_l_ 3 2 O

is

and negative, with

Y=^4:\a\x 2 then

19.13.

19.11.8

and

vt

given by 19.10.9 and

are

be obtained from

is

a non-negative integer

19.13.1

U(-n-i,x)=e-ix2He n (x)=2-l*e-ix2Hn (x/^)

19.10.12.

Another form

Connection With Hermite Polynomials

and Functions

When n
vT

i^

may

Expressions for V(a, x)

these by use of 19.4.2.

6,

i*

=2-i-*xe-^Utia+l,%,ix 2 )

-v.2

(4p)

large

f,

19.12.4
2

x -\-4a

Maa+f

,**_,

^(a,x) = 2-^^-^ t/(|a+|,

19.11.7

when

2^

G-

Again,

-\{\x 2 )

19.12.3

r(

ia

(ApY

where

= 2~i x-W-

U(.a, x)

2 5 6 ^,2

(4p)

19.11.6

19.12.2

691

is

19.13.2
19.11.9

V(n+l,x) = s/^e^ Het (x) = 2 -i n e^ H* (x/V 2

2

2Vrfl-q)

(2ir)*VF

5a

4F

'

621

F6

32]P
(x

which H(x) and He n (x) are

nomials (see chapter 22) while

oo

19.11.10

r VFVr(|-a)
(2tt)*

4F

7a

835

32F8

4>

oo

Lx ix-JL A+iL
^+ 6F + 3F + 40F +
?14a

^3

4-i-

19.13.4

H*n (x) = e- x2 j-n

14483

={-i) n

n (ix)

oo'i

Connections With Other Functions

Connection With Confluent Hypergeometric Functions (see chapter 13)

as in [19.10]

Hh-

19.14.1

(x)=e-i x

19.14.2

Hh n (x)=

19.12.1

rHh
JX

ha

x2

19.14.

)
If,

U(a,x)=^PQM
,^x
r(fHa)

Connection With Probability Integrals

and Dawson's Integral (see chapter 7)

(x 2 +4a-^>

19.12.

e***= (-i) n He n (ix)

This gives one elementary solution to 19.1.2 whenever 2a is an odd integer, positive or negative.

19.11.11

2^

He*n (x) = e-i* 2

and X are connected by

19.13.3

\
'

(z -f 4a

while

Hermite poly-

in

+4a-

n-

(t)dt=(l/n\)

C (t-x)e-v

dt

JX

(n>0)

then

yg2^-H->
19.14.3
716-654

64

45

U(n+li,x) = ei x2 Hh n (x)

(>-l)

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

692

19.15.15

V{\,x)=^2k^

19.14.4

V{-l,x) = {\x)HA+J?i)

19.15.14

Correspondingly

V(-2, x)=Uhx)K2Ji+ZA-Jfz)

19.15.16

and

l(W$A+$A-5Si-A)

V(-3, z)=f

19.14.5

Here V(\,

x)

closely related

is

i)dt

19.15.18

2 \

Sin

U(-hx) = ^2hr(ix)K

19.15.17

V(-n-hx)=e-i x2 f fV*'V(-+i

19.15.19

U(-,x)=j2hr(\x)\5K^-K>)

19.15.20

V(\,x) = (\x) (Tj+7-i)

integral
,2

= j2hr{W*K

(r)> 0)

Dawson's

to

/(--f, x)

19.15.21

<2*

19.15.22

These relations give a second solution of 19.1.2

whenever 2a is an odd integer, and a second solution is unobtainable from U(a, x) by reflection in

F(f,
F(f,

x)

= (|x)

x)

= (^)

(27i +27_ i )

(5/,+5/_,-/l -7_ l)

The Equation

^-\-(- x 2 ajy=0

the y-axis.
19.16.

Formula

19.15. Explicit

Functions

When

in

Terms

Power

Series in x

of Bessel

Even and odd solutions

ia written

2a Is an Integer

Write

7_ 7= (2/tt)

19.15.1

sin fix

7_+7= cos mr

19.15.2

7l

tions

\x 2

is

19.16.1
6

^,4

modified Bessel func-

all

~8

= 2ir-i(hx)H-K +K

17(1, x)

19.15.4

U(2, x)=2

fx-Kk) l (2K

+ (a

i)

-3^+7^

l)

-lla 2 +^) |y+(a5 -25a

x)=2

f)

^y+(a3 -^a)

19.15.8

V(3,

x)
x)

= i(|x)K2^-3Ji+j^)

in

= UW<5j -9J- +5S -S

i

which non-zero

coefficients

^+

a n of x n /n\

connected by

l)

a n+2 =a-a n \n{nl)a n _i

19.17.

Z7( 1, x)=T-ifa)*(Ki+Kd

19.15.11

19.17.1

Z7(-2, x)=Tr-i^ x y(2Ki +3Ki

-3

19.15.13

= 7T- (fe)

(57Ci + 97^5 - 5K> -Ki)

^(0,x) = i(k)^

W(a,x) =

ic0
l

a)i

(see [19.4])

(G iyi Tj2G 3 y2 )

i)

19.17.2
x)

Standard Solutions

-K

19.15.12
7 (

C/(0,a;)=7r-*(iK)*^i

19.15.10

+ (a*-17a +^) ^+(a -35a +^a)

19.16.3
19.15.9

r 10

^+

V(l,x)=%(fr)HJi-Ji)
F(2,

+^a)

|7r-Hk)K-57r +97Ci -57ri +7^i )

19.15.6

19.16.2

y 2 =x+a^+(a

19.15.5

19.15.7

19.2.1 to

Then

19.15.3

Z7(3,

by

for

Alternatively,

y2

where the argument of

are given

a and xe iir for x;

the series involves complex quantities in which the
imaginary part of the sum vanishes identically.
19.2.4 with

2-3/4

(VtWlN

where
19.17.3

Gx=\T{\+\w)\

Gi=\T(\+\w)\

are

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

At z=0,

19.20.1

T(l+$ia)

W(a,Q)=

19.17.4

693

<*1

r(f+*m)

2*
2

s ds=i arccos -iVl

!J>=?

19.17.5

W'(a,0) =

- r(i+*ia)
r(i+4io)

X\G

'

19.20.2

T=+(f#

19.17.7

"*(<*,

5
2)

2
2
^2=i f Vs -l<fe=i^ -l-i arccosh

z)=&~W(a, *)+itTT(o, -x)

#(a,

(<1)

Complex Solutions
19.17.6

x)=ArW(a, z)-ifeW(a, -z)

Then

where

z>0, a^>+

for

(>1)

oo

19.20.3

k=M l+e

2 *a

19.17.8

In terms of U(a,

Ta

l/A-=Vl

+e

2ira

+<^ a

TF(a,

z)~^(4a)-i e -^

(-^y Bi(-f)

x) of 19.3,

19.20.4

E(a, x)=T/2e

19.17.9

ira +* i * + * i +2

U(ia, xe'**)

W(a,

-x)^2^(4a)~h^a (sZjY Ai(-t)

with
19.17.10

4> 2

Table 19.3 gives

=arg Y(\+ia)

where the branch is defined by

and by continuity elsewhere.

< 2

a function of

as

See

developments.

[19.5] for further

=0 when a =
Expansions for z Large and a Moderate

19.21.

Also

When z|a|,

19.17.11
a - iiT

U( ia, xe

M^Uiia, xe-*')=T(% ia) {e**

iijr

19.21.1

+e-****l'U(iaxe*u)
E(a,

exp {i(\x 2

x)=-y/2~Jx

a In

x-\-\4> 2 -\-\^)}s(a, x)

Wronskian and Other Relations

19.18.

19.21.2

W{W(a,x),W(a,-x)}=l

19.18.1

W{E(a, x), E*(a,

19.18.2

x)

W(a,

= -2%

x)

= ^2k/x{s

(a, x)

$2 (a,
19.18.3

19.18.4

^!l

+e

2*a

E(a,

E*(a, x)

x)

= e-

= e* E*(a, x) +iE*(a-x)

i(

4>2+^E(-a,

x)=-^2/kx{s
+s

19.18.5

^T(+ia)E*(a,

x)

= e-

19.19. Integral

ii

^T(-ia)E(-a,

ix)

Representations

These are covered for 19.1.3 as well as for

19.1.2 in 19.5 (general complex argument).

Asymptotic Expansions
19.20.

Expressions in

where

<j> 2

is

write, for

a In

x+|tt+^>2 )

a In z+f 7r+^>

2)

(a, z)

defined

a In z+|7r+^
a In z+|7r+^ )}

(a,x) sin (|z

by
1

cos (Ix

19.17.10
(a,

2)

and

x)+is 2 (a,x)

19.21.5
Si^a,

*;~ 1 -r

l!2a .2

2!2 z

3!2 3 z

6_r

'

4!2 z 8
4

'
'

'

19.21.6

m6

0<z<
with

=(4<z)'r

s(a,x)=s

19.21.4

s 2 (a, x)'

z=2Va

Terms of Airy Functions

When a is large and positive,

z) sin (Ix

19.21.3

W(a

ix)

cos (\x

l!2z

2!2V

3!2 z

'

4!2V
(z^+oo)

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

694

fir+uv=r(r+t+ia)/r(H-ta)

19.21.7

(see

Table 19.3

or

19.21.8

T(2

x)~i: (~iy

s(a,

Zf}_
r(%+ia)

^o

T
2 r\x

W(a,

19.23.2

^7

#2), then

for

= ^2ke^ cos

x)

(Itt+0+O

2r

W(a, = -^/fce*r sin

19.23.3

(Jir+fl+,)

a;)

Expansions for a Large With x Moderate

19.22.

where
a positive

(i)

When a>>x

2
,

= W(a,

19.22.1

W(a,

19.22.2

W(a,x) = W(a,

where W(a,

x)

0) is

19.23.4

with p=^a, then

^_i_l n

(px+vj

exp

0)

\2

J/

2p

and

o^,. is

by

given

4a^oo)

19.23.12.

a positive,

4a

>>0

(2^)

19.23.5

r=V4a-x

.2JM_ -^ax)!+lM!.

0=4a# 4 (x/2Va)

(2i>)

-r

^a-

The upper

2- fl-r^
ir-J-a'
V.2 *'/

(2p)

_i_

l,

Write

(2p)

'

"15

-.

(x

given by 19.17.4, and

2
fi^
\2 J

3
2 ^ir^
J/

^9

d. 2

exp (ya:+3 )

0)

(ii)

X3-t"^9 X

19.22.3
0i,fl 2

d
X^5.4-^i

sign gives the first function,

and the

(see

Table 19.3

for

Ydx=\xY-\-a

arcsin
2-Va

# 4 =-n# 3 ), then

lower sign the second function.

(ii)

When ax

2
,

with

W(a,

19.23.6

a negative

p=^a,

then

W(a,

19.23.7

19.22.4

x)

=exp { 0+y(a,

x)

x)=exp{0+w(a, x)}

where

W(a,x)+iW(a, -x)

= V2~W(a, 0)

exp

{v T

+i(px+lr+v

19.23.8
t

)}

ilnF+^+A+|| +

(a,x)

where W(a,

given by 19.17.4, and

0) is

(x 2 - -4a

19.22.5

Vr

and aV

&Yy't

2(ja;)

9(jx)

(2P

(2P

...

is

+^ (jx) +
y

again given

by

19. 23.12.

a negative,

(iii)

(2P

-4a>>0

Write
4

2P

(2P

"*"

(2P

19.23.9

(a>

Further expansions of a similar type

will

oo

be found

'x

x=V?+4T

0=4|a|^(x/2V|a|)=i

in [19.3].

19.23.
(i)

=ixX-a\n

Darwin's Expansions

a positive, x 2

4a0

19.23.1

X=Vx 4a

(see

0=4aMx,/2Va)=i

x+X

=-4-xVz 2 +4|a| a arcsinh

Write

P Xdx

Xdx

=\xXa In x+X

Table 19.3

for *,)

= ^2ke

19.23.10

W(a,

19.23.11

W(a, -x)

x)

2V|a|

then
v

cos (%ir+0+v t)

= y/2/ke

'sm (|7r+0+y

f)

2Va

=|x-y/a; 2

4a a

arccosh =

2V&

again given by 19.23.4.

each case the coefficients d 3r are given by

where

o,

and

v t are

In

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

695

19.24.8

19.23.12

^x

fx 4 +8
2

(4p)

X~i7T-f pX

d 12

a i \5f(
,5760

=^

See

320

ax

a 3 x 3 4- 19a 4x)
^K o x -\-~
12
320
2

x 4 +186ax 2 +80a2

[19.11] for

d 15

d2i and

[19.5] for

an

al-

(4p)

-Vp( 1 +

(4p)

fx 4 +8

(4p)

when a

is

is

the function

x< 2Va

when

fx

it is

W(a,

x)

is

is

Again,
then

when a<0,

oscillatory for

sometimes convenient

fx

+^
(4p)

'

x2

^x 6 +168x 2

-)

(4p)

x2

-16

4-x

-^x

...)

(42>)

4a0, with A =Vx

r

+4|a|

X=|x+e+?

F^^l2e"r

19.24.12

(4p)<

(4p)

and when x>2ya;

negative, the function

In such cases

all x.

-)

19.24.11

Modulus and Phase

positive,

(4pV

fx

19.24.

oscillatory

(4p)

fx 4 +16
2

+152x

19.24.10

G-

.,

fx

ternative form.

When

19.24.9

d 6 =%x 2 +2a

dd=

(4p)

'

where d, v and v are given by 19.23.4 and 19.23.9.

Another form also when a>0, x2 4a-^ is

to write

19.24.1

k~W(a, x)+ikW(a,-x)=E(a, x)=Fe ix

(x>0)

19.24.13

F~ ft7ll 3
F
\x\ 4X

19.24.2

dW(

Ic-i

X)

m{a

+ iki

X)

=E'{a, x)=-Ge<*

while

10a 2

v!(

4x

30a 3 -47a
4x 6

\p

4a2 3
8x

4a3 19a
8x4

19.25.

G^

6a2

vj(

where

4Z

10
'

x (.

214a

47

14483

6X ~3A^ + 40A^ +
,

'J

Connections With Other Functions

19.25.1

14a 3 -63a
4x b

4x 4

-)

W(a,

x)=T

(vl H(-h

\a,

\x 2 )

i-^xiK-i^ix )}
2

a In x+^2

<j> 2

is

defined

by

"

71

19.24.7

4a 2 +5

4a 3 +29a

where

!-

8x 2

8x 4

19.17.10.

Whena<0, |a|x

where

s^+^V

19.24.6

i>^\x

1729a
8

Connection With Confluent Hypergeometric and Bessel

Functions

19.24.5

19.24.15

*-X

a In z+^+ifl-

4Ano

'

and X are connected by

19.24.4

X~-^x 2

621

32X8

19.24.14

19.24.3

1371a

5a

7a_ 835
r~
l*(\4
U 4X5 'l
0~<^2\
32X

Then, when x 2 >>|aj,

F~

19.25.2

Him,

19.25.3

F~j2W(a,0)e'r
v T is

given by 19.22.5 with

p=^zza.

n,

x)=e- ix1F1 (m+l-in; 2m+2;

2%x)

=e-*xM(m+lin,2m+2,2ix)

19.25.4

Also

W(0, x)=2-i^i{J-i(lx

)J^x )}
2

(x>0)


PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

696

integer for W(a, x) or its derivative, or an even

19.25.5

W(a,x) or

integer for

j- W(fi, x) = -2-x4^x{Ji{\x

)J^{\x

(x>0)
Zeros

19.26.

U(a,x) nor V(a,

x)

x for zeros of derivatives) in

19.11, giving \p (or x) values that are multiples of
fir, odd multiples for U(a, x), even multiples for
the series for

V(a, x)

\p

(or

is

derivative, the zeros

+3/S

52/3

+280(8 3 -285/3
7680p 9

we may

solve

with
/3=i (nr+^r 2 ), r odd or even
as above; the presence of the logarithm makes it
inconvenient to revert formally.

=2

19.24.4

series

or

(rir \ir<t>2 ),

19.24.6

</>

19.26.4

and 19.26.5

when

fail

neighborhood of 2V]a|. When a is

positive, a zero c of W(a, x) is obtained approximately by solving
is

as an approximation to a zero of the function, or

7680p 9

large and a moderate,

The expansions

a={\r la |)tt

52a 5 -240a3 +315a

48p

the

inversely

Writing

2/8

j8

has such

be obtained by reverting

48p

c'~P

19.26.5

When
may

Approximations

2a3 -3a

c-.

z>0.

a zero for

19.26.4

Zeros of solutions U(a,x), V(a,x) of 19.1.2 occur

only for |a; |<^2V a when a is negative. A single
exceptional zero is, possible, for any a, in the general solution; neither

its

c, c' have expansions

)}

the

in

/3=(k-fa+i)*
19.26.6
as an approximation to a zero of the derivative,

we obtain

a=p

for the corresponding zero c or

c',

with

#2=i(V

1 arccosh

6a

the expressions

(a0)

c=2Va|
a

2a3 -3a

'v

48p

19.26.1

2/3

19.26.2

c'

52a 5 -240a3 +315a

7680p 9

'

+3j8

4Sp

52/3

with the aid of Table 19.3. For a zero of W(a, x)

we replace a n by b n When a is negative we solve,
again with the aid of Table 19.3,
.

+280/33 -285/3

7680/

These expansions, however, are of little value

in the neighborhood of the turning point ar=2y a.
Here first approximations may be obtained by
use of the formulas of 19.7.

a n (negative)

If

is

19.26.7

#i=i(Vr+l + arcsinh

obtained approximately by solving

for an approximate zero

where n=l, 2, 3,

for an approxix), and n=$, f, f,

of W(a,
are
developments
Further
mate zero of W(a, x)
.

19.26.3

= ( a

(a0)

is

[19.5].

19.26.8

Zeros of solutions W(a,x), W(a,x) of 19.1.3

b|>2Va when a is positive; the general
solution may, however, have a single zero between
2V and + 2Va. If a is negative, zeros are

occur for

unrestricted in range.

<x=(hr-l)Tr,

may

be obtained by reverting

(or x) in 19.24.

j3=(>+i)7r,

r>0

With
being

a=p
an

Let

[19.5].

may

be done by inverse use of Table 19.3.

For a zero of V(a, x), a n must be replaced by b n
a zero of Bi(t). For further developments see

\p

of the approximations to zeros obtained

Any
above

may

Approximations

given in

c=2V|a|

the series for

n )>

%\a\

This

#3=i(arccos -Vl- 2 }

(~a0)

c=2^\S

zero of Ai{t), the corresponding zero c of U(a, x)

is

=^r^-

readily be

be a zero

of y,

improved as

and

c'

follows:

a zero of y' where y

,

a solution of

y"-ly=0

Here/=aix 2 I'=\x,
,

I"=h

whenever I'"=0.
tions to the zeros

19.26.9

Then
c, c'

u=y(y)/y'(y)

if

y,

the

method

may

and

v=y

(y')/I y(y')

2
,

odd

is

be used
y' are approxima-

general and the following formulae

with 7=7(7) or 7=7(7') respectively, then


PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS
19.26.10

c~y

19.27.1

J i (|x

19.27.2

Ji(\x 2

u- -iii*4 -hl'u*

U6 +

-{hi" +i/> T90 zi

5

19.26.11

697
2

)=J=

{W(0,-x)TW(0,x)}

{W(0,x)W(0,-x)

)--

x-yfia,

y'(c)~y' (7){1- %Iv?+\I 'v?

Functions of other orders may be obtained by

use of the recurrence relation 10.1.22, which here

-{-hl"+kp)v?+&lrv*+.

becomes

19.26.12

c'^y'-iv-izirtf+^pr'-^ir*-^)^
4

\x 2J v+l {\x 2 )-2vJ v {^x 2 )+\x 2J v - {\x 2 )=0

19.27.3

+(A/ /'/"-f//' -A/ / )^+

3

Again

19.26.13
3

-(i/ /
The
as

,2

/-iCi^H/iCi^H^FCO,*)

19.27.4

{i-i/V-i/ /V

y(c')~y(y')

-A/ /''+ii> +
4

19.27.5

process can be repeated,

if necessary, using
terms at any stage as seems convenient.
Note the relations, holding at zeros,

^K

Z7'(a,c)

19.26.15

F'(a,c')

19.26.16

W'(a,c) = -l/W(a,-c)

= V^W(a,c')

)=I- l (ix 2 )-mx 2)=-^

I- i (ix 2 )+Ii ax 2 )

19.27.6

= -V2M7(a,c)

19.26.14

i (,ix

many

U(0,

x)

= -^r ax
4-V(0,x)
x\x

19.27.7

V2
TV

TF(a,c')

= l/{

W(a, -x)

lfW'(a,

x=

Functions of Order \,
Parabolic Cylinder Functions

x^ttx dx

-C)

c'

19.27. Bessel

Most

U(0,x)

19.26.17

as

applications of these functions refer to

where parabolic cylinder functions would be

more appropriate. We have

As before, Bessel functions of other orders may be

obtained by use of the recurrence relation 10.2.23,
which here becomes
19.27.8

ix

19.27.9

\x

L +l (lx )+2vL(lx )-ix L2

(\x

cases

v+l {\x

2
)

-2vK

{\x

)-\x 2

. x {\x

2
)

Numerical Methods
19.28.

Use and Extension of the Tables

For U(a,

V(a, x) and W(a, x), interpolation

be carried out to 5-figure accuracy
almost everywhere by using 5-point or 6-point
Lagrangian interpolation.
For |a|<l, comparable accuracy a-wise may be obtained with 5- or

x-wise

x),

may

6-point interpolation.

For |a|>

by use

1,

U(a,

and V(a,

x)

possibly obtained

by

may be obtained
from two values,

x)

of recurrence relations

interpolation, with

|a|<l;
not available for W{a,. x),

such a procedure is
\a\>l.
In cases where straightforward use of the a-wise
recurrence relation results in loss of accuracy by
cancellation of leading digits, it may be worth
while to remark that greater accuracy is usually
attainable by use of the recurrence relation in the

reverse direction, from arbitrary starting values

(often 1 and 0) for two values of a somewhat
beyond the last value desired. This is because the

recurrence relation
linear

difference

pendent solutions.

is

a second order homogeneous

and has two inde-

equation,

Loss of accuracy by cancella-

when

the solution desired is diminishing

as a varies, while the companion solution is inBy reversing the direction of progress
creasing.
tion occurs

a, the roles of the two solutions are interchanged, and the contribution of the desired solu-

in

tion

now

increases, while the

unwanted

solution

diminishes to the point of negligibility. By starting sufficiently beyond the last value of a for which
the function is desired, we can ensure that the
unwanted solution is negligible but, because, the
starting values were arbitrary,

we have an un-

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

698

multiple of the solution desired. The computation is then carried back until a value of a
with |a|<l is reached, when the precise multiple

known

If less accuracy is needed they

can be found by use of mean central differences of
U(a, x) V(a, x) and also of W(a, x) with the formula

relations 19.6.1-2.

we have of the desired solution may be determined and hence removed throughout. Compare
also 9.12, Example 1.
that

Example
.

.,

Evaluate U(a,

1.

5) for

a=5,

6,

7,

using 19.6.4.
(a+i)

U(a+ 1,

x)

+xU(a,

x)

hu'=h

(I'M

3
5
-j-=n8ulfj.8 u-\-^jL5

using h=.l; this usually gives a 3- or 4-figure

value of du/dx.

accuracy is needed for dW(a, x)/dx it

be obtained by evaluating d2 W/dx2 with the

If greater

- U(a- 1, x) =0

may

by

help of the differential equation satisfied

Forward

Backward

Recurrence

Recurrence

3
4
5

6
7

8
9

10
11

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

5.2847*
(-6)
9.172*
(-7)
(-7)
1.5527
2.5609
(-8)
4.1885
(-9)
(-10) 6.2220
(-10) + 1.2676
(^ll)-O. 1221
(-11) + 1.2654
(-12) -5. 6079
(-12) +3. 2555

*From

(12)
(11)
(10)
(9)
(9)
(8)
(7)
(6)
(0)

Final Values

59035
76028
4. 67131
7. 72041
1. 24785
1. 97488
3. 06369
4. 66352
697082
102444
14789
2111
292
42
1.

2.

(-6)
(-7)
(-7)
(-8)
(-9)
(-10)
(-10)
(-11)
(-12)
(-13)
(-14)
(-15)
(-16)

5.2847**
9.1724
1.55227
2.5655
4.1466
6.5625
1.01806
1. 5497
2. 3164
3.404
4.

and integrating

intervals.
(i)

first

Write fn fr f" for W(a, x +rh) and its

two derivatives, then j' may be found from
,

91

7.01
9.7

v:- (/--/-)- S (-w;'-/'-',)

5
1+

h2

0+

9^1 TT2

,.

,,

converting the pre-

J -n)

\J n

-h2 {^S-^kfld3 +^lh^

+Starting values.
**This value was used to obtain the constant multiplier

wMV

T60480

210

tables.

d
(-6)5.2847
_
OTM
= ' ia ,
^
j^~7T2Ti
vious column into this one.

second derivative numerically.

This requires one accurate value of dW/dx to
start off the integration; we describe two methods
for obtaining this, both making use of the difference between two fairly widely separated values
of W, for example, separated by 5 or 10 tabular
this

-.

-}/o'

(ii) Consider a solution y of the differential

equation for W(a, x), namely y"
{ \x 2 -\-a)y.

we are given values y and y' at a particular

x=x* and write Tn =Hny (n) /n\, T- = T- 2 =0, then
we may compute T2 T3 Tit
in succession by
If

The second column shows forward recurrence

= 3,4

from Table 19.1.

Backward recurrence starts with values
and 1
at a=19 and 18, containing a multiple kU(a, 5)
and a subsequently negligible multiple of the other
starting with values at a

r(| a)V(a,

solution

5).

Rounding

errors

con-

use of the recurrence relation obtained from the

differential equation,

H
n+2-

(n+l)(n+2)

vert kU(a, x) into k*U(a, z) without affecting the

values in the last column.
The value of 1/k* is

from the known value of 7(3, 5), and

used to obtain the final column by multiplying
throughout by l/k*. The improvement in 7(5, 5)
is evident by comparison with Table 19.1.

[{-\xl+a)Tn -Wx,Tn ^

identified

These

not tabulated here.

Since the functions U(a,x), V(a,x) and W(a,x)
Derivatives.

are often required.

For all these functions the equation is second

order with first derivative absent, so that second
values

may

by use

x)

y(x

to a fixed

number of decimals

negligible, thus giving

H) = T

may be

This

T + T T +

applied,

H=rh,

with

h being the

tabular interval, and r a small integer, say r=5,

to the solutions y=y\, y=yi having

be readily obtained from function

(x

y2 (x

= W(a,

)=0

yl(xo)

y 2 (x

= W*'(a,x
=l

of the differential equation.

First derivatives can be obtained for U(a, x)

V(a,

become

until they

are

satisfy differential equations, values of derivatives

derivatives

These are computed,

and

by applying the appropriate recurrence

in

which

W(a,

),

W*'(a, x ) is an approximation to
not necessarily a good one; it may be

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

We

obtained from differences, for example.

obtain y (x H) and y2 (x H).

thus

Now

suppose

Thus W'(B, 1) = -.74453. This might have an

error up to about 1^ units in the last figure but is,
in fact, correct to 5 decimals.

W'(a,Xo)
then, for

= W*'(a,Xo)+\

(ii)

Using the second method, with

= W(-3,
yi(l) = .745
yi (l)

all

699

W(a, x)=y (x)+\y2 (x)

1)

= -.61113

to 5 decimals

to about 3 decimals

and

the following values result, with

in particular

W(a, x

The

H)=y

H)+^y2(x H)

(x

H) may

values of W(a, x

2/i

be read from the

and two independent estimates

tained, whence
tables

of X ob-

+
+

Example 2. Evaluate W'{ 3,

From Table 19.2

1)

first

method

W(-Z,x) W"(-Z,

+ 0.

0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8

07298

-. 05857
-. 18832

T*

x)

-. 31226
-. 42646

1.

58191
97503
34761

-. 52722

1.

68842

62

.24827 2

5680 9
1407 4

1.0

-.61113

1.

98617

1.

-. 67522

2.

22991

1.

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

2.

40932
51513
53936
47601
32137

.0000

677
26

+ 131

279 3
13 4

+
+

24
2

X=.000203/.4323

= .000470
So W'i-3,

1)

-.4371

Thus W'{-Z,

1)

At x=.5
-.058363-.4371X
= -.05857

= .000474

058363

y(.5)

X-.695223 + .4323X
= -.69502

X=.000207/.4371

5 4

+ .4323

Atz = 1.5

= -.745+X
= -.744530

y(1.5 >-. 695223

3

= -.74453

So W'(-3,

1)

= -.745 +X
= -.744526
which

correct to

is

5 decimals.

34081
0.9

+ .5000

+
+

-0. 22186
+. 17937
.

.37250

Ti

Using the

(i)

.0000

using r=5.

W(-S, 1) = .61113
W(-3, 1.5) = -.69502

= -.05857

W(-3,x) = yi +\ yi

2/2

.61113

T,

to a suitable accuracy.

.5)

T
T

W'(a,x ) = W*'(a,x )+)i

W(-3,

To

H=.5,

Example

29775

-1095

24374

-1032

3.

Evaluate the positive zero of

U{-Z,x).

We

use 19.7.3 to obtain a first approximation,

The appropriate zero of Ai(t) is at

see 19.26.3.
17941

1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

71706
73488
72761
69502
63774

2.
2.

2.
2.

*=(4|a|)*r

whence
-9129

- (2.338)

= -2.338

X (12)-* = -.4461

Hence, from Table 19.3, =.3990 and the approxidecimal in W"( 3, x) is only a guard
figure which is hardly needed.
Only the differences needed have been computed.

The

fifth

is

x=2-J\a~\%= 1.382.

We improve this by using 19.26.10, but take,

for

convenience, 2=1.4 as an approximation, so that

the value of
can be read directly from the tables.
U' can be obtained as in the section following

Then

tW("3,1)
=t&(- .69502+. 05857)
1000

mate zero

\^A

__Lfl
100 \2'4

(.54149)-^

Example

(10.38874)

1.

We find

(2.29664)- ( -.09260)

= .0636450-.0103887= -.0744527

1000

.02127)

.0001918-.0002272

Z7(-3,

Then

1.4)

= .02627

C7'(-3,

1.4)

19.26.9 gives

u=U/U' =

012730

= -2.51
r=.7

and

=2.0637

i"=.h

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

700

c=1.4-.012730 + .000002 = 1.38727

which

is

y'{c)

correct to 5 decimals, while 19.26.11 gives

=2.0637(1 + .000203) =2.0641

compared with the correct value 2.06416.

References
Texts
[19.1]

Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of

analysis, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).

[19.9] E. T.

modern

H. Buchholz, Die konfluente hypergeometrische

Funktion (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany,
1953).

G. Darwin, On Weber's function, Quart. J.

Mech. Appl. Math. 2, 311-320 (1949).
[19.3] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
vol. 2 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,

[19.2]

Tables

C.

Advancement of Science,
and hyperbolic functions, exponential, sine and cosine
integrals, factorial (gamma) and derived func-

[19.10] British Association for the

Mathematical Tables,

N.Y., 1953).
[19.4] J. C. P. Miller,

On

the choice of standard solutions

Cambridge

to Weber's equation, Proc.

Soc. 48,
[19.5] F.

W.

J.

Weber

parabolic

cylinder

NBS

functions

63B,

2,

of

large

131-169 (1959),

[19.7]

[19.11]

Association,

National Physical Laboratory, Tables of Weber

cylinder functions.
Computed by
Computing Service Ltd. MathematiIntroduction by J. C. P. Miller.
(Her

parabolic
Scientific

G. N. Watson, A theory of asymptotic series, Philos.

Trans. Roy. Soc. London, A 211, 279-313 (1911).

cal

H. F. Weber, Ueber die Integration der partiellen

1955).

+d

+k

u=0,

Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England,

On the functions associated with

the parabolic cylinder in harmonic analysis, Proc.

Physical
Laboratory
Mathematical
4, Tables of Weber parabolic cylinder functions and other functions for large
arguments, by L. Fox (Her Majesty's Stationery

London Math.

Office,

Differential-gleichung: d 2 w/dx 2

Math. Ann.
[19.8]

1st ed.

London, England, 1931;

Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
2d ed., 1946, 3d ed., 1951).
(British

428-435 (1952).
Uniform asymptotic expansions for

RP63B2-14.
[19.6]

tions, integrals of probability integral,

Philos.

Olver,

order, J. Research

vol. I, Circular

1,

u/d?/ 2

1-36 (1869).

E. T. Whittaker,

Soc. 35, 417-427 (1903).

[19.12] National

Tables, vol.

London, England, 1960).

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

702
Table 19.1
U(-5.0,x)

7(-4.5,.r)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

3.0522
3.6547
4.0753
4.2934
4.2988

3.0000
2.9328
2.7341
2.4132
1.9846

0.5

4.0918
3.6836
3.0953
2.3566
1.5042

1.4678
8.8615
(-l)+2.6550

+0.5799
-0.3719
-1.3064
-2.1806
-2.9554

-1.5576
-2.0661
-2.4882
-2.8077
-3.0131

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

-3.5976
-4.0808
-4.3868
-4.5059
-4.4368

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

-4.1866
-3.7694
-3.2057
-2.5208
-1.7434

!S!
(

0)

o-

<

o)

(-1-3.6676
(-1) -9.8321

-1.8394
(
0) -1.3321
(
1) -7.7961
1) -2.0142
(-1) +3.8325
0)

'

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0)

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0)

5.0

0)
0)

0)
0)

0)
0)
0)

5.0332
4.7733
4.4753
4.1508
3.8106

0)

3.4641
3.1197
2.7843
2.4632
2.1608

0)

1.8800

0)

0)

5.3376
5.4473
5.4614
5.3895
5.2427

8
o)

7.3576
9.8317
1.2071
1.4035
1.5694

0)

-1)+2.1890
(-1)
(-1
(

0)

6.1381
9.9170
1.3432

!8i
<

o)

2.4320
2.3134
2.1771
2.0282
1.8714

2.9854
2.7630
2.5323
2.2992
2.0689

0)

1.8455
1.6324
1.4322
1.2466
1.0766

(-1)

9.2276

o
o)

o
0)
0)
0)

0)
8!

For interpolation, see 19.28.

0)
0)

(-1) -1.8226

0)

3.7212
3.6501
3.5331
3.3781
3.1929

18!

-1.2917
-1.4477
-1.5544
-1.6088
-1.6097

-1)-6.4101
-1)-3.7121
-l)-0.9080
(-lj+1.9218
(-1) 4.7004

0)

2.4789

0)

0)
0)
0)

-1.8583
-1.6076
0)-1.3029
-1) -9.5564
-1) -5.7791

0)

2.5823
2.6273
2.6304
2.5957
2.5279

(-D

0-2.0454
181

0)
0)

3.1620
3.4108
3.5883
3.6963
3.7388

.6842
1.1

3.4

-2.0368
-2.1578
-2.1992
-2.1608

0) -1.5576
01-1.4550
0)-1.3061
(
0) -1.1162
(
(-1) -8.9198

.8387
+0.

3.2021
3.8377
4.3739
4.8038
5.1246

(-1) -4.6224
(-1)-8.7118
0) -1.2462
(
0) -1.5731
(
0) -1.8397
(

1.6604
1.9373
2.1696
2.3548
2.4921

0)
0)

9.5635
1.5015
2.0048
2.4545
2.8422

0)-0.9039

0)

0.0000
(-1) -2.9825
(-1) -5.8611
(-1) -8.5358
0) -1.0915
(

0-2.6435
0-2.2824

0) -0.0332
181:

1.5204
1.1869
(
(-1) 8.0608
-l)+3.9325
(
-1)-0.3518
(
(

-3.0982
0)-3.0617
0) -2.9073

2.5
(

U(-S.5,x)

0)

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0)

(-1)

7(-4.0,oO

-1)

(-1)
(-1)
(

0)

(
(

(
(
(
(

0)

0)
0)
0)
0)
0)

0)
0)

0)

0)

0)

1.7031
1.8039
1.8721
1.9089
1.9164

U(-B.0,t)
0)-0.8721
0)-1.0103
0)-1.1183
0)-1.1930
0)-1.2322

-l)-3.8076
-1)-1.7956
-l)+0.2627
2.3147
4.3106
6.2053
7.9592
9.5394

-1
-1
-1

(-1
(-1

(-D

0)

1.0920
1.2083
1.3017
1.3719
1.4191

0)

1.4443
1.4487
1.4341
1.4027
1.3567

0)
0)
0'

0)

0)
18)

0)
0)
0)
(

0)

0)
(

-1)
-1)
-1)
(-1)

-1)

9.0701
8.2306
7.4107
-1) 6.6219
-1) 5.8733

(-1)

0)

0)
0)

0)

1.7108
1.5502
1.3927
1.2408
1.0967

(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
-1
(-1)

9.5241
8.4694
7.4740
6.5463
5.6918

9.6165
8.3683
7.2277
6.1969
5.2750

(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)

4.9134
4.2117
3.5852
3.0311
2.5455

h
-1)

2.4665
2.0848
1.7507
1.4608
1.2112

4.4586

(-1)

2.1235

(-2)

9.9802

(-1

0)

1.2985
1.2306
1.1553
1.0749
9.9150

0)
0)

-1)

1.8972
1.8543
1.7910
1.7109
1.6175
1.5142
1.4043
1.2906
1.1760
1.0626

(-D

-1)
-1
-1

(-1)
(-1)

(-1
-1
(-1)

(-1
(-1

-1)
(-1

-1
(-1)

-1)

(-1
(-1
(-1

5.1716
4.5215
3.9256
3.3849
2.8991

:!i
-1)
1)
1)

(-2)

-1) -6.0814
-1) -5.1516
-1) -4.1190

U(-1.5,x)
0.0000
-1

(-1) -3.0046

-1

10.9975
'1.9801
2.9333

(-1)-1.8308

-1

3.8432

-1

-0.6213
(-1 +0.6004
1.8107
2.9871
(-i
4.1087

4.6971
5.4836
-1 6.1929
-1 6.8172
7.3502

5.1567
6.1146
6.9691
7.7095
8.3285

-1)7.7880
-1)8.1287
-1)8.3721
-1)8.5203
-1)8.5768

8.8221
9.1890
9.4313
9.5532
9.5616

-1)8.5467
-1)8.4367
-1)8.2541
-1 8.0074
-1)7.7055

-1)
'-1)
'-1

9.4652
9.2742
9.0001
8.6549
8.2510

-1)7.3576
-1)6.9728
-1)6.5603
-1 6.1288
-1)5.6863

7.8009
7.3167
6.8097
6.2905
5.7687

-1)5.2403
-1)4.7975

9.6347
9.0514

(-1
(-1
(-1
(-1
(-1

8.4319
7.7913
7.1430
6.4987
5.8688

5.2527
4.7497
1
4.2658
(-1)
1
3.8056
(-1)
(-1
(-1) 3.3729

-1
-1

(-1)
(-1

-1.0000
-9.8753
-9.5045
-8.8975
-8.0706

.0456
.8492
-4.5120
-3.0677
-1) -1.5517

0)

-1) -7.4764
-1) -5.7190

0)

(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)

-1.2351
0)-1.2018
0)-1.1336
(
0) -1.0329
(
(-1) -9.0285
(

U(-2.0,x)

U(-2.5,x)
(

0.0000
1.5518
3.0698
4.5223
5.8812

1-1
-1
-1

-1

7.1223
8.2258
9.1766
9.9648
1.0585
1.1036
1.1323
1.1451
1.1431
1.1278
1.1 005
0628
1.0
1.0
0166

-1

-1

:i!

-1)
'-1)

1
1

-1)4.3638
-

1 13.9440
:

13.5424
-l):

(-i 3.1620
(-i 2.8052
-l 2.4738
-l 2.1684
(-i
1.8896
(
(
(

5.2617
4.6840
4.1408
3.6358
3.1709

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2.9700
2.5987
2.2595
1.9525
1.6768

(-1)1.6370
(-1)1.4099
(-1 1.2073
(-1 1.0280
(-2)8.7028

2.7473
2.3649
2.0226
1.7190
1.4517

-1
-1
-1)
-2)
-2)

1.4313
1.2144
1.0242
8.5874
7.1578

-2)7.3263
-2)6.1328
(-2 5.1052
2 4.2261
2 3.4791

-2)
-2
-2)
-2)
-2)

9314
8867
0029
2603
6403

(-2)

2.1262

1.2185
1.0164
8.4272
6.9451
5.6894
4.6331

(
(

-2)
-2
"2

-2
-2

8484
3192
8780
5125
2116

(-3)9.6523

703

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table 19.1

F(-5.0,s>)

(-2)-5.8311
(_2) -4.3898
-2)-2.7299
-21-0.9344
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-2+0.9074

-2)
-2
-2

2.7045
4.3687
5.8194
6.9875
7.8188

(-2)
(-2)
(-2)
(-2)
(-2)

8.2767
8.3429
8.0189
7.3241
6.2954

-2)
!-2)

F(-4.5,.t)

F(-4.0,.c)

0000
6397
1612
4519
4102

1.3071
1.5417
1.7149
1.8199
1.8527

r-22)
-2
'

-2
-1

'-1
-1

'-1
'-1
-1
)

'-2)

-2)
-2)
-2)

-1))
-1)

-1)
-1)
-1)

-3.5896
-4.1079
-4.5275
-4.8397
-5.0388

-3.0472
-3.3933
-3.6481
-3.8069
-3.8677

-1)
-1)
-1)

-5.1225
-5.0912
-4.9482

(-1) -1.0594
(-1) -1.3434
(-1) -1.5824
-1) -1.7697
-1) -1.9008

2.0
2.1
2.2

-3.4354
-4.9863
-6.3439
-7.4620
-8.3067

-1) -1.0844

2.3
2.4

(-2)
(-2)
(-2)
(_2)
(-2)

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-8.8568
-9.1035
2) -9.0496
2) -8.7090
(-2) -8.1043

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-7.2651
-6.2264
(-2 -5.0260
-3.7030
(-21 -2.2954

5.0

-3.1080
-9.4527
-1.5523
-2.1149
-2.6176

-1

(-2
(-1
(-1
(-1
(-1

-2)-7.1155
-2)-9.1435

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.5812
1.1580
-2) 6.9534
-2)+2.0926
-2) -2.8383

-1

-2) 6.7728
'-2)+3.2819
-2)-0.3303
'-2)-3.9309
-2)-7.3916

(-2)+0.0110
(-2) -1.7477

-2)-2.3553
-2) -4.8261

-1)-1.2166
-1) -1.3076
-1) -1.3558
-1)-1.3610

-1)
-1)

-1)
-1)

'

-1) -1.9731

-1.9864
-1) -1.9423
-l) -1.8442
-1) -1.6967

-1)

'

-7.6762
-1.2266
-1.6465
-2.0148
-2.3214

5.5010
6.0291
6.5514
7.0778
7.6202

5.0074
5.4239
5.8535
6.3080
6.8012

-1)
-1)

-1

8.1924
8.8110
9.4951
1.0267
1.1153

-1

9.7155
1.3693
1.7522
2.1187
2.4688

-1
-1

6.2301
7.4913
8.6933
9.8444
1.0959

1.3540
1.5202
1.6819
1.8422
2.0048

-1)

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

1.2056
1.3161
1.4305
1.5525
1.6863

2.1743
2.3561
2.5567
2.7834
3.0454

3.8093
4.1462
-1
4.5368
-1
4.9967
:-d 5.5449

(-1)

1.8370

3.3533

(-1)

i:li

2.8040
3.1270
-1) 3.4421
-1) 3.7545
-1) 4.0712

1.3228
1.5859
1.8370
2.0775
2.3101

(-2)
(-2)
(-2)
(-2)
(-1)

2.5382
2.7664
3.0002
3.2465
3.5131

-1)
-1

4.4004
4.7517
-1) 5.1365
-1) 5.5683
!-i) 6.0629

(-1) -2.4003

-1)
-1)

-1)
-1)

-1)

'

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1
-1)

-1)

-1

-1

-i)

-1

-l)
-i)

6.2047

-l)-0.8679
-1)-0.1692
-l)+0.5320
-1) 1.2264
-1) 1.9066

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

-2

-2)+1.6090
-2) 4.6402
-2) 7.6054
'-!) 1.0474

4.0539
6.1158
8.1014
1.0000
1.1811

;-l) -1.5535

2.8352
3.3007
3.7466
4.1761
4.5942

-2) -1.4470

-1) -2.8375
-1) -2.2142

-1)
-l)

-2)-6.4659

(-2)-0.2157
(-2)+1.9344

-3.9197
-3.4103

-2)+2.2080
-2 7.7266
-1) 1.3145
-1
1.8411
2.3486
-1) 2.

-2-4.4605
(-2 -2.3612
(-2)

-1-4.6995
-1-4.3533

-1 -1.9277
-1 -1.4184
(-2 -8.8371
(-2) -3.3411

-2-9.9858
-2-8.3257

0.0000
-1) -0.7946
-1 -1.5693
'-1 -2.3051
'-1 -2.9840

-2.6027
(-1 -2.3979
(-1 -2.1357
(-1 -1.8247
-1.4739

-1.0927
-6.9034
-2.7540
+1.4424
5.6176

-1)-1.1392

-1-3.4861
-1) -3.1904
-1) -2.8250

0)

6.6389
7.3192
8.1309
9.1078
1.0291

0)

1.1734

-i)

i:i!

7.3492
7.9710
8.6890
9.5300
1.0526

0)

0)
0)
0)

-1)
-1)
-1)

0)

2.2757

4.5254

F(-1.5,s)

4.5748
5.1829
-5.6877
-6.0796
-6.3515

-6.4991
(-1) -6.4991
-1) -6.5210
-6.5210

-1) -7.9788
-1)

(
(

-1)

6.5385
5.9387
1) -5.2553

(-1)

-1)

-1-4.4995
-1)

-5.4177
-4.8813
-4.2621
-3.5731
-i! -2.8278
-2.0397

:5 -1.2222

(
(

-1) -2.8197

-lj-l.9206
-l)-0.9984
-lj-0.0648
-1) +0.8696
-1
-1

1.7953
2.7043
-1) 3.5902
-1) 4.4484
-1) 5.2761

-1

-1

-1

-1
-1

2.1053
2.9044
3.6777
4.4221
5.1367

-1
-1)

-1
-1)

5.8227
6.4834
-1
7.1242
-1) 7.7525
-1) 8.3779

-1)

-1)
-l)

-1
-1
'

0)
0)

0)

(
(

0)
0)

)
)

0)

0)
0)

2.0513
2.2999
2.5993
2.9616
3.4019

o
0)

9.2067

S!

0)

0)

0)
0)
0)

1.2896
1.3975
1.5228
1.6699
1.8439

3.9393
4.5978
5.4083
6.4102
7.6545

0)

9.0120
9.6689
1.0365
1.1119
1.1954

-3.6835

-1 -0.3880
-1 +0.4512
-1
1.2852

-1

-7.4476

-1-7.0444

-6.4186
-6.1959
-5.8594

-7.9191

-1) -7.7409

-1
-1
-1
-1

1.2186
1.3401
1.4846
1.6575
1.8657

,9582

6998

:i!
1)
1)
1)

2.5667
3.2030
-1
3.8134
-1
4.3982
-1) 4.9594

2.1178
2.4244
2.7989
3.2584
3.8246

,1717
,3150
,4885

F(-2.0,a;)

F(-2.5,as)

-1) -3.8317
-1) -3.7025

-2.5583
-2.7203
1) -2.8047
1) -2.8113
1) -2.7426

(-1
(-2
(-2
(-2
(-2

-1)
-1)

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

1)
1)

-1.5059
-1.2784
'-1) -1.0214
-2) -7.4214
-2) -4.4770

-1)-1..3246
-1)-1..2495

-0.8391
+0.6339
-2
2.0962
-2
3.5259
-2
4.9072
-2

2.6240
2.1296
1.5714
9.6646
+3.3275

0887
3549
4311
2005
7584

-2U0.2057

-2'

6596
6132
4757
2520
9503

-1)
-1

'-1

1.8125
1.7011
-1) 1.5234
'-1) 1.2869
-1
1.0010

(-2) 4.9836
(-2) 3.4514
(-2) 1.7690

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

F(-3.0,x)

1.0950
1.2007
1.2536
1.2518
1.1958

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

2)
2)

(-1)

F(-3.5,a?)

0)

0)
0)
0)
0)

(
(

0)

6.0723
6.8384
7.5775
8.2948
8.9975

9.6950
1.0399
1.1122
1.1882
1.2697
1.3588
1.4582
1.5708
1.7001
1.8502
2.0262
2.2339
2.4806
2.7751
3.1285
3.5541
4.0690
4.6942
5.4567
6.3903

1)

7.5384
8.9563
1.0715
1.2908
1.5653

1)

1.9107

0)

0)

1)
1

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

704
Table

19.1

t/(-0.9,x)

C7(-0.8,x)

L7(- 0.7, a:)

(-1)5.8137
(-1)6.3918
(-1)6.9062
(-1)7.3523
(-1)7.7267

(-1)6.8058
(-1)7.2692
(-1)7.6673
(-1)7.9973
(-1)8.2572

(-1)7.7241
(-1)8.0677
(-1)8.3471
(-1)8.5606
(-1)8.7077

(-1)8.5642
-1)8.7853
-1)8.9453
-1)9.0436
-1)9.0807

0.5
0.6

-1)8.0270

-1)8.4462

-1 8.2522

-1)8.5646

0.7
0.8
0.9

-1)8.4023
-1)8.4788
(-1)8.4842

-1)8.6136
-1)8.5958
(-1)8.5144

8.7886
8.8049
-i 8.7586
-i 8.6531
'-i 8.4923

-1)9.0580
'-1)8.9776
-1)8.8425
-1)8.6563
-1)8.4235

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

(-1)8.4220
(-1)8.2967
(-1)8.1136
(-1)7.8786
(-1)7.5982

(-1)8.3737
(-1 8.1787
(-1)7.9348
(-1)7.6480
(-1)7.3248

(-1)8.2808
-1)8.0238
-1)7.7269
-1)7.3960
-1)7.0371

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

-1)7.2789
-1)6.9279
-1)6.5519
-1)6.1577
1-1)5.7517

(-1)6.9716
-1)6.5948
-1)6.2008
-1)5.7958
-1)5.3855

(-1)6.6565
(-1)6.2600
(-1 5.8535
(-1)5.4424
(-1)5.0319

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

(-1)5.3401
(-1)4.9285
(-1)4.5219
(-1)4.1247
(-]
-1)3.7407

(-1)4.9754
(-1 4.5701
-1)4.1741
-1)3.7910
(-1)3.4238

(-1)4.6264
-1)4.2301
-1)3.8466
-1)3.4788
-1)3.1292

2.5

(-1)3.3732
(-1)3.0246
(-1)2.6968
(-1)2.3911
(-1)2.1084

(-1)3.0751
(-1)2.7467
(-1)2.4399
(-1)2.1556
(-1)1.8942

(-1)2.7995
-1)2.4912
-1)2.2049
-1)1.9412
(-1)1.7000

(-1)2.5453
-1)2.2566
-1)1.9903
-1)1.7462
-1)1.5241

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

(-1)1.8488
-1)1.6124

-1] 1.4809

-1)1.3985
-1)1.2064
-1)1.0351

-1)1.6555
-1)1.4391
-1)1.2443
-1 1.0701
-2)9.1545

-1)1.3234
-1)1.1432
-2)9.8240
-2)8.3989
-2)7.1436

3.5

3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-2)8.8335
-2)7.4981
-2)6.3306
-2)5.3165
(-2)4.4411

-2)7.7900
-2)6.5939
-2)5.5521
-2)4.6503
(-2)3.8747

-2)6.8646
-2)5.7946
-2)4.8660
-2)4.0651
-2)3.3784

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

(-2)3.6903
(-2)3.0502
(-2)2.5079
(-2)2.0512
(-2)1.6688

-2)3.2115
-2)2.6480
-2)2.1720
-2)1.7723
-2)1.4386

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-2)1.3507
-2)1-0875
-3)8.7099
-3)6.9398
'-3)5.5007

5.0

(-3)4.3375

U(-1.0,x)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3

0.4

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

E7(-0.6,x)

C7(-0.5,x)

rj(-0.4,x)

(-1)9.3233
(-1)9.4211
(-1)9.4626
(-1)9.4483
(-1)9.3796

il.OOOO
'9.9750
9.9005
19.7775

0)1.0594
0)1.0448
0)1.0261
0)1.0035
-1)9.7698
I-!!

-1)9.2584
-1)9.0874

-1)9.6079

-1)9.4700

-1)8.3133

'9.3941
19.1393
8.8471
8.5214
8.1669

-1)8.1488
'-1)7.8374
-1)7.4949
'-1)7.1269
1-1)6.7392

(-1)7.9828
(-1)7.6245
(-1)7.2435
(-1)6.8451
(-1)6.4345

(-1)7.7880
(-1)7.3897
(-1)6.9768
(-1)6.5541
(-1)6.1263

(-1)7.5689
-1 7.1372
-1)6.6986
-1)6.2573
-1)5.8173

-1)6.3372
-1)5.9266
-1)5.5123
-1)5.0993
(-1)4.6918

-1) 6.0168

-1} 5.6978

-1 5.5968
-1 5.1791
-1 4.7676
'-1 4.3662

-1 5.2729
-1 4.8554
-1 4.4486
(-1) 4.0555

-1)5.3826
'-1)4.9566
'-1)4.5424
-1)4.1429
(-1)3.7603

4.2938
3.9086
3.5391
3.1876
2.8559

-1)3.9779
-1)3.6054
'-1)3.2511
-1 2.9165
-1)2.6029

(-1)3.6788
-1)3.3204
-1)2.9820
-1)2.6647
-1)2.3693

-1)2.7312
'-1)2.4313
(-1)2.1538

-1) 2.3112
-1 2.0418

-1 1.3651

(-1)2.0961
-1)1.8452
-1)1.6162
-1)1.4086
-1)1.2215

(-1)1.8987
(-1)1.6657
(-1)1.4541
(-1)1.2632
(-1)1.0920

-1)1.1816
'-1)1.0175
-2)8.7182
-2)7.4318
(-2)6.3032

-1)1.(
.0540
.0491
>2)9.(
-2)7.7305
-2)6.5710
-2)5.5576

(-2)9.3934
-2)8.0408
-2)6.8492
-2)5.8055
-2)4.8967

6.0447
5.0887
4.2619
3.5512
2.9439

-2)5.3190
-2)4.4657
-2)3.7304
-2)3.1004
-2)2.5638

-2)4.6771
-2)3.9164
-2)3.2631
-2)2.7052
-2)2.2315

2.7932
2.2975
1.8800
1.5305
il.2396

-2)2.4280
-2)1.9923
-2)1.6265
-2)1.3211
(-2)1.0676

-2)2.1094
-2)1.7268
-2)1.4064
-2)1.1397
-3)9.1898

;-2)i. 8316

-2)1.1618
-3)9.3333
-3)7.4594
-3)5.9310
-3)4.6914

(-3)9.9881
(-3)8.0067
-3)6.3856
-3)5.0667
(-3)3.9996

(-3)8.5831
-3 6.8657
-3)5.4641
-3)4.3266
-3)3.4085

(-3)3.6919

(-3)3.1412

(-3)2.6716

;-ij

-1
-1
-2
-2

1.2832
1.1061
9.4842
8.0899

-1
-1
-1
-1

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

'

-1)8.8702

-1)8.6107

'-1 1.7945
'-1 1.5691

-2)1. 4958

-2)1.2155
'-3)9.8282
(-3)7.9071

-1)9.1382
-1)8.7781
-1)8.3937
-1)7.9892

-1)3.3965
-1)3.0532

-2)

-2
-2
-2
-2

4.1098
3.4324
2.8525
2.3589
1.9411

-2)1.5895
-2)1.2951
-2)1.0500
'-3)8.4709
(-3)6.8002

-3)7.3725

-3 6.3297

-3 5.8847

'-3 5.0418

-3)4.3177
\t

-3)4.6736
-3)2.9036

-3 3.9958
-3 3.1511
-3 2.4726

-3)3.4150
-3)2.6876
-3)2.1047

(-3)2.2714

(-3)1.9305

(-3)1.6401

-3 3.6931

-3)5.4320

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

705
Table 19.1

V(- 1.0,z)

V( -0.9.x)

V(-0.8,a:)

V(- 0.7,x)
-l)-3.0307
-l)-2.1784
-1)-1.3109
-l) -0.4343
-1)+0.4451

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

l)-6.5600
l)-5.8422
1) -5.0662
l)-4.2400
(-1) -3.3725

(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)

-5.5730
-4.7818
-3.9477
-3.0785
-2.1823

-l)-4.3852
-l)-3.5487
-l)-2.6839
-11-1.7980
-l)-0.8980

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

(-l)-2.4725
(-lj-1.5494
(-lj-0.6122
(-l)+0.3305
(-1) 1.2704

(-1J-1.2674
(-1)-0.3418
(-lJ+0.5867
(-1) 1.5106
(-1) 2.4234

(-l)+0.0088
(-1) 0.9156
(-1) 1.8159

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

(-1

2.2004
3.1139
4.0057
4.8721
5.7105

3.3194
4.1939
5.0435
5.8660
6.6605

6.5198
7.3008
8.0557
8.7883
9.5044

7.4279
8.1704
(-1) 8.8917
(-1) 9.5974
0) 1.0295
(

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

(-1
f:l
(-1
-1
-i
(-1
(

is
(

o
o

<

io
(

is
IS
(

o
o

o
o

1.4005
1.4925
1.5949
1.7104
1.8424
1.9948
2.1722
2.3801
2.6253
2.9159

3.2618
3.6752
4.1712
4.7686
5.4910
6.3680
7.4368
8.7448
1.0352
1.2337

1.4797
1.7862
2.1698
2.6520
3.2611

4.5

4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0

1.0211
1.0918
1.1637
1.2380
1.3163

1)

4.0344

(-D
(-D
(-D

U
18!
(

o
o)
o)

0)

(
(

0)
o)
o)

0)

0)

0)

0)
(
(

o
o
0)

0)

(
(

1)

1.4936
1.5939
1.7068
1.8355
1.9837

2.1558
2.3571
2.5940
2.8740
3.2066
3.6032
4.0781
4.6487
5.3371
6.1706

7.1841
8.4212
9.9377
1.1805
1.4113

1)

4.6937

2.6347
3.4471
4.2420
5.0167
5.7694

-1)3.9099
-1)4.6526
-1)5.3763
-1)6.0797
-l)l6.7626

-1)5.1099
-1)5.7729
-1)6.4182
-1)7.0457
-1)7.6563

6.4993
7.2065
7.8924
8.5594
9.2113

7.4254
8.0697
8.6982
9.3147
9.9240

-1)8.2519
-1)8,8353
-1)9.4101
-1)9.9812
0)1.0555

9.8533
1.0492
1.1134
1.1791
1.2472

1.0532
1.1148
1.1778
1.2436
1,3132

0)1.1138
0)1.1739
0)1.2369
0)1.3038
0)1.3762

1.3191
1.3964
1.4806
1.5740
1.6787

1.3881
1.4699
1.5607
1.6625
1.7781

0)1.4554
0)1.5435
0)1.6424
0)1.7546
0)1.8830

1.9104
2.0631
2.2404
2.4474
2.6902

0)2.0311
0)2.2029
0)2.4032
0)2.6378
0)2.9136

2.9763
3.3147
3.7163
4.1947
4.7667

0)3.2392
0)3.6249
0)4.0834
4.6305
0)5.2855

5.4531
6.2797
7.2790
4920
) 8.4920
)9.9703

0)6.0726
0)7.C220
0)8.1716
0)9.5 693
1)1.1 276

(-1) 2.7040
(-1) 3.5749

4.4245
5.2498
6.0492
6.8220
7.5693

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

5.4920
6.2606
7.0044
7.7246
8.4234

(-1

8.2931
8.9974
9.6875
1.0370
1.1054

-1)
-1)

9.1046
9.7734
1.0437
1.1102
1.1780

(-1

-1)
-1)
til

(-1)
(

0)

0)

0)

0)
0)

0)

0)

0)

0)

0)

0)

0)
0)

(
(

0)
0)

0)

(
(

0)

0)
0)

1.1749
1.2468
1.3225
1.4037
1.4922

0)

0)
0)
0)
0)

1.5902
1.7005
1.8259
1.9700
2.1371

0)

Si
0)
0)

2.3321
2.5609
0) 2.8310
0) 3.1511
0) 3.5319

0)
0)

3.9868
4.5323
5.1887
5.9818
6.9437

0)
0)

0)

:
'

(
(

1)

5.4639

0)
0)
0)
0)

1)
1)

1
1

1.2482
1.3222
1.4015
1.4879
1.5837

1)

(-i

1:1

(
(
(

IS

1.7975
1.9338
2.0911
2.2741
2.4881

2.5258
2.7864
3.0945
3.4604
3.8966

2.7396
3.0365
3.3882
3.8066
4.3061

4.4183
5.0449
5.8001
6.7138
7.8238

0)
0)

9.1775
1.0835
1.2875
1.5394
1.8520

1)

1:1

1.6912
1.8134
1.9535
2.1157
2.3045

2.2417
2.7297
IS 3.3437
1) 4.1199
1) 5.1058

1.9502
2.3680
2.8928
3.5549
4.3944
(

o)
0)

8.1149
9.5470
1.1305
1.3474
1.6160

1.6981
2.0559
2.5044
3.0694
3.7844

1.0992
1.1701
1.2434
1.3205
1.4032

-1)1.5701
-1 2.3012
-1)3.0232
-1 3.7334
-1)4.4296

(-1
(-1
(-1

(-1)

(-1

(-1)0.7972
(-1)1.5905
(-1)2.3760
(-1)3.1502

1.3217
2.1900
3.0449
3.8823
4.6988

(-1
(-1

6.3641

V{-0A,x)

-1.5522
1:1 -0.7135
+0.1294
1:1 0.9716
(-1
1.8082

-1)
-l)
-1)
-1)
-1)

(-D
(-D
(-D

V(- 0.5,1)

y(-0.6,x)

11
1)
1)
1)

4.9045
5.6242
6.4930
7.5458
8.8266

11!
1)

7.4168

li
1)

(
(

(
(

1.0391
1.2311
1.4676
1.7604
2.1243

2.5787
3.1489
3.8676
4.7777
5.9359

0.0000

(
(

1)1.1779
1)1.4002
1)1.6747
1)2.0149
1)2.4386

1)1.3367
1)1.5942
1 1.9127
1)2.3082
1)2.8017

1)2.9687
3.6350
1)4.4765
1)5.5441
1)6.9051

1)3.4202
1)4.1991
1)5.1846
1)6.4372
1)8.0370

1)8.6484

2)1.0090

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

706
Table 19.1

[7(-0.3,x)

U(-0.2,x)

U(-0.1,x)

1.1105
1.0843
il.0548
1.0223
9.8697

1.1535
1.1161
1.0764
1.0347
-1 9.9120

1.1887
1.1406
1.0914
1.0412
>1) 9.9016

1.2163
1.1581
1.1000
1.0421
>1) 9.8431

1.2366
1.1691
1.1029
1.0379
-1) 9.7411

-1 9.3856
8.8661
-1 8.3458
-l' 7.8273
-1 7.3135

-1) 9.2695
'-1 8.7018

-1 8.1419
-1 7.5920
-1 7.0542

9.1173
8.5082
-l 7.9153
'-l 7.3400
6.7838

-1) 6.8072

-1)6.5307
-1)6.0235
-1)5.5346
-1)5.0655
-1)4.6178

6.2482
-l 5.7343
-l 5.2436
-l 4.7769
'-1 4.3352

-1
-1
-1
-1
(-1

-1)4.1927
-1 3.7912
-1)3.4139
'-1)3.0613
(-1)2.7334

(-1)3.9191
(-1)3.5288
(-1)3.1647
(-1)2.8266
(-1)2.5142

-1)3.6565
-1)3.2790
-1)2.9290
-1)2.6060
(-1)2.3093

-1 2.7065
2.3990
(-1) 2.1181

2.3529
2.0812
1.8326
1.6064

(-1)2.4302
-1)2.1513
-1)1.8960
-1)1.6637
-1)1.4534

(-1)2.2270
(-1)1.9643
(-1)1.7252
-1)1.5086
-1)1.3136

-1)2.0381
-1)1.7913
-1)1.5678
-1)1.3665
-1)1.1859

-1 1.8627
-1 1.6315
-1 1.4232
-1 1.2363
-1 1.0695

[7(0.1, x)

0)

0)

0)

[/(0.2, x)

[7(0.3, i)

0)1.2500
0)1.1740
0)1.1004
0)1.0291
-1)9.6004

1.2570
1.1732
1.0930
1.0161
9.4255

8.9333

-1)8.7218
-1)8.0498
-1)7.4093
-1)6.8000
-1)6.2220

8.2324
7.7849

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

7.3298
6.8710
6.4124
5.9576
5.5101

-1 7.0747
-1 6.5946
-l' 6.1212
-1 5.6576
-1 5.2066

-1)5.0730
-1)4.6492
-1)4.2412
-1)3.8510
-1)3.4805

-1)4.7706
-1)4.3519
-1)3.9524
-1)3.5734
-1)3.2162

(-1 2.9673

-1)3.1309
-1)2.8032
-1)2.4980
-1)2.2155
-1)1.9556

(-1) 2.8816

-1) 2.6482

2.5700
(-1 2.2816
(-1 2.0162
(-1) 1.7734

-1
-1
-1
-1

-1)1.7179
-1)1.5020
-1)1.3069
-1)1.1317
-2)9.7528

-1 1.5526
-1 >1.3529
-1 1.1734
-1 1.0129
-2 8.7027

-1)1.4017
-1)1.2174
-1)1.0525
-2)9.0579
-2)7.7589

(-1)1.2640
(-1)1.0944
-2)9.4322
-2)8.0925
(-2)6.9114

1.1387
-2 9.8278
-2 8.4445
-2 7.2235
-2 6.1513

1.0248
8.8173
7.5534
6.4422
5.4703

-2 9.2134
-2 7.9031
'-2 6.7502
-2 5.7406
-2 4.8608

-2)8.3643
-2)7.1389
-2)6.0636
-2)5.1253
-2)4.3112

(-2)7.4416
(-2)6.3330
(-2)5.3640
(-2)4.5215
(-2)3.7932

-2)6.6151
-2)5.6137
-2)4.7415
'-2)3.9860
(-2)3.3351

-2)5.8757
-2)4.9721
-2)4.1881
-2)3.5114
-2)2.9303

-2)5.2146
-2)4.4006
-2)3.6967
-2)3.0912
(-2)2.5730

-2)4.6244
-2)3.8918
-2)3.2606
-2)2.7194
-2)2.2577

-2) 4.0978

-2)3.6089
-2)3.0063
-2 2.4921
-2)2.0558
-2)1.6876

-2] 3.1669

-2) 2.7772

2.6314
-2 2.1759
-2 1.7906
-2 1.4664

-2 2.3018
-2 1.8986
'-2 1.5587
(-21 1.2735

11.3786
1.1207
19.0656
17.2976
5.8457

-2)1.1951
-3)9.6928
-3)7.8234
-3)6.2839
-3)5.0228

-2)1.0355
-3)8.3792
-3)6.7481
-3)5.4085
(-3)4.3139

-3)8.9669
-3)7.2400
-3)5.8179
-3)4.6529
-3)3.7034

(-3)4.6596
-3)3.6961
-3)2.9173
2.2914

-3) 3.4243

-3 2.7050
-3 2.1265
-3 1.6637
(-3) 1.2952

(-3)2.9336
'-3)2.3127

'1.7909

-3)3.9954
-3)3.1626
-3)2.4912
-3)1.9528
-3)1.5233

(-3)1.3929

(-3)1.1825

(-3)1.0035

9.4906
19.0890
18.6684

5.0

0)

U(0,x)

9.4609
8.9968
8.5228
8.0421
7.5583

-2

-l'

-1 6.3111
-1 5.8278
-1 5.3596

-v

4.9087

-1 4.4769
'-1 4.0657

-1 3.6765
'-1 3.3102

'

-2
-2
-2
-2
(-2

2.4340
2.0122
1.6558
1.3560
1.1053

-l'

-1]

-2)2.1318
-2 1.7580
-2)1.4431
-2)1.1791
-3) 9.5887

!-11 8.2895

1)7.6699
1)7.0750
1)6.5055
5.9622
5.4457
4.9566
4.4953
4.0619

.8659
.5351

-1) 5.6753

-1 5.1597
'-1 4.6753
'-1 4.2217

>1) 3.7986
-11 3.4055
'-1 3.0417
'-!)

-2 3.4393
-2 2.8739
-2 2.3907
(-2) 1.9799
-2] 1.6322

-2)1.2571
-2)1.0247
-3 8.3139

1.3396
1.0944
-3 8.9001
-3) 7.2048

(-3)7.7613
(-3)6.2526
(-3)5.0135
(-3)4.0011
(-3)3.1779

-3 6.7143
-3 5.3973
-3 4.3184
'-3. 3.4390
-3 2.7259

-3 5.8057
4.6568
3.7179
2.9546
(-1 2.3371

1.1009

(-3)2.5122
(-3)1.9765
(-3)1.5477
(-3)1.2061
(-4)9.3540

-3)2.1504
-3)1.6885
-3)1.3195
-3)1.0263
-4)7.9449

(-3)1.8400
-3)1.4419
-3)1.1246
'-4)8.7305
-4 6.7457

(-4)8.5136

(-4)7.2201

(-4)6.1210

(-4)5.1875

11.8145
'1.4168

-2
-2

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

707
Table

19.1

V(-0.3,x)

V(-0.2,x)

V(-0.1,x)

V(0,x)

V(0.1,x)

V(0.2,x)

V(0.3,x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3

-1)3.0993
-1)3.7442
-1)4.3780
-1)4.9991
:-l)5.6064

-1)4.5280
-1)5.0724
-1)5.6069
-1)6.1307
(-1)6.6436

-1)5.7994
-1)6.2358
-1)6.6661
-1)7.0905
-1)7.5093

(-1)6.8621
(-1)7.1901
(-1)7.5184
-1)7.8474
-1)8.1782

(-1)7.6731
(-1)7.9000
(-1)8.1349
(-1)8.3788
(-1)8.6331

-1)8.2008
-1)8.3406
'-1)8.4974
-1)8.8660

-1)8.4269
-1)8.5002
-1 8.5993
-1)8.7250
(-1)8.8790
-1)9.0632
-1)9.2803
-1)9.5336
-1)9.8273
0)1.0166

0.4

-1)8.6720
i

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-1)6.1992
-1)6.7773
-1)7.3412
-1)7.8922
1-1)8.4321

-1)7.1460
'-1)7.6386
-1)8.1229
'-1)8.6009
(-1)9.0756

-1)7.9238
-1)8.3353
-1)8.7460
-1)9.1588
(-1)9.5771

(-1)8.5124
(-1)8.8519
(-1)9.1994
(-1)9.5583
(-1)9.9325

-1)8.8994
-1)9.1803
-1)9.4787
-1)9.7982
0)1.0143
(

(-1)9.0813
(-1)9.3205
(-1)9.5867
(-1)9.8840
0)1.0217
(

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

(-1)8.9640
-1)9.4914
0)1.0019
0)1.0553
0)1.1100

-1)9.5505
0)1.0030
0)1.0521
0)1.1028
0)1.1559

0)1.0005
0)1.0449
0)1.0913
0)1.1406
0)1.1936

0)1.0327
0)1.0747
0)1.1200
0)1.1693
0)1.2236

0)1.0519
0)1.0932
0)1.1389
1.1898
0)1.2470

0)1.0591
0)1.1013
0)1.1490
0)1.2032
0)1.2649

0)1.0556
0)1.1005
0)1.1520
0)1.2110
0)1.2789

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

1.1668
1.2267
1.2908
1.3603
1.4368

0)1.2125
0)1.2734
0)1.3400
0)1.4136
0)1.4958

0)1.2513
0)1-3147
0)1.3853
0)1.4645
0)1.5542

0)1.2839
0)1.3515
0)1.4277
0)1.5142
0)1.6130

1.3115
1.3848
1.4683
1.5639
1.6738

0)1.3353
0)1.4160
0)1.5085
0)1.6150
0)1.7379

0)1.3569
1.4466
1.5499
0)1.6692
0)1.8070

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.5220
1.6178
1.7267
1.8513
1.9950

0)1.5886
0)1.6941
0)1.8149
0)1.9541
0)2.1153

0)1.6563
0)1.7734
0)1.9083
2.0645
0)2.2459

0)1.7265
0)1.8572
0)2.0085
0)2.1841
0)2.3887

1.8005
1.9470
2.1171
2.3149
2.5457

0)1.8799
0)2.0446
0)2.2360
0)2.4589
0)2.7195

1.9665
2.1517
2.3672
2.6185
2.9124

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0)2.1614
0)2.3551
0)2.5818
0)2.8478
0)3.1612

0)2.3028
0)2.5218
0)2.7785
0)3.0803
0)3.4366

0)2.4576
0)2.7053
2.9961
0)3.3387
0)3.7435

0)2.6278
0)2.9080
0)3.2376
0)3.6263
0)4.0864

0)2.8159
0)3.1330
0)3.5064
0)3.9474
0)4.4700

0)3.0247
0)3.3834
0)3.8063
0)4.3064
0)4.8998

0)3.2572
0)3.6627
0)4.1415
0)4.7084
5.3820

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3

3.4

0)3.5318
0)3.9715
0)4.4950
0)5.1205
0)5.8704

0)3.8584
0)4.3596
0)4.9572
0)5.6722
0)6.5308

14.2236
4.7948
5.4768
6.2941
7.2770

4.6326
5.2835
6.0617
6.9957
8.1210

0)5.0914
0)5.8328
0)6.7208
0)7.7882
0)9.0763

0)5.6065
0)6.4510
0)7.4640
0)8.6838
1)1.0158

6.1855
7.1472
8.3029
9.6969
1.1385

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

0)6.7730
0)7.8635
0)9.1860
1)1.0797
1)1.2766

17.5658
18.8182
1.0340
^1.2196
il.4470

0)8.4638
0)9.9023
1)1.1653
1)1.3793
1)1.6419

9.4818
1.1134
1.3149
1.5616
1.8649

1)1.0637
1)1.2535
1 1.4854
1)1.7699
1)2.1203

1)1.1948
1.4130
1)1.6799
1 2.0080
1)2.4130

1)1.3438
1 1.5945
1)1.9019
1)2.2804
1)2.7486

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1)1.5185
1 1.8169
1)2.1864
1)2.6464
1)3.2213

1.7268
2.0725
2.5016
3.0366

2.2395
2.7041
3.2829
4.0073
4.9179

2.5539
3.0927
3.7653
4.6086
5.6708

2.9150
3.5401
4.3219
5.3040
6.5433

.3300
1)3.:
.0554
1)4.(

^3.7065

1)1.9656
1)2.3663
1)2.8646
3.4870
w 4.2680

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1)3.9432
1)4.8541
1)6.0085
1)7.4787
1 9.3598

6.0680
7.5270
9.3866
1.1768
1.4831

7.0147
8.7230
1.0904
1.3703
1.7309

9.3921
1.1736
1.4740
1.8608
2.3611

5.2524
6.4990
8.0849
1.0112
1.2715

8.1143
1.0115
1.2674
1.5964
2.0211

1)4.5494
1)5.6148
1)6.9677
1)8.6937
2)1.0906

2)1.1778

2)1.3756

2)1.6073

0.5

5.0

716-654

64

46

2)1.8791

2)2.1979

2)2.5720

Hi

1)4.9644
1)6.1085
1 7.5550

2)3.0112

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

708
Table

19.1

U(0.7,x)

[7(0.8, x)

[7(0.9,^

-1)9, 7955
(-1)8.9898

1.2436
1.1413
1.0458
9.5680
8.7372

0)1.2292
0)1.1223
0)1.0233
-1)9.3162
-1)8.4665

0)1.2106
0)1.1000
1)9.9813
1)9.0440
1)8.1811

0)1.1883
0)1.0746
-1)9.7063
-1 8.7549
-1)7.8843

0)1.1627
0)1.0467
(-1)9.4122
(-1)8.4523
(-1)7.5790

(-1)8.4870
(-1)7.7928
(-1)7.1368
(-1)6.5181
(-1)5.9358

(-1)8.2327
-1)7.5219
-1)6.8555
-1)6.2318
-1)5.6493

7.9624
7.2403
6.5683
5.9437
5.3643

-1)7.6795
-1)6.9511
(-1)6.2776
(-1)5.6558
(-1)5.0826

1)7.3870
1)6.6567
1)5.9857
1)5.3699
1)4.8057

-1)7.0879
-1)6.3597
-1)5.6945
0877
5347

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

(-1)5.3894
(-1)4.8780
(-1)4.4008
(-1)3.9571
(-1)3.5459

-1)5.1064
-1)4.6019
-1)4.1343
-1)3.7022
-1)3.3042

(-1)4.8280
(-1)4.3327
(-1)3.8765
(-1)3.4575
(-1)3.0739

-1)4.5553
-1)4.0713
-1)3.6282
-1)3.2235
;-l)2.8550

(-1)4.2896
(-1)3.8187
-1)3.3898
-1)3.0003
-1)2.6475

(-1)4.0318
(-1)3.5753
(-1)3.1618
(-1)2.7881
(-1)2.4514

-1)3.7826
-1)3.3417
(-1)2.9443
-1)2.5870
-1)2.2665

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

(-1)3.1663
(-1)2.8171
(-1)2.4972
(-1)2.2054
(-1)1.9402

-1)2.9390
-1)2.6050
-1)2.3007
-1)2.0246
-1)1.7749

(-1)2.7238
1)2.4053
1)2.1167
1)1.8561
(-1)1.6216

(-1)2.5204
-1)2.2177
-1)1.9447
(-1)1.6994
(-1)1.4798

(-1)2.3288
-1)2.0419
-1)1.7844
-1)1.5540
(-1)1.3487

(-1)2.1487
(-1)1.8774
(-1)1.6351
(-1)1.4193
(-1)1.2278

-1)1.9797
-1)1.7240
-1)1.4965
-1)1.2948
(-1)1.1165

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

(-1)1.7003
(-1)1.4842
(-1)1.2904
(-1)1.1174
(-2)9.6358

-1)1.5501
-1)1.3486
-1)1.1687
-1)1.0088
-2)8.6728

il.4115
11.2240

-1)1.2838
-1 1.1097

1.0574
9.0985
17.7984

-2)9.5563
'-2)8.1979
(-2)7.0055

(-1)1.1664
(-1)1.0050
(-2)8.6280
(-2)7.3793
(-2)6.2874

(-1)1.0585
-2)9.0923
-2 7.7820
-2)5.6377

-2)9.5952
-2)8.2173
-2)7.0122
-2)5.9622
-2)5.0508

2.5
2.6
2.7

-2)7.4258
-2)6.3320
-2)5.3770
-2)4.5470
-2)3.8288

i6.6573

5.6603
^4.7930
4.0418
3.3942

(-2)5.9630
(-2)5.0555
(-2)4.2689
(-2)3.5900
(-2)3,0068

(-2)5.3363
-2)4.5115

-2)4."
.7714
-2)4.(
.0227

-2 3.5839

2.8
2.9

-2)8.2754
-2)7.0773
-2)6.0272
(-2)5.1111
(-2)4.3157

-2)3.7990
-2)3.1863
-2)2.6615

-2)3.3782
-2)2.8258
-2)2.3543

-2)3.0017
-2)2.5042
-2)2.0810

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

(-2)3.6284
(-2)3.0372
(-2)2.5313
(-2)2.1004
(-2)1.7351

-2)3.2104
-2)2.6803
-2)2.2281
-2)1.8441
-2)1-5196

(-2)2.8384
(-2)2.3636
(-2)1.9598
(-2)1.6181
(-2)1.3301

(-2)2.5078
(-2)2.0830
(-2)1.7228
(-2)1.4189
(-2)1.1636

-2)2.2142
-2)1.8344
-2 1.5134
-2)1.2434
(-2)1.0172

(-2)1.9535
-2)1.6144
-2 1.3287
-2)1-0890
(-3)8.8881

-2)1.7224
-2)1.4199
-2)1.1658
-3)9.5318
(-3)7.7615

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-2)1.4270
-2)1.1683

;-2)i..0887
-3)8..8715

-3)7.7263
-3)6.2406

-2)1.2468
-2)1.0184
-3)8.2810
-3)6.7038
-3)5.4026

-3)9.5009
-3)7.7243
-3)6.2525
~ 3 5.0391
l4.0432
-3)>

(-3)8.2868
-3)6.7217
-3)5.4288
(-3)4.3655
(-3)3.4952

(-3)7.2238
(-3)5.8462
(-3)4.7111
(-3)3.7801
(-3)3.0200

(-3)6.2937
-3)5.0820
-3)4.0863
-3)3.2716
-3)2.6082

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

(-3)5.0176
-3)4.0160
-3)3.1995
-3)2.5373
-3)2.0029

-3)4.3344
-3)3.4617
-3)2.7521
-3)2.1781
-3)1.7158

-3)3.7425
-3)2.9826
(-3)2.3663
(-3)1.8689
(-3)1.4693

-3 3.2298

(-3)2.7861
-3)2.2111
-3)1.7470

2.4023
1.9025
1.5001
1.1776
9.2036

-3)2.0704
-3)1.6363
-3)1.2876
-3 1.0088
-4)7.8686

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

-3)1.5738
-3)1.2308
-4)9.5815
-4)7.4240
-4)5.7255

-3)1.3455
-3)1.0503
-4)8.1601
-4)6.3107
-4)4.8579

(-3)1.1499
(-4)8.9583
(-4)6.9470
(-4)5.3625
(-4)4.1203

9.8235
H)
-4 7.6382

-4) 6.1105

-4) 3.6361

-4)2.9611

(-4)7.1610
(-4)5.5468
(-4)4.2772
(-4)3.2833
(-4)2.5090

5.0

(-4)4.3948

(-4)3.7221

(-4)3.1512

(-4)2.6671

(-4)2.2566

(-4)1.9086

(-4)1.6138

[7(0.4, x)

t/(0.5, a:)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0)1.2579
0)1.1672
0)1.0811
-1)9.9946
-1)9.2205

0)1. 2533
0)1, 1564
0)1. 0652

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

'

-3)9.5224

[7(0.6,

a;)

-3)7.1975
-3)5.8136
-3)4.6749

2.5686
-3) 2.0336
-3) 1.6029
-3) 1.2577

-4) 5.9121
-4) 4.5551
-4) 3.4935

.3742
-3)1!:
-3)1.(
.0761

-4)8.3889
-4)6.5103
-4)5.0295
-4)3.8680

-2)6.6361

[7(1.0, x)

6.7845
6.0622
-1)5.4060
-1)4.8105
-1)4.2709

-2)4.2627

-4

4.7242

-4 2.7861
-4 2.1252

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

709
Table

V(0.4,x)

19.1

V(0.5,x)

7(0.6, x)

8.3485
8.3808
8.4468
8.5475
-1)8.6844

-1)7.9788
-1)7.9988
-1)8.0590

(-1)7.3474
(-1)7.3851
(-1)7.4675
(-1)7.5954
(-1)7.7707

(-1)6.4988
(-1 6.5836
(-1 6.7147
-1 6.8936
(-1)7.1224

(-1)5.4912
-1 5.6492
-1)5.8526
-1)6.1035
-1)6.4046

(-1)4.3932
(-1)4.6453
(-1)4.9394
(-1)5.2785
(-1)5.6664

_1
(-1)3.2800

-1) 8.8595
-1 9.0757
(-1 9.3364
(-1 9.6460
0) 1.0010
(

(-1)8.4934
-1)8.7302

-1)7.4039
-1 7.7419
-1)8.1412
-1)8.6076
(-1)9.1481

-1)6.7596

-1)9.0186
-1)9.3633
-1)9.7698

-1 7.9958
-1 8.2739
'-1 8.6092
-1 9.0068
-1 9.4730

-1 7.1730
-1)7.6504
-1)8.1984

(-1)8.8253

(-1)6.1076
(-1)6.6077
-1)7.1733
(-1)7.8124
(-1)8.5344

-1)5.4924
-1 6.0858
-1)6.7457
-1)7.4814
(-1)8.3040

0)1.0434
0)1.0926
0)1.1495
0)1.2151
0)1.2908

0)1.0245
0)1.0797
0)1.1436
0)1.2174
0)1.3024

0)1.0015
0)1.0643
0)1.1367
0)1.2200
0)1.3158

(-1)9.7713
0)1.0488
0)1.1309
0)1.2251
0)1.3330
(

(-1)9.5408
0)1.0357
(
0)1.1287
0)1.2348
0)1.3561
(

(-1)9.3507
0)1.0275
(
0)1.1323
(
0)1.2514
(
0)1.3870
(

(-1)9.2267
0)1.0265
(
0) 1.1437
(
0)1.2765
(
0)1.4276
(

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0)1.3779
0)1.4784
0)1.5943
0)1.7281
0)1.8829

0)1.4003
0)1.5132
0)1.6433
0)1.7936
0)1.9674

0)1.4260
0)1.5528
0)1.6989
0)1.8675
0)2.0625

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0)2.0622
0)2.2705
0)2.5130
0)2.7961
0)3.1275

0)2.1689
0)2.4030
2.6757
0)2.9943
0)3.3676

0)2.2886
0)2.5514
2.8578
0)3.2160
0)3.6363

0)2.4236
0)2.7182
3.0620
0)3.4644
0)3.9371

0)2.5760
0)2.9058
0)3.2911
0)3.7428
0)4.2741

0)2.7481
0)3.1169
0)3.5483
0)4.0548
0)4.6517

0)2.9424
3.3542
0)3.8368
0)4.4044
0)5.0747

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0)3.5166
3.9749
0)4.5165
0)5.1589
0)5.9235

0)3.8065
0)4.3241
0)4.9368
0)5.6644
0)6.5320

0)4.1310
0)4.7153
0)5.4079
0)6.2320
0)7.2162

0)4.4944
0)5.1536
0)5.9365
0)6.8696
0)7.9862

0)4.9015
0)5.6451
6.5297
0)7.5862
0)8.8529

0)5.3578
0)6.1963
0)7.1959
0)8.3921
0)9.8292

0)5.8692
0)6.8146
0)7.9440
0)9.2985
1)1.0929

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0)6.8368
0)7.9320
0)9.2504
1)1.0844
1)1.2777

0)7.5701
0)8.8172
1)1.0321
1)1.2142
1)1.4357

0)8.3962
0)9.8164
1)1.1533
1)1.3615
1)1.6151

9.3274
1.0945
1.2903
1.5284
1.8190

1)1.0378

3.5
3.6
3.7

3.8
3.9

1)1.5132
1)1.8014
1)2.1555
1)2.5923
1)3.1336

1)1.7060
1)2.0373
1)2.4452
1)2.9495
1)3.5756

1)1.9253
1)2.3064
1)2.7765
1)3.3588
1)4.0833

2.1752
2.6137
1)3.1556
1)3.8282
1)4.6667

1)2.4601
1)2.9646
1)3.5896
1)4.3669
1)5.3377

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

3.8072
4.6493
5.7065
7.0397
8.7286

1)4.3563
1)5.3341
1)6.5642
1)8.1183
2)1.0091

1)4.9884
1)6.1242
1)7.5559
1)9.3682
2)1.1673

1)5.7165
1)7.0364
1)8.7031
2)1.0817
2)1.3511

1)6.5556
1)8.0899
2)1.0031
2)1.2498
2)1.5647

1)7.5232
1)9.3073
2)1.1569
>j 1.4449
II
!) 1.8131

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.0878
1.3624
1.7151
2.1701
2.7596

2)1.2605
2)1.5826
2)1.9968
2)2.5321
2)3.2270

2)1.4616
2)1.8392
2)2.3259
2)2.9559
2)3.7752

2)1.6957
2)2.1387
2 2.7106
2 3.4524
2)4.4187

2)1.9684
2)2.4882
2)3.1606
2)4.0341
2)5.1742

2)2.2861
2)2.8963
2)3.6870
2)4.7161
2)6.0616

2)3.5270

2)4.1331

-1
-1
-1
-1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

5.0

-1)8.1604

-1)8.3045

2)4.8456

V(0.7,x)

0)1.4569
0)1.5992
0)1.7629
0)1.9518
0)2.1703

2)5.6833

V(0.8,x)

0)1.4949
0)1.6542
0)1.8373
0)2.0484
0)2.2926

,2220
,4455
,7178
,0509

2)6.6688

V(0.9,x)

(
(

5420
7196
9238
1592
4317

7(1.0, x)

-i ):3.6401

-1)4.0368
-1)4.4742
(-1)4.9575

1.1563
1.3662
1.6214
1.9329
2.3148

1)2.7849
1)3.3658
1)4.0868
1)4.9853
1)6.1098
1)'

2)7.8285

0)1.5999
0)1.7973
0)2.0243
0)2.2862
0)2.5896

1)1.2900
1.5293
1)1.8207
1)2.1773
1)2.6153
1

3.1555
3.8246
4.6566
5.6956
6.9986

1)8.6395
2)1.0715
2)1.3351
2)1.6714
2)2.1022

2)2.6566
2 3.3731
2)4.3032
2)5.5160
.043
2)7.1(
(

2)9.1938

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

710
Table

19.1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

1.0000
8.8187
-1 7.7700
[-1 6.8389
6.0120

8.1085
7.0232
6.0787
5.2566
4.5410

-1)6.2666
-1)5.3409
-1)4.5492
.8719
-1)^.1
-1)3.2
.2925

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-i 5.2778

.9182
-i)3.<;

4.6262
4.0482
3.5360
3.0825

-1)3.2
.3763

-1)2.7969
-1)2.3731
-1 2.0109
-1 1.7015
-1 1.4375

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

(-1)2.6816
(-1)2.3276
-1)2.0157
(-1)1.7412
(-1)1.5003

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

-1)1.2893
-1)1.1049
-2)9.4412
2)8.0438
2)6.8324

(-2)8.1541
(-2)6.8857
(-2)5.7994
(-2)4.8712
(-2)4.0801

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

5.7853
4.8830
4.1080
3.4444
(-25 2.8782

(-2; 3.4076

2.5

'-21

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-2
-2

2.3966
1.9886
1.6441
'-2 1.3544
-2 1.1116

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-3)9.0885
-3)7.4028
-3)6.0067
-3)4.8549
-3)3.9086

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

(-3)3.1342
(-3)2.5032
-3 1.9912
-3 1.5775
(-3)1.2446

4.0

-4 9.7788

4.1
4.2
4.3

-4'

4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0

01

-1)

-i
-i
-i

-i

7.6513
-4 5.9616
-4 4.6255
'-4 3.5736
-4

-1)2.9051
-1)2.4957
-1)2.1403

-1)1.8321
-1)1.5651
-1 1.3343
-1)1.1350
-2)9.6317

(-2
-2
-2
(-2

-3)4.7224
-3)3.8030
-3)3.0513
-3)2.4392
-3)1.9426

(-3)1.5412
1-3)1.2181
-4)9.5895
(-4 7.5202
(-4)5.8741
-4)

-4
-4
:-4
-4

(-4)1.2259
-5)9.3061
(-5 7.0352
-5)5.2961
(-5)3.9701

(-5)6.9418

(-5)2.9634

'

4.6509
3.9060
1)3.2786
1 2.7501
1 2.3050

-1)3.3333
-l) 2.7615
-1)2.2867
-1)1.8924
-1)1.5650

(-1)2.3167
(-1)1.8950
(-1)1.5494
(-1 1.2662
(-1)1.0340

-1 1.9302

(-1)1.2931
(-l) 1.0674
(-2)8.8019
(-2)7.2491
(-2)5.9624

(-2)8.4374
(-2)6.8788
(-2)5.6025
(-2)4.5579
(-2)3.7035

:tl

'-1 1.6146
-1

-2

3.0265
2.4890
2.0423
1.6718
1.3652

(-2)1.7849
(-2)1.4503
-2)1.1759
(-3)9.5127
(-3)7.6780

1.9653
1.6159
-2 1.3248
-2 1.0829
8.8260

2)1.1120
3)9.0339
3)7.3193
3)5.9138
3)4.7646

-3)6.1823
-3 4.9656
-3)3.9782
-3)3.1787
-3)2.5331

-3)

-3)3.8275
-3)3.0655
-3)2.4478
-3 1.9484
-3)1.5460

-3)2.0129
-3)1.5951
-3)1.2603
-4)9.9277
-4)7.7967

(-3)1.0442
(-4 8.1895
(-4 6.4052
(-4)4.9954
(-4)3.8845

-3) 2.4191
-3 1.9270
-3) 1.5296
-3) 1.2099
-4) 9.5361

-3)1.2228
-4)9.6394
-4)7.5735
-4) 5.9301
-4 4.6274

6.1042
4.7641
-4 3.7062
-4 2.8738
'-4 2.2210

-4)3.0117
-4)2.3279
-4)1.7938
-4)1.3778
-4)1.0550

-3) 7.1710
-3 5.8081
-3 4.6891
-3) 3.7734

-4)

-4

-2)1.0327
-3)8.2953
-3)6.6500
-3)5.3198
-3)4.2463
-3)3.3818
-3)2.6869
-3)2.1296
-3 1.6837
-3)1.3277

1.5666
1.2662
1.0230
8.2604
6.6663

-2)5.3758
-2)4.3316
-2)3.4869
-2)2.8040
-2)2.2523

1.0335
8.2588
6.5971
5.2673
4.2032
-2)
-2)
-2)
-2)
-2)

-2

1.8068
1.4475
-2 1.1579
-3 9.2486
-3 7.3749

-3)5.8705
-3)4.6645
-3)3.6991
-3 2.9276
-3)2.3122

-2) 1.0660
-3 8.4479
-3 6.6856
'-3 5.2831
!-3 4.1683
(
(

-v 8.7960
-4
4)6.8665

(
(

<

-4)5.3467
-4)4.1523
-4)3.2161
-4)2.4841
-4)1.9134

-3)
-3)
-3)
-3)
-3)

3.2833
2.5816
2.0262
1.5873
1.2409

-4)9.6810
-4)7.5364
-4)5.8538
-4)4.5364
-4)3.5071

-3) 1.8222
-3) 1.4328
-3) 1.1240

3.3518
2.6707
2.1262
1.6910
1.3434

-4)
-4)
-4)
-4)
-5)

2.7047
2.0806
1.5964
1.2216
9.3228

-4)1.4695
-4 1.1253
-5)8.5914
'-5)6.5394
-5)4.9621

'-5]
-5
-5

'-5;

3.7534
-5 2.8300
2.1269
1.5932
1.1894

(-5)1.7338
(-5)1.2961
(-6)9.6590
(-6)7.1749
(-6)5.3123

7.0950
5.3843
4.0742
-5 3.0738
'-5 2.3121

(-4)3.5982
(-4)2.7880
(-4)2.1526
(-4)1.6559
(-4)1,2692

-4)2.1146
-4)1.6233
'-4)1.2413
'-5 9.4547
-5)7.1727

-5)9.6913
-5)7.3727
-5 5.5875
-5)4.2185
'-5)3.1726

4.4015
3.3191
2.4937
'-5 1.8667
-5 1.3920

-5)1.9818
-5)1.4817
-5)1.1039
-6)8.1946
-6)6.0609

-6)8.8495
'-6)6.5617
-6)4.8485
-6 3.5701
'-6)2.6194

(-6)3.9203
-6)2.8834
(-6)2.1136
(-6)1.5440
(-6)1.1240

2.3767

(-6)4.4663
(-6)3.2790
(-6)2.3983
(-6)1.7475
(-6)1.2685

(-6) 1.9150
(-6 1.3949
(-6 1.0124
7.3205
5.2737

(-7) 8.1539

(-7)9.1724

(-7)3.7849

(-7)1.5523

-4)1.7107
-4)1.3131
-4)1.0045
-5 7.6567
-5)5.8157

-5
-5

-5

-5) 5.4198

-5)

-5 4.0787
-5 3.0571
-5 2.2819
-5) 1.6964

-5 1.7736
-5 1.3183

!-6 7.1961

-5)1.0342
-6)7.6538
'-6)5.6428
-6)4.1440
-6)3.0315

(-5)1.2558

(-6)5.2847

(-6)2.2089

-1)
-1)
-1)
-2)
-2)

[/(5.0,x)

-4) 7.4887
-4) 5.8592
-4) 4.5672
-4) 3.5468
-4)
4)2.7439

3.0053
-2 2.4351
'-2 1.9701
'-2 1.5913
'-2 1.2831

5.0255
4.1862
3.4786
2.8833
2.3837

-2)
-2)
-2)
-2)
-2)

'-2)

-2)5.3727
-2)4.4461
-2)3.6721

-2

9.3785

.8022
-2)1.1
'-2)b.t
.4802

-2

'

1.3490

:-i 1.1256

[7(4.5, x)

[7(4.0, x)

[7(3.5, x)

4.8971
4.0160
3.2880
2.6872
2.1922

-1 1.0208
-2 8.5773
-2) 7.1928
'-2) 6.0190

4.5702
3.5414
2.7331
2.1007
1.6081

2.7491
2.1058
-4'
1.6061
-A 1.2197
-5 9.2216
-4

-1) 1.2124

2.8375
2.3556
1.9495
1.6082

(-2)1.3223
(-2)1.0837
(-3)8.8509
(-3)7.2040
(-3)5.8431

[/(3.0, x)

[/(2.5,x)

U{2.0,x)

17(1.5, x)

'-6 9.7593

-5)
-5)
-5)
-5)
-5)

8.0514
6.1244
4.6430
3.5080
2.6413

"4

-7
(-7
(-7
(-7

5.8942
4.2455
3.0469
2.1788

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

711
Table

V (2.0,x)

7(1.5, x)

V(2.5,x)

V (3.0,x)

0.0000
(-1)2.4076
-1 4.8999
-1)7.5647
1.0497

1.3802
1.7600
2.2033
2.7266
3.3501

V(3.5,x)

19.1

V(4.0,x)

V (4.5,x)

V (5.0,x)

0)0.8578
1.0483
0)1.2810
1.5652
0)1.9126

12.3937
12.4477
0)2.6124
2.8954

0)3.3098

1.7220
2.1545
2.6952
3.3715
4.2178

2.3376
2.8579
3.4955
4.2777
5.2386

0)3.8751
0)4.6180
0)5.5736
6.7880
0)8.3200

0)5.2778
0)6.6060
8.2721
1 1.0364
l)l.2993

0)6.4206
0)7.8765
0)9.6727
1 1.1892
1 1.4640

1)1.0245
l)l. 2659
l)l. 5683
1 1.9473
1)2.4227

1.6301
2.0469
2.5728
3.2373
4.0782

1)1..8048
1)2..2284

1)2.7558
1)3.4139
1)4.2370

1)3.0195
1)3.7699
1)4.7150
1 5.9076
1)7.4155

1)5.1442
1)6.4978
1 8.2198
2)l. 0415
2)1.3218

1)5.2689
1)6.5656
8.1989
2) 1.0262
2)1.2873

1)9.3262
2 1.1753
2)1.4841
2 1.8781
2)2.3822

2)1.6806
2)2.1408
2)2.7325
2)3.4948
2)4.4794

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.0000
10.7999
11.6118
12.4481
13.3218

13.4311
13.9591
14.5665
15.2660
i6.0721

-1)7..9788
-1)8.
18.0788

-1)8.3814
-1)8.8948
-1 9.6332

-1)4.9200
-1)5.8561
-1 6.9684
'-1 8.2911
-1 9.8651

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

(-1)4.2467
(-1)5.2381
(-1)6.3130
(-1)7.4906
(-1)8.7928

(-1)7.0024
(-1)8.0774
(-1 9.3217
0)1.0764
(
0)1.2440
(

0)1.0617
0) 1.1873
1.3438
0)1.5356
0) 1.7683

1.1740
1.3975
1.6644
1.9833
2.3652

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0)1.0245
0)1.1877
0)1.3724
0)1.5826
0)1.8234

0)1.4390
0)1.6665
0) 1.9325
0)2.2442
0)2.6104

0)2.0490
0)2.3862
0)2.7905
0)3.2748
0)3.8551

0)2.8230
0)3.3729
0)4.0346
4.8322
0)5.7959

1.5
1.6
1.7
1 8
1.9

2.1005
2.4211
2.7936
3.2284
3.7380

0)3.0418
0)3.5514
0)4.1551
0)4.8722
0)5.7267

0)4.5511
0)5.3869
6.3925
0)7.6047
0)9.0697

0)6.9626
0)8.3782
1 1.0100
1)1.2199
1)1.4765

4.3378
5.0463
5.8865
6.8869
8.0823

0)6.7480
0)7.9725
0)9.4452
1)1.1222
1)1.3374

1)1.0844
1)1.3000
1)1.5626
l) 1.8834
1)2.2765

1)1.7910
1)2.1774
1 2.6535
1)3.2418
1)3.9709

1)2.7597
1 3.3555
1)4.0926
1)5.0074
1)6.1466

1)4.8771
1)6.0069
1)7.4199
1)9.1925
2)1.1423

1)7.5701
1 9.3551
2 1.1601
2)1.4437
2)1.8032

2)1.4240
2)1.7809
2)2.2345
2)2.8131
2)3.5537

2)2.7252
2)3.4467
2)4.3729
2)5.5657
2)7.1071

2)5.2976
2)6.7721
2 8.6829
3)1.1167
3)1.4407

3)1.0447
3)1.3491
3)1.7474
3)2.2698
3)2.9574

3)2.0877
3 2.7227
3)3.5606
3)4.6697
3)6.1422

2)2.2604
2 2.8441
2)3.5920
2)4.5540
2)5.7960

2)4.5048
2)5.7308
2)7.3166
2)9.3755
3)1.2058

2)9.1055
3)1-1705
3)1.5100
3)1.9547
3)2.5393

3)1.8646
3)2.4212
3)3.1543
3)4.1233
3)5.4084

3)3.8650
3)5.0672
3 6.6645
3)8.7939
4)1.1642

3)8.1029
4)1.0722
4)1.4232
4)1.8950
4)2.5313

7.1188
9.4032
4 1.2465
1.6584
4) 2.2145

4)1.5465
4 2.0613
4 2.7570
4)3.7005
4)4.9845

3.3924
4.5614
6.1538
8.3306
1.1316

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3 8
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

(
(

(
(
(
(
(

(
(

0)9.5162
1)1.1243
1)1.3329
1)1.5860
1)1.8943

1)5.9708
1)7.3343
1)9.0472
2)1.1208
2)1.3945
2)1.7425
2)2.1870
2)2.7569
2)3.4909
2)4.4399

1)1.5987
1)1.9172
1)2.3068
1)2.7849
1)3.3738

2
2
2

(
(

1.1519
1.4325
1.7887
2.2424
2.8227

2)3.5678
2)4.5283
2 5.7716
2)7.3873
2)9.4956

U.2154

)1.5812

3)2.0666

3)4.6909

5.6724
7.2797
9.3849

(
?
(

1)4.1018
1)5.0049
1)6.1295
1)7.5350
1)9.2982

1.2258
1.5893
3) 2.0695
3 2.7065
3) 3.5553

1)2.2710
1 2.7333
1)3.3028
1)4.0070
1)4.8812

5.0

(
(

(
(

2)7.4057
2)9.5001
3)1.2236
3)1.5823
3)2.0545

(
(

(
(

<

4)1.0746

)
)
)
)

0)4.0980
0)5.0002
0)6.0933
0)7.4224
0)9.0439
(

(
(
(

<

0)

(
(

0)

0)

(
(
(
(

(
(

1)3.0364
1)3.7393
1 4.6150
1)5.7092
1)7.0801
(
(

(
(

1.5567

1)8.8025
2)1.0973
2 1.3716
2)1.7193
2)2.1614

3) 2.0173
3) 2.6243
3) 3.4272
3)4.4934
3)

4)2.4833

1)1.1028
1.3461
1)1.6454
1)2.0145
l)2. 4708
l)

)
)

3.3108
4.3324
5.6903
7.5019
9.9277
1.3188
1.7588
2.3547
3.1649
4.2708

3)5.9146
3)7.8166
4)1.0372
4 1.3819
4 1.8487

3)2.6786
3 3.5069
3)4.6106
3 6.0871
3)8.0706

3)
3)

3)

0)

4)5.7864

(
(
(
(

2)1.6189
2)2.0411
2)2.5801
2)3.2701
2)4.1562

3.9929
4 ) 5.3922
4 (7.3096
4 ) 9.9472
)

3)
3)

4 ) 2.9680
(

5)1.3589

2)3.0285
2 3.8596
2)4.9310
2 6.3162
2)8.1119

4)6.7384
4)9.1425
5)1.2450
5 1.7018
5)2.3348

5)3.2156

(
(

2)

5.7544

2) 7.4093
2) 9.5631

3)

1.2374
1.6051

5)1.5426
5 2.1103
5)2.8973
5 3.9923
5 5.5212

5)7.6639

(
(
(

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

712
Table 19.2
X

W(-5.0,x)

W(-4.Q,x)

W(-B.0,x)

W(-3.0,-x)

W(-2.0,- X)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.47348
0.35697
0.22267
+ 0.07727
-0.07200

0.50102
0.39190
0.26715
+0.13172
-0.00899

0.53933
0.43901
0.32555
0.20231
+0.07298

0.60027
0.51126
0.41203
0.30453
0.19088

0.47348
0.56641
0.63113
0.66435
0.66434

0.50102
0.59017
0.65576
0.69515
0.70666

0.53933
0.62350
0.68900
0.73381
0.75649

0.60027
0.67730
0.74078
0.78939
0.82206

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-0.21764
-0.35231
-0.46911
-0.56198
-0.62597

-0.14933
-0.28362
-0.40634
-0.51236
-0.59713

-0.05857
-0.18832
-0.31226
-0.42646
-0.52722

+0.07334
-0.04569
-0.16377
-0.27838
-0.38697

0.63099
0.56583
0.47199
0.35408
0.21799

0.68972
0.64485
0.57370
0.47898
0.36441

0.75622
0.73285
0.68690
0.61955
0.53268

0.83798
0.83665
0.81785
0.78173
0.72875

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

-0.65752
-0.65470
-0.61732
-0.54700
-0.44716

-0.65688
-0.68881
-0.69121
-0.66357
-0.60670

-0.61113
-0.67522
-0.71706
-0.73488
-0.72761

-0.48704
-0.57617
-0.65204
-0.71255
-0.75583

+0.07061
-0.08044
-0.22724
-0.36189
-0.47700

0.23458
+0.09483
-0.04897
-0.19063
-0.32388

0.42880
0.31103
0.18303
+0.04890
-0.08688

0.65975
0.57594
0.47890
0.37059
0.25333

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

-0.32290
-0.18077
-0.02851
+0.12535
0.27194

-0.52270
-0.41495
-0.28803
-0.14758
-0.00009

-0.69502
-0.63774
-0.55733
-0.45625
-0.33785

-0.78031
-0.78484
-0.76869
-0.73166
-0.67412

-0.56602
-0.62369
-0.64634
-0.63218
-0.58147

-0.44262
-0.54122
-0.61480
-0.65945
-0.67250

-0.21962
-0.34454
-0.45694
-0.55237
-0.62680

0.12978
+0.00294
-0.12397
-0.24749
-0.36405

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.40253
0.50907
0.58468
0.62416
0.62438

+0.14739
0.28751
0.41299
0.51702
0.59364

-0.20633
-0.06661
+0.07581
0.21503
0.34495

-0.59707
-0.50217
-0.39174
-0.26879
-0.13696

-0.49661
-0.38212
-0.24445
-0.09171
+0.06678

-0.65271
-0.60042
-0.51764
-0.40802
-0.27680

-0.67684
-0.69989
-0.69432
-0.65962
-0.59652

-0.47006
-0.56198
-0.63649
-0.69061
-0.72184

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.58460
0.50668
0.39507
0.25669
+0.10057

0.63810
0.64722
0.61968
0.55625
0.45985

0.45960
0.55333
0.62119
0.65920
0.66463

-0.00046
+0.13603
0.26749
0.38872
0.49459

0.22095
0.36067
0.47637
0.55973
0.60434

-0.13062
+0.02276
0.17482
0.31672
0.43980

-0.50704
-0.39454
-0.26363
-0.12008
+0.02936

-0.72830
-0.70889
-0.66340
-0.59265
-0.49853

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.06260
-0.22123
-0.36354
-0.47850
-0.55672

0.33555
0.19042
+0.03320
-0.12614
-0.27701

0.63631
0.57472
0.48225
0.36312
0.22333

0.58021
0.64123
0.67411
0.67637
0.64681

0.60627
0.56451
0.48124
0.36184
0.21471

0.53615
0.59915
0.62397
0.60808
0.55155

0.17727
0.31588
0.43747
0.53481
0.60167

-0.38404
-0.25332
-0.11153
+0.03530
0.18042

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.59128
-0.57849
-0.51836
-0.41490
-0.27601

-0.40886
-0.51196
-0.57820
-0.60177
-0.57982

+0.07050
-0.08654
-0.23816
-0.37452
-0.48622

0.58576
0.49519
0.37883
0.24205
+0.09180

+0.05079
-0.11714
-0.27544
-0.41066
-0.51073

0.45725
0.33088
0.18074
+0.01731
-0.14737

0.63325
0.62663
0.58111
0.49849
0.38313

0.31672
0.43701
0.53447
0.60305
0.63793

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-0.11306
+0.05995
0.22741
0.37359
0.48406

-0.51295
-0.40534
-0.26474
-0.10210
+0.06923

-0.56500
-0.60443
-0.60059
-0.55252
-0.46263

-0.06370
-0.21535
-0.35365
-0.46937
-0.55413

-0.56615
-0.57098
-0.52367
-0.42750
-0.29056

-0.30058
-0.42985
-0.52406
-0.57448
-0.57571

0.24189
+0.08387
-0.08010
-0.23812
-0.37804

0.63597
0.59605
0.51937
0.40960
0.27290

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0.54726
0.55583
0.50770
0.40664
0.26226

0.23443
0.37847
0.48758
0.55059
0.56028

-0.33674
-0.18393
-0.01604
+0.15314
0.30893

-0.60118
-0.60601
-0.56693
-0.48549
-0.36666

-0.12531
+0.05237
0.22465
0.37342
0.48233

-0.52643
-0.42982
-0.29363
-0.12977
+0.04660

-0.48847
-0.55975
-0.58492
-0.56059
-0.48753

+0.11769
-0.04573
-0.20576
-0.35036
-0.46788

0.43707

-0.21874

0.53861

0.21827

-0.37095

-0.54818

5.0

m m
0.08936

0.51440

W(-2.0,x)

3' 6

['-e

W(-5.0,-x) W(-4.0,-x)

-63>5

-| )7
]

['-I' ]

[<"."*]

Values of W(a,x)
a are from National Physical Laboratory, Tables of Weber parabolic cylinder functions.
Computed by Scientific Computing Service Ltd. Mathematical Introduction by J. C. P. Miller. Her Majesty's
tor integral values of

Stationery Office, London, England, 1955 (with permission).

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

713
Table 19.2

W(2.0,x)

0027
2271
5561
9758
4744

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

(-D

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

3.0411
2.6668
2.3436
2.0644
1.8233

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

-1)
-1)
-1)

1.6151
1.4351
1.2795
1.1450
1.0286

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

-2)

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

-2)

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

(-2)
-2

-1

W(3.0,x)
-1)

;-i)
-1)
-1)
-1)

\i
(-1)

:I
i-li

W(4:.0,X)

1.2770
1.5168
1.8008
2.1368
2.5335

0)1.3583
0)1.6574
0)2.0215
0)2.4643
0)3.0019

1.0168
8.6859
7.4385
6.3880
5.5025

7.1069
5.8882
4.8880
4.0663
3.3906

(-2)5.2572
(-2)4.2455
(-2)3.4340
(-2)2.7825
(-2)2.2590

3.0013
3.5517
4.1980
4.9554
5.8406

0)3.6538
0)4.4431
0)5.3970
6.5479
0)7.9336

0)4.3782
0)5.4528
0)6.7844
0)8.4318
1)1.0466

4.7556
4.1248
3.5917
3.1406
2.7584

2.8343
2.3757
1.9973
1.6845
1.4256

(-2)1.8377
-2)1.4984
(-2)1.2246
(-2)1.0035
(-3)8.2455

6.8726
8.0723
9.4626
1.1069
1.2917

0)9.5984
1)1.1594
1)1.3979
1)1.6824
1)2.0206

1)1.2975
1)1.6060
1)1.9848
1)2.4487
1)3.0155

1.2111
1.0330
8.8491
7.6160
6.5875

6.7954
5.6183
4.6610
3.8810
3.2443

4.0402
3.7524
3.4763
3.2064
2.9379

(-2)
(-2)
(-2)
(-2)
(-3)

1.4075
1.2813
1.1719
1.0764
9.9205

5.7281
5.0088
4.4055
3.8984
3.4711

3)2.7236
3)2.2968
1.9464
1.6580
1.4202

-3
-3

-2
-2

2.6664
2.3883
2.1007
1.8013
1.4891

9.1665
8.4815
-3) 7.8473
-3) 7.2477
-3) 6.6685

3.1099
2.8032
2.5414
2.3163
2.1209

-3)1.2237
-3 1.0610
-4)9.2596
-4)8.1356
-4)7.1975

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

(-2)
(-3)
(-3)

1.1637
8.2597
4.7816

6.0967
5.5212
-3) 4.9326
(-3 4.3233
(-3) 3.6879

1.9491
1.7956
1.6558
1.5256
1.4014

6.4117
5.7506
5.1910
4.7135
4.3017

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

3.0231
2.3283
-3
1.6058
-3
0.8609
-3 1+0.1023

1.2800
1.1586
1.0349
9.0706
7.7357

-4)3.9416
-4 3.6211
-4)3.3295
-4)3.0577
-4)2.7975

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

(-2) -1.9831

-0.6579

(-2)-2.1213
(-2) -2.1898
-2) -2.1815
(-2)-2.0914

-3 -1.4043
'-3 -2.1182
'-3 -2.7786

-3.3622

6.3364
4.8704
3.3422
1.7637
1+0.1548

-4)2.5418
-4)2.2847
-4)2.0210
-4 1.7468
-4 1.4595

5.0

(-2) -1.9179

(-3) -3.8449

(_4)_1.4564

(-4)1.1577

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-2
-2

(-2
(-2
(-2

i-li
(-2)

(-3+1.2365
(-3) -2.3273

'-I]

-5.8480

-3

3-9.2508

-3

3)

2)
2)
2)

-1.2449
-1.5347
-1.7842

-3

-3

For interpolation, see 19.28.

(-1)4.7348
-1)5.9185
-1)7.3991
-1 9.2505
0)1.1564

(-1)1.5611
-1)1.2530
-1)1.0067
-2)8.0964
-2)6.5197

-2

-2

-2)

5.0102
-1 6.1154
(-1 7.4658
(-1 9.1150

1.8634
1.5327
1.2621
1.0407
8.5930

2.4342
2.1588
1.9245
1.7247
1.5540

-2

-2

5.3933
6.4061
7.6114
9.0448
1.0748

2.3041
1.9499
1.6525
1.4028
1.1931

-2)
-2)
-2
-2)

-2)
-2)

W(5.0,-x)

(-1)4.7348
(-1)3.7888
-1)3.0330
-1 2.4291
(-1)1.9466

5.8890
5.4386
5.0372
4.6755
4.3456

-2)

W(A.0,-x)

0102
1061
3667
7621
2677

(-2)
-2)
-2'

W(3.0,-i)

5.3933
4.5427
3.8285
3.2292
2.7262

9.2770
8.4018
7.6411
6.9782
6.3984

-2)

W(2.0,-x)

W(5.0,x)

)
)

-1)
-1
(

-1
-1)
0)

6.0027
6.8986
7.9324
9.1243
1.0497

(
(

0)1.4454
0)1.8059
0)2.2555
0)2.8155
0)3.5123

9.(
.6899

1)

.0816
1.2027
1.3319

1.5037
1.7457
2.0209
2.3322
2.6827

1)2.4216
1)2.8952
1 3.4529
1 4.1069
1 4.8711

1)3.7062
1)4.5455
1)5.5623
1)6.7904
1)8.2686

1.4686
1.6117
1.7597
1.9108
2.0626

1)3.0749
1)3.5113
1)3.9937
1)4.5230
1)5.0992

5.7600
6.7894
7.9756
9.3355
1.0886

2)1.0042
2)1.2161
2)1.4683
2)1.7672
2)2.1198
2)

2.2123
2.3564
2.4910
2.6116
2.7132

1)5.7210
1)6.3856
1)7.0882
1)7.8218
1)8.5768

2.7908
2.8386
2.8513
2.8234
2.7502

1)9.3410
2)1.0099
2)1.0833
2)1.1520
2)1.2137

2.6275
2.4523
2.2234
1.9410
1.6079

2)1.2657
2)1.3050
2)1.3286
2)1-3334
2)1.3167

1.2294
l
8.1345
o
o 1+3.7101

2)1.2758
2)1.2086
2)1.1138
1)9.9105
1)8.4104

1)
1)

1!
i)
l

l
l

l
i

1)
i)
l)

l)
l)
l)

i)

1!
l)
l)
l)

-0.8430

-5.3626
(

0)

8.1
.6507

0)1.1128

0)

-9.6664

1)6.6590

2)1.2643
2 1.4620
2)1.6831
2 1.9284
2)2.1983

2)2.5340
2)3.0179
2)3.5801
2 4.2298
2)4.9757

2)2.4925
2)2.8101
2)3.1488
3.5057
ill 3.8760

2)5.8266
2)6.7902
2)7.8732
2 9.0802
3)1.0413

2)4.2539
4.6317
2)4.9999
2)5.3475
2)5.6617

3)1.1870
3 1.3446
3)1.5128
3) 1.6899
3 1.8733

(
(

(
(
(

2)5.9283
2)6.1317
2)6.2561
2)6.2853
2)6.2040
(

2)5.9987

2.0596

Mi 2.2445
2.4229
(

3)

3)2.5885
3)2.7344
(

3)2.8528

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

714
Table 19.2
X

W(-1.0,x)

W(-0.9,x)

W(-0.8,x)

W(-0.7,x)

W(- 0.6.x)

W(-0.5,x)

W(-0A,x

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.73148
0.65958
0.58108
0.49671
0.40726

0.75416
0.68457
0.60881
0.52750
0.44133

0.77982
0.71267
0.63980
0.56175
0.47908

0.80879
0.74421
0.67441
0.59981
0.52089

0.84130
0.77940
0.71281
0.64187
0.56693

0.87718
0.81803
0.75477
0.68766
0.61696

0.91553
0.85912
0.79925
0.73610
0.66984

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.31359
0.21659
0.11723
+0.01657
-0.08429

0.35102
0.25734
0.16111
+0.06324
-0.03529

0.39240
0.30233
0.20958
0.11490
+0.01912

0.43811
0.35200
0.26311
0.17206
+0.07954

0.48837
0.40658
0.32198
0.23506
0.14637

0.54293
0.46584
0.38601
0.30379
0.21956

0.60064
0.52866
0.45409
0.37715
0.29811

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

-0.18412
-0.28164
-0.37549
-0.46422
-0.54635

-0.13342
-0.23002
-0.32384
-0.41357
-0.49783

-0.07684
-0.17198
-0.26523
-0.35538
-0.44119

-0.01369
-0.10679
-0.19880
-0.28870
-0.37536

+0.05650
-0.03384
-0.12386
-0.21269
-0.29933

0.13380
+0.04704
-0.04009
-0.12687
-0.21246

0.21727
0.13503
+0.05185
-0.03172
-0.11502

1.5

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

-0.62034
-0.68464
-0.73771
-0.77808
-0.80439

-0.57517
-0.64409
-0.70310
-0.75070
-0.78547

-0.52130
-0.59431
-0.65875
-0.71317
-0.75611

-0.45753
-0.53393
-0.60317
-0.66382
-0.71446

-0.38270
-0.46162
-0.53480
-0.60091
-0.65854

-0.29594
-0.37627
-0.45231
-0.52280
-0.58645

-0.19728
-0.27764
-0.35510
-0.42857
-0.49684

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

-0.81541
-0.81014
-0.78787
-0.74822
-0.69124

-0.80610
-0.81144
-0.80054
-0.77279
-0.72790

-0.78618
-0.80212
-0.80282
-0.78741
-0.75531

-0.75365
-0.78003
-0.79238
-0.78960
-0.77089

-0.70628
-0.74273
-0.76654
-0.77649
-0.77153

-0.64186
-0.68765
-0.72243
-0.74486
-0.75373

-0.55864
-0.61261
-0.65738
-0.69156
-0.71385

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.61743
-0.52785
-0.42412
-0.30847
-0.18374

-0.66601
-0.58777
-0.49436
-0.38753
-0.26968

-0.70633
-0.64071
-0.55918
-0.46303
-0.35416

-0.73570
-0.68391
-0.61582
-0.53224
-0.43455

-0.75086
-0.71398
-0.66079
-0.59164
-0.50739

-0.74799
-0.72686
-0.68984
-0.63684
-0.56821

-0.72301
-0.71801
-0.69802
-0.66256
-0.61149

3.0

-0.05335
+0.07873
0.20811
0.33006
0.43974

-0.14378
-0.01339
+ 0.11741
0.24412
0.36198

-0.23506
-0.10884
+0.02083
0.14977
0.27340

-0.32474
-0.20540
-0.07973
+0.04850
0.17504

-0.40948
-0.29995
-0.18146
-0.05729
+0.06875

-0.48485
-0.38820
-0.28034
-0.16395
-0.04232

-0.54517
-0.46444
-0.37075
-0.26614
-0.15327

3.8
3.9

0.53233
0.60334
0.64885
0.66575
0.65207

0.46613
0.55184
0.61476
0.65118
0.65834

0.38695
0.48557
0.56460
0.61986
0.64786

0.29527
0.40440
0.49761
0.57035
0.61858

0.19236
0.30891
0.41360
0.50168
0.56868

+0.08071
0.20083
0.31342
0.41373
0.49706

-0.03541
+0.08365
0.19963
0.30797
0.40397

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0.60721
0.53214
0.42952
0.30382
0.16115

0.63466
0.58002
0.49593
0.38565
0.25422

0.64616
0.61356
0.55042
0.45874
0.34234

0.63904
0.62958
0.58939
0.51923
0.42158

0.61072
0.62476
0.60892
0.56270
0.48725

0.55906
0.59598
0.60496
0.58437
0.53398

0.48303
0.54088
0.57391
0.57944
0.55599

4.5
4.6

4.7
4.8
4.9

+0.00918
-0.14329
-0.28674
-0.41153
-0.50861

+0.10831
-0.04397
-0.19348
-0.33057
-0.44572

0.20677
+0.05918
-0.09193
-0.23720
-0.36694

0.30072
0.16266
+0.01497
-0.13360
-0.27352

0.38544
0.26194
+0.12315
-0.02310
-0.16782

0.45522
0.35129
0.22716
+0.08947
-0.05374

0.50355
0.42375
0.31998
0.19740
+0.06277

5.0

-0.57025

-0.53023

-0.47182

-0.39516

-0.30146

-0.19341

-0.07580

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

3.5
3.6
3.7

-| )4
]

ra

)4

-53>4

-53>4

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

715
Table 19.2

W(-1.0,-x)

W(-0.9,-x)

0.0
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.73148
0.79607
0.85267
0.90067
0.93946

0.75416
0.81697
0.87241
0.91990
0.95892

0.77982
0.84073
0.89490
0.94182
0.98099

0.80879
0.86771
0.92053
0.96682
1.00612

0.84130
0.89814
0.94958
0.99522
1.03467

0.87718
0.93193
0.98201
1.02707
1.06677

0.91553
0.96827
1.01711
1.06178
1.10197

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.96849
0.98722
0.99521
0.99202
0.97734

0.98892
1.00940
1.01990
1.01997
1.00923

1.01192
1.03413
1.04713
1.05048
1.04374

1.03797
1.06191
1.07745
1.08414
1.08151

1.06749
1.09323
1.11143
1.12160
1.12325

1.10070
1.12843
1.14951
1.16343
1.16966

1.13729
1.16736
1.19170
1.20981
1.22114

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.95092
0.91262
0.86244
0.80055
0.72729

0.98738
0.95418
0.90952
0.85341
0.78603

1.02655
0.99859
0.95962
0.90954
0.84835

1.06912
1.04657
1.01355
0.96978
0.91515

1.11589
1.09904
1.07228
1.03523
0.98760

1.16769
1.15695
1.13693
1.10714
1.06714

1.22511
1.22112
1.20855
1.18680
1.15529

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.64322
0.54911
0.44603
0.33528
0.21849

0.70774
0.61912
0.52099
0.41443
0.30081

0.77623
0.69355
0.60091
0.49914
0.38936

0.84963
0.77341
0.68684
0.59053
0.48532

0.92923
0.86006
0.78025
0.69014
0.59032

1.01659
0.95525
0.88304
0.80004
0.70659

1.11351
1.06102
0.99750
0.92281
0.83697

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

+0.09757
-0.02528
-0.14758
-0.26660
-0.37941

0.18179
+0.05934
-0.06427
-0.18651
-0.30459

0.27298
0.15171
+0.02758
-0.09709
-0.21967

0.37236
0.25309
0.12930
+0.00305
-0.12323

0.48166
0.36531
0.24278
+0.11588
-0.01322

0.60326
0.49090
0.37070
0.24419
+0.11327

0.74025
0.63319
0.51665
0.39182
0.26028

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.48297
-0.57415
-0.64990
-0.70733
-0.74387

-0.41552
-0.51623
-0.60356
-0.67449
-0.72615

-0.33731
-0.44698
-0.54551
-0.62975
-0.69663

-0.24685
-0.36487
-0.47416
-0.57149
-0.65363

-0.14203
-0.26774
-0.38730
-0.49748
-0.59492

-0.01983
-0.15248
-0.28178
-0.40451
-0.51729

+0.12398
-0.01472
-0.15309
-0.28802
-0.41615

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.75737
-0.74633
-0.70996
-0.64841
-0.56281

-0.75605
-0.76219
-0.74323
-0.69863
-0.62881

-0.74331
-0.76738
-0.76692
-0.74077
-0.68862

-0.71748
-0.76019
-0.77937
-0.77320
-0.74065

-0.67629
-0.73841
-0.77841
-0.79386
-0.78300

-0.61660
-0.69897
-0.76108
-0.79994
-0.81309

-0.53384
-0.63739
-0.72310
-0.78743
-0.82721

3.5

3.9

-0.45542
-0.32961
-0.18992
-0.04191
+0.10799

-0.53525
-0.42059
-0.28860
-0.14423
+0.00657

-0.61114
-0.51016
-0.38867
-0.25086
-0.10208

-0.68160
-0.59701
-0.48899
-0.36092
-0.21739

-0.74490
-0.67961
-0.58833
-0.47349
-0.33883

-0.79874
-0.75603
-0.68515
-0.58750
-0.46582

-0.83985
-0.82349
-0.77725
-0.70141
-0.59756

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0.25266
0.38471
0.49679
0.58208
0.63477

0.15702
0.29976
0.42722
0.53205
0.60759

+0.05134
0.20225
0.34303
0.46597
0.56372

-0.06416
+0.09203
0.24366
0.38285
0.50171

-0.18934
-0.03124
+0.12831
0.28140
0.41981

-0.32421
-0.16811
-0.00420
+0.15987
0.31572

-0.46872
-0.31938
-0.15545
+0.01587
0.18634

4.5

0.65055
0.62708
0.56440
0.46513
0.33464

0.64841
0.65075
0.61301
0.53614
0.42379

0.62979
0.65910
0.64846
0.59705
0.50672

0.59285
0.64997
0.66833
0.64531
0.58085

0.53543
0.62083
0.66982
0.67800
0.64328

0.45473
0.56851
0.64950
0.69154
0.69050

0.34702
0.48877
0.60280
0.68125
0.71794

0.1

3.6
3.7
3.8

4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0

W(-0.8,-x) W(-0.7,-x) W(-0.6,-x)

W(-0.5,-x) W(-0A,-iX)

m m m m m m
0.18091

0.28240

0.38215

0.47771

0.56635

0.64481

0.70889
{

T]

716

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Tabl. 3 19.2

W(-0.S,x)

W(-0.2,x)

W(-0.1,x)

W(0,x)

W(0.1,x)

W(0.2,x)

W(0.S,x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3

0.4

0.95411
0.90030
0.84377
0.78461
0.72293

0.98880
0.93725
0.88381
0.82851
0.77137

1.01364
0.96381
0.91299
0.86116
0.80828

1.02277
0.97388
0.92496
0.87595
0.82673

1.01364
0.96480
0.91691
0.86984
0.82344

0.98880
0.93920
0.89145
0.84540
0.80084

0.95411
0.90311
0.85480
0.80896
0.76536

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.65878
0.59225
0.52341
0.45236
0.37924

0.71237
0.65150
0.58875
0.52410
0.45756

0.75426
0.69902
0.64245
0.58445
0.52493

0.77719
0.72716
0.67647
0.62496
0.57244

0.77753
0.73192
0.68637
0.64067
0.59459

0.75757
0.71533
0.67388
0.63296
0.59228

0.72375
0.68386
0.64540
0.60809
0.57163

1.0

1.4

0.30421
0.22751
0.14946
+0.07042
-0.00912

0.38918
0.31906
0.24734
0.17425
0.10007

0.46383
0.40111
0.33677
0.27090
0.20361

0.51877
0.46381
0.40744
0.34961
0.29032

0.54790
0.50038
0.45186
0.40217
0.35118

0.55160
0.51063
0.46915
0.42691
0.38374

0.53573
0.50010
0.46446
0.42854
0.39209

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

-0.08857
-0.16725
-0.24435
-0.31894
-0.38999

+0.02522
-0.04982
-0.12443
-0.19788
-0.26933

0.13514
+0.06577
-0.00407
-0.07387
-0.14299

0.22960
0.16760
0.10454
+0.04073
-0.02340

0.29883
0.24510
0.19006
0.13384
0.07667

0.33945
0.29393
0.24713
0.19904
0.14975

0.35491
0.31679
0.27761
0.23725
0.19569

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

-0.45633
-0.51674
-0.56989
-0.61444
-0.64903

-0.33779
-0.40219
-0.46135
-0.51400
-0.55882

-0.21066
-0.27600
-0.33802
-0.39560
-0.44755

-0.08731
-0.15034
-0.21170
-0.27048
-0.32569

+ 0.01891

-0.03902
-0.09655
-0.15300
-0.20756

0.09941
+0.04828
-0.00327
-0.05478
-0.10567

0.15296
0.10917
0.06450
+0.01926
-0.02617

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.67233
-0.68311
-0.68033
-0.66313
-0.63097

-0.59448
-0.61966
-0.63315
-0.63385
-0.62088

-0.49261
-0.52947
-0.55686
-0.57356
-0.57846

-0.37619
-0.42082
-0.45833
-0.48749
-0.50710

-0.25934
-0.30731
-0.35040
-0.38745
-0.41729

-0.15523
-0.20267
-0.24709
-0.28749
-0.32283

-0.07129
-0.11551
-0.15811
-0.19829
-0.23518

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.58369
-0.52157
-0.44541
-0.35655
-0.25697

-0.59365
-0.55190
-0.49584
-0.42613
-0.34402

-0.57063
-0.54943
-0.51451
-0.46594
-0.40427

^0.51607
-0.51344
-0.49851
-0.47084
-0.43039

-0.43878
-0.45085
-0.45256
-0.44315
-0.42215

-0.35203
-0.37401
-0.38777
-0.39239
-0.38713

-0.26783
-0.29526
-0.31648
-0.33055
-0.33663

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.14924
-0.03654
+0.07742
0.18846
0.29213

-0.25134
-0.15050
-0.04453
+0.06302
0.16814

-0.33055
-0.24643
-0.15413
-0.05645
+0.04330

-0.37754
-0.31318
-0.23871
-0.15612
-0.06794

-0.38941
-0.34517
-0.29013
-0.22549
-0.15299

-0.37148
-0.34523
-0.30852
-0.26190
-0.20639

-0.33401
-0.32218
-0.30091
-0.27027
-0.23072

4.0

4.4

0.38382
0.45904
0.51364
0.54413
0.54793

0.26651
0.35370
0.42535
0.47744
0.50658

0.14132
0.23354
0.31572
0.38368
0.43357

+0.02278
0.11257
0.19762
0.27395
0.33764

-0.07486
+0.00615
0.08689
0.16386
0.23342

-0.14349
-0.07518
-0.00389
+0.06754
0.13597

-0.18313
-0.12880
-0.06948
-0.00733
+0.05511

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0.52370
0.47151
0.39312
0.29197
0.17327

0.51029
0.48726
0.43762
0.36308
0.26703

0.46212
0.46690
0.44663
0.40138
0.33274

0.38503
0.41300
0.41921
0.40237
0.36248

0.29194
0.33601
0.36270
0.36981
0.35608

0.19809
0.25059
0.29037
0.31476
0.32171

0.11504
0.16948
C.21549
0.25027
0.27144

5.0

0.04376

0.15455

0.24393

0.32145

0.31009

0.27719

1.1
1.2
1.3

4.1
4.2
4.3

[<t

)4

ra

)S

-|

m
0.30095

-f]

['-I' ]

T]

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

717
Table 19.2

W(-0.3,-x)

W(-0.2,-x)

W(-0.1,-x)

W(0,-x)

W(0.1,-x)

W(0.2,-x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.95411
1.00506
1.05296
1.09759
1.13868

0.98880
1.03835
1.08581
1.13097
1.17362

1.01364
1.06245
1.11016
1.15665
1.20172

1.02277
1.07165
1.12050
1.16924
1.21771

1.01364
1.06348
1.11435
1.16622
1.21899

0.98880
1.04037
1.09399
1.14968
1.20741

0.95411
1.00797
1.06483
1.12477
1.18782

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.17589
1.20884
1.23706
1.26006
1.27725

1.21344
1.25007
1.28307
1.31193
1.33606

1.24510
1.28645
1.32534
1.36129
1.39368

1.26568
1.31285
1.35884
1.40315
1.44521

1.27248
1.32644
1.38053
1.43429
1.48719

1.26706
1.32845
1.39129
1.45520
1.51968

1.25396
1.32307
1.39494
1.46928
1.54567

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.28802
1.29171
1.28761
1.27501
1.25320

1.35480
1.36744
1.37321
1.37129
1.36083

1.42185
1.44504
1.46241
1.47304
1.47598

1.48433
1151974
1.55054
1.57575
1.59429

1.53855
1.58760
1.63341
1.67498
1.71113

1.58412
1.64775
1.70967
1.76885
1.82408

1.62356
1.70224
1.78087
1.85841
1.93366

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

1.22150
1.17926
1.12596
1.06115
0.98458

1.34098
1.31091
1.26983
1.21705
1.15200

1.47020
1.45469
1.42841
1.39039
1.33973

1.60502
1.60672
1.59813
1.57800
1.54509

1.74059
1.76201
1.77390
1.77474
1.76299

1.87401
1.91713
1.95181
1.97628
1.98870

2.00522
2.07150
2.13072
2.18093
2.22000

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.89620
0.79618
0.68503
0.56357
0.43300

1.07426
0.98365
0.88026
0.76448
0.63710

1.27565
1.19757
1.10510
0.99819
0.87711

1.49825
1.43644
1.35882
1.26478
1.15405

1.73709
1.69557
1.63706
1.56041
1.46471

1.98714
1.96968
1.93446
1.87972
1.80390

2.24569
2.25565
2.24752
2.21894
2.16770

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.29492
0.15140
+0.00489
-0.14168
-0.28503

0.49932
0.35277
0.19959
+0.04242
-0.11563

0.74256
0.59571
0.43825
0.27241
+0.10100

1.02673
0.88342
0.72523
0.55388
0.37173

1.34942
1.21444
1.06021
0.88776
0.69887

1.70575
1.58440
1.43949
1.27129
1.08078

2.09177
1.98946
1.85956
1.70140
1.51507

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3

3.4

-0.42150
-0.54722
-0.65815
-0.75027
-0.81974

-0.27098
-0.41967
-0.55742
-0.67978
-0.78229

-0.07258
-0.24442
-0.41011
-0.56487
-0.70368

+0.18182
-0.01213
-0.20574
-0.39404
-0.57158

0.49606
0.28264
+0.06279
-0.15855
-0.37567

0.86979
0.64105
0.39827
+0.14618
-0.10952

1.30151
1.06267
0.80159
0.52249
+0.23083

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.86311
-0.87754
-0.86098
-0.81248
-0.73233

-0.86067
-0.91101
-0.93010
-0.91559
-0.86631

-0.82147
-0.91331
-0.97470
-1.00185
-0.99193

-0.73259
-0.87118
-0.98158
-1.05844
-1.09719

-0.58228
-0.77162
-0.93674
-1.07077
-1.16728

-0.36221
-0.60449
-0.82836
-1.02554
-1.18779

-0.06670
-0.36232
-0.64721
-0.91187
-1.14634

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-0.62227
-0.48559
-0.32717
-0.15346
+0.02771

-0.78249
-0.66595
-0.52024
-0.35070
-0.16437

-0.94343
-0.85640
-0.73270
-0.57611
-0.39249

-1.09434
-1.04786
-0.95753
-0.82515
-0.65483

-1.22069
-1.22662
-1.18240
-1.08743
-0.94350

-1.30732
-1.37730
-1.39231
-1.34891
-1.24610

-1.34070
-1.48554
-1.57256
-1.59514
-1.54901

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0.20739
0.37594
0.52351
0.64069
0.71919

+0.03014
0.22299
0.40359
0.56113
0.68534

-0.18962
+0.02291
0.23414
0.43218
0.60494

-0.45301
-0.22843
+ 0.00810
0.24408
0.46598

-0.75508
-0.52942
-0.27649
-0.00874
+0.25940

-1.08573
-0.87285
-0.61582
-0.32626
-0.01876

-1.43285
-1.24877
-1.00271
-0.70462
-0.36835

+ 0.28970

-0.01132

5.0

m
0.75259

0.76721
(

T]

m
0.74090

0.65996
(

)5

m
0.51219

-53,

W(0.S,-x]

-f

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

718
Table

19.2

W(0A,x)

W (Q.5,x)

W(0.6,x)

W(0.7,x)

W(0.8,x)

W(0.9,x)

W(1.0,x)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.91553
0.86271
0.81331
0.76709
0.72376

0.87718
0.82232
0.77155
0.72456
0.68104

0.84130
0.78433
0.73205
0.68408
0.64007

0.80879
0.74973
0.69590
0.64687
0.60222

0.77982
0.71874
0.66339
0.61328
0.56794

0.75416
0.69116
0.63436
0.58321
0.53718

0.73148
0.66667
0.60852
0.55639
0.50970

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.68304
0.64462
0.60820
0.57347
0.54011

0.64064
0.60305
0.56793
0.53495
0.50380

0.59964
0.56244
0.52810
0.49629
0.46666

0.56155
0.52446
0.49058
0.45952
0.43095

0.52692
0.48979
0.45614
0.42558
0.39774

0.49578
0.45853
0.42499
0.39476
0.36745

0.46791
0.43051
0.39703
0.36704
0.34013

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.50782
0.47630
0.44523
0.41435
0.38338

0.47414
0.44567
0.41808
0.39108
0.36438

0.43889
0.41266
0.38765
0.36358
0.34015

0.40452
0.37992
0.35682
0.33494
0.31399

0.37228
0.34888
0.32720
0.30697
0.28790

0.34271
0.32020
0.29960
0.28063
0.26299

0.31594
0.29412
0.27435
0.25634
0.23981

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.35206
0.32018
0.28752
0.25395
0.21934

0.33771
0.31084
0.28354
0.25561
0.22689

0.31709
0.29416
0.27111
0.24773
0.22384

0.29370
0.27382
0.25410
0.23433
0.21430

0.26973
0.25219
0.23506
0.21812
0.20115

0.24643
0.23071
0.21559
0.20085
0.18629

0.22451
0.21019
0.19662
0.18361
0.17094

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.18363
0.14682
0.10899
0.07029
+0.03094

0.19726
0.16665
0.13504
0.10248
0.06908

0.19927
0.17390
0.14767
0.12054
0.09255

0.19384
0.17280
0.15107
0.12857
0.10528

0.18398
0.16644
0.14841
0.12976
0.11045

0.17173
0.15700
0.14195
0.12647
0.11045

0.15845
0.14595
0.13331
0.12038
0.10707

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.00872
-0.04827
-0.08719
-0.12486
-0.16058

0.03504
+0.00063
-0.03378
-0.06773
-0.10069

0.06378
0.03440
+0.00466
-0.02513
-0.05457

0.08121
0.05645
0.03113
+ 0.00547
-0.02025

0.09043
0.06972
0.04840
0.02659
+ 0.00447

0.09385
0.07662
0.05879
0.04042
0.02163

0.09330
0.07900
0.06416
0.04879
0.03296

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.19356
-0.22295
-0.24788
-0.26746
-0.28083

-0.13202
-0.16105
-0.18700
-0.20910
-0.22656

-0.08319
-0.11043
-0.13568
-0.15826
-0.17749

-0.04569
-0.07041
-0.09392
-0.11569
-0.13511

-0.01769
-0.03960
-0.06087
-0.08106
-0.09969

+0.00259
-0.01649
-0.03531
-0.05355
-0.07080

0.01677
+0.00038
-0.01602
-0.03216
-0.04774

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.28722
-0.23598
-0.27664
-0.25895
-0.23299

-0.23861
-0.24455
-0.24381
-0.23596
-0.22079

-0.19265
-0.20307
-0.20814
-0.20735
-0.20033

-0.15158
-0.16446
-0.17317
-0.17718
-0.17604

-0.11623
-0.13014
-0.14088
-0.14793
-0.15084

-0.08664
-0.10061
-0.11222
-0.12101
-0.12652

-0.06242
-0.07581
-0.08750
-0.09707
-0.10411

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-0.19913
-0.15813
-0.11115
-0.05975
-0.00585

-0.19835
-0.16901
-0.13343
-0.09266
-0.04811

-0.18692
-0.16717
-0.14143
-0.11032
-0.07481

-0.16946
-0.15730
-0.13965
-0.11684
-0.08947

-0.14922
-0.14284
-0.13162
-0.11566
-0.09531

-0.12836
-0.12624
-0.11996
-0.10948
-0.09494

-0.10824
-0.10912
-0.10653
-0.10030
-0.09046

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

+0.04828
0.10016
0.14714
0.18659
0.21607

-0.00149
+0.04518
0.08968
0.12967
0.16286

-0.03614
+0.00411
0.04416
0.08203
0.11567

-0.05843
-0.02485
+0.00985
0.04406
0.07604

-0.07112
-0.04392
-0.01477
+0.01506
0.04414

-0.07669
-0.05525
-0.03141
-0.00614
+0.01943

-0.07716
-0.06075
-0.04174
-0.02086
+0.00100

5.0

0.23350

0.18712

0.14307

0.10399

0.07092

0.04399

0.02281

- 3)2

ra

-4,

[(

8]

[<-/"]

41

['I

']

-4418

"4418
]

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

719
Table 19.2

W(0A,-z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

W(0.5,-x)

W(0.6,-x)

0.91553
0.97201
1.03235
1.09671
1.16520

0.87718
0.93642
1.00031
1.06911
1.14300

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.23789
1.31475
1.39567
1.48046
1.56879

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

W(0.7,-x)

W(0.S,-x)

0.84130
0.90331
0.97072
1.04386
1.12302

0.80879
0.87352
0.94433
1.02166
1.10591

1.22215
1.30664
1.39648
1.49158
1.59174

1.20846
1.30040
1.39896
1.50419
1.61602

1.6602
1.7541
1.8497
1.9460
2.0418

1.6966
1.8057
1.9184
2.0337
2.1506

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

2.1358
2.2263
2.3115
2.3891
2.4570

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6

W(0.9, -x)

W(1.0,-x)

0.77982
0.84714
0.92122
1.00258
1.09173

0.75416
0.82396
0.90115
0.98636
1.08022

0.73148
0.80361
0.88375
0.97265
1.07106

1.19746
1.29663
1.40371
1.51888
1.64225

1.18917
1.29538
1.41079
1.53574
1.67051

1.18338
1.29644
1.42000
1.55459
1.70068

1.17975
1.29949
1.43106
1.57519
1.73254

1.7343
1.8586
1.9884
2.1230
2.2613

1.7738
1.9133
2.0603
2.2144
2.3746

1.8153
1.9700
2.1345
2.3083
2.4909

1.8586
2.0286
2.2107
2.4048
2.6102

1.9037
2.0891
2.2891
2.5037
2.7327

2.2677
2.3833
2.4956
2.6023
2.7009

2.4020
2.5437
2.6843
2.8216
2.9529

2.5397
2.7083
2.8785
3.0480
3.2141

2.6811
2.8777
3.0788
3.2823
3.4854

2.8264
3.0520
3.2856
3.5249
3.7674

2.9756
3.2316
3.4991
3.7762
4.0605

2.5125
2.5529
2.5754
2.5770
2.5548

2.7886
2.8623
2.9188
2.9546
2.9660

3.0752
3.1853
3.2793
3.3532
3.4030

3.3737
3.5231
3.6583
3.7748
3.8678

3.6849
3.8770
4.0573
4.2209
4.3624

4.0097
4.2479
4.4775
4.6931
4.8889

4.3487
4.6368
4.9201
5.1930
5.4490

2.7
2.8
2.9

2.5061
2.4283
2.3192
2.1772
2.0013

2.9496
2.9018
2.8196
2.7001
2.5413

3.4241
3.4124
3.3634
3.2734
3.1389

3.9321
3.9626
3.9538
3.9007
3.7984

4.4760
4.5555
4.5944
4.5863
4.5251

5.0582
5.1940
5.2887
5.3346
5.3240

5.6811
5.8811
6.0405
6.1502
6.2008

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.7914
1.5484
1.2746
0.9733
0.6496

2.3419
2.1015
1.8213
1.5038
1.1529

2.9573
2.7270
2.4478
2.1206
1.7487

3.6430
3.4312
3.1612
2.8324
2.4466

4.4050
4.2211
3.9697
3.6486
3.2576

5.2495
5.1041
4.8822
4.5794
4.1934

6.1832
6.0883
5.9081
5.6359
5.2669

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

+0.3098
-0.0381
-0.3848
-0.7198
-1.0317

0.7746
+0.3767
-0.0314
-0.4385
-0.8319

1.3369
0.8923
+0.4244
-0.0553
-0.5332

2.0074
1.5210
0.9962
+0.4445
-0.1199

2.7987
2.2767
1.6994
1.0779
+0.4263

3.7241
3.1746
2.5511
1.8636
1.1259

4.7985
4.2315
3.5700
2.8225
2.0016

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-1.3084
-1.5382
-1.7095
-1.8124
-1.8391

-1.1977
-1.5216
-1.7893
-1.9871
-2.1032

-0.9940
-1.4209
-1.7966
-2.1039
-2.3268

-0.6804
-1.2184
-1.7136
-2.1453
-2.4930

-0.2378
-0.8941
-1.5199
-2.0907
-2.5817

+0.3558
-0.4249
-1.1915
-1.9160
-2.5692

1.1251
+0.2152
-0.7013
-1.5936
-2.4280

4.5
4.6

4.7
4.8
4.9

-1.7844
-1.6469
-1.4292
-1.1387
-0.7876

-2.1283
-2.0567
-1.8870
-1.6231
-1.2742

-2.4513
-2.4668
-2.3670
-2.1513
-1.8252

-2.7376
-2.8632
-2.8579
-2.7153
-2.4359

-2.9685
-3.2291
-3.3452
-3.3040
-3.0995

-3.1213
-3.5437
-3.8110
-3.9027
-3.8054

-3.1692
-3.7818
-4.2326
-4.4924
-4.5392

5.0

-0.3927

-0.8557

-1.4010

-2.0281

-2.7346

-3.5149

-4.3599

F^]

2)1

f-f

-| )2

- 2)2
5

ra

720

PARABOLIC CYLINDER FUNCTIONS

Table 19.3

The

AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS

functions # v a 2

the function

<?

of 19.7

#1

19.10 and 19.23 are needed in Darwin's expansion and also

of

and 19.20.
T

<?3

*>l

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.00000
0. 05008
0.10066
0.15222
0.20521

0.39270
0. 34278
0.29337
0. 24498
0.19817

-0.70270
-0.64181
-0. 57855
-0.51304
-0.44540

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

6.9519
7.2093
7.4716
7. 7388
8. 0109

5.5506
5.7981
6. 0507
6. 3084
6. 5712

4.1079
4.2291
4. 3511
4. 4738
4. 5972

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.26006
0.31713
0. 37678
0.43929
0.50492

0.15355
0.11182
0. 07387
0.04088
0. 01468

37574
-0.30415
-0.23071
-0.15549
-0.07857

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

8. 2880
8.5700
8. 8569
9.1487
9. 4454

6. 8391
7.1120

4.7213
8461
4.9716
5. 0977
5.2246

*1

-0.

<h

7.

7.

4.

3901
6732

7.9614
*2

<>1

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.

57390
0. 64640
0.72261
0.80265
0. 88666

0.00000
0.01513
0. 04341
0. 08086
0.12617

0.00000
0.08015
0.16185
0.24502
0.32964

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

7471
10.0537
10. 3652
10.6817
11.0031

2546
8.5530
8. 8564
9. 1649
9. 4784

5.3521
5. 4803
5. 6092
5. 7387
5. 8688

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

97473
06696
1.16344
1.26422
1.36937

0.17866
0.23786
0. 30347
0. 37527
0.45309

0.41566
0.50304
0.59175
0. 68175
0.77300

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

11.3295
11. 6608
11.9970
12.3382
12. 6843

9.7970
10.1207
10.4494
10.7832
11.1220

5.9996
6. 1310

6.

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.47894
1.59299
1.71155
1. 83466
1.96236

0.

53679
62626
0.72142
0.82220
0.92853

0. 86549
0.95917
1.05403
1.15004
1.24716

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

13.0354
13.3914
13.7524
14.1183
14. 4892

11.4659
11.8148
12. 1688
12.5278
12.8919

6. 6629
6.7974
6. 9325
7. 0682
7.2045

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

2.

09467
2.23163
2.37325
2.51956
2. 67058

1.04036
1.15764
1.28034
1.40843
1.54187

1.

34539
1.44470
1.54506
1.64646
1.74888

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

14. 8651
15. 2459

13.2610

15.6316
16. 0223
16.4180

13. 6352
14. 0144
14. 3987
14. 7880

7. 3414
7.4789
7.6169
7. 7555
7. 8947

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

2.

1.68063
82470
1.97406
2.12867
2.28853

1. 85229
1.95669
2. 06206
2. 16837
2.27562

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

8186
17.2242
17. 6348
18.0503
18.4708

15.1823
15.5817
15.9861
16.3956
16.8101

45363
2.62394
2.79946
2.98017
3.16606

38378
49285
2.60281
2.71365
2.82536

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

18. 8962

17.2296
17.6542
18.0838
18.5184

35712
55335
3.75474
3.96127
4.17295

2.93791
3. 05131
3.16554
3.28058
3. 39643

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

38976
61169
4. 83875
5. 07093
5.30822

3.51308
3.63051
3. 74872
3. 86770
3.98743

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

23.
23.
24.
24.

10.0

0.

1.

82632
98681
3.15205
3.32207
3. 49688
2.

0.

1.

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

67648
86089
05011
4.24416
4.44305

2.

4.

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

4.64678
4. 85537
5. 06880
5.28711
5.51028

3.

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

5.73833
5.97126
6.20908
6. 45178
6. 69938

4.

6.95188

5.55062

4.10792

[(-4)6]

-|, 2]
[(

[<-4,S]

5.0

When

3.

3.

2.
2.

3.

4.

interpolating for o 2

and

t?

for

near unity,

use

it is

9.

16.

19.3266
19.7620
20.2024
20.6477

3/2

6.

6.

8.
8.
8.

8.
8.

2631
3958
5290

0344
1747
3155
4569
5989

8.7413
8844

8.

9.

0279

18. 9581

9.1720
9. 3166

21.0980
21.5532
22.0135
22.4787
22.9488

19.4028
19.8525
20.3073
20.7671
21.2319

4617
6074
9.7535
9.9002
10.0474

4240
9041
3892
8792

25.3742

21.7017
22.1766
22.6565
23.1414
23.6314

10.1951
10. 3433
10.4920
10.6411
10.7908

25.8742

24.1264

10.9410

[,-4)6]

[(-4)7]

better to interpolate for

d2

8.

r*3=f(-T)3/2

9.

9.

[(-4)1]
r

and then

20. Mathieu Functions

Gertrude Blanch

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties
Mathieu's Equation
20.2.
Determination of Characteristic Values
20.3.
Floquet's Theorem and Its Consequences
20.4.
Other Solutions of Mathieu's Equation
20.5.
Properties of Orthogonality and Normalization
20.6.
Solutions of Mathieu's Modified Equation for Integral v
20.7.
Representations by Integrals and Some Integral Equations
20.8.
Other Properties
20.9.
Asymptotic Representations
20.10. Comparative Notations
20.1.

20.1. Characteristic

Values,

Joining

Some

Factors,

748

Even
a r ce r (0,
,

q), ce T

(|,

q\

se'T (0, q), se T

Q> q\

Solutions

ce'T

(J>

Odd
se'r

q\

i^qfig,, r{q), (HYfe, r(q)

Solutions
(^> qj, (4g)I g

2=0(5)25,

8D

(q),

-i=.16(-.04)0,

r=0,
20.2. Coefficients

1, 2, 5, 10,

(4qYf

(q)

or S

a r +2 2 -(4/-+2)V2, b r +2q-(4r-2)

Table

740
744

Critical

Values (0<<o)

bT

738

745

References

Table

722
722
722
727
730
732
732
735

Vg

8D
15

A m and B m

2 =5, 25;

r=0, 1,2,

750
5, 10, 15,

9D

Aeronautical Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

721

20. Mathieu Functions

Mathematical Properties
Mathieu's Equation

20.1.

Form

Canonical

d2y

20.1.1

dv 2

a=-^+(k -c)2p
2

+(a2q

where a

2v)y=0

cos

du

(a2q cosh 2u)J=0

b2

dx

solution

b2

by

cosh

and 20.1.6.
For some physically important solutions, the
function g must be periodic, of period ir or 2ir.
It can be shown that there exists a countably
infinite set of characteristic values a, (q) which yield
even periodic solutions of 20.1.1; there is another
countably infinite sequence of characteristic values
b r (q) which yield odd periodic solutions of 20.1.1.
It is

known

period
is

by separation

obtainable

Thus,

ables in elliptical coordinates.

xp

is

b2
bz 2

cos v;

yp

sinh

of vari-

let

sin v;

what

z=z;

any positive
however, the term

follows,

integer.

is

In

characteristic

solutions of period

ir

or

2tt

only.

These character-

values are of basic importance to the general

theory of the differential equation for arbitrary

parameters a and q.

becomes

kir,

that there exist periodic solutions of

where k

value will be reserved for a value associated with

istic

p a positive constant 20.1.3

20.1.2.

often referred to as separation constants, due to the

(v=iu, y=f)

in Cartesian coordinates

The wave equation

and

role they play in 20.1.5

Relation Between Mathieu's Equation and the Wave

Equation for the Elliptic Cylinder

20.1.3

cos2v

The above are equivalent

The constants c and a are

a constant.

is

to 20.1.1

Mathieu's Modified Differential Equation

20.1.2

of the Differential Equation

20.1.4

W^

b2
bz 2

2 P (cosh 2u- cos 2v)

2

Assuming a solution

\ bu

of the

bv

^K
)

form

An

Algebraic

Form

of Mathieu's Equation

20.1.7

^-< df + (a+2q-4qt )y=0

2

(1-t 2 )

(cos

v=t)

W=<p(z)j(u)g(v)

Relation to Spheroidal

and substituting the above into 20.1.4 one obtains,

after dividing

dt

Thus, Mathieu's equation is a special case of

20.1.8, with bij c=a+2q.

<pdz*

where

Determination of Characteristic Values

20.2.

G=

2p2 (cosh 2u cos

(l-t
2(b + l)^+(c-4qt 2 )y=0
U 2 )^;
2

20.1.8

through by W,

2v)

\du f
2

A solution of 20.1.1 with v replaced by

dv 2 g

period
Since

z,

u, v are

independent variables,

it

where

or

-k

2/=S
m=0

20.2.1

dz 2
c is

2ir is of

z,

having

the form

follows

that
20.1.5

Wave Equation

+c<p=0

a constant.

Again, from the fact that G=c and that u, v

are independent variables, one sets

where

(A m cos mz + Bm

ran be taken as

zero.

mz)

sin

If

the above

substituted into 20.1.1 one obtains

20.2.2

[(a-m 2 )Av

+A m+2

cos

mz

q(Bm _ 2 + Bm+2 )]

sin

q(A m _ 2

)]

m = -2
20.1.6

d2i

a= -i2 -j-\-(k

c)2p cosh 2u

+ mS
=

l(a-m 2 )B,

A_ m 5_,=0
,

722

mz=0

m>0

is

MATHIETJ FUNCTIONS

Equation 20.2.2 can be reduced to one of four

simpler types, given in 20.2.3 and 20.2.4 below
CO

20.2.3

A 2m+
=S
m=0

2/

2/i=S

20.2.4

m=0

p=0

cos (2m+p)z,

or

723

V =Go

20.2.18

i,

odd solutions

for

of period t,

along with 20.2.15

These three-term recurrence relations among the

every Gm can be developed
into two types of continued fractions.
Thus
coefficients indicate that

B2m+P

p=0

(2m+p)z,

sin

or

20.2.15

is

equivalent to

20.2.19
If

p=0,

solution

the solution

of period t;

is

if

pl,

the

Gm

of period 2*.

is

Recurrence Relations

T/

V m+2

(w>3)

'm+i

Among the Coefficients

20.2.20

Even

solutions of period

ir:

Gm+2 =Vm 1/Gm

aA Q qA =0

20.2.5

+A )=0
(a-m )A m -q(A m _ +A m+2 )=0
(a-4)A2 -q(2A

20.2.6

(m>3)

20.2.7

Even

=d=0) = 2, if Gm+2 = 2s/A2s ^=^=^0=0, if Gm+2=B2 JB2s 2

Vi= 1; =d=l, if Gm+2 =A2s+ i/A2s ^
<Px=d4> =l, if Gm+2 =B2s+ i/B2s _i
Pl

2ir:

(a-l)A -q(A

20.2.8

(m>3)

where
<

solutions of period

<Po

m-2

<Po

..

+A )=0,
3

<p

m>3.

along with 20.2.7 for

Odd

solutions of period t:

The four choices of the parameters <p <p d

correspond to the four types of solutions 20.2.320.2.4.
Hereafter, it will be convenient to sepx

(a-4) 2 -g 4 =0

20.2.9

20.2.10

m )B m -q(B m _ +B m+2 )=0

(m>3)

(a

arate the characteristic values a into

two major

subsets:

Odd

solutions of period

2ir\

(al)B +g{B

20.2.11

B )=0,

m>3.

along with 20.2.10 for

a=a

r>

associated with even periodic solutions

ab

T,

associated with odd periodic solutions

If 20.2.19

Let

is

suitably combined with 20.2.13-20.2.18

there result four types of continued fractions, the

20.2.12

Ge m

=AJAm _

2,

Go M =B m IB m - 2

roots of which yield the required characteristic

;

values

Gm =Ge m

or Go m

Further

same operations apply

the

and no ambiguity

both,

to

when

is

likely

to

arise.

20.2.21

v - v,- v 2

=0

Roots: a2r

let

20.2.22

V ~(a-m )/q.
2

20.2.13

20.2.14

20.2.15
for

Ge2

=V

Ge,= V2 -

Gm =l/(Vm -Gm+2

even solutions of period

2ir,

20.2.23

2tt,

V Jr \ = Go
l

z,

along with 20.2.15

716-654

v<-

64

47

odd solutions

v-v
a

V +1 V - V - Vr
t

ir.

for even solutions of period

for

=0

1
2

V l = Ge

Roots: a 2r +i

=0

Roots:

b 2T

20.2.24

(m>3),

along with 20.2.15

20.2.17

Ge 2

Similarly
20.2.16

v-v-v-

Equations 20.2.5-20.2.7 are equivalent to

of period

=0

Roots:

b 2T+ i

If a is a root of 20.2.21-20.2.24, then the corresponding solution exists and is an entire function
of z, for general complex values of q.
If q is real, then the Sturmian theory of second

order

linear

differential

equations

yields

the

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

724

Power

following:
(a)

For a

fixed real q, characteristic values a T

and

b T are real

<h<a <
2

.,

distinct,

if

2> and

and

g^O; a <Ch <CO'i

a T (q),

b T (q)

ap-

g
2

aow
(a)-

proach r as g approaches zero.

(c)

A solution of 20.1.1 associated with a T or

has r zeros in the interval 0<z<7r, (q real).
The form

of 20.2.21

if

g 7^0.

It

considerations that for a given point

29 g6
2304

^128

8
if

fl8687 -g'

^ 18874368 "^
I

Il2 6

^64

55q7
9437184

w2WygW

one

q)

832s
35389440'

2139128
458647142400 +

aXo)-l
2W

is.

4926

289g6
79626240

5g

12^13824

most one periodic solution of

if
period ir or 2ir
2^0- This no longer holds
for solutions of period sir, s>3; for these all
if

'

'

36864^589824

1536

there can be at

solutions are periodic,

"

&i(<Z)

other
(a,

a!(-2)=l-2-|-4

and 20.2.23 shows that

may be shown from

7?
I

6,

a2T is a root of 20.2.21 and q is different from

zero, then a2r cannot be a root of 20.2.23;
similarly, no root of 20.2.22 can be a root of
20.2.24

Series for Characteristic Values

20.2.25

(b)

763g4
1Q02401 g6
13824" " 79626240

5g2

M2
I

1669068401 s
"458647142400"

sv

^-r

64^20480^16384

16

h(q)
6

1961

23592960
k

fl^rt')
u
4 vy;

4332 4
864000

g
lfi4iu-j-

4
-)

5701

; N

'

48

'

112
774144

"
"

"

'

"

2721600000" "

q
a)-254*A
*y

6092
104857600 +

3172
100492 6
"*
864000 2721600000 +

2
M_1R
io-|- _

(
ui\q)

"

147456

&s(2)

37

2
+ 891813888

&6

(<z)=36++-iJ^
70 43904000
'

-r-

7()

For r>7, and

mately equal to
tion

may

'

92935987200000

18? g4

a 6 ({q))=Q(\
^0+ g

5861 63326

6743617 g6

I2I

b T,

not too large, a r

is

(r

-4)

(9r*+58r+29)g e
Characteristic Values a n b r

= 0,1 (1)5

"

"
\

approxi-

(5r>+7) 24

;}-*+ 2(r -l)^32(r -l)

20.1.

'

and the following approxima-

20.2.26

Figure

"

43904000 +92935987200000 "^

be used

'

64(r2 -l) 5 (r2 -4)(r2 -9)

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS
The above expansion
for r of

case of

not limited to integral

is

and it is a very good approximation

the form n-\-\ where n is an integer. In
integral values of r=n, the series holds

values of

r,

only up to terms not involving r n in the

denominator. Subsequent terms must be derived
specially (as shown by Mathieu).
Mulholland
and Goldstein [20.38] have computed characteristic values for purely imaginary q and found that
a and a 2 have a common real value for ]q\ in the
neighborhood of 1.468; Bouwkamp [20.5] has
computed this number as q Q =i 1.46876852 to 8
For values of iq^>--iq<>, a and a2
decimals.
From equation
are conjugate complex numbers.
20.2.25 it follows tbat the radius of convergence
for the series defining a is no greater than |g
It is shown in [20.36], section 2.25 that the radius
of convergence for a2n (q), n>2 is greater than 3.
2

se 2 (z,

725

42 ^ /s in 62
q)=sin2zq^^+tff
sin

sin

2g\

~288/ +

384

*
'

20.2.28

os|(r+2)2-p|]
*

se T (z,q)

4(r+l)

cos[(r 2)2p(
4(r-l)
.

r cos[(r+4)2-j?(r/2)]

32(r+l)(r+2)

""^X

cos

cos[(r-4)g-j>(,r/2)]

32(r-.l)(r-2)

T2(r

[7-2-^(71-/2)]

32

|_('

38}+-

|.

with 2>=0 for

p=l

ce r (2, q),

r>3.

for se r (2, g),

Furthermore
a r b r =0(qr /rT
Power

Series in

-1
)

r^oo.

for the Periodic Functions (for

sufficiently small

v-0

20.2.27
<*.(*, 2)=2-.

[l-| cos
_

cei(z,

q)=cos

2 I

"~

^^*~

4g
(J^-^)
''cos

2* +s<

X
H

11 cos 2g \

/ cos 62
\ 1152

128

'
'

'

/
.2

cos 3z

\\

A-

<

'

+2
, |~

cos hz

cos 3z

cos z

192

64

128

10

30

',20\

50 V

40

60

,'70

80

/90

cos Iz

COS
C(

52

1 152

L 9216

COS 32

3072

COS 2 ~j

Ce

\
\

/\

3\

512

'

1
1

sei(z,

g)=sin

2 |

"A

sin 32

+2
.

fsin 52

ce 2 (z,

sin 32

+ -64
L^92-

fsin 72

*l

9216

sin 32

sin 2

1152

3072

512

1\
, / cos 62
4")+ 2
^ 384
.

''

x,/

vxA--'

'T28~J

sin 52

/cos 42

q)=cos 2z-ql

sin 2 ~|

Figure

20.2.

i^era Periodic

Mathieu Functions, Orders 0-5

5=1.

]
'

19 cos 2_2\

288

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS,

726

se
1.6
1.2

,//v<

a/

V
y\

20

10

40>

150

30

Odd Periodic Mathieu Functions, Orders 1-5

3=1.

20.3.

1.0

?90

\/

80

\
\

Figure

70\

VSO

^/

"-

Figure

20.5.

Odd Periodic Mathieu Functions, Orders 1-5

?=10.

1.6

For

with above functions

coefficients associated

ce

20.2.29

41(0) =2-*; A;(0)=B'T (0)=1, r>0

^o<== j(_ 1 )Y/s!s!2 2*- 1 ]^g+
s>0

"ce7V

+28

r;

x a

A /'V

V
vy

V"

v
10

20

401 \

\30

-.2

50

\
\

\
\

-.6

\6Crt
0?

70\ /
70

at

/90

or

iX'

w=2r+l, q=wi<p,

a r ~6 r+1

iitoen

2V

where

Periodic Mathieu Functions, Orders 0-5

q=10.

(h

<p

\
20.4.

real.

C =A;
r

or

B;

d1 ==5-\
,

2=

33

-H

vr

vr

410

r-\

vr

405
r

vr

Then

K)
2 7V^

(ii

-1.0

Figure

<p

t^+l

~ 2g+2wV2
~2 l2

- (T-'-^ ftf*

7?'

20.2.30

/
/

C'r

si]

Asymptotic Expansion for Characteristic Values, g^>l

Let
80

/
/\

ql(r+s)\

rc>0,

/\

=[(-DV!

'r+2.

.,

"

72

dt

d3

2*V

22

'

/2

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

_63

tf

+
~~w

1260

486

w*

^527
4

2943

+ w +w

the second, independent

solution of 20.3.1 then has the form

69001

41607

F,( z);

proportional to

15617

uP

727

GO

y2 =zce r {z, ff)+S

20.3.6

(2k+p) z,

dtk+p sin

associated with ce T {z,

20.2.31

b T+1

-a ^2 ir+5^i2hr^ T+ ie-

GO

y2 =zse T {z,

20.3.7

(given in [20.36] without proof.)

20.3.

Floquet's

Theorem and

Its

are periodic functions of

such equations that

there exists a solution of the form
relating to

F (z)=e

20.3.2

where

depends on a and

function,

of

coefficients

theorem; see

and P(z)

q,

is

a periodic

same period as that of the

namely w. (Floquet's
in
20.3.1,
[20.16] or [20.22] for its more general
called the characteristic

v is

Similarly

exponent.

From

20.3.8

it

c 2k

follows that

e^ + *.

if

v is

a proper fraction

mi/m2, then every solution of 20.3.1

is

periodic,

This agrees with

results already noted in 20.2; i.e. both independent
solutions are periodic, if one is, provided the period

and

most 2irm2

of period at

is

F (z)=e-

20.3.3

F,(z)=

20.3.8

the

The constant

form.)

"P(z),

q)

The coefficients c^* +p and/2 *+p depend on the corresponding coefficients

m and B m respectively,
of 20.2, as well as on a and q. See [20.30], section
(7.50)-(7.51) and [20.58], section V, for details.
If v is not an integer, then the Floquet solutions
Fr (z) and Fv {z) are linearly independent. It
is clear that 20.3.2 can be written in the form

follows from the

it

z,

(2k+p)z,

associated with se T (z,

Consequences

y"+(a2qcos 2z)y=0

known theory

q)+^f2k+p cos
fc=0

Since the coefficients of Mathieu's equation

20.3.1

q)

g->co

^/r\,

different

from

tt

and

2ir.

i 'z

P(z)

Method of Generating the

satisfies 20.3.1 whenever 20.3.2 does.

and Fv {z) have the property

Both

F (z)
r

Characteristic Exponent

Define two linearly independent solutions of

by

20.3.1, for fixed a, q

20.3.4

= l;2/i(0)=0.
(0)=0;^(0) = l.

2/i(0)

y(z+kir)

= C y(z), y=F (z) or F {-z),

C=e Ur for F {z), C=e~ for FJ-z)
k

20.3.9

2/2

i >"

Solutions having the property 20.3.4 will hereafter

termed Floquet solutions. Whenever F{z)

Fv (z) are linearly independent, the general
solution of 20.3.1 can be put into the form

be

Then

it

can be shown that

cos ttv yi(ir)=0

20.3.10

and

y=AF,(z)+BF,(-z)

20.3.5
If

ABt^Q, the above solution

solution.

for

determining

Thus

will not be a Floquet

later,

from the method

when a and

q are given, that

be seen

It will

some ambiguity

20.3.11

cos

may

tv 1- 2,;

(|>(0=o

be obtained from a knowledge of

y x Or) or from a knowledge

of

both y[

For numerical purposes 20.3.11

and 2/2(2)

may

"

be more

in the definition of v;

desirable because of the shorter range of integra-

can be replaced by v-\-2k, where k is an

This is as it should be, since
the addition of the factor exp (2ikz) in 20.3.2 still

accumulation of roundv, or v+2k (k an arbitrary integer) can be taken as the solution of

20.3.11.
Once v has been fixed, the coefficients
of 20.3.8 can be determined, except for an arbitrary
multiplier which is independent of z.
The characteristic exponent can also be com-

there

is

namely,

arbitrary integer.

leaves a periodic function of period

ir

for the

exp ivz.
It turns out that when a belongs to the set of
characteristic values a T and b r of 20.2, then v is
zero or an integer.
It is convenient to associate
v=r with a T {q), and v=r with b T (q); see [20.36].
In the special case when v is an integer, Fr {z) is
coefficient of

tion,

and hence the

off errors.

Either

lesser

v,

puted from a continued fraction, in a manner

analogous to developments in 20.2, if a sufficiently
For
close first approximation to v is available.

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

728

systematic tabulation, this method is considerablymethod of numerical integration.

faster than the

Thus, when 20.3.8

is

20.3.1,

into

substituted

there result the following recurrence relations:

V2nC2n=C2n-2 + C2n+2

20.3.12

where

Van =[a-(2n+v)*\/q,

20.3.13

When

v is

-co<n<co.

V2n may

complex, the coefficients

As

be complex.

also

in 20.2, it is possible to generate

the ratios

Gm =Cm/c m -2 and

/7_ m =c_ m _ 2/c_ m

from the continued fractions

20.3.14

Gm =

m>0

Vm

H- m = v
v

Vm-i-2
ro+2
1

m-2"
m

V-m-i

m>0.

the form of 20.3.13 and the known properties

continued fractions it is assured that for
and
sufficiently large values of |ra| both \Gm
\H_ m converge. Once values of Gm and Z?_ TO are
available for some sufficiently large value of m,
then the finite number of ratios Gm - 2 Gm -i,
., G
can be computed in turn, if they exist. Similarly
for H_ m+2
It is easy to show that v is
.,
the correct characteristic exponent, appropriate
for the point (a, q), if and only if
G =1. An
iteration technique can be used to improve the
value of v, by the method suggested in [20.3].
One coefficient c } can be assigned arbitrarily; the
rest are then completely determined.
After all
the Cj become available, a multiplier (depending
on q but not on z) can be found to satisfy a

From
of

prescribed normalization.

Figure

20.6.

Regions
period

Exponent- First Two Stable

where P(x) is a periodic function of

Characteristic

y=e" x P(x)

ir.

Definition of v;

In first stable region, 0<k<1,

In second stable region, 1 <v<2.
(Constructed from tabular values supplied by T. Tamir, Brooklyn
Polytechnic Institute)

It is well known that continued fractions can

be converted to determinantal form. Equation
20.3.14 can in fact be written as a determinant
with an infinite number of rows a special case of
Hill's determinant.
See [20.19], [20.36], [20.15],

or [20.30] for details. Although the determinant

has actually been used in computations where

high-speed computers were available, the direct

use of the continued fraction seems much less
laborious.
Special Cases

(a,

q Real)

Corresponding to q=0, y!=cos yfdz, y2 =sin ^az;

the Floquet solutions are exp(mz) and exp( iaz).
As a, q vary continuously in the qa plane,
v describes curves; v is real when (q, a), q>0
lies in

the region between a r (q) and

b T+l (q)

and

Figure

20.7.

Region.

Characteristic Exponent in First

Differential equation: y"-\-(a

The Floquet solution

y=e" z P(x),

function of period ir.

M is given for a > 5.

In

2q

where P(x)

Unstable

cos 2x)y
is

the first unstable region,

(Constructed at NBS.)

= 0.

a periodic

v=in;

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS
-8

.7

.6

.9

1.0

2.0

729
1.2

I.I

1.3

1,4

15

1.6

Figube 20.8
a

yfa
.6

1.8

.7

.3

2.0

1.9

.9

2.1

1.0

2.2

1.2

2.3

2.4

2.6

2.5

15

1.4

1.3

2.7

1.6

2.8

2.9

2q

Figure

1.7

1.8

20

1.9

2.1

22.

2.3

2.4

25

2.6

2.7

2.8

23

Charts of the Characteristic Exponent.

(From
tions,

Zaroodny, An elementary review of the Mathieu-Hill equation of real variable based on numerical soluBallistic Research Laboratory Memo. Rept. 878, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1955, with permission.)

S. J.

s=e'' T = constant; in unstable regions

v^constant; in stable regions
- - - Lines of constant values of q.
.

-\fa

20.9

MATHIETJ FUNCTIONS

730
3.1

3.3

3.2

Expansions for Small q

3.5

3.4

If

chapter

([20.36]

2)

q are fixed

v,

20.3.15
+a _ y2|

2 (J

(V+7)g
-4)
-l) + 32( -l)

g
2

J/

(J

(> +58v +29) g6

6
2
2
-4)0 2 -9) +
4

+ 64(,/ -l)
For the

0^1,2,3).

coefficients c2j of 20.3.8

20.3.16
C 2 /Co=

-g

(f+lv+ptf

40+1)

128(v+l) 3 0+2)(v-l)

(^1,2)

=2 /32(v+l)0+2)+
2

C4/c

=(-iyq

c 2s /c

r(v+l)/2 s\T(v+s+l)+

20.3.17

FM -c

[e^-q{

p Uv+2)z

^
fi

wwr

Uv-2)z
r)

(v

For small values

of

~\

"I

}]+

not an integer)

20.3.18

Figure
(From

Zaroodny,

S. J.

of real variable

Memo.

Chart of the Characteristic Exponent.

20.10.

An elementary

COS VK

review of the Mathieu-Hill equation

2~

aV4

+ "24~ +
.

based on numerical solutions, Ballistic Research Laboratory

Rept. 878, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1955, with permission)

s=e" T = constant; in unstable

v= constant; in stable regions
- - - Lines of constant values of
.

regions
,
4

/it 4

25tt2

+ (96-256+

q.
20.4.

all

<

_air2

)+

Other Solutions of Mathieu's Equation

solutions of 20.1.1 for real z are therefore

bounded
and a T

br

infinite

complex

between
in these regions every solution becomes
at least once; hence these regions are
(stable)

v is

Following Erdelyi [20.14],

in regions

termed "unstable regions". The characteristic

curves a T b T separate the regions of stability.
For negative q, the stable regions are between
b 2r+ i and b 2r+2 a 2r and a 2r+i the unstable regions are
between a2T+l and b 2r +i, a 2r and b 2r
In some problems solutions are required for real
values of z only. In such cases a knowledge of
the characteristic exponent v and the periodic

20.4.1

<pk

[20.15], define

(z)=[e cos (z-b)/cos (z+b)]^Jk (J)

where

function P{z) is sufficient for the evaluation of

the required functions. For complex values of z,

however, the series defining P(z) converges slowly.

Other solutions will be determined in the next
section; they all have the remarkable property
that they depend on the same coefficients c m
developed in connection with Floquet's theorem
(except for an arbitrary normalization factor).

j=2[q

20.4.2

and

Jk (f)

fixed,

is

cos (z-b) cos (z+b)]\,

the Bessel function of order k; b

arbitrary complex number.

By

is

using the

recurrence relations for Bessel functions the following

may

be verified

20.4.3

~~ 2q(cos2z)<p +q(<p _
k

It follows that a

+<Pk+2 )-{-k2<pk =0.

formal solution of 20.1.1

by
20.4.4

i_/

C2nV?2n+>'

is

given

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS
where the

coefficients c2n are those associated

with
In the above, v may be
complex. Except for the special case when v is
an integer, the following holds
Floquet's

solution.

<P2n+v-2

integers, </_ 2 + ,,(/)

(ft>co)

= ( \yj2n _

~ ~ [COS (z~ 6)] qli%

7i+r/<P-2n+v+2] ~ ~ 4W /2 [COS (g 6)]

[<P2n

+ v/<P2n + >-2]

examination of the

shows that
00

y= =
will

c*jH8+w
00

be a solution provided
|cos

(g 6)|>1;

(s+6)|>l.

|cos

{f)

The above two conditions

when v is an integer. Once b

[<P-. 2

An

satisfies 20.4.2.

ratios ^2n+y/4/2n+y-2

(z~ b)] 2

2 [COS

<P- 2n +v+2

and n are

If v

-4n

<P-2n+*

<p2n+v

where /

731

are necessary even

the regions

is fixed,

which the solutions converge can be readily

in

established.

On the other hand

Following [20.36]

c 2n

c- 2n

C 2n -2

C-2n+2

(n-oo)

4?i

20.4.7

Jp (x)=Z?(x); Yp (x)=Z?(x);
H^{x)=Z^(x);

and

It follows that 20.4.4 converges absolutely

uniformly in every closed region where

If z is replaced

iz

W (z) =

2/i

J{z-b)>d2 >Q;

(|cos

2)

{x)

= Z?(x)

and
Thus

in 20.4.5

20.4.6

20.4.8

There are two such disjoint regions:

(I)

by

solutions of 20.1.2 are obtained.

(s 6)|>d!>l.

|cos

let

(g-6)|>d,>l)

n= <=

c 2n (-l)

Ztt+ A2Vqcoshz)
(|cosh

^( 2 -6)<-rf2 <0;

(II)

If

j*

z.

(|cos

(2

-6)|>d >l)

an integer 20.4.4 converges for all values of

Various representations are found by specialis

yi

j)

(z)=1b

n=

c 2n ^i>+r (2Visinh2)
00

(|sinh

izing

g|>l, j=l,

2, 3,

4)

b.

The relation between y[ {z) and y2 (z) can be

determined from the asymptotic properties of the
It
Bessel functions for large values of argument.
can be, shown that
j)

])

20.4.5
If

z|>l)

20.4.9

6=0, y=e

">> 2

= CO

c 2n (-l)

(|cos

J2n+ ,(2j~qcosz)

z|>l, |arg2V2 C0S ^l^

11")

20.4.10

20.4.6

If

6=^,

y= XI

c 2n

J2n+v {2iJ~ci sin

(|sin

0)

When

z|>l, |arg2V<z

sm

z\<ir)

not an integer, the above solutions

do not vanish identically. See 20.6 for integral
v is

values of
If b-^a>i,

y reduces to a multiple of the solution

The

20.3.8.

fact that 20.3.8, 20.4.5,

are special cases of 20.4.4 explains

apparently dissimilar

these

the

same

and 20.4.6

why

it is

expansions

v.

Solutions Involving Products of Bessel Functions

20.4.11

that

involve
C2 S

set of coefficients c 2n

71

= 00

(j=l,2,3,4)

Since 20.4.4 results from the recurrence properties of

H{n

{j),

Bessel functions,

j=l,

2,

where

at least formally.

Hp

Thus

can be replaced by

satisfies 20.1.1,

the Hankel function,

the coefficients

k (f)

is

let

+i=[e ir cos (z-6)/cos (s+6)] **#(/)

and

s is

where Z (u)
c 2n

is

defined in 20.4.7,

belong to the Floquet solution,

an arbitrary

integer, c2s

^ 0. The solution

converges over the entire complex 2-plane if q^ 0.

iz, one obtains
Written with z replaced by

solutions of 20.1.2.

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

732

20.5.4

20.4.12

2AI+AI+
^2s

It

(g

wi/

fir

\ =-ft(0),

Al'= 7r

If c 2s =0,

^0.

the coefficient of l/c2s

For

in 20.4.11 vanishes identically.

chosen so that |c2s is the largest coefficient

\c2}
then rapid convergence of 20.4.12
is obtained, when ^z^>0.
Even then one must
guard
against the possible loss of significant
be on
in
figures
the process of summing the series,
If s is

functions single- valued.)

Orthogonality and
Normalization

20.5. Properties of

If a(v-\-2p, q), a(i/+2s, q) are

simple roots of

F, +2p (z)Fv+2s(-z)dz=0,

if

ce v {z,

g)=i

se,{z, q)

/2t

ce r (z, q)

cosnzdz

ttJo

f 2T
se r (z,q)

n^O

sinnzdz

JO

smaller interval

< z < \k, and

complete in the
each of the systems

complete in 0<2<7r.
not real, there exist multiple roots of
20.3.10; for such special values of a(q), the integrals
in 20.5.3 vanish, and the normalization is therefore
impossible.
In applications, the particular normalization adopted is of little importance, except
possibly for obtaining quantitative relations between solutions of various types. For this reason
ce T (z), se T (z) is
If q is

the normalization of

F (z),

for arbitrary

complex

not be specified here.

worth noting, however, that solutions
a,

q,

ace r (0, q)

It is

will

pse T (z, q)

an integer, then
Floquet solutions

If v is

solutions ce T (z,

q)

se r (z, q) are associated

or

q)

identically

br

are

zero.

are associated with

with

aT

(z,

q)fdz= P'

For integral values

of

In a similar vein, no general normalization will

be imposed on the functions defined in 20.4.8.

[se r (z,

q)]Hz=w

Solutions of the

the summation in

have the property

Solutions of Mathieu's Modified Equation

20.1.2 for Integral v (Radial Solutions)

20.3.8 reduces to the simpler forms 20.2.3-20.2.4;

on account of 20.5.3, the coefficients
m and
m
(for all orders r)

available.
The tabulated entries in [20.58] supply the conversion factors A=l/a, B=l/f3, along
with the coefficients. Thus conversion from one
normalization to another is rather easy.

20.6.

an integer.

Normalization for Integral Values of v and Real q

' [ce

Pse r (z, q)\

This normalization has in

been used in [20.59], and also in [20.58],
where the most extensive tabular material is

(when not identically

ce v {z, q), se y (z,

[j-

fact

thus even and odd functions

v

=1

are always possible.

respectively, for all

20.5.3

=i.

ce2 r(z), ce 2r+ i(z), se 2r (z), se 2r+l {z) is

[F,( e )+F,(-z)];

zero).

The

ace r (z, q),

= -i[F,(z)-F (-z)]

ce v (z, q), se v (z, q) are

either

...

defined so that

20.5.2

z,

=m+Bi+

For integral values of v, the functions ce T (z, q)

and se r (z, q) form a complete orthogonal set for
the interval 0<s<2ir. Each of the four systems

p*8.

Define

of

Bl=-T

values of

20.3.10 then

\,

especially so when q is large, and |g| small.

(If
j ?*1, then the phase of the logarithmic terms
occurring in 20.4.12 must be defined, to make the

20.5 .1

details see

[20.43], [20.15], [20.36].

of the set

q)dz;A nr =-

ce 2s (z,

|j

"rjo

(^2>0)

c2s

=A\+A%+

20.5.5
I

provided

=B*+m+

can be verified from 20.4.8 and 20.4.12 that

20.4.13

n= =>

first

kind

20.6.1

Ce 2r+P (z, q)=ce 2T+P (iz,q)

AUtliq)
=1t
ft=0

cosh (2k+p)z
associated with a*

MATH3EU FUNCTIONS

733

oo

20.6.2

Se 2r+P {z,

q)

=ise 2r+P (iz,

=S

q)

J5|*+5(ff)

B2k+P ;p=0,

writing A\ kT \l(q)=A 2k+P for brevity; similarly for

20.6.3

Ce 2T {z,

$=^-1{-\yA J

^0
A=0
2k

2r+1 (g, 2)

- ^,+x

= e2^Ap+ f
Se 2r (3,

20.6.5

=
q)

g)=

V2-i

2k

2k

{2jq sinh

g)

fc=o

^2* +tJ2 * + i(2V2 cosh

g)

J2i+ i(2V2 sinh

2)

oo

S (-l) 2kB J
kB J
2k

2k

2k (2^q

2k (2yfq

sinh

cosh

g)

g)

*=1

^h g 2 (-l)*(2&+l)

2Jt+1

2ft+1

(2V2 cosh

g)

fc=o

2k+1

still

SA

g)

cQth 2

=-%$4 B
See [20.30] for

+1

*=1

+i

^;

zg (2^+l)^2* +

coth

2-D2

2r+l(|'2)
2r+1 (g,

g (-1)*

^L

cg2

4(ja) tann

g)=

cosh

br

1,

^lo

*2r (t,' <Z)

_se 2r (0^g)

20.6.6

2k {2jq

c +i(sff)

20.6.4

sinh (2k-\-p)z, associated with

J2k+1 (2Jq sinh

g)

other forms.

Solutions of the second kind, as well as solutions of the third and fourth kind (analogous to Hankel
functions) are obtainable from 20.4.12.

where
20.6.8

q)=
fc=0

Mc${z,

20.6.7

(-l)'+MiJE( 2 )[/t _ I ( )Z4i,( 2 )+7t+ ,( 1 )Zi.(M 2 )]/^:

=2, e,=l,

for

8=1,

2,

.;

s arbitrary, associated

with a2r

McHUz, q)= (-ly+'AHtXdVtUud 2iP+ , +iW+^.+.W^,WMUi

fc=0
associated with o^+i

20.6.9

20.6.10

Ms^>(g,

g)=S

(-l)* +, ^(2)[/*-.(Wi)^i.(M2)-/*+.(i)^.(M2)]/^.r associated with

,

b 2r

+
>Ug,<d=XM-i)*
'5inK0^^^
4=0
associated with 6 2r+1

where
i=V2~*, 2=Vse', 51.^1, A%>?*0,p=0,

1.

See 20.4.7 for definition of Z#>(x).

Solutions 20.6.7-20.6.10 converge for all values of g, when q^0. li j=2, 3, 4 the logarithmic terms
This
entering into the Bessel functions Ym (u2) must be defined, to make the functions single -valued.
can be accomplished as follows:
Define (as in [20.58])
20.6.11

In

(VsV)=ln

See [20.15] and [20.36], section 2.75 for derivation.

(Vs)

+z

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

734

Other Expressions for the Radial Functions (Valid Over More Limited Regions)

Mc$(z,

20.6.12

q)

= [ce

2T (0,

q)]-

k+r
, {-l) AH{q)Z^{2^q cosh

z)

fc=0

Mctf+1 (z,
Msi(2,

20.6.13

<z)

<z)=[ce 2r+1 (0, q)]~

(-1)*+'AlJ X\(q)Zg\ 1 (2^fq cosh z)

t

4=0

= [s^

(0, q)]-

tanh

+T
J (-lY 2kBll(q)Z$(2Jq cosh

2)

/:=!

Ms<?+1 (z, g)=[^ r+1 (0,

&z>0,

Valid for

Ym (2q

functions

|cosh

cosh

z)

g|>l;

if

j=l,

made

are

q)}-

tanh

S (-l)*

valid for

all z.

+r

(2Ar+l)5|Iti(2)^iVi(2V2 cosh

They

agree with 20.6.7-20.6.10

For example,

single-valued in a suitable way.

2

Ym (u)=-

(In

z)
if

the Bessel

let

u)Jm (u) + <j>(u)

IT

where

single-valued for

<j>{u) is

20.6.14

In

(2g-

all finite

cosh g)=ln

values of u.

With u=2q* cosh

2^+z+ln f (l+<r 2z

z,

define

-|

<arg i(l+e~ 2 *) <|-

not positive, the phase of In 2g* must also be specified, although this specification will not
with respect to z. If
m (u) is defined from some other expression, the definition
must be compatible with 20.6.14.)
(If

is

affect continuity

f%MCo

(z,q)

/J~Ms,

q=6.25\
'

'

'

V3-75

\'V\
..4

i.

.6

:\

'\1

/A/
X

\l\

\
'

1.0

1.2

\
'.

'

\l/\
XX '.i//
/V\
iW 2p~

'

1.4

\//Wv

Figure

20.11.

Radial Mathieu Function of the First Kind.

20.13.

Radial Mathieu Function of the Second Kind.

M. J. King, Values of the Mathieu functions, The

Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory Tech. Rept. AF-53, 1958,
with permission)

(From

Figure

(z,q)

J.

C. Wiltse and

C. Wiltse and M. J. King, Values of the Mathieu functions, The

Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory Tech. Rept. AF-53, 1958,
with permission)

(From

J.

if
3

Mc o

<

z .i>

.N-25

:
.

.2

Figure

20.12.

Derivative of the Radial Mathieu Function

of the First Kind.
(From J. C. Wiltse and M. J. King, Derivatives, zeros, and other data pertaining to Mathieu functions, The Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory Tech. Rept. AF-57, 1958, with permission)

Figure

20. 14.

.6

.4

.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

Radial Mathieu Function of the Third Kind.

M. J. King, Values of the Mathieu functions, The

Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory Tech. Rept. AF-53, 1958,
with permission)

(From

J.

C. Wiltse and

MATHIETJ FUNCTIONS

Ms^

If j=l, Mc>+P and

+P ,p=0, 1 are solutions
of the first kind, proportional to Ce 2r+P and Se 2r+Pt

respectively.

Thus

735

20.6.19

Mc<2>(-2,

q)

= -Mcf\z,

q)-2f rMci
e

1)

(z, q)

20.6.20

Msf\-z, q)=Ms?(z, q)-2j M$?

20.6.15

Ce 2T (z,q) =

Ce 2T+l (z,

Se 2r (z,

q)

q)

Mc

^(z,q)

Je ,r=-Mc^(0,q)/Mc^(0,q)
q)

Mc$+1 (z, q)

(_ 1 )r+i^jA;r+i
se'2T (0, q)se'2T (~>

q)

(-iy qB?
se'2T +i(0, g)se 2)

Se 2T+1 (z, q)=

a)

20.6.21

)ce 2r+l (0,

ce'2T+ i(^>q

{z,

where

ce 2r(J>2)ce 2r (0, q)

(-l)^T

Ms (2

(J

?)

For although the latter converge for ^2<0,

provided only |cosh z|>l, they do not represent

q)

Ms$+1 (z, q)

(\yjqB\ r+l

The Mathieu-Hankel functions

'

See [20.58].
In particular the above equations can be used to
extend solutions of 20.6.12-20.6.13 when ^2<0.

the same functions as 20.6.9-20.6.10.

Representations by Integrals and

Integral Equations

20.7.

are

Some

Let

20.6.16

Mf\z, q)=M?\z, q)+iM?\z, q)

M?(z, q)=M?(z, q)-iM?\z, q)

20.7.1

20.6.7-20.6.11 and the

known

properties

of Bessel functions one obtains

20.6.17

M?\ p (z+inir, q)
= (-l)nMiy+P (z, q)+2niM$+p (s, q)}
Mg+piz+iriT,

be defined for u in a domain

and let the contour
C belong to the region T of the complex -plane,
with t=y as the starting point of the contour
and =7i as its end-point. The kernel K(u, t)
and the function V(i) satisfy 20.7.3 and the
hypotheses in 20.7.2.

K(u, t) and its

with respect to u and
20.7.2

first
t

two

partial derivatives

are continuous for

on

q)

= (-l)*[Mg+p (z

Mg+p (z+inT,

=& K(u, t)V(t)dt

c

M>=Afc> or Ms>.

From

G(u)

q)-

2nM$+p {z, q)]

q)

= (-l)*[Mg+p (z, q)+2nM$+p (z, q)]

where MMc or Ms throughout any of the above

and u

in

V and

U;

-rr are continuous in

at

t.

20.7.3

_. T7 .
dv ~\ \ = d v
-
\u y -Tt K\ y Q '>W +(a 2<1 cos 2t)V=0
rd.fi: T7

equations.

Other Properties of Characteristic Functions, q Real

(Associated

With

a,

If

K satisfies

and b r )

Consider

20.7.4

dv?

dt

-2g(cosh

2u cos 2t)K=0

20.6.18

X =Mc?{z, q)+Mc?(-z, q);

X =Ms(z, q)-Ms?>(-z,

then G(u) is a solution of Mathieu's modified

equation 20.1.2.

q)

If

an even solution it must be proportional

to Mc^iz, q); for 20.1.2 admits of only one even
solution (aside from an arbitrary constant factor).

Since

(u, t) satisfies

is

Similarly,

is

proportional to

Ms^(z,

q).

20.7.5

^+^r+

2 2( cos

2w-cos 2t)K=0

The

proportion ality factors can be found by considering

values of the functions at 2=0. Define, therefore,

then G(u)
20.1.1, with

is

a solution of Mathieu's equation

u replacing v.

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

736
Kernels Ki(z,

t)

and

K-,(z, t)

K (z,t)=Z^(u)[M(z,t)]-"'

20.7.6

(<^z>0)

where

where F,(t) is the Floquet solution 20.3.8. The

path C is chosen so that G(z, t, a) exists, and
20.7.2, 20.7.3 are satisfied.
Then it may be

verified that

u=^2q(cosh 2z+cos

20.7.7

2t)

To make

quently G(z,

a)

q,

Choice of

t,

considered as a

satisfies 20.7.5.

= Y(z,

q)y(a, q), where

20.1.1, respectively.

and
Path C.

satisfy 20.1.2

single-valued, define

*"

considered as a function

(z, t, a),

satisfies 20.7.4; also,

t,

function of a and

M(z, 0=cosh (2+#)/cosh (z it)

20.7.8

and

of z

Three paths

will

Conse-

Y and

be defined

20.7.9

20.7.16
i
(z Jriir)=e *

cosh

cosh z

Path

cosh (ziir)=e~ iT cosh z

M(z,

0)

di-\-i<*>

from

to d2 ioo, d u d2 real

di<arg [*Jq{cosh (2+w)l}]<> d

d <arg [Vgfcosh (z m)l}]<7r d

=1

[M(z, T)]-*'=e-"M(2, 0)

Let

G(z,q)=- f"

20.7.10

*"

where

Path

satisfies 20.7.3,

Hence

20.7.4.

replacing u)

It

(<^2>0)

Jo

F() is defined in 20.3.8.

KF

that

20.7.17

K^u^F^dt,

is

It

from d2 i<*>

a solution of 20.1.2 (with, z

can be shown that

may

(same dlf d2 as in 20.7.16)

and

satisfies 20.7.2

20.7.18

be re-

F (a)Ml(z,
v

20.7.11

K (z,t)=ZuJ
2

+2s (u)[M(z,t)}-^

s
,

may be verified

by the more general function

placed

to 27r+i

any

integer.

where

Z uJ +2s (y).
known expansions for Z uJ+

q)=-

q) is also

v (z,

<

e*^F (t)dt

j=3, 4

given by 20.4.12.

See 20.4.7 for definition of

From
%z

is

the

large

and positive

it

may

2s (u)

when

Path

20.7.19

d:

from

+i<=o to

2t di+i

be verified that

F (a)M(z,q):

20.7.12

<

2tt

Jc

2i

^ wF (t)dt
v

M^(z,q) =
See [20.36], section 2.68.
If v is an integer the paths can be simplified;

(-D

for in that case

TTC 2s

(<%z>0, ^(+^)>0)
where

MJ

c 2s 5*0,

(z, q) is

and

given

F,(t) is the

3 (z,

by

20.4.12,

s=0,

1,

20.7.15

.,

Floquet solution, 20.3.8.

K (,
3

t,

The

periodic

is

v {t)

is

and the integrals

taken from

following are

q),

se r (z,

Let r=2s-\-p,
z cos

a cos tf+sinh

z sin

G(z,q,a)=-6 e"Si <Fv (t)dt

7T

Jc

the

if

2ir.

Still

z is also real.

more important

q)

and

for the associated radial

solutions.

t,a)=e 2i ^ w

w=cosh

among

to

integral representations for the periodic functions

ce r (z,

a)

where
20.7.14

when the path

further simplifications are possible,

}

Kernel
20.7.13

exist

a sin

p=0

or

20.7.20
ce T {z,q)=p T

cos(2V2cos zcost p~)

ce T (t, q)dt

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

20.7.21

ce T {z, q)

20.7.22

se T (z,

20.7.23

se T (z, q)

/x/2
<r r

cosh (2Vg sin z sin

q)=p T

sin \2^[q cos

)[(!

P)+P cos

f+p

cos

737
2 cos <]ce r (i, q)dt

sin 2 sin

|j

se r (<, g)cft

/x/2

<r T

sinh (2 V? sin

f+p]se r (<,

sin )[(1 2>) cos z cos

g)cft

where
20 7.24

Pr

=-ce 2s

Pr= se
<r r

=-2 ce

2s (0,

(|, qj /A%'(q)

^s

p =0p

s
f| ?) /VqB% (q)

q)/Ag(q)

0>=-

#=0

if

562,(0,2 )IJqB\ {q),

err

p=0;

if

pr

=~ c4+, fa q\

=- se 2s+1

(| 5 J IB\

=-4 ce 2s+1 (0,

<r r

>+l

2)/A? +1 (?),

=-2 se 2s+1 (0,

7T

l-JqA\+\q)

(q), for

p=l

if

if

p=l,

for functions ce r ( 2 q)
,

functions se r (z, g)

associated with functions ce T (z,

q)

q)/jq~B? +1 (q), iip=\; associated with se r (0, 0)

7T

Integrals Involving Bessel Function Kernels

Let

M=V2s(cosh 22+cos

20.7.25

(^cosh 22>1;

2t),

if

j=l, vahd

also

when 2=0)

20.7.26

( l)
7uv.ou
Mc
i'(2, g)=
(

2 f 2 7(,)/ n
(-l) r 8V2Cosh2 C 2 Z[ j) (u) cos
v
/,
N7, ,, ,
Z^(u)eear(t, q)dt;Mctf
+1 (z, q)=
^h-i
(

Jo

v_( l)
ar O)/ 2)Af
2r (2,

20.7.27

r+1

8?sinh22 f 2 Z^fa)
Jo

( l) 8Vg
7
r

Ms >+1 (2,2)

sin 2* se 2r (*,

-^

2
f
f

sinh 2

*BT*

Z w (tt)

sin

..
XJJ
ce 2T+1 (t, q)dt

?)<ft

se 2r+ i(*, q)dt

Jo

In the above the j-convention of 20.4.7 applies and the functions Mc, Ms are defined in 20.5.1(These solutions are normalized so that they approach the corresponding Bessel-Hankel
functions as ^2><.)
Other Integrals for Mc?\z, q) and Msiv (z, q)
20.5.4.

r J

Mc^iz, q)=

20.7.28

777

cos

irce T {0, q)

2yq cosh

2 cos

t p s
Z/

ce T (t, q)dt

20.7.29

Mc^iz, q)=r T
=2s+p, p=0,

20.7.30

[(1 p)+p cosh

rr

=- (-l)'M, (|> <z)

Ms+i(z, q)=

-r

se 2T+l

(J,
20.7.31

Msiy+l (z, q)=

2 cos

>

t]

if

cos

(2-yfq

P=0;

rT

sinh 2 sin t)ce r (t, q)dt

=- (-iy +1 2^ce'

2.

+l (|, 2

r-

qj

sin (2-Jq sinh 2 sin t)se 2r +i(t, q)dt

sinh 2 sin

se 2r+l (i), q)

cos

Jo

cosh 2 cos t)se 2T+1 {t q)dt

(2-yfq

20.7.32

20.7.33

( l) r+1

Ms^(z, q)=- V?
ir
_4
M^ )(2,g)=^
r

,i

f2
!

se 2T (y, q) Jo

(-i)V2
(

r-

sin (2-fq cosh 2 cos

ri
rsiB(2V^ sinh

2 sin

t)

2)

[sinh 2 sin

[cosh 2 cos

se 2r (t, q)]dt

se 2r (, q)]dt

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

738

w=cosh

Further with

a cos 2+ sinh

z cos

g sin

sin

The above can be

20.7.36

2*

q)Mc?(z, g) =

*',(.

q)Ms^(z,

e x^>ce T (t,q)dt

e 2i

2t

differentiated with respect to a,

ce'r (a,

20.7.37

'

se T (a,q)Ms (7 l) (z,q)

20.7.35

ce r (a,q)Mc T 1) (z, q)-

20.7.34

f^VF^ ^ Cg
Oa

Jo

7T

q)7T

With

(t,q)dt.

and we obtain

(- 1 ) s (^" P+1 Vg

Integrals

^ wse

)<ft

(*

ff

da

Infinite Limits

r=2s-\-p
In 20.7.38-20.7.41 below, z and g are positive.

Mc? (z,

20.7.38

q)

y r =2ce 2s (|, g)

Ms^z, g)=7

20.7.39

=y

/^

sin (-2 yfq cosh z cosh

2s

ly[qirBi

Mcf {z, q)=y

if

Ms< 2) (z> g)=7

20.7.41

Yr=-4s4(ir,

sin

s
,

(2V2 cosh

2s
2)/Vg 7r2

if

p=0

Additional forms in [20.30], [20.36], [20.15].

20.8.

Replacing

by \-k-z

in 20.1.1

if

u(z)

is

satisfies 20.8.1.

z cosh

y r = 4se 2s+i (|> g)

cosh

<p

cosh

t-\-p

^j

if

Ms

|J

/irB1 s+1

^ j Mc^C*,

sinh 2 sinh

#=1

l)

(t,

if

q)dt

p=l

g)eft

if

p=l

Ms^it,

7r=4se 2s+1 (f7r, 2)/tB1 u+1

a (~",

one obtains

a solution of 20.1.1 then

It can be shown that

q)dt

(t,

if

q)dt

p=l

20.8.2

y " + ( a +2q cos 2z)y=0

20.8.1

Hence

2Vg cosh

Other Properties

Relations Between Solutions for Parameters q and

Mc^

s+1
Y,=2ci4+i(iir, q)/Try/qA\

p=0

if

(2Jq cosh

y r = -2ce 2s (hir, q)UAl

cos

p=0

cos

*+p ^)

+1
Yr =2c<4 +1 (|, 2) /vj tt^

^=0

if

sinh z sinh

7r=4se'2s (|, q\

20.7.40

c 2m
(c 2m

<z)

=0 ("j 9) a

'( v > <z)>

"

not an integer

v
( g) = p( l) mc2m
(q), v not an

integer

defined in 20.3.8) and p depending on the

normalization

u(^w z)

F (z, -q)=pey

"*>*Fv

(z+2 q^pe^F^z-l* g)

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS
20.8.3

Ko 2r+ i(z, ?)=X) Au+iil^iuJICc+s+iiui)

k=0

<h r ( g)=a2r(q); b 2T (q)=b 2T (q), for integral v

aar+i

(q)=

(q),K+i(q)= a 2r+

iT +i

739

+ Ik+S+1 MR*-,. (u

(q)

Km

where Im (x),

20.8.4

q) = (i)

ce 2r (z,

ce 2T (h*z, q)

q) = { l) rse 2T+l {lirz,

q)

se 2r+1 (z,

q) = (iyce 2T +i(%Trz,

q)

q) = (\)

se 2r (z,

For the

-1

Supers?*0.

20.8.10
se 2T {\-Kz, q)

coefficients associated

solutions for integral

are the modified Bessel func-

u 2 are defined below 20.6.10.

scripts are omitted, e s =2, if s=0, e s = l if
Then for functions of first kind
tions, u\,

ce 2r+ i(z,

(x)

]/A 2s+1

2)

Mc$(z, -q) = (-iyie 2r (z,q)

with the above

M (z,-q) = (-iyio
S

AiU-q) = (-D m rA?m (q);

mU-q)=(-D m- BlUq)

(z,q)

-q) = (-l) T iIe 2T+1 (z,

q)

Ms>+1 (z, -q) = (-iyiIo 2r+1 (z,

q)

Mc$+1 (z,

20.8.5

2r

For the Mathieu-Hankel function

Arm\\(-q)==(-l) m - Bl m++ \(q);

r

mm\\{-q) = {-D
r

m- r

Alln\\{q).

20.8.11

For the corresponding modified equation

M4V(z, -q) = (-iy+H-Ke 2r (z,

q)

7T

y" {a+2q cosh 2z)y=0

20.8.6

of first kind:

Mstf(z, -q) =

20.8.7

{-iy+H-Ko 2r (z,

q)

7T

Mi(z,-q)=M (z+il, q
(

M4V+1 (z,

-q) = (-iy+ l -Ke 2T+1 (z,

q)

7T

M^(z,
For integral values

q)

denned

in 20.4.12.

Ms$+1 (z,

of v let

20.8.8

-q) = (-iy +l -Ko 2T+l (z,

For M^iz, q), j=2,

ft=0

+ Ik+s (ui)I _
k

may

use the defini-

M^ = -i{Mf -M^);M =Mc

(u 2 )]/A 2s e s

one

tions

q)=jb (-lY+'A.AhsMhUuz)

Ie 2 r(z,

4,

q)

or

Ms

also
k=l

Ik+S (ui) I k

M?(z, -q)=2M?(z, -q)-M(z, -q)

(u 2 )]/B2s

CO

Ie 2r+l (z, q)=^-,

k=0

(iy +sB2k+1 [Ik _

s ('u 1

M=Mc or Ms; for real

)Ik+s+1 (u2)

+ik+s +i(u )ik _

1

!!

(u 2 )yB2s+ i

Mf

z, q,

(z,

q)

are in general complex if j=2, 4.

CO

{-iy +sA2k+x [I _
2)=S
4=0
Ik+s+

Io 2r+1 (z,

Zeros of the Functions for Real Values of q.

(u l )h+s+l (u2 )

(ui) Ik - S (u 2 ) ]/A 2s+1

See

[20. 30],

section

2.8

further

for

results.

Zeros of ce T (z, q) and se r (z, q), Mc(z, q), Msl l) (z, q).

20.8.9
CO

Ke 2r {z, ?)=X)
4=0

In 0<2<7r, ce T (z,

2k [Ik - s (ui)Kk+s (u 2 )

+ Ik+s (Ui)K k

(u 2 )]/A2s e s

4=0

{ui)Kk+s+ i{u 2 )

Ik+S+1 (u^K^siui) ]/B

2s

716-654

Zo=x +iy

is

if

any zero

<x <^>

64

k+s+ i {u x

)Kk

.. s

(Ui) ]/B2s+1

have

r real

q^>0.

of ce T {z, q), se r (z, q) in

then kirz

BM+AI^siuJKk+s+tiui)
g)=S
4=0

se T (z, q)

zeros.

If

CO

Ke 2r+1 (z,

and

There are complex zeros

CO

Ko 2t (z, q)=^2 B2k [Ik _

q)

are also zeros, k an integer.

kirz

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

740

^<x <jg

In the strip

the imaginary zeros of

the real zeros of Ce T (z,

hence also the real zeros of Mc^iz,

ce T {z, q), se T (z, q) are

Se T (z,

q),

and Ms^iz, q), respectively.

For small q, the large zeros of Ce r (z,
approach the zeros of

J (2-J.q cosh
r

q),

q),

Se T (z,

Mc(Q,q) = -^-fe

q)

q)

z).

{<L)l9,r{<L)

A
[Mc^{z,q)^=^-g Aq)
dz
e

Tabulation of Zeros
the

tabulates

Ince [20.56]

first

"non-trivial"

zero (i.e. different from 0, -^ ir) for ce r (z), se T {z),

r=2(l)5 and

for se 6 (z) to within 1CT

He

for

the

=-yllfAa)/9oAa)

Msf(z,q) = -g

two (non-trivial) zeros of Mc^iz, q) and

q) and of their derivatives r=0, 1, 2 for
values of q between .25 and 10. The graphs

The

functions

[20.58] for

Aq)^l

or g ,T,fe.r,
,

Qe.r

are tabulated in

2<25.

first

Ms^\z,
6 or 7

Between two
there

is

real zeros of

a zero of

No

tively.

Mcf\z,

Mc ^{z,

The representations given below

q),

q),

Ms^\z,

Msf\z,

q)

respec-

q),

found

In addition, the table contains

certain important "joining factors", with the aid

Mc\n {z,
tives, at

it

q)

and

x=0.

and se r (x,
found in

q)

possible

is

Ms

{ ])

q,

defined below, as in [20.36] to be as follows:

In solutions associated with a T

In solutions associated with b T

v=r
v=r.

in [20.58].

which

The Floquet exponent

unless otherwise noted.

Available tables are described in the References.

The most comprehensive tabulation of the characteristic values a r b

(in a somewhat different
notation) and of the coefficients proportional to
A m and B m as defined in 20.5.4 and 20.5.5 can be

are applicable

to the characteristic solutions, for real values of

is

tabulation of such zeros exists yet.

Asymptotic Representations

20.9.

reproduced here indicate their location.

of

2=

the

gives

also

q)']

?=0(1)

"turning" points
(zeros of the derivative) and also expansions for
them for small q. Wiltse and King [20.61,2] tabulate
10(2)40.

f \Ms?(z,

(z,

to

obtain

values

20.9.1

Mc^(z,q)
{-\YMsf\z,q)

g).as well as their deriva-

Values of the functions

for orders

of

For the functions defined in 20.6.7-20.6.10:

up

^(

ce r (x, q)

to five or six can

be

Tabulations of less extensive

character, but important in some aspects, are outlined in the other references cited.
In this
chapter only representative values of the various
functions are given, along with several graphs.

7r*g

V?coah2-i-|)

1/4

z a)*

(cosh

[20.56].

where

Dm

Arguments

D l,

D_i=D_ 0;
2

formula

Dm
[ 4iVg(cosh za)T
and the

coefficients

20.9.2

(m + l)Z?m+1 +[(m+|)

and

f=b

are obtainable from the following recurrence

Special Values for

y^

-(m+^ 8iVfl *

20.8.12

+2 2 -al Dm +(m-^j

[16g(l-<r 2 )-8i Vg <]A-i

+4g(2m-3) (2m-l).(l-cr
ce'2r+1

(j,

q^(-iy^g

e,

2T+l

(q)Ar +1 (q)

2)

~ i\2 -Jg

(f>

<L)=(-l)

9o,2r + i(q)Bl'+\q)

^q

coBh

z~vt2

7r*g

Mir+i

=0

Mc?>(z,q)

(|, q)=(-iygo.2r(<L)BAq) q ^/|

)Z?m _ 2

20.9.3

yj^q

(-iyMs<(z,
se'2r

1/4

(cosh

z <r)*

d_i=cL. 2 =0; d =l, and

t^o [4iV^(cosh

z a)f

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS
20.9.4

741

20.9.9

F (z) ~1-H
+2q a

\dm +(

m -\ [16g(l

2
<r

)+8iV<Z

w
8 -fit cosh 2 z

<m]<4,,-i
1

+4g(2m 3)(2m 1)(1

2
<r

cosh 2<7r

|cosh

but a

is

otherwise arbitrary.

>2>0,
If

2
<r

=l,

and

20.9.2

become three-term recurrence relations.

Formulas 20.9.1 and 20.9.3 are valid for arbitrary a, q, provided v is also known; they give

(V2*),

The formula
and q

Hankel functions
See

2-^.

as
is

cosh

2
z

3/2

especially useful

if

H^ (V?e

^^co^

|cosh

16384^
t84g*

essentially

4^+44w

\
+3W+
^h^J
.

^+34^+9
\

(w6 -47w 4 +667w2 +2835)

12 cosh 2 2

large

z|is

+
L32W 5^

2.63.

section

[20.36],

Tw 2 +3

sinh 2

(w 6 +505w4 +12139w2 +10395)

12 cosh 4 2

not too large; thus if

1, the absolute
ratio of two successive terms in the expansion is
is

20.9.10

multiples of 20.4.12, normalized so as to approach

a)

cosh

2 (r|>|<rl|,

the corresponding

20.9.4

fli

r (^+14^+3310)
cosh 2 2
L
(2w 5 +124w3 +1122w) 3w5 +290w3 -(-1627w'
+
cosh
cosh 4 2
]

_1
+ 16384g

Vfi

w +86w +105 w +22w +57 ~]

2048
48 g
qL

)d m _ 2 =0.

In the above

-27r<arg

|~

See [20.18] for details and an added term in

2~ 6/2 a correction to the latter is noted in [20.58].
;

1-2

\ra

4V2

V (cosh 2+1)
/

The expansions

If a,

q,

2,

components

Mc

2)

(z, q),

are real, the real and imaginary

of

Mc^(z,

ponents of Ms^(z,
complex
20.9.5

q)

are

Mc^iz,

q)

respectively; similarly for the

Mc^(z,

q)

q).

=h

If

the

and
com-

large

parameters are
if |cos

z|0

they

fail at

x=^

ir.

Thus,

x are

if q,

one obtains

real,

[Mc(z, q)+Mc?(z,

when

20.9.7 are especially useful

and 2 is bounded away from zero. The

q
2
of Mc (0, q) cannot be obtained
magnitude
of
order
from the expansion. The expansion can also be
used, with some success, for z=ix, when q is large,
is

q)}

20.9.11
20.9.6

Mcf> (2,

q)

= ~l [Mc

(2,

q)-Mc (2,

q)}

ce ,(*, 2

)~^yp {W [Po(x)-P
1

+W [Po(x)+P

Replacing c by s in the above will yield corresponding relations among Ms^ (2, q).
Formulas in which the parameter a does not

20.9.12

enter explicitly

se r+1 (x,

q)~se'T+1 (0, q)T T+l {W [P (x)-P

1

(2,

from
q)

[F (z)-iF (z)]e */^qKcosh

i

2)*

F (z),

cosh

=F (ix)

(x)

and Pi (at) are obtainable

by replacing
with cos x and sinh 2 with sin x. Thus

In the above,

q)~iMs?U{z,

(x)]}

(x)}

20.9.7

Mc<

-W [P (x)+P (x)}}

Goldstein's Expansions

3)

(x)}

F^x)
;

(x)

in 20.9.9-20.9.10

Pi(x)

= -iF (ix)
t

where
20.9.13
20.9.8

w_
4=2 -y/q sinh 2 =

(2r+l) arctan sinh

2^sin X
e

[cog

l
(

x+ iff)] 2H-l /(cos

X)H-1

2,

@z>0,ql,iv=2r+l

^^^-zVssiBZ

[gin

^+ l

7r)]

2r+l
/

(cos X

)r+1

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

742

20.9.20

20.9.14
r r+1 ~2'-*

/[~2V2-iw-

(2^+3)

(7^+47^)

64V?

1024g

-]

See 20.9.23-20.9.24 for expressions rel ating

ce r (0, q)

and

When

se'r (0, q).

x|>V4r+2/g*,

(Good
q,

for angles close to ?t, for large values of

when

especially

Due

x\<C2 i /qi .)

|cos

h
16384^

20482

-r

8
4
3
y2= 2r +5r 416/- 629^ 1162r 476

r increases.

Expansions in Terms of Parabolic Cylinder Functions

121r2 122r 84

The approximations

20.9.11-20.9.12 are useful.

become poorer as

|cos

r 4_|_2r3

to

It should be noted that 20.9.15 is also valid as an

approximation for se r+1 (x, q), but 20.9.16 may give
slightly better results.
See [20.4.]

to Sips
in q~ 3/2

Terms

Explicit Expansions for Orders 0, 1, to

[20.44-20.46].

(q Large)

20.9.15

q)~C {Z

ce T {x,

{ct)+Z1 {a)\

20.9.21

For r=0:

20.9.16
se T+ i(x,

Let

q)~Sr [Z

(a)Zi(a)] sin

a=2q

x,

Zo
cos

x.

A=A() = (-1)V |J e~^\

2

^~"64Vl + l6 l~"8" + 512;

99A 3Z?g

s72
2

4576/^
24576

256

256

\q?< V
642

20.9.17

Z,

16V2
V2^162\

*~a+ [-%-'+ a-.]

i"64/

16

61
s 12
^64 <f
V
2

20.9.22

7~
Zo

25

5A
10240 )

256

For r=l

D
n
A
+
~64Vi
*

_u

3A A
A\

162"

+ 512;
L6
l~l6"
.
,

20.9.18

2.()~i?[-i

A,

32

207A

--^ D-]

642s72 V

As

+
24576
!4576/

64

256

15A A\
A
J_ / 15A,
+
N

J_

""162

p
L

(r

r+6

-25r-36)

"*"

64

64

r(r-l)(-r 2 -27r+10)
64

Zj^?,
1

+2

_t

"

^16V2 "l62\

"64/

16

Ai

153A 35A

A-,-f (>-.+ ...]

s 2
642
ltf'*\
V

32

'

Formulas Involving

20.9.19

""256

ce r (0, q)

2048 )

and

se r (0, q)

20.9.23

2r+l

a~(f)V/(H)*[l4 8^

r t +2r3 +263r 2 +262r+108

20482

/ =6r +15r +l280r

6

/
+ 16384g^
+

"]-

'

'

+1905/- +17787'+572

^(1^2)
C^(0,g)

V2e
oO

F> e

1+

-2^l\

16V|

+ 2562 +

_L

29
_l_

7
^

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS
_ci(0,g)

*i4~_4V2-.Vi(i +
V

iC^tt, g)

ce

16V2

+
+ 256g

47

16V?

1282

.)

743

se'4 (0,q)

128

si(l", 2)

For higher
more difficult

2V2V 2 ^(]

sei

and 20.9.15
satisfactory,

11

M^4<zV2V 2V? \

16V?

seii^ir, q)

21

256g

to obtain.

17

)
se 2 (|7r, 2)

16Vg

256g

is

One method

of estimat-

to evaluate both 20.9.11

some x where both expansions are

and so to use 20.9.11 as a means to

for

solve for ce r (0, q)

I-.

15

128?

orders, these ratios are increasingly

ing values at the origin

20.9.24

31

16V2

similarly for se'T (0, q).

Other asymptotic expansions, valid over various

regions of the complex z -plane, for real values of
a, q, have been given by Langer [20.25].
It is not
always easy, however, to determine the linear
combinations of Langer's solutions which coincide
with those defined here.

A
MATHIETJ FUNCTIONS

744

"5

O
|N|

-I

&5
t=

.2

^
"

.3

o
s-

<o

s
*

-a

-2.

S
|(M|

fe

|C*|

".
fc

|N|

is

|C*|

9.

,*
w

t,

"J

fc

|IN|

^
'Si h iTn -s

r s
p<pi

&

J&

|N|t= ||

fe

rt

II

CD

-a

S ^
w

.2

O-

s
1

ol-S

1liM

tn

e?

a
<D

^i

3
"3

nq

3.

>

>

a
CO

3!

ft,

'?

ii

++
I

65

05

05

s
i^

?
"?
|<N||c |d)|

fe;

te;

->>->>
|i

|c|

fc

|N[

fc

7 7 V |
^ H
I

fe

fc

<N| k
I

o
oo tn

.n

0|7

++
O

-O

05

s
i-

*,

|C0|

t=

|<M|

|=

~2.

i
,,

|N|

ts

&5

Oi

1-

tS

uq

<S

d
I

H
e
c
c

aa

CO

d>

I -I
-1*

=>

n S o

o
n 3 h

s
O E0

II

&

1*.

**

r gS
3 a
J3

P*

I
w
o

<a

o
S
-N
.

rt

sgo
Co
O00 3**
oz
o

C/J

=w

g,

oKa

4
>

>

^t

^l-S^I-S
i

^j

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

745

References
Texts
[20.1]

W.

[20.22] E. L. Ince,

The tabulation of Mathieu funcMath. Tables Aids Comp. 1, 409-419

G. Bickley,

tions,

[20.23]

(1945).

W.

G. Bickley and N. W. McLachlan, Mathieu

functions of integral order and their tabulation,
Math. Tables Aids Comp. 2, 1-11 (1946).
[20.3] G. Blanch, On the computation of Mathieu functions, J. Math. Phys. 25, 1-20 (1946).

[20.2]

[20.4] G.

Blanch,

periodic

The asymptotic expansions for the odd

Mathieu functions, Trans. Amer. Math.

[20.24]

[20.25]

Soc. 97, 2, 357-366 (1960).

Bouwkamp, A note on Mathieu functions,

Kon. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Proc. 51, 891-893

[20.5] C. J.

[20.26]

(1948).

Bouwkamp, On spheroidal wave functions of

order zero. J. Math. Phys. 26, 79-92 (1947).
[20.7] M. R. Campbell, Sur les solutions de periode 2 st
de l'equation de Mathieu associee, C.R. Acad.

[20.6] C. J.

__

[20.27]

223, 123-125 (1946).

categorie remarquable de

[20.28]

de liquation de Mathieu associee,

C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 226, 2114-2116 (1948).
[20.9] T. M. Cherry, Uniform asymptotic formulae fo r
functions with transition points, Trans. Amer.
Math. Soc. 68, 224-257 (1950).
[20.10] S. C. Dhar, Mathieu functions (Calcutta Univ.

[20.29]

Sci., Paris,

[20.8]

M. R. Campbell, Sur une

solutions

Press, Calcutta, India, 1928).

The

[20.11] J. Dougall,

solution of Mathieu's differential

equation, Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. 34, 176-

196 (1916).
[20.12] J. Dougall,

On

the solutions of Mathieu's differen-

equation, and their asymptotic expansions,

Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. 41, 26-48 (1923).

tial

Uber

Mathieuschen
durch Laplacesche InteMath. Z. 41, 653-664 (1936).

[20.13] A. Erdelyi,

die Integration der

Differentialgleichung
grale,

On certain expansions of the solutions

Mathieu's differential equation, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 38, 28-33 (1942).

Ordinary differential equations (Longmans, Green & Co., 1927, reprinted by Dover
Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1944).
H. Jeffreys, On the modified Mathieu's equation,
Proc. London Math. Soc. 23, 449-454 (1924).
V. D. Kupradze, Fundamental problems in the
mathematical theory of diffraction (1935).
Translated from the Russian by Curtis D.
Benster, NBS Report 200 (Oct. 1952).
R. E. Langer, The solutions of the Mathieu equation with a complex variable and at least one
parameter large, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 36,
637-695 (1934).
S. Lubkin and J. J. Stoker, Stability of columns and
strings under periodically varying forces, Quart.
Appl. Math. 1, 215-236 (1943).
E. Mathieu, Memoire sur le mouvement vibratoire
d'une membrane de forme elliptique, J. Math.
Pures Appl. 13, 137-203 (1868).
N. W. McLachlan, Mathieu functions and their
classification, J. Math. Phys. 25, 209-240 (1946).
N. W. McLachlan,|Mathieu functions of fractional
order, J. Math. Phys. 26, 29-41 (1947).
N. W. McLachlan, Theory and application of
Mathieu functions (Clarendon Press, Oxford,
England, 1947).
N. W. McLachlan, Application of Mathieu's

[20.30]

[20.31]

equation to stability of non-linear oscillator,

Math. Gaz. 35, 105-107 (1951).
[20.32] J. Meixner, Uber das asymptotische Verhalten von
Funktionen, die durch Reihen nach Zylinderfunktionen dargestellt werden konnen, Math.
Nachr. 3,
9-13,
Reihenentwicklungen von
Produkten zweier Mathieuschen Funktionen
nach Produkten von Zylinder und Exponentialfunktionen, 14-19 (1949).
Meixner,
zwischen
[20.33] J.
Integralbeziehungen
Mathieuschen Funktionen, Math. Nachr. 5,

[20.14] A. Erdelyi,
of

al., Higher transcendental functions,

(McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,

[20.15] A. Erdelyi et
vol. 3

[20.35] J.

N.Y., 1955).
[20.16] G.

Sur

Floquet,

les

equations

diffe>entielles

lineaires a coefficients periodiques,

Norm. Sup.

Ann. Ecole

47 (1883).

The second

Goldstein,

[20.17] S.

12,

differential equation,

solution of Mathieu's

[20.36] J.

Proc. Cambridge Philos.

Verlag, Berlin,

Soc. 24, 223-230 (1928).

Mathieu functions, Trans. Cambridge

[20.18] S. Goldstein,

Philos. Soc. 23,

[20.19]

G.

W.

Hill,

perigee,

On

[20.37] P.

303-336 (1927).

the path of motion of the lunar

Acta Math.

[20.38]

8, 1 (1886).

On

the zeros of the Mathieu functions,

Proc. London Math. Soc. 23, 185-237 (1924).
[20.21] E. L. Ince, A proof of the impossibility of the co-

[20.20] E. Hille,

existence

Cambridge

of

two

Mathieu

Philos. Soc. 21,

371-378 (1951).
Reihenentwicklungen vom Siegerschen
Typus fur die Spharoid Funktionen, Arch. Math.
Oberwolfach 1, 432-440 (1949).
Meixner, Asymptotische Entwicklung der
Eigenwerte und Eigenfunktionen der Differentialgleichungen der Spharoidfunktionen und der
Mathieuschen Funktionen, Z. Angew. Math.
Mech. 28, 304-310 (1948).
Meixner and F. W. Schafke, Mathieusche
Funktionen und Spharoidfunktionen (Springer-

[20.34] J. Meixner,

functions,

Proc.

117-120 (1922).

[20.39]

Germany, 1954).

M. Morse and P. J. Rubinstein, The diffraction

of waves by ribbons and by slits, Phys. Rev. 54,

895-898 (1938).
H. P. Mulholland and S. Goldstein, The characteristic numbers of the Mathieu equation with
purely imaginary parameters, Phil. Mag. 8,
834-840 (1929).
L. Onsager, Solutions of the Mathieu equation of
period 4t and certain related functions (Yale
Univ. Dissertation, New Haven, Conn., 1935).

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

746
W.

[20.40] F.

[20.41]

Uber

Schafke,

die

Stabilitatskarte der.

Tables of the elliptic cylinder functions,

Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 52, 355-423; Zeros

[20.56] E. L. Ince,

Differentialgleichung,
Math.
Mathieuschen
Nachr. 4, 175-183 (1950).
F. W. Schafke, Das Additions theorem der
Mathieuschen Funktionen, Math. Z. 58, 436-447

and turning points,

and

W.

424-433 (1932)

52,

ao,

ai,

as,

.,

61,

Charac-

b2 ,

.,

&,

(9=0(1)10(2)20(4)40; 7D.
Also ce r (x, e), se r (x, B), 0=0(1)10, z 0(l)90;
5D, corresponding to characteristic values in
the tables. a r =be r 2q; b r =bo T 2q; 0=q.
coefficients

for

(1953).
[20.42] F.

values

teristic

Methode zur Berechnung des

charakteristischen Exponenten einer Hillschen
Differentialgleichung, Z. Angew. Math. Mech.
Schafke, Eine

279-280 (1953).
[20.43] B. Sieger, Die Beugung einer ebenen elektrischen
Schirm von elliptischem
Welle an einem
Querschnitt, Ann. Physik. 4, 27, 626-664 (1908)
[20.44] R. Sips, Representation asymptotique des fonctions
de Mathieu et des fonctions d'onde spheroidales,
Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 66, 93-134 (1949).
[20.45] R. Sips, Representation asymptotique des fonctions
de Mathieu et des fonctions spheroidales II,
Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 90, 2, 340-368 (1959).
[20.46] R. Sips, Recherches sur les fonctions de Mathieu,
Bull. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege 22, 341-355, 374-387,
444-455, 530-540 (1953); 23, 37-47, 90-103

[20.57] E. T. Kirkpatrick, Tables of values of the modified

33,

Mathieu function, Math. Comp.

Ce T (u,

q),

= 0(l)5,

Se r (u,

14,

q),

70 (1960).
r=l(l)6;

=.l (.1)1; 3=1(1)20.

Bureau of Standards, Tables relating to

Mathieu functions (Columbia Univ. Press, New

[20.58] National

York, N.Y., 1951).

to

8D;

Characteristic values be r (s),

0<s<100, along with

bo ,(s) for

coefficients Z)et(s), Do*(s)

formulas of order

s* r 0,r,

si r g

r,

s Tfe ,r,

interpolable

and conversion

same range, without

factors for ce T {q), se r (q),

differences but interpolable to

gian

5 2 *,

9D

with Lagran-

"Joining factors"
s r/o,r along with S 2 *; inter7.

polable to 8S.

(1954).
[20.47]

M. J. O. Strutt, Die Hillsche Differentialgleichung

im komplexen Gebiet, Nieuw. Arch. Wisk. 18

[20.48]

M.

[20.49]

M.

M. Morse, L. J. Chu and R. A.

Hutner, Elliptic cylinder and spheroidal wave
functions (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1941).
Theory and tables for bo, b lt b 2
63, b t) bi, 62, &3, K, and coefficients for Se T (s, x)
and So T (s, x) for c=0(.2)4.4 and .5(1)4.5; mostly

[20.59] J. A. Stratton, P.

31-55 (1935).
Strutt,

On

O. Strutt,

J.

Hill's

[20.50] E.

T.

On

Whittaker,
cylinders

[20.60] T.

functions associated with

harmonic analysis, Proc.

Intl. Congr. Math. Cambr. 1, 366 (1912).
E. T. Whittaker, On the general solution of
Mathieu's equation, Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc.
32, 75-80 (1914).
elliptic

5S; c

problems with complex

parameters and a real periodic function, Proc.

Roy. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. A 62, 278-296 (1948).

[20.51]

Lamesche, Mathieusche und

verwandte Funktionen in Physik und Technik,
Ergeb. Math. Grenzgeb. 1, 199-323 (1932).
O.

J.

(.l)r+l,

functions,

Rhodes, Table of characteristic

of

H.

J.

Gray, and R. Merwin, Solu

5D;

= 0(.1)3.1,

5D; <==1(1)10,
are solutions of
y" e(l+k cos t)y=0, with g(0)'=h'(0) l,
g'(0)=h(0)=0, cos 2Trn=2g(Tr)h'(.w)-l,
g(t),

h(t)

fc=.l(.l)l,

for

where

g(f),

tt,

h(t)

M=

I-jWj'WMWA'WI".
Brainerd and C. N. Weygandt, Solutions of
Mathieu's equation, Phil. Mag. 30, 458-477

[20.55] J. G.

(1940).

+2q.

1,

2;

g=.l(.l)2.5;

a=r

u and

q,

2 to 4

and M.

in

all.

King, Derivatives, zeros,

and other data pertaining to Mathieu functions,
The Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory
Md.
Report AF-57, Baltimore,
Technical

polable.

tion of the Mathieu equation, Am. Inst. Elec.

Engrs. 67 (1948).
Characteristic exponent over
a wide range.
fof e= 1(1)10; fc=.l(.l)l,
,

=b

b'r

and M. J. King, Values of the Mathieu

The Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation

[20.62] J. C. Wiltse

Bo T (t)=b r (q)+2q-2(2r-l)^fq;t=ll2^q; r = 0(l)

15, 0<<<.l, with 2 5 4 *;
8D (about); inter-

[20.54] J. G. Brainerd,

+2q,

Md(u, q), VW2 Msi.(u, q), j=l, 2 for 6 to 8

values of q between .25 and 10 and about 20
values of u, r=0, 1, 2; vV/2 Mc?\-\u\, q),
yV/2 Ms< 3, (-|u|, q), r=0, 1, 2 for about 9 values

Tables
I.

Laboratory Technical Report AF-53, Baltimore,

used:
of
(Notation
[20.58]
Md.
(1958).
ce n (v, q)/A, se n (v, q)/B for 12 values of q between
.25 and 10 and from 8 to 14 values of v; yir/2

Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of

analysis, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1952).

Blanch and

=a

namely r=0,
5D.

[20.61] J. C. Wiltse

modern

values of Mathieu's equation for large values of

the parameter, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 45, 6,
166-196 (1955). Be r (t) a r (q) 2q-2(2r l) y[q,

br

Tamir, Characteristic exponents of Mieuath

The
equations, Math. Comp. 16, 77 (1962).
Floquet exponent v T of the first three stable
regions;

in

[20.52] E. T.

[20.53] G.

= 2qi,

J.

(1958).
[20.63] S.

J. Zaroodny, An elementary review of the

Mathieu-Hill equation of real variable based on
numerical solutions, Ballistic Research LaboraMemorandum Report 878, Aberdeen
tory
Proving Ground, Md. (1955). Chart of the

characteristic exponent.
It contains, among other
See also [20.18].
tabulations, values of a r , b r and coefficients for
ce T (x,

r<2.

q),

se r (x,

q),

= 40(20) 100(50)200;

5D,

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

748

CHARACTERISTIC VALUES, JOINING FACTORS, SOME CRITICAL VALUES

Table 20.1

EVEN SOLUTIONS
0.00000 000
5.80004 602
13.93697 996
22.51303 776
31.31339 007
40.25677 955

-1)7.07106
-2)4.48001
-3)7.62651
-3)1.93250
-4)6.03743
-4)2.15863

781
817
757
832
829
018

4.00000
7.44910
7.71736
5.07798
1.15428
3.52216

000
974
985
320
288
473

1.00000
-1)7.35294
-1)2.45888
-2)7.87928
-2)2.86489
-2)1.15128

000
308
349
278
431
663

100.00000
100.12636
100.50677
101.14520
102.04891
103.23020

000
922
002
345
602
480

1.00000
1.02599
1.05381
1.08410
1.11778
1.15623

000
503
599
631
863
992

o
5

10

15

20

25

10
15
20
25
10
5

10
15
20
25

ce r (fa q)

ce r (0, q)

f
-

r (o,

a,.

1.00000
1.85818
2.39914
8.10110
14.49130
21.31489

000
754
240
513
142
969

00000
56542
35987
50400
^3)5.05181
3)1.91105

000
879
478
665

25.00000
25.54997
27.70376
31.95782
36.64498
40.05019

000
175
873
125
973
099

225.00000
225.05581
225.22335
225.50295
225.89515
226.40072

000
248
698
624
341
004

10
15
20
25

10
15

20
25
15
5

10
15

20
25

3)1.86132
5)5.54257
6)3.59660
7)3.53093
8)4.53098

97
96
89

1.00000
-7.24488
26759
1.01996
-1.07529
-1.11627

00
15
26
62
32
90

1)1.27661
1)2.63509
1)7.22275
2)1.32067
2)1.98201
2)2.69191

53
89
58
71
14
26

8.14873
1.68665
6.89192
1.73770
4.29953
1.11858

31
79
56

-1.00000
-9.75347
-9.51645
-9.28548
9.05710
:ii 8.82691

00
49

12) 1.51800 43
'12 1.48332 54
12 1.45530 39
'12 1.43299 34

23)2.30433
23)2.31909
23)2.36418
23)2.44213
23)2.55760
23)2.71854

1)
1)
l)

q)

\i\

32
06

78

12 1.41537 24
12 1.40118 52

92

376
151

-1.00000
-3.46904
-4.85043
-5.76420
-6.49056
-7.10674

00
21
83
64
58

1.00000
1.12480
1.25801
1.19343
(-1)9.36575
(-1)6.10694

000
725
994
223
531
310

1.00000
1.01129
1.02287
1.03479
1.04708
1.05980

000
373
828
365
434
044

(
(

1)
1)
1)

1)
1

1)

r (?)

00

05
82
09
03

(4?)7,

r (?)

56
00
95
53
25
91

78
87

ce'r {\v, q)

q
5

(4g)*X

(-1)7.97884
1.97009
2.40237
2.68433
2.90011
3.07743

(-D

7.07106
1.33484
1.46866
1.55010
1.60989
1.65751

(4?)\r(?)

01

68

48
32
69

72
77
54
04
55
15

(4?)7e,r(?)

15

1.59576
7.26039
1)1.35943
1)1.91348
1)2.42144
1)2.89856

91
84
49
51
01
94

2.54647
1.02263
2)9.72660
2 1.19739
3)1.84066
4)3.33747

91
46
12
95
20
55

00000
39248
32127
11914
77867
05988

00
61
65
99
52
45

4.90220
4.43075
4.19827
5.25017
8.96243
1.71582

27
22
66
04
97
55

8)

4.80631
5.11270
6.83327
1.18373
1.85341
2.09679

83
71
77
72
57
12

1.50000
1.51636
1.53198
1.54687
1.56102
1.57444

00
57
84
43
79
72

(20)5.60156
(20)5.54349
(20)5.49405
(20)5.45287
(20 5.41964
(20)5.39407

72
84
67
72
26
68

40)2.09183
40)2.09575
40)2.10754
40)2.12738
40 2.15556
40) 2.19249

70
00
45
84
69
18

(
(
(

Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables relating to Mathieu functions, Columbia Univ.
Press,

New

York, N.Y., 1951 (with permission).

Or

q 2
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.00

-0.25532
-0.25393
-0.25257
-0.25126
-0.25000

994
098
851
918
000

For g

and fe

-1.30027
-1.28658
-1.27371
-1.26154
-1.25000
T

212
972
191
161
000

2
-3.45639
-3.39777
-3.34441
-3.29538
-3.25000

+2q -(4r+2)Jq
10
-76.04295
-76.84607
-63.58155
-58.63500
-55.25000

483
782
938
745
000

-17.84809
-16.92019
-16.25305
-15.70968
-15.25000

551
225
645
373
000

<q>

15
314
855
264
546
000

- 80.93485 048

-141.64507
-162.30500
-132.08298
-120.25000

841
052
271
000

39
69
156
625
00

see 20.8.12.

< q > = nearest integer

Compiled from G. Blanch and

I.

to

q.

Rhodes, Table of characteristic values of Mathieu's equation for large

Sci., 45, 6, 1955 (with permission).

values of the parameter, Jour. Wash. Acad.

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

749

CHARACTERISTIC VALUES, JOINING FACTORS, SOME CRITICAL VALUES

Table 20.1

ODD SOLUTIONS
K

10
15

+
-

20
25

*e;(0, ?)

000
045
824
680
325
062

100.00000
100.12636
100.50676
101.14517
102.04839
103.22568

000
922
946
229
286
004

1.00000
5.79008
13.93655
22.51300
31.31338
40.25677

000
060
248
350
617
898

25.00000
25.51081
26.76642
27.96788
28.46822
28.06276

000
605
636
060
133
590

225.00000
225.05581
225.22335
225.50295
225.89515
226.40072

000
248
698
624
341
004

10

4.00000
2.09946
2.38215
8.09934
14.49106
21.31486

10
15
20
25

<

2.00000
-1)7.33166
-1)2.48822
-2)9.18197
-2)3.70277
-2)1.60562

1)1.00000
9.73417
9.44040
9.11575
8.75554
8.35267

84
14
78
17
00
32

1)

54
13
51
84

i
i)
i)
i)

-2.00000
-3.64051
-4.86342
-5.76557
-6.49075
-7.10677

00
79
21
38
22
19

-1.00000
-1.02396
-1.04539
-1.06429
-1.08057
-1.09413

00
46
48
00
24
54

10
15
20
25

10
15
20
25
15
5

10
15
20
25

1.00000
-1)1.74675
-2 4.40225
-2)1.39251
-3)5.07788
-3)2.04435

5.00000
4.33957
3.40722
2.41166
1.56889
-1)9.64071

i
(

(
(
(

1)1.50000
1)1.48287
1)1.46498
1)1.44630
l) 1.42679
1)1.40643

00
89
60

(
(

01

46
73

i
(

(
(

03
18
19

91

1.00000
9.06077
:\] 8.46038
-1
8.37949
}
-1) 8.63543
-1) 8.99268

00
93
43
34

3)9.80440
4 1.14793
4)1.52179
4)2.20680
4)3.27551
4)4.76476

55
21
77
20
12
62

-1.00000
-9.88960
-9.78142
-9.67513
-9.57045
-9.46708

00
70
35

(19)3.73437
(19)3.78055
(19)3.83604
(19)3.90140
(19)3.97732
(19)4.06462

81
49
43
52
29
83

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

39

57
51

16
04
(

(
(

12

33

70
25
70

i
(

76
99
87
21
50

1)8.14873
1)2.24948
3.91049
1)7.18762
1)1.47260
2)3.33750

23)2.30433
23)2.31909
23 2.36418
23)2.44211
23 2.55740
23)2.71681

86

1.59576
2.27041
2.63262
2.88561
3.08411
3.24945

49
94

43
50

Qfl)*9o,M

35

(11)1.51800
(11)1.56344
(11)1.62453
(11)1.70421
(11)1.80695
(11)1.93959

00

40
66

00
68
65
69
62

65
88
36
57
89
83

(4<?)7,

9o,r(9)

q)

vGk.

00

00

ir

6.38307
1)1.24474
1)1.86133
1)2.42888
1)2.95502
1)3.44997

1.00000
1.33743
1.46875
1.55011
1.60989
1.65751

se' (0, q)
r

se' (%w, q)
r

00
22

31

08
85
28
95
27

72
77
52

78
30
11

(4?)7o,r(?)

2.54647 91
(

- 2)3.74062 82
- 3)2.21737 88
- 4)2.15798 83
- 4 2.82474 71

- 6)4.53098 74

8)4.80631
8)5.05257
8 5.46799
8)5.27524
8 4.26215
8)2.94147

83
20
57

40)2.09183
40)2.09575
40)2.10754
40)2.12738
40)2.15556
40)2.19249

70
00
45
84
69
18

<
i

17

66
89

b r +2q-(4r-2)jq~

10
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.00

-0.25532
-0.25393
-0.25257
-0.25126
-0.25000

994
098
851
918
000

-1.30027
-1.28658
-1.27371
-1.26154
-1.25000

164
971
191
161
000

-11.53046
-11.12574
-10.78895
-10.50135
-10.25000

855
983
146
748
000

-51.32546
-56.10964
-51.15347
-47.72149
-45.25000

For g or and for see 20.8.12.

<q> = nearest integer to

<?.

<q>

15
875
961
975
533
000

55.93485
-108.31442
-132.59692
-114.76358
-105.25000
-

112
060
424
461
000

39
69

156
625

MATHIEU FUNCTIONS

750

COEFFICIENTS A m AND R

Table 20.2

q=b

m\

2
+0.54061
-0.62711
+0.14792
-0.01784
+0.00128
-0.00006
+0.00000
-0.00000
+0.00000

2
4
6

10
12
14
16
18
20

2446
5414
7090
8061
2863
0723
2028
0050
0001

+ 0.43873 7166

+ 0.65364 0260
-0.42657 8935

+0.07588
-0.00674
+0.00036
-0.00001
+0.00000
-0.00000

5673
1769
4942
3376
0355
0007

22

10
+0.00000
+0.00003
+0.00064
+0.01078
+0.13767
+0.98395
-0.11280
+0.00589
-0.00018
+0.00000
-0.00000
+ 0.00000

m\r
1679
3619
2987
4807
5121
5640
6780
2962
9166
4226
0071
0001

3
5

7
9

11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25

+0.76246
-0.63159
+0.13968
-0.01491
+0.00094
-0.00003
+ 0.00000
-0.00000
+ 0.00000

3686
6319
4806
5596
4842
9702
1189
0027
0001

+0.07768
+ 0.30375
+0.92772
-0.20170
+ 0.01827
-0.00095
+0.00003
-0.00000
+0.00000

5798
1030
8396
6148
4579
9038
3457
0839
0016

+0.39125
-0.74048
+0.50665
-0.19814
+0.05064
-0.00910
+0.00121
-0.00012
+0.00001
-0.00000
+0.00000
-0.00000

2265
2467
3803
2336
0536
8920
2864
4121
0053
0660
0036
0002

+0.65659
+0.36900
-0.19827
-0.48837
+0.37311
-0.12278
+0.02445
-0.00335
+0.00033
-0.00002
+0.00000
-0.00000
+0.00000

0398
8820
8625
4067
2810
1866
3933
1335
9214
6552
1661
0085
0004

15
0.00000 0000
+0.00000 0002
+ 0.00000 0106
+0.00000 4227
+0.00014 8749
+0.00428 1393
+0.08895 2014
+0.99297 4092
-0.07786 7946
+0.00286 6409
-0.00006 6394
+0.00000 1092
-0.00000 0014

9=25
m\r

10
+ 0.42974 1038

-0.69199 9610

+ 0.36554 4890

-0.13057
+0.03274
-0.00598
+0.00082
-0.00008
+0.00000
-0.00000
+0.00000
-0.00000

10
12
14

16
18

20
22
24
26
28

5523
5863
3606
3792
7961
7466
0514
0029
0001

+0.33086 5777
-0.04661 4551
--0.64770
5862
+0.55239 9372
--0.22557 4897
+0.05685 2843
- -0.00984
6277
+0.00124 8919
- -0.00012
1205
+0.00000 9296
--0.00000
0578
+0.00000 0030
-0.00000 0001
-

+0.00502
+0.02075
+0.07232
+0.23161
+ 0.55052
+0.63227
-0.46882
+0.13228
-0.02206
+0.00252
-0.00021
+0.00001
-0.00000
+0.00000
-0.00000

n\r

6361
4891
7761
1726
4391
5658
9197
7155
0893
2374
3672
4078
0746
0032
0001

3
5

7
9

11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27

15
+0.00000
+0.00003
+0.00032
+0.00254
+0.01770
+0.10045
+ 0.40582
+0.83133
-0.35924
+0.06821
-0.00802
+0.00066
-0.00004
+0.00000
-0.00000
+0.00000

4658
7337
0026
0806
9603
8755
7402
2650
8831
6074
4550
6432
1930
2090
0085
0003

5
0.05038 2462
0.29736 5513
H 0.93156 6997
-0.20219 3638
0.01830 5721
0.00096 0277
^ 0.00003 3493
-0.00000 0842
H 0.00000 0017

15
0.00000
+0.00000
+0.00000
+0.00000
+0.00014
+ 0.00428
+0.08895
+0.99297
-0.07786
+ 0.00286
-0.00006
+0.00000
-0.00000

0000
0002
0106
4227
8749
1392
2014
4092
7946
6409
6394
1093
0013

+ 0.30117 4196

+0.00000
+0.00003
+0.00032
+0.00254
+0.01770
+0.10045
+0.40582
+0.83133
-0.35924
+ 0.06821
-0.00802
+0.00066
-0.00004
+ 0.00000
-0.00000
+0.00000

29
31

m\

1"

2
+ 0.93342 9442
-0.35480 3915
+0.05296 3730
-0.00429 5885

2
4
6

+0.00021
-0.00000
+0.00000
-0.00000

10
12
14
16
18
20

9797
7752
0200
0004

22

10
+0.00003
+ 0.00064
+0.01078
+0.13767
+0.98395
-0.11280
+0.00589
-0.00018
+0.00000
-0.00000
+0.00000

m\r
3444
2976
4807
5120
5640
6780
2962
9166
4227
0070
0001

+0.94001
-0.33654
+0.05547
-0.00508
+ 0.00029
-0.00001
+0.00000
-0.00000

3
5
7

11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25

9024
1963
7529
9553
3879
1602
0332
0007

-1

-I

g = 25

m\r
2

4
6
8

10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26

m\r

10
+0.65743
-0.66571
+0.33621
-0.10507
+0.02236
-0.00344
+ 0.00040
-0.00003
+ 0.00000
-0.00000
+0.00000

9912
9990
0033
3258
2380
2304
0182
6315
2640
0157
0008

+0.01800
+0.07145
+ 0.23131
+0.55054
+0.63250
-0.46893
+0.13230
-0.02206
+ 0.00252
-0.00021
+ 0.00001
-0.00000
+ 0.00000

3596
6762
0990
4783
8750
3949
9765
3990
2676
3694
4079
0746
0033

For A and B see 20.2.3-20.2.11

3
5

7
9
li-

lS
15
17

19
21
23
25

27
29
31

15

+0.81398
-0.52931
+0.22890
-0.06818
+0.01453
-0.00229
+0.00027
-0.00002
+0.00000
-0.00000
+0.00000

3846
0219
0813
2972
0886
5765
7422
6336
2009
0126
0007

+0.62719
+0.17707
-0.60550
+0.33003
-0.09333
+0.01694
-0.00217
+0.00021
-o.oo-ooi

+0.00000
-0.00000
+0.00000

8468
1306
5349
2984
5984
2545
7430
0135
5851
0962
0048
0002

3717
7227
0013
0804
9603
8755
7403
2650
8830
6074
4551
6432
1930
2090
0086
0003

Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables relating to Mathieu functions, Columbia Univ.
Press, New York, N.Y., 1951 (with permission).

21. Spheroidal

Wave

Arnold N. Lowan

Functions
1

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties
21.1.

Definition of Elliptical Coordinates

21.2.

Definition of Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates

21.3.

Definition of Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates

Laplacian in Spheroidal Coordinates
Wave Equation in Prolate and Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates
Differential Equations for Kadial and Angular Spheroidal
Wave Functions
Prolate Angular Functions
Oblate Angular Functions
Radial Spheroidal Wave Functions
Joining Factors for Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions
Notation

21.4.
21.5.
21.6.

21.7.
21.8.
21.9.

21.10.

21.11.

References

=0(l)16, c- x =.25( ,01)0,

760

4-6D

Table

21.2. Angular Functions

Prolate and Oblate
ro=0(l)2, =ro(l)3, ij=0(.l)l
0=O(1O)9O, 0=1(1)5, 2-1D

=1.005,

^=0,

1,

.75,

768

First and Second Kinds ....

769

1,

c=l(l)5,

Yeshiva

Standards.)

4S

7i=m(l)m+2; m, n=2
0=.2,

.5, .8, 1

21.5. Prolate Joining

m=0,

First and Second Kinds

0=1(1)5,

21.4. Oblate Radial Functions

m=0,
Table

1.02, 1.044, 1.077,

766

...

Table 21.3. Prolate Radial Functions

m=0(l)2, n=m(l)3

Table

753
753
756
756
757
758
759

Table 21.1. Eigenvalues Prolate and Oblate

m=0(l)2, n=m(l)m+4
c

752
752
752
752
752
752

n=m(l)m+2;

5S

(.5)2.5,

FactorsFirst Kind
m,

769

n=2

4S

University.
(Deceased.)

(Prepared

under

contract

with

the

National

Bureau of

751

21. Spheroidal

Wave

Functions

Mathematical Properties
21.3.1

ri+r2

21.1.1

rt

and

z=r

r2 are the distances to the foci of a family

21.1.2

2/

is

where

= semi-major

x=r

sin

<f>;

0<<t><2ir

are oblate spheroidal coordinates.

<t>

Relations Between Cartesian and Oblate Spheroidal

Coordinates

b=j^l>

axis;

21.3.2

6=semi-minor

axis;

21.4.

Equation of Family of Confocal Ellipses

(KK)

sin

y=j V( 2 1)(1 v 2 ); z=fh

<t>;

cos

e=ec-

centricity.

21.1.3

cos 0;

and

rj

x=fiv
a

1-7} 2f-f

the dis-

foci.

a=ft,

2
r,

of confocal ellipses and hyperbolas

tance between

J
|2^|2_ 1 -f

2/

2/
ri

of Elliptical Coordinates

21.1. Definition

Laplacian in Spheroidal Coordinates

21.4.1
r72

TA /MA d /MA, d /MY]

MA L^ V h r*-n \ K /*"d* \ K /J
1

Equation of Family of Confocal Hyperbolas

J^

21.1.4

(-1<i<1)

Relations Between Cartesian

and

Elliptical Coordinates

x=ji n y=/V(l 2 -l)(l-^ 2)

21.1.5

21.2. Definition

of Prolate Spheroidal
Coordinates
Metric CoeflScients for Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates

If the

system of confocal

referred to in 21.1.3

and hyberbolas
and 21.1.4 revolves around
ellipses

the major axis, then

y=r
where

pTj
te=^;

21.2.1

t?

cos

and

<t>

<f>;

z=r

sin

<j>;

21.4.2

^ = |VF=?

-f

O<0<27r

are prolate spheroidal coordinates.

k>

Vw ^ =
J

Hh/pR K -^x=$ K=J V( 2+1)

21.5.

2
2=/V( -l)(l-^)sin*

Wave Equation

in Prolate and Oblate

Spheroidal Coordinates

21.2.2

cos ft

7?:

21.4.3

x=fa; 2/=/V(^-D(l-^ 2 )

Metric Coefficients for Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates

Relations Between Cartesian and Prolate Spheroidal

Coordinates

V(?2_1)(1

Wave Equation

in Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates

21.5.1

21.3. Definition

of Oblate Spheroidal
Coordinates

the system of confocal ellipses and hyperbolas

referred to in 21.1.3 and 21.1.4 revolves around
If

the minor axis, then

752

-t/ 2

d2#

-l)(l-7,W

+c($*-*)*=0

H'*)

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FOTCTIONS*

Wave Equation

in Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates

21.5.2

+ v

($M-l)(l-iiW

+c 2 ( 2 -H 2)*=0
(

21.5.2

may

(21.6.3 may be obtained from 21.6.1 by the

transformations fc^feafe c-^Tic; 21.6.4 may be
obtained from 21.6.2 by the transformation c-> T ic .)
21.7.

d2*

be obtained from

21.5.1

=H

by

r=0,l

= Prolate

the

21.6. Differential Equations for Radial and

Angular Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions

first

kind

= Prolate angular function

of the second kind

we put

^=Bmn (c,^)8mn

cos
(fi,ri)

(P%(~n)
m<f>

"radial

"angular solution"
equations

R mn (c,

solution"

Smn (c,

v) satisfy

and

and the

the differential

However,

for

are

Q%(y)

functions of the

Sill

the

angular function of the

21.7.2

->i, c->=Fic.

then

Prolate Angular Functions

21.7.1

transformations

If in 21.5.1

753

1<z<1, PZ(z) = (l z

d mP n (z)/
extended over
m/2

dz m (see 8.6.6).

Legendre

associated

and second kinds respectively.

first

The summation

even values or odd values of

is

r.)

Recurrence Relations Retween the Coefficients

21.6.1

21.7.3
<**<4+2+ (/3

ak

__

21.6.2

)<4+7ftd*-2=0

(2m+k+2) (2m +k+l)c 2

(2m+2k+3)(2m+2k+5)

&=(m+fc)(m+fr+l)

|[(1-,=)|S.,(C ,,)]
/
+( Xmn

OTn

W \
j -; S mn (c, 7?)=0
2

2
1?

2(m+k)(m+k+l)-2m 2 -l
(2m+2k-l)(2m+2k+3)

where the separation constants (or eigenvalues)

XOTB are to be determined so that R mn (c, ) and
are finite
at
Smn(c, i))
= 1 and jj= 1

7* =

k{k-\)c 2

(2m+2k-Z)(2m+2k-l)
Transcendental Equation for X mn

respectively.
(21.6.1

and 21.6.2 are

identical.

Radial and

angular prolate spheroidal functions satisfy the

differential equation over different ranges of
the variable.)

21.7.4

U(\ mn) =Ui (\ mn ) +U2 (Kn) =0

same

U (\mn )=ym -\mn

r^m

fr-2

Differential Equations for Radial

|[(* +1)|^(M)]

A mn

Yr-t

r,

and Angular Oblate

Spheroidal Functions
21.6.3

P?-2

^m

U (Kn) =

Pr+2

Pr+4

Yr+2

"mn

Tr+4

"mil

k{k-\){2m+k){2m+k-l)c i
P*~(2m+2k-\) 2 (2m+2k+\){2m+2k-3)
(Ar>2)

21.6.4

y?=(m+k)(m+k+l)

4m 1
+ ^l 1 ~ (2m +2A-1) (2 m +2fr+3) ]
2

[a-rtflL<fti>]

(The choice of

r in 21.7.4 is arbitrary.)

(t>0)

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

754

Power

Expansion for X m

Series

21.7.5

fc=0

=n(n+l)

(2m-l)(2m+l) l
(2n-l)(2w+3) J

,]-

(n m-\-l)(n m+2)(7j,+m+l)(w+ra+2)
2(2n+l)(2w+3) 3 (2n+5)

h
6_(

Z8

'

'

(n m l)(n m)(n-\-m l)(n-{-m)

2(2n-3)(2w-l) 3 (2n+l)

(2n-l)(2n+l)(2n+3) 5 (2n+5)(2n+7)

=2(4m 2 -l) 2,i+^

(2n-5)(2n-3)(2n-l)H2n+l)(2n+Z)j

5+| <?+| D

(nml)(nm)(n-\-ml)(n-\-m)
A= (2n-5)
(2n-3)(2w-l) (2n+l)(2w+3)
2

(n m-\-l)(n m+2)(n+m+l)(?i+m+2)
(2w-l) 2 (2n+l)(2n+3) 7 (2w+5)(2w+7)

5= (w m 3) (w m 2) (n m 1) (n m) (n+ra 3) (w+m 2) (n+m 1) (n-\- m)

(2w-7)(2w-5) 2 (2TC-3) 3 (27i-l) 4 (2w+l)

(w m+l)(n m+2)(n m+Z)(n m+4:)(n+m+l)(n+m+2)(n+in+S)(n+m+4:)

(2n+l)(2w+3) 4 (2w+5) 3 (27i+7) 2 (2n+9)

n _ (nm

Jrl) 2 (nm-\-2) 2 (n-\-m-\-l) 2 (n-\-m+2) 2

2

(2n+l) (2w+3) (2ri+5)

(nml) 2 (nm) 2 (n-\-m, l) 2 (n-f-m)

(2n-3) (2n-l) (2ri+l)

n ~ (fl-w-l)(w-m)(w-m+l)(w-w-f2)(w-|-m-l)(n+m)(w+w4-l)^+w+2)
(2n-3)(2n-l) 4 (2w+l) 2 (2?i+3) 4 (2w+5)

Refinement of Approximate Values of X mB

Asymptotic Expansion for X m

21.7.6

Xmn (c)=cg+m 2 -i ( 22+5)-^ (g2+ii- 3 2m 2)

4
2
2
2
"1024^ 5 (2 +26g +21)-384m ( 2 +l)]

(3.32

+1594 23 +5621g)
3

gg(37 2 +167 g

~7 [_2~h (632

-J [iok" (527 e

+735)+^f5

32

A,

= xl T

m
(iV

m) 2-r

/w-2
y-r
^m^_
^^N^^Nf-d
p?F*-2p?.

(2

(N?+2 ) 2

+l)]

(Ar?+2iV?+4 ) 2
187+2/37+4

(N?+2N?+tN?+t) a
P?+ 20?+ 40?+ t

(2m+r)(2m+r-l)c 2
d
N?= (2m+2r-l)(2m+2r+l)
4-2
r

(5739g6 +127550 23

+298951?)+^ (355^+1505 2)-^]+O(<T 6)

2=2 (n m)+l

4
2

+61529 g +1043961g

+2241599g)-

Ai+A

+ -3

+4940g4 +43327g2 +22470)

-^ (115^+1310
2

to Xmn obtained either

21.7.7

"?[l2^

If \l is an approximation
from 21.7.5 or 21.7.6 then

/3?=

(r>2)

r(r-l)(2m+?')(2w+r-l)c 4

(2m+2r-l) 2 (2m+2r+l)(2m+2r-3)
(r>2)

SPHEROIDAL "WAVE FUNCTIONS

Evaluation of Coefficients

Step

21.7.15
nm

Calculate N?'& from

1.

755

(-l) r"(r+2m)!

(-1)

(n+ro)!

f,,
r=0

Jl.7.8

AC+2 =7:-A-||

(r>2)
(to m)

m=y^-\nn N?=y?-K
;

(-l)~(r+2ro+l)!

y?=(m+r)(m-\-r+l)

(2m+2r-l)(2m+2r+3)

~\(r> 0)

Calculate ratios

2.

and
0,2 T

} n-m-\ \

2 n-m

from

Qsi
*2p

n-m-l

( l)~2-(TO+m + l)!

'

Step

df

3' ,(ti) ,(***!)

4m 2 -

+ M>"

even

21.7.16

(to m)

/ri+m+l\

odd

(The normahzation scheme 21.7.13 and 21.7.14

is

also used in [21.10].)

_(dj\/d\

<h

21.7.10

and the formula

The

fd2p -i \

Asymptotic Expansions for S m (c,

\dj\dj---\d
\<*3/ V*5/
\"-2p+l/
2p+1 j

di'2p+l

21.7.17

for iV? in 21.7.7.

coefficients

rj)

are determined to within

Sm (c,

= (l-v Umn
2 i
)

v)

(c,

(c-)

v)

the arbitrary factor d for r even and c^ for r odd.

The

CD

Umn (x) = T=a>

2 h D l+r (x)

choice of these factors depends on the normal-

ization

Normalization of Angular Functions

where the

Meixner-Schafke Scheme

TO

21.7.11

M2J

l=nm

scheme adopted.

(x)'s are

the parabolic cylinder func-

tions (see chapter 19).

(+)!

(x)

= (-lYe

x2/i

-^2

e- x2/i =2-^e-

x2/i

(-|)

Stratton-Morse-Chu-Little-Corbato Scheme

(r+2m)!

21.7.12

rf r

(x)

chapter 22).

(to m)!

r!

jo,i

and the

= (w+m)!

(This normahzation has the effect that

Smn (c,

i;)-

are the Hermite polynomials (see

(For tables of h r /h
l

Expansion of S mn (c,

y)

see [21.4].)

in Powers of

i)

P(ij) as ,->l.)

21.7.18

Flammer Scheme

[21.4]

Smn (fi,T,)=(i-vT' 2

21.7.13

Snn (c,0)=P%{0)

( l)~(+n)!

Tl'
r=0,

PTW

(r+l)(r+2)p?? 2 (c)-[r(r+2m+l)+m(ro+l)

""O^Xt 5

)'

(nm) even
21.7.14

(The derivation of the transcendental equation

is similar to the derivation of 21.7.4 from

for \

(TO+m+l)!
/TO-m-l \ /TO+m+l\
(-1)

l,(c,o)=pr(o)=
2

21.7.3.)

Expansion of S mn (c,
(to

The above

lead to the following conditions for

d**

716-654

64

m) odd

49

17)

in Powers of (1

2
)

21.7.19

Smn (c, V )==(l-V

m/2

2
)

ibc?k

0--r) 2 )'

fa") eVen

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

756

pf"=-2- 9 q[33qi +lUq +37-2m 2 (23q +25)

2

21.7.20
m/2

Snn (c,7,)=v(l-v s

+ 13w

-18)-2m

(n-m) odd

it <&?(l-v )*
l

fc=0

ft

^ (2m+2r)!
&!(m+&)!

= -2-

"2 m

+ 3402

+239g

/^

+ 14

=K?+mK

jMH!. N)i
(2r+l)!

m+ ,4 2 A
(

(39g

+0'+l).0'+m+l)a+

q=n-\-l for {nm) even;

2 m &!(m+&)!=i

-10m (l(V+23g +3)+ra

(71 m) even

2ft

[63g

(2r)!

f=i

10

(For the definition of

af

q=n

for

{n m) odd

see 21.8.3.)

r+1

Asymptotic Expansion for Oblate Angular Functions

{nm) odd
21.8.3

(a)*=a(a+l)(a+2)

(a+fc+1)

SU-ic,v)~0--V 2) m/2

S Ar{e-^-*W?.[2c{l-

v )]

(The d"'s are the coefficients in 21.7.1.)

Prolate Angular Functions

+ (-l)-*-*ft+i>Z&

Second Kind

[2c(l+)]}

where the Llm) {x) are Laguerre polynomials (see

chapter 22) and

Expansion 21.7.2 ultimately leads to

21.7.21

Amn

'

S%l(c, v )=
r

= 2m, 2m-f-l

a>

a?'(m,n)<r*
7sf=S
^0
k=r

dTQZ + r(v)

(Expressions of ak T are given in

CD

+ r=2m+2,
S'2m+l d" P?- m
T

[21.4].)

-i(7i)

21.9.

Wave Functions

Radial Spheroidal

d n are the same as in 21.7.1;

the coefficients d$ are tabulated in [21.4].)

(The

coefficients

Power

^,i)={;^^<"}-'(^T

Oblate Angular Functions

21.8.

Expansion for Eigenvalues

Series

r=0,

21.8.1

Xmre

t=0
S( 1)

"

4fcC

Z^{z)=^j^J n+h {z)

{p=l)

=yjf2 Y n+i {z)

(p=2)

where the 4's are the same as in 21.7.5.

Asymptotic Expansion for Eigenvalues

[21.4]

21.8.2

A=-c +2c(2i+ro+l)-2v(*+ro+l)
2

(m+l)+A
v=-{nm)

for

{nm)

OTn

even;

y=2 (% m 1)

for

(ft

(Jn+ $(z) and F + i(2) are Bessel functions, order

+|, of the first and second kind respectively
(see chapter 10).)

ft.

m) odd

21.9.2

B (c, fl =fl (c, f) +iflffi(c, f)

21.9.3

< (c, f)=SSi(c, S)-iR%l(c, &

Asymptotic Behavior of R^iic,

1

^
n
i3?

= -2- 2 2 +l-m
2

=-2-

[52

21.9.4

fl>(c,f)-

21.9.5

i2i(c,f)

COS

[c

and R^l(c,

(ft+l)7r]

2
)

+102 2 +l-2m 2 (3 2 2 +l)+m4

JL

sin [c |(ft+l)7r]


SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS
21.10.

Joining Factors for Prolate Spheroidal

757

Wave Functions

21.10.1

Si(M)=4(c(c,l)
(2ro+lj(n+m)!

S'

(2m+3)(ri+m + l)! J}' d?'(2m+r)!/r!

d? n (2m+r)\/r\

K mn\C)

2-+-d?-(c) C -m!

(^) (^)
!

n+ +1

2+dr(c)c^m\

(^=f=)

(nm) even

(nm) odd

21.10.2

s(c,{)=a(c)Ba(c,0

^(2,)!(^)!(^)!^(c)
K

(2)

(c)=
'
v

2-(2m)!

rr

T7

(=f=*)

(2m +/)!
X)'

v. m _!
(2m l)m!(ft+m)!e

7^

f=o

(51)

m-i2
_i_ixi m
u
3)(2m /
l)m!(n+m+l)!c
(2m\v7^r
a>

1
i

+1 (c)

d? n (c)
v

(nm)
even
v
'

'

r\

S'
r=i

^
,

r!

(The expression for joining factors appropriate to

may be obtained from the above
formulas by the transformation e> ic.)
the oblate case

d?*(c)'

(n-m)
odd
v
'

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

758

+
'5'

g
1

03

jn

J"

ii

CO

03

ai

(13

P5"

S
.

ii

1^

8
E

II

j3

S
CO

Jh

Fh

E
8
1

Ph

ai
^

ii

J;

S
GO -.

t03 _|_

03

II

s
CO
(*

03

fq

^
i

II

at

si

"K

ii

Ell

ii

E<=

CO
T3

^-v

03

I?

03,2

>"d

angular

03

si

l^

CO

03

II

s
CO

t3
T3

^O ItO

03

>

?
+

03

03

^s^-'

'p
-e-

tf

8.

1ft*

II

of

functions

I?

go
fts

ii

II

II

II
II

II

o o

a*

cS

JJJ-

CQ

&2-H

oo

??

"

fr

5Q

8e3"i

""e
II

II

-8"

^
1

E. 6

=0=Q

o
8

11
Normalization

IS

cn

^
II

ii

to^^

rr

<i

4:

E~
Oh

-H

^E

11

eel's

a,

s-**'**

S2-

e
.

SQ

PC
1

CSSE

r*

=0^0

'

"

03

>
d

JI

03

8
S
/<

"i

E<=

<<

01

/<

,J-

^-^

03

^
i-i

a.

C
o

o3

o
s

us

-S

^E 8^E

ft?

ft5

03
03

'

Se

Si

ft?

a?

'

^_^

to. 51*

21

u"

tT

&

us
e

CN

us

JOU'

to

JLW

"See
SO

s-~*

R-

IS

1?

d
s

8
E

=0

=0

*5

\~

c*

1?
El

e-

^
1

to

J?
J*

"<?a

^E

a.

=0

to

1
1

8
E

CO

=0

B-

6e

00

=0

ft.

pendent
variable

Inde-

j-

-C

to

CJ

to

t-

U)

T3
t-H

a.

o
o
u

Ad

CO

O
o

CO

03

II

us

us

yj^

11

u/>

JJk/

UU-

^>

=5>

CO

CO

IP'S

o
o

O
u

<2

II

II

c-

c-

c-

CO

coT3

-^

+3
+j

oj

T3

o3

(-<

,03

o3

-^>

d;

So

Sh

03

(-<

CD

+S

aJ
-G o
fflOO

c-

Uvf

co
T3

Tl
O o3

d
03

X)

hE?
03^3

03

o3

T3

03

a
CO

"1
In
03

03

L
Corbat

Stratto

03

Chu,

CO
03

73

T3

d
03

03

a^
03

03

03

03

A
O

03

03

03

CG

e-

c-

s-

CO
03

03

c-

s-

s?

CO

us

us

UJ1

.B'3
03

S-,

-g
03

CO
Hi

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

759

References
1.1]

M. Abramowitz, Asymptotic expansion of spheroidal wave functions, J. Math. Phys. 28, 195-199

[21.7] P.

On

1.3]

the computation of Mathieu functions, J. Math. Phys. 25, 1-20 (1946).

C. J. Bouwkamp, Theoretische en numerieke
behandeling van de buiging door en ronde
opening, Diss. Groningen, Groningen-Batavia,

1.4]

(1941).
C. Flammer, Spheroidal wave functions (Stanford
Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif., 1957).

1.5]

A. Leitner

G. Blanch,

wave

and R. D. Spence, The oblate spheroidal

functions, J. Franklin Inst. 249, 299-321

(1950).
1.6] J.

Meixner and F. W. Schafke, Mathieusche

Funktionen und Spharoidfunktionen (SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Gottingen, Heidelberg, Germany,
1954).

Morse and H. Feshbach, Methods of

physics (McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

New York, N.Y., 1953).

Page, The electrical oscillations of a prolate
spheroid, Phys. Rev. 65, 98-117 (1944).
A. Stratton, P. M. Morse, L. J. Chu and R. A.
Hutner, Elliptic cylinder and spheroidal wave
functions (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1941).
A. Stratton, P. M. Morse, L. J. Chu, J. D. C.
Little, and F. J. Corbato, Spheroidal wave
functions (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1956).
Inc.,

(1949).
1.2]

M.

theoretical

[21.8]

L.

[21.9] J.

[21.10] J.

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

760

EIGENVALUES PROLATE AND OBLATE

Table 21.1

PROLATE
XOn(c)
c2

0.000000
0.319000
0.611314
0.879933
1.127734

2.000000
2.593084
3.172127
3.736869
4.287128

6.000000
6.533471
7.084258
7.649317
8.225713

12.000000
12.514462
13.035830
13.564354
14.100203

20.000000
20.508274
21.020137
21.535636
22.054829

1.357356
1.571155
1.771183
1.959206
2.136732

4.822809
5.343903
5.850492
6.342739
6.820888

8.810735
9.401958
9.997251
10.594773
11.192938

14.643458
15.194110
15.752059
16.317122
16.889030

22.577779
23.104553
23.635223
24.169860
24.708534

10
11
12
13
14

2.305040
2.465217
2.618185
2.764731
2.905523

7.285254
7.736212
8.174189
8.599648
9.013085

11.790394
12.385986
12.978730
13.567791
14.152458

17.467444
18.051962
18.642128
19.237446
19.837389

25.251312
25.798254
26.349411
26.904827
27.464530

15
16

3.041137
3.172067

9.415010
9.805943

14.732130
15.306299

20.441413
21.048960

28.028539
28.596854

ra

ra

ra

0.22
0.21

0.793016
0.802442
0.811763
0.820971
0.830059

2.451485
2.477117
2.503218
2.529593
2.556036

3.826574
3.858771
3.895890
3.937869
3.984499

5.26224
5.25133
5.25040
5.26046
5.28251

7.14921
7.05054
6.96237
6.88638
6.82460

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

0.839025
0.847869
0.856592
0.865200
0.873698

2.582340
2.608310
2.633778
2.658616
2.682743

4.035382
4.089903
4.147207
4.206229
4.265772

5.31747
5.36610
5.42883
5.50551
5.59516

6.77941
6.75360
6.75030
6.77286
6.82451

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

0.882095
0.890399
0.898617
0.906758
0.914827

2.706127
2.728784
2.750762
2.772133
2.792971

4.324653
4.381878
4.436798
4.489168
4.539096

5.69566
5.80359
5.91452
6.02383
6.12806

6.90779
7.02356
7.16962
7.33916
7.52035

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

0.922830
0.930772
0.938657
0.946487
0.954267

2.813346
2.833316
2.852927
2.872213
2.891203

4.586895
4.632927
4.677506
4.720863
4.763160

6.22577
6.31730
6.40385
6.48655
6.56618

7.69932
7.86638
8.01951
8.16148
8.29538

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

0.961998
0.969683
0.977324
0.984923
0.992481
1.000000

2.909920
2.928382
2.946608
2.964611
2.982404
3.000000

4.804519
4.845033
4.884779
4.923820
4.962212
5.000000

6.64326
6.71812
6.79104
6.86221
6.93182
7.00000

8.42315
8.54594
8.66452
8.77945
8.89116
9.00000

ra

-64>6

ra

rai

2
3

4
5
6

7
8

c~ l \n
0.25
0.24
0.23

f^

2
]

-54>9

-54)5
]

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

761

EIGENVALUESPROLATE AND OBLATE

Table 21.1

OBLATE
X0n( tc)
c

\w

0.000000
-0.348602
-0.729391
-1.144328
-1.594493

2.000000
1.393206
0.773097
+0.140119
-0.505243

6.000000
5.486800
4.996484
4.531027
4.091509

12.000000
11.492120
10.990438
10.494512
10.003863

20.000000
19.495276
18.994079
18.496395
18.002228

-2.079934
-2.599668
-3.151841
-3.733981
-4.343292

-1.162477
-1.831050
-2.510421
-3.200049
-3.899400

3.677958
3.289357
2.923796
2.578730
2.251269

9.517982
9.036338
8.558395
8.083615
7.611465

17.511597
17.024540
16.541110
16.061382
15.585448

10
11
12
13
14

-4.976895
-5.632021
-6.306116
-6.996903
-7.702385

-4.607952
-5.325200
-6.050659
-6.783867
-7.524384

1.938419
1.637277
1.345136
1.059541
0.778305

7.141427
6.673001
6.205705
5.739084
5.272706

15.113424
14.645441
14.181652
13.722230
13.267364

15
16

-8.420841
-9.150793

-8.271795
-9.025710

0.499495
0.221407

4.806165
4.339082
-4,
8]
[(

12.817261
12.372144
-4,

1
2

3
4
5

6
7
8

[<-*]

T]

6]

[(

C- 2 [\0n(-ic)]

-1

0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

-0.571924
-0.585248
-0.599067
-0.613349
-0.628058

-0.564106
-0.579552
-0.595037
-0.610591
-0.626242

+0.013837
-0.009136
-0.031481
-0.053477
-0.075480

0.271192
0.213225
0.157464
0.103825
0.052196

0.77325
0.67822
0.58772
0.50191
0.42099

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

-0.643161
-0.658625
-0.674418
-0.690515
-0.706891

-0.642016
-0.657938
-0.674031
-0.690310
-0.706792

-0.097943
-0.121428
-0.146603
-0.174201
-0.204894

+0.002437
-0.045635
-0.092251
-0.137692
-0.182301

0.34521
0.27490
0.21043
0.15215
0.10020

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

-0.723530
-0.740416
-0.757541
-0.774896
-0.792476

-0.723486
-0.740399
-0.757535
-0.774894
-0.792476

-0.239109
-0.276886
-0.317881
-0.361548
-0.407352

-0.226469
-0.270627
-0.315206
-0.360594
-0.407081

0.05428
+0.01332
-0.02476
-0.06337
-0.10723

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

-0.810279
-0.828301
-0.846539
-0.864992
-0.883657

-0.810279
-0.828301
-0.846539
-0.864992
-0.883657

-0.454896
-0.503937
-0.554337
-0.606021
-0.658931

-0.454839
-0.503928
-0.554337
-0.606021
-0.658931

-0.16065
-0.22419
-0.29513
-0.37117
-0.45125

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

-0.902532
-0.921616
-0.940906
-0.960402
-0.980100
-1.000000

-0.902532
-0.921616
-0.940906
-0.960402
-0.980100
-1.000000

-0.713025
-0.768262
-0.824608
-0.882031
-0.940503
-1.000000

-0.713025
-0.768262
-0.824608
-0.882031
-0.940503
-1.000000

-0.53495
-0.62200
-0.71218
-0.80533
-0.90131
-1.00000

-46,S

-,4)4

-n

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

762

EIGENVALUESPROLATE AND OBLATE

Table 21.1

PROLATE
Xi(c)
c 2\n

0.000000
0.195548
0.382655
0.561975
0.734111

4.000000
4.424699
4.841718
5.251162
5.653149

10.000000
10.467915
10.937881
11.409266
11.881493

18.000000
18.481696
18.965685
19.451871
19.940143

28.000000
28.488065
28.977891
29.469456
29.962738

8
9

0.899615
1.058995
1.212711
1.361183
1.504795

6.047807
6.435272
6.815691
7.189213
7.555998

12.354034
12.826413
13.298196
13.768997
14.238466

20.430382
20.922458
21.416235
21.911569
22.408312

30.457716
30.954363
31.452653
31.952557
32.454044

10
11
12
13
14

1.643895
1.778798
1.909792
2.037141
2.161081

7.916206
8.270004
8.617558
8.959038
9.294612

14.706292
15.172199
15.635940
16.097297
16.556078

22.906311
23.405410
23.905451
24.406277
24.907729

32.957080
33.461629
33.967652
34.475109
34.983956

15
16

2.281832
2.399593

9.624450
9.948719

17.012115
17.465260

25.409649
25.911881

35.494147
36.005634

1
2

4
5

-| )X

i,r

- 4>4

4' 2

-44)3
]

['I

c-^XmCc)]
1

0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

0.599898
0.613295
0.627023
0.641073
0.655431

2.487179
2.491544
2.497852
2.506130
2.516383

4.366315
4.338520
4.315609
4.297923
4.285792

6.47797
6.38296
6.29522
6.21556
6.14494

9.00140
8.80891
8.62445
8.44916
8.28436

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

0.670084
0.685014
0.700204
0.715632
0.731281

2.528591
2.542705
2.558644
2.576296
2.595516

4.279522
4.279366
4.285495
4.297965
4.316672

6.08438
6.03498
5.99788
5.97420
5.96496

8.13163
7.99282
7.87010
7.76598
7.68328

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

0.747129
0.763159
0.779353
0.795696
0.812174

2.616135
2.637968
2.660829
2.684536
2.708934

4.341320
4.371397
4.406191
4.444844
4.486445

5.97090
5.99230
6.02874
6.07889
6.14051

7.62508
7.59446
7.59407
7.62539
7.68773

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

0.828776
0.845493
0.862316
0.879237
0.896251

2.733891
2.759305
2.785099
2.811212
2.837600

4.530151
4.575277
4.621329
4.667984
4.715031

6.21063
6.28624
6.36482
6.44473
6.52505

7.77728
7.88714
8.00897
8.13579
8.26355

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

0.913352
0.930535
0.947796
0.965129
0.982531
1.000000

2.864224
2.891056
2.918069
2.945243
2.972558
3.000000

4.762333
4.809790
4.857332
4.904906
4.952472
5.000000

6.60532
6.68528
6.76480
6.84378
6.92219
7.00000

8.39048
8.51592
8.63963
8.76153
8.88164
9.00000

"45)4

ra

[(

C-!\W

-4,

8]

['"I' ]

- 3)4
7

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

763

EIGENVALUESPROLATE AND OBLATE

Table 21.1

OBLATE
Xln( ic)
c 2 \n

0.000000
-0.204695
-0.419293
-0.644596
-0.881446

4.000000
3.567527
3.127202
2.678958
2.222747

10.000000
9.534818
9.073104
8.615640
8.163245

18.000000
17.520683
17.043817
16.569461
16.097655

28.000000
27.513713
27.029223
26.546548
26.065706

7
8
9

-1.130712
-1.393280
-1.670028
-1.961809
-2.269420

1.758534
1.286300
0.806045
+0.317782
-0.178458

7.716768
7.277072
6.845015
6.421425
6.007074

15.628426
15.161786
14.697727
14.236229
13.777252

25.586715
25.109592
24.634357
24.161031
23.689634

10
11
12
13
14

-2.593577
-2.934882
-3.293803
-3.670646
-4.065548

-0.682630
-1.194673
-1.714511
-2.242055
-2.777205

5.602649
5.208724
4.825732
4.453947
4.093464

13.320743
12.866634
12.414840
11.965266
11.517803

23.220190
22.752726
22.287271
21.823856
21.362516

15
16

-4.478470
-4.909200

-3.319848
-3.869861

3.744202
3.405903

11.072331
10.628718

20.903290
20.446222

1
2
3

4
5
6

['"I' ]

- 4)S
(

3)1

[ -s

[<-/>

C- [\ln{-ic)]
4

0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

-0.306825
-0.318148
-0.330984
-0.345469
-0.361702

-0.241866
-0.266693
-0.291340
-0.315894
-0.340450

0.21286
0.17062
0.13125
0.09476
0.06107

0.66429
0.57759
0.49460
0.41533
0.33974

1.2778
1.1420
1.0120
0.8879
0.7697

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

-0.379735
-0.399564
-0.421125
-0.444308
-0.468974

-0.365113
-0.389998
-0.415222
-0.440907
-0.467166

0.03001
+0.00127
-0.02563
-0.05142
-0.07710

0.26779
0.19942
0.13449
0.07282
+0.01411

0.6575
0.5515
0.4520
0.3591
0.2735

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

-0.494976
-0.522180
-0.550474
-0.579775
-0.610027

-0.494104
-0.521805
-0.550335
-0.579732
-0.610016

-0.10406
-0.13412
-0.16924
-0.21076
-0.25868

-0.04205
-0.09625
-0.14929
-0.20210
-0.25572

0.1958
0.1271
0.0680
+0.0183
-0.0250

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

-0.641193
-0.673251
-0.706186
-0.739985
-0.774638

-0.641191
-0.673251
-0.706186
-0.739985
-0.774638

-0.31185
-0.36901
-0.42934
-0.49242
-0.55807

-0.31111
-0.36888
-0.42932
-0.49242
-0.55807

-0.0685
-0.1219
-0.1907
-0.2714
-0.3598

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

-0.810135
-0.846468
-0.883628
-0.921608
-0.960401
-1.000000

-0.810135
-0.846468
-0.883628
-0.921608
-0.960401
-1.000000

-0.62616
-0.69657
-0.76923
-0.84406
-0.92100
-1.00000
-4,
8]
[(

-0.62616
-0.69657
-0.76923
-0.84406
-0.92100
-1.00000

-0.4542
-0.5540
-0.6588
-0.7682
-0.8820
-1.0000

e- x\n

m m

[<- 2

)6

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

764
Table 21.

EIGENVALUES PROLATE AND OBLATE

]L

PROLATE
\2(C)
c

\n

0.000000
0.140948
0.278219
0.412006
0.542495

6.000000
6.331101
6.657791
6.980147
7.298250

14.000000
14.402353
14.804100
15.205077
15.605133

24.000000
24.436145
24.872744
25.309731
25.747043

36.000000
36.454889
36.910449
37.366657
37.823486

8
9

0.669857
0.794252
0.915832
1.034738
1.151100

7.612179
7.922016
8.227840
8.529734
8.827778

16.004126
16.401931
16.798429
17.193516
17.587093

26.184612
26.622373
27.060261
27.498208
27.936151

38.280913
38.738910
39.197451
39.656510
40.116059

10
11
12
13
14

1.265042
1.376681
1.486122
1.593469
1.698816

9.122052
9.412636
9.699610
9.983052
10.263039

17.979073
18.369377
18.757932
19.144675
19.529549

28.374023
28.811761
29.249302
29.686584
30.123544

40.576070
41.036514
41.497364
41.958589
42.420160

15
16

1.802252
1.903860

10.539650
10.812958

19.912501
20.293486

30.560125
30.996267

42.882048
43.344222

2
3

4
5

6
7

-4

-44)5
]

)6]

[(

"44)2

-45)6

ra

C-Htenic)]

c-^n

0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

0.475965
0.489447
0.503526
0.518220
0.533551

2.703239
2.683149
2.665356
2.650003
2.637236

5.073371
4.994116
4.919290
4.849313
4.784640

7.74906
7.58138
7.41971
7.26479
7.11743

10.8360
10.5536
10.2781
10.0103
9.7512

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

0.549534
0.566185
0.583513
0.601526
0.620224

2.627196
2.620017
2.615819
2.614701
2.616735

4.725757
4.673177
4.627427
4.589031
4.558480

6.97858
6.84931
6.73081
6.62442
6.53155

9.5023
9.2649
9.0409
8.8323
8.6417

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

0.639604
0.659659
0.680376
0.701737
0.723722

2.621954
2.630349
2.641862
2.656384
2.673764

4.536196
4.522485
4.517479
4.521086
4.532956

6.45371
6.39236
6.34878
6.32389
6.31794

8.4718
8.3260
8.2078
8.1208
8.0678

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

0.746308
0.769471
0.793186
0.817429
0.842175

2.693817
2.716339
2.741120
2.767960
2.796673

4.552484
4.578871
4.611219
4.648642
4.690346

6.33030
6.35935
6.40263
6.45738
6.52096

8.0507
8.0688
8.1184
8.1932
8.2864

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

0.867402
0.893087
0.919209
0.945747
0.972684
1.000000

2.827089
2.859059
2.892449
2.927138
2.963019
3.000000

4.735658
4.784022
4.834980
4.888160
4.943252
5.000000

6.59127
6.66670
6.74607
6.82849
6.91330
7.00000

8.3919
8.5057
8.6249
8.7477
8.8730
9.0000

"45)9

[(-4)4]
]

ra

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

765

EIGENVALUESPROLATE AND OBLATE

Table 21.1

OBLATE
X2n(- tC)
c 2 \n

0.000000
-0.144837
-0.293786
-0.447086
-0.604989

6.000000
5.664409
5.324253
4.979458
4.629951

14.000000
13.597220
13,194206
12.791168
12.388328

24.000000
23.564371
23.129322
22.694912
22.261201

36.000000
35.545806
35.092330
34.639597
34.187627

-0.767764
-0.935698
-1.109090
-1.288259
-1.473539

4.275662
3.916525
3.552475
3.183450
2.809393

11.985928
11.584224
11.183489
10.784014
10.386106

21.828245
21.396098
20.964812
20.534436
20.105013

33.736444
33.286069
32.836522
32.387826
31.940000

11
12
13
14

-1,665278
-1.863838
-2.069595
-2.282933
-2.504245

2.430250
2.045970
1.656508
1.261822
0.861875

9.990084
9.596286
9.205059
8.816762
8.431761

19.676587
19.249195
18.822869
18.397640
17.973532

31.493066
31.047043
30.601952
30.157814
29.714648

15
16

-2.733927
-2.972375

m m

8.050424
7.673121

17.550565
17.128753

29.272476
28.831317

[<-/]

1
2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

10

0.456635
0.046076

-,4)1

C- 2 [\2n(-ic)]

c-^n

0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

-0.185773
-0.190754
-0.196680
-0.203790
-0.212386

+0.002879
-0.030028
-0.062228
-0.093813
-0.124893

0.47957
0.41280
0.34933
0.28933
0.23297

1.07054
0.95365
0.84167
0.73461
0.63251

1.8019
1.6261
1.4577
1.2965
1.1428

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

-0.222841
-0.235596
-0.251126
-0.269873
-0.292149

-0.155607
-0.186120
-0.216631
-0.247375
-0.278624

0.18049
0.13215
0.08816
0.04864
+0.01342

0.53537
0.44322
0.35607
0.27389
0.19662

0.9964
0.8574
0.7260
0.6022
0.4863

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

-0.318047
-0.347414
-0.379928
-0.415213
-0.452947

-0.310677
-0.343847
-0.378432
-0.414688
-0.452800

-0.01813
-0.04727
-0.07609
-0.10778
-0.14643

0.12409
+0.05600
-0.00822
-0.06954
-0.12937

0.3785
0.2795
0.1901
0.1120
+0.0470

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

-0.492902
-0.534942
-0.578991
-0.625006
-0.672956

-0.492871
-0.534937
-0.578991
-0.625006
-0.672956

-0.19508
-0.25333
-0.31876
-0.38955
-0.46494

-0.18959
-0.25217
-0.31861
-0.38955
-0.46494

-0.0051
-0.0517
-0.1076
-0.1844
-0.2768

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

-0.722813
-0.774556
-0.828164
-0.883618
-0.940902
-1.000000

-0.722813
-0.774556
-0.828164
-0.883618
-0.940902
-1.000000

-0.54456
-0.62821
-0.71571
-0.80691
-0.90171
-1.00000

-0.54456
-0.62821
-0.71571
-0.80691
-0.90171
-1.00000

-0.3791
-0.4895
-0.6073
-0.7319
-0.8629
-1.0000

[(-4,5]

- 4)2
5

3)1

[ "s

-64>S

)3

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

766

ANGULAR FUNCTIONSPROLATE AND OBLATE

Table 21.2

PROLATE
S mn{c,
c\e

in

3
4
5

1
2
3

4
5

From

20

10

e)

40

50

0.8481
0.5315
0.2675
0.1194
0.0502

0.8525
0.5431
0.2815
0.1312
0.0585

0.8651
0.5772
0.3242
0.1689
0.0861

0.8847
0.6320
0.3967
0.2379
0.1419

0.9091
0.7032
0.4980
0.3442
0.2380

0.9354
0.7842
0.6226
0.4885
0.3839

0.9606
0.8654
0.7571
0.6589
0.5742

0.9815
0.9355
0.8805
0.8271
0.7776

0.9952
0.9831
0.9682
0.9530
0.9383

0.9046
0.6681
0.4034
0.2042
0.0916

0.8936
0.6665
0.4099
0.2138
0.1001

0.8602
0.6598
0.4273
0.2415
0.1262

0.8035
0.6429
0.4489
0.2833
0.1703

0.7225
0.6081
0.4630
0.3294
0.2279

0.6169
0.5472
0.4543
0.3618
0.2840

0.4878
0.4540
0.4068
0.3566
0.3104

0.3381
0.3270
0.3110
0.2929
0.2752

0.1731
0.1717
0.1695
0.1669
0.1643

1.022
1.064
1.041
0.8730
0.6018

0.9795
1.030
1.023
0.8768
0.6233

0.8553
0.9271
0.9640
0.8787
0.6792

0.6621
0.7579
0.8497
0.8513
0.7407

0.4198
0.5296
0.6660
0.7549
0.7537

0.1556
0.2602
0.4104
0.5553
0.6494

-0.0988
-0.0192
+0.1061
0.2512
0.3844

-0.3105
-0.2668
-0.1938
-0.0998
+0.0008

-0.4509
-0.4385
-0.4171
-0.3879
-0.3542

0.9892
0.9590
0.9090
0.8197
0.6650

0.9042
0.8864
0.8546
0.7877
0.6560

0.6692
0.6816
0.6957
0.6868
0.6183

0.3400
0.3840
0.4485
0.5087
0.5245

-0.0045
+0.0560
0.1501
0.2591
0.3482

-0.2816
-0.2261
-0.1364
-0.0215
+0.0971

-0.4259
-0.3907
-0.3319
-0.2514
-0.1575

-0.4085
-0.3949
-0.3714
-0.3376
-0.2952

-0.2467
-0.2447
-0.2412
-0.2361
-0.2293

0.1578
0.1194
0.0776
0.0449
0.0239

0.3134
0.2437
0.1654
0.1018
0.0588

0.4643
0.3757
0.2724
0.1832
0.1179

0.6067
0.5149
0.4030
0.2994
0.2162

0.7355
0.6562
0.5546
0.4537
0.3650

0.8450
0.7892
0.7144
0.6353
0.5602

0.9290
0.9000
0.8597
0.8150
0.7698

0.9819
0.9740
0.9627
0.9497
0.9361

0.4788
0.3896
0.2780
0.1762
0.1011

0.9054
0.7509
0.5538
0.3683
0.2254

1.232
1.052
0.8148
0.5813
0.3896

1.417
1.253
1.030
0.7968
0.5906

1.435
1.316
1.149
0.9643
0.7879

1.276
1.212
1.118
1.008
0.8957

0.9562
0.9335
0.8992
0.8575
0.8127

0.5119
0.5088
0.5039
0.4979
0.4911

0.9928
0.9559
0.8745
0.7393
0.5662

1.745
1.710
1.611
1.418
1.146

2.075
2.092
2.063
1.934
1.691

1.903
1.998
2.097
2.128
2.047

1.280
1.432
1.640
1.841
1.975

0.3775
0.5298
0.7606
1.032
1.299

-0.5521
-0.4541
-0.2972
-0.0951
+0.1319

0.0844
0.0690
0.0500
0.0328
0.0198

0.3295
0.2744
0.2051
0.1405
0.0898

0.7111
0.6092
0.4773
0.3487
0.2414

1.189
1.054
0.8738
0.6876
0.5212

1.710
1.572
1.380
1.171
0.9701

2.211
2.101
1.944
1.764
1.580

0.4222
0.3597
0.2765
0.1934
0.1244

1.570
1.358
1.070
0.7758
0.5226

3.116
2.755
2.255
1.723
1.243

4.596
4.175
3.576
2.909
2.269

5.530
5.170
4.641
4.025
3.395

5.548
5.327
4.994
4.588
4.150

C. Flammer, Spheroidal
permission)

30

COS

wave

60

70

80

90
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000

-0.5000
-0.5000
-0.5000
-0.5000
-0.5000

1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000

-1.244
-1.214
-1.174
-1.097
-1.017

-1.500
-1.500
-1.500
-1.500
-1.500

2.627
2.566
2.475
2.367
2.251

2.903
2.886
2.859
2.827
2.791

3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000

4.501
4.417
4.286
4.122
3.936

2.522
2.510
2.491
2.466
2.437

functions. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif.,

1957 (with

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

767

ANGULAR FUNCTIONSPROLATE AND OBLATE

Table 21.2

OBLATE
Smn( W, l)

c\v
1

2
3
4
5

1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000

1
2

3
4

5
1

2
3

4
5

-0.5000
-0.5000
-0.5000
-0.5000
-0.5000

1
2

3
4
5
1
2

3
4
5

1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000

1
2

3
4
5
1

2
3
4
5
1

2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

1.002
1.008
1.022
1.047
1.083

1.007
1.032
1.089
1.191
1.341

1.016
1.073
1.205
1.449
1.835

1.028
1.132
1.377
1.854
2.648

1.044
1.210
1.617
2.452
3.952

1.064
1.310
1.940
3.319
6.000

1.088
1.434
2.366
4.557
9.211

0.1001
0.1004
0.1011
0.1016
0.1032

0.2009
0.2034
0.2079
0.2150
0.2252

0.3027
0.3114
0.3273
0.3526
0.3884

0.4065
0.4274
0.4664
0.5298
0.6252

0.5128
0.5542
0.6338
0.7681
0.9804

0.6222
0.6952
0.8398
1.096
1.525

0.7353
0.8539
1.098
1.552
2.369

0.8530
1.035
1.425
2.195
3.684

0.9760
1.243
1.842
3.105
5.741

1.105
1.484
2.378
4.396
8.970

-0.4863
-0.4897
-0.4943
-0.4994
-0.5061

-0. 4450
-0.4585
-0. 4766
-0. 4966
-0. 5234

-0.3757
-0.4052
-0.4448
-0.4891
-0.5495

-0.2779
-0.3277
-0.3952
-0.4716
-0.5780

-0.1507
-0.2231
-0.3223
-0.4356
-0.5977

+0.0070
-0.0872
-0.2183
-0.3681
-0.5869

0.1965
+0.0849
-0.0721
-0.2485
-0.5067

0.4197
0.2999
+0.1311
-0.0458
-0.2880

0.6784
0.5660
0.3845
0.2868
0.1892

0.9749
0.8930
0.7958
0.8201
1.132

-0.1477
-0.1480
-0.1486
-0.1495
-0.1504

-0.2810
-0.2839
-0.2885
-0.2949
-0.3033

-0.3855
-0.3947
-0.4097
-0.4306
-0.4589

-0.4466
-0.4668
-0.4998
-0.5415
-0.6123

-0.4491
-0.4839
-0.5421
-0.6270
-0.7489

-0.3768
-0.4275
-0.5140
-0.6432
-0.8356

-0.2130
-0.2757
-0.3841
-0.5540
-0.8080

+0.0600
-0.0015
-0.1091
-0.2765
-0.5447

0.4613
0.4274
0.3711
0.2912
0.1715

1.011
1.051
1.138
1.327
1.723

0.9961
0.9994
1.006
1.020
1.041

0.9838
0.9973
1.025
1.079
1.174

0.9628
0.9923
1.055
1.178
1.406

0.9316
0.9827
1.093
1.319
1.776

0.8884
0.9652
1.135
1.498
2.242

0.8299
0.9340
1.172
1.708
2.878

0.7506
0.8802
1.188
1.920
3.642

0.6402
0.7864
1.149
2.067
4.400

0.4731
0.6118
0.9724
1.950
4.651

0.2987
0.2985
0.3005
0.3022
0. 2990

0.5897
0.5950
0.6043
0.6213
0.6400

0.8643
0.8815
0.9140
0.9640
1.040

1.113
1.153
1.228
1.349
1.537

1.322
1.398
1.541
1.780
2.165

1.478
1.600
1.837
2.250
2.947

1.554
1.730
2.082
2.723
3.868

1.508
1.734
2.200
3.092
4.786

1.247
1.487
2.000
3.033
5.138

-0.8136
-0.8941
-1.024
-1.184
-1.353

-0.3165
-0.4427
-0.6502
-0.9148
-1.198

0.2710
+0.1060
-0.1738
-0.5415
-0.9435

0.9015
0.7174
+0.3916
-0.0538
-0.5506

1.501
1.329
1.006
0.5403
0.0161

1.946
1.826
1.572
1.177
0.7471

1.988
1.951
1.834
1.619
1.439

0.6041
0.7234
0.9944
1.615
3.188

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.115
1.585
2.923
6.323
14.23

1.147
1.767
3.648
8.837
22.11

1.183
1.986
4.589
12.42
34.48

-1.500
-1.500
-1.500
-1.500
-1.500

-1.421
-1.431
-1.447
-1.467
-1.486

-1.189
-1.228
-1.289
-1.364
-1.442

3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000

2.972
2.979
2.992
3.013
3.052

2.889
2.915
2.965
3.052
3.211

2.748
2.805
2.915
3.111
3.469

2.549
2.644
2.830
3.170
3.813

2.291
2.425
2.693
3.200
4.202

1.970
2.138
2.481
3.157
4.564

1.585
1.770
2.161
2.966
4.746

1.131
1.305
1.687
2.512
4.460

1.486
1.488
1.494
1.498
1.509

2.886
2.906
2.943
2.996
3.073

4.115
4.180
4.295
4.475
4.738

5.086
5.226
5.482
5.891
6.515

5.704
5.954
6.413
7.166
8.347

5.877
6.251
6.951
8.132
10.07

5.503
5.982
6.904
8.515
11.28

4.477
4.990
6.008
7.857
11.21

2.683
3.077
3.879
5.408
8.354

SPHEROIDAL "WAVE FUNCTIONS

768

PROLATE RADIAL FUNCTIONSFIRST AND SECOND KINDS

Table 21.3

R%L(?>

-1)9.468
-1)8.257
-1)7.026
-1)6.054
-1)5.313
1

(-1)3.153
-1)5.289
(-1)6.064
(-1)5.892
(-1)5.381

(-2)4.470
(-1)1.696
(-1)3.295
(-1 4.507
(-1)4.952
-3)3.912
-2 3.085
-2)9.956
-1)2.107
-1)3.298

(-2)3.270
(-2)6.187
(-2 8.596
(-l)l.053
(-l)l.211
(-3)6.503
(-2)2.378
(-2)4.658
(-2)6.975
(-2)9.035

(-4)7.586
-3)5.725
(-2)1.737
(-2)3.516
(-2)5.604
(-4)6.612
(-3 2.566
(-3)5.520
(-3)9.302
(-2)1.372

From

-5)9.415
-4 7.128
-3)2.208
-3) 4.683
-3 8.060

1
1.044

1.020

1.005

-1)9.419
-1)8.077
-1)6.662
-1)5.471
-1)4.488
-1)3.190
-1)5.298
-1)5.960
-1)5.612
-1)4.888
-2)4.655
-1)1.749
-1)3.346
-1 4.477
-1)4.763

(-3)4.249
(-2)3.317
(-1)1.054
(-1)2.183
(-1)3.329

-2)6.544
-l)l.227

-l) 1.677

-1)2.007
-1)2.235
-2)1.322
-2)4.802
-2)9.296
-1)1.367
-1)1.739

-3)1.577
-2)1.183
-2)3.553
-2)7.089
-l) 1.108
-3)2.659
-2 1.025

-2 2.181
-2 3.616

-2)5.223

3.845
12.896
18.889
1.862
)3.150

C. Flammer, Spheroidal

wave

1.077

9.339
7.789
6.091
4.585
3.287

9.228
7.392
5.330
3.463
1.869

(-1)3.249
-1)5.308
-1 5.786
(-1)5.162
(-1)4.125

-1)
1)3.328
-1) 5.311

<

<

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

-2)4.954
-1)1.833
-1)3.421
-1)4.413
-1)4.444
-3)4.814
-2)3.700
-1 1.147
-1)2.298
-1)3.360
-2)9.716
-1)1.793
-1)2.386
-1)2.744
-1)2.894
-2)2.012
-2 7.227
-1)1.372
-l) 1.960
-1)2.376
-3)2.483
-2)1.845
-2)5.453
-1)1.063
-l) 1.608

-2 7.587

(-1)1.058
J

-4) 8.736

-3)6.525
[-2)1.974
[-2)4.048
-2)6.657

-1.244
-1)1-7.104
'-1)1-4.508
-1) 3.052
0)
I

-2) 5.373
-1 1.947
-1) 3.509
-1 4.293
-1) 3.976

1)
0)
0)
0)
-1)

-3.593
-5.241
-2.031
-1.095
-7.388

-3) 5.638
-2) 4.249
-1) 1.275

-2)
-1)

2.443
3.362

0)

-3.288
-2.194
-5.020
-2.043
-1.149

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-l)

1.287
2.323
2.973
3.221
3.118

-2)
-2)
-1)
-1)
-1)

2.754
9.738
1.798
2.460
2.803

-3) 3.556

(
(

0)
0)

-1.506
-4.079
-2.019
(
-1.273
(
(-1; -9.101
(
(

1;
0'

-7.295

1]

1 -1.014

0'

(
(

0]

-3.552
-1.842
-1.778

-2 2.607
-2) 7.529
-1) 1.418
-1) 2.048

-6.014
-4.027
-9.025
-3.449
-1.692

1.044
3.920
7.974
1.239
1.639

-3.750
-4.852
-1.515
-6.821
-3.755

-2)
-2)
-2)
-1)
-1)

-3)1.596
'-2)1.178
-2)3.492
.946
.096

4.801
0)-l 540
-7 365
-l)-3 528
-1)-1 390

0)

-1

-2.185
-3.358
0) -1.364
-1) -7.053
-l) -4.417
1)

-1.659
-1.223
0) -2.966
(
) -1.293
\
(-1) -7.422
(
(

2)
1)

-7.294
-2.077
0) -1.075
-1) -6.911
-1) -4.885
0)

-3.269
-4.717
o' -1.751
-1 -9.597
-1' -6.362
1

-2.491
-1.707
-3.994
-1.629
-8.600

(
(

-1.666
-1) -5.341
-l) -1.281
0)

-2)
-1)

6.61
1.537

0)

0)

-3.669
-1.177

(
(

(
(
(

1)
0)

(
(

0)

1)
0)

-1) -2.630

2)

-1.082

0-7.705

-1.985

-l) -9.141
-l) -5.182

-7.453
-4.585
-2.874

-1.939
-2.932
-1.156
-1) -6.533
-1) -4.170

-1.275
-2.038
-8.473
-4.718
-2.651

-1.354

1-8.127
0-5.934

0-1.417

-l)

-l)
-1)

-6.916
-5.123
0) -1.408
-1) -6.749
-1) -3.612
-3.432
-1.071
-5.480
-2.924
-1.248

0)

-1.056
-1.807

1)
0)

-4.734

-2.920

-1) -7.694
-1) -3.115
-1) -1.340

-1.356

-l) -3.333
-2) 3.51
-1) 1.952
-1) 2.291
0)

-1-4.783

0)

-1) -9.216
-1) -3.207
-3) -4.9
-1) 1.594

-1.484
-2.403
-1.007

1)

2)

0-9.553
0)

-2.354
-1.032
(-1) -5.214

0)

0)

1-7.288
-2.156
-3.077
-1.126
-6.132
-3.910

-9.112
-1.203
-3.889
1-1.843
-lit
0)-l.C
.081

0)
-1)
-1)

-3.973
-5.417
-1.852
-9.431
-5.907

-6.096

2)

-2.517

1)
0)

-3.370

1-1.727
0-3.994
0-1.573

0-1.671

-1-8.409

0)

(-1) -1.534
(-2) 3.87

1)

1-4.095
0-9.098

(-1-4.987

1)
0)

2)

1.077

1.044

-2.096
-8.020
-3.422
-1.287
-1.02

'

-1 5.529
-1) 4.542
-1) 3.137

1.020

1.005
0)1-2.838

-6.912
0) -2.189
0) -1.133
-1) -6.741
-1) -4.293

(-3)5.898
(-2)2.249
(-2)4.698

X%1(>

1)

2)
0)
0)

-1.552

-3.006

-1.279
-9.031
-2.208
-9.397
-5.379

functions. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif., 1957 (with permission).

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

769

OBLATE RADIAL FUNCTIONS FIRST AND SECOND KINDS

Table 21.4

B
m

{2)

xl rnn\(- ic, ii)

( ic, it)

0.75

c\t

0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
1

{1)

(-1)9.9557
-1)9.7265
-1)9.3168
-1)8.9565
-1)7.8320
-1)6.5571
(-1)5.3430

0.75

(-1)9.9183
(-1)9.4976
(-1)8.7520
(-1)8.1032
(-1)6.1209
(-1)3.9526
( -1) 1. 9680

(
(

(-1) -6. 2189

(-1-3.0356
(-l) -1.3758

(-2)4.9808
(-1)1.2202
(-1)1.8802
(-1)2.2696
(-1)3.0132
(-1)3.3765
(-1)3.3530

0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

8. 8992
-3)5.5964
-2)1.4489
'-2)2.2868
-2)5.3150
'-2)9.7914
(-l) 1.5649

(-3)2.3840
(-2)1.4744

(-2)6.6454
-1)1.6336
-1)2.5333
-1)3.0762
-1)4.1708
-1)4.8229
1-1)5.0170

(-2)8.2880
(-1)2.0133
(-1)3.0524
(-1)3.6283
(-1)4.5492
(-1)4.6553
(-1)4.0221

0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

-4)

-2)

3.

(
(
(

(
(

6993

0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

(-5)1.5236
-4)2.3850
'-4)9.7909
-3)1.9166
-3)6.5244
'-2)1.5669
(-2)3.1147

(-5)7.2462
(-3)1.1206
(-3)4.4965
(-3)8.6200
(-2)2.7259
(-2)5.8920
(-l)l.0193

0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

(-3)2.6602
-2) 1.6413
-2)4.1024
'-2)6.2694
-1)1.3055
-1)2.0801
[-1)2.8190

(-3)4.1496
(-2)2.5393
( -2) 6. 2453
(-2)9.4031
(-1)1.8562
(-1)2.7317
(-1)3.3111

1) -2.

0) -4. 8077
0) -3. 1202
0) -1.4537

3) -2. 2106
2) -1.4205
1) -3. 5130

0)

5629
5149
-1.4263

1) -5. 9560
1) -1.0060
0) -4. 2765
0) -2. 9165
0) -1.4980
-1) -9. 1106

(-l) -5. 7028

(-3)2.4923
(-2)1.5314
(-2)3.7974
(-2)5.7617
(-1)1.1699
(-1)1.7976
(-1)2.3200

(-1) -4. 4277

(-2)+l. 2204
-l) 2.2634
(-l) 3.0225

0-4.0338

(-1-7.5527

0) -5.
0) -2.

0)

1-1.8068

(
(
(

1) -2.

0-3.8583

-1.7483
(
0) -1.2196
(
(-l) -5. 8081
0)

(-1-2.3210
(-3) +3. 168
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

4)
3)
2)
2)
l)
l)
0)

-9. 6745
-2. 4841
-3. 8151

-1.5721
-3. 1742
-1.0386
-4. 4705

3) -1.1093
l) -7. 2682

1-1.8724
9297
0) -3. 4267
0) -1.7581
0) -1.0954

2) -3.
l) -2.

(i)

(i)

"00

1
2
3

-1)8.943
-1)6.391
-1)3.742
-1)1.909
-2)8.97

From

(-1)9 .422
(
0)1 .586
(
0)1 .829
0)1 .795
t
0)1 .665
(

C. Flammer,

"02

(1)4.
(1)1.
(0)6.
(0 3.
(0)2.

Spheroidal

1957 fwith permission).

JD

(i)

0-5.6543

0) -3.

0-1.1709

637
268
352
867
401

wave

(
(

0)2. 770
0)1. 095
-1)5. 011

(-1)2. 294
(-1)1. 023

functions.

(1)

12

1)4.319
0)9.527
0)3.417
0)1.413
(
(-1)6.067
(
(

1109

(-1) -6. 4134

(-1) -3. 9677

1316

3) -8.

2-2.1259

(
(

(
(

l) -3. 3786
l) -1.4390
0) -3. 2838
0) -1.2924

(-l) -6. 9734

(

0) -9.

11

2287
1474

2) -2. 6888
l) -1.8121
0) -4. 9121
0) -2. 7508
0) -1.0939

-l) -6. 0206

(-l) -3. 3594

PROLA1 E JOINING FACTORSFIRST KIND ()

c

1507

-1.8781

0-1.2084

-l) -6. 5653

(-l) -3. 9702

2-1.2123

4260
2700
9376
-3. 2496

2) -3.
l) -2.
0) -5.
0)

3)

l) -3. 0070
1) -1.5622
0) -4. 8667
0) -2. 1999
0) -1.2282

0)
0)

3239

-1.7744
-1.2314
(-l) -6. 3156
(-1) -3. 4641
(-l) -1.5694
(

5290
-1.5906

0) -4.

5120

1-1.2120

1) -7.

(-l) -8. 7035

(-l) -6. 0006

(-2)5.6728
(-1)1.1932
(-1)1.9147
(-1)2.5730

0.2
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

0) -7. 7864
0) -2. 9707
0) -1.7002
0) -1.2524

Table 21.5

r
'13
(2)- 919
(2)] ..002
(1)2 .982
(l)] ..222
(0) = ..725
'.

(1)

22

1)4.234
0)8. 838
2. 935
0)l. 118
(
(-1)4.455
(

(
(

Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford,

Calif.,

22. Orthogonal Polynomials

Urs W. Hochstrasser

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties

773
773
774
775
777
777
781
782
783
783
784
785
785
785
786

Orthogonal Polynomials
22.2. Orthogonality Relations
22.3. Explicit Expressions
22.4. Special Values
22.1. Definition of

22.5. Interrelations

Equations
Recurrence Relations

22.6. Differential
22.7.

22.8. Differential Relations

22.9.

Generating Functions

22.10. Integral Representations

22.11. Rodrigues'

Formula

Sum Formulas

22.12.

22.13. Integrals Involving Orthogonal Polynomials

22.14. Inequalities
%

22.15. Limit Relations

787
787
788

22.16. Zeros
22.17. Orthogonal Polynomials of a Discrete Variable

Numerical Methods
22.18. Use and Extension
22.19. Least

788
788
790

22.20.

791

of the Tables

Square Approximations
Economization of Series

References

Table

792

22.1. Coefficients for the Jacobi

Polynomials

P^(x)

793

ti=0(1)6

Table

22.2. Coefficients for the Ultraspherical

for x n in

Terms
n=0(l)6

Table

22.3. Coefficients for the

x n in

Terms of
w=0(l)12

Polynomials

Chebyshev Polynomials

Terms

Tn (x)

and

for

Tm (x)

22.5. Coefficients for the

x n in

and
794

795

Table 22.4. Values of the Chebyshev Polynomials

n=0(l)12, x=.2(.2)l, 10D

Table

C^ (x)

of <7O0

of

Tn (x)

Chebyshev Polynomials

Um (x)

795

Un (x)

and

for

796

71=0(1)12

Table

22.6. Values of the Chebyshev Polynomials

10D
71=0(1)12, z=.2(.2)l,

ently,

Un (x)

796

Guest Worker, National Bureau of Standards, from The American University. (PresAtomic Energy Commission, Switzerland.)
771

716-654

64

50

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

772

Page

Table

x n in

Terms of
n=0(l)12

Table

Terms
n=0(l)12

Table
in

of

for

797

of

Sn (x)

Chebyshev Polynomials

and for

Sm (x)

797

22.9. Coefficients for the

Terms

and

Cm (x)

22.8. Coefficients for the

x n in

Cn (x)

Chebyshev Polynomials

22.7. Coefficients for the

Legendre Polynomials

P n (x)

and

for x n

P m (x)

798

71=0(1)12

Table
in

22.10. Coefficients for the Laguerre Polynomials

Terms

of

L n (x)

and

for x n

L m (x)

799

71=0(1)12

Table 22,11. Values of the Laguerre Polynomials L(x)

n=0(l)12, x=.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, Exact or 10D

Table
in

22.12. Coefficients for the

Terms

of

Hm

Hermite Polynomials

800

n (x)

and

for x n

801

(x)

71=0(1)12

Table

22.13. Values of the

71=0(1)12, x=.5,

1, 3,

Hermite Polynomials
Exact or US
5, 10,

n (x)

802

22. Orthogonal Polynomials

Mathematical Properties
Definition of Orthogonal Polynomials

22.1.

where

A system of polynomials fn (x), degree [f n (x)]=n,

called

is

orthogonal on

the

a<x<b,

interval

with respect to the weight function w(x),

polynomial in x independent of

g(x) is a

The system

n.

-j^ v consists again of orthogonal

-l

polynomials.

if
(I.5.- .5)

22.1.1

(x
.

w{x)jn {x)jm (x)dx=0

m=0, 1,2,

(ji9^m;n,

p
.

1.5,-5)/

.)

The weight function w(x)[w(x)>0] determines

fn (x) up to a constant factor in each
polynomial. The specification of these factors is

L<l.5.-.5>

the system

standardization. For suitably

to as
standardized orthogonal polynomials we set
referred

22.1.2

J*

(1.5,-5)

w(x)fn (x)dx=h n

n (x)=kx

+k'x n

-1

(n=0,l,2,

(15,-5)
p
r

....)

satisfy a number of relationsame general form. The most

These polynomials
ships

of

the

important ones

/p(l.5.-.5)

are:

'/

Differential

22.1.3

Equation

g 2 (x)fn'+g1 (x)fn

+ajn =0

where g2 (x), g\{x) are independent

constant depending only on n.

of

n and a n a

Recurrence Relation
i

22.1.4

-i/V \

j+i= (an +xb )fn c nfn -i

\
\

/ /

/i

'

tt

where
22.1.5

bn

I7'

an

~ bn

\k n+l

kj

Cn

Kn+lKn-lfon

kihn-l
-1

Rodrigues' Formula

dn
{w{x)[g{x)f}
e n w(x) dx n
1

22.1.6

jn-

Figure 22

Jacobi Polynomials Pt' p} (z)

o=L5, |8=-.5,w=l(l)5.
773

>

'

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

774
i-H
1

DO

H
03
a

<Q.

Ao
pH
1

fH

0)
I

Ph

A8

Hn

A8

1
1

a.

+
51
++
+
8
+
+ ^8
B
+ Us
h

,_,
p**

OQ.

pp^

^
pH

+
1

1!

,8,

Z,

?,

CN

^8 2^

O
8

cn

"s

t=ll>

t=

cnI

II

Ik

II

IN

N|CN

t=

fc|CN

fc

t:

t=

-*

00

"*

<nF8

S3

it
a,

P4

II

p-

+
8

t=|<N

CM

t=|CN

Iph

J +8
l<N

7B
.45

3b

II

Se

If

CO

II

p>

Tk

PH

CO

+J

^
o
c

03

o o

1L

CN

irt'

i-i

II

8,

CN

a
o

Tk

tT S

+ CN
+ u <N8 + 3
+ +
a
+
s
+ tT
^ 8

EC

"a

++
3,

(N

jl^

II

1
B

tS

BQ

e
E-H

rt

Jl^

*s

Ei

t)

pi

B
ft,

P"j]

(8
fl

01
tit

J3
4^
hi

3s

H"
1

C~i

H~

hI-*

H
i

i-H

pH

?-v

1
1

^^

>

^"^

^~~^

pH

rH

(N

IM

i-t

T-H

CM

<N

'

0)

'u

fl

S a

>f
"o

.2

fclXI

Cm

2o

CD

s
03

o
u

o3
l-S

03
l-s

03

<s

A
-u

.a
+s

<M

*-r

TJ

5 a

1>_

aS
no"*

fl

>s

>>

S
o

43

4)

to

U~t

<*-!

-^>

o
>"?
a

43

-as
"*
to

*V

o a
>!3
4>_

r-H

pH

T-H

Eh

Vj

in

vO

t-^

H
N
e

H
N

<N

pj
ej

"V

RH

-9-S
43 CO

>
0)

CCO
^ Oc
X!
43 o

43

fl

rt

T3
cz*
03

43

X!
43

43

+=

2
CO

hifted

VM
a a
I-

the

0)

3
o

43

**

43

SO
p

7-1

43

A
-^

,H

C3

S
o

T-H

kind

43

4>

p4
43

ig

of

CO

c
43

CO

"h

.H,

k,

<.

^
8

a,

G?

PH

CN

eoj

oi

N
CM

ei
M

5B

O
en
ej
ei
M

e4

CN
N

3
e

E^

ft,

ee
ej

OJ

pH

pH
p.

N
N

N
N

SN
es

e
ei
e

CN

O
N

ft

'

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

775

O
T

ex

Ik

_r

8
I

Aa

+
+
S

IM

+
8

Aa

sa.

N
s

s?

IM

(MS

-h

+
s
+

<N

a
1

rH

Ph

fc

>

IM

*=

*~

'

s
=

l<N

^>

s
1

g
|

II

II

o
m
X
W
V

?^

s.
II

II

c
-5

c
-se

0.

+ Ms +g
+
+
u
a
1

ie

IM

CO

fc

^"^s
s

^^

?
M 7 M

^0

g
E

r-4

i
(M

IM
I

3 "i 3
E

K
,,

"hI"
J*

09

18
*5

-h

4J

Z
N U

g|<N

OJ

*
3

0)

oS

45

o3

as"

03

OJ

01

+=

t-l

_H,

"h*

&3

^H

eq
fH

N
M
e
i

>*

l-H

l-H

l-H

eq

CM
eq
eq

m
N
N
*

N
eq

to

CT

in

CO

SO

00

0J

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

776

Explicit Expressions Involving Trigonometric Functions

/(cos

e)

=2j

o>

2m)e

cos (n

tb=0

/(cos

22.3.12

C^(cosO)

22.3.13

Pn(COS

Remarks

am

e)

r(a+m)r(a+n m)

5*0

m\{n m)![r(a-)] 2

1
0)

/2m\ /2ra-2m\

4" \

m/

\ nm J

2.0

22.3.14

C<O> (COS0)=-COS740

22.3.15

T(cos0)=cosw0

Z7 n (cos
0)
v

22.3.16

c ri

Figure

Jacobi Polynomials Pi a

22.2.

a=l(.2)2,
(, -

P5

">

(n+l)0

= sin

'

'

sin

'

5,
(x)

(x)

/3= ,5,w=5.

'*'(x)

/
/

'

/'

'

"

YK'
->- * L 2

Figure

Jacobi Polynomials Pjf'&fa),

1.5 j8=
.8(.2)0, n=5.

22.3.

a=

Figure

22.4.

L3

'-A

Gegenbauer (Ultrasphericat) Polyno-

mials Ci a) (x), a=.5, n=2(l)5.

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS
22.4.

/.(-*)

/.(*)

P^

0)

777

Special Values

/-(I)

/n(0)

Mx)

to

(-D-p^Hx)

(x)

-|[<*-/3+(a +
fO,

a^O

(-iyci"Hx)

/n-H2
2a-

')
(

+ 2)x]

n=2m+l

_ 1) ./, r(+n/2)
j

r()(n/2)!'

|>

2aX

'(-1)'

0)

Ci

(x)

n^O

{-l)C(x)

T n (x)

(-l)T n (x)

U n ix)

{-l)U n (x)

P(x)

(-l)Pn (x)

=
m n 2m^0
10, n = 2m+l
( l) m n = 2m
0, n=2m+l
( l) m n=2m
0, n = 2m+l
,

n+1

[^

L?(x)

22.4.8

H n (x)

2i

2m

-*
m )/
n=2m+l

4m

(.0,

22.4.7

2x

f
\

(f)
,.

-x+a+l

ml

(2m)!

( l) m -

f.

(-l)"H(x)

[0,

r->

n=2m
2x

n=2m+l
22.5. Interrelations
Interrelations

Between Orthogonal Polynomials of the

Same Family
Jacobi Polynomials

22.5.1
p(q. g ) (x)

_ r(2n+a+^+l)

6;

22.5.2

x_ n!r(ii,+y)

p( P -s,-i)/-2 T

(see [22.21]).

22.5.3
r(fl)

(see [22.13]).

Ultraspherical Polynomials

22.5.4

Cr(x) = limi(7r(z)
Chebyshev Polynomials

22.5.5

Figure

22.5.

Tn (x) = fO,(2x) = :T*

(^)

Gegenbauer (Ultraspherical) Polyno-

mials C^ a) (x), =.2(.2)1,

n=5.

22.5.6

Tn (x)=C/(x)-it/n -i(x)

_n

xl\

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

778

Tn (x) =xUn -l(x) Un -2(X)

22.5.7

Tn (x)=l[Un (x)-Un -

22.5.8

22.5.23

- to

(.)-^(^)r.

a {x)]

P^(x)=Pn (x)

22.5.24

Un (x)=Sn (2x)=U* (^)

22.5.9

fc

Ultraspherical Polynomials

22.5.25

22.5.10

Un-iix)^^^

[xTn (x)-Tn+1 (x)]

2nW

r(a)(2w)!

^n

1}

(a 5*0)

22.5.11

Cn (x) = 2Tn (|)=2T* (*?)

22.5.12

Cn (x)=Sn (x}-Sn .2 (x)

22.5.26

2n+lW

r(a)(2+l)!

X^

1}

(a 5*0)

22.5.27
22.5.13

22.5.14

S n (x)=Un (^=U*n
T*n {x)=Tn {2x-l) = \

(^)

r^4i)T(2a+70 pc-|.-|,/ x
x

(a

Gn {Ax-2)

(a 7*0)

22.5.28
(see [22.22]).
<7(x)=?i

22.5.15

T(x)=2^|vJPi--'>(x)

t/*(x)=B (4x-2) = ?7(2x-l)

Chebyshev Polynomials

(see [22.22]).

22.5.29

T2n+1 (x)=-^IrxPl -

22.5.30

U2n (x)= f

i - i)

(2x2 -l)

Generalized Laguerre Polynomials

L^{x)=L n {x)

22.5.16

22.5.17

= (-ir

Llr>(x)

[L n+m (x)]

Hermite Polynomials

0^

P$--(2x>-l)

22.5.31

r.fc)_-^>*-iH W

22.5.32

t7.W-|^|^P*to

He n (x)=2-<*Hn f~\

22.5.18
(see [22.20]).

H (x)=2'*He

22.5.19

n (xj2)

(see [22.13], [22.20]).

Interrelations

Between Orthogonal Polynomials of

Different Families

Jacobi Polynomials

22.5.20

p(a-i a -J)/ T N_ r ( 2Q! )r(+W +i) ria)( ^

Ln

W ~r(2a+7i)r(a+i)

22.5.21

22.5.22

)=^- Ct+ (^E)

P<- - (X

Figure

22.6.

Chebyshev Polynomials

=1(1)5.

Tn (x),

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

779

n (x)

Legendre Polynomials

("5

-5

-4

r4

22.5.35

P n (x)=P^(x)

22.5.36

Pn (x)=Ciim (x)

-3

22.5.37

-2

^^

t^
Vv/ ^*^7 8v

\ /

J-

[Pn (z)]=l-3

(2m-l)Clr- +JKx)

(m<n)

Generalized Laguerre Polynomials

'

22.5.38

Chebyshev Polynomials

"

--3

22.7.

\/

\S\ /

-2

Figure

L^(x)=

22.5.39
n (x),

n!2 2n

#2(V*)

J S^ H

2n+1 (Jx)

22

n=l(l)5.
Hermite Polynomials

71

22.5.33

22.5.40

;)=^

22.5.34

1)

C7 n ( a

(x)

22.5.41

H2m (x) = {-l) m2 im m\L - im

H2m+1 = (-l) m2 2m + m\xL m (x
(a; )

j
For each

of the listed polynomials there are

(x)

Orthogonal Polynomials as Hypergeometric Functions

n (x)=dF{a, b; c;

Ji

(see chapter 15)

g{x))

numerous other representations

in

terms of hyper-

geometric functions.
a

/(*)

ff(z)

1-x

n+a+p+1

a+1

na

2n a

:)m
crx^y

a+1

x-1
2+1

0+1

x+1
x-1

T(n + 2a)

n + 2oc

a+1

U n (x)

n+1

n+1

22.5.49

Pn(x)

n+1

22.5.50

Pn(x)

cx^y

-2n

1-n

22.5.51

Pn(x)

crxo"

~2

P n(x)

(
{

1)n <2)!
'
2 2 (n!) 2

n+i

22.5.52

P2n+l(x)

1J

n+i

22.5.53

22.5.42

p^Hx)

22.5.43

P<Z-

22.5.44

P^

22.5.45

P<Z-

22.5.46

C ?(x)

22.5.47

T n (x)

22.5.48

e)

(x)

Cn)

c +: + )m
n

e)

8)

(x)

{x)

n\T(2a)

2 2 "(n!)

2:r

a.

2
2

1-x

1-x
2

1-x

1-x
3

1-x

1-x
1

X2
X2

X2

>

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

780

Orthogonal Polynomials as Confluent Hypergeometric

Functions (see chapter 13)

22.5.54

^'(^(^Ka+U)

22.5.58

H (x)=2
n

12.5.59

Dn (T[2x)=2'

n < 2 z2/2

z2/2

U (~-| V2z)

He n (x)=--e x2/iD n (x) = e x2/iU (-n-\, x\

Orthogonal Polynomials as Parabolic Cylinder

Functions (see chapter 19)
Orthogonal Polynomials as Legendre Functions

22.5.55

22.5.56

2m {x)

(x)=2"U

= {-\r

g- n, | z )

(see

^M{-m,\,x^
(

chapter

8)

22.5.60

CT(x) =
,

H2m+1

r(+*)r(2a+n)r

22.5.57
(x)

=(-ir

(2m+l)!
W!

n!r(2a)

2M (-!*,,*)

(a 9*0)

LnOO

-2

Figure

22.9.

Laguerre Polynomials

L n (x),

n=2(l)5.

n n U)

Figure

22.8.

Legendre Polynomials P(x),

n=2(l)5.

Figure

22.10.

Hermite Polynomials

w=2(l)5.

^j-

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS
22.6. Differential
92(x)y"

+g

(x)y'

Equations

+g

(x)y=0

g*(x)

gifr)

p :- sHx)

1-x*

/3- a -(a + /3

(i-x^ii+xyp^^Hx)

1-z

a-/3+(a + 0-2)x

781

go(x)

+ 2)x

n(n + + /3+l)

(n+l)(n + + |S)

1-a

1-/3 2

4 (1-x) 2 ^ 4 (1+x) 2

(I-X)

(1+I)*P^(X)

+ a + 0+l) + (a+l)(/3+l)

2ra(

+-

Sln

xV + V C0S xV +i
2/

2(1 -x 2 )

1-40

l-4a 2
p(-.

2,)

r
^
(cosx)

16 sin2 |

16 cos 2 |

+( n + 2
C >(s)

1-x2

-(2a+l)x

(l-a*)"^C(*)

1-x

(2a-3)x

71 (ft

(ra+l)(ra

(w

(l-x 2 ) 2+ * Cf(x)

xyC^fcos

(ri

x)

1-x 2

Tn(x)

T n (cos

x)

1=

T n (x) = U n -

+ oQ

7l

+
2 -j

4(1 -x 2 ) 2

n 2 -l

U n {x)

1-x 2

-3x

n(ra

Pnix)

1-x

-2x

n(n+l)

+ 2)

n(n+l)

Vl-x P(x)
2

1-x2

a+1

x+1

2x

2x
_z_2
2

2n

2n+l-x

H n (x)

He(x)

1-a 2

4x 2

4n + 2a + 2-x2 +

-* 2 /2x+i L (> Xz 2)
2
)
(

2w++l

(1-x2 )

'

+2 +1 -4^
i

re

(a-)
e -i/2a;(a+i)/2^() (x)

a)

:-=

sin 2 x

-3x

(x)

+ 4a-4a +X

n2

a(l

+ a).,

1-x2

Vl-x2

+ 2a-l)

1-x2
,

(sin

+ 2a)

l-4a 2
4x 2

T1

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

782

22.7.

Recurrence Relations

Recurrence Relations With Respect to the Degree n

ain/n+i (x)

G n (p,

+ a 3n x)fn (x) a in f n -i(x)

02n

2(n+l)(n+ + 0+l)
(2rc

22.7.2

Clin

Pafi) (x)

22.7.1

= (a

(2n

q,x)

+ +
e*

(2n

+ a + |8+l)(a*-/S)

(2n

+a+

2(n+a)(n+/3)

(2n+a+/3+2)
-[2n{n + p) + q(p-l)]
(2n+p--2) 3

+ p-2) (2n+p-l)
4

(2n+p-2)
(2n+p-l)

n(n + g

n+2a

Cna\x)

ra+1

2(n + a)

22.7.4

T n (x)

22.7.5

U n {x)

22.7.6

S n (x)

22.7.7

C n (x)

22.7.8

T'M

-2

22.7.9

U'M

-2

22.7.10

Pn(x)

22.7.11

P'M

n+1

22.7.12

n+1

22.7.13

H n (x)

22.7.14

He n (x)

{x)

|3)3

/3)

22.7.3

a)

ffl3n

+1

l)(n+p 1)

(n+p-g)(2n + p+l)

2n+l

-2n-l

4w+2

2n + a+l

-1

n+a

2n

Ultraspherical Polynomials

Miscellaneous Recurrence Relations

Jacobi Polynomials

22.7.21

22.7.15

2a(l-x2 )Cia_|

1)

(x)

= (2a+n-l)^_

>

(x)-rix(7^(x)

(n+|+|+l)(l-x)P<<>(x)

= w ++ l)Pn (- *
(

X)

- (n+ 1)P<;^

22.7.22
(as)

-(n+DC^x)

22.7.16
22.7.23

(w+f+f+a) (l+x)P^+(x)

= (n+/3+l)P^(x) + (rH-l)Pftf(x)

a
(n+a)Ciri1) (x) = (a-l)[Cn l (x)-Cn%(x)]
1

Chebyshev Polynomials
22.7.24

2Tm (x)Tn (x) = Tn+m (x)-Tn _ m (x)

22.7.17

(l-a;)P;a +^

(x)

+ (l+x)P^^ (x)=2P( a ^
1,

22.7.18

22.7.25

2(x2 -l)C7m _ 1 (x)C7n _ 1 (x)

(2n+a+ 8)P(

a-

'(x)

(n>m)

(x)

= Tn+m (x)-

n _ m (x)

(n>m)

= (n+a+^)P^^(x)
22.7.26

-(n+/8)Pfc/>()

2Tm (x)U n - (x)=Un +m -i(x)+U n - m 1

22.7.19

(2n+a+j8)P<r *- u ( r)=(n+o+j8)P^'
,

(*)

+ (n+)P/(s)
22.7.20

P^"- (x)-P<"1)

1 -')

(x)=Pi-/)(x)

(x)

(n>m)

(x)

(n>ro)

22.7.27

2rB (x)C7 m _ (x)=L +m _

7

22.7.28

(x)-C/ n _ m _

2Tn (x)Un - (x)=U 2n 1

(x)

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS
Generalized Laguerre Polynomials

783

22.7.31

L?+(z)^[(n+a+l)LP(z)-(n+l)L&

22.7.29

L<* + {x)=[(x-n)L?\x)Ma+n)L<?Mx)]

Z^-

22.7.30

1
'

(*)

(z)]

22.7.32
a

""(a;)
ii(a-l)/W

=-Ua) (x) -L& (x)

22.8. Differential

n+a

[(7>+l)L<+\(*)-(n+l-x)Lr(*)]

Relations

?iW^/W =gi(x)fn (x) + go(x)fn-i(x)

/-

22.8.1

gi

92

(2n

pM>(ie)

+ a + /3)(l-x

2
)

0o

2(n

x
nx

n + 2<*

nx

n+1
n

-(n+a)

1-x

r.GO

1-x

I?.**)

1-x

22.8.5

P(x)

1-x

22.8.6

L<*>(z)

22.8.7

H n (x)

2n

22.8.8

ffe<0

22.8.2

Ci

22.8.3

22.8.4

(a;)

22.9.

+ a)(n +

n[a j8- -(2n + a + 0)x]

a)

/3)

Generating Functions

R=^l-2xz + z

g(x,z)=^2 a n fn (x)z n

n=

/.(*)

R-i{l- z + R)-(l + z + R)-*

N<i

R-^l-xz + R)^"

|*|<1,*0

R-**

|z|<l,a^0

-lni? 2

W<1

2- E -s

22.9.1

P^'Cs)

22.9.2

Cj<0

22.9.3

C<0

22.9.4

C*<0

22.9.5

qj

22.9.6

r(x)

22.9.7

r.(x)

4U/

2* r( + i + n)r(2)
T(a + i)T(2 a + n)

T(2a)
(x)

r(+|)r(2a+n)

V2/2n\
1

22.9.8

r(x)

22.9.9

T^x)

22.9.10

U n (x)

Unix)

72 /2n + 2\
4""" \n+l J

22.9.11

Remarks

g(x,z)

e z cos

R in

Ja _^ (z

sin 6)

(W

-1<X<1

R-i{l-xz + Ry'2

-1<x<1
|z|<l

1 |ln #

=l

-1<x<1

1 xz
#2

-1<x<1

#- 2

-Ka?<l

|z|<l

W<i

-|

(l-xz + fl)" 2

-1<X<1

W<i

XX

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

784
22.9.

Generating Functions

Continued

oo

R=t/1-2xz+z*

g{x,z)='22ajn (x)z

On

/(*)

R-

-Kas<l

22.9.12

P.to

22.9.13

Pn(x)

22.9.14

S(x)

(1-xz+z 2 )-'

22.9.15

L?to

(l-z)--' exp

22.9.16

L?{x)

22.9.17

H n (x)

Hu

e' "">

'J (z sin

1
e

0)

= cos

-2<x<2

W<i

(^ry)

(xz)-W'/a [2(xz)

T(n + a +l)

1 /2
]

2l,-,J

n!

(-D"

(x)

e*

cos (2xz)

sin (2xz)

(2n)!

(-1)"
(2n+l)!

H 2n +i(x)

22.9.19

n!

22.9.18

Remarks

g(x, z)

e*

22.10. Integral

Representations

Contour Integral Representations

fn(x)^rt
z-iri

Jc

[gi(z, x)] n g 2 (z,

/-(*)

x)dz where

22.10.2

Pi-^'(x)

CS

a,

(x)

is

a closed contour taken around

gi(z,x)

>(*)

s2

22.10.1

(l-x)(l+x)0

2(z-x)

l/

=a

in the positive sense

(l-z)(l + z)"

(l-2xz+z s)-"z-

Remarks

ff2(z,x)

Both zeros

outside

of

-2xz+z 2 outside

C,

a>0
1-z2

22 10 3

Tn(x)

1/2

1/2

22.10.4

U n (x)

l/l

22.10.5

Pn(x)

1/8

Both zeros

Both zeros

z(l-2xz+z 2)
-

(l-2xz+z2)-"

z-l

22.10.6

P(x)

22.10.7

L<'(a;)

e'x -0

22.10.8

I^W

22.10.9

#(*)

i+i

e-.(l+|)"l/z

n!

1/1

Miscellaneous Integral Representations

)(X)=

n![r(a)?

Jo

[*+^ = lcos*](sin*)--W
9

22.10.11
o

(>0)

cos (n+a)<
(cos <f> cos 0)

j^ <fr

(>0)

outside C

of

2xz + z

Zero outside

z= x

outside

gJn-l2

22.10.10

outside

of

2xz + z

Both zeros

z
1

of

1 2xz + z

z(l-2xz+z 2)

outside

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

P n (cos

22.10.12

HT Jof

re
(cos d-\-i sin 6 cos 0) rf<

22.10.14

P<

785

a)

G*0=^p

e-

n+ l

Ja (2jte)dt

22.10.15

V2 f T
P(cos0)=^
f
7T

22.10.13

^1

sin (n+%)<t>d4>

(cos

Joo

0 cos$)*
22.11. Rodrigues'

The polynomials given

fcos^2x<-|^ dt

Formula

)=L-

:{p(x)(g(x))
niHy yvyv
a n p(x) dx

JnK
j (X '

e-'

n
J
}

in the following table are the only orthogonal polynomials

which

satisfy

this formula.

Pix)

/(*)

22.11.1

P(,

(3)

l)"2 n n!

22.11.3

T n (x)

22.11.4

U n {x)
Pnix)

22.11.7
22.11.8

H.(s)

r(2 a )r( a +n+j)

r( a +|)r(n+2a)

(l-.X*)"-i

r(n+i)

(1-X2

r(n+f)

-1)2 n+1

(1-Z2 )*

(n+l)-\

l)2n!

22.11.5
22.11.6

n!

Sum

l^m

-t

22.13. Integrals Involving

Formulas

\4

Miscellaneous

t .\

1-x

Orthogonal Poly-

nomials

~/n(g)/+l(y)
y

Sum Formulas (Only a Limited

Is

Selection

n(2a-\-ri)

Sr

2m+1 (x)

m=0

jl^-w-

22.12.4
n

gu

22.12.5

2m+lix)

= |C72n _
2(1

2a
1

(*)

= C^Lt* (0) - (1 - x

(x)

_ x2)

=^M

-f

22.13.4

-f
J-i (yx)y/ly

^-

a+ * +1, (x+2/)

+*tf SLJ" (x)

-l/2p
)

=-^(.)

n ( ;r )^ ;r=

___

Lm (x)=L^(px)
22.13.6

22.12.8

g Q) H (j2x)H
k

_a

l(

,2

(1

(n+a)p.-(l-ti

?^fiL=.= TUn-x(x)
J -i {y-x)^l-y 2

22.13.3

7B=0

=^t-2

3+1)

r(l-y )"-*C(y)dy

S P^(zW-Uy) = ^

(*+</)

'

22.13.2

3n (x)=\[\+Uin {x)]

22.12.3

2nf* (l-y)(l+yyP-<(y)dy
= p(+i.*+i> (o) - (1 x)+ (l +x)" +1Pt 1

Given Here.)

ST
m=0

22.12.2

22.12.7

22.13.1
fn+l(x)jn(y)

Kn+ ifb n

22.12.6

1-x

Christoffel-Darboux Formula

m=0

-z 2 /2

22.12.1

X^

1-x

a:

-D-D-

He n (x)

22.12.

1-x 2
1-z 2

(i-x)*(i+xy

l)2ra!

(a;)

22.11.2

l(x)

n _k

(^y)

J"

22.13.7

J"p,

2re

(cos

0)^=^ ( 2^)

+l (cos0)

cos^=i|TI

2
2n
( w )(f+1 )

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

786

22.14. Inequalities

22.13.8

<-" r
2r

H)

22.14.1

(K)

(x>-i)

(-1)K+H)

\P na
(

P)

22.13.9

j|

(a>-l,j8>-l)

(x)\^ 4
\Pif-

r 2n+i{%)d'X

(-DT (+H) r ( 1+ >

x'

2r ( +2+
r (I-|)
|)

Jo

(\>-2)

maximum

p)

(x')\^JKifg<-l
j8 a

point nearest to

22.14.2

'/n+2a 1

22.13.10

(>o)

)
|C5" (*)I<
)

x'=0

22.13.11

pgpg = (n-j-%)^lx
Jx

if

[Tn ( x

j"

22.13.12

e-'Ll

= maximum

point nearest zero

n=2m+l

(t)dt=e-ni n (x)-L^

|C<

a)

(cos0)|<2 1 -<'

(x)}

22.14.4

22.13.13

r(+^+n+i)

x'

(-|<a<0)

22.14.3
l

7i=2m;

CO

)-Tn+1 (x))

-yjtx

a)

if

OS

f (x-ty-H"Lp(t)dt
= T(a+n+l)T(p)x a+ L a+
<3

ii)

22.14.5
(x)

22.13.14

ri

a -i

Tn {x)\<\
dTn {x)
dx

(01,0<Kt)

(sin0) a r(a)

(-1<x<1)

<n 2

22.14.6

\Un (x)\<n+l

22.14.7

|P B (x)|<l

(-1<x<1)
(-1<x<1)

Lm (t)L n (x-t)dt

L'm+n\.t)dt

= ljm +n{x)

C-l<x<l)

-L m +n+l(x)

Jo

T e- H {t)dt=H -M-e-^Rn.
t2

22.13.15

^p|<5 n(n+1)

22.14.9

|P(4I<

(-1<*<1)

1 {x)

_L_- [#B+1 (x)-ffB+1 (0)]

H,(i)d <=

22.13.16

22.14.8

J*-J=
\ irn^lx

(-Kx<D

J**

22.14.10

f
e-'
J CO

22.13.17

m
H2m (tx)dt=^ ^^
(x -l)
"

f"

e~

t2

tH2m+1 (tx)dt=^T

(2m +^
*

CD

22.13.19

f
a)

e-'

I"

x (x -l) m
2

i)

(x)

(2 l)(rc+l)

(-1<x<1)
22.14.12

1-P

P2(a;)-P-i(x)P +1 (a;)>

|i B (x)|<e

I/2

(x>0)

(xt)dt=jn\Pn (x)

00

22.14.13

(-1<x<1)

^y

22.13.20
(2

2?>+l

22.14.11

22.13.18

a)

P.()-F.- 1 (it)F^(g)<

|L<>(s)1<

^rtr+i? *"

(a "' X

- 0)

22.14.14
2
[#(*)] cos

(xO^=V^2-

n!e-l l2 Z n

(y)

l^

()l<[2- ^rt+"i)

'/
'

- 1<a<0 '^ 0)

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS
\H2m (x)

22.14.15

< <">a-m! [2--L

w W|<^ -^+y

22.14.17

)]

|g

22.14.16

|i7(x)|<e*

22.15.

/2

22.15.3

(a>0)

lim

r(-irV^ g
4"n!

n-+L

22 15 4

1.086435

&2 n / 2 v^!

787

Limit Relations

/^\1

J_
V^

\2V^/J

COS X

-G^)H-

i[^3-" ff
lim

22.15.5

22.15.1

P<'

/-

">

sin x

(l
\

-^p/W<>

(x)

'

f iC'(^)=ifl,W

22.15.6

For

2n

li

asymptotic

expansions,

see

[22.5]

and

[22.17].

22.16. Zeros

For tables of the zeros and associated weight factors necessary for the Gaussian-type quadrature
formulas see chapter 25. All the zeros of the orthogonal polynomials are real, simple and located
in the interior of the interval of orthogonality.
Explicit

and Asymptotic Formulas and Inequalities

Notations:

x^mthzero of/ ,(z)(a: (B) <a#

1

*<,>= arccos

zi_> M+1

,)

<

(O<0 ><#><

<0< n)

<x n

n)

j a,m, with positive zero of the Bessel function

O)

0<ja.l<j.2<
Relation

/.(*)

22.16.1

P a '<"(cos0)

22.16.2

cG0

22.16.3

c^(cose)

lim

(> - 1,

nd^ =ja m
,

(m + a \)v

(0<<1)

<flir'<-^
~n

+a

n-\-(

0> - 1)

2m-l

22.16.4

T n (x)

22.16.5

U n (x)

2n
aX

cos m

ji+1

2m

[2m 1

^m,*1+1 T -" -2^+1

22.16.6

P(cos

0)

' =

4m 1

n,

n>

*L

n ,_*

[l-"r-0<-*)l

L na)
(

= l- 2n+l

64

- 51

12(2+1) ! J

>*r = r +

(x)

For error estimates see

-

fe+2L

> '

[22.6].

4A: n

+ &"

>-

4fc

716-654

4m 1
4n + 2

P n {x)
ar'

22.16.8

8n 2

JS.
*&>=!-

22.16.7

4n+2

2( a *-l)+fi.,

4S& 2

')

+ 0(rr

H-l
-

\nJ

Ja (x)

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

788
22.17.

Orthogonal Polynomials of a Discrete

2w*fe)

(fn

Xi are

and w*(Xi)

Jm )=T, w*(x<)M*i)M*i)-

where

M*)=pffi * n [v>*{*)g(x, n)]

N-l

Krawtchouk

N
00

Meixner

00

n)=g(x)g(x 1)

For a more complete

P,

x\

?>0;

p+3=l

o>0

(x-n)\
x\

c"

6>0,

(x-n)l

0<c<l

x\T(b+x)

T(.b)T(.c+x)T(d+x)
x\T(.b+x)T(c)T{d)

list

n.

Remarks

g"x!

( l) n Vo nn!

T(b)xl
00

g(x n+1) and

(x-n)\

c*r(b+x)

Hahn

or.*)

(-l)n!

~xT

g(x, n)

1/n!

polynomial in x independent of

e~ a a z

Charlier

g(x,

g(x) is a

w*(x)

Chebyshev

is

free in each

22.17.2

the integers in the interval a<x t <b

is
a positive function such that

Name

factor which

nality condition

The

The constant

polynomial when only the orthogois given is defined here by the

explicit representation (which corresponds to the
Rodrigues' formula)
still

In this section some polynomials fn {x) are listed

which are orthogonal with respect to the scalar
product
22.17.1

is finite.

Variable

n!
(x

n)\T(b+xn)

of the properties of these polynomials see [22.5]

and

[22.17].

Numerical Methods
22.18.

Use and Extension of the Tables

Evaluation of an orthogonal polynomial for which the coefficients are given numerically.
Example 1. Evaluate Z 6 (1.5) and its first and second derivative using Table 22.10 and the
Horner scheme.

35=1.5
1

-36
1.5

-51.75

-34.5

398. 25

1.5

1.5

450

-49. 5

-2400

-4320

5400

720

375

-2703.9375

4044. 09375

-413. 859375

-1802.625

2696. 0625

-275.90625

306. 140625

597.

523. 125

-1919.25

306. 140625

U
T

1165. 21875

=
1

1.5

-33.0

348. 75

-1279. 500

1.5

-47.25

452. 250

-31. 5

301. 50

-827. 250

776.

8125

720
42519 53

889. 3125
.

-1240. 875

-464.0625

3125
720
= 1.23515 625

[-464. 0625]
720
1. 28906 25

Lt * ~ n2

889.

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

789

Evaluation of an orthogonal polynomial using the explicit representation when the

coefficients are not

given numerically.
If

an isolated value

of the orthogonal

polynomial fn (x)

to be

is

computed, use the proper

explicit

expression rewritten in the form

fn(x)=d n (x)a

and generate a

(m=n,n-l,

a m -i(x)=--\--^j{x)a m {x)

The d n (x), b m

c m ,f(x) for

(x)

where

recursively,

(x)

2, 1,

.,

a n {x) = \).

the polynomials of this chapter are listed in the following table:

d n (x)

U(X)

&m

/w

Cm

p(,fl)

("t")

(ra

m+l)(a + + n + m)

2m(a+m)

U 2n

(-1).^=

2(n-m+l)(a+n + m-l)

m(2m-l)

a;

L/ 2n+l

2(nm+l)(a + n+m)

wi(2m+l)

X2

T2n

(-D"

2(n-m+l)(n+m-l)

m(2m-l)

X2

Tin+i

(-l)"(2n+l)x

2(n-m+l)(n + m)

m(2m+l)

x2

U 2n

(-D"

2(n m+l)(n+m)

m(2m\)

X2

Uin+i

(-l)"2(n+l)x

2(n-m+l)(n + m+l)

m(2m+l)

x2

Pin

(-1)" /2n\
4"
\ n)

(re-m+l)(2n + 2m-l)

m(2m 1)

X2

(n-m+l)(2n + 2w+l)

m(2wi+l)

X2

n m+1

m(a+m)

2(n-m+l)

m(2m-l)

X2

2(n-m+l)

m(2m+l)

X2

i>-

+,

(<

t;

2*

w >^
+

Pin+l

Ct)

H 2n

<-"

Hin+l

<-.

Example

t
(2

"+'*

Compute P< 1/2

2.

p(i/2.3/2>(

3 ' 2,

1.

18
136

Here

(2).

Cm

132353
34
105

1.

=(

8 5

1.

841026
60
55

3.

008392
70
36

6.

849651
78

26.

21

44156
84

223. 1091

6545. 533

88

90

10

21852.07
2 )=tf 8a (2)
(3.33847)(6545.533)
Evaluation of orthogonal polynomials by means of their recurrence relations

Example 3. Compute C ? (2.5) for w=2,3,4,5,6.

From Table 22.2 C$>=\, C{*>=1.25 and from
r

C(?)

>

Check: Compute

(l)

(2.5)

is

q?>(2.8)

22.7 the recurrence relation

(2.5)=[5(n+|)(7^(2.5)-(n-|)C(i) (2.5)]^
I

3.

65625

13.

by the method

08594
of

)=3.33847, jf(2)=-l.

366667
48
78

<f 8

1-x

50.

87648

Example

2.

207. 0649

867. 7516

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

790

Change of Interval of Orthogonality

In some applications it is more convenient to use polynomials orthogonal on the interval [0, 1].
One can obtain the new polynomials from the ones given in this chapter by the substitution x=2xl.
The coefficients of the new polynomial can be computed from the old by the following recursive scheme,

provided the standardization

is

not changed.

=S am*m

/(*)

If

Mx) =/(2a;-l) =2 <xm

OT=0

4 are given recursively by the am through the relations

then the

a#>=2a- 1) -<4ft
-,)

<4

=am/2,

Example

m=0,

aii) =2 ia n ,j=0,

7B=0

m=n-l, n-2,
1, 2,

.,

j;

j=0,

n and a^ =a* m=0,

)

1, 2,

.,

Given

4.

.,

1, 2,

l ;

1, 2,

.,

s (x)

.,

=5a;-20a; 3 +16a; 5 find T%(x)

,

n.

TO

-1

8=<4- 1

- 10= at v

'

-16
-64

16

32
64
128
256

2
3

4
5

-192
-512
-1280=ol

2.5 =a{-"

-4

56
304

-48
-400= oJ

-l=o*

50= oj

1120= al

512= al

Hence, Tf(x) =512i 5 - 1280z 4 + 1 120a;3 -400a;2 + 50x- 1

22.19.

D a Continuous Interval

Least Square Approximations

Problem: Given a function j(x) (analytically or

form of a table) in a domain
(which may be
a continuous interval or a set of discrete points). 2
Approximate j(x) by a polynomial Fn (x) of given
degree n such that a weighted sum of the squares
of the errors in
is least.

Example

in

degree 5

5.

(/m,/n)=0 for

m^n,

in the interval

w(x)

2<x<5,

=
j(x-2)(5-x)

which

stresses the importance of the errors at the

ends of the interval.

where
Reduction to interval [1,1],

polynomial of

using the weight function

w{x)>0 be the weight function

chosen according to the relative importance of

the errors in different parts of D. Let Jm (x) be
orthogonal polynomials in
relative to w{x), i.e.

least square

for/(x)=j^>

Solution: Let

Find a

t=

2x-7

w(x)f(x)g(x)dx

if

is

a continuous interval
w{x{t))=-.

V,9)=< N
J2 w(xm)f(xm)g{xm)
ro=l
if

Then

D is a set of N discrete points x

From
,

22.2,

jm (t) = Tm (t) and

Fn {x)= am jm {x)

m=0

,ji=T2

where
am
1

fix) has to

_2 r

= (f,fmWn,fm

).

be square integrable, see

e.g. [22.17].

t+s
dt

Tm (t)dt

(rn^O)

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

791

Evaluating the integrals numerically we get

l

.235703-. 0808807 !

1+3

(^-^)+.013876T (^-1\-. 002380^ (%r^)

2

+ ,000408T

Da
If

x m =m(m=0,

range 22.17.

It is

N) and

(^_1^-.000070T5 (~j^)

Set of Discrete Points

l,
use the Chebyshev polynomials in the discrete
1, 2,
.,
convenient to introduce here a slightly different standardization such that
.

w(x)

(N-m)\

\m/

ro =o

J (x m)\N\

_(N+n+l)\(N-n)\
\Jn> Jn)

Recurrence relation:

(2n+l)(N\y

(x)=l,Ji(x)

2x
= l-

(n+ 1) (N-n)fn+1 (x) = (2n+lW-2x)jn (x) -nW+n+DJ^ (x)

Example

by

Approximate

6.

in the least square sense the function f(x) given in the following table

a third degree polynomial.

fix)

10
12
14
16
18

.3162
.2887
2673
2500
.2357

~x-10
2

Mx)

Mx)

M*l

/s

1/2

-1/2

2
3
4

^.1/2

-1/2

(/n,/n)=2/n(S)

-1

-1
/o(5)

2.5

-2
2

-1

/2 (i)

M*)

3.5

10

z=0

1.3579

c/,/)=i:/n(x)/(2x+io)

.09985

.01525

.6031

.039940

.0043571

.000310

i=0

.271580

(/,/)

/(x)~.27158 + 03994(3.5-. 25x) + .0043571 (23.5-3. 5z+.125x) + .00031(266-59.8333x

+4.375x2 -.10417x3 )
/(x) ~ .59447 - .043658x+ .0019009X2 - .000032292x 3
.

22.20.

Economization of Series

Problem: Given

i(x)

S^,

and R>0.

Find/(x)=Z; b mx m vriih

<1(-1 <x<l)

N
/(x)=s ^^(x)

a mx m in the interval

ro=0

-1<x<1

Then, since \Tm (x)\

TO=0

TO=0

within the desired accuracy

if

as small as possible, such that |/(x)/(x)|<i?.

Solution: Express /(x) in terms of Chebyshev

polynomials using Table 22.3,

f(x)=J2 b m Tm {x)
TO==0

z; \bm\<R

TO=2V+1

is evaluated most conveniently

recurrence relation (see 22.7).

/(x)

by

using the

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

792

Example 7.
Economize /(x) = l+a;/2+x2 /3
i
+x*/4+x /5+z*/G with R=M~
From Table 22.3

so

J(x)=~[U9T (x)+Z2T (x)]+[7QT (x)+nT (x)}

2

f(x)

=^

[U9T

+32Ta (x) +3T4

(x)

+^[767

(a;)

+ ll7 3( + 7
7

(a;)

a; )

s (a; )]

l/W-/(*)l<^+^<.05

since

References
Texts
[22.1]

Bibliography on orthogonal polynomials, Bull, of

the National Research Council No. 103, Washington, D.C. (1940).

L.

[22.2] P.

Chebyshev, Sur Interpolation.

Oeuvres,

vol. 2, pp. 59-68.

[22.3]

R. Courant and D. Hilbert, Methods of mathematical physics, vol. 1, ch. 7 (Interscience

Publishers, New York, N.Y., 1953).

[22.4]

G. Doetsch, Die in der Statistik seltener Ereignisse

auftretenden
Charlierschen
Polynome und
eine

damit

Meixner,

[22.14] J.

zusammenhangende

Orthogonale

tion, J.

London Math.

Differential-

vol.

New

1955).

Tables

Higher transcendental functions,

2, ch. 10 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
York, N.Y., 1953).
al.,

Limitazione degli errori nelle formule

asintotiche per le funzioni speciali, Rend. Sem.
Mat. Univ. Torina 16, 83-94 (1956-57).

[22.19] British Association for the

Legendre

[22.7]

T. L. Geronimus, Teoria ortogonalnikh mnogochlenov (Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1950).

[22.8]

W.

Hahn, Uber Orthogonalpolynome, die qDifferenzengleichungen geniigen, Math. Nachr.

[22.20]

Kaczmarz and H. Steinhaus, Theorie der

Orthogonalreihen, ch. 4 (Chelsea Publishing Co.,
New York, N.Y., 1951).

M. Krawtchouk, Sur une

generalisation des poly-

nomes d'Hermite, C.R. Acad.

Sci.

Paris

Office,

Karmazina, Tablitsy polinomov Jacobi

Akad. Nauk SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R.,

Series

(U.S.

Government

Washington, D.C, 1952).

Printing

= 0(.001)2,

n = 2(l)12,

Applied

W. Magnus and

N.

Math.

187,

Trigonometric interpolation of empirical and analytical functions, J. Math. Phys.

17, 123-199 (1938).

[22.13]

ra=l(l)12,

G u {p, q, x), x=0(.01)l, g=.l(.l)l,

1954).
p = l.l(.l)3, n=l(l)5, 7D.
[22.22] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Chebyshev polynomials S n (x) and Cn (x), Applied

620-622 (1929).

Englewood

= 0(.01)6,

exact.

[22.11] C. Lanczos,

Lanczos,

P(x), x

(Izdat.

[22.9] St.

Inc.,

of Science,

Mathematical Tables,
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge,

7-8D.
N. R. Jorgensen, Undersogelser over frekvensflader og korrelation (Busck, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1916).
He n (x), z=0(.01)4, n=l(l)6,

[22.21] L.

2,4-34(1949).

[22.12] C.

Advancement

Polynomials,

Part vol. A
England, 1946).

[22.6] L. Gatteschi,

[22.10]

Germany,

chs. 4, 5, 6 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin,

(1934).

A. Erdelyi et

Soc. 9, 6-13 (1934).

Sansone, Orthogonal functions, Pure and

Applied Mathematics, vol. IX (Interscience
Publishers, New York, N.Y., 1959).
[22.16] J. Shohat, Theorie generate des polynomes orthogonaux de Tchebichef, Mem. Soc. Math. 66
(Gauthier-Villars, Paris, France, 1934).
[22.17] G. Szego, Orthogonal polynomials, Amer. Math.
Soc. Colloquium Publications 23, rev. ed. (1959).
[22.18] F. G. Tricomi, Vorlesungen uber Orthogonalreihen,

[22.15] G.

differenzengleichung, Math. Ann. 109, 257-266

[22.5]

Polynomsysteme mit
Funk-

einer besonderen Gestalt der erzeugenden

analysis

Cliffs, N.J.,

Formeln und
Satze fur die speziellen Funktionen der mathematischen Physik, ch. 5, 2d ed. (SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Germany, 1948).
F. Oberhettinger,

[22.23]

(Prentice-Hall,

1956).

12D; Coefficients for Tn (x), U(x),

n=0(l)12.
B. Russel, A table of Hermite functions,
J.
e-'^ff.W,
J. Math. Phys. 12, 291-297 (1933).
5D.
x=0(.04)l(.l)4(.2)7(.5)8, n=0(l)ll,
N. Wiener, Extrapolation, interpolation and
smoothing of stationary time series (John Wiley

CB (s), S n (x)

[22.24]

&

for

L n (x),
Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1949).
n = 0(l)5, x=0(.01).l(.l)18(.2)20(.5)21(l)26(2)30,
3-5D.

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

793

t*

+
+
8

95.

N_^

eo

+8

N-^

CD

I>

+ +
+e +8
CO.

<a.

CO

o
o
3

-i

+ +
iO

CO

+
+ +
<a . <a
+8 +8 +8

W]
l

CO

o
00

o
o
o
CO

CM

+
^

*!P

+ + +

3 3M 3W
m
? S S P
,-i

CM

+ + + +
+ + + +
aa.

EC

13

w8

<o,

e
00

<o.

<a.

3
o 3
o
co

O
c

+
(N

^h,

+ ^
i
s

ra

eo

Ph

-
eo"

eo

eo

c3

tO.

+ + + +

+ o
+

<Q.

W8 3
CO

00

3 3 3-3
*o

co

t>

+ + + + +
+ + + +8 +8

i-H

CQ.

55.

cm

>*
oo
CM

CO
00

^
H

II
1
1

<a.

^f

^^

o
o
o

H
'

CO

"i

00

O
O
N
O
t-Tt<
i

IN

CM

CM

<N

<N

+ + + + +

3*333
CN

CO

^?

lO

oa.

<a.

oa.

CO

+ + + + +
+
<a <a
+8 +8 + + +8 +8
8
S

"2.

(N
i

IN

PS

o
00

<N
05
I

T + +
8
<3

W
^5

<tf

00

-1_
1

Of)

CO

<N
CO

00
**

**

00

a,

a,

a,

a,

a,

+ +

C<5

>-

ia

*
CO

O
o
*
00
00
o
CO
CO

ft,

o
o

i>

a.

o
^H

CO

C
or
M

ii
1

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

794

US

is
(0

b b b b b

o
OS

^8

^8

to

OS

oo
*

CO

+8

oo

"h

b
CO
+

CO

^8

"

O
CO

CO

Ik

i-l

OE

CO

CO

CO

co

"h

J?

CO

CN

"h

"*

OD

co

CO

13

O
cs
_i |co

^los

II

^^

&

II

&

CM

o
a
1*
o3

3
^

CO

CO

8
^^

<N

CO

l-H

-W

O
OS

i-l

8
*H

CO

"h

cn"

a
"

CO

m
e

e-i

iH

CO

CO
I

OS

u
b b

b b b

CO
CO
1

%
CO
OS
--ilco

II

II

iH

IPS

i-l
1

3a
H

\
--I

CM

cs

II

w co

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

795
Table 22.3

Coefficients for the

Chebyshev Polynomials

ro=0

bn

To

1
1

n
-1

-7

T-,

Tio

-1
-11

Tn

-72

T, 2

X1

-1232

220

-3584

840

X3

X2

x5

X*

x6

T (x) =32r -48x + 18s 9

256

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

+ 1.00000

+0.20000
-0.92000
-0.56800
+0.69280
+0.84512

20000
08000
63200
82720
56288
60205

+ 0.78227

11

-0.35475
-0.98702
-0.04005
+0.97099
+0.42845
-0.79961

12

-0.74830 20370

+ 1.00000
1

2
3

4
5

6
7

8
9
10

+0.40000
-0.68000
-0.94400
-0.07520
+0.88384

-0.25802
-0.98868
-0.53292
+0.56234
+0.98280

+ 1.00000
+ 0.60000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

-0.28000
-0.93600
-0.84320
-0.07584

20000
24000
99200
95360
62912
65690

+0.97847
+0.42197
-0.47210
-0.98849
-0.71409

+0.22389 89640

x io

+ 0.75219

10

Tn

1
1

Tl 2

X 12

+T

6]

Table 22.4

T(x)
0.8

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

+ 1.00000

20000
04000
24800
34240
65888
24826

-0.75219
-0.20638
+0.42197
+0.88154

+0.13158 56097

2048

X 11

12

-6144

x=^[10T +15T +6T

0.6

0.4

0.2

1024

X9

Xs

Chebyshev Polynomials
i\x

512

11

6912

x>

66

-2816

2816

220

10

-1280

1120

55

-576

432

-400

50

128

495
165

-256

160

-120

64

45

330
120

36

To

Ti

792

84
28

-112

56

-32

Ts

32

2048

210

-48

18

1024

462

56
21

xn

462

126

16

x11

126

35

512

35

5
8

a-io

256

128

15

-20

64

10

-8

T.

X9

10

-3

x>

32

3
3

-1

X8

16

Ti

T2

TO=0

X6

X*

1
1

Xs

x8

X1

Tn {x) and for x n in terms of Tm {x)

+0.80000
+0.28000
-0.35200
-0.84320
-0.99712

1.0

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

20000
72000
24800
31680
+ 0.98849 65888
+ 0.70005 13741

+ 0.13158

56097

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

796
Table 22.5
Coefficients for- the

Chebyshev Polynomials

X1

6
C/o

-12

u
ut
u9
u

-1

-8

l0

-40

-1

-160
60

Uu
xl

-1792

X3

X*

X6

0.2

+ 1.00000
1

2
3

4
5
6
7

8
9

0.4

X8

12

-0.88370 94564

4096

X10

x=^T [5t/ +9t72 +5l74+[76

x"

x"

Un (x)

0.6

0.8

1.0

+ 1.00000
+ 1.60000
+ 1.56000

40000
52000
58400
38720
67424
92659

+0.25798 40000
08000
89600
+0.18905 39520
-0.87506 42176
-1.23913 10131

-1.63078
-1.51101
-0.78683
+0.25207

40000
44000
90400
19360
+ 1.19015 41376
+ 1.65217 46842

11
12

+0.64925 46703

-0.61189 29981

+ 1.45332

13

+ 1.05414
+ 0.16363

49440
+0.61289 46176
-0.67703 70970

X9

+0.80000
-0.36000
-1.08800
-0.51040
+0.67968

-0.92323
-0.90222
+0.20145

+ 1.06338

+0.44000
-0.67200
-1.24640
-0.82368

+ 1.13326
+ 1.10192

00000
00000
00000
+0.89600 00000
-0.12640 00000
-1.09824 00000

53571

f/,0

c/

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

-0.16390 40000
-1.01980 16000
-0.24401 66400

+ 0.92219

11

2048

-11264

+ 1.00000
+ 1.20000

+ 1.00000

10
11

54
10

1024

u
u
u

u,

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

+0.40000
-0.84000
-0.73600
+0.54560
+0.95424

44

154

-5120

Chebyshev Polynomials

n\x

110

11520

a?

275

35

-2304
4608

C/6 (x)=64x-80x+24x2-l

Table 22.6

75

512

u,

165

U
Ur

297

256

-5376
X5

132

90

1792

132

27

-1024

1120

xl

42

-448
672

280

-84

4096

48

128

-560

-12

Uu

64

240

10

2048

-192

80

1024

20

-80

24

512

42

32

X1 *

14

-32

28

4
16

Um (x)

X10

14
9

terms of

14

3
8

for xn in

256

128

-4

64

X8

x>

X*

32

16

-1

Xs

X*

Vz

u
u
u

Vi

u,

Xs

X*

and

n=0

*n=0

Un (x)

2
3
4
5

6
7

8
9
10

Un

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

797
Table 22.7

Cn (x) and

Chebyshev Polynomials

Coefficients for the

m=0
x

a;

Co

c3

-2

-7

c7
C8

14

c.

20

-30

-2

-50

25

-11

Cn

x1

xo

-112

X3

x5

X*

C6 (x)=x-6x + 9x2 -2

X10

X9

X8

C10
Ci,

-12

54
x>

12

-11

44

105

a;*

c8
c,

11

-20

-77

66

10

1
1

35

55

-36

Cl2

C9
c7

55

-9

27

220

45

-8

d
C6

165

1
1

495

36

c2

c3

330
120

7
1

792

84

Co
Ci

210

28

-7

-16

C10

-6

462

56

462

126

21

126

35

-5

Cm (x)

x 12

35

15

X10

x
1

10

X8
1

10

-4

-3

c6

X7

X6

C*

terms of

m=0

Xs

X*

-2

c2

X3
1

Ci

X2

for x n in

C12

X 12

x=10Co+15C2+6C4+C6

Table 22.8
Coefficients for the

Chebyshev Polynomials Sn (x) and for

5(x)

= X) c

d - 5 (
*"=S
m=0

a;,B

m=0

-So

Si

&

-2

-1

-4

A
A

-1

-6

X2

X3

X4

X5

Si (x)=x*-5xi + 6xi -l

X8

X8

11

x=5-So + 9-S2+5-S4

X
-S 9

!0

11

-Slo

Sn

-11
9

-S 8

s,

10
1

45
X7

54

-10

36

-84

70

-So

-S 7

-9

28

-56

35

-21

-Si 2

-35

15

44

-8

21

154

S5

35

-7

15

-20

-6

10

-10

Sn

-5

st

110

27

Si
-S3

275

75

20

5
1

165

48

S
Si

297

90

14

-4

-S 7

132

28

-3

s6

-S10

132

42

xa

42

14

X10

X9

14

terms of Sm (x)

JB )

X8

X7
5

2
1

X8

X5
2

-1

&

X4

X3
1

S3

Xs

X1

x in

S12

*
t

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

798

(C

Oi
CO

CO
o
o
o
CO
CN
C4

cC

<c

CN

00
CN
o
CN

CN
U5
Oi
CO
CO

CN

1-H

1-H

O
00
o
CN

t>
co

ao

fC

-C

0h

Oh

CN
lO

oo

o
o
to

-C

CN

o
rH

o>
CO

ei

CO
t~
CO

"h

Oi

OS

t>

1-H

CO

o
CN

oo
oo

to
CO

'o

i-H

CO
CN

CO

O
oo
o
o

CO

CN
CO

tN

<N

1-H

"h

Oi
l>
r->

00
00
C5
00

a*

Oi

CO

CO
Oi
OS
CO
Ol

CN

i-H

CN

1-1

00

1>

CO

T(4

CO

CO

o
OS

11

1-H

1-H

Oi
oo

o
Oh
CO

1-H

1-H

1-H

CO

o
CO

"3
i-H

rH
e

CN

CO
CO

rH

o
CO

00
CN

OI

rH

Oi

us
IC
rH
CN

CN

CN

+
I*

rH

lO
CO

w;

CN

o
CO

ao

"5
1-1

CO

o
o
CO

o
CO

CN

CN

CN
CO
oo

1-H

oo
CN

"5
Oi
CO
OS

o
lO

c
CO

rH

o
CN

00

+o
ao

rH CO

IcN

CO

CO

CN
oo

1-4

7-t

CN

00
00

CO
rH

a>
CN

Oh
co
co

O
<*

Oi

lO
CN

oo

i-H

CN
1

d
>>

-z

rH
CO
CN

o
rH

CO
co

tN

ns

CN

i-H

i-H

i-H

1-H

to

CO
CN

-}

o
OS
o
o
OS

o
CN

i-H

CO

o
CN
o
CN
o
rH
i-H

CO

C
0)

le

CO
CO

6C

oo
CN

CN

to

CO
CO

o
Oi
o
o
Ci

oo

CO
oi
CO

00

oo
rH

lO

-a

M
h

O
CN

i>
CO

00

t&

o
CO

CO

05
CO

Ti

CO

o
CO
o
o
CO

CN
CN

CN
CN

-12
II

lO

eo

CN

*H

i-H

o
CN

CO

CO

U5
rH

rC

li

i-H
1

4)

CO

o
CO

CN

ii

o
CO

rH
"h

CO

oo
rH

CO

o
00

CN
CO

r-

"h

rH

to
CO

us

co

1-H

i-H

"h

rH
CO

rH

CO
Oi
CO

a
d
Xi

1
1

11

r-i

U5

CO

i-H

rH

CO
CO

CO
1

CO
CN

CO

il

CN

CN

00

00

CO

CO

i-H

i-H

00
CN
rH

00

CO

CO

CN

CN

9
CN

CN
i-H

o
.-H

to

cC

tC

tC

cC

Oh

Oh

Oh

>
o

ao

Oh

"cfl

<

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

799

w
n
,0

fl
CI

S
S3

o
3

S
o

o
o
CO
s
X
3
i

8
g
a

CN

+
to

o
IN
CO

o
00
o
o
o

o
o
o

00

Wl

o
IN
CO
I

1?

4
o
IN

s
o
s

w
o
IN

+
J.

U
V
5

IN
CO

6C

"tfl

IN

CO
I

H,
CD

800

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS
Laguerre Polynomials

Table 22.11
n\x

0.5

1.0

00000
00000
00000
-0.14583 33333
-0.33072 91667
-0.44557 29167

+ 1.00000.00000

-0.25694 44444
-0.04047 61905
+ 0.15399 30556

11

-0.50414
-0.51833
-0.49836
-0.45291
-0.38937
-0.31390

12

-0.23164 96389

2
3

4
5
6
7

8
9
10

+ 1.00000
+ 0.50000
+ 0.12500

49653
92237
29984
95204
44141
72988

0.00000 00000

-0.50000
0.66666
-0.62500
-0.46666

00000
66667
00000
66667

L n (x)

3.0

5.0

10.0

+ 1.00000

+ 1.00000
-4.00000
+ 3.50000
+ 2.66666

+ 1.00000
-9.00000
+ 31.00000
-45.66666
+ 11.00000

4-0.85000 00000

00000
00000
00000
66667
-1.29166 66667
-3.16666 66667

00000
85714
53571
07143
23214
95130

-2.09027 77778
4-0.32539
2.23573
+ 2.69174
1.75627
+ 0.10754

+
+

-3.44444 44444
-30.90476 19048
-16.30158 73016

46063

-1.44860 42948

00000
-2.00000 00000
-0.50000 00000
+ 1.00000 00000
+ 1.37500 00000

+ 0.30974
+ 0.41894
+ 0.48013

42681
59325
41791

-0.01250
-0.74642
-1.10870
-1.06116
-0.70002
-0.18079

+ 0.49621

22235

+ 0.34035

68254
90873
38272
61795
36909

00000
00000
00000
66667
00000
4-34.33333 33333

+ 14.79188
+ 27.98412
+ 14.53695

71252
69841
68703

-9.90374 64593

1
l

i1

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

801

tN
cM

55

tS

to
o

o 00
<N

o
CN
IN

O
1-H

55

o
00
00

55

55
<N
CO

55

rH

i-H

CO

"h

i-H

T-H
T-l

oo

"h

IN

<N

"h

55

i-H
T-l

t~

O
o
to

CO

55

CO
oo

o
o
(N

to
<N
CO
CO

CM

55

00

00

55

to
to

"h

sfi

IN

<N

lO
IN

<N

00

i-H

IO
CO

"h

T-H
1

lO

O
00

1-H

i-H

o
IN

<N

T-H

oa
<t!

<N

<N
CO

1-1

C
<N

T-l

1^

i-H

55

CO

o
00

o
to

IN

to

CO
CO

00

1-H

CO

(N

"*l

CM

<N

00

il

*H

00
IN
tH

to

o
IN

CO

o
00

55

IN

(N
CO

IN

CO

T-H

i-H

-*
03

00

00

T-H

00

T-l

<o

00

00

CM

tI

+
55

i-H

00
IN

CO

"5

(N

55
00

IN
1

o
a
>>

<N
CO

o
CM

to

"3

o
00

T-l

00
CO
00

CO

CN
CO

U3

r-

HI

T-H

<N

to

<N

<N

i-H

o
00

1-H

CO

CN!

"h

CO

CO

1-H

T-t

+
"h

CO

-a
to

CO

T"H

oo

-*

IN

<N

00

i-H

T-l

*H

1-H

CM
tN

IN

CO

CO

P0

CO

00

55

CO
CO
00

CM

CM
T-H

00

tH

(N

00

CO

"h

<N

"h

IN

IN

ii

1-H

IN

CO

00

tH

T-l

T-H
1

00
IN

55

tfi

55

55

55

55

55

00
>*

55

55

55

802

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS
Hermite Polynomials

Table 22.13
n\x

0.5

-1.00000
-5.00000

2
3

4
5

+ 1.00000
+ 2.00000
+ 2.00000

+ 1.00000
(1)

+4.10000

6
7
8
9
10
11

+3.10000
-4.61000
(2) -8.95000
(3) +6.48100
(4) +2.25910
(5) -1.07029

12

(5)

(1)
(2)

-6.04031

(1)
(0)

-4.00000
-2.00000
-8.00000

(2)

+ 1.84000

+4.64000
-1.64800
-1.07200
(3) +8.22400
(5) +2.30848
(2)
(3)
(4)

(5)

+2.80768

n (X)

3.0

1.0

+ 1.00000
+ 1.00000

+ 1.00000

5.0

00

+6.00000 00
(1) +3.40000 00
(2)

+ 1.80000

00

(3)

+8.76000 00
+3.81600 00

(4)

+ 1.41360

(2)

10.0

1.00000
(1)1.00000
(1)9.80000
(2)9.40000
(3)8.81200
(4)8.06000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

1.00000
(1)2.00000
(2)3.98000
(3)7.88000
(5)1.55212
(6)3.04120

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
80000
20000
97600
73600

(7)5.92718
(9)1.14894
(10)2.21490
(11)4.24598
(12)8.09327
(14)1.53373

80000
32000
57680
06240
82098
60295

+3.90240
(4) +3.62400
(5) -4.06944
(6) -3.09398
(7) -1.04250

00
00
00
00
40
24

(5)7.17880
(6)6.21160
(7)5.20656
(8)4.21271
(9)3.27552
(10)2.43298

+ 5.51750

40

(11)1.71237 08128

(4)

(6)

(15)2.88941 99383


23. Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials

Riemann Zeta Function

Emilie V. Haynsworth

and Karl Goldberg 2

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties

804

and Euler Polynomials and the Euler-Maclaurin

Formula
Riemann Zeta Function and Other Sums of Reciprocal
Powers

23.1. Bernoulli

23.2.

23.1. Coefficients of the Bernoulli

B n {x)
Table

and

En (x),

and Euler Numbers

1, 2(2)60, Exact and

n=0,

Sums

23.3.

of Reciprocal

^)=h
K

and Euler Polynomials

809

71=0(1)15

23.2. Bernoulli

B n and En
Table

807

808

References

Table

804

810

B n to

10S

Powers

811

20D

k=l
oo

k=l

iU-1

^-

v(n)=T, L

>

20D

*=(2W

20D

18D

=(4w.'
71=1(1)42

Table

23.4.

m
JT)A:

Table

B
,

Sums

of Positive

813

Powers

n=l (1)10, m =l(l)l00

n
23.5. x /n\,

x=2(l)9, 71=1(1)50,

818

10S

The authors acknowledge the assistance of Ruth E. Capuano in the preparation and
checking of the tables.

National Bureau
National Bureau

of Standards.

(Presently,

Auburn

University.)

of Standards.

803

716-654

64

52

23. Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials

Riemann

Zeta

Function
Mathematical Properties
23.1.

Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials and the Euler-M aclaurin Formula

Generating Functions

text

-41

23.1.1

/n

a>

2e

T=S^() n\

[f|<27T

xl

B n =B n (0)

23.1.3

=l,

n=0,

Bi= ^>

^2=^

Bn

(For occurrence of

kn

m, w=l,

2,

Derivatives

B'n (x)=nB n -

23.1.6

5(a;+l)-5 B (a;)=ri,x B -

(x)
1

1,

2,

1, Ei=5

of Powers

ti+1

23.1.5

n=0,

integer

in series expansions of circular functions, see chapter 4.)

_Bn+1 (m+l)-Bn+l

k=l

"0 1 -2^=

Sums
23.1.4

Numbers

E =2 E Q)=

\*\<*

n\

n=0

1,

Bi= ^

and

tl

Bernoulli and Euler

23.1.2

ir - t/ n _
,

^(m+l) + (-l)^n (0)

m,n=l,

and Differences

n=l,2,..

E'n (x)=nEn . 1 (x)

7i=l,2, ...

w=0,

71=0,1,

1,

(x+1)+En (x)=2x n

Expansions
23.1.7

n=0,

^B (x+A)=g:(^)^(xH-*

1,

71

*,<*)=G)iHr

= 0,

1,

71=0,1,

71=0,

1,

71=0,

1,

Symmetry
23.1.8

Bn (\-x) = {-\) B n {x)

23.1.9

(-l) n Bn (-x)=Bn (x)-\-nx n ~

n=0,
1

1,

S(l-x) = (-l)"'n (x)

n=0,l,.

(-l) n+1

Multiplication

Theorem

re

(-x) = En (x)-2x

23.1.10

5 n (mx) = m"-

TO-l
1

2 i?,(x+-)
k=o

to/

71=0,

1,

(mx)

/
\
= m"j: (-iyE (x+^)
to/
n

fc=o

ra=l,

2,

n=0,l,...

m=l,

,(mx)=

804

771-1

J.\

|r
71+1

to"

fc=o

3,

(-l)*5n+1 (x+|-)
V

TO/

71=0,

1,

m=2,

4,

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

805

Integrals

PB

23.1.11

(t)dt=

~?n+l{a)

Bn+l{x)

CB

n (t)Bm (t)dt=(-l)

23.1.12

E
E

n {t)dt=

_i_m!n!_ R
(m+n)l m+n
m,7i=l,

2,

n+ ^a)

En+l{x)

-f

(t)Em (t)dt

= ( i)"4(2 m+n+2 1)

m\n\

(m+n+2)\

Bm ++
"

m,n=0,
(The polynomials are orthogonal

1,

for m-\-n odd.)

Inequalities

\B2n \y\B2n {x)\

23.1.13

l>x>0

71=1,2,

4-|^2 |>( l)^2 (a:)>0

7i=l,2,...,

>x>0

23.1.14

7^p

4(2^

+,
(i=|=s)>(-i)- ^- + (*)

1)!

(1 +

-^) >( _i)n g2n _ i(x)> o

7i=l,2,...,

71=1,2,...,

f>x>0

>x>0

23.1.15

Ml f

k(_l)n + lP

^ 4+*(2ft)!

4"+*(27i)!

>2(2j

(2

71=1,2,

71=0,1,

Fourier Expansions

23.1.16

u-\

nl

(2rfx irn)

cos

(2w) n fci

t? i \
-C'nW

n]

a
"*

n+1
Tn+i

^A

sin

2-1

((2t+l)7TX ^TTTl)

(2k+iy +l

71>1,1>X>0

71>0,1>X>0

n=l,l>x>0

71=0,1>X>0

23.1.17

1)!
,_ ( l)"2(2w
R
-02n-lW
2 "/o^.\2b-1
(2ir)
,

2-J

f^

sin 2&ttx
2 -

&

7i>l,

1>X>0

(-l)4(2ro-l)l

T 2n

2^

^2-lW-

cos (2A:+l)7rx
(2J5;

+ 1)2

7i=l,2,...,

l>x>0

71=1,1>X>0
23.1.18

._ ( l)"-

R
02nW
,

2(27t)!

/0^2n
(2t)

cos
-2-/

2krx
&2n\)

J.2n

7i

(-l)4(2w)!
_2n+l
TT^n+l

^
-^-J

sin (2^+1)ttx
2n+1
l)

(2&

71>0,1>X>0

= l,2,..., l>x>0

71=0,1>X>0
Special Values

23.1.19

52re+1 =0

23.1.20

5,(0)

71=1,2,..

En (0) = -E

= (-l)5,(l)
71=0,1,

23.1.21

Bn (i) = -(l-2

-")Bn

E 2n+l =
,

7i=0,l,...

71=0,1,

2,

71=0,1,

n (l)

= -2(n+l)-

En ($)=2-E

(2+ 1 -l)B n+1

n=l,

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

806

Q) = (-l)(i)
= -2- n {\-2 - n )Bn -nA' nEn

23.1.22

2n -l{s)

-^271-1(3)
= -(27i)- (l-3
1

.. x

-2

)(2 2 -l)

B2n

71=1,2,..

71=1,2,..

B2n {\)=B2n (%)

23.1.23

= -23 (*) = 5

23.1.24

aj

(l-3 1

-2

7i=0,

")J52n

1,

,(f)

=2- (l-2
1

- 2B

)(l-3

- 2B
)

B2

71=0,1,

Symbolic Operations

+ l)-p(B(x))=p'(x)
B n (x+h) = (B(x)+h) n
n=0,

23.1.26

Here p(x) denotes a polynomial

in x

and

+ 1) +p(E(x)) =2p(x)
En (x+h) = (E(x) + h) 7i=0,l,
p(E(x)

p(B(x)

23.1.25

1,

after

expanding we set {B(x)

Relations Between the Polynomials

n
}

=B n (x)

Equivalent to this

and {E(x)

n
}

=E

n (x).

is

23.1.27

#-i(s)

23.1.31
=

n=l,2,

=l-fBn (x)-2-Bn (^y

+
"

^(*)<ft=

23.1.28

n-2

F(a;+A) +F(z)

-l /,2*-l

"SMI Ba {F<*-(x+h)-F<*-(x)}

QJ g

(x)=2

(J)

(2-*-l)Bn . kBk (x)

71=2,3,

i2

23.1.29

B2n F

{2n)

b-h>x>a

(x+dh)

(271)

(*)'= 2-

g () B

n .k

E (2x)

71

= 0,1,

Let

Euler-Maclaurin Formulas

Let ^(z) have its first 27i derivatives continuous

on an interval (a, b). Divide the interval into
m equal parts and let h=(ba)/m. Then for
some 0, 1>0>O, depending on F(2n) (x) on (a, 6),
we have

B n (x)=B n (x [x]).

Formula

The Euler Summation

is

23.1.32

771

fb

S i^(a+M+coA)=i" J

ft=0

F(*)(ft
a

23.1.30
1

TO

+S^r ^(a,){^-"(6)-^-

fc=l

71-1

A2*-l

+g ^y
i

,{

P^-(6)-^

'=-"(a)}

-,
V- Jo

/,2n

4-ToW-,
(2ti)!

11

(a)}

fc!

BJw-t)<

1.4=0

F^(a+kh+th) Vdt
J

m-1

B 2n X! F(a+kh+9h)
fc=n

p<2n,l>w>0

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

23.2.

Riemann Zeta Function and Other Sums

23.2.13

r'(0)

807

= -41n2,r

of Reciprocal Powers

f(-2n)=0

23.2.14
23.2.1

f(s)=S"

23.2.15

71=1,2,...

2n

^n)=^,\B

23.2.16

(product over

R 2n

=-B

2,

(ip- g) _1

=n

23.2.2

r(l-2%)

n=\,

all

primes

2n

71=1,2,...

p).

23.2.17

!{2n+\) = K

^1^,

/*+2w\ f' J?
(-[tD
aX
z s+2 +1
V2W+1/J!
s^l,n=l,2, ..
^s> 2n

B2n+l (x)

Jo

cot (irx)dx

n=l,2,...

.,

Sums

"1

8
(-g)'T(l-s) fC-s)
f z
dz
2iri
J c e -l

23.2.4

n=l,2,

The sums

^+^r^

(s

referred to are

.,s^l,^s>0
23.2.18

23.2.5

of Reciprocal Powers

f()=S*"
fc=i

7i=2,3,..

- 1)n
23.2.19

where

i(n)=S(-l)*- *-=(l-2 -)f(n)

1

^"^lifci'

fc

n=l,2,

k=l

~ n+1 f

23.2.20

= 2V s

23.2.6

23.2.7

Hn)=it (2fc+l)-=(l-2-){-()

sin (%irs)T(ls){(l-s)

c X s-1

r(s)J

(-1)*(2*+1)0()=S
fc=0

r- *^_
ax
(i-2 -)r()J e*+i
,

Jn

n=l,2,.
exp

23.2.10

(In

27T 1

formulas for special values of the zeta function

.,^s>0

(note that ?;(l)=ln 2), and

%y)s

2(-l)r(i*+l)

704)

e"

product over all zeros p of f (s) with ^p>0.

The contour C in the fourth formula starts at

on the positive

real axis, circles the origin

once in the positive direction excluding the points

2niir for n=l, 2,
and returns to the
.,
starting point.
Therefore f(s) is regular for all
values of s except for a simple pole at s=l with
.

23.2.12

23.2.22

|8(27t+l)

oVoLm

2(2ti)!

TO=0

l#al

>

*>

23.2.23
18(271)

( l) n ir2n f

4(2n ^y,

Ezn-iix) sec(irx)dx
71

= 1,2,...

/3(2)

is

known

as

Catalan's constant.

other special values are

1.

Special Values

23.2.11

71=1,2,...

These sums can be calculated from the Bernoulli

and Euler polynomials by means of the last two
fc=l

residue

23.2.9

infinity

23.2.21

-i

23.2.8

n=2,3,.

23.2.24

(2)=l+l+i+

r(o)=-i
23.2.25

r(i)=

r(4)

= 1+^+31+

IT
:

90

Some

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

808
,_.

11

'

vW-i-y+p-

23.2.26

(*\
VKV

23.2.27

23.2.28

X(2)

1
A

4-

4_t_

34

"

'

'

7T

23.2.29
12

23.2.30

720

= l+^+^+...=^

X(4)

= l+^+^+

w^-i+s-

7T

~~

'

7T

23.2.31

/3(3)=i-Jrh|r-

~96

32

References
Texts

Tables

G. Boole, The calculus of finite differences, 3d ed.

(Hafner Publishing Co., New York, N.Y., 1932).
[23.2] W. E. Briggs and S. Chowla, The power series co[23.1]

of f(s),

efficients

Amer.

Math.

Monthly

62,

323-325 (1955).
[23.3] T.

Fort,

Finite

differences

(Clarendon

[23.12] G.

K.

Knopp, Theory and application of infinite

and Son, Ltd., London, England,

[23.6] L.

M. Milne-Thomson, Calculus of finite differences

(Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London, England,
1951).

[23.7]

N. E. Norlund, Vorlesungen uber Differenzenrechnung (Edwards Bros., Ann Arbor, Mich.,

1945).

[23.8] C.

H. Richardson, An introduction to the calculus

Van Nostrand Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1954).

of finite differences (D.

(Chelsea Publishing
York, N.Y., 1950).
[23.10] E. C. Titchmarsh, The zeta-function of Riemann
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
[23.9] J. F. Steffensen, Interpolation

Co.,

New

1930).
[23.11] A.

D. Wheelon, A short table of summable series,

Report No. SM-14642, Douglas Aircraft Co.,
Inc., Santa Monica, Calif. (1953).

modified

NBS

44,

Hensman, Tables of the generalized Riemann

Zeta function, Report No. T2111, Telecommunications Research Establishment, Ministry of
Supply, Great Malvern, Worcestershire, England (1948). ?(s,a), s=-10(.l)0, o = 0(.l)2,
5D; (s-l)f(s,

series (Blackie

1951).

Table of
Research

Ind., 1935).
[23.14] R.

1960).
[23.5]

and R. Siegel,
polynomials, J.

103-107 (1950) RP2060.

[23.13] H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical
functions, vol. II (Principia Press, Bloomington,

Press,

Oxford, England, 1948).

[23.4] C. Jordan, Calculus of finite differences, 2d ed.
(Chelsea Publishing Co., New York, N.Y.,

Blanch
Bernoulli

[23.15]

a),

= 0(.l)l,

= 0(.l)2,

5D.

On

the maxima and minima of

Bernoulli polynomials, Amer. Math. Monthly

D. H. Lehmer,

47, 533-538 (1940).

A table of the generalized Riemann

Zeta function in a particular case, Quart. J.
Mech. Appl. Math. 5, 116-123 (1952). f(, a),
a=l(.01)2(.02)5(.05)10,
10D.

[23.16] E. O. Powell,

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

COEFFICIENTS
n\k

OF THE BERNOULLI POLYNOMIALS Bn

bk

67

(*)=
v
'

809

b k xk

Table 23.1

fc=0

89

10

11

12

13

13

14

15

-2
4

30
1

5
"2"

"5"

5
1

_5_
2

42
1

_7_
2

-14_
3

- 4

"5"

7
1

30

21

10

10

9
2

-7

15.

66

11

11

12

- 11

11

691
2730

22

33

429

10

691
30

14

15

COEFFICIENTS

143

143

1001
30

455

429

715

ek

OF THE EULER POLYNOMIALS En

4

13

691

n\Jic

286

1001
10

455

35
2

-6

.65.

210

11

.21

_ _62i

13

_ -II

-55.

(x)=

efc

91
6

91

15

15

t=o
8

10

11

12

13

14

-1

-3

-155

15

-126

5461
2

22165

573405
2

- 396

943215
4

_u

-7

91

3003
2

-1001
109395

143

7293

155155

55

1287

7293

-31031

62881

11

1683

26949

165

231

-3410

38227

-5

30

2805

2073

16

21

255

929569

14

-63

1705

691

14

12

13

2.

153

31

.25.

-28

17

-3

10
11

5
2

21

8
9

17
8

5
2

3
2

455
4

0_

_L5_
2

15

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

810

BERNOULLI AND EULER NUMBERS

Bn=NID

Table 23.2

-1

2
6

1.

30
42

2.

30

3.

Bn
(

-1

6
8

-1

o)

1.

0000 00000

5.

0000
6666
3333
3809
3333

3.

10
12

66

7.

-691

2730

2.

14
16
18

1.

-3617

510
798

5.

20

-1 74611

22
24
26
28

8 54513

43867

30
32
34

5757 57576
5311 35531
1666 66667
0921 56863
4971 17794

7.

2912
1921
6580
4255
7298

42424
23188
25311
17167
23107

0158
5116
2961
3711
8833

08739
31577
46431
65521
23190

9296
4169
0338
1150
2086

57934
30476
07185
74864
62652

2.

5008
0387
6528
8498
3865

66746
78101
77648
76930
42750

2.

1399 94926

5.

-2363 64091

330
138
2730

85 53103

1.

37494 61029

870

2.

861 58412 76005

14322
510

6.

-2

-770 93210 41217

6.
8.

1.

257 76878 58367

4.

36
38

-26315 27155 30534 77373

19 19190

1.

39138 41559

4.

40
42
44
46
48

-2 61082 71849 64491 22051

13530
1806

1.

2 92999

-560

50
52

15 20097
-278 33269
5964 51111
94033 68997

80708
10242
21632
62491

64391
57930
59391
81768

02691
35023
77961
27547

8.

690
282

4.

2.

46410

1.

49 50572 05241 07964 82124 77525

66

7.

-80116 57181 35489 95734 79249 91853

5.

54
56
58

-2479 39292 93132 26753 68541 57396 63229

84483 61334 88800 41862 04677 59940 36021

1590
798
870
354

60

-121 52331 40483 75557 20403 04994 07982 02460 41491

567 86730

29 14996 36348 84862 42141 81238 12691

3.

2.

34).

00000
66667
33333
52381
33333

En

-1

4
6

-61

1385

10
12
14
16
18

27
1993
93915
48796

-240

50521
02765
60981
12145
75441

37037 11882 37525

-69 34887 43931 37901
15514 53416 35570 86905
-40 87072 50929 31238 92361
12522 59641 40362 98654 68285

20
22
24
26

28

-44

30
32
34
36
38

17751
72329
41222 06033
89580 52704

80

-234

40

15438
93915
92358
95177
31082

93249
79539
87898
02122
52017

02310
28943
06216
34707
82857

45536
66647
82474
96712
61989

82821
89665
53281
59045
47741

48511 50718 11498 00178 77156 78140 58266 84425

1036 46227 33519 61211 93979 57304 74518 59763 10201

42
44
46

-6667 53751 66855 44977 43502 84747 73748 19752 41076 84661

48

60 96278 64556 85421 58691 68574 28768 43153 97653 90444 35185

50
52
54
56
58

-7 54665 99390 08739 09806 14325 65889 73674 42122 40024 71169 98586 45581
-126 22019 25180 62187 19903 40923 72874 89255 48234 10611 91825 59406 99649 20041

60

181089 11496 57923 04965 45807 74165 21586 88733 48734 92363 14106 00809 54542 31325

-60532 85248 18862 18963 14383 78511 16490 88103 49822 51468 15121
650 61624 86684 60884 77158 70634 08082 29834 83644 23676 53855 76565
9420 32189 64202 41204 20228 62376 90583 22720 93888 52599 64600 93949 05945

From H.
Ind.,

94757 94225 97592 70360 80405 10088 07061 95192 73805

T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical functions,

1935 (with permission).

vol. II.

Principia Press, Bloomington,

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

SUMS OF RECIPROCAL POWERS

n

S- n

r,(n

k =1
oo

811

Table 23.3

K2( -l)*-i/;

1. 64493
1.20205
1. 08232
1. 03692
1.01734

40668
69031
32337
77551
30619

48226
59594
11138
43369
84449

43647
28540
19152
92633
13971

69314
82246
0.90154
0. 94703
0.97211
0.98555

71805
70334
26773
28294
97704
10912

59945
24113
69695
97245
46909
97435

30942
21824
71405
91758
30594
10410

92773
73561
83928
45751
41886
60865

81922
97944
26082
27818
04119
53308

82684
33938
21442
08534
46456
04830

0.

10
11
12

00834
00407
1. 00200
1.00099
1. 00049
1.00024

99259
0.99623
0.99809
0. 99903
0.99951
0.99975

38199
30018
42975
95075
71434
76851

22830
52647
41605
98271
98060
43858

28267
89923
33077
56564
75414
19085

13
14
15
16
17
18

1.00012
1.00006
1.00003
1.00001
1.00000
1.00000

27133
12481
05882
52822
76371
38172

47578
35058
36307
59408
97637
93264

48915
70483
02049
65187
89976
99984

99987
99993
0.99996
0.99998
0. 99999
0. 99999

85427
91703
95512
47642
23782
61878

63265
45979
13099
14906
92041
69610

11549
71817
23808
10644
01198
11348

19

1.

20
21
22
23
24

00000
1.00000
1.00000
1. 00000
1.00000
1. 00000

19082
09539
04769
02384
01192
00596

12716
62033
32986
50502
19925
08189

55394
87280
78781
72773
96531
05126

99999
99999
0.99999
0. 99999
0.99999
0.99999

80935
90466
95232
97616
98808
99403

08171
11581
58215
13230
01318
98892

67511
52212
54282
82255
43950
39463

25
26
27
28
29
30

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00298
00149
00074
00037
00018
00009

03503
01554
50711
25334
62659
31327

51465
82837
78984
02479
72351
43242

0.

99999
0.99999
0. 99999
0.99999
0. 99999
0. 99999

99701
99850
99925
99962
99981
99990

98856
99231
49550
74753
37369
68682

96283
99657
48496
40011
41811
28145

31
32
33
34
35
36

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1. 00000
1.00000
1. 00000

00004
00002
00001
00000
00000
00000

65662
32831
16415
58207
29103
14551

90650
18337
50173
72088
85044
92189

0.

99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0. 99999

99995
99997
99998
99999
99999
99999

34340
67169
83584
41792
70896
85448

33145
89595
85805
39905
18953
09143

37
38
39
40
41
42

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1. 00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

07275
03637
01818
00909
00454
00227

95984
97955
98965
49478
74738
37368

0.

99999
99999
0.99999
0.99999
0. 99999
0. 99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

92724
96362
98181
99090
99545
99772

04461
02193
01084
50538
25268
62633

1
2

4
5
6

7
8
9

For

1.

1.

w>42,

From H.

r(n+l)

T. Davis,

0.

= |[l+f(w)]

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

?(n+l) = i[H-'?(w)]

Tables of the higher mathematical functions, vol.

Principia Press, Bloomington, Ind., 1935 (with permission)

II.

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

812

SUMS OF RECIPROCAL POWERS

Table 23.3

/?W=S(-l)*(2fc+l) n

*(n)=S(2*+l)" -n

=Q

fc=0

1.23370
1. 05179
1. 01467
1. 00452
1.00144

05501
97902
80316
37627
70766

36169
64644
04192
95139
40942

82735
99972
05455
61613
12191

0. 78539
0.91596
0. 96894
0.98894
0.99615
0.99868

81633
55941
61462
45517
78280
52222

97448
77219
59369
41105
77088
18438

310
015
380
336
064
135

10
11
12

00047
00015
1.00005
1.00001
1. 00000
1.00000

15486
51790
13451
70413
56660
18858

52376
25296
83843
63044
51090
48583

55476
11930
77259
82549
10935
11958

0. 99955
0.99984
0.99994
0. 99998
0. 99999
0. 99999

45078
99902
96841
31640
43749
81223

90539
46829
87220
26196
73823
50587

909
657
090
877
699
882

13
14
15
16
17
18

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

06280
02092
00697
00232
00077
00025

55421
40519
24703
37157
44839
81437

80232
21150
12929
37916
45587
55666

0.

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

93735
97910
99303
99767
99922
99974

83771
87248
40842
75950
57782
19086

841
735
624
903
104
745

19
20
21
22
23
24

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00008
00002
00000
00000
00000
00000

60444
86807
95601
31866
10622
03540

11452
69746
16531
77514
20241
72294

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99991
99997
99999
99999
99999
99999

39660
13213
04403
68134
89377
96459

745
274
029
064
965
311

25
26
27
28
29
30

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00000
00000
0Q000
00000
00000
00000

01180
00393
00131
00043
00014
00004

23874
41247
13740
71245
57081
85694

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

98819
99606
99868
99956
99985
99995

768
589
863
288
429
143

31
32
33
34
35
36

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00001
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

61898
53966
17989
05996
01999
00666

0.99999
0. 99999
0. 99999
0.99999
0. 99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99998
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

381
460
820
940
980
993

37
38
39

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00222
00074
00025
00008
00003
00001

0.

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

40
41
42

00

1.

1.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

99999 99999 99999 998

99999 99999 99999 999

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

SUM

J5

OF PO SITIV]I POWEI

813
Table 23.4

k=i

m\n

33

65

10
15

14
30
55

36
100
225

17
98
354
979

276
1300
4425

794
4890
20515

91

140
204
285
385

441
784

10

21
28
36
45
55

1296
2025
3025

2275
4676
8772
15333
25333

1
2

12201
29008
61776
20825
20825

67171
84820
4 46964
9 78405
19 78405

11
12
13
14
15

66
78
91
105
120

506
650
819
1015
1240

4356
6084
8281
11025
14400

39974
60710
89271
27687
78312

81876

16
17
18
19
20

136
153
171
190
210

1496
1785
2109
2470
2870

18496
23409
29241
36100
44100

21
22
23
24
25

231
253
276
300
325

3311
3795
4324
4900
5525

53361
64009
76176
90000
05625

26
27
28
29
30

351
378
406
435
465

6201
6930
7714
8555
9455

1
1

31
32
33

10416
11440
12529
13685
14910

34
35

496
528
561
595
630

36
37
38
39
40

666
703
741
780
820

16206
17575
19019
20540
22140

41
42
43
44
45

861
903
946
990
1035

23821
25585
27434
29370
31395

46
47
48
49
50

1081
1128
1176
1225
1275

33511
35720
38024
40425
42925

11
12
13
15
16

5
6

7
8
9

From H.

1
1

10 02001
15 39825
22 99200

37
67
115
190
304

49966
35950
62759
92295
82920

6 30708

43848
27369
4 32345
5 62666
7 22666

33
47
66
91
123

47776
67633
57201
33300
33300

472
713
1054
1524
2164

60136
97705
09929
55810
55810

11
14
17
21

17147
51403
31244
63020
53645

164
215
280
359
457

17401
71033
07376
70000
35625

3022
4156
5636
7547
9988

21931
01835
37724
40700
81325

23201
42884
64836
89225
16225

26
31
37
44
52

10621
42062
56718
63999
73999

576 17001
719 65908
891 76276
1096 87425
1339 87425

13077
16952
21771
27719
35009

97101
17590
07894
31215
31215

46016
78784
14721
54025
96900

61
72
84
97
112

97520
46096
32017
68353
68978

1626
1961
2353
2807
3332

16576
71008
06401
41825
63700

43884
54621
67536
82984
01367

34896
76720
44689
49105
14730

4 43556

129
148
169
192
217

48594
22755
07891
21332
81332

3937
4630
5423
6325
7349

29876
73833
09001
33200
33200

1
1

23134
48792
1 78901
2 14089
2 55049

97066
23475
59859
03620
03620

07093
18789
37590
85686
86311

8507
9814
11284
12934
14779

89401
80633
89076
05300
33425

3
3

10 71225

246
277
311
348
389

02550
57440
4 20654
4 93217
5 76254

07861
39605
02654
16510
82135

68561
72384
82976
00625
25625

434
483
536
594
656

63767
43448
51864
16665
66665

16838
19132
21680
24505
27630

96401
41408
45376
20625
20625

70997
78789
01095
10 39508
11 95758

79031
94360
84824
72025
72025

1
2

3
3
3

94209
49081
08400
6 72400

4
5
6

41321

8 15409
8 94916
9

80100

2
3

T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical functions, vol.

Ind., 1935 (with permission).

II.

6
7
9

Principia Press, Bloomington,

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

814

2 "

SUMS OF POSITIVE POWERS

Table 23.4

h=i

m\n

51
52
53
54
55

1326
1378
1431
1485
1540

45526
48230
51039
53955
56980

17
18
20
22
23

58276
98884
47761
05225
71600

724
797
876
961
1052

31866
43482
33963
37019
87644

31080
34882
39064
43656
48688

45876
49908
45401
10425
94800

13
15
17
20
23

71721
69427
91071
39020
15826

59826
69490
30619
41915
82540

56
57
58
59
60

1596
1653
1711
1770
1830

60116
63365
66729
70210
73810

25 47216
27 32409
29 27521
31 32900
33 48900

1151
1256
1369
1491
1620

22140
78141
94637
11998
71998

54196
60213
66776
73925
81701

26576
18633
75401
99700
99700

26
29
33
37
42

24236
67201
47888
69693
36253

61996
09245
01789
35430
35430

61
62
63
64
65

1891
1953
2016
2080
2145

77531
81375
85344
89440
93665

35
38
40
43
46

75881
14209
64256
26400
01025

1759
1906
2064
2232
2410

17839
94175
47136
24352
74977

90147
99309
09233
19971
31573

96001
28833
65376
07200
97825

47
53
59
66
73

51457
19459
44694
31889
86078

09791
45375
47584
24320
14945

66
67
68
69
70

2211
2278
2346
2415
2485

98021
02510
1 07134
1 11895
1 16795

48
51
55
58

88521
89284
03716
32225
61 75225

2600
2802
3015
3242
3482

49713
00834
82210
49331
59331

44097
57598
1 72137
1 87778
2 04585

30401
55508
89076
20425
20425

82
91
101
111
123

12617
17201
05876
85057
61547

64961
47130
29754
92835
92835

71
72
73
74
75

2556
2628
2701
2775
2850

21836
27020
32349
37825
43450

65
69
72
77
81

33136
06384
95401
00625
22500

3736
4005
4289
4589
4905

71012
44868
43109
29685
70310

2
2
2

22627
41976
62707
84897
3 08627

49776
67408
39001
45625
92500

136 42550 76756

150 35691 46260
165 49033 72549
181 91098 62725
199 70883 78350

76
77
78
79
80

2926
3003
3081
3160
3240

49226
55155
61239
67480
73880

85
90
94
99
104

61476
18009
92561
85600
97600

5239
5590
5961
6350
6760

32486
85527
00583
50664
10664

81
82
83
84
85

3321
3403
3486
3570
3655

80441
87165
94054

29041
80409
52196
44900
59025

7190
7642
8117
8615
9137

57385
69561
27882
15018
15643

86
87
88
89
90

3741
3828
3916
4005
4095

2
2
2

91
92
93
94
95

96
97
98
99
100

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

2
2

OHIO
08335

110
115
121
127
133

15731
23300
31044
38965
47065

139
146
153
160
167

95081
53584
35056
40025
69025

9684
10257
10856
11484
12140

16459
06220
75756
17997
27997

4186
4278
4371
4465
4560

2
2
2
2
2

55346
63810
72459
81295
90320

175
183
191
199
207

22596
01284
05641
36225
93600

12826
13542
14290
15071
15885

02958
42254
47455
22351
72976

4656
4753
4851
4950
5050

2
3
3

99536
08945
18549
28350
38350

216 78336
225 91009
235 32201
245 02500
255 02500

16735
17620
18542
19503
20503

07632
36913
73729
33330
33330

1
1

1
1

3 33983 17876
3 61051 02033
3 89922 76401

4 20693 32800
4 53461 32800
4 88329 17201

25403
5 64793
6 06614
6 50985
5

15633
56276
75700
28825

98027 99001

7 47870 08208
8 00643 27376
8 56483 86825
9 15532 86825
9

77936 08276

10 43844 23508
11 13413 07201
11 86803 47425
12 64181 56800

13 45718 83776
14 31592 24033

15 21984 32001
16 17083 32500
17 17083 32500

218
239
262
286
312

97883
82106
34102
64977
86417

06926
87015
87719
43240
43240

341
371
404
439
477

10712
50779
20183
33163
04658

79721
51145
24514
56130
71755

517 50331 06891

560 86593 07900
607 30633 94684
657 00446 85645
710 14856 85645
766
827
892
961
1034

93549
57099
27001
25699
76617

37686
39030
22479
03535
94160

1113
1196
1284
1379
1479

04195
33915
92339
07141
07141

83856
88785
69649
19050
19050

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

SUMS OF POSITIVE POWERS

2&

815
Table 23.4

k=i

m\n
1

2
3

129
2316
18700
96825

257
6818
72354
4 62979

513
20196
2 82340
22 35465

10

76761
00304
97456
80425
80425

21 42595

12
32
80
180

79
246
677
1677

07396
84612
31333
31333

123
526
1868
5743
15743

13161
66768
84496
04985
04985

11
12
13
14
15

375
733
1361
2415
4124

67596
99404
47921
61425
20800

3820
8120
16278
31035
56664

90214
71910
02631
91687
82312

39322
90920
1 96965
4 03575
7 88009

52676
33028
32401
79185
38560

16
17
18
19
20

6808
10911
17034
25972
38772

56256
94929
14961
86700
86700

99614
69372
2 79571
4 49407
7 05407

49608
07049
67625
30666
30666

14
26
46
78
129

75204
61082
44675
71552
91552

15296
91793
82161
79940
79940

21
22
23
24
25

75241
33129
58576
30000
45625

10 83635 90027
16 32394 63563

1
2

56783
81727
15775
61640
22675

24 15504 48844
35 16257 63020
50 42136 53645

209
330
510
774
1155

34353
07045
18572
36647
83620

26521
44313
05776
46000
11625

02993 55801

71 30407 18221

4
5

6
7
8
9

26
27
28
29
30

33725 13825

99
137
187
252

54702
32722
35186
96186

54702
53038
65999
65999

1698
2461
3519
4969
6938

78656
34631
19191
90651
20651

90601
75588
28996
04865
04865

4 07597 09004
5

42526 37516

7 15025 13825
9

31
32
33
34
35

12
15
19
25
31

27936
66304
09281
59425
56300

338
448
588
767
992

25097
20213
84299
42238
60992

03440
31216
49457
54353
44978

9582
13100
17741
23813
31695

16872
60593
75437
45365
01751

65536
54368
56321
22785
94660

36
37
38
39
40

39 30901 20396

08851
52448
78633
03866
47259

48
60
73
90

80219
24375
96685
35085

97529
80121
86800
86800

1274
1625
2060
2595
3251

72091
96886
74807
94900
30900

52434
06355
44851
05332
05332

41851
54847
71368
92241
18456

01318
18716
79729
63340
03340

63076
58153
21001
79760
79760

41
42
43
44
45

109
132
160
191
229

82628
88021
06208
98986
35680

60681
93929
05036
14700
67825

4049
5018
6186
7591
9273

80152
06672
88675
70911
22165

34453
30869
08470
33686
24311

51194
91861
2 42120
3 03932
3 79600

22684
36523
62642
81037
87463

73721
23193
60036
69540
47665

46
47
48
49
50

272
323
382
450
528

93857
60088
30771
13002
25502

25041
45504
87776
60625
60625

11277
13659
16477
19800
23706

98287
11154
03958
33264
58264

56247
18008
47064
16665
16665

71819
83732
7 18993
8 81834
10 77147

89090
93821
48427
84406
34406

16721
19488
14176
24625
24625

4
5

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

816

SUMS OF POSITIVE POWERS

Table 23.4

m\n

2*

51
52
53
54
55

617
720
838
972
1124

99609
80326
27437
16689
41042

38476
41004
80841
90825
25200

28283
33629
39855
47085
55458

37709
34995
31899
51512
90891

87066
18522
29883
69019
59644

13
15
19
23
27

10563
88554
18530
08961
69498

86137
44973
80891
40014
05854

15076
50788
52921
66265
50640

56
57
58
59
60

1297
1492
1713
1962
2242

11990
60965
40807
27322
20922

74736
67929
35481
20300
20300

65130
76273
89079
03762
20559

64007
55578
86395
90771
06771

33660
45661
63677
67998
67998

33
39
46
55
65

11115
46261
89027
55326
63096

00335
19889
07286
65472
25472

95536
79593
24521
79460
79460

61
62
63
64
65

2556
2908
3302
3742
4232

48350
64496
54303
34768
57047

56321
62529
01696
12800
03425

39729
61563
86379
14526
46391

79901
80957
38760
88527
36656

65279
50175
17696
28352
18977

77
90
106
124
145

32510
86219
49600
51040
22232

86401
51863
93432
78527
06906

13601
77153
30976
12960
03585

66
67
68
69
70

4778
5384
6056
6801
7624

08654
15770
45658
09190
63490

04481
09804
28236
80825
80825

82395 42718 88673

45314
98690
4 20098 35635 27331
4 77746 36635 27331

168
196
227
262
303

98500
19153
27863
73072
08433

07044
51006
53971
32327
02327

03521
98468
28036
04265
04265

71
72
73
74
75

8534
9537
10641
11857
13191

14692
20822
94807
07610
91497

39216
43504
62601
35625
07500

76
77
78
79
80

14656
16261
18017
19938
22035

43442
28675
84364
23453
38653

79276
46129
01041
87200
87200

81
82

83
84
85

24323
26815
29529
32480
35686

06578
92048
52558
42905
19993

86
87
88
89
90

39165
42938
47024
51447
56230

91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2

3 23002 19494
3 68718 51890

42321
14542
95188
85107
85220

71947
13310
14229
61631
53135

73092
81828
75909
79685
70310

348
400
459
526
601

93283
93152
80311
34352
42821

09511
87653
54736
62487
25280

53296
82288
50201
29625
26500

11
12
14
15

96524
20097
57109
08819
76592

01010
63925
07632
95731
11731

25286
72967
56103
62664
62664

686
781
888
1007
1142

01885
17055
03947
89106
10879

63746
08237
17370
77196
57196

04676
76113
60721
79040
79040

42161
98929
88556
44300
72425

17
19
21
24
27

61894
66308
91537
39413
11903

13620
22206
44528
33638
86142

14505
69481
08522
91018
81643

1292
1459
1646
1854
2086

20343
82298
76323
97898
59593

10166
14263
66939
52248
15080

78161
86193
26596
56260
59385

47815
02610
78207
91556
88456

94121
81904
18896
14425
14425

30
33
36
40
45

11121
39333
98967
92626
23094

78853
46007
98488
86545
07545

47499
84620
39916
41997
41997

2343
2629
2945
3296
3683

92334
46750
94588
30228
72277

88197
30627
48916
85991
75991

23001
52528
18576
03785
03785

61398
66976
72993
79478
86462

49475
96076
96947
74541
11837

50156
73804
34561
53825
63200

49
55
60
66
73

93346
06565
66147
75716
39136

60306
47620
28587
22441
65570

93518
69134
19535
30351
20976

4111
4583
5104
5677
6307

65257
81394
22502
21982
46923

77288
10154
40039
62325
59571

92196
48868
36161
52865
62240

93976
02056
10737
20058
30058

59315
42160
67693
33041
33041

74016
52129
76801
67500
67500

80
88
96
106
116

60526
44269
95032
17777
17777

23468
59412
61670
31113
31113

59312
36273
54129
33330
33330

7000
7760
8593
9507
10507

00323
23429
98205
49930
49930

17816
04362
25663
00499
00499

42496
07713
57601
98500
98500

6
6
7
8
9

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

SUMS OF POSITIVE POWERS

m\|

10

2
3
4

1025
60074
11 08650
108 74275

Table 23.4

fc*

m\n

817

10

51
52
53
54
55

613
757
932
1143
1396

38941
94452
83199
66451
95967

75112
34603
38258
30907
52098

62626
19650
32699
53275
93900

40451
15700
57524
41925
41925

56
57
58
59
60

1700
2062
2493
3004
3608

26516
29849
10270
21945
88121

43060
57628
26623
59629
59629

08076
99325
05149
46550
46550

11

4 08517 66526

12
13
14
15

10 27691 30750
24 06276 22599
52 98822 77575

61
62
63
64
65

4322
5161
6146
7299
8645

22412
52349
45378
37528
64962

76258
34941
53759
99828
44456

29151
69375
60224
07200
97825

6
7
8
9

10

713
3538
14275
49143
49143

110 65326 68200

16
17
18
19
20

220
422
779
1392
2416

60442
20381
25054
35716
35716

95976
96425
23049
80850
80850

66
67
68
69
70

10213
12036
14150
16596
19421

98650
82430
74713
94119
69368

53564
99082
00654
07202
07202

93601
55050
65674
25475
25475

21
22
23
24
25

4084
6740
10882
17223
26760

34526
33754
98866
32676
06992

59051
50475
64124
29500
70125

71
72
73
74
75

22676
26420
30718
35642
41273

93723
84347
46930
45970
81117

17301
43545
40581
14140
23612

06676
94100
51749
29125
94750

26
27
28
29
30

40876
61465
91085
33156
92205

77949
89270
56937
29270
29270

23501
18150
13574
13775
13775

76
77
78
79
80

47702
55029
63365
72833
83570

70010
38057
15640
43249
85073

47012
72874
85236
11504
11504

36126
36775
36199
83400
83400

74168 12139 94576

95728
09473
24989
42479
62166

51619
31932
36051
48338
92382

02074
38034
10093
76074
16796

12201
70825
24274
16050
81675

31
32
33
34
35

10 22208 52136 77050

81
82
83
84
85

36
37
38
39
40

13
18
24
33
43

87824
68682
96503
10544
59120

36537
80261
98741
59593
59593

40026
57875
46099
37700
37700

86
87
88
89
90

1
2
2
2
3

84297
09139
36989
68171
03039

08171
42312
52073
24066
08467

04827
96263
05665
05327
05327

52651
21500
33724
17325
17325

41
42
43

44
45

57
74
95
122
156

01386
09406
70554
90290
95353

52694
33911
57044
66428
55588

90101
67925
52174
70350
85975

91
92
93
94
95

41980
85419
4 33817
4 87679
5 47552

69648
54190
77262
28403
97795

23434
47066
26359
21259
59638

62726
76550
94799
64975
55600

46
47
48
49
50

199
251
316
396
494

37428
97341
89847
69074
34699

30416
52774
73860
36836
36836

62551
92600
37624
49625
49625

96
97
98
99
100

14036
87778
7 69485
8 59924
9 59924

24155
65424
93493
14243
14243

51139
46067
33614
42419
42419

60176
86225
75249
24250
24250

3 86758 11208 37200

5

39916 01061 01649

7 46353 78601 61425

1
1
1

6
6

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

818

xn/n

Table 23.5
n\x

0)2.0000
0)2.0000
0)1.3333
- 1)6.6666
[- 1)2.6666

2
3

[
'

4
5

7
8

10
11
12
13
14
15

16
17
18

19
20

21
22
23
24
25

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

46
47
48
49
50

<

<
(

(
(
(

(
(

00000
00000
33333
66667
66667

0)3.0000
0)4.5000
0)4.5000
0)3.3750
0)2.0250

0)1.0125
1)4.3392
1)1.6272
2)5.4241
2)1.6272

00000
85714
32143
07143
32144

3)4.4379
3)1.1094
'- 4)2.5603
- 5)5.4864
J- 5)1.0972

05844
76461
30295
22060
84412

[
(

I!

- 2)8.8888 88889
- 2)2.5396 82540
- 3)6.3492 06349

'

- 3)1.4109 34744
- 4)2.8218 69489
-

5)5.1306
6)8.5511
6)1.3155
7)1.8793
8)2.5058

71797
19662
56871
66959
22612

- 9)3.1322
-10)3.6850
-11)4.0944
-12)4.3099
-13)4.3099

78264
33252
81391
80412
80413

-14)4.1047
-15)3.7315
-16)3.2448
-17)2.7040
-18)2.1632

43250
84772
56324
46937
37550

-19)1.6640
-20)1.2326
-22)8.8043
-23)6.0719
-24)4.0479

28884
13988
85630
90089
93393

-25)2.6116
-26)1.6322
-28)9.8924
-29)5.8190
-30)3.3251

08641
55401
56972
92337
95620

-31)1.8473
-33)9.9855
-34)5.2555
-35)2.6951
-36)1.3475

30900
72436
64439
61251
80626

-38)6.5735
-39)3.1302
-40)1.4559
-42)6.6179
-43)2.9412

64028
68584
38876
03983
90659

-44)1.2788
-46)5.4417
-47)2.2674
-49)9.2547
-50)3.7019

22026
95855
14940
54855
01942

Forx = 1,

see

Table

6.3.

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

;'-

'-

;-

'-10)2.0473
-11)2.7919
'-12)3.6416
-13)4.5520
-14)5.4624

98768
07410
18361
22952
27543

-15)6.3028
-16)7.0031
-17)7.5033
-18)7.7620
-19)7.7620

01010
12233
34535
70209
70209

-20)7.5116
-21)7.0422
-22)6.4020
-23)5.6488
-24)4.8418

80847
00795
00722
24167
49284

-25)4.0348
-26)3.2715
-27)2.5827
-28)1.9867
-29)1.4900

74405
19788
78779
52908
64681

-30)1.0902
-32)7.7877
-33)5.4333
-34 3. 7045
-35)2.4697

91230
94496
44999
53408
02271

-36)1.6106
-37 1.0280
-39)6.4255
-40)3.9340
-41)2.3604

75395
90677
66736
20450
12270

<

0)5.6888
0)3.2507
0)1.6253
- 1)7.2239
;- 1)2.8895

88889
93651
96825
85891
94356

'

'- 1)1.0507 61584

- 2)3.5025 38614
'- 2)1.0777 04189

- 3)3.0791 54825

9)1.4331 79137

00000
00000
66667
66667
33333

6)2.0574 08272

- 7)3.6307 20481
- 8)6.0512 00801
- 9 9. 5545 27582

0)4.0000
0)8.0000
1)1.0666
1)1.0666
0)8.5333

>

4)8.2110 79534

'-

69883
46785
43730
71011
42021

4)2.0527
5)4.8300
- 5)1.0733
- 6 2.2596
J- 7)4.5193

f- 8)8.6082 70516

1)2.1701
1)1.5500
0)9.6881
0)5.3822
0)2.6911

38889
99206
20040
88911
44455

0)1.2232 47480
- 1)5.0968 64499
'-

(((((-

1)1.9603 32500
2)7.0011 87499
2)2.3337 29166
3)7.2929
3)2.1449
4)5.9582
4 1.5679
5)3.9199

03644
71660
54611
61740
04350

(- 6)9.3331
(- 6)2.1211
(- 7)4.6112
(- 8)9.6067
(- 8)1.9213

05595
60362
18179
04540
40908

[-11)1.1167
-12)1.6543
-13)2.3634
-14)3.2598
-15) 4. 3464
;

10881
86490
09271
74857
99810

(- 9)3.6948
(-10)6.8423
-10)1.2218
(-11)2.1066
(-12)3.5110

86362
82151
53956
44751
74585

-16)5.6083
'-17)7.0104
-18)8.4975
'-19)9.9971
-19)1.1425

86851
83564
55834
24513
28515

-20)1.2694
-21)1.3724
-22)1.4446
-23)1.4816
-24)1.4816

76128
06625
38552
80567
80567

(-17)3.9118
(-18)5.2863
(-19)6.9556
(-20)8.9175
(-20)1.1146

75343
18032
81619
40539
92567

-25)1.4455
-26)1.3767
-27)1.2806
-28)1.1642
-29)1.0348

42017
06682
57379
33981
74650

-21)1.3593
-22)1.6183
-23 1.8817
-24)2.1383
-25)2.3759

81180
10928
56893
60106
55673

-31)8.9989
-32)7.6586
-33)6.3822
-34)5.2099
-35)4.1679

09998
46807
05674
63815
71052

<

00000
00000
33333
66667
66667

40093
82772
37953
20726

0)5.0000
1)1.2500
1)2.0833
1)2.6041
1)2.6041

8)1.5651
- 9 2. 7219
-10)4.5366
-11)7.2586

'-

-13)5.6630 23524
-14 8. 8484 74257
-14)1.3406 77918
-15)1.9715 85173
-16)2.8165 50246

-26)2.5825 60514
-27 2. 7474 04803

-28)2.8618 80003
-29)2.9202 85717
-30)2.9202 85717

BERNOULLI AND EULER POLYNOMIALS, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION

x n/nl

n\x

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

1)6.4800
1)5.5542
1)4.1657
1)2.7771
1)1.6662

00000
85714
14286
42857
85714

0)9.0888
0)4.5444
2. 0974
(- 1)8.9889
(- 1)3.5955

31169
15584
22577
53903
81561

3483
7588
5862
0093
5027

43085
57949
85983
24157
97247

5883
5403
5434
3706
2797

2937
1710
0548
6370
8328

06421
10841
10892
27230
86535

2297
3994
0141
1672
3344

38158
18129
61028
29712
59424

6131
0246
4992
7046
6636

21179
02211
76746
06024
46746

-10)8.9032 71836
'-10)1.8330 26555
'-11)3.6660 53108

7727
4963
0994
0922
6383

44578
42559
88250
28962
43443

-12)7.1284
'-12)1.3486
'-13)2.4843
-14)4.4590
-15) 7. 8032

3975
4251
7792
5171
6894

75770
08241
20803
19276
92366

,1334
,4469
8086
,2146
,6575

12048
08998
36247
56629
87955

3
5

6
7

8
9

(
(

(
(
(

10

11
12

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Table 23.5

0)6.0000
1)1.8000
1)3.6000
1 5. 4000
1)6.4800

819

(~ 1)
(- 2)
(- 2

(_3)
(-

3)

716-654

64

53

0)7. 0000 00000

1)2. 4500 00000
1)5. 7166 66667

0)8.0000
1)3.2000
1)8.5333
2)1.7066
2)2.7306

00000
00000
33333
66667
66667

2)3.6408
2)4.1610
2)4.1610
2)3.6986
2)2.9589

88889
15873
15873
80776
44621
59724
39816
52715
87266
06542

2)7. 8616 17066

5559 44865
7797 24327
6305 38019

2.1519
1.4346
8.8285
5.0448
2.6906

60383
07461
52902
15954
15584

1)1.3453
6. 3308
0)2.8137
(
0)1.1847
(
(~ 1)4.7388

03271
38921
06187
18395
73579

1)8. 8564 67988

38528
86224
69721
'- 4 )3, 0877 86685
- 5)8, 6458 02721

1)1.8052
2)6.5646
- 2)2.2833
- 3)7.6112
- 3)2.4355

85173
73354
64645
15485
88956

1416
7613
4283
2856
6282

51426
01284
35286
25732
52637

4)7.4941
4)2.2204
5)6.3442
5)1.7501
6)4.6670

19863
79959
28454
31987
18634

6020
3402
7165
3271
5981

87451
91503
22269
38075
41423

6)1.2043
7)3.0109
8)7.2993
8 1.7174
9)3.9256

91905
79764
44881
92913
98086

6397
3049
5589
4206
4224

65421
34025
10976
46703
52008

36600
23141
05785
10384
68172

10)8.7237 73527
-10)1.8862
-li)3. 9709
-12)8.1456
-12)1.6291

21303
92217
25061
25012

0561
4731
4889
0514
8115

30022
12708
51151
25733
70790

-15)1.3322
-16)2.2204
-17)3.6146
-18)5.7506
-19)8.9454

65298
42162
73288
16594
03590

-13)3.1787
-14)6.0548
-14)1.1264
-15)2.0481
-16)3.6411

80512
20021
78144
42079
41473

9766
5213
7835
6481
2962

18807
26014
33352
36401
72802

-19)1.3612
-20)2.0274
-21)2.9566
-22)4.2237
-23)5.9132

57068
04144
31045
58634
62088

-17)6.3324
-17)1.0778
-18)1.7964
-19)2.9329
-20)4.6927

19955
58716
31193
48887
18219

4275
7335
1254
4140
6945

31635
71217
46033
84548
35219

2 1.

0004 16667

2)1. 4005 83333

(

2)1. 6340 13889

6340
2 1. 4297
2 1. 1120
1)7. 7842

(
(

1.

13889
62153
37230
60610

1)4. 9536 20388

1)2. 8896 11893

(
(

2)1, 0932
3)3, 4784
- 3)1. 0586

5)2.3277
6. 0348
6)1.5087
7)3.6417
8)8.4973

'- 6

[-

16117
19562
04890
01460
03406

- 8)1.9187 45930
- 9)4.1972 56723

0000 00000
00000
2)1. 2150 00000
2)2. 7337 50000
2)4. 9207 50000
9.

?! 4. 0500

3811
4900
0676
0676
6086

8962
0819
2)2. 6241
2)1. 5744

2
2

5.

4.

25000
17857
27009
27009
43080

12799
93476
38663
83198

14. 6887 18347

1)2. 3443 59173
1)1. 1104 85924
0)4. 9971 86660

24. Combinatorial Analysis

K. Goldbeeg,

M. Newman, 2

Haynsworth

E.

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties
24.1. Basic Numbers

822

24.1.2

Binomial Coefficients
Multinomial Coefficients

24.1.3

Stirling

24.1.4

Stirling

24.1.1

Numbers
Numbers

of the First
of the

822
822
823
824
824
825
825
825
826
826
826
827
827

Kind

Second Kind

24.2. Partitions

24.2.1

Unrestricted Partitions

24.2.2

Partitions Into Distinct Parts

Number

24.3.

Theoretic Functions

24.3.2

The Mobius Function

The Euler Function

24.3.3

Divisor Functions

24.3.4

Primitive Roots

24.3.1

References

Table

24.1.

n<50,
Table

24.2.

827

Binomial Coefficients

m<25

U
(
Vm/)

828

831

Multinomials (Including a List of Partitions)

n<10
Table

24.3. Stirling

Numbers

of the First

Numbers

of the

Kind

Snm)

833

n<25
Table

24.4. Stirling

Second Kind

3m)

835

n<25
Table

24.5.

Number of Partitions and Partitions

Into Distinct Parts

836

p(n), q(n), 7i<500

Table

Table

840

24.6. Arithmetic Functions

v(ft)> *b(w), cri(n),

7i<1000
844

24.7. Factorizations

7J,<10000

Table

24.8. Primitive Roots, Factorization of

p1

864

n<10000
Table 24.9. Primes

p<l0
1

870

2
National Bureau of Standards.
(Presently, Auburn University.)
National Bureau of Standards.

821

24. Combinatorial Analysis

Mathematical Properties
In each sub-section of this chapter we use
a fixed format which emphasizes the use and
methods of extending the accompanying tables.
The format follows this form
Definitions

I.

A. Combinatorial
B. Generating functions

a special and easily recognizable symbol, and

yet that symbol must be easy to write. We have
settled on a script capital > without any certainty
that we have settled this question permanently.
We feel that the subscript-superscript notation
emphasizes the generating functions (which are

powers of mutually inverse functions) from which

most of the important relations flow.

C. Closed form
Relations

II.

Basic

24.1.

A. Recurrences
B. Checks in computing
C. Basic use in numerical analysis
III.

Numbers

Binomial Coefficients

24.1.1

I.

Definitions

Asymptotic and Special Values

In general the notations used are standard.

This includes the difference operator A defined on
functions of x by A/(x)=/(x+l)-/(x), A n+1f(x)

=A(A nf(x)),
zeta

the Kronecker delta

function

divisor symbol (m, n)

for a

summation

b iU

Riemann

the

is

number

the

ways

of

objects from a collection of

is

distinct objects

without regard to order.

B. Generating functions

The range of the summands

sign without limits

of choosing

common

and the greatest

f(s)

A.

w=0,l,

explained

to the right of the formula.

The

notations which are not standard are those

which are arbitrary short-

|x|<l

for the multinomials

hand

and those for the

numbers which have never been stand-

for use in this chapter,

Stirling

ardized.

these

short table of various notations for

Notations for the Stirling

Reference

[24.7]

Jordan

[24.10]
[24.9]

[24.15]

Kind

n(nl)

Wyman

si

Milne-Thomson

s(n,
V

(n+l\(n\(

G).

\m 1/

Riordan
1;

Si(n 1,

m)

numbers

nm)

Szim, n

m)

S(n m+1,

used

u {n, m)

that a capital

is

of the first kind; it

we have

n>m>\

\mj \m 1/

=(:>C-i>-

+ CT)

*m

B. Checks

natural for Stirling

is infrequently used

difficulty

finding

But once
a

)(

r+S
)

r+s>n

it

suitable

symbol for Stirling numbers of the second kind.

The numbers are sufficiently important to warrant
822

Relations

n)

for other notation in this context.

is

(n m+1)

S(n, m)

Gupta
feel

n>m
.

m!

tables)

We

Second Kind

(Unpublished
[24.17]

n \

A. Recurrences

Moser and

Gould
Miksa

II.

[24.1] Carlitzl
[24.3]

n]

Numbers

First

This chapter
Fort

f n \

\m) m\(nm)\ \nmj

numbers follows

[24.2]

C. Closed form

mie

>

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
where

823

<-"G>
fc=0

fc=0

C. Numerical analysis

Special Values

III.

(o)=0-

\'"/

7B=0

=s(0

I.

A. (n; n u n2

.,

n m)

number

the

is

nk

different boxes with

,,

(2w-l)(2w-3) ...

\n

n\

of

Definitions

ways

7i=n

of putting

k=1,

in the k-th. box,

2,

+n +
2

of

different

-\-n m

objects

symbols composed

-\-na n

m.

.,

is the number of permutations of n=a 1 -\-2a 2 -'r

a u a2
., a n )*
a k cycles of length k for k=l, 2,
., n.
a n )' is the number of ways of partitioning a set of
(n; a lt a2
.,
ferent objects into a k subsets containing k objects for k=\, 2,
n.

(n;

3-1

Multinomial Coefficients

24.1.2

into

/2w\

A " +v(i - r)

n=a

-\-2a 2 -\-

-\-na n

dif-

.,

B. Generating functions
(xi-\-x 2

-\-x m )

2rH=

\k=l K

ffl!

\m

(2n

Sz7 2(n;a

n m )x?x%*

.,

,o 2j

.,a n )*xVxp.

summed

x*

= m!

summed over a!+2a

and ai+2+

*n

co

over ni+rh-j-

S -yZCw/o,,^,

=n

-\-n m

-\-na n

.x an

n=7nW!

/co

='L{n; n n2

.. .,a n )'xVx 2 >..

=n

+a n =m

.x%

C. Closed forms

(n;nu n2
{n;a x ,a 2

.,

n m )=n\/n

\n2

nj

^1+712+.
a

(n;a lt a2)

.,a n )*--=n\/l ai ai\2 ^a 2

a n )'=n!/(l!)

n *a n

ia I !(2!)^a2 !

Oi+2a2+

(w!)-a n
II.

ai+2a 2 +

.+n m =n

.-\-na n

+na n =n

=n

Relations

A. Recurrence

(n+m;wi+l,w s +l,

.,n+l)=ZJ (n+ro 1;H-1,

.,n k -i+l,n k ,n k+1 +l,

,n,+l)

4=1

B. Checks

V(n;n u r^,

2(n;a u a2

.,nm)=n\
.,a n

Qj

summed

&(m)

y={-iy~ m S

summed overa +2a

1

2(n;a lf at,

a)

'

-\-na n

=n

= gi"

C. Numerical analysis (Faa di Bruno's formula)

= f^(g(x))i:(n;a
n f(9(x))
(IX

,a

, a n )'

{g'(x)}^{g"(x)}^

{^

m =0

summed

over Oi+2o2+

+na n =n and ai+^4-

+a n =m.

n)

(x)}

over nr\-n 2 -\-

and a

+a +
2

-\-n m

-\-a n

=m

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

824
Pi

Pi

Pi

Pa

= 2(-l)-**(n; o,, a,,

.,

an)*PpP^

Pj.

71-1
"-l

-ffi

gummed over ai+2a2+

sum equal n!2x x
xn
24.1.3

A.
of

Stirling

P =Sj _

-\-na n =n; e.g. if

the latter

Numbers

( \) n ~ m S^

Pi

"n-1

ft

z* for fc=l, 2,

of the First Kind

I.

Definitions

is

the

III.

{In

(jb

(l+x)} m =m!

number

for

of permutations

.,

xT

S^x m
n+l)=S
m=0
X"_

C. Closed form (see closed form for

"+l

li

m=o(lnn)

s&J^

cycles.

lim

S S^

m
|^m) |~(^-l)!(7+lnn) -V(m-l)!

n symbols which have exactly

n then the determinant and

.,

Asymptotics and Special Values

B. Generating functions

x(x-l)

sum denoting the n-th elementary symmetric function of x u x2

W<1

n)

>

= (-l) n -

(w-l)!

?-"=-
II.

Relations

A. Recurrences

24.1.4

Numbers

Stirling

?i>m>l

(r)^=lW

(.m-r)
k

I.

A.

n>m>r

set of

of the Second

Kind

Definitions

m)

3 is the number of ways of partitioning a

n elements into m non-empty subsets.

B. Generating functions

B. Checks

S^

m)

=o

m=\

n>l

x n =i2
m=0

&

m)

x(x-l)

(x-m + 1)

oo

(e*-l)=m! Z)

M)

XJ(-l)-"*^i =n!

m)

&n

m=0

(l-x)- (l-2x)1

1
.

(l-mx)-

=^2

nm

&

m
(m)~n
m)

\x \<.m~

C. Numerical analysis
C. Closed form

if

convergent

*"=ss<-i)-'(r) i

"

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
II.

Relations

825

B. Generating function

A. Recurrences

2
^n=

Sj>(n)x=n(l-x)- ={
i

n>m>l

(;)-,scoa

n> m>r

(nj-r)
*

n=0

n=l

3<

m)

_!

-\

}I

N<i

Closed form
si

_"*.

r/

7TV2

fc=l

B. Checks

(-l)"- m m!

co

3n+n

(-l) n x

^{fVlV^-S}

where

ro=0

2-FJhn

(n)= X) e*" (A ^e

0<A<fc

(ft.fc)=l

/tTO

&
f?,
* m)= &<

ir
L)

(n-l+k\( 2n-m \
\n-m+k)\n-m-k) bn - m+l

<**>=!($))
((x))=x [a:] |

=0
k=m

k=m

A*/(aO

= TO!

is

not an integer

if

is

an integer

Relations

II.

C. Numerical analysis

if

A. Recurrence

23 -^r-/"'^)
Wl

if

convergent

P(n)=

i-l)

k-

p(n-^^)

p(0)=l

n=m

2 *=S >(?+?)
\+l/
ft=o

=4l>i(A0lK-*)

fc=o

B. Check

III.

lim

m~" Si

TO)

P(n)+

Asymptotics and Special Values

(-1)=^= P\n

wr
2 n n!

lim

ggn+1
(

for

n=o(m*)

^
<i>

Asymptotics

4nV3
Partitions Into Distinct Parts

24.2.2

=m

=5

)=(Ti(n)

p(n)

I.
0,

= m!
III.

(m)
OJ(m)

3Jfc*fc\

A. q(n)

=<> = !

is

the

Definitions

number of decompositions of n
summands without regard to

into distinct integer

order.

E.g., 5

= 1+4=2+3

so that g(5)=3.

B. Generating function

24.2.1

A. p(n)

is

into integer

* {n)=

number of decompositions of n
summands without regard to order.
1

T2

the

= 1+4 = 2 + 3 = 1 + 1+3 = 1+2+2 = + +

1+2 = + + + 1 + so thatp(5) = 7.
1

)- 1

|x|<l

C. Closed form

Definitions

E.g., 5

n=l

n=i

n=0

Unrestricted Partitions
I.

(i+x n )=n (l-x 2 "-

2{(n)f=n

24.2. Partitions

A2k ~

Jo

GeWW**^)

and
where Jo fa) is the Bessel function of order
was defined in part I.C. of the previous

-^2*-i(w)

subsection.

1J

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

826
Relations

II.

qfa)=y^

x>0

if

and only

/(*)=2

n(ri)g(nx)

/fag) for all

if

n=l

A. Recurrences
S

s>0

&U

(-D*2 (n- -^^)=(-iy

if

n=3r r
2

g(0)=l

=0

and

if

GO

00

7j=l

n=l

XS

f(mnx) =T^,

<r

(n)|/(nx)| converges.

n=l

otherwise

The cyclotomic polynomial

gW-^g.^iCfc)-2i ()}(-*)

(x

-iy

(-l)*2(n-(3ifc , fc))=lifn=

order

n.

is

d|n

Asymptotics

III.
2

of

(n/d>

B. Check

f<>r

=i

S^M=o

0<3*>fc<n

=0 otherwise.

2(w)

24.3.

Theoretic Functions

M(^)=0(a;e- VJ^)
<:

=l
= (1)*

A.

if

7i=l

if

n is the product

of

lc

Definitions

I.

and
distinct

<p{ri) is

-lnn=

The Euler Totient Function

24.3.2

Definitions

I.

n(ri)

I
,

The Mobius Function

24.3.1

A.

girVI/jJVn

4-3 1/4 -n3/4

Number

-^-

>

Asymptotics

III.

the

relatively

number

prime to

of integers not exceeding

n.

B. Generating functions

primes

=0

n is

if

divisible

.f(*-D

by a square >1.

B. Generating functions

&

@s>l

n(n)n-*=l/{(s)

fW

n=l

n=l

<p(n)x

1-2"

H<1

(1-X) 2

C. Closed form

B=l 1

<p{n)=nU ( 1
j>|n\

Relations

II.

A. Recurrence

over distinct primes

fx(mn)=n(m)n(n)

if

dividing n.

(m, ri)=\
II.

=0

P/

Relations

if(m,n)>l
A. Recurrence

B. Check

<p(m7i)=^(m)y(n)

n)

=1

(a,

n)

=l

(m

B. Checks
C. Numerical analysis
g{n)

=y^f(d)

for

all

if

and only

if

d\n

f(n)

=y~) n(d)g(n/d)

for all

for all

5]b

fir(n)=n /(d) for all

and only

if

d| "

if

=n g(n/d)" w

/(w)
'

a *<n>

=I

m0(l 7i)

d\n

M
a(x)y\_f(x/n) for
n=l

all

z>0

if

and only

M
/(*)=2j

n=l

III.

if

n(?>)g(x/n) for all

x>0

Asymptotics

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
Divisor Functions

24.3.3

Definitions

I.

A.

<rk

ffi(n)

sum

(n) is the

Often

divisors of n.

by

of the k-ih powers of the

ff{n).

The

<rk

=l

(n)n- =t(s){(s-k)

@s>k+l
|*|<i

n=l

n=l

-l

3??

n=yf 'p2"

2
.

(m, n)

(m)<7 k (n)

k {ri)<r k

(p)p

III.
1

lc

<T k

(nlp)

root
1

is

~l

^ 1 (mod p then g is
p_1
= l(mod p
of p for all k. If y
2

a primitive root of

(7=Euler's constant)

then

g+p

for all k.
k
p then

either g or

whichever is odd, is a primitive root of 2p k

k
B. Checks. If g is a primitive root of n then g
is a primitive root of n if and only if (k, <p(ri)) = \,
and each primitive root of n is of this form.
g-\-p

Asymptotics

a primitive

If g is a primitive root of

p prime

(m)-lnn+27-l+O(rri)

o-

.,

If g is a primitive root of a

A. Recurrences.

prime p and g v

A. Recurrences
<T k

Relations

II.

Relations

II.

=
{np) = a

primitive roots of n.

i=i

d|n

and relatively prime

n form a group; the group is
k
cyclic if and only if n= 2, 4 or n is of the form p or
k
2p where p is an odd prime. Then g is a primitive
root of n if it generates that group; i.e., if g, g 2
g^ are distinct modulo n. There are <p{<p(n))
integers not exceeding

to a fixed integer

C. Closed form

a k (mn)

Definitions

I.

7i

-fi

Primitive Roots

24.3.4

denoted by d(n), and

(n) is

cr

B. Generating functions

ak

827

References
Texts
[24.1] L.

Cariitz,

[24.13]

Note on Norlunds polynomial

B^\

Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 11, 452-455 (1960).

Fort, Finite differences (Clarendon Press,
[24.2] T.
[24.3]

H.

Oxford, England, 1948).

W. Gould, Stirling

[24.14]

H. Rademacher, On the partition function, Proc.

London Math. Soc. 43, 241-254 (1937).
H. Rademacher and A. Whiteman, Theorems on
Dedekind sums, Amer. J. Math. 63, 377-407
(1941).

number representation

[24.15] J.

K. Hua, On the number of partitions of a number into unequal parts, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.
51, 194-201 (1942).
C. Jordan, Calculus of finite differences, 2d ed.
(Chelsea Publishing Co., New York, N.Y.,
1960).

Knopp, Theory and application of infinite

series (Blackie and Son, Ltd., London, England,

New

M. Milne-Thomson, The

Advancement

of Science,

Mathematical Tables, vol. VIII, Number-divisor

tables (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge,
England, 1940). n<10 4
H. Gupta, Tables of distributions, Res. Bull. East
Panjab Univ. 13-44 (1950); 750 (1951).
H. Gupta, A table of partitions, Proc. London
Math. Soc. 39, 142-149 (1935) and II. 42,
546-549 (1937). p(n), n= 1(1)300; p(n), n = Z01
.

[24.18]

[24.19]

(1)600.

calculus

of

finite

Moser and M. Wyman, Stirling numbers of the

second kind, Duke Math. J. 25, 29-43 (1958).
L. Moser and M. Wyinan, Asymptotic development of the Stirling numbers of the first kind,
J. London Math. Soc. 33, 133-146 (1958).
H. H. Ostmann, Additive Zahlentheorie, vol. I
(Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1956).

Kavan, Factor tables (Macmillan and Co., Ltd.,

London, England, 1937). n< 256,000.
D. N. Lehmer, List of prime numbers from 1 to
10,006,721, Carnegie Institution of Washington,
Publication No 165, Washington, D.C. (1914).
Royal Society Mathematical Tables, vol. 3, Table
of binomial coefficients (Cambridge Univ. Press,
(?).f or r < \n < 100.
Cambridge, England, 1954)
G. N. Watson, Two tables of partitions, Proc.
London Math. Soc. 42, 550-556 (1937).

[24.20] G.

(Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London,

England, 1951).

[24.12]

combinatorial
New York,

York, N.Y., 1939).

[24.17] British Association for the

[24.21]

[24.10] L.

[24.11]

to

Sons, Inc.,

Tables

1951).
differences

&

Uspensky and M. A. Heaslet, Elementary

number theory (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,

K.

[24.9] L.

introduction

[24.16] J. V.

[24.6] L.

[24.8]

An

N.Y., 1958).

(1960).
[24.4] G. H. Hardy, Ramanujan (Chelsea Publishing Co.,
New York, N.Y., 1959).
[24.5] G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An introduction
to the theory of numbers, 4th ed. (Clarendon
Press, Oxford, England, 1960).

[24.7]

Riordan,

analysis (John Wiley

problems, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 11, 447-451

[24.22]

[24.23]

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

828

BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

Table 24.1
n\n

1
2

1
2
3

1
1

3
6

10

10

1
5

1
1
1
1

6
7
8
9

10

10

15
21
28
36
45

20
35
56
84
120

15
35
70
126
210

11
12
13
14
15

1
1
1
1
1

11
12
13
14
15

55
66
78
91

105

165
220
286
364
455

16
17
18
19
20

16
17
18
19
20

120
136
153
171
190

21
22
23
24
25

21
22
23
24
25

3
4

7
8
9

26
27
28
29
30

1
1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1
1
1

126
252

36
120

45

330
495
715
1001
1365

462
792
1287
2002
3003

462
924
1716
3003
5005

330
792
1716
3432
6435

165
495
1287
3003
6435

560
680
816
969
1140

1820
2380
3060
3876
4845

4368
6188
8568
11628
15504

8008
12376
18564
27132
38760

11440
19448
31824
50388
77520

12870
24310
43758
75582
25970

210
231
253
276
300

1330
1540
1771
2024
2300

5985
7315
8855
10626
12650

20349
26334
33649
42504
53130

54264
74613
1 00947
1 34596
1 77100

16280
70544
2 45157
3 46104
4 80700

03490
19770
4 90314
7 35471
10 81575

26
27
28
29
30

325
351
378
406
435

2600
2925
3276
3654
4060

14950
17550
20475
23751
27405

65780
80730
98280
18755
42506

2
2
3

30230
96010
76740
4 75020
5 93775

6 57800
8 88030

11 84040
15 60780
20 35800

15
22
31
42
58

62275
20075
08105
92145
52925

31

465
496
528
561
595

4495
4960
5456
5984
6545

31465
35960
40920
46376
52360

29575
65856
72048
79616
24520

78
105
138
181
235

88725
18300
84156
56204
35820

83 47680

1
1

69911
01376
2 37336
2 78256
3 24632

36
37
38
39
40

1
1
1
1
1

36
37
38
39
40

630
666
703
741
780

7140
7770
8436
9139
9880

58905
66045
73815
82251
91390

41
42
43
44
45

41
42
43
44
45

820
861
903
946
990

10660
11480
12341
13244
14190

101270
111930
123410
135751
148995

49398
50668
9 62598
10 86008
12 21759

46
47
48
49
50

1
1

46
47
48
49

1035
1081
1128
1176
1225

15180
16215
17296
18424
19600

163185
178365
194580
211876
230300

13
15
17
19
21

50

From Royal
Press,

1
1

28
84
210

32
33
34
35

21
56

1
1
1
1

V n)

31
32
33
34
35

1
1
1

('

1
2

3.

76992

4 35897

01942
75757
6 58008

5
5

7
8

70754
33939
12304
06884
18760

7 36281
9 06192

1
2

11 07568
13 44904
16 23160

26
33
42
53
67

19 47792
23 24784
27 60681
32 62623
38 38380

102
126
153
186

95472
20256
80937
43560

302
386
489
615
769

60340
08020
03492
23748
04685

96388
45786
96454
59052
81 45060

224
269
322
383
453

81940
78328
24114
20568
79620

955
1180
1450
1772
2155

48245
30185
08513
32627
53195

93 66819

535
628
736
859
998

24680
91499
29072
00584
84400

2609
3144
3773
4509
5368
Cambridge

32815
57495
48994
78066
78650

44
52
60
70

107
122
139
158

37573
71512
83816
90700

Society Mathematical Tables, vol. 3, Table of binomial

Cambridge, England, 1954 (with permission).

coefficients.

Univ.

829

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
Table

BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS (*)

n\m

10

10

10

11
12
13
14
15

55

220
715
2002
5005

11
66

16
17
18
19
20

11440
24310
48620
92378
67960

93930

21
22
23
24
25

4 97420
8 17190

13 07504
20 42975
31 24550
46 86825
69 06900

26
27
28
29
30

100 15005
143 07150

31
32
33
34
35

201
280
385
524
706

36
37
38
39
40

1244
1630
2119
2734

41
42
43
44
45

46
47
48
49
50

12

11

24.1

13

286
1001
3003

12
78
364
1365

13
91
455

14
105

8008
19448
43758
92378
84756

4368
12376
31824
75582
67960

1820
6188
18564
50388
25970

560
2380
8568
27132
77520

52716

93930

2 03490

6 46646

4 97420
11 44066
24 96144
52 00300

52716
05432
13 52078
24 96144
44 57400
3
7

6 46646

11 44066
19 61256
32 68760

13 52078
27 04156
52 00300

131 23110
200 30010
300 45015

77
130
214
345
546

26160
37895
74180
97290
27300

96
173
304
518
864

57700
83860
21755
95935
93225

104
200
374
678
1197

00600
58300
42160
63915
59850

53 11735
84 36285

60075
48800
67100
51256
07460

443
645
925
1311
1835

52165
12240
61040
28140
79396

846
1290
1935
2860
4172

72315
24480
36720
97760
25900

1411
2257
3548
5483
8344

20525
92840
17320
54040
51800

2062
3473
5731
9279
14763

53075
73600
66440
83760
37800

941 43280
03620

11640
15132
38880

2541
3483
4727
6357
8476

86856
30136
33756
45396
60528

6008
8549
12033
16760
23118

05296
92152
22288
56044
01440

12516
18524
27074
39107
55868

77700
82996
75148
97436
53480

23107
35624
54149
81224
20332

89600
67300
50296
25444
22880

3503
4458
5639
7089
8861

43565
91810
21995
30508
63135

11210
14714
19173
24812
31901

99408
42973
34783
56778
87286

31594
42805
57520
76693
01505

61968
61376
04349
39132
95910

78986
10581
53386
10906
2 87600

54920
16888
78264
82613
21745

1
1
2

76200
55187
65768
5 19155
7 30062

76360
31280
48168
26432
09045

11017
13626
16771
20544
25054

16330
49145
06640
55634
33700

40763
51780
65407
82178
1 02722

50421
66751
15896
22536
78170

33407
74171
2 25952
2 91359
3 73537

83196
33617
00368
16264
38800

3 89106

17655

22514
6 96685
9 22637
12 13996

00851
34468

10
14
19
26
35

17662
06768
29282
25967
48605

30790
48445
49296
83764
18600

1
1

34836
51100

2
3

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

830

BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS (*)

Table 24.1

14

14
15

15

16

16
136
816
3876
15504

17
153
969
4845

18
171
1140

19
190

20

20349
74613
2 45157
7 35471
20 42975

5985
26334
1 00947
3 46104
10 81575

1330
7315
33649
1 34596
4 80700

210
1540
8855
42504
77100

53 11735

31 24550
84 36285
214 74180

15 62275

17

17
18
19
20
1

54264

3
8

1 70544

16280
19770
17190
19 61256
44 57400

21
22
23

24
25

77 26160
173 83860

57700
58300
16600
58760
1454 22675

28
29
30

4 90314
13 07504
32 68760

96
200
401
775

26
27

374 42160
775 58760
1551 17520

130
304
678
1454

37895
21755
63915
22675

518 95935
1197 59850

82525
22720
03110
06220
67650

2062
4714
10371
22039
45375

53075
35600
58320
61430
67650

1411
3473
8188
18559
40599

20525
73600
09200
67520
28950

85974 96600

90751
76726
35780
6 23591
11 33802

35300
31900
00610
43990
61800

85974
76726
3 53452
6 89232
13 12824

96600
31900
63800
64410
08400

40195
22720
58320
67520
43160

3005
6010
11668
22039
40599

40195
80390
03110
61430
28950

36
37
38
39
40

37962
61070
96695
50845
32069

97200
86800
54100
04396
29840

55679
93641
54712
51408
02253

02560
99760
86560
40660
45056

73078
28757
2 22399
3 77112
6 28521

72110
74670
74430
60990
01650

10
16
26
41
64

30774
65097
51821
67148
66264

46706
21602
49218
05914
22970

15
25
42
68
110

15844
46619
11716
63537
30686

80450
27156
48758
97976
03890

99
150
225
334
492

14938
32326
48489
81089
36896

48554
09098
13647
92991
95575

174
274
424
649
984

96950
11888
44214
92703
73793

26860
75414
84512
98159
91150

3 52401 52720

6 34322 74896
9 86724 27616

41
42
43
44
45

28602
83789
11 49558
16 68713

29080
60360
08528
34960

46
47
48
49
50

23
34
48
67
93

98775
16437
23206
52488
78456

44005
74795
23240
72536
56300

109 32600 79344

157 55807 02584
225 08295 75120

20

21

5
7

n\m

15 15326 56696
22 99116 17056
34 48674 25584
51 17387 60544
75 16163 04549

2651
5657
11668
23336
45375

1 59053 68710
2

87811 43380

5 10211 17810
8 87323 78800

22

21
22
23
24
25

21

231
1771
10626
53130

22

253
2024
12650

23

276
2300

24
300

65780
96010
11 84040
42 92145
143 07150

14950
80730
3 76740
60780
15
58 52925

2600
17550
98280
4 75020
20 35800

60075
12240
36720
54040
14763 37800

280 48800
925 61040
2860 97760
8344 51800

2 30230
8 88030

100 15005
300 45015
846
2257
5731
13919
32479

31
32
33
34
35

72315
92840
66440
75640
43160

443
1290
3548
9279
23199

52165
24480
17320
83760
59400

73078 72110
59053 68710

55679
28757
87811
23591
13 12824

02560
74670
43380
43990
08400

11 33802 61800

26 91289 37220
53 82578 74440
105 20494 81860
201 26164 00080
377 36557 50150

24 46626 70200
51 37916 07420
105 20494 81860
210 40989 63720
411 67153 63800

36
37
38
39
40

13 78465 28820

41
42
43
44
45

26 91289 37220
51 37916 07420
96 05669 18220
176 10393 50070
316 98708 30126

46
47

560 82330 07146

976 24796 79106
1673 56794 49896
2827 75273 46376
4712 92122 43960

.49

31 08105

3 35780 00610
6 89232 64410

2
6

694
1255
2231
3904
6732

35265
17595
42392
99187
74460

80276
87422
66528
16424
62800

201
645
1935
5483

37962 97200
93641 99760
2 22399 74430
5 10211 17810

789
1483
2738
4969
8874

03711
38976
56572
98965
98152

13950
94226
81648
48176
64600

1
3

20 21126 40600
35 36971 21050
60 83590 48206

24 46626 70200
44 67753 10800
80 04724 31850

102 95306 96964

171 58844 94940

140 88314 80056

243 83621 77020

281
456
730
1155
1805

89530
86481
98370
42584
35288

98830
25690
01104
85616
83775

415
697
1154
1885
3040

42466
31997
18478
16848
59433

24

23

20

26
27
28
29
30

6 57800

20075
06900
30010
27300

3005
5657
10371
18559
32479

1
2

22
69
200
546

82525
35600
09200
75640
59400

86825
23110
97290
93225

2651
4714
8188
13919
23199

31

46
131
345
864

32
33
34
35

'50

19

15

120
680
3060
11628
38760

16

48

18

71960
70790
96480
97584
83200

25

25

325
2925

26
351
3276
23751

20475.
1 18755
5

93775

42506

26
105
385
1311
4172

29575
18300
67100
28140
25900

33
138
524
1835

36281
65856
84156
51256
79396

12516
35624
96695
2 51408
6 28521

77700
67300
54100
40660
01650

6008
18524
54149
1 50845
4 02253

05296
82996
50296
04396
45056

78 88725

23107
61070
1 54712
3 77112
8 87323

89600
86800
86560
60990
78800

20
44
96
201
411

21126
67753
05669
26164
67153

40600
10800
18220
00080
63800

15
35
80
176
377

15844
36971
04724
10393
36557

80450
21050
31850
50070
50150

823
1612
3095
5834
10804

34307
38018
76995
33568
32533

27600
41550
35776
17424
6*600

789
1612
3224
6320
12154

03711
38018
76036
53032
86600

13950
41550
83100
18876
36300

10 30774 46706
25 46619 27156
60 83590 48206

140 88314 80056

316 98708 30126
694
1483
3095
6320
12641

35265
38976
76995
53032
06064

80276
94226
35776
18876
37752

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

831

Multinomials and Partitions

T=l% 2%
Mi =(7&;

i,

M =(n;
M =(n; a
2

rig,

Oi, 02,

1?

(h,

n m)=n\ /(ll) a i(2\) a2

.,

-\-nan

an)*=n!/lia

.,

an ) / =n!/(l!)ia 1 !(2!)2a 2

1,2

!2 2a2 !
!

3
6

3
1

(n\)

4
1,3

22

12

6
8
3
6

24

,2

5
1,4

5
10
20

2,3
2

1,2 2
3

30
60
120

1,5
2,4

15

32
1

2
,

1,2,3
23
1
l

3
,

2
,

4
,

3
22
2

20
30
60
90
120
180
360
720

24
30
20
20

1,7
2,6

Mi

3,5
42
l

2
,

1,2,5
1,3,4
22 4
2
2, 3
4

3
6

1,

24

120
144
90
40
90
120
15

6
15
10
15
60
15

40
45

20
45

15

15

1,6

2,5
3,4
2
1 ,5
1,2,4
32
2 3
3
1
4
1,

2
I

1
1
I
l
I

2,

4
,

s
,

6
,

2
3
22
2

21

35
42
105
140
210
210
420
630
840
1260
2520
5040

720
840
504
420
504
630
280
210
210
420

2,

23

4
,

32
22 3

3
22
2

1,8
2,7
3,6
4,5

2
,

1,2,6
1,3,5
2
I, 4
22 5
,

2,3,4
33

,6

2
,

2
,

2, 5
3, 4
22 4

1,

1, 2,

21
35
21
105

23 3
IS 5

420
560
336
840
1120
1680
2520
1680
3360
5040
6720
10080
20160
40320

105
70
105
21

28
56
70
56
168
280

70
105
35
210
105
35
105
21

2,

I
1

,5

I
1

1
I

15
10

-\-a n

5
10
10
15
10

5
1

naj

2
3

m=a +o +

(n\y

3
1

na*an

.,

Mi

IT

nan, 7i=a1 +2a2 +

.,

Table 24.2

32

I
1

3
,

l
l
1

8
9

2
22 3
1,2*
6
l
4

2,

,3

4
,

3
,

6
,

2, 3

23
3

,2

l',2
l9

36
84
126
72
252
504
630
756
1260
1680
504
1512
2520
3780
5040
7560
3024
7560
10080
15120
22680
15120
30240
45360
60480
90720
181440
362880

5040
5760
3360
2688
1260
3360
4032
3360
1260
1120
1344
2520
1120
1680
105
420
1120
420
112
210
28
1

40320
45360
25920
20160
18144
25920
30240
24192
11340
9072
15120
2240
10080
18144
15120
11340
10080
2520
3024
7560
3360
7560
945
756
2520
1260
168
378
36
1

8
28
56
35
28
168

280
210
280
56

420
280
840
105
70

560
420
56

210
28
1

36
84
126
36
252
504
315
378
1260
280
84
756
1260
1890
2520
1260
126
1260
840
3780
945
126
1260
1260
84
378
36
1

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

832

Mul tinomia] s and

Table 24.2

n
10

10

1,9

10

2,8
3,7
4,6

45
120
210
252
90
360
840
1260
1260
2520
3150

52
3

2
,

1,2,7
1,3,6
1,4,5
22 6
,

2,3,5
42
3 4
3
1 ,7
2,

l
l
1

2
,

2
,

1,

6
3, 5
2,

,4

22 5
,

1,2,3,4
1,3"

4200
720
2520
5040
6300
7560
12600
16800

362880
403200
226800
172800
151200
72576
226800
259200
201600
181440
75600
129600
56700
50400
86400
151200
120960
56700
90720
151200
22400

10

3780
12600
2800

I
l
l

5
4
22 4

2,

3,

2
,

2
,

1,

32
23 3
2,

25
6

I
l
l

2100
120
1260
2520
1575

2 4
22 3 2
4
l
6
,

10

45
120
210
126
45
360
840
1260
630
2520
1575

Mt

T
3

l
I

l
l

9
10

s
,

4
,

2,
2

3
22 3
24

2, 3

3
,

2
6
6
4
,

7
,

6
,

8
,

10

23
3
22
2

18900
25200
5040
15120
25200
18900
50400
75600
113400
30240
75600
100800
151200
226800
151200
302400
453600
604800
907200
1814400
3628800

Ms

18900
25200
25200
60480
50400
113400
50400
25200
945
6048
18900
8400
25200
4725
1260
5040
3150
240
630
45

3150
6300
210
2520
4200
9450
12600
12600
945
252
3150
2100
12600
4725
210
2520
3150
120
630
45

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

833

STIRLING NUMBERS OF THE FIRST KIND S (m)

Table 24.3

-1

4
5

-6

-3
11

24

-50

-6
35

-120
720
-5040
40320
-3 62880

274
-1764
13068
-1 09584
10 26576

13132

7
8
9

10

-399
4790
62270
8 71782

14
15

-130
2092
- 35568
6 40237
-121 64510

16
17
18
19
20
21
22

23

24
25

76743
27898
74280
37057
04088

16800
01600
20800
91200

2432 90200 81766 40C00

11 24000 72777 76076 80000
-258 52016 73888 49766 40000
6204 48401 73323 94393 60000

1 18124
-11 72700

14864 42880
1 98027 59040
28 34656 47360

68000
88000
96000
28000
32000

- 51090 94217 17094 40000

-225
1624

-106 28640
1205 43840

36 28800

11
12
13

433
-7073
1 22340
-22 37698
431 56514

-8752
86244
-^1 48476
965 38966
-23427 87216
1

94803
81078
77933
65249
39871

91630
42823
55905
80585
68176

01600
93600
79200
21600
38400

67616
01702
54547
30662
85664

00000
40000
20000
40000
00000

127
-1509
19315
-2 65967
39 21567

53576
17976
59552
17056
97824

-616 58176
22448
24446
95938
03411

14720
37120
24640
22720
53280

36407
32163
09306
68605
77192

04000
84000
88000
44000
96000

10299
-1 82160
34 01224
-668 60973

13803
-2 98631
67 56146
-1595 39850
39254 95373

75975
90286
67377
27606
27809

n\i

4
5

-10
85

6
7
8
9

-735
6769
67284
7 23680

10

-84 09500
1052 58076

11

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

_
21
22
2
-65
23
24
1573
25 -39365

2 03137 53096
-31 09892 60400

505 69957
77488
39757
40077
57404

12870
84093
48684
75898
61409

93124
31590
85270
28594
13866

From unpublished

51509
18114
30686
15107
31181

34 16930
95730
06836
03756
05680

-9 02055
133 39535
-2060 70150
33361 18786
-5 66633 66760

-270 68133 45600

4836 60092 33424

03824
75904
27488
19424
91776

88800
68800
97600
32800
31200

-21
322
-4536
63273

-459
6572
- 99577
5 97216

14140 14888

-8707
1 58331
-30 32125
610 11607

-15
175
-1960
22449
-2 69325

- 90929 99058 44112

17 95071 22809 21504
-371 38478 73452 28000

-1
42
-1050
26775

8037
81664
80722
05310
03356

81182
97952
86535
75591
42796

26450
06970
71471
74529
03823

tables of Francis L. Miksa, with permission.

51776
76096
42912
84576
62624

100 96721
15670
26492
75920
65301

07080
58880
34384
63024
18960

79476
95448
06827
28501
58577

07200
02976
41568
98976
60000

-1886
36901
-7 55152
161 42973
-3599
83637
-20 21687
507 79532
-13237 14091

97951
38169
37691
53430
57918

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

834

STIRLING NUMBERS OF THE FIRST KIND

Table 24.3

n\m

10

-28
546
-9450

11
12

1 57773
-26 37558

13
14
15

449 90231
-7909 43153
44093 22928

-27 28032
537 45234
- 11022 84661
2 35312 50405
-52 26090 33625

16
17
18
19
20

-36
870

10680
77960
84200
49984
12720

-114
2487
- 55792
.2 95363
-311
7744
-1 99321
53 04713
-1459 01905

- 28939 58339 73354 47760

7 20308 21644 09246 53696
-185 88776 35505 19497 76576
4969 10165 05554 96448 36800

n\m

33364
65431
97822
71552
52766

46311
69012
18452
16815
69899

29553
83528
97936
47048
43896

31613
01695
10661
54458
26492

90640
76800
37360
12976
88000

10

10

-45

- 18150
3 57423
-69 26634
1350 36473
26814 53775

1206 64780 37803 73360

21
22
23
24
25

S^

1320

- 32670
7 49463
-166 69653
3684 11615

82076 28000
18 59531 77553
-430 81053 01929
10241 77407 32658
-2 50385 87554 67550
63 03081 20992 94896

-1634
43714
-12 04749
342 18695

98069
22964
26016
95940

72465
95944
17376
71489

83456
12832
32496
92880

12

11

-55
1925

11

12
13
14
15

-66
2717

91091

-78

14 74473

-373 12275

27 49747

3731
-1 43325

16
17
18
19
20

9280 95740
-2 30571 59840
57 79248 94833
-1471 07534 08923
38192 20555 02195

-785 58480
21850 31420
-6 02026 93980
166 15733 86473
628 06477 51910

- 55770

-10
276
-7707
2 20984
-65 08376

21
22
23
24
25

14229
01910
40110
45497
17966

n\m

98655
92750
12973
94337
81468

-37
1103
- 33081
10 14945

13

13
14
15

-91
5005

16
17
18
19
20

-2 18400
83 94022
-2996 50806
1 02469 37272
-34 22525 11900

95381
02531
86207
14056
06865

30753
60053
23088
71136
52782

50105
50868
11859
85742
52146

40395
59745
49736
04996
37300

48 99622
52432

-1569
48532
-14 75607
446 52267

22764
03732
57381

- 13558 51828 99530

-1

4 15482 38514 30525

-129 00665 98183 31295
4070 38405 70075 69521
30770 92873 67558 73500

16

15

14

21
22
23
24
25

12

-413
13990

n\ri

17
18
19
20

11450
35346
61068
17396
50000

1131
37310
36304
35671
94520

02769
09998
58470
43013
02391

17

-105

-3
138
-5497
06929

6580
23680
96582
89282
33630

-75
2718
- 97125
34 70180
-1246 20006

61111
86118
04609
64487
90702

84500
69881
39913
04206
15000

18

19

-159
6238
-2 40604
92 44691

20

-120

8500
-4 68180
223 23822
-9739 41900

10812
-6 62796
349 16946

01717
97183
24164
60386
13761

71630
88730
21941
44556
73550

21

-136

- 16722 80820
7 52896 68850
-325 60911 03430
13727 25118 00831
-5 70058 63218 64500

22

23

24

-153
13566
-9 20550

21

533 27946

22
23
24
25

- 27921 67686
13 67173 57942
-640 05903 36096

29088 66798 67135

-171
16815

-190

-12 56850
20615
-16 89765
797 21796
1168 96626
45460 47198
- 72346 69596
24 12764 43496
-1219 12249 80000 41 49085 13800

-210
1
-231
25025
-22 40315
30107
-29 32776
1684 23871
-1 12768 42500 2388 10495

-253
1
-276
1
35926
-37 95000 42550 -300

25

835

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
STIRLING NUMBERS OF THE SECOND KIND ">

Table 24.4

n\ml
1
2

15

25

10

90

31
63

10

127
255
511

301
966
3025
9330

65
350
1701
7770
34105

11
12
13
14
15

1023
2047
4095
8191
16383

28501
86526
61625
7 88970
23 75101

25 32530
103 91745
423 55950

6
7
8
9

32767
65535
31071
2 62143
5 24287

16
17
18
19
20

71 41686

214
644
1934
5806

57825
39010
48101
06446

17423
52280
1 56863
4 70632
14 11979

43625
79450
35501
00806
91025

10 48575
20 97151
41 94303

21

22
23
24
25

1
6

83 88607
167 77215

45750
11501

1
4

1717
6943
27988
12596
52321

98901
37290
06985
66950
15901

18
72
291
1168
4677

15090
77786
63425
10566
12897

70050
23825
74750
34501
38810

15

140
1050
6951
42525

266
2646
22827

21

46730

1 79487
13 23652
93 21312
634 36373
4206 93273

13 79400
75 08501

400 75035
2107 66920
10961 90550
56527 51651

27349 26558
1 75057 49898
11 06872 51039
69 30816 01779
-430 60788 95384

2 89580 95545
14 75892 84710

74 92060 90500

379
1913
9641
48500
43668

12625
78219
68881
07834
49741

68401
12055
84100
95250
10751

2658
16330
99896
6 09023
37 02641

56794
53393
98579
60360
70000

n\m

10

7
8
9

28
462
5880

36
750

1
45

63987
6 27396
57 15424
493 29280
4087 41333

11880
1 59027
18 99612
209 12320
2166 27840

1155
22275
59502
51 35130
671 28490

32818 82604
57081 04786

21417 64053
2 04159 95028
18 90360 65010
170 97510 03480
1517 09326 62679

8207 84250
95288 22303

1937 54990
27583 34150

10 61753 95755

3 71121 63803

114 46146 26805

1201 12826 44725

47 72970 33785
591 75849 64655

12327 24764 65204

24196 33035 33920

7118 71322 91275

83514 37993 77954
13460
108 25408 17849 31500
1203 16339 21753 87500

10
11

12
13
14
15

16
17
18
19
20

149 29246 34839

1114 35540 45652
8231 09572 14948
23799 67440
19991 17305
38518 04540

60276
38264
31 67746
227 83248
4

29987 16310

n\m

12 32006 88117 96900

120 62257 43260 72500

9 59340 12973

1167 92145 10929 73005

12

14

13

66

2431
66066
14 79478

91

78
3367
06470

4550

105

36908
60978
04908
17791
29486

27
620
12563
2 34669
41 10166

57118
22324
28866
51300
33391

1 65620
49 10178
1258 54638
28924 39160
6 10686 60380

84 08778

30420
33560
27734
45907
07848

30178
51137
83930
58260
74680

289
5120
83910
12 94132
190 08424

16
17

18
19
20

2682 68516 89001

36628 25008 70286

21

4 86425 13089 51100

63 10016 56957 75560

802 35590 44384 62660

n\m

683
10882
67216
24 93020
362 26262
1

15

15

16
17
18
19
20

120
7820
67200
139 16778
4523 29200
3

30874 62580

34 56159 43200
847 94044 29331
4

19582 02422 47080

29939 46553 47200

n\ m

16

21
22
23

210
23485
18 59550
1169 72779
62201 94750

From unpublished
716-654

64

120
2249
40128
6 88883
114 48507

49092
68618
25603
60579
33437

18331
68481
41390
22000
44260

6020
49900

2435 77530
63025 24580
14
629
6862
1 36209
25 95811

93040
51652
91758
10216
03608

04500
81331
07115
41000
96000

19

18

17

8099 44464
2 60465 74004
76 23611 27264
2067 71824 65555
52665 51616 95960

21

153
12597
7 41285
349 52799
14041 42047
4 99169 88803

161 09499 36915

4806 33313 93110

22

171
15675

190

10 23435
74629
85369
25445
94925

19285
13 89850
797 81779
38807 39170
16 62189 69675

533
23648
9 24849
327 56785

23

24

25

24

1685

231
>8336
54606
L9505

253
33902
32 00450

276
40250

tables of Francis L. Miksa, with permission.

54

136
9996
5 27136
223 50954

20

20

24
25

47084
91620
00400
20505
68580

10153
90799
50199
21583
11183

55

1705
39325
7 52752
126 62650

14
15

21
22
23
24
25

13251
14239
74195
82 31828
690 22372
1
9

11

11
12
13

22
23
24
25

19 74624 83400

21

22
23
24
25

62804
45225
83405
84530
02430

300

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

836

NUM BERO F PARTIT IONS A ND PAR rrnoi> IS

Tabic 21.5
/;

1
1
2

1
2
3

'/('<)

04226
39943
81589
3 29931
3 86155

3658
4097
4582
5120
5718

100
101
102
103
104

1905
2144
2412
2712
3048

69292
81126
65379
48950
01365

44793
4 83330
5 25016
5 70078
6 18784

150
151
152
153
154

08532
50606
4 96862
5 47703
6 03566

35313
24582
88421
36324
73280

194 06016
207 92120
222 72512
238 53318
255 40982

51276
26823

105
106
107
108
109

3423
3842
4311
4835
5419

25709
76336
49389
02844
46240

6
7

15220
31820

6378
7108
7917
8808
9792

71418
28260
39640
8 55906
9 27406

155
156
157
158
159

7
8
8
9

64931
32322
06309
37517
76627

82097
43759
64769
78802
28555

273
292
313
335
358

42421
64960
16314
04746
39008

62
63
64

11
13
15
17

66467
21505
00156
05499
41630

10880
12076
13394
14848
16444

110
111
112
113
114

6071
6799
7610
8513
9520

63746
03203
02156
76628
50665

10
10
11
12
13

04544
87744
77438
74118
78304

160
161
162
163
164

10 74381
11 81590
12 99139
14 27989
15 69194

59466
68427
04637
95930
75295

383
409
438
468
500

28320
82540
12110
28032
42056

65
66
67
68
69

20
23
26
30
35

12558
23520
79689
87735
54345

18200
20132
22250
24576
27130

115
116
117
118
119

10641
11889
13277
14820
16536

44451
08248
10076
74143
68665

14 90528

165

16
17
18
20

11388
41521
81578
32290

166
167
168
169

17 23898 00255
18 93343 22579
20 78904 20102
22 82047 32751
25 04389 25115

534
571
610
651
695

66624
14844
00704
39008
45358

70
71

40
46
53
61
70

37968
97205
92783
85689
89500

29927
32992
36352
40026
44046

120
121
122
123
124

13443
20561
22913
25523
28419

49560
48051
20912
38241
40500

21
23
25
27
29

94432
68800
56284
57826
74400

170
171
172
173
174

27 47686 17130

742
792
845
901
962

36384
29676
43782
98446
14550

81 18264
92 89091
106 19863
121 32164
138 48650

48446
53250
58499
64234
70488

125
126
127
128
129

31631
35192
39138
43510
48352

27352
22692
64295
78600
71870

32 07086
34 57027
37 25410

175
176
177
178
179

43 51576 97830
47 67158 57290
52 21158 31195

57 17016 05655
62 58467 53120

1026
1094
1166
1243
1325

14114
20549
58616
54422
35702

53713 15400
5%45 39504
66208 30889
73466 29512
81490 40695

46 54670
50 10688

58 02008
62 40974

180
181
182
183
184

68
74
81
89
P8

49573
94744
98769
66848
04628

90936
11781
08323
17527
80430

1412
1504
1602
1707
1818

31780
73568
93886
27424
10744

50
51
52
53
54

2
2
2

55

6
7
8
9

11
15
22
30

56
57
58
59

10

42
56
77

10
12
15
18
22

11
12
13

5
6

101
135

14

PAR rs

/'()

'/(")

Pi")

IN TO DIST 1NCT

60
61

6 14154
7

8
9

K)

?()

;/

/'()

4
4

/()

'

15

176

27

16
17
18
19

231

297
385
490

32
38
46
54

20
21
22
23
24

627
792
1002
1255
1575

104
122

25
26
27
28
29

1958
2436
3010
3718
4565

142
165
192
222
256

30
31
32
33
34

5604
6842
8349
10143
12310

296
340
390
448
512

81
82
83
84

157
180
205
233
265

96476
04327
06255
36469
43660

77312
84756
92864
101698
111322

130
131
132
133
134

35

39

14883
17977
21637
26015
31185

585
668
760
864
982

85
86
87
88
89

301
342
388
441
499

67357
62962
87673
08109
95925

121792
133184
145578
159046
173682

135
136
137
138
139

90358
00155
1 10976
1 22923
1 36109

36076
81680
45016
41831
49895

67
72
77
83
89

11480
15644
55776
34326
53856

185
186
187
188
189

107
117
128
139
152

18237
14326
00110
83417
72735

74337
92373
42268
45571
99625

1935
2060
2193
2334
2484

82642
84096
58315
51098
10816

40
41
42
43
44

37338
44583
53174
63261
75175

1113
1260
1426
1610
1816

90

566 34173
641 12359
725 33807
820 10177
926 69720

189586
206848
225585
245920
267968

140
141
142
143
144

1
1

50658
66706
84402
03909
25406

78135
89208
9332C
82757
54445

96
103
110
118
127

17150
27156
86968
99934
69602

190
191
192
193
194

166
182
198
216
236

77274
07011
72768
86271
60227

04093
00652
56363
05469
41845

2642
2811
2990
3179
3381

88462
38048
16608
84256
04630

45
46
47
48
49

89134
105558
124754
147273
173525

2048
2304
2590
2910
3264

95
96
97
98
99

51419
14304
30930
98136
29875

291874
317788
345856
376256
409174

145
146
147
148
149

2
2

49088
75170
3 03886
3 35494
3 70273

58009
52599
71978
19497
55200

136
146
157
168
181

99699
94244
57502
93952
08418

195
196
197
198
199

258
281
306
334
364

08402
45709
88298
53659
60724

12973
87591
78530
83698
32125

3594
3820
4060
4315
4584

44904
75868
72422
13602
82688

3658

100

1905 69292

444793

150

194 06016

200

397 29990 29388

36
37
38

50' 204226
Val ues of

}>

64
76
89

'")

from B

(with permission).

72
73

74
75
76
77

78
79
80

91

92
93
94

1046
1181
1332
1501
1692

Gu pta, A

1
2

table of partitio ns, Proc.

08532 35313

40 13544
43 22816

53 92550

30
33
36
39

13848
04954
23268
71250

02048
99613
59895
74750

4870 67746

London Math Soc 39, 142-149, 1935 and H. 42, 546-549, 1937

837

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

NUMBER OF PARTITIONS AND PARTITIONS INTO DISTINCT PARTS

n

p(n)

q( n)

Table 24.5
q( n)

p(n)

200
201
202
203
204

397 29990
432 83636
471 45668
513 42052
559 00883

29388
58647
86083
87973
17495

4870
5173
5494
5834
6195

6774b
61670
62336
73184
03296

250
251
252
253
254

23079
24929
26923
29072
31389

35543
14511
27012
69579
19913

64681
68559
52579
16112
06665

85192
89949
94961
1 00243
1 05807

80128
26602
58208
00890
47264

205
206
207
208
209

608
662
720
784
852

52538
29877
68417
06562
85813

59260
08040
06490
26137
02375

6576
6980
7408
7862
8341

67584
87424
90786
12446
94700

255
256
257
258
259

33885
36574
39472
42593
45954

42642
95668
36766
30844
57504

48680
70782
55357
09356
48675

1
1
1
1

11669
17844
24348
31199
38413

59338
71548
95064
20928
23582

210
211
212
213
214

927
1008
1096
1191
1295

51025
50658
37072
66812
00959

75355
85767
05259
36278
25895

8849
9387
9956
10558
11195

87529
48852
45336
52590
55488

260
261
262
263
264

49574
53471
57667
62183
67044

19347
50629
26749
74165
81230

60846
08609
47168
09615
60170

46009
54008
62428
71293
80624

65705
01856
82560
59744
90974

215
216
217
218
219

1407
1528
1660
1802
1957

05456
51512
15981
81825
38561

99287
48481
07914
16671
61145

11869
12582
13336
14133
14977

49056
38720
40710
83026
05768

265
266
267
268
269

72276
77905
83961
90476
97483

09536
06295
17303
01083
43699

90372
62167
66814
16360
44625

90446
00783
11660
23106
35150

44146
03620
75136
91192
17984

220
221
222
223
224

2124
2306
2502
2715
2945

82790
18711
58737
24089
45499

09367
73849
60111
25615
41750

15868
16811
17807
18860
19973

61606
16852
51883
61684
57056

270
271
272
273
274

1
1
1
1
1

05019
13123
21837
31205
41274

74899
85039
43498
18008
95651

31117
38606
44333
16215
73450

2
2
2

47820
61149
75170
2 89917
3 05427

61070
71540
53882
72486
58738

225
226
227
228
229

3194
3464
3756
4071
4413

63906
31263
11335
80636
29348

96157
22519
82570
27362
84255

21149
22392
23705
25091
26556

65120
29960
13986
98528
84608

275
276
277
278
279

1
1

52098
63729
1 76227
1 89656
2 04082

04928
39693
84330
41035
58525

51175
37171
57269
91584
75075

21738
38889
56923
75883
95815

19904
46600
20960
26642
57440

230
231
232
233
234

4782
5182
5613
6080
6585

62397
00518
81486
61354
15859

45920
38712
70947
38329
70275

28103
29737
31462
33284
35207

94454
72212
84870
23936
06304

280
281
282
283
284

2
2

19578
36221
54095
73287
93892

63116
91453
25900
31835
97939

82516
37711
45698
47535
29555

4
4
4
4

16768
38791
61938
86265
5 11828

26624
78240
97032
19094
44672

235
236
237
238
239

7130
7719
8356
9043
9786

41855
58926
11039
68396
29337

14919
63512
25871
68817
03585

37236
39379
41639
44025
46543

75326
02688
89458
67324
00706

285
286
287
288
289

3 16013 78671 48997

3 39758 40119 86773
3 65243 08360 71053
3 92592 21614 89422

5
5
5

4 21938 85285 87095

38689
66911
96562
6 27710
6 60430

49522
97084
52987
98024
42088

240
241
242
243
244

10588
11454
12388
13397
14486

22467
08845
84430
82593
76924

22733
53038
77259
44888
96445

49198
52000
54955
58073
61360

87992
62976
97248
01632
27874

290
291
292
293
294

4 53425 31269 00886

4 87203 80564 72084

6
7

94797
30892
7 68798
8 08604
8 50401

40554
09120
39744
19136
45750

245
246
247
248
249

15661
16929
18297
19772
21363

84125
67223
38898
65166
69198

27946
91554
54026
81672
20625

64826
68481
72335
76397
80679

71322
72604
19619
50522
55712

295
296
297
298
299

6
6

250

23079 35543 64681

85192 80128

300

2
2
2

23437 10697 53672

62299 26919 50605
6 03976 38820 95515

5
5

48667
96585
7 47956
8 03024
8 62049

41270
01441
50785
83849
62754

1
1
1
1

2
2
2

3
3
3
3

8 94286 47940
9 40360 04868
9 88727 65938

79088
95831
10584
43040
65025

10 39499 71456
10 92791 76298

25308 29367 23602

11 48724 72064

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

g38
Table 24.5

NUMBER OF PARTITIONS AND PARTITIONS INTO DISTINCT PARTS

K")

7('0

p(n)

300
301
302
303
304

25308
93097
10 65733
11 43554
12 26921

29367
23924
12325
20778
80192

23602
03501
48839
22104
29465

11
12
12
13
14

72064
10607
30816
83848
59930

350
351
352
353
354

279
298
318
340
363

305
306
307
308
309

13
14
15
16
17

16221
11866
14295
23978
41418

78950
26652
27388
65358
01331

57704
80005
57194
29663
47295

14 72642 18618
15 47292 17536
16 25601 42890
17 07743 43642
17 93899 64242

355
356
357
358
359

387
413
441
471

310
311
312
313
314

18
20
21
23
24

67148
01742
45809
00000
65010

82996
67625
60373
66554
61508

00364
76945
52891
87337
30490

18
19
20
21
22

79304
32212
72390
94656
82870

360
361
362
363
364

536
572
610
651
695

315
316
317
318
319

26
28
30
32
34

41580
30502
32618
48829
80095

76335
03409
19898
33514
48694

66326
96003
42964
66654
40830

24 06390 52286
25 26472 94208
26 52353 25352
27 84302 35904
29 22603 40224

365
366
367
368
369

741
790
843
899

320
321
322
323
324

37
39
42
45
49

27440
91956
74807
77235
00564

57767
55269
80359
85435
36352

48077
99991
54696
78028
37875

30
32
33
35
37

67552
19458
78644
45449
20225

32574
41664
88192
47722
12608

370
371
372
373
374

325
326
327
328
329

52
56
60
64

46204
15660
10534
32537
68 83488

42288
21128
98396
46091
59460

28641
74289
66544
14550
73850

39
40
42
45
47

03340
95181
96149
06665
27168

57172
08690
17632
31450
74732

330
331
332
333
334

73 65328 78618 50339

78 80125 53026 66615
84 30081 56362 25119

49
51
54
57
59

58118
99993
53293
18543
96286

9
9

90 17543 49805 49623

96 45011 01922 02760

48724
07425
69025
33663
01485

84259
79022
78394
82593
91846

ij{n)

36332
33006
55597
12281
11751

84837
30627
37883
00485
20481

02152
58076
29084
77428
10005

126
132
139
145
152

91829
93477
22769
80938
69267

24648
19190
71520
18816
15868

63253
76618
62298
31406
502 95756

29190
09333
19293
42683
65060

29223
42362
58437
98780
00020

159
167
175
183
192

89096
41824
28907
51867
12289

56578
09148
55072
38752
32216

67907
61205
89840
68887
14371

03106
88980
37518
99972
34589

91121
37559
84101
06959
46040

201
210
220
230
241

11827
52205
35221
62751
36750

04478
02772
50410
50210
01278

43315
73811
25078
17534
958 72869

98840
96494
85625
83960
79123

81684
11319
28427
88349
38045

252
26*
276
289
302

59255
32392
58376
39517
78222

33946
51488
86784
78822
57408

1022
1089
1161
1238
1319

14122
65764
53783
05779
51059

83673
44243
48499
41191
97274

45362
99782
62850
25085
73500

316
331
346
362
379

77000
38466
65347
60483
26834

44480
77248
41118
21048
76992

375
376
377
378
379

1406
1498
1596
1701
1812

20744
47874
67527
16942
35649

65614
35905
44907
79758
97394

84054
81081
56791
13525
72950

396
414
433
453
474

67487
85655
84690
68080
39464

30794
73659
00206
55808
06976

28759
15040
85792
13990
87918

380
381
382
383
384

1930
2056
2190
2332
2484

65607
51347
40133
82119
30529

23504
53366
24237
85438
42654

65812
33805
65131
92336
18180

496
518
542
566
592

02629
61523
20259
83119
54565

40968
80864
26436
27092
72864

335
336
337
338
339

103
110
117
126
134

15146
30786
94949
10851
81918

63217
04252
15461
78337
06233

35325
92772
13972
96355
01520

62
65
69
72
75

87095
91563
10312
43991
93279

13216
14788
43770
92576
10200

385
386
387
388
389

2645
2816
2998
3192
3398

41834
75950
96444
70751
70404

06887
32179
77364
84335
13581

63701
42792
5214
32826
60275

619
647
676
707
739

39246
42001
67872
22110
10183

14094
16480
37064
32064
03854

340
341
342
343
344

144
154
164
175
188

11793
04359
63747
94355
00864

65278
73795
91657
98104
70522

73832
76030
61044
22753
92980

79
83
87
91
95

58881
41536
42016
61123
99699

23110
64940
06890
94270
92704

390
391
392
393
394

3617
3850
4098
4361
4640

71276
53843
03453
10617
71312

38676
46674
56265
07622
46996

04423
29186
94791
84114
23515

772
807
843
881
920

37784
10844
35537
18291
65799

71936
79444
42947
29614
74150

345
346
347
348
349

200
214
229
244
261

88255
61829
27228
90453
57890

62876
97432
68712
74553
73511

83159
86299
17150
82406
44125

100
105
110
115
121

58620
38799
41192
66794
16645

35461
77632
60918
79970
56454

395
396
397
398
399

4937
5253
5589
5945
6324

87309
66512
23320
79011
62148

67881
44169
25954
47078
25042

91655
75163
04488
74597
94325

1004
1049
1096
1145

350

279 36332 84837 02152

126 91829 24648

400

6727 09005 17410 41926

961 85031 43424

83241 32444
67982 04736
47115 85280

28826 89344

1196 21634 00706

839

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

NUMBER OF PARTITIONS AND PARTITIONS INTO DISTINCT PARTS

V

q(n)

P()

p(n)

41926
42321
79269
65581
55060

1196
1249
1304
1362
1422

21634
34404
76365
57124
86674

00706
08000
81998
07808
81438

450
451
452
453
454

Table 24.5
q(n)

400
401
402
403
404

6727
7154
7608
8091
8603

09005
64022
80284
20027
55175

17410
26539
33398
64844
93486

405
406
407
408
409

9147
9725
10339
10990
11682

67906
51251
09726
60006
31627

88591
37420
71239
37759
71923

17602
21729
47241
26994
17780

1485
1551
1619
1691
1765

75420
34186
74236
07292
45549

52794
29884
54282
29128
15430

455
456
457
458
459

1
1
2

79855
90581
01933
2 13948
2 26665

91645
04044
37928
90703
62143

39582
26519
51146
27330
58313

67598
31034
88629
69132
45565

12143
12649
13176
13724
14295

19032
57862
51755
81881
32530

12544
22432
08648
00782
93376

410
411
412
413
414

12416
13196
14023
14902
15834

67740
25896
78888
15629
42088

31511
69254
35188
03099
44881

90382
35702
47344
48968
87770

1843
1923
2008
2096
2187

01696
88934
20999
12178
77334

07104
65516
30208
16576
80960

460
461
462
463
464

40123
54365
2 69435
2 85381
3 02253

65561
39575
60521
55524
16287

39251
85741
29549
19619
25766

92081
99975
94471
86287
36605

14888
15506
16148
16817
17512

91233
48874
99826
42073
77348

20640
75476
46592
15550
45952

415
416
417
418
419

16823
17873
18987
20170
21424

82278
79296
96426
18301
52136

71392
96898
73316
88059
02556

35544
76004
64557
33659
36320

2283
2382
2486
2594
2707

31930
92048
74417
96435
76199

70488
69148
20078
42056
52640

465
466
467
468
469

3 20103
3 38987

13615
12724
3 58963 89376
3 80095 46876
4 02447 33986

29932
95254
81628
31205
17114

90544
32549
76613
98477
75160

18236
18988
19771
20585
21431

11274
53505
17881
22576
90268

38194
94524
29024
95744
83034

420
421
422
423
424

22755
24167
25664
27253
28938

29021
05302
64021
16454
03725

65800
14413
38377
62304
70847

25259
63961
14846
21739
98150

2825
2947
3075
3208
3347

32529
84998
53960
60580
26867

77152
62528
09352
00384
45954

470
471
472
473
474

4 26088 63801 56524 13417

4 51092 33635 50960 99864
4 77535 45970 81641 15593

22312
23228
24180
25171
26201

48299
28849
69117
11509
03821

10884
04960
98586
01902
12696

425
426
427
428
429

30724
32620
34629
36760
39020

98514
06861
70071
66724
14800

70950
74102
39035
18315
02372

51099
32189
75934
27309
59665

3491
3642
3799
3962
4132

75707
30895
17171
60256
86891

60097
45254
07136
14146
79000

475
476
477
478
479

5
5

66337
99397
6 34350
6 71304
7 10369

12186
20478
76365
20389
79823

58055
23018
37870
67318
66282

99675
52926
28583
07232
38005

27271
28385
29543
30747
31998

99448
57585
43443
28468
90573

23232
65430
69603
94368
73738

430
431
432
433
434

41415
43955
46647
49501
52527

73920
47717
86328
89040
07072

71023
05181
42292
94051
91082

58378
16534
67991
50715
40605

4310
4495
4687
4888
5096

24877
03113
51640
01685
85706

85006
72460
62334
40672
20480

480
481
482
483
484

51666
95317
8 41457
8 90222
9 41761

00419
79841
02874
78495
78911

49931
47582
28236
19280
49976

25591
32180
49455
88294
98055

33300
34652
36059
37521
39040

14373
91433
20520
07873
67468

57056
03468
80640
43946
62530

435
436
437
438
439

55733
59131
62733
66549
70593

46514
71430
07137
43656
39364

46362
91696
60430
69662
65621

86656
18645
79215
97367
35510

5314
5540
5776
6022
6278

37439
91949
85678
56498
43769

57460
44512
02880
45546
39520

485
486
487
488
489

10
11
11
12

96228
53787
14608
78875
46778

80660
07886
77893
49115
71600

85734
24553
64264
57358
12729

11012
46513
84248
02646
19665

40620
42261
43968
45741
47585

21308
99712
41621
94910
16717

45496
45764
12802
51264
64998

440
441
442
443
444

74878
79418
84227
89322
94720

24841
06934
73040
95632
37025

94708
64434
77294
13536
78934

86233
02240
99781
45667
71820

6544
6822
7111
7411
7725

88391
32867
21361
99762
15750

85792
92200
67457
56080
89318

490
491
492
493
494

13
13
14
15
16

18520
94313
74382
58964
48308

40161
50322
57204
37499
54706

22702
44478
03639
49778
61724

33223
16939
53132
06173
38760

49500
51491
53560
55709
57943

73777
42772
10694
75216
45082

62304
84172
36938
10170
47040

54417
05190
52519
71278
54269

17528
52391
91961
27202
09814

47604
18581
03354
05954
18000

8051
8390
8743
9111
9494

18865
60575
94352
75744
62459

81728
94564
40798
62854
05984

495
496
497
498
499

17 42678 27774 77609

18 42351 03350 31598
19 47619 31798 76580
20 58791 47204 28849
21 76192 51543 92874

81187
91466
64007
01563
61625

60264
62675
65181
67784
70489

40509
93600
48774
63214
07325

50309
10788
31176
30326
21792

9893 14440 61528

500

23 00165 03257 43239 95027

445
446
447
448
449

1
1
1
1
1

00437
06493
12906
19698
26891

450

34508 18800 15729 23840

1
1
1

34508
42573
51112
1 60152
1 69723

18800
13615
26207
90524
95104

15729
53474
19173
45537
64580

23840
04229
13678
15585
40965

9893
10307
10739
11188
11656

14440
93957
65687
96810
57102

61528
13070
10144
43072
54336

2
2

42046 29558
35069 67535 16072 62125

5 05499 30531
5

7
7

73298 65212 45024

840

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
arii

Table 24.6
n

v>(n)

1
1

2
3

"0
1

2
2
3
2

"1

1
3

4
7

2
2

2
6

12

15
13
18

7
8

10

11
12
13
14

10

12

6
8

4
4

18

5
2
6
2

21
22
23
24

12
10
22

25

20

26
27
28
29
30

12

15
16
17
18
19
20

16
6

18
12
28

4
2
8
3

4
4
6
2

41
42
43

40
12
42
20

24

44
84
78

22

72

46
16
42
20

48
124

From
tables.

10
3
6

52
106
36
108
40

2
4

62
96

72

104
127
84

48
112
36
88

10

111
112
113
114
115

144
68
126
96
144

116
117
118
119
120

56
72
58
96
32

72
195
74
114
124

121
122
123
124
125

110

60

80
60
100

4
6

140
96
168
80
186

126
127
128
129
130

36
126
64
84
48

12

121
84
224
108

131
132
133
134
135

130
40
108
66
72

132
120
180
90
234

136
137
138
139
140

64

136
44
138
48

112
168
128
144
120

141
142
143
144
145

92
70
120
48
112

252
98
171
156
217

146
147
148
149
150

72
84
72
148
40

54
40
82
24
64

91

46
47
48
49
50

106
107
108
109
110

81
82
83

38
60
56

12

120
80
90
60
168

32
63

8
4
4

36
28
58
16

36
60
24
78
32

44
45

24

76
77
78
79
80

12
36
18
24
16

8
4

42
40
56
30
72

90
42
96

57
93

84
85
86
87
88
89
90

42
5.6

7
-4

8
2

6
4
8
2

12
2

4
6

6
4
8
2

10
5
4
2

12
4

4
4

40
88
24

12

8
2

91

72

92
93
94
95

44
60
46
72

96
97
98
99
100

32
96
42
60
40

4
4

4
12
2
6
6

British Association for the

Cambridge Univ.

18
40

74
75

48
54
48

54
120
72

70
24
72
36
40

61
62
63

"0

100
32
102
48
48

71
72
73

36
37
38
39
40

4
8

60

v (n)

72
98

32
36
24
60
31

34
35

56
57
58
59

4
6

20
66
32
44
24

52
53
54
55

a\

32
24
52

66
67
68
69
70

31

18
39
20
42

30
16
20
16
24

51

"0

101
102
103
104
105

64
65

14
24
24

6
4

o(n)

60
30
36
32
48

12
28

31
32
33

HME TIC TUNC TIONS

Press,

126

Advancement

8
2

8
8

12
2

8
4
6

6
4
4

16

2
8

4
8

12
4
4
8

8
2

12
4
4
4

15
4
4
6
6
2

12

"l

<)

"0

"1

.()

"0

102
216
104
210
192

151
152
153
154
155

150
72
96
60
120

2
8
6
8
4

152
300
234
288
192

201
202
203
204
205

132
100
168
64
160

4
4
4

162
108
280
110
216

156
157
158
159
160

48
156
78
104

12

64

12

392
158
240
216
378

206
207
208
209
210

102
132
96
180
48

152
248
114
240
144

161
162
163
164
165

132
54
162
80
80

192
363
164
294
288

211
212
213
214
215

210
104
140
106
168

210
182
180
144
360

166
167
168
169
170

82
166
48
156
64

252
168
480
183
324

216
217
218
219
220

72
180
108
144
80

16

133
186
168
224
156

171
172
173
174
175

108
84
172
56
120

260
308
174
360
248

221
222
223
224
225

192
72
222
96
120

4
8

312
128
255
176
252

176
177
178
179
180

80

116
88
178
48

10
4
4

372
240
270
180
546

226
227
228
229
230

112
226
72
228
88

132
336
160
204
240

181
182
183
184
185

180

182
336
248
360
228

231
232
233
234
235

120
112
232
72

12

184

270
138
288
140
336

186
187
188
189
190

60
160
92
108
72

384
216
336
320
360

236
237
238
239
240

116
156
96
238
64

6
4

192
216
168
403
180

191
192
193
194
195

190
64
192
96
96

192
508
194
294
336

241
242
243
244
245

240
110
162
120
168

222
228
266
150
372

196
197
198
199
200

84
196
60
198
80

399
198
468
200
465

246
247
248
249
250

80
216
120
164
100

of Science,

72
120
88
144

4
4

10
2

6
8
4
2

16
3
8

6
2

8
6

18
2
8
/4
8

4
8
4

6
8
8
2

14
2

4
8
9
2

12
2

12

Mathematical Tables,

Cambridge, England, 1940 (with permission).

vol. VIII,

12
4

4
6

10
4
16

4
4

4
4
12

12
9

4
2

12
2
8

8
8
2

8
2

20
2
6

6
6
6
8

4
8

4
8

"l

272
306
240
504
252
312
312
434
240
576
212
378
288
324
264
600
256
330
296
504
252
456
224
504
403

342
228
560
230
432

384
450
234
546
288
420
320
432
240
744
242
399
364
434
342
504
280

480
336
468

Number-divisor

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

841

ARITHMETIC FUNCTIONS
n

p( n )

ao

251
252
253
254
255

250

72

18

220
126
128

256
257
258
259
260

128
256
84
216
96

261
262
263
264
265

168
130
262
80
208

266
267
268
269
270

108
176
132
268
72

271
272
273
274
275

270
128
144
136
200

276
277
278
279
280

88
276

12

138
180
96

4
6

281
282
283
284
285

280
92
282
140
144

286
287
288
289
290

120
240
96
272
112

291
292
293
294
295

192
144
292
84
232

296
297
298
299
300

144
180
148
264
80

4
8
9
2
8
4

12
6
4
2

16
4
8
4
6

16
2

10
8
4
6

16
2

8
2

6
8
8

18
3

8
4
6
2

12
4
8
8

4
4

18

"\

w)

"0

252
728
288
384
432

301
302
303
304
305

252
150
200
144
240

511
258
528

304
588

306
307
308
309
310

96
306
120
204
120

390
396
264
720
324

311
312
313
314
315

310
96
312
156
144

480
360
476
270
720

316
317
318
319
320

156
316
104
280
128

272
558
448
414
372

321
322
323
324
325

212
132
288

4
8

108
240

15

672
278
420
416
720

326
327
328
329
330

162
216
160
276
80

4
4

282
576
284
504
480

331
332
333

334
335

330
164
216
166
264

6
6
4
4

504
336
819
307
540

336
337
338
339
340

96

20

336
156
224
128

392
578
294
684
360

341
342
343
344
345

300
108
294
168
176

4
12
4

570
480
450
336
868

346
347
348
349
350

172
346
112
348
120

*'(

10
4

12
2

12
4
8
2

16
2

4
12
6
2

8
4

14

4
6

16
2

4
12

8
8

12
2

12

"\

*'(

w)

"0

352
456
408
620
372

351
352
353
354
355

216
160
352
116
280

702
308
672
416
576

356
357
358
359
360

176
192
178
358

96

24

312
840
314
474
624

361
362
363
364
365

342
180
220
144
288

560
318
648
360
762

366
367
368
369
370

120
366
176
240
144

432
576
360
847
434

371
372
373
374
375

312
120
372
160
200

492
440
630
384
864

376
377
378
379
380

184
336
108
378
144

332
588
494
504
408

381
382
383
384

385

252
190
382
128
240

992
338
549
456
756

386
387
388
389
390

192
252
192

384
780
400
660
576

391
392
393
394
395

352
168
260
196
312

522
348
840
350
744

396
397
398
399
400

120
396
198
216
160

"l

Table 24.6

<*(

n)

560
756
354
720
432

404
405

400
132
360
200
216

630
576
540
360
1170

406
407
408
409
410

168
360
128
408
160

381
546
532
784
444

411
412
413
414
415

272
204
348
132
328

744
368
744
546
684

416
417
418
419
420

192
276
180
418
96

432
896
374
648
624

421
422
423

424
425

420
210
276
208
320

720
420
960
380
840

426
427
428
429
430

140
360
212
240
168

16

512
576
384
1020

576

431
432
433
434
435

430
144
432
180
224

388

6
6
2

582
572
686
390

96

16

-1008

436
437
438
439
440

216
396
144
438
160

432
855
528
594
480

441
442
443
444
445

252
192
442
144
352

1092
398
600
640
961

446
447
448
449
450

222
296
192
448
120

12
2

4
2

4
6

12
4
8
2

10
6
8

12
2
8

8
8
4

16
2

12
4
4
2

12
4
4
4

18
2

4
8

15

401
402
403

"0

a\

v n)

ff

"\

2
8

451
452
453
454
455

400
224
300
226
288

4
6
4

10

402
816
448
714
726

504
798
608
684
672

720

456
1080
410
756

456
457
458
459
460

16

144
456
228
288
176

552
728
480
936
504

461
462
463
464
465

460
120
462
224
240

882
560
720
420
1344

466
467
468
469
470

232
466
144
396
184

422
636
624
810
558

471
472
473
474
475

312
232
420
156
360

4
8
4
8

864
496
756
672
792

476
477
478
479
480

192
312
238
478
128

12

432
1240
434
768
720

481
482
483
484
485

432
240
264
220
384

770
480
888
440
1080

486
487
488
489
490

162
486
240
324
168

741
756
444
1064
540

491
492
493
494
495

490
160
448
216
240

672
600
1016
450
1209

496
497
498
499
500

240
420
164
498
200

4
6

16
2

8
4
6
4

12
4

12
4
8
2

24
2

4
6
8
6
8

4
6
8

8
2

20
2

8
8

6
4

8
2

16
9

8
2

12
4
4
4

14
2

18

(.

4
8

12
2

16
2

10
8

4
2

18
4
8

4
2

24
4

4
8
9

12
2

8
4

12
2

12
4
8

12

10
4
8

12

1200
458
690
720
1008
462
1152
464
930
768
702
468
1274
544
864
632
900
528
960
620

1008
702
720
480
1512
532
726
768
931
588

1092
488
930
656
1026
492
1176
540
840
936
992
576
1008
500
1092

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

842

A RITHIV1ETK FU NCTIOI VS

TabI e 24.6

<p(n)

501
502
503
504
505

332
250
502
144
400

506
507
508
509
510

220
312
252
508
128

511
512
513
514
515

432
256
324
256
408

516
517
518
519
520

168
460
216
344
192

521
522
523
524
525

520
168
522
260
240

526
527
528
529
530

262
480
160
506
208

531
532
533
534
535

348
216
480
176
424

536
537
538
539
540

264
356
268
420
144

541
542
543
544
545

540
270
360
256
432

546
547
548
549
550

144
546
272
360
200

4
4

24
4
8

6
6
2

16
4

10
8
4

12
4
8

16
2

12
2

12
4
4

20
3

12
4
8
4
8
4
4
6

24
2

4
4

12
4

16
2

6
6

12

0|

<p(n)

00

0i

<p(n)

00

0i

672
756
504
1560
612

551
552
553
554
555

504
176
468
276
288

600
1440
640
834
912

601
602
603
604
605

600
252
396
300
440

2
8

602
1056
884
1064
798

864
732
896
510
1296

556
557
558
559
560

276
556
180
504
192

980
558
1248
616
1488

606
607
608
609
610

200
606
288
336
240

592
1023
800
774
624

561
562
563
564
565

320
280
562
184
448

864

611
612
613
614

615

552
192
612
306
320

1232
576
912
696
1260

566
567
568
569
570

282
324
280
568
144

852
968
1080
570
1440

616
617
618
619
620

240
616
204
618
240

522
1170
524
924
992

571
572
573
574
575

570
240
380
240
440

572
1176
768
1008
744

621
622
623
624
625

396
310
528
192
500

792
576
1488
553
972

576
577
578
579
580

192
576
272
384
224

1651
578
921
776
1260

626
627
628
629
630

312
360
312
576
144

780
1120
588
1080
648

581
582
583
584
585

492
192
520
288
288

672
1176
648
1110
1092

631
632
633
634
635

630
312
420
316
504

1020
720
810
684
1680

586
587
588
589
590

292
586
168
540
232

882
588

208
504
280
420
256

12

1596
640
1080

636
637
638
639
640

542
816
728
1134
660

591
592
593
594
595

392
288
592
180
384

792
1178
594
1440
864

641
642
643
644
645

640
212
642
264
336

1344
548
966
806
1116

596
597
598
599
600

296
396
264
598
160

1050
800
1008
600
1860

646
647
648
649
650

288
646
216
580
240

16
4

4
8
6
2

12
4

20
8
4
2

12
4
4

10
8
2

16
2

12
4

8
6

21
2
6

12
4
8
4
8

12
4
2

18
4
8

10
2

16
8
6

4
8
2

24

846
564
1344
684

6
6
6

ff

654
655

V(n)
360
324
652
216
520
320
432
276
658
160

10

651
652
653

8
6
2
8
4

1224
608

12

1'260

8
8

960
1116

656
657
658
659
660

672
1638
614
924
1008

661
662
663
664
665

660
330
384
328
432

1440
618
1248
620
1344

666
667
668
669
670

216
616
332
444
264

12

960
936
720
1736
781

671
672
673
674
675

600
192
672
336
360

942
960
1106
684
1872

676
677
678
679
680

312
676
224
576
256

632
1200
848
954
768

681
682
683
684
685

452
300
682
216
544

1512
798
1080
936
1530

686
687
688
689
690

294
456
336
624
176

642
1296
644
1344
1056

691
692
693
694
695

690
344
360
346
552

1080
648
1815
720
1302

696
697
698
699
700

224
640
348
464
240

18
2
4
8

16
2
8
2

12
8

4
4

20
5

4
8
6
4

24

8
4
4

8
6

16
2

8
2

12
8
8
2

20
4

12

6
8
2

24

4
8
8

4
6

4
8

24
2

12
9
2

16
4
8
2

18
4
8

10
4

16
2
6

12
4
4

16
4
4

18

01

1024
1148
654
1320
792

701
702
703
704
705

700
216
648
320
368

1302
962
1152
660
2016

706
707
708
709
710

352
600
232
708
280

662
996
1008
1260
960

711
712
713
714
715

468
352
660
192
480

1482
720
1176
896
1224

716
717
718
719
720

356
476
358
718
192

744
2016
674
1014
1240

721
722
723
724
725

612
342
480
360
560

1281
678
1368
784
1620

726
727
728
729
730

220
726
288
486
288

12

912
1152
684
1820
828

731
732
733
734
735

672
240
732
366
336

1200
920
1364
756
1728

736
737
738
739
740

352
660
240
738
288

12

692
1218
1248
1044
840

741
742
743
744
745

432
312
742
240
592

8
8

1800
756
1050
936
1736

746
747
748
749
750

372
492
320
636
200

<p(n)

00

01

702
1680
760
1524
1152

16
4

14
8

4
4

12
2

8
6
8
4

16
8
6
4

4
2

30

6
4
6
6

16
7
8

12
2

12

12
2

12

16
4
4
6

12
4

16

1062
816
1680
710
1296

1040
1350
768
1728
1008
1260
960
1080
720
2418
832
1143
968
1274
930

1596
728
1680
1093
1332
792
1736
734
1104
1368

1512
816
1638
740
1596

1120
1296
744
1920
900
1122
1092
1512
864
1872

843

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

ARITHMETIC FUNCTIONS

761
762
763
764
765

760
252
648
380
384

2
8

766
767
768
769
770

382
696
256
768
240

771
772
773
774
775

512
384
772
252
600

776
777
778
779
780

384
432
388
720
192

781
782
783
784
785

700
352
504
336
624

786
787
788
789
790

260
786
392
524
312

791
792
794
795

672
240
720
396
416

796
797
798
799
800

396
796
216
736
320

793

16

4
6

12
4

18
2

16
4
6
2

12
6
8
8

4
4

24
4
8
8

15
4
8
2

6
4
8

24
4

4
8
6

16
4

18

2016
854
1488
1560

1344
1080
1530
810
2178

856
857
858
859
860

424
856
240
858
336

812

12

1680
1088
1368
984

861
862
863
864

865

480
430
862
288
688
432
544
360
780
224

2240
758
1140
1152
1800

360
536
400
808
216

762
1536
880
1344
1404

811
812
813
814
815

810
336
540
360
648

1152
840
2044
770
1728

816
817
818
819
820

256
756
408
432
320

1032
1358
774
1716
992

821
822
823
824
825

1470
1216
1170
840
2352

826
827
828
829
830

348
826
264
828
328

864
1296
1200
1767
948

831
832
833
834
835

552
384
672
276
664

1584
788
1386
1056
1440

836
837
838
839
840

360
540
418
838
192

12

912
2340
868
1194
1296

841
842
843
844
845

812
420
560
420
624

1400
798
1920
864
1953

846
847
848
849
850

276
660
416
564
320

12

10

12

806
807
808
809
810

368
500
336
600

24

912

1488
1008
1260
912

752

216
756
378
440
288

6
4

756
757
758
759
760

792
280
852
360
432

*o

528
400
720
264
528

"o

750

8
4

<p{n)

851
852
853
854
855

*()

*(n)

1170
1206
888
1904
1152

n
801
802
803
804
805

n
751
752
753
754
755

a\

12
8
8
4
8
2

20

4
8
4

<*\

12
8
2

16
2

12
8
4
2

24
4

4
4

2232
880
1230

12
12

1456
1764

866
867
868
869
870

820
272
822

871
872
873
874
875

792
432
576

408
400

822
1656
824
1560
1488

396
600

1440
828
2184
830
1512

876
877
878
879
880

288
876
438
584
320

12

1112
1778
1026
1680
1008

881
882
883
884
885

880
252
882
384
464

1680
1280
1260
840
2880

886
887
888
889
890

442
886
288
756
352

871
1266
1128
1484
1098

891
892
893
894
895

540
444
828
296
712

10

1872
1064
1674
1136
1674

896
897
898
899
900

384
528
448
840
240

16

20

8
2

12
8
2

18
2

8
4

14
6
8
4

8
4
2

32

4
4
6
6

10
4

12

4
6

12
4
16

8
6
8

4
4

20
2

18
2

12
8
4
2

16
4

4
8

4
4

27

Tabic 24.6
n

<p(n)

<*0

<*\

<p(n)

CT o

901
902
903
904
905

832

8
8
8
4

951
952
953
954
955

632
384
952
312
760

400
504
448
720

972
1512
1408
1710
1092

1620
858
2016
860
1848

906
907
908
909
910

300
906
452
600
288

1824
908
1596
1326
2016

956
957
958
959
960

476
560
478
816
256

1344
1296
864
2520
1044

911
912
913
914
915

910
288
820
456
480

912
2480
1008
1374
1488

961
962
963
964
965

930
432
636
480
768

3
8

1302
1228
1792
960
2160

916
917
918
919
920

456
780
288
918
352

1610
1056
2160
920
2160

966
967
968
969
970

264
966
440
576
384

16

952
1650
1274
1440
1248

921
922
923
924
925

612
460
840
240
720

1232
1386
1008
2688
1178

971
972
973
974
975

970
324
828
486
480

2072
878
1320
1176
2232

926
927
928
929
930

462
612
448
928
240

1392
1352
1890
930
2304

976
977
978
979
980

480
976
324
880
336

882
2223
884
1764
1440

931
932
933
934
935

756
464
620
466
640

1140
1638
1248
1404
1296

981
982
983
984
985

648
490
982
320
784

1332
888
2280
1024
1620

936
937
938
939
940

288
936
396
624
368

24

2730
938
1632
1256
2016

986
987
988
989
990

448
552
432
924
240

1452
1568
960
1800
1080

941
942
943
944
945

940
312
880
464
432

2
8

942
1896
1008
1860
1920

991
992
993
994
995

990
480
660
420
792

2040
1344
1350
960
2821

946
947
948
949
950

420
946
312
864
360

1584
948
2240
1036
1860

996
997
998
999
1000

328
996
498
648
400

<*\

8
2

6
6

16
2

20
4
4
8
6
4

16
2

16
4

4
4

24
6
4
6

12
2

16

4
4
8

12

10
16
8

12
4
12

16
2

12
4
6

4
4

28

6
6

12
8
8
2

18
4
4

12
10
2
8

18
6

4
2

16
4
8
8

12
4

24
2

12
4
8
4

12
2

4
8

16

<?\

1272
2160
954
2106
1152

1680
1440
1440
1104
3048
993
1596
1404
1694
1164

2304
968
1995
1440
1764
972
2548
1120
1464
1736

1922
978
1968
1080
2394

1430
1476
984
2520
1188

1620
1536
1960
1056
2808
992
2016
1328
1728
1200

2352
998
1500
1520
2340

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

844

Factorizations

Table 24.7
000

499

CM CO "*

r-l

CO

-.

co^hcm

-.

t-

iOCOt--00O>

us

CO
.

CO

co

r-l
,_, ,_,

<N CO -<*l
rH rH rH

ci
- f2
^^eo-^i
SS^ -"^^^

asaZl
^""li.

r>

"? ^
_CO ""''
IN rH
l><

T-4

<^riS."S,
(NINj^lN

*>
i-< t--

?^,
N^Nn"

i-HIirH

^s,*"^*
o>
"5 co t,

m'-'^co-h

r-l

CM CO

"#

(NINCNININ

00

MNNNN
M05
US CO t~

Ci

2c?o>oco >co~ ?3
.i>e<ieooo co e ? i> :?

r-l

<N CO

<*<

OtONOOO! O-iNCO-*
CO CO CO CO CO

lO co i> 00 OS
*
-*
-tf

osSosos^ os^^oos ^ns>2

SlsS*
^ rH >* eo^eoeo
wTt-w,/ *-*^-*-*
rH * *? co^ < >
;;
?
"rl^T-*
co^^

k.<nS*'- co -i'-'^-m
3-j^ey, co fa"^
co^co'
rn

*** ^ *

i-.

CO

rH _j CO
c:,t~t- i^r-i
tZ^tJ?
SSqiaS
T"?^'"^

00
TtfMCO*
2g*5?S
IN *
^a!S!? -io^^co
^
NPOS^''
"?
_ CO
CO
co e;'- >='-H ocoj^co
v^^t-
^S^Jco
H
<N
s -;im
^(N l^gqCOcq^
<N <N
^ <N CM ^cV "ft
<N CM ^ <N <N <N N ei
(N IN,
c
CO
(M<<N
<N<<N

CO

CO t>

iOCOt>00O5

2. OS
=7

^g&3

'lO--.'
^^(Nco^-

NIM

'

<,

<*,

r-l

'-'

r-l

C<!

h 2n N^^t-N t-t-<5^t- M^I^^S t-^l>i^

t-t-ot-t- -Ht-g^t> COCOAS)? SNgbH
*k
w t^r,
< t- * 'f
^ N > us
^ N co ^ us "3 cjs^N^co
^ /te^'ft ^S*^^ us to "? So i^_ co
m 5 ^w^-^*
""o^ <N as
^^-.-ico rt,-,-^^
CO CO ^coco^co -h kIOs'T -*t*~SNmNkL"
'co^" coi^
't~eo eoco^cow
i-iCO
co^ t-ieo
CO
CO

t~ 15
co
rHcoco-f

,-*

co,^?oco

^sgeo gS'Sg "sg^S.

,

CO
~"
<NNN N CO &<N<^ IN&^INfN

""'

"

.O rHCO" l>

"5,

"

J s;
"^co
co

^^^^^
loio^ioio
10 10
10

fcO

CO..

"

^INey,",

IN

"CO-^

CN|g,!N
INg,!N

CO CO

>co

CO

1>

COrH

H
lMl
t'mw

^^""iN

CO^hC.

cc
eo

c.

^^
oiccoio^
010
^^c
'O ic^^io^ co
CO
CO
co

^oS)
^3" CO
CO
cc
^*-o

^S-"S

C^CO-f^
CO
CO

coJ5=? ^^^-g;
. ^J
CO
^ N-'
^C^COIN ^CM^IN^

eo

<N

eoeorjoSrH

^MWirt

~~C0^3

CO-^CO-H

^CO ^_<3,H 2^^2cO

-N HM^i .^

'TcO^TjilN
MC^SllNcNJ It^CSl,

H Nrtrt ^ - M ^b"
h^

'

**-

rv*i

CO

CO
rH CO gk |>
]~1 ^H Oi
UO r-lr-H>l>,H
^ CO _,
"?^s,,^ ^ubj,;^^ ^^^-r^; ui"?^^"?
10
10
,.

^TCO

co*
(N

co25! ,S5S5 "S2^?2

9-S?3
"
^ v rt
co
N?,^ N ^CliNiNIN ^^(Ncs^

^52

(N'

'(N

"

rHCO^r-Hrt

-ci^-^co rt^^^rt
'l^CO'

>

r-l

S-

^IN^^N

S^eoeo

NNN M

r-(

r-i

co

"?io-n

OHCNcoTtt mot>.oooi

From G. Kavdn, Factor

o
rH
co *
Hr-rHrHrH
es

tables.

IN

C^CNIN

usoi-oooi
r-lr-'rHrHrH

co

'

2S^%
^ ^
~

,'

^ (N

<N <N <^

sSeOrHeoeo

oSm
CO

W ^CO

t>H

gS^S

jqiN^S^ei &IN;

r-l

Mh.
r
CO ?J t^
*-l

r-

^us^=?u:
10 co

S^^COrt
WN2M
^

O?? S Sf0

oOr^sseo^

co^SiWM usW^c^S
CO * 2 5

IN

^^

IN

CO "

N ^ ^ IN ^

<N<^(N?^

W CO WM cc 2 - & ^ ^

^CO_h^ COrM^,^
_( W C0O5
^>^~
-wsaj,
oiB^Sd ^^
^."^^^ ^^^So^ ^oo!?S?. *o^?,^ ^^g5
IN CO
N<Nn^N CNCqNcN!^ c^s^in ^^nn " nn n ^ n^n^
.

TT*

'_,

t^rH^rH^ rtHHt

^wco^w

CO

^(N<N(NIN

t^- ;

>

r-l

eM^eNKNc,;,

CO ^ fc pH 2
M C^ N ^ CO -^ H
rH ?L
^ -< u5 M H
h^ rHin
t^.M^^ ^^^.i^
.""""ft ^^
^^=02'*
>MH > .i^-^Ss

^ (^ ^, (N IN

ohnmh

(NCMINCSIIN

"?,

,_<N

',<NCN(N

io<ot^ooa>
INlNINCNlC-t

r-l

S3.

^N

SS8

1H
.81
> CO
CO
IN
OS lO CO " IN OS
^'r"?^^ ^?^U5?
uo
co ^ * co * "^ 10 ^ ^^co 10

i^

"T
*^

N^CS-Ncq

^ N ^ NN

'-'

f*s

rH

MiO
"?eOU9,_

H^

^(N^^S,
<N'

-<

1^101>C52 rH^TcO^
'* U9 *

CO

."3

<^C<l<N?i,^
'CN

"

yiomio>o
^IN^IN?,

"5
&)
JS
.CM-*
.

co "5 "i

''

"

us

IN , IN <N <N

ohnco-* io*Nooa Or-nNco^ mtoi-ooo>

>*l'rt/^Tj(Tj(
COCOCOCOCO CCCOCOCOCO ^^T^TtlTf

Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London, England, 1937 (with permission).

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

845
Table 24.7

Factorizations

999
OCOl"-00O>

iSiQiQiOlQ

C3_C0^^
*

co
rt

w
'

5 eo gj
T* 5 5s
CO i-l

COCOCOCOCO

S-k^^O
^Wcot^uo

r>i>^^
coi-lfO^H
t

CO

17

rt CO

t> t-

t~

l>

<5"*co

cH

rtt05^t-

^W

-i

I""

s S 3!?g

g^s

<"<"&

^S, 1?:^

t-^t-t-g

t.t.*t.
,-< rH T~ Tf

KSt-83
.lit-c^J

Scot-cbS
irJcsCN- ?

t-Swi-t.

Si S3

*i CO
1>

<0

'T

fccoco^t:
=? C^l ^ *^
i-l >0 t>
<

cous^^io

to e

so

r-i

-i*^

?^^
co^
^g,CNg,^

"

<^22
CN**
T'lOUOi-Hio
"ico
"'co
rt Z2
^-,

"^
N * li
COH

^ft^
-

- co^c<) c?

N^c,

g,

,_(

sg g 2g gg gS?5 gj g gg o^g2o5
^"Tw^v 3*r''*
?

g5?S5?
S^^-^co
^ J, N ^

S|S?^ |gsg^
|^*r
^f ???,
?^ f?v

i-(

g, CN <N

t-

c;i-

lO

ggs?p. fe
^^CO"' 10

lO^com"?
r

lfO

uo^iOiOcb

?2
COH

CO I>

JM

9 ^i
2,19^^19
"
co^i-co

(~q

'

g,^g;^<N

t-co=??^
<N^CN^^?

S^^MI^<M -i-foOOS

^t2fi_.
i -^
^- l

co<n^Jcov

05^>^1^
i"iH|i>>

^ &,

M? W '*
tp"2-cco
I

e^S

<

*'-HCO'*'*'

'

^Ncb

^=9?^^ co?^

?^-

SlCNC^g, c^<N^g,CN

Ii

HN

05

osdOcoXi

COi-l^oc^i-i

^?-.OTt<
^*_1<NO^S^CO
rto tS^
*HCO*
^O^j^,
M <e
.

lmi

i-H

^...-t-^^
cbt^Si^

S.cn^c^,^

i-i

tH

_,

-CM

rH

IiOOR_hm*F-

t^
Oi
00'~ '- t^2^

tt

SI,

USC(N-rH
*-<

CO^Ht>

U5H ^,ii .

05 05

^T'Sb^'?
U5K0

^UOiO

SgsgJSs

^^(Ng,^

t^ ti
osea^M^
J2f2o5*2-*

-22?5'-S 52 C!

u*5*- 00 ^.
OOOOS-OO
*-*-co*^'

^ =!
Tooi>-h'*
,

'-

'-H

g,

^ft ^,^
o2,

fSProJJco
USi-H^OOcO
l^^,J,CO.J.
^hmVm
-OS
ei^Piwa oj"
"co^"^

fcrig,^

&S^

^^^-^^

U5COt^00O5

OHNMTf
COCOCOCOCO

lcOt~00C5 OHNCO'*
COCOCOCOCO l^^t^.|>t^

U5cOI>00O5
b-^t>-t^t

O
<N CO *
OOOOOOOOOO

Ss^'O"'"? "Puo'Wusus
CNg^g,^ gKNglC^g,

co^t?^^

^!a<ch ^

UOlflUOUOlft

05 05
uo

^"'"PiiR.

i>

>

"?coeouoirt

.,-

-HcoiSt-w
-1

^
"bcb^^co
I

NrjN
t~05
CO
1>
,h
S
H"HOpH
CO^COi-'-j
lO-<oX^l10
^t^^lOO^
,-HcO^^
^^NCN*
COr^f
CO gn *
t> g>
^
w
^
P
00
00
Oi
81
ftn

'*'^
CO
M H^WN
""
CO
CNcO

_,t~^HCO
Hrtio(H

&v!2"? u'
cN^^g,^.

? ^ g,

V^^^co I'tTeo--'* ^^m ? ^^^^jo ^^S,^?

^^^^g, ^g,S^^ O,^^^^ ?,^ Cl^^^

-h^^im^o

cb?^
^ N CN g, ^

Sagga Sssgfeg ^?^co^

^"S^co ^^^^V
"N
Si

OSCO^^f,
t' t'

CO

-i

^
^^^cA^

rt

1
ce^cec
*^'"*?

M
t^co

^10

^' H . S2S
H 2?<05^
m
h
'H^.,^h
t.
m h t^i
^^m^^I
coco^ww
"5o
f2^.?S
USCOt-OOl^ ^.(nM^
NhI" N * t>t-2
-MM oo

fgoht.
<?t-t~W
O^^M-*
H(StJO>
a- -oso -hosoj^oj

iquo^iouo

t>.,^
NmOsIm
co*5S^2

N <N g, N

. o>
^CO^COCO V l> >> "?
bU
NHgjHH
? T*[o u,rH

^Saa
?2o5iow

N^NJ, ^^CN^^

US rH t~ 00 CO
oo .j, oo oo -<
CO
.

&(*<*&

S2m>^i>*.

^^<N^C^

^.i-ico,,.

^?S2^
^N^ri

sgSag S?S;2
?^co ? ^"col?
NeM^M
^N

^NJ.Ng,

rS;*f e

t-?-^^??

US-j^OOOS

lg-2^
gg fe s
^^WjJjCO s
.^'Tcoco

iH _L
^.US-^US
i^co^""

"5 CO J>- 00 05
05 05 05 05 05

_O5C0t~rt
OS M |>
_!2^^ M 3>t^a>c<>m
eo . oo^eo
2-22
252 COrt|CO> t~

^'
-lco ^
oo^-.o.
-ojcs-co
oo
00 oo
rt CO t^ <N
M
cOCOi- N 'HINM
co

fc?5S
Tcococot-

cNcot^.^^

O^HCNCC-*
050505005

S^t>^^
S^^.^H
~

!~!

-h ?n

co"

0000000000

" CO t- 1

^ ^ HW
&

<^^

> ;^5K.5
^ & *

lO^ N'"5'ubio^ubio eo^^.wus
Ir

UO CO l> 00 5

cO&^S.^

^2~
l

0000000000

^(N^CN^

COT'UOCOCO
'

O^CMCO'*

N ?1 N N

feSqigS

'HO,

CN-. HeCl>
r

ee-j^co
^

<??*r&3
Sl^Sl^g,

?
<*&

,^u?us=?
'^g^CNg,

,^MM
__. -k^
S^??!"'^ 25 2
"

>^ ss^s

^S?2
S^S
^c? -c

T ?3j
ubuo^oub

t^t~l>-t-l>

^jS?*?
<^&^<N

CO

OO^OO
lr
HH

iOCOt-00O5

t"~l>l>l>l>

CO CO CO CO CO

rfS^Si
<N

S S '5

US
l> 00 ^h
us co us us

-Hco^t^os

U0COI>00O5 tHIMCOtJH

a-"?""

~gs s SP .i^a

'rwe?'?
iN: ,<*&

Oi-flNCO-"*

a-^ooub
^coio^cb

i-i

-"tf^^oo
Sj"5"?^o

T'cn 1?-*

h^oiN

cotr^o"?^

C^S^

a^no"?^

^>S^S^"

^.^^>S^

U5 CO t^ 00 05

OhcIM'*

OOOOOOOOOO

O505050505

ut5

CO t~ 00 05

0505050505

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

846

Factorizations

Table 24.7
1000

OHNtc*
OOOOO

m<ot~ooG>

OOOOO

m> *
rt^H^Hrt^H
i-i e-j

mtot-^ooos Oi-knco-* iotot-~ooa>

rt-HrH^H^H CM <N IN CM CM <N IN <M CM CM

eocjt--co
cocoogo
oe cooco~
COCO-2-*i5 U."5esi u ?T|i
knuoCO^O ol>W00 SJS^aSo
OHNtI<
coopi. -i co rt ^ co ^rH^ ^ w^NNN

t--

Kl "i-ii-i ci^HMN M M rt ^M

,-<

.CO.
05 r^ f^

"

o
^^(N^

^
COiO

c*
5

Oli
00
i

i^S fcSSSg;?
2
.?&
?^

&<N

i-H^cOlN^

<M "* CO

'"'

oi>ca>co

WTft^OOfO

cm
'"'

CO

CO

*"'

'

CO

CO CO CO CO CO

^asMor
S~
"iH^^t- "?
CO 2
CO
.

'

i-H

.V

t~ eQ**

_
S222S S^Sa S3SS SS^;M3
S^S*
cO?COtr
^^?"?2
^CO^S, ^^i? ? CO

"P^CO^T"?

"f^W? **?*:

*?SSS

_h C5

NCM^CM'

IN g, CO (N IN
IN

CM<M

CM

-IOC
CO
" 'N
CM

|Sq

IN

t-oi ^cot-o ^,2e* _eo^^b. ScOcoS -<itSs

OlN^JlN^ -nr|co=|eo
^t>^COI>. ^co
^CMiOlNCM ^CO^H^CO <tf "? r~ .i 9 W -"< ^ l CO <N ; $ CC <, t>fi ^ l> ?
^lO"-1 Nin^-su) COim^c<I(N .IN^-iolN N K'i(j
~ CM its
IN
gj CM t~- iO IN w kj <N IN
"
5
^"becujuj
"PioLO^ift
10'
,0
CO
"V^eo A'm 0>Q co'^co'O *!2 "&
co,A "ico^i-oco

^,eo2

>

>

rf S.

WhN^N

S fcfe5^

t- 05

>-IO>C75_j^

INCM

^t^lA C?'fl Coio^CO^ WCOIO^'X

CS!
'
C^S"*'
N N<N

-.CO
^<C<1
ss.
^jAnH-Jj

CO

(N^^^

ci

IN

"*

rt

co

<*"

* t*

t(< -^< rt<

2imoo>
*- co

^ ,m ^

* co

co

'

S^S22 &g32 2Ssg|^ S'^55| -g^SS &Sg

:7^<?<? SJa*^ <?":? fa3?2 ?e6*r" ck^^Z

S*?3
^2S

ISJqsSt'3.|oo;

^-^^^tJ*

en's** o^oaco

m n ^ ^eo^-cft
"*
M *"

1499
lotot^oooi Oi-icmcO'* tocot~oooi

S^

itr^tTro
ggSSg
<N<N,

ohnm^
CO
CO CO

^g^^- ^-2^
-Htr^-tS
nSmO ? COim'
1

NN

^N

SZ^
^c-cococo

Seo^eo
"S^SSS
OeoCOCOC? ^Sco^S
<N
CO
--i

<

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COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

847
Table 24.7

Factorizations

1999

Ot^00O
lOlOlOlOlO

wJS^fe^
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COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

848
Table 24.7

Factorizations

2000
lOCOt^OOOl O
OOOOO
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<N<N

i-H IN CO *
i-l i-H i-l .-I i-H

CN C<1<N

CN IN <N CN CM

CN (N CN IN IN

lOt-00O5

HrtHHH
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^co^Wco (n^s^n 2 N S!>> ^co^^co

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lO COI> 00O5
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t^co^M *<*!
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oi|>tr!2^ t>ri>fet^

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COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

849
Table 24.7

Factorizations

2999
lOCOt>00O5

miOiOiOiO

Or-tlMCO-*
cOcOCOCOCO

iOCOl>00O5
tococOCOCO

<N IM IN IN IM

IN CN CM <N IN

CN IN IN CN <N

ot>co<N2

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l>t^t^I>t-

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& g,^g, M ^R^S N S>3& a 5 "* ^
~.

k.

OCOSlvl 5?

S~Z

c^co^i

^S^I^S
onnhO wo*-;JSco
C;0'7rijK >r?*o
w":s
N COCO^&,

CO 2 3

fe^S ? s^Sa Ssl^s S^5?2 sSssg ^ssg^ ?^ ^s?S ssgss

^""^ J"s? ^*^?4 ^??"^? "^r^""
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05

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N S) S) oi

-ss^^s SSgl-iL Sfe^^S Sco^-^

?^co,6^ ^S'O?"? ^co^o^? ^Vc^ ?^
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<N
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^

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N- (^

t^>

IC CO t>- 00 Ol
t> l>
l>-

IN CN (N IN IN

IN IN CN IN (N

<W

t-

co?"?^^
NJ,N
<N

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(NnNIN?,

^"Pco^^A

18OS00
0)
IC lO lO lO

.-KNCO-*

iCOt>000>

(NC^CNlNIN

(N(N(N(N(N

CO CO CO CO CO
CN CN CM <N IN

>0

Ssggn
~$;5
>-i!iaiij3s
o?2i_]^ --^fec
wte-j^w
oo^^^c? oooo^co^
4 ?^^?:
MM ^S^ NN ^^
N
^^^cO

COt-NfO

CO CO CO CO CO

^gXN^^

t^

!>

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S?^"??*

CO^g=CO^|

N (N

^N

(N

O
IN CO *
00 00 00 00 00

U5 CO

!>

IN IN <N <N IN

<N IN (N <N IN

g, (N

r-i

00 05

0000000000

<N g,

^ g, J?

i-h CN CO Tt<
C35 OS <35
IN <N CM IN IN

ft CO b- 00 OS
0^05 05 03 05
IN <N CM (N CM

OS OS

'

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

850
Table 24.7
3000

Factorizations
3499

i-i CM CO "#
r-i CM CO "*
ia<ON00Ol O rH CN CO * lO CO t- 00 OS
Or-HNCO-"* iOCOl>00Ol OHNCOTtl U5 CO t- 00 Ci
lO CO l> 00 Oi
Ttf t^i tH #
rH rH rH rH rH -H rH i-l rH rH CN CM CM CM CM CM CM IN CM CM COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO -* * * ^
COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO

OOOOO OOOOO

-rJH

*"""
>^coj>rH
CO t> _ CO C5
CO^
_ CO <M CO
^o
eoo>i>
loeftco^os cMcoajoju, oos-*J5fe
ax^co'i scoafJa> octroi -o efteftiocs cjscm>2
0'-"-|t^ u? -i-i
ESlNrHrH''*
"*
rH
<>

rhinos
d^ErSSo
H m H
^e0=2^
w rHrHOrH
rtCY5

CO

CO

W
i> >
'

'CM

IN CM

rH

CMCN

H fi!t>co t- s

'CO

CO

-83h *2gSi
^eovSio
tfmi

'

? "* T
(N <N CN
-

CO

CN
m^m^co wt^^w
"h^n nSNh

h jS'*

g-?8S5
^iot^."??2 2-SS
"5c-(nS2
cO'T't'cOc"

n^
1

<N

CN

T* ? l> <*"
Cqf?
in;

CN

rH

3$S
3l2S
^"n ?Il ?i>
r

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? *?

eo

rH "^ rt

CNlN.(NcN <M<N
CMCM^

,-h

ri

eo eo

eo rH

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MM a^ M S W
,

t-sas

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<NCM<N

gi'

coin co m Mn(S n ot^coo^

^ u'^ 2.fL'? SooSJ^^ CNcDt-ho'J
rH CO
~ ~ ~ -< ? h HmS,^
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CO j rH CO rH CO rH 1> Vrt
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CN CM^^^CN IN'N^^CN
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2
9"?^9^ S-^S^fb**
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o
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ro

CO

lO

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b-

n*

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CO Ss

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o>

e^oscoSS Oi^^eoSS
co^r'oco
rH rH OS 2S S'Ofe&'N ^eo^o?^
o,cnco22 CO
SSoS^o? ^^SCi
^^"?cct- y t> -h i> oi
^ M "? w i> V *? ? 2 JT < -r
-

^^^^^ ^^^^^

'CN

^CNcq^^
CN

^2S| Sgg,^ cNcog|| ggggj

ggggg S=9^^^
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^^^^tr lo^^w^ ^icw^"^.o^F-"? 9^^^^ 5^^"?"?
"'"'co o:x "?>o&

lO

CO^'OCO

CO

CO

fcrH '-HC2co

eo

CN

o>

rHN H

r*2^rH ^P-^"?
^ w*
^r-'JS^* l>0^)2
N^tO^co
*" -CO -it on
*^
co^"?^>
co^oo"^
iH _ a. -
cm
eo rH

00

r-<2c55coco

co

OS.

J^trcOJoCO
tfl
N " tfi n
ooi^'TcO"
- -^ *- *"*
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g22S
S*b8S*r feSSia
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St'co^w
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CO ^
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S^OO^IN
rH rH
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co
cn

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CO

^N^VN

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CN (N

3mSo eo^Ss^

W ^55^S

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lOCO

CO

CO

CN

W '

<N

T
CN IN

CN

IN li
S, <N
<N IN

eo

w J3m n r^gcoco ooo^^S

h
m^gco^
^c1 w
^co^^eo S^^2^

eo

*S^S2
ds^^co
rH CO -H

CO
CN

n!feco
2wco?k:
Tin

"oMN

^2^

>9 co "? "i

CO
<N N CM
CM

;&^|

'

'

CN cn'n;

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10 eo ic cog?
rH CO ^i -^ OS
rH

(O

eo

^
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'glCN^^ S,^

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eo
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lOT"rHrH

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eo
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f>.

CN

co eo co

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2^CO^tT
CO
? ^COd^O ^^^.^ri
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rH CO

CO rH
CO

CN CO T*
cot
"N.'MJ
^
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rS^r-i-CN
CN
CN
CM
M
.IN <NCO
"T

cn'

CO

eoco
co
^
^
eo'Teo
eo
eo

i-i r>-h
f I

M 2coS M Jo!^S "^eo^w !oM^ -g

S2^S
^^2?
eoeo^r.eo
-

CO

co

CO

_.

SJwcoeo^H
cc

???!?

CNCN^CMct,

? c?

w?"?^
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C<,

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Nco
^"^
2^23^
r^O>

i^

^cl^o", S^clvo
'CM
CM CM CM

'N CM

^^coc^fe
co^^s
&e?

gS a?S?^

N <N CM^

gi1

eo

hCb

cOro^os

t-*>-tri
5
s
j;2^ -25?-^ S'S^^
CO o CO

m*$

"5io coin
^^^"N^ ^^CN^^ S
CNCM^CM

ohnw*

iocot>ooo5 OrHCMcoTt* iccot^ooos oh(mhj iocoi^oooj

i25Er92S? OrncMco^
rHrHrnrHrn CM CM CM CM CN CM CM CM CM CM COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO -<H * *
* wtoNoots
Tf* * * Tt< -*
S HrtHH cococococo
cococococo cococococo cococococo
cococococo cococoeoco coeoeococo cocococoeo eococococo cocococoeo

2^SJS22J

22222 22222

->*l

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

851
Table 24.7

Factorizations
3500

OHNW*
lOOlOlfllO

co

^co-h^is.
o* :
cn

tr05i,05
m

W'T'ri^Ii

00 *^^
wli
corH^co

om>-<m>co

CO CO CD CO CD

COCOCOCOCO

~-.

cn

.-h

<->

05 ^?*
S,"?
co^^co^

?9>_i?to

^:22'-

im

M H^ OMmSn
Mm^^
5b-0* ?S
^CNOOasS TOHH
9cO
2^ - ^
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^
^
<nn|?<n ?,n^ cn^c^
?,n^ n
"^

"? *N

ts.

CO CO
? 5* S?

CO

'- -CO
|

CN

ts.

OS

'

,<*

Wfer^^CS
a>co;Tt<oo
(No^COCN

,-,^2.-. CO

W?-H=??
M^IicoS
-t^cous

^M^
^^

-hi
^Jffc^"

--n N _ h^hM* as 00
* M 2^tS ^
oo co
^^CN
igCSKN^S

os 2 as r ri

cm-SS??i2

P->
i>
0* *> pa co

ts.

COCOCOCOCO

C51cq_-.S3

cococococo

USCOt^OOOs
OOOOOOOOOO
cococococo

USCOls-OOOS

t~ t~- ts. t> t~CO CO CO CO CO

US US US US US

S^SfS^

cococococo

IN M
O
00 00 00 00 00

Or-i(MW'*

CO CO CO CO CD
CO CO CO CO CO

UScOts-OOOS

COCOCOCOCO

OiHIMM-*

USCOts.oOOs

IM

t-^COrnS
isS,,- 'H
soiM^t-^
rA

1-H

t-t-^r-Z*
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m 2. eo ^
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"Offll-Nl"

COiOt>o^

t~ t,
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fe
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w
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CO
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ts. ts.

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co

OS US OS t~ Z]
t~
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N?,f N N

"*<

i-H

^ec^-^eo

Nj5 N Om
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t^CO^^M
*<*?.
<<N<N

3999

O iH IM CO *

USCOts-OOOS

cococococo

cococococo

OS OS OS OS OS

OS OS OS OS OS

>->, O O
CO g g
$ W g o"?Hia
> Ss S,
I? eo co ^ ^
h^m
co
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>

co

cn

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as

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CN ">

co

ts.

"^
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> ^ S2
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t-cocoeoc?

co

OS co 2 OS OS
S <? * *T t-r-lcOOlO
CNCNCOCSO,

" CHS " ^

" ^^J",

Is-SoSr-l

N^SSt- ^ 00 t~ CO t~ CN t~ ~ t fc 2
-h0s^T'O
00
o o> ^
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v-co^
m 2
> Ij -*
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S^^n"
o CO5mN
2 co
^ ^
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W

t~

ts,

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rt

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ts,

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ts.

^"2 S3S5p -^2g5 5l2fe^ i^S^K ggggS B^S^i qsaSfeEte g^S^fS ^S^gco
3*352 ?2g-^ g^co?"M ^^^"^
^^^ ^:^3^s
^r^4^ ^"?2co ^?co^s sgggs
^ S. ^ N & N N W
N CS^^ CM^CNg,^ <Mf?<N^V ^IM^CMcN
^N^
R CN
?, CN

S.

o> ih tt

r*

ScO'- CO

-^^CN-I

'icco^

iicJoi

co

<<

0^0>t- ir
^NCN<M"?

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co

t~

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com

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co^

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co

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co

loco

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m omnh Ti^.-ho_; ^SssS
JS** 00 ??
^co",,'^ 2 m n^ co^!?f
^^^Lnco ^2 co<^~<N co-'^ ?^ co 7-? ? ^c-^-^t- ^-a ^^^cnco
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f*
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i?^?^
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km

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coco^jo^

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t_i

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ci^?,

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UScOts.0005

US lO US lO lO

US US US US US

COCOCOCOCO
716-654

COCOCOCOCO

64

55

?*jS*
^^E^cc,?,
Oi-HCNCOTt<

tOCOCDCOCD
COCO^SCOCO

^"ptO.C

ts.eosj.co
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coSt-co3

S*%2*

^^"??!o
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UScOts.0002
CO CD CO CO CO

COCOCOCOCO

SS?^S 2S^g SSSK Sgggg

"=?^?^ "S3a?
%^1-t ASJS?
sNCN^CN^
^ ^
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g, <N

CN

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CN.-Hts.f9cO

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CN^^^CN C.COg,^?.

ls.^__rt
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3

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tO^S-^t
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S "?

w-^

t" rH CO 15

CO

M?

t>00

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-sf

t- t^

ts. ts.

COCOCOCOCO

J,

CN

"
N
o> CO s
^
05
COCOOJCNO
Ti^SS
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J^I>-00cN
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OO^h^CW^h
ts.eS^HO>"?
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05 ^
t~Zi^. c0
m
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w
co-t^eoWk
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COCN
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^

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n) CO _, l> b-

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Is.

^fe^
&t4^^2 ^^^2^
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N
R ^ g S , <^ & g
^?5f?fe

00

O
CO
00 OS
rH CN CO *
CN CO
O
O
00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00
OS OS OS OS OS
t-h

Tt<

ts.

ts.ts.ts.ts.ts.

COCOCOCOCO

ts- is.

Is.

Or,NcB
^^f^lM-H
0i-H^.

^^^o, S^Sffius -o^

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N
N<N?,^W
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cococococo

cococococo

cococococo

US CO l> 00 OS
OS OS OS OS OS

cococococo

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

852
Table 24.7

Factorizations

4000
rHCMCO-r* lOCON-OOO)

OOOOO OOOOO
^
Tp^

^^ ^^ ^^ ^^

Tf^ "^^

^^ ^^

*
rH (N CO
rH
t-i r-H r-H

i-l

^^ ^^ ^f ^^ ^^

iOcON-000)
rH rH
^T "^^

.-H rH rH
"^^ "^^ ^T'

OhnM-*
IN CN IN IN <N
^T ^^

^7^ ^"^

^^

4499
lOCON-OOO) O'HINcO'* iOcON-OOO) rHiNCO-* lOONOOffi
IN <N IN (M <N COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO * "* * * * * -* "* "* *
^5^

^^ ^P ^T ^^

^T*

^^ ^* ^^ ^T

^^

^T^ ^T*

*
-n

O^^^Tjt
N ,_ Ij CO "W
_i -L

^P ^r

^^

"*5^

^4^ ^T^ ^J^

.hWmm

..

** k. CO CO

t-H
.

eo-tfiNco

CO CO CO

a>

Rococo 2r!foo)!3 HrtO)

Jo)?rH

,_,

t-

i-l

CO

CO

<-<

rC 9

<Mco<?!jco

CO

c35

<-,-,

O t-

^S^'^'-i

cocor^fo

05

s^S^S aS^s?

o>rco

S^S^ 7^^7

-">o>

<*

o^t;

^
j^ MO)HN

Ooo
,

^^^g,^ ?^C,^N ci?,^^^ C^&CNg,

i-l

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cot-h _h

05'-*

r~

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CO,

Nh

to

l>

^co rnt- CO

coco5r'H OcoO^csiO5 --HrHc^coco osososco

coJ2o_h
r-Ht-tO^N. ic9riji
lON-Jo^O) CCcCCO^'* 0=?i4\22
n-^^co^ lN^rH,^,^
--oS^ -ico^c^
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t- 00 CO Z+< &>
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M S^

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fc^fctiN NmoN ^"co^i
t cn
cn os^eoeoN- w -T -so coO .^.
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N.C?W CO,H

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oc5^2
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c-t^io^"orH^S
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? 9S^2^
5
Sn-^"?? ^S"nS 8?^?? 5^7^^ 2"?5=?S ??&?n "?2Tt;S
CO 10 "5 CO.* ^-vo.Ag
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"CO' 'kt>
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rH^S^S C^^^^g ^^g=?^

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"^frS
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'

CO

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N-^05
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m
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ricO 1?

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onhmT
CO
'

CO IN

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rH
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re

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i

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in"?

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m IO CO
CO
.

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00 O

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lO CO t> 00 O)
rH rH rH rH rH
tJI t* tJI -rJH T*

CO io

n,

CNl'McMc^'

rH CM CO *

CM CM CM CM CM
H rj H
r)l

rjl

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tO
t^.

r-l

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^co^^io

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CO
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CM CM CM CM CM
tH t* tH r* T-fl

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1(3

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17
*"

CM CO *
CO CO CO CO CO
Tf

f2

m
^ M CM
'^CM(MCM^8,<M<M<M^IMS,':^^
,

"T

rf

rjl

IO CO t- 00 O) rH CM CO
CO CO CO CO * "* * ^ *
^H
H CO
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lO CO t^ 00 O)
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T-fl

t(<

^<

T<

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

853
Table

Factorizations
lOCDt^OOOS

iC 0 lO
m id
^^
^Jl ^Jl ^""

TJ1

O^NKC*
CO CO CD CO CO
^Jl

^H

"<^i

^Jl ^Jl

lOCOt^OOOS

CD CO CO
CD
^5^ '^' ^H ^^ ^p

OHNMi*

t^l>I^l^t^
^^ ^^ ^H ^H ^1

lOCOt^OOOS
t^ t~ t^ t^ I>
^1 ^H ^H

^|J1

^H

O-hNW*
00 00 00 00 00
^JH ^jl ^^H

^^

24.7
4999

iOCOt"~00O3

O'-icMCO-'cH

lOcOf^OOOS

00 00 00 00 00
^JK ^4 ^JH ^H ^Ji

05 03 03 05 05
^^H ^H ^p ^JH ^JH

03 03 03 03 o>
^JH ^4 *^n t^i ^H

CO-HCOCO

0303CO__,

^rSSt^-S

H^ioinco^

^-"rt?2S

ft^S*

Sco22?o

j,coco_.
H
"MW
COos,.,
S
^ b-
bSrm^ r|^
^
S "^ ^
^S^cdco
'-no^gSeo 2 5
^M? 000
333** 3*3& *^ -*2"^ <oSco2 3&*S **S?- *23*

Ss&3
"aS"N ^ti
N

gSgg sg>g s^Bsss ?s*i s?s -* |S = 8 s-S"?

Z^*?gr< .;&*? ^A^" :"" ^S^I? ^S^co
& N?*? ?!? ^^^vco
&<N<N ^CN M<N ^ 5,<N^<^^
S^^ 5 ^"N&N N N<N<N <N<N^&ei
S

t~
i-^
-
^o^t-oog

q?t.

;*

M^

,_

J^iMTtHu^t^

eo- iM ^>
c^^S.'NS,
,

11

a>^

_,W H H_
03
^OOfDCO
-tj[<"^
03
e

^ a,

os

>o

loeom

03

co^co^r?
CM

'11.23

7163
2287

3191

t-^^-.t
COfl

-Hb--Hb-

lO^-^iO
INcO^-l^
C??^^CO

^^^^^

i^S2

h-CO

~^~.*~.
* 10 oj

^Sl^co 10

JS^^SSS?

^^h

S> l

b-

5?fcgSS
J^?03^
t>-^^J5
^"^^S.^

S^?^

38
SSsSS
23U3
^2"
03CO^CO
ScO^^g
SwIl ?^ CNiMcofN^
co^t^jjtr
?(Nr-T
cotr^cA ^
N
Sa^ N&N S ^^^^S. ^^^5^^

OS'-'t^M ^'"'t^.^W
J5_
ONN
M IJh^Nh
*^
^co^Mco '-'^.^l^
03CO1003CO
^^
10
r. ;Si

t^-^

cotico

rt|

os

coio

co

^os N

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"^coSs

-i "*

2J
!?

CN

"

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CO

fefO^S
JS >1

^'"'S'^
c?--ho3^h

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t^^ft> ^

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3, os

^M

w
n^ &e^c^

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CO

"5

S^l^tlCO
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i^03T,rrco

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coS^i
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cc"3

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CO

i^*

ffl

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t-Klosos^
00

2^^^? "^^co" ^^^^^ ^S ?<Ntr

NN^N?) W^^^-N <^^S ^' ^C^^W^ C^fNC^g,

cos.^co ?
^^CS.^.<N

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f~-<8co
N^OO^ffi

t^fecoJS^
t^S_l C, rr

CO

jft^j^OS^

ICCO^CO^

cOc^

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^co^^ ? ^^co^-^ M M T

OOOCD^^;

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COOOinb-Tf*

lO

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CO

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mh
^owncs
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^iSf^T-H-*

it

10"

CO

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m co OS
co
co
os"^^CNMh'cO
59
Hi-1NK5
U3

i,'*!j;

COcq

lu

coco 03

ca

<n^,<5

.(a

t^^b-co
jfi

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t^co^eoso

t>.fNi.

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5^5^;^
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t-co^

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owoS*
2S< MM
C^COtH(N<N
CD'-'fA^rH
2P-S22
^
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p.^co55; ^^-r^os co^^ost>
^
^^^ CO^tlCOcs, NMHH^ ^^^^^5
CO^^

T-*
ri
Mt^coeoco

ts_Jjr*.r>_j

OSrji'COOS
1

it-*C0NCO
-HCM-tftoco

|^

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rtf

H HM t;

CO^^^hCO

t-

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in
lj2M!2eo
O
cm

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cot^fjsjfrs

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CO

c^

g^(_* '-'co^-^<n ^lo"^

f,OCOC2
10
'S^SJS
N^tT^CN CO ^ SS2^"5r-i
^ - J CO
^C?M^ ^CO^^CO ^ ^ CO ^ N <N ^ CO !? tr^^S"^
NWN^g, ^ ^ CO <N ^ ^ ^
& ^ S_LhlIl
N M0, C^ S^S,^ S^d,^^ ^(N^^^
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fO^^-H^

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C0O3t-^CO

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>

ojb-^COcO

,.

^SS?S ^^S^c^
*?2S^^ S^^ggfe S^o-S -S-^?2 Sco-co-^S-?S
^gS-r^ s^s
JSS-r^S 2^2^ S?^?2 ^2- p.SS2^ co-2?
^^^co^ ^^^^br ^Sco^^ co^S ^c^^^co ^^co^^ co^^co^ -co^^'

c^S?^^^

c^?,^?,^

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lOCOt^OOO
Tf^Tf-^'^

CM CO
O
t- b- t^ t^ t-

'S ?^"?

55

'

SSS*55

fe

''(N^a

^h

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.^-2^ ^^ S"^^;^^
1

ra

rtcoP.CO'*
2297

I>~

CO

^co&ic-

j-h

S^l

CO3
*-*
io<ms>
cm

S*-f S7!f fSS3

g38S r^sSt-^ ^i> s ^ 2!St-Sffl s2-o> t-t-gfc-3
?fg^^f5 ^^Sf2^ wmSSh goo^SS t?e<)Sco 2Sco^ ^fe^ ? S^cofSti s<g:igS
CO^CO COM^CO^ ^^^^^ "^cO -*
^ rt^t-^cO ^^HCO^tl CO^CNCO^ ^^h"^
CO

b-b-^S
'-

h^t#22

-.^ESgco

%1^
^-^

skosS?: os^ggos a ^5J??^ ^.on.^2 ?.s^^^ --803

&?5^g ^"?-o ^^^c5^ "?co^tr- ^^^^^ ^T^^^fo sj^^
S?^^'?^ ?^"?"?"? S??^?^ ?"ico^^ If^Z
^^^"?co ?^^^^ cl^^coS ^I^co N
c?
*

^0.^0.^

NgoqM
iOcDt~00OS

0--l(NCOTt<

TjlT^-^<T^Ti<

T(<^Tj<Tt<Tj(

OiOiniOiO

cococococo

cococococo

<

Tt<

^^f^TJItt

SlcqN

ifl CO t^ 00 OS
l> t^ !> t^ t~^<Tj<Tt<rt<Tf

J?

Sa

^&

g C^

O
CM CO *
00 00 00 00 00
i-H

T^T^tJI'^T^

CO l> 00 OS
00 00 00 00 oo
ifl

TfTHrJ*^Tj<

^^^

OrHNCO^
ososososos
T*<T}<T}1t)<'^I

ift

CD t^ 00 OS

ososososos

tJ*^"*^^

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

854

Factorizations

Table 24.7
5000

OHMMTf
OOOOO

LOlOlOLOlO

lOfflNCOO!
LOLOLOLOLO

OOOOO

OrfNW*
HHHHrt
LO
LO LO lO
li5

OhNW^
***

CO t> 00 C3 O
Or-HNM^ LO
CO W* lOtDNOO
cocoeococo COCOCOCOCO
NNNNIN
NWNIMN
LO LO LO LO LO LO LO LO lOLOLOlOlO LO lO LO LO LO
LO

LOcOt>00Oi

i-H

i-H i-H ,-H ,-H i-H

LO lO LO LO LO

"*
lO lO lO lO >o
"*!

CO

*
eoai_eo
*> co _ _ co _r~eo,-i
w co<5or~
05^ r _ t- co
*t~
_
co _ eo
ftcoo*^
"o(nJCi> cocopgco Sooocooo 'Ot^^^E; Jcjc oooo eo'oS^S
^cocst:*

CM
CO^fO,-, lHIi2 ^-HCogcO ^t-t00t- Seo^-rt t-^fcr^S
SrtMlNN
>> eo
CO-CO
N
!* S rH ^^-^7^^
^
OkI 'Oh O -H^O CO 1H
J. 3
CO^i-ll-to
LOW
,-h i-H

T_l

i-h

..

,J.

co

.J.

i-H

^coco?
CO

MW

So

HM H N

CO

t^co

1-1

eo rj ?

i-H

'.

COi-H

eo"

'CO

t*

5499
LOeOt>00Ci
T* "* * TH TjH
LOLOLOLOLO

^eo

OS

CO

-h oo
^; ^<

oco

co

"-'!%

gsssg gs^&SSS2S ?- a"-23 g^

sg^
ISlss
T
S
nh^hw
nh
T
^ m

eo

eoSSSs
CO CO
i-h i-H rf(

W CO
J, .: J,
CO

oSS-fo S
CO

ffl

'

^Sco^

S|

eO iH
CO 00
r< > -f fi

SK*^

LO l> 00 CO

eo eo _ -*
co co ? co e^

S^RS

c^coco<"

2 ig

-!

co

CO CO
*? co

eoi>t>
CO

oo^oj

co

i-h

co eo co
r", -%

^<
3

^ in
-\
s
"N^
^
.

CO e?

^S^co^
Sco^co ^?<coco ^CO^CO^
-

".'-h^ coco
e

~ co co co

cqCO^CO

_v

CO

CO

Qi-H
O)
-- t^gSt- S^5> SSt-t- 2 s^^^t- S s gt> SogSS&S fc*-fcS HtrtN

S5SU2
2-22
?5?5t
S
Teo
^SJS^

2-S"2
.t-us ^eo^-.
o^io^r ususcouseo ^^S=?eo
."WW S5S8
1919^
2 eo-'eo
>
t^cOi-H

2^2

CO <N rH ro

CO

CO

eo

**

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li

"*eo

CO

H 010

lodcO<NlN

^c^^-r^
N (N <N <M

eo

C^

T-H

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i-^\

1*'

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^^^gc^.

0?

j-eo^^g

'2-2 2^^'
2o?
^.^d^S

coinloeo 1^ '"eo'^ioeo "S'OeOKb'O

"ioeoi6'0

CO

L<S

"?""'
eo^^co ^ "i CO *o w u'eoio"'
1

225^^ S,^| S^SS

ge1"^2 ^^^Sg ^^^^f
3S*Sr c^^^acl ^-IS 8
'

gSS

eo

S^-S

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c

CO

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i^i>-eo

i-h

Nn n

<m
in

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3^
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ohNcoh
hOOhN
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1:0

CO

T CO

00

Zi (NCOMr-i^
co co
eoco!?^^
CO

coco
,

co

C0IM

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clSgS
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1

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COcq^CO
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co

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5

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eoeoSi
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2^g
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co ^7 co
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cococoJo^

11

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t*"

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eo ai

co^'^g
10 co eot> "*

eo

co

CO
M eo
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ci
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coco

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cococo

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lO lO lO lO lO

CO

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l> 00
1 CO

''on!'"

cbcot^oo
2, eo

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1/5

eo

t-.

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t^ CO r* CO ^:

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? eo

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CO

I-H

C0<N

eo^^H
eo^co^reo cococOjm'-h

ee
cococ^eo^ co^cococo ^(Ncoinco

co

CO

i-H

t"CJ>
t>
2s
i> eoeo^-t-eo
t-eo^^
N eog2
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1
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c
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r
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J
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h
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r co
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00

co

^cocjco^ eo^^it^t: ^T-hCTi^co

<*,

_^eo
j eo n

CO

Seo^^M
***** 2^|S?
2
>h' h hS

eo

SPSSS
.o
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coeot>f>

ioeoio"5eo kOiOeokOio

g-^S" "^^"S

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Sgl2g ^ogjofe Sggfeg

o o ^ 88125 *r3i!
w&w^-eo
eo^^eo i-h^co >^ -i-h eo =
eo^fAeo-H
-^fAco
i-H

59 SSg ^2^^^
^S?^^ eo^^.o^

^^^^^

efe<

5,5

22fi-2

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^^^^ S^f2 ^gSg

CO

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^?S^Se? ^5*^05

i-H

co

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o
o-^eo^
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'Ton 2
.

eo

M
ss^gi^
^2^d
p-'^S ?" 2
^f:s^ -H^eo^^?
co^cdco^- ^cdco^oos ^^t-^' ? ^s^-SS
ZZ%$& 2.'Nh
S
T^iNeOt^ ^ ~ 2
t^eo<N(Meo
&& c^^<n N ^a ^^^^^ M^^^a

f2?2sSs^ssjs
o^^^ ^Sgo S^^g|
SSS^s
Ss
idSeooog
3^ Bs|5s
^2?2^co
&%2%%
S"^^S2 "n^m
&2ftS(t ^S"S^ S?|2
2?7^k1^
oeo
v^,

-ICO
Oi-h

CO

Oi

Oi

g^S

CO

3o

oh

^beo"? 1? coocoeo"?

co^<^co<N

^ co

lOtDNOOCl
lOLOLOlOm

CO -^
O ih CO
1

00000

eo co

i-H

'-<

^-1 i-h

lO lO lO LO lO

^^S^el
co
co

^ co ^

lOeOt-0005
i-h i-h i-h h i-h
lOlOlOlOlO

>O^H.10 co

LO
?'?^"? ? co'A^co'O ^^ko^eo & 5o=?~"?
R
coco^coco ^ co ^ co N ^ co co eq co co co^co ^cofo^co

O^gco*
rt 10

i-H

i-H CO CO *
co co co co co
LO lO lO 0 lO

>0 CD !> 00 CJ>

co co co co co
LO LO "O "O LO

IOCO1--00O3

LO LO LO LO LO

LO LO LO LO LO

i-H

CO CO

coeococoeo eococococo

O
CO eo T
-^ * ^ ^ ^1
i-H

lO LO LO LO LO

>ra

'co
CO

o"

CO CO CO

CO

10 eo i> 00 CR
-^
LO
LO LO LO LO -^j

^^*

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

855
Table 24.7

Factorizations

5999
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Factoriza tions

Table 24.7
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857
Table 24.7

Factorizations
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to

it.

coco

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00

t>

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

858

Factorizations

Table 24.7
7000

^ CM CO
O
OOOOO
1

-"tf

l>t>t^^I>

^o^i2
"*

l>

CO

HHHHrt
OOOOO O'HNCC'*
I>t^l>l>t- t>I>t^t^tlO CO t^ 00 OS

b~t>t--i>l>

NnN

(ncn^^n

<Ncn

O'-KNCO'*

i-H i-l

(N CM CM CM CN

i-l r-H

i<0

rj<

i~<

7499
wcot>ooos

K3!ON00Ol
CO CO CO CO CO

^Jl

t>t>t^t^l>

^^ Tp Tp

^Jl

t> t> t> t- t>

C0l>
CO

CO^^H

W^OicO

co-->

co^S^
IN

CO

t>l>t>t^t*-

CO l^ 00 OS
CN CO
NNMNIM
CO CO CO CO CO
l>l>I>t^t> I>l>l>J>t-

lO CO l> 00 OS

<

'

<i

ri

:SI<n
cni'

c CM CM
<N

CMjs,

(N

N^NcN NN ?! N 5l

C?N<^I

'Hfls'H

i-H^i-H {2(N

oo

CO

<N cm

CMjx,

N.

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; 12 --i co s
"*
CO CM > "*
IH
19 CM
co 10

S^oo-o

OS CO
N.
2 to co

o
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N. ^ <N H

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CO 12
os co as

t~-

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co co

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ioco-tf;co

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CO

"0.i? cb? Li 001"

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CM
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M M ^-Z ?&<n
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lOio&ioio co^Sbco "

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OS t~^t^JS^r^ cso5:^'o^ogcotr
r-l^Zl&t^

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g = Sr ? s ss g
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ri

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co
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H H rH rH ^h rt H rt -H h CM CM !N CM CM CM CM (N CM CM CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO
t>t^t^t^N- t^r^t^t^i^ t^t^t^t^t^ t^t>t^i>t^ i>t^i>t^t> t^t^t^t^t^ t^t^i>t^t>

OOOOO

<-< i-l

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CO CO kL

<N

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CO *S

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co^cou:

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rt
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COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

859
Table 24.7

Factorizations
7500

OnNWii
m

U} lO IO U?

tN.tN.tN.f-tN.

OS

CO CO

O OS 0 OS

lOrtNT|i

^m^^k

cot-^co

IOCOIn-OOOS
lO >C lO lO tO
t- In. tN. tN. t

OhNW^I
CO CO CO CO CO

lOcCtN.00OS

OrtNCO-*

CO CO CO CO CD

tN.tN.l-N.tN.tN.

tN.

In. I> In. tN. ttN. tN. 1> tN. tN.

1-N.

tN. tN. tN.

0 CO t 00 Oi

OhNM*
OOOOOOOOOO

>C CO l> 00 OS

OOOOOOOOOO

IN CO
O
OJOiOSOSOS

lO CO

tN. tN. tN. In. [N.

tN.tN.tN.tN.t-

tN.tN.tN.fN.tN.

t>

tN.tN.tN.tN.t-

rn t

-f '""
CO
t- CO OS CO CO

mWhcDh
t- CO
OS
OsOOcOO-* OS lO OS OS
19t)<1(3N
O OS "S ^
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1
CO
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S
2

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US IN CO 00
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t- ?

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l>

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tN.

f,

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2
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^S^"?
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ccot^ooos
COCOCOCOCO

t>t>-t^t^b-

Or-nNco-*

uscot^ooos

tN.tN.tN.tN.t~N.

t^

t>-t-t^t>.t>.
t- t- fN. I> t^

t"-

t-

t>- fN.

2iC?5os n
?
IT

in co *
o
0000000000

t1-

l> I> I> t"

>ocot^ooos
OOOOOOOOOO

<n co -^
o
OS030SOS02

wcoi>ooo5

t> t> t^ t>

t^.

t^ t^ 1> 1>

tN.tN.tN.tN.t-.

t~-

O3OSO5 0SO5

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

860

Factorizations

Table 24.7
8000

OHNM'* U3cO|-s.00O>
OOOOO
OOOOO
0000000000 O0O000O0O0

8499

OHNW*

IOCDIX30O3
C CO l> 00 OS
rt i-H i-l i-H H CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM
0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000
Oi-HCMCO-sH
i-i

^H rt ^h

i-h

CO CO CO CO CO
00 00 00 00 00

">
00
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C?^ CMCNCMCMCN

cncncmCmc? CMcn^CN

"^ /\

"'cm cm

coco T^co o.*o

ccos TjH^fMt^-^
inn ^--cOt-hCO
1

t- ?

N CD

!$
i?^3 2^?2 gi^gS Slsi? ?S|E
t-

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^
co

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1

^2^^^Sgg^^^^S SofL^^'*
S,^"?"?^ ^5"i"?"i

C^C^ ^-^-

e*

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CO

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cot

l>CO

t^Sg
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~*
rt
CO
OS

iTSoS^"?

g AA3
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o*

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'111

<n

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CO

t^Si^CTseO

c^cjiriw
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CNCM
"

{ 04

OhNM

lBtOr.mre
iocot>ooa> OT^cMcoTt* >ccot^ooo> o^hcmco^ ocot^ooi
CMCMCNCNCN COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO ^^^TjtTjH tJH t -* tJ(

asosasasas osososojos asosososos asosasasos osososas'

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

863
Table 24.7

Factorizations
9500

Wt
OHN
lomicoio

b- io co ._ "i

"sScoos

OS-US'-^
nScs'
eo^rH

ft

lOSNOOO
O <N CO *
ujicifjino co
i-i

05 05 05 05 05

05 05 05 05 05

"3

O b- 00 b-b-b-r-bO
O <N CO ^f OCDNOOOi
oooooooooo
b- i b- b- b-

a
co co
^
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co
^b-^cq
co

t"-

i-h

i-H

co^cococo

05 05 05 05 05

w^_t-_. ..'!
051^0^^
50
ScdSimco og^2

(M CO *

^c^S

V. 1-1

0
3
co rt as os "?
eo

-^

05 05 05 05 05

05 05 05 05 05

^ ^-22
1~
2 ^ e4 b"? os
as as

_fo Jo

f?

co

^r?2

*2-h<m>

b-

eo bLi os
>

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ft

^
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^a^

05 05 05 05 05

9999

OhNM* ooxsosoi

fl

b- 00

lO

b_
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eo -.
50
i^SSS
S 3 '^^ ^ b-^ccoor. J ^1 ^ co co os co os
rt >
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: IT
co
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b- 00

oooooooooo

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cNco-.r-^
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co<noo<n^

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2*5" SgSSS Z^Z 538$" 8*558 sl^ SsES^ *:?
*** ***%* B,<*,ft* %*%*% &T%* %Z*% ^2* g*3*5 ftg'*" S^Sk^

t*0>fe

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cocoi^

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10

g-~*?
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CO
b-

"cOcO-h ^^-'^S -<52?fc ClfeS SNS S3Sn

*co^ ^i>S"?
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^ "'ioco^.o
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fe^t^SS
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2
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sS^^o 2^^S S^gSjH S?^2co^
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*

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co

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a^?"?5 g^SS? ^a"?:?"? t?"?^"? ^?^^5 ?^ ?'4^ ^S^SS ?o"?:?a"? a^ ?"?^
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05

t'

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OHINM"* coo

icnoioioio
co
5
i-h

^_C0o1
9-?co^
Zi-

10 CO t^ 00

lO CO l> 0C

CM CO *
t^t^t^t^t>
05
i-h

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t^r^t^b-r^

i-h

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t^ 00 O-nlNM*

05

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05

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

864

Primitive Roots, Factorization of p

Table 24.8
g,

denote the least positive and least negative (respectively) primitive roots of p.
whether 10, 10 both or neither are primitive roots.

p-1

3
5
7

22

2-3
2-5

11

13
17
19
23
29
31

37
41

43
47
53
59
61
67
71

73
79
83
89
97
101

103
107
109
113
127
131
137
139
149
151
157
163
167
173
179
181
191
193
197
199
211
223

227
229
233
239
241
251
257
263
269
271
277
281
283
293
307
311
313
317
331
337
347
349
353

2 2 -3
2*

2-3 2

211
2 2 -7
2-3-5

2 2 -3 2
2 3 -5
2-3-7

2-23
2 2 13
2-29

2
2
3
2
2
3
2
5
2
3
2
6
3
5

2 -3-5

2
2
2

2-3-11
2-5-7

2
7

3 -3 2

2-3-13
2-41
2 3 11
5 -3

2
2 2 -5 2
2-3-17
2-53
2 2 -3 3

4 -7

2 -7

2-3
2-5-13
3

2 17
2-3-23
2 2 -3?
2-S-5 2

2 2 -3-13
2-3 4

2-83
2 2 -43
2-89
2 2 -3 2 -5
2-5-19
2 6 -3
2 2 -7 2
2-3 2 ll
2-3-5-7
2-3-37

2113
2 2 -3-19
2 3 -29
2-7-17
2*- 3-

2-5 3

5
3

2
3
5
2
5
2
6
3
3
2

3
2
2
6
5
2
5
2
2
2
19
5
2
3
2
3
2
6
3
7
7
6

28

2131

2 3 -5-7
2-3-47
2 2 -73

5
2
6
5
3
3
2

2-3M7

2-5-31
2 3 -3-13
2 2 -79
2-3-5-11

17
10
2
3
10
2
2
3

2 2 -67
2-3 3 -5
2 2 -3-23

2 4 -3-7

2173
2

2 -3-29

2 s 11
-

-G
1

-10

2
3
2
3
4
2
2
7

10

10
10
10

10
-10

V
359
367
373
379
383
389
397
401
409
419

p-1
2179
2-3-61

2 2 -3-31
2-3 3 -7

2191
2 2 -97
2 2 -3 2 -ll
2 4 -5 2
2 3 -317

21119

421

2 2 -3-5-7

6
9

2-5-43

-10

10

431
433
439
443
449
457
461
463
467
479
487
491
499
503
509
521
523
541
547
557
563
569
571
577
587
593
599
601
607
613
617
619
631
641
643
647
653
659
661
673
677
683
691
701
709
719
727
733
739
743
751
757
761
769
773
787
797
809
811

2
3
2
4
2
5
2
3
3
5

10

10
-10
-10

-10
10

2
2
3
6

3
9
3
3

4
2
5
5
4
2
2
3
2
2
5

2
2

4
9
3
6
3
2
7
3
3
2
2
2

-10
10
10
10

10
-10

-10
10

10

10
-10
10

-10
10

-10
10
10

10
10

10

3
6
2
7
2
10
2

-10
-10
-10
10

10
3
2
3

10
-10

2 4 -3 3
2-3-73

21317
2-7

2 3 -3-19
2 2 -5-23
2-3-7-11

2-233
2-239
2-3 5
2-5-7 2
2-3-83

2-251

2M27
2 -5-13
3

2-3 2 -29

2 -3 3 -5

2-3-7-13
2

2 139
2-281
2 3 -71
2-3-5-19
2-3 2

2-293
2 4 -37
2-13-23
2 3 -3-5 2
2-3-101
2 2 -3 2 -17
2 3 -7-ll
2-3-103
2-3 2 -5-7

2 7 -5
2-3-107

21719
2 2 163
2-7-47
2 2 -3-5-ll
25-3-7

2 2 -13 2
2-11-31
2-3-5-23
2 2 -5 2 -7
2 2 -3-59

2-359

7
6

2
2
5
2
5
3
21
2
2
7
5
15
2
3
13
2
3
2
13
3
2
7
5
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
5
2
3
7
7
3
2
3
2
3
3
11
5

2
2
2
5
2
5
3
2
2
11

2-3-11 2

2 2 -3-61

6
3
5
3
2
6
11
2
2
2

2-3 -41
2-7-53
2-3-5 3
2 -3 3 -7

2
2 3 -5-19
2 8 -3
2 -193
2-3-131
2

2 199
2

2 -101
3

2-3 4 -5

3
3

-G

2
2
2

-10

4
2
2

10
10

10

10

3
21
3
2
5
5
5
3

-10
10
-10
-10

3
13
2
2
3
2

-10
-10

'2

4
5
2
2
3

4
2
4
2
3
3
5
5
3
3
2
7
2
2
3
4
9
3
7
2
2
3
2
5
2
10
6
2
2
2
7
6
6
2
2
2
6

10

10

10
10
10
10

10

-10
10
-10
10

10
-10
10
-10

10

-10
16
10

-16
10
10
-10
10

10

11

2
4
2
3
5

-10
io

V
821
823
827
829
839
853
857
859
863
877
881
883
887
907
911
919
929
937
941
947
953
967
971
977
983
991
997
1009
1013
1019
1021
1031
1033
1039
1049
1051
1061
1063
1069
1087
1091
1093
1097
1103
1109
1117
1123
1129
1151
1153
1163
1171
1181
1187
1193
1201
1213
1217
1223
1229
1231
1237
1249
1259
1277
1279
1283
1289
1291
1297

p-1
2 2 -5-41
2-3-137
2-7-59
2 2 -3 2 -23
2-419
2 2 -3-71

2 3 107

2-31113
2-431
2 2 -3-73
2 4 -5-ll
2-3 2 -72

2-443
2-3-151
2-5-7-13
2-3 3 -17
2 5 -29
2 3 -3 2 -13
2 2 -5-47
2-11-43
2 3 -7-17
2-3-7-23
2-5-97

2 4 -61
2-491
2-3 2 -5-H
2 2 -3-83

2 4 -3 2 -7
2 2 -ll-23
2-509
2 2 -3-5-17
2-5-103
2 3 -3-43

denotes

2
3
2
2
11
2
3
2
5
2
3
2
5
2
17
7
3
5
2
2
3
5
6
3
5
6

7
11

-G
2
2
3
2
2
2
o

4
2
2
3

4
2
4
3
5
3
5
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
2
7
3
3
10
2
5
2
3
5
2
2
6
2
4

2-3-1117
2 3 -3-47

11

2-5 2 -23

17
5

2 3 -131
2-3-5 2 -7
2 2 -5-53
2-3 2 -59
2 2 -3-89
2-3-181
2-5-109
2 2 -3-7-13
2 3 -137

219-29
2 2 -277
2 2 -3 2 -31

2 7 -3 2
2-7-83
2-3 2 -5-13
2 2 -5-59

2-593
2 3 -149
2 4 -3-5 2
2 2 -3-101
2-19

2-13-47
2 2 -307
2-3-5-41
2 2 -3-103
2 5 -3-13

2-17-37

2M1-29
2-3 2 -71

2-641
2 3 -7-23
2-3-5-43

2 4 -3 4

7
2
3
11

2
3
5
2
3
2
7

2
2
3
2
6
2
10

10
10

-10

-10

+ 10
10

-10
10

-10
-10
10
10
-10
10
10

10
10

-10

11

3
2
10
14
5
3
3
7
2
3
6
3
2
5
3
5
2
2
2

2-3173

16

10

10
-10
10
10

10
10
10

3
3
2
2

10

-10

11
2
5
3

-10
10
-10

4
7
3

3
11

10

10

10

10
-10
10

3
2
2

10
10

10

2
2
7
3

10

2
2
3
6

-10
-10

4
10

10

10

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

865

Primitive Roots, Factorization of p

g,

p-1

1301
1303

2 2 -5 2 -13
2-3-7-31

1307
1319
1321
1327
1361
1367
1373
1381
1399
1409
1423
1427
1429
1433
1439
1447
1451
1453
1459
1471
1481
1483
1487
1489
1493
1499
1511
1523
1531
1543
1549
1553
1559
1567
1571
1579
1583
1597
1601
1607
1609
1613
1619
1621
1627
1637
1657
1663
1667
1669
1693
1697
1699
1709
1721
1723
1733
1741
1747
1753
1759

1777
1783
1787
1789
1801
1811
1823

Table 24.8

denote the least positive and least negative (respectively) primitive roots of p.
whether 10, -1 3 both or neil jher are primitive roots

2-653
2-659
3

2 -3-5-ll
2-3-13-17
2 4 -5-17
2-683
2 2 -7 3
2 -3-5-23
2
2-3-233

2M1
2

2-3 -79
2-23-31
2 2 -3-7-17
3

2 -179
2-719
2-3-241
2

2-5 -29
2 2 -3-ll 2
2-3 r
'

2-3-5-7 2

2s

5- 37

2-313-19
2-743
2 4 -3-31
2 2 -373
2-7-107
2-5-151
2-761
2-3 2 -5-17
2-3-257
2 -3 2

-G

2
6
2
13
13

2
2
3
2
13

-10
-10

16

3
5
2

2
6

3
6
3
2
5

14
2
2
11

2
2
5
2
3

19

2-3 3 -29

2-5-157
2-3-263

2
3

2-7113

5
11

2 6 -5 2
2-11-73
2 3 -3-67

2M3-31
2-809
2 2 -3 4 -5
2-3-271
2 2 -409
2 3 -3 2 -23
2-3-277
2-7 2 -17
2 2 -3-139
2 2 -3 2 -47

2 5 -53
2-3-283
2 2 -7-61
2 3 -5-43
2-3-7-41

2 2 -433
2 2 -3-5-29
2-3 2 -97

2 3 -3-73
2-3-293
2 4 -3-37
2-3 4 ll
2-19-47
2 2 -3-149
2 3 -3 2 -5 2
2-5-181
2-911

3
5
7
3
2
2
3
2
11

3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
7
6
5

10
2
6

10
10

10

2
13
3
3
2
6
3
7
3
2

-43
2
2 4 -97
2-19-41

2 2 -3-7-19

3
9
3
6
3

10
-10

-10
10
10
-10

10

5
3

4
2
14
2
3
2
3

4
2
2
3
2
2
3
5

2
11
3
2
7
3
3
2
6
2
11
2
3
2
2
3
6
3
3
6
2
2
4
7
2
5
2
3
6

11
6

11

p-l

-10
10

-10
-10
10
10

10
10
-10
10
10
10
10

10

10

10

10

-10
10
16

10

-10
10
10

-10
10
10
10

1831
1847
1861
1867
1871
1873
1877
1879
1889
1901
1907
1913
1931
1933

1949

2-3-5-61

213-71
2 -3-5-31
2

2-3-311
2-5-11-17
2 4 -3 2 -13
2 2 -7-67
2-3-313
2 5 -59
2 2 -5 2 -19
2-953
2 3 -239

2-5193
2 -3-7-23
2 2 -487
2

3
5

2
2
14

10
2
6
3
2

2
3

2
5
2

-G
9
2
2

4
2
10
2

2
3
2
3
3
3
5

10

10
-10
-10
10
,__

-10
10
10

1951
1973
1979
1987
1993
1997
1999

2-3-5 -13
2 2 -17-29

3
2

2
2

2-23-43
2-3-331
2 3 -3-83
2 2 -499

3
4
5
2

10

2-3 -37

2003
2011
2017
2027
2029
2039
2053
2063
2069
2081
2083
2087
2089
2099
2111
2113
2129
2131
2137
2141
2143
2153
2161
2179
2203
2207
2213
2221
2237
2239
2243
2251
2267
2269
2273
2281
2287
2293
2297
2309
2311
2333
2339
2341
2347
2351
2357
2371

2-7-1113

5
3
5

5
3
5
5
3
2
2
2

-10
-10

2
2

10

2-3-5-67
2 5 -3 2 -7

21013
2 -3-13
2

21019
2

2 -3 3

-19

21031

2
5
2

2
2
7

2
5

10
-10
10
-10
10

2 -ll-47
2 5 -5-13
2-3-347
2-7-149

2
3
2
5

-29
2
2-1049
2-5-211
2 6 -3-ll
2 4 -7-19

7
2
7
5
3
2
10
2

7
3
2
5
3
4
10

3
3

9
3

2 4 -33 -5

23

23

2-3 2 -ll 2

10

2-3-367

-10

2-U03

2 2 -7-79
2 2 -3-5-37
2 2 13-43
2-3-373
2-19-59

2
2
2
3
2

7
2
2
2
2

10

2
3

-10
-10

2-3 2 -5 3

211103

7
2

2=-3 4 -7

2 5 -71

2 3 -3-5-19
2-3 2 -127

3
7

19

2 2 -3191
2 3 -7-41
2 2 -577

2
5
2

2
5

2-3-5-7-11

3
2
2
7

3 -3 2

2-3-5-71
2 3 -3-89
2 2 -5-107
2-3 2 -7-17
2 3 -269

2M1-53
2-7-167
2 2 -3 2 -513
2-3-17-23
2-5 2 -47

-10

10

-10
10
10
10
10

10

10

10

-10
10
10

2
2
3

7
6
3

2M9-31

13
2

2-3-5-79

p-l

10
10
10

10
-10
-10

10

2377
2381
2383
2389
2393
2399
2411
2417
2423
2437
2441
2447
2459
2467
2473
2477
2503
2521
2531
2539
2543
2549
2551
2557
2579
2591
2593
2609
2617
2621
2633
2647
2657
2659
2663
2671
2677
2683
2687
2689
2693
2699
2707
2711
2713
2719
2729
2731
2741
2749
2753
2767
2777
2789
2791
2797
2801
2803
2819
2833
2837
2843
2851
2857
2861
2879
2887
2897
2903
2909

denotes

2 3 -3 3 -ll

2 2 -5-7-17
2-3-397
2 2 -3-199
2 3 -13-23

3
5

211-109
2-5-241
2 4 -151
2-7-173
2 2 -3-7-29
2 3 -5-61

21223
21229
2-3 -137
2 3 -3103
2

2 -619

2-3M39
2 3 -3 2 -5-7
2-5-11-23

2
3
11
6

10

10

10

6
5

2
2
5

2
3
17
2
5

-71

2-1289
2-5-7-37
5 -3 4

2
2 4 163
3 -3-109
2
2 2 -5131
2 3 -7-47
2-3 3 -7 2
2 5 -83
2-3-443
3
2- ll
2-3-5-89
2 2 -3-223

2-3M49
2-17-79
2 7 -3-7
2 2 -673
2-19-71

2-3-H-41
2-5-271
2 3 -3-113
2-3 2 -151
2 3 -ll-31
2-3-5-7-13
2 2 -5-137
2 2 -3-229

2M3
2-3-461
2 3 -347
2 2 -17-41
2-3 2 -5-31
2 2 -3-233

2 4 -5 2 -7
2-3-467

2-1409
2 4 -3-59
2 2 -709
2-7 2 -29

2-3-5M9
2 3 -3-7-17
2 2 -5-ll-13

2
6
2
2
7
7
3
5

2
3
3
3

2
5

7
2
2
5

19
2
2
2
7

5
3
3
3
2

2
2
3

4
5
2
2
17
3
4
2
2
2
2
3
2
7
3
5

2
3
2
3

4
2
5
2
4
3
19
2
3
4
2
5
2
3
5
2

10
10

10

10
10

10
10

+ 10
10
10
10
10
10

-10
10

10

-10
-10
10
-10
10

10

3
3

10

2
6
2
3
2
2

2
7
2
3

10
10

4
3
5

10

-10
10

10

2
2
2

11

11

10
-10

3
5

2
2
2
3
2

10

21439

2-3-13-37
2 4 -181

2-1451
2 2 -727

-10

2-31-41
2 2 -7 2 -13
2

10

10

3
5
2

2 -3 2

5
3
13
2
3
2

2-3M7
2-3-5M7

-G

4
4

-10
10

10

10
10

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

866

Primitive Roots, Factorization of p

Table 24.8
g,

V
2917
2927
2939
2953
2957
2963
2969
2971
2999
3001
3011
3019
3023
3037
3041
3049
3061
3067
3079
3083
3089
3109
3119
3121
3137
3163
3167
3169
3181
3187
3191
3203
3209
3217
3221

3229
3251
3253
3257
3259
3271
3299
3301
3307
3313
3319
3323
3329
3331
3343
3347
3359
3361
3371
3373
3389
3391
3407
3413
3433
3449
3457
3461
3463
3467
3469
3491
3499
3511
3517

denote the least positive and least negative (respectively) primitive roots of p.
whether 10, 10 both or neither are primitive roots.

p-1
2 2 -3 6
2-7-11-19

213113
3 -3 2 -41

2
2 2 -739
2-1481
2 3 -7-53
2-3

3 -5-ll

2-1499
2 3 -3-5 3
2-5-7-43

2-3-503

21511
2 2 -3-ll-23
2 5 -5-19
2 3 -3-127
2 2 -3 2 -5-17
2-3-7-73
2- 3*1

2-23-67

2<193
2 2 -3-7-37

21559
2 4 -3-5-13
2-7 2

5
5

2
13
2
2
3
10
17
14
2
2
5
2
3
11

11

6
2
6
2
3
6
7
7

3
3

21583

2 5 -3 2 -ll
2 2 -3-5-53
2-3 3 -59
2-5-11-29

7
7
2

2M01
2 -3-67
2 2 -5-7-23
2 2 -3-269
2-5 3 -13
2 2 -3-271
4

2 3 11-37
-

2-3M81
2-3-5-109
2-17-97
2 2 -3-5 2 -ll
2-3-19-29
-3 2

-23
2
2-3-7-79
2-11-151
2 8 13
2-3 2 -5-37
2-3-557
2-7-239
2-23-73
4

25-3-5-7

11

2
3
5

10
6
6
2
3
3
3
2
6
2
10
6
2
3
3

2 -853
23-3-11-13
2 3 -431
2 7 -3 3
2 2 -5-173
2-3-577

21733
2 2 -3-17 2
2-5-349
2-3-11-53
2-3 3 -5-13
2 2 -3-293

10
-10
10

-10
10
10

10

10
-10
10

4
10
2
3
3
5

-10

10

-10
-10
-10

3
7
2
3
2
2
2

10
10
10

-10

10

-10

22
3
5
3
5
2
2

10
-10

3931
3943
3947

-10

10

22

213131

10

3527
3529
3533
3539
3541
3547
3557
3559
3571
3581
3583
3593
3607
3613
3617
3623
3631
3637
3643
3659
3671
3673
3677
3691
3697
3701
3709
3719
3727
3733
3739
3761
3767
3769
3779
3793
3797
3803
3821
3823
3833
3847
3851
3853
3863
3877
3881
3889
3907
3911
3917
3919
3923
3929

10
10

11
3
2

2
5
3
3

6
4
2
3
3
6
2
7
3
6
2
7
7
4
5
3
3
5
10
6
3
2
3

5
2
11

2-5-337
2 2 -3-281
22-7 ll 2
2-3-5-113

2
3
13
2
3
3
5
2
14
3
4
2
2
3

2-3-17-31

21601

-G

7
2

9
3
2
3
4
2
2

-10
10
10

-10
-10

10

10

10
10

-10
10

-10

3967
3989
4001
4003
4007
4013
4019
4021
4027
4049
4051
4057
4073

p-1

2-41-43
2 3 -3 2 -72
2 2 -883
2-29-61
2 2 -3-5-59
2-3 2 -197
2 2 -7-127
2-3-593
2-3-5-717
2 2 -5-179
2-3 2 -199
2 3 -449
2-3-601
2 2 -3-7-43
2 5 113

5
17
2
2
7
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
5
2
3

21811
2-3-5-H

5
2

2 2 -32 -101
2-3-607
2-31-59
2-5-367
2 3 -3 3 -17
2 2 -919
2-3 2 -5-41

2-43 2
2 2 -5 2 -37
2 2 -3 2 -103

21113 2
2-3 4 -23

2 2 -3-311
2-3-7-89
2 4 -5-47
2-7-269
2 3 -3-157

2-1889
2*-3-79

2 2 13-73
-

2-

1901

2 2 -5-I91

2-3-7M3
2 3 -479
2-3-641
2

2-5 -7-ll
2 2 -3 2 -107

21931

15
2
2
2
13
5
2
2
5
2
2
7
3
2
7
3
5
7
2
5
2
2
3
3
3
5
2
2
5

2 2 -3-17-19
2 3 -5-97
2 4 -3 5

2
13
11

2-3 2 -7-31
2-5-17-23

2
13
2
3
2
3
2
3

2 2 11-89
2-3-653
2-37-53
-

23 -491
2-3-5-131
2-3 3 -73

21973

2-3-661
2 2 -997
2 5 -5 3
2-3-23-29

6
2
3
2
5
2
2
2
3
3

2-2003
2 2 -17-59
2-7 2 -41

2 2 -3-5-67
2-3-11-61
2 4 -ll-23
2-3 4 -5 2
2 3 -3-13 2
2 3 -509

-G
2
17
2
3
7

10

-10

10

4
2
2
3
11

2
3
2
10
2
4
3
2
5
2
4
5
2
2
2
2
2
5
3
2
7
3
5
2
3
3
9
3
2
4
2
2
2
13
11
4
2
2
2
3

3
4
9
3
2
2
3
4
2

2
4
2
6
3
5
5

10

-10
10

10
10
10

10
10

-10
-10
10

10

10
10
-10
10

10
16

-10
10
10
10

10

-10
-10

-10
10

-10
10

10
10
10

-10
10

10
10

p-1

V
4079
4091
4093
4099
4111
4127
4129
4133
4139
4153
4157
4159
4177
4201
4211
4217
4219
4229
4231
4241
4243
4253
4259
4261
4271
4273
4283
4289
4297
4327
4337
4339
4349
4357
4363
4373
4391
4397
4409
4421
4423
4441
4447
4451
4457
4463
4481
4483
4493
4507
4513
4517
4519
4523
4547
4549
4561
4567
4583
4591
4597
4603
4621
4637
4639
4643
4649
4651
4657
4663

2-2039
2-5-409

2 -3-ll-31

2-3-683
2-3-5-137

2-2063
2 6 -3-43
2 2 1033
2-2069
23 -3-173
2 2 1039
2-3 3 -711
2 4 -3 2 -29

2 3 -3-5 2 -7
2-5-421

2 3 -17-31
2-3-19-37
2 2 -7-151
2-3 2 -5-47
2<-5-53
2-3-7-101

2 2 1063
2-2129
2 2 -3-5-71
2-5-7-61
2*-3-89

2-2141
26-67
23 -3-179
2-3-7-103
2*-271
2-3 2 -241

2 2 -1087

2 -3 2 -ll 2

2-3-727
2 2 -1093
2-5-439
2 2 -7-157
2 3 -19-29

2 2 -5-1317
2-311-67
2 3 -3-5-37
2-3 -13-19
2-5 2 -89
2 3 -557
2

2-23-97
2 7 -5-7
2-3

3 -83

2M123
2-3-751
25-3-47

2 2 -1129
2-3 2 -251

2-7-17-19

2-2273
2 2 -3-379
2<-3-5-19

2-3-761
2-29-79
2-3 3 -5-17
2 2 -3-383

2-3-13-59
2 2 -3-5-7-ll
2 2 -19-61
2-3-773
2-11-211

23 -7-83
2-3-5 2 -31
2<-3-97
2-3 2 -7-37

denotes

11
2
2

2
12
5
13
2
2
5
2
3
5

-G
2
3
2
4
2
2

-10
10
10

-10
10

13
2
3

10

+ 10

2
2
5

10

11

11

6
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
7
5
2
3
5
3
3
10
2
2
2
2
14
2
3
3
3
21
3
2
3
5
3
2
2
2
7
2
3
5
2

3
3

10

4
2
2

10
-10

6
11

3
5
11
5

2
2
2
3
5

3
3
15
3

10
10

4
2
3
2
3
5
3
3

-10
10

10
-10

-10

2
3

10

10

10

2
2
4
2
2
2
3
3
7
21
2
3
3
2
3
4
2
4
7
2
9
3
3
6

10

-10
-10
10
10
10
10

10
10

-10
-10

11
7
2
2
5
4
2

-10

2
2
3

-10
-10

10
10

-10

5
15
9

10

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

867

Primitive Roots, Factorization of p

g,

V -l

2 6 -73
2-2339

11

V
4673
4679
4691
4703
4721
4723
4729
4733
4751
4759
4783
4787
4789
4793
4799
4801
4813
4817
4831
4861
4871
4877
4889
4903
4909
4919
4931
4933
4937
4943
4951
4957
4967
4969
4973
4987
4993
4999
5003
5009
5011
5021
5023
5039
5051
5059
5077
5081
5087
5099
5101
5107
5113
5119
5147
5153
5167
5171
5179
5189
5197
5209
5227
5231
5233
5237
5261
5273
5279
5281

Table 24.8

denote the least positive and least negative (respectively) primitive roots of p.
whether 10, 10 both or neither are primitive roots.

2-5-7-67

2
5

2-2351
2*- 5- 59

2-3-787
2 3 -3-197

2 2 -7-132
2-53 -19
2-3-13-61

2-3-797

2-2393
2 2 -3 2 -7-19
23 -599
2-2399
2 6 -3-52
2 2 -3-401
2 4 -7-43
2-3-5-7-23

2 2 -3 5 -5
2-5-487
2 2 -23-53
2 3 -13-47
2-3-19-43
2 2 -3-409

11
11

2
3
3
6
13
6
2
3
7
6

2-2459
2-5-17-29
2 2 -3 2 -137
2 3 -617
2-7-353
2-3 2 -5 2 -ll
2 2 -3-7-59

213191
3 -3 3

-23
2
2 2 -ll-113
2
2-3 -277
2 7 -3-13

2-3-7 2 -17

2-41-61
2 4 -313
2-3-5-167
2 2 -5-251
2-3 4 -31
2-11-229
2-5 2 -101
2-3 2 -281
2 2 -3 3 -47
2 3 -5127

2-2543
2-2549
2
2-3-23-37
2 3 -3 2 -71
2-3-853
2-31-83
2 5 -7-23
2-3 2 -7-41
2-5-11-47
2-3-863

2M297
2 2 -3-433
2 3 -3-7-31
2-3-13-67
2-5-523
2 4 -3-109
2 2 -7-ll-17
2 2 -5-263
2 3 -659
2-7-13-29
2=-3-5-ll

64

5
11

2
2
5
3
2
3
2
3
3
11

2
2
2
3
5

2 -3-5 2 -17

716-654

6
2
17
5
19
3
6
2
2
3
7
7
2
3
3

56

6
2
19
3

2
5
6
2
2
2

7
17
2
7
10
3
2
3
7
7

-G
3
2
3
2
6

10
-10

-10

17
5
3

10
10

-10
-10

10

3
2
3
2
7
2
3
2

-10
10
-10
10

11

3
2
3

-10

2
6

-10

3
2
3

10

2
2
2
2
11
2

4
5
9
3

10
10

-10
10

-10

-10

3
4
3

10

2
2
3

-10

4
2
3
2
3
6
4
19
2
3
5
11

4
4
2
7
17

10

10
10

-10
-10
10
10
10

10

4
2
10
3
2

-10
-10
10

10
-10

v-i

5297
5303
5309
5323
5333
5347
5351
5381
5387
5393
5399
5407
5413
5417
5419
5431
5437
5441
5443
5449
5471
5477
5479
5483
5501
5503
5507
5519
5521
5527
5531
5557
5563
5569
5573
5581
5591
5623
5639
5641
5647
5651
5653
5657
5659
5669
5683
5689
5693
5701
5711
5717
5737
5741
5743
5749
5779
5783
5791
5801
5807
5813
5821
5827
5839
5843
5849
5851
5857
5861

2 4 -331

211-241
2 2 1327
2-3-887
2 2 -31-43
2-3 6 ll
2-5 2 -107
2 2 -5-269
2-2693
2 4 -337

2-2699
2-317-53
2 2 -3-ll-41
2 3 -677
2-32 ?-43
2-3-5-181
2 2 -3 2 -151
2 6 -5-17
2-3-907
2 3 -3-227
2-5-547

2 2 -37 2
2-3-11-83
2-2741
2 2 -5 3 -ll
2-3-7-131

2-2753
2-31-89
2 4 -3-5-23
2-3 2 -307
2-5-7-79
2 2 -3-463
2-3 3 103
2 6 -3-29
2 2 -7-199
2 2 -3 2 -5-31

2-513-43
2-3-937

-G

3
5
2

3
2
2

10
2
6
2
3
3
3
2
2

2
3
11

3
2
3
7

3
5
3
3
3

5
3
2
7

7
2
3
2
2
3
2
13
11
5

10
2
2
13
2
6
11

5
7

2-2819
2 3 -3-5-47
2-3-941

14

2-5 2 -113
2 2 -3 2 -157
2 3 -7-101
2-3-23-41

2
5
3
2

2 2 -13-109
2-3-947
2 3 -3 2 -79

10
10

10
-10

-10
-10
10
-10
10
-10

3
5

2
5
3
4
7
3
2
2
3
2
9
3
2
11

2
5

4
13
2
6
2
2
2
14
2
3

10
10

-10

-10
-10
10
10

-10
-10
10
10
.

-10
10
-10
10

-10
10

3
4

10

2 2 -3-52 -19
2-5-571
2 2 -1429
2 3 -3-239
2 2 -5-7-41

2
11
2
2
19
2
5
2

10
-10

2-3 2 -ll-29
2 2 -3-479
2-3 3 -107
2-7 2 -59
2-3-5-193
2 3 -5 2 -29

10
2
2
7
6
3

2-2903
2 2 1453
2 2 -3-5-97
2-3-971
2-3-7-139
2-23-127
2 3 17-43

1423

2-3 2 -5 2 -13
2-3-61
2 2 -5-293

2
6
2
6

2
3

2
7

10

11

2
2

10

2
5
2
2
2
4
2
2
3
2
2
6
4

2
4
3
4
7
3

10
10
10

10
10
10

10

10
-10
-10
-10
10
10

5867
5869
5879
5881
5897
5903
5923
5927
5939
5953
5981
5987
6007
6011
6029
6037
6043
6047
6053
6067
6073
6079
6089
6091
6101
6113
6121
6131
6133
6143
6151
6163
6173
6197
6199
6203
6211
6217
6221
6229
6247
6257
6263
6269
6271
6277
6287
6299
6301
6311
6317
6323
6329
6337
6343
6353
6359
6361
6367
6373
6379
6389
6397
6421
6427
6449
6451
6469
6473
6481

V-l
2-7-419
2 2 -3 2 -163
2-2939

2 3 -3-5-7 2
2 3 -ll-67
2-3-227
2-3 2 -7-47

2-2963
2-2969
26-3-31

2 2 -5-13-23
2-41-73
2-3-7-11-13
2-5-601
2 2 -ll-137
2 2 -3-503
2-3-19-53

denotes

-G

5
2
11
31
3
5

3
2
2
31
3
2

-10
+ 10
-10

2
5
2
7
3
2
3
2
2
5

4
2
3
7
3
3
9
4
2
5
6
2
2
4
10
7
3

-10

2-3023
2 2 -17-89
2-3 2 -337

5
2
2

23 -3-ll-23

10
17
3
7
2
3
7
2

2-3-1013
2 3 -761
2-3-5-7-29

2 2 -52 -61
2 5 191
2 3 -3 2 -5-17
2-5-613
2 2 -3-7-73
2-37-83

2-3-5M1
2-313-79
2 2 -1543
2 2 -1549
2-3-1033
2-7-443
2-3 3 -5-23

2 3 -3-7-37
2 2 -5-311
2 2 -3 2 -173
2-3 347
2 4 -17-23
2

2-31-101
2 2 -1567
2-3-5-11-19
2 2 -3-523
2-7-449
2-47-67
2 2 -3 2 -52 -7
2-5-631
2 2 -1579
2-29-109
2 3 -7-113
2 6 -3 2 -ll
2-3-7-151
2 4 -397
2-11-17 2

2 3 -3-5-53

2-31061
2 2 -3 3 -59
2-3-1063
2 2 -1597
2 2 -3-13-41

2 2 -3-5-107
2-3 3 -7-17

2*13-31

+ 10
10

10
10

+ 10

-m
10

+ 10
-10
10

-10

+ 10

11
2

+ 10

3
3
2
2
3
2
2

3
7
3
5
2
7
6
2
2
2
3
4

3
2
5
3

3
2
2
3

5
2
11

2
2
17
2
2
3
10
2
2
3
3
10
2

10
-10

10
-10

5
5

2
7
2

10
7
2
2
3
10
3
3
13
19
3
2
2
2
2
6
3
3

2-3-5M3

2 2 -3-7 2 -ll
2 3 -809

2
3
7

2*-3 4 -5

2
19
2
2
4
2
2
6
6
3
6
2
3

10

16

-10
10

+ 10
+ 10
10

+ 10
10

10
10

-10

+ 10
10

10

10

10

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

868

Primitive Roots, Factorization of p

Table 24.8
g,

denote the least positive and least negative (respectively) primitive roots of p.
whether 10, 10 both or neither are primitive roots.

p-1

p
6491
6521
6529
6547
6551
6553
6563
6569
6571
6577
6581
6599
6607
6619
6637
6653
6659
6661
6673
6679
6689
6691
6701
6703
6709
6719
6733
6737
6761
6763
6779
6781
6791
6793
6803
6823
6827
6829
6833
6841
6857
6863
6869
6871
6883
6899
6907
6911
6917
6947
6949
6959
6961
6967
6971
6977
6983
6991
6997
7001
7013
7019
7027
7039
7043
7057
7069
7079
7103
7109

2-5-11-59
2 3 -5-163
2 7 -3-17

2-31091
2-5 2 -131
2 3 -3 2 -7-13

217193
2 -821
2-3 2 -5-73
2 4 -3-137
2 2 -5-7-47
3

2-3299
2-3 2 -367

2-3-1103
2 2 -3-7-79

2M663
2-3329
2 2 -3 2 -5-37
2 4 -3-139
2-3 2 -7-53

2MM9

2-3-5-223
2 2 -5 2 -67
2-3-1117
2 2 -3-13-43

2-3359
2 2 -3 2 -ll-17
2 4 -421
2 3 -5-13 2
2-3-7 2 -23

2-3389
2 2 -3-5-113
2-5-7-97
2 3 -3-283

2-19-179
2-3 2 -379
2-3413
2 2 -3-569
2 4 -7-61
2 3 -3 2 -5-19
2 3 -857
2-47-73
2 2 -17-101
2-3-5-229
2-3-31-37
2-3449
2-3-1151
2-5-691
2 2 -7-13-19

2-23151
2 -3 2

2
-l93
2-7 2 -71
4 -3-5-29
2

2-3M3
2-5-17-41
2-109

2-3491
2-3-5-233
2 2 -3-ll-53
2 3 -5 3 -7
2 2 -1753
2

2
6

7
2
17

10
5
3
3
5
14
13
3

2
2
2
2
6
5
7
3

2
2
5
2
11

2
3
3
2
2
2
7

10
2

3
2
2
3

4
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
3
2
3
10
3
2
3
2.

3
5
6

3
2
2
9
4
3
4
2
2
3
2
3
13
13
4
3
2
2

3
2

3
2
3

7
2

2
2

7
13
5
2

2
3
2
5
2

2 -3-19-31

5
3

22

2-3-1171
2-7-503
2 4 -3 2 -7 2

3
5
2
3
2
2
2

7
4
2
10
10
3
7
5
14
2
2
4
2
2
3
6

2-3539

2-53-67
2 2 -1777

5
2

-16
10
-10
10

-10
16

16

10
10
-10
10

10
10

10
-10
10
10

10
-10
10

-10
10
10
10
10

10
-10
-10
10

-10
-10
10
-10
10
10

10
10

-10

10

4
2

4
5
2
2
2
2

p-1

3
6

22

2-ll -29

2-3 2 17-23

-G

10
10
-10
10

10

7121
7127
7129
7151
7159
7177
7187
7193
7207
7211
7213
7219
7229
7237
7243
7247
7253
7283
7297
7307
7309
7321
7331
7333
7349
7351
7369
7393
7411
7417
7433
7451
7457
7459
7477
7481
7487
7489
7499
7507
7517
7523
7529
7537
7541
7547
7549
7559
7561
7573
7577
7583
7589
7591
7603
7607
7621
7639
7643
7649
7669
7673
7681
7687
7691
7699
7703
7717
7723
7727

2 4 -5-89
2-7-509
2 3 -3 4 -ll
2-5 2 -ll-13
2-3-1193
2 3 -3-13-23

-G

3
5
7

3
2
7

7
3

-10
10
-10
10

25-7-103

2
10
3
3
2
3

2 2 -3-601

2-3 2 -401

2M3-139

4
2
2
4
2
2

-10

-10

2-3593
2 3 -29-31
2-3-1201

2 -3 3 -67

2
2-3-17-71

2-3623
2 2 -7 2 -37
2-11-331
2 7 -3-19
2-13-281
2 2 -3 2 -7-29
3

2 -3-5-61
2-5-733
2 2 -3-13-47
2 2 -ll-167
2-3-5 2 -7 2

10
2
3
3

2
2
5
2
2
5
2
6
7
2
6
2

2-3-5-13-19
2 3 -3 2 -103
2 3 -929
2-5 2 -149
2 5 -233

6
7
5
2
5
3
2
3

2-311113

2 2 -3-7-89
2 3 -5-ll-17

2
6

2-19-i97
2 B -3 2 -13
2-23-163
2-3 3 -139

5
7

2 3 -3-307

2 5 -3-7-ll

2M879
2-3761
2 3 -941
2 4 -3-157
2 2 -5-13-29
2-7 3 -ll

2 2 -3- 17-37
2-3779
2 3 -3 3 -5-7
2 2 -3-631
2 3 -947

2-17-223
2

2 -7-271
2-3-5-11-23
2-3-7-181

2-3803
2

2 -3-5-127
2-3-19-67

2-3821
2 5 -239
2 2 -3 3 -71
2 -7-137
3

2-3-5
2-3 2 -7-61

2-5-769
2-3-1283
2-3851
2 2 -3-643

2-3M1-13
2-3863

2
2
2
2
3
7

2
2

2
13
13

5
3
6
7

10

16

10
10

-10
10

4
6

2
5
7
5

4
5
3
4
3
4
2
6
3

10
10
10

10
10

10
10

10

3
4
2
3
3
7
2
3

10

-10

-10
10
-10

8171

8179
8191
8209
8219
8221

2
13
2

-10

10

8231

10

2
5
2
7
2

2
2
2
4
2
2
5
3

8233
8237
8243
8263
8269
8273
8287

2
3
17
2

2
3
5
2

3
17
6
2
3
5
2
3
5

5
2

-10
10

-10
-10
10
10
10
10
10

6
2

10

8291
8293
8297
8311

8317
8329
8353
8363
8369
8377
8387
8389

denotes

p-1

2 2 -3 2 -5-43
2 3 -3-17-19

10

V
7741
7753
7757
7759
7789
7793
7817
7823
7829
7841
7853
7867
7873
7877
7879
7883
7901
7907
7919
7927
7933
7937
7949
7951
7963
7993
8009
8011
8017
8039
8053
8059
8069
8081
8087
8089
8093
8101
8111
8117
8123
8147
8161
8167

2 2 -7-277

7
9

2-3M31

2 2 -3-ll-59

2
3
3

2M87
2 3 -977
2-3911
2 2 -19-103

-G
7
10
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
12
2
6

2-3-13-101
2-7-563
2 2 -5 2 -79
2-59-67

2
12
2
3
5
2
3
2
2
2

2-37107

2-3-1321
2 2 -3-661
2 8 -31
2 2 -1987

3
2

5 -5-7 2

2 2 -13-151
2-3 2 -19-23
2 6 -3-41

2 11179
2

2-3-5 2 -53

2-31327
2

3 -3 3 -37

2
6
5
5
3

2 3 -7-ll-13
2-3 2 -5-89
2 4 -3-167

14
5

2-4019

11

2 2 -3-ll-61
2-3-17-79
2 2 -2017
2 4 -5-101
2-13-311
2 3 -3-337
2 2 -7-17 2
2 2 -3 4 -5 2
2-5-811
2 2 -2029
2-31-131
2-4073
2 5 -3-5-l7
2-3-1361
2-5- 19-43
2-3-29-47
2-3 2 -5-7-13
2 4 -3 3 -19

2
3

2
3

5
17
2
6
11

2
2

2
7

3
2
2
17
7

2-7-587

2 -3-5-137

2-5-823
2 3 -3-7 3
2 2 -29-71
2-13-317
2-3 5 -17
2 2 -3-13-53
2 4 -ll-47
2-3-1381
2-5-829

2M049
2 2 -2099
2-3-5-277
2 2 -3 3 -7-ll
2 3 -3-347
2 6 -3 2 -29
2-37-113
2 4 -523
2 3 -3-349
2-7-599
2 2 -3 2 -233

11

10
2
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
3

2
9
3
9

3
2

2
10
5
3
7
5
2
2
5
2
3
2
17

10

-10

+ 10
10
10

+ 10
-10
+ 10
-10
-10
+ 10
-10
-10
10

+ 10
10
-10
-10

+ 10
-10
10

+ 10
10

6
2
2
3
3

-10
-10

9
3

10
10

11

7
3
2

10

2
10
2
3

-10
10
-16

10

10
10

2
3
7
3
2
3
2
6

5
3
3

10
-10

10

3
6

10

10
10

10
-10

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

869

Primitive Roots, Factorization of p

g,

V
8419
8423
8429
8431
8443
8447
8461
8467
8501
8513
8521
8527
8537
8539
8543
8563
8573
8581
8597
8599
8609
8623
8627
8629
8641
8647
8663
8669
8677
8681
8689
8693
8699
8707
8713
8719
8731
8737
8741
8747
8753
8761
8779
8783
8803
8807
8819
8821
8831
8837
8839
8849
8861
8863
8867
8887
8893
8923
8929
8933

Table 24.8

denote the least positive and least negative (respectively) primitive roots of p.
whether 10,
10 both or neither are primitive roots.

V -l
2-3-23-61

2-4211
2 2 -7 2 -43
2-3-5-281
2-3 2 -7-67
2-41 -103
2 2 -3 2 -5-47
2-3-17-83
2 2 -5 3 -17
2 6 -7-19

2 3 -3-5-71
2-3-7 2 -29
2 3 -ll-97

2-3-1423
2-4271
2-3-

1427

2 2 -2143
2 2 -3-5-ll-13
2 2 -7-307
2-3-1433
2 5 -269

2-3M79
2-19-227
2 2 -3-719
2 6 -3 3 -5

2-311-131
2-61-71
2 2 -ll-197
2 2 -3 2 -241
2 3 -5-7-31
2 4 -3-181
2 2 -41-53

2-4349
2-3-1451
2 3 -3 2 -ll 2
2-3-1453
2-3 2 -5-97
2 5 -3-7-13
2 -5-

19-23
2
2-4373
2 4 -547
2 3 -3-5-73
2-3-7-11-19
2-4391
2-3 3 -163
2-7-17-37

2-4409
2 2 -3 2 -5-7 2
2-5-883

22 -47 2

2-3M91
2 4 -7-79
2 2 5-443
-

2-3-7-211
2-11- 13-31

2-3-1481
2 2 -3 2 -13-19
2-3-1487
2 5 -3 2 -31
2 2 -7-ll-29

-G

3
5
2
3
2
5
6
2

7
5

7
5

13
5
3
2

13
2
3

2
2

2
4
2
6
4

10

10
-10
-10
10

-10
10
10
10

10

2
2
6
2
3
3
3
2

4
2
6
2
2
3

-10

6
17

17
3
5
2
2

15
13
2
2
5
5
3
2
5
2
2
3
23
11

5
2
5
2

2
7
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
5
2
11

2
3

2
2
2
2
15
13
2
3
7
5
5
4
5
2
3
3
23
22
2
4
2
3
2
5
2
2
3
2

10

-10
10
10

10

10

-10
10
-10
10

10
-10
10
10

lb
10

10
-10

-10
10

10

3
2

-10

4
11
2

10

8941
8951
8963
8969
8971
8999
9001
9007
9011
9013
9029
9041
9043
9049
9059
9067
9091
9103
9109
9127
9133
9137
9151
9157
9161
9173
9181
9187
9199
9203
9209
9221
9227
9239
9241
9257
9277
9281
9283
9293
9311
9319
9323
9337
9341
9343
9349
9371
9377
9391
9397
9403
9413
9419
9421
9431
9433
9437
9439
9461

p-1
2 2 -3-5-149

2-5M79
2-4481
2 3 19-59
-

-G

6
13
2
3
2

6
2
3
3

2-11-409
2 3 -3 2 -5 3
2-3-19-79
2-5-17-53
2 2 -3-751
2 2 -37-61
2 4 -5-113
2-3-11-137
2 3 -3-13-29
2-7-647
2-3-1511

4
2

3
2
5

2-3-5-13-23

2
3
3

4
5
2

-10
-10
10

-10
10

10

3
6
7

-10

4
6

-10

2-3 2 -5101
2-3-37-41

2 2 -3 2 11-23

10
3
6

2
10

2-3 3 -13 2

2 2 -3-761
2 4 -571
2-3-5 2 -61
2 2 -3-7-109
2 3 -5-229
2 2 -2293
2 2 -3 3 -5-17

7
2

3
3

6
3

2-3-1531

2
2
3

2-3 2 -7-73

2-43-107
2 3 -1151
2 2 -5-461
2-7-659
2-31-149
2 3 -3-5-7-ll
2 3 13-89
2 2 -3-773
-

2-5-29
2-3-7-13-17
2 2 -23-101
2-5-7 2 -19
2-3-1553
2-59-79
2 3 -3-389
2 2 -5-467
2-3 3 -173
2 2 -3-19-41
2-5-937
2 5 -293

23-5-313
2 -3 4 -29

2
2-3-1567
2 2 -13-181
2-17-277
2 2 -3-5-157
2-5-23-41
2 3 -3 2 -131
2 2 -7-337
2-3-ll 2 -13
2 2 -5-ll-43

2
3
2
2
19
13
3
5
3
2

10

10

10

6
3
2
6
3

10

2
6
2
3

-10
-10
-10

2
3

10
-10
-10

13

3
5
3
4
2

10

2
5
2

2
3
5
2

-10
-10
-10

2
2
3
3
2
3
3
2

2
3
3
2
2
6
3

5
2
7
3

22
3

10
10

10
-10

2
7
2

10

10
-10

10

9463
9467
9473
9479
9491
9497
9511
9521
9533
9539
9547
9551
9587
9601
9613
9619
9623
9629
9631
9643
9649
9661
9677
9679
9689
9697
9719
9721
9733
9739
9743
9749
9767
9769
9781
9787
9791
9803
9811
9817
9829
9833
9839
9851
9857
9859
9871
9883
9887
9901
9907
9923
9929
9931
9941
9949
9967
9973

V-l
2-3-19-83

2-4733
28-37

2-7-677
2-5-13-73
2 3 -1187
2-3-5-317
2 4 -5-7-17
2 2 -2383
2-19-251
2-3-37-43
2-5 2 -191

2-4793
2 7 -3-5 2
2 2 -3 3 -89
2-3-7-229
2-17-283
2 2 -29-83
2-3 2 -5-107
2-3-1607

denotes

3
2

3
7
2

2-3-7-233
2-5-11-89
2-13 2 -29
2-3 2 -5-109
2 3 -3-409
2 2 -3 3 -7-13
2 3 -1229

2
2

-10

11

2
13
2
2

13
2

3
3
2

17
7
2
3
5

2
5
13
6
3

fi

11

10
3

2-ll 2 -41
2 3 17-73
2-3-5-331

10

2 2 -5-7-71

2 -3-829
2-3-11-151
2 2 -3 2 -277

2
5
2
2
2
13

11

2
3

10

+ 10

-10
-10

+ 10

-10

2
3

11

-10

7
2

6
2
3
5
5
10
3
2
4
5
4
2
4
2
2
4
3
3
5
2
2
2

2
5
2
3
2
5
2
2
2

2
9

2
3
10
3

3
10

10

4
3

2-4919

2-3-13127

2-5 2 -197
2 7 -7-ll
2-3-31-53
2-3-5-7-47
2-3 4 -61

2-4943
2 2 -3 2 -5 2 -ll

-10
+ 10
-10
10

2-4871
2 2 -2437
2-19-257
2 3 -3-ll-37
2 2 -3-5-163

3
3
2

+ 10

2 2 -3-5-7-23

2-3 2 -541

3
9
3
2
3

2 4 -3 2 -67
2
2-3-1613
2 3 -7-173
2 5 -3-101
2-43-113
2 3 -3 5 -5
2 2 -3-811

2
3
2
7

2 -41-59

-G

10
10
10
10

10
-10
-10
-10
10

+ 10
+ 10
10
-10
10

+ 10
-10
-10
10

-10
-10
10

+ 10
10

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

870
Ta

>le

PRIMES

24,9
1

l
2

3
4
5

15

10

11

12

13

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

1993
1997
1999
2003
2011

2749
2753
2767
2777
2789

3581
3583
3593
3607
3613

4421
4423
4441
4447
4451

5281
5297
5303
5309
5323

6143
6151
6163
6173
6197

7001
7013
7019
7027
7039

7927
7933
7937
7949
7951

8837
8839
8849
8861
8863

9739
9743
9749
9767
9769

10663
10667
10687
10691
10709

11677 12569 13513

11681 12577 13523
11689 12583 13537
11699 12589 13553
11701 12601 13567

14533
14537
14543
14549
14551

15413
15427
15439
15443
15451

16411
16417
16421
16427
16433

17393
17401
17417
17419
17431

18329
18341
18353
18367
18371

19427
19429
19433
19441
19447

20359
20369
20389
20393
20399

21391
21397
21401
21407
21419

14557
14561
14563
14591
14593

14

16

2
3
5
7

547
557
563
569

11

571

1229
1231
1237
1249
1259

577
587
593
599
601

1277
1279
1283
1289
1291

2017
2027
2029
2039
2053

2791
2797
2801
2803
2819

3617
3623
3631
3637
3643

4457
4463
4481
4483
4493

5333
5347
5351
5381
5387

6199
6203
6211
6217
6221

7043
7057
70e9
7079
7103

7963
7993
8009
8011
8017

8867
8887
8893
8923
8929

9781
9787
9791
9803
9811

10711
10723
10729
10733
10739

11717
11719
11731
11743
11777

12611
12613
12619
12637
12641

15461
15467
15473
15493
15497

16447
16451
16453
16477
16481

17443
17449
17467
17471
17477

18379
18397
18401
18413
18427

19457
19463
19469
19471
19477

20407
20411
20431
20441
20443

21433
21467
21481
21487
21491

31

607
613
617
619
631

1297
1301
1303
1307
1319

2063
2069
2081
2083
2087

2833
2837
2843
2851
2857

3659
3671
3673
3677
3691

4507
4513
451/
4519
4523

5393
5399
5407
5413
5417

6229
6247
6257
6263
6269

7109
7121
7127
7129
7151

8039
8053
8059
8069
8081

8933
8941
8951
8963
8969

9817
9829
9833
9839
9851

10753
10771
10781
10789
10799

11779
11783
11789
11801
11807

12647 13627 14621 15511

12653 13633 14627 15527
12659 13649 14629 15541
12671 13669 14633 15551
12689 13679 14639 15559

16487
16493
16519
16529
16547

17483
17489
17491
17497
17509

18433
18439
18443
18451
18457

19483
19489
19501
19507
19531

20477
20479
20483
20507
20509

21493
21499
21503
21517
21521

641
643

1321
1327
1361
1367
1373

2089
2099
2111
2113
2129

2861
2879
2887
2897
2903

3697

5419
5431
5437
5441
5443

6271

3701
3709
3719
3727

4547
4549
4561
4567
4583

6277
6287
6299
6301

7159
7177
7187
7193
7207

8087
8089
8093
8101
8111

8971
8999
9001
9007
9011

9857
9859
9871
9883
9887

10831
10837
10847
10853
10859

11813
11821
11827
11831
11833

12697
12703
12713
12721
12739

16553
16561
16567
16573
16603

17519
17539
17551
17569
17573

18461
18481
18493
18503
18517

19541
19543
19553
19559
19571

20521
20533
20543
20549
20551

21523
21529
21557
21559
21563

8117
8123
8147
3161
8167

9013
9029
9041
9043
9049

9901
9907
9923
9929
9931

10861
10867
10883
10889
10891

11839
11863
11867
11887
11897

12743 13709
12757 13711
12763 13721
12781 13723
12791 13729

14713 15619 16607

14717 15629 16619
14723 15641 16631
14731 15643 16633
14737 15647 16649

17579
17581
17597
17599
17609

18521
18523
18539
18541
18553

195T7
19583
19597
19603
19609

20563
20593
20599
20611
20627

21569
21577
21587
21589
21599

8171
8191
8209
8219

9059
9941
9067
9949
9091
9967
9103
9973
9109 10007

10903
10909
10937
10939
10949

11903
11909
11923
11927
11933

12799 13751 14741 15649 16651

12809 13757 14747 15661 16657
12821 13759 14753 15667 16661
12823 13763 14759 15671 16673
12829 13781 14767 15679 16691

17623
17627
17657
17659
17669

18583
18587
18593
18617
18637

19661
19681
19687
19697
19699

20639
20641
20663
20681
20693

21601
21611
21613
21617
21647

13577
13591
13597
13613
13619

10

13
17
19
23
29

11
12
13
14
15

37
41
43
47

16
17
18

53
59
61

19
20

67
71

647
653
659

21

73
79
83
89
97

661
673
677
683
691

1381
1399
1409
1423
1427

2131
2137
2141
2143
2153

2909
2917
2927
2939
2953

3733
3739
3761
3767
3769

4591
4597
4603
4621
4637

5449
5471
5477
5479
5483

6311
6317
6323
6329
6337

7211
7213
7219
7229
7237

26
27
28
29
30

101

103
107
109
113

701
709
719
727
733

1429
1433
1439
1447
1451

2161
2179
2203
2207
2213

2957
2963
2969
2971
2999

3779
3793
3797
3803
3821

4639
4643
4649
4651
4657

5501
5503
5507
5519
5521

6343
6353
6359
6361
6367

7243
7247
7253
7283
7297

31
32
33
34
35

127
131
137
139
149

739
743
751
757
761

1453
1459
1471
1481
1483

2221
2237
2239
2243
2251

3001
3011
3019
3023
3037

3823
3833
3847
3851
3853

4663
4673
4679
4691
4703

5527
5531
5557
5563
5569

6373
6379
6389
6397
6421

7307
7309
7321
7331
7333

8221
8231
8233
8237
8243

9127
9133
9137
9151
9157

10009
10037
10039
10061
10067

10957
10973
10979
10987
10993

11939
11941
11953
11959
11969

12841
12853
12889
12893
12899

13789
13799
13807
13829
13831

14771
14779
14783
14797
14813

15683
15727
15731
15733
15737

16693
16699
16703
16729
16741

17681
17683
17707
17713
17729

18661
18671
18679
18691
18701

19709
19717
19727
19739
19751

20707
20717
20719
20731
20743

21649
21661
21673
21683
21701

36
37

38
39
40

151
157
163
167
173

769
773
787
797
809

1487
1489
1493
1499
1511

2267
2269
2273
2281
2287

3041
3049
3061
3067
3079

3863
3877
3881
3889
3907

4721
4723
4729
4733
4751

5573
5581
5591
5623
5639

6427
6449
6451
6469
6473

7349
7351
7369
7393
7411

8263
8269
8273
8287
8291

9161
9173
9181
9187
9199

10069
10079
10091
10093
10099

11003
11027
11047
11057
11059

11971 12907
11981 12911
11987 12917
12007 12919
12011 12923

13841
13859
13873
13877
13879

14821
14827
14831
14843
14851

15739
15749
15761
15767
15773

16747
16759
16763
16787
16811

17737
17747
17749
17761
17783

18713
18719
18731
18743
18749

19753
19759
19763
19777
19793

20747
20749
20753
20759
20771

21713
21727
21737
21739
21751

41
42

179
181

43
44
45

191

811
821
823

193
197

827
829

1523
1531
1543
1549
1553

2293
2297
2309
2311
2333

3083
3089
3109
3119
3121

3911
3917
3919
3923
3929

4759
4783
4787
4789
4793

5641
5647
5651
5653
5657

6481
6491
6521
6529
6547

7417
7433
7451
7457
7459

8293
8297
8311
8317
8329

9203
9209
9221
9227
9239

10103
10111
10133
10139
10141

11069
11071
11083
11087
11093

12037
12041
12043
12049
12071

12941
12953
12959
12967
12973

13883 14867 15787 16823

13901 14869 15791 16829
13903 14879 15797 16831
13907 14887 15803 16843
13913 14891 15809 16871

17789
17791
17807
17827
17837

18757
18773
18787
18793
18797

19801
19813
19819
19841
19843

20773
20789
20807
20809
20849

21757
21767
21773
21787
21799

46
47
48
49
50

199
211
223
227
229

839
853
857
859
863

1559
1567
1571
1579
1583

2339
2341
2347
2351
2357

3137
3163
3167
3169
3181

3931

3943
3947
3967
3989

4799
4801
4813
4817
4831

5659
5669
5683
5689
5693

6551
6553
6563
6569
6571

7477
7481
74e7
7489
7499

8353
8363
8369
8377
8387

9241 10151
9257 10159

10163
9281 10169
9283 10177

11113
11117
11119
11131
11149

12073
12097
12101
12107
12109

12979
12983
13001
13003
13007

13921
13931
13933
13963
13967

14897
14923
14929
14939
14947

15817
15823
15859
15877
15881

16879
16883
16889
16901
16903

17839
17851
17863
17881
17891

18803
18839
18859
18869
18899

19853
19861
19867
19889
19891

20857
20873
20879
20887
20897

21803
21817
21821
21839
21841

51
52
53
54
55

233
239
241
251
257

877
881
883
887
907

1597
1601
1607
1609
1613

2371
2377
2381
2383
2389

3187
3191
3203
3209
3217

4001
4003
4007
4013
4019

4861
4671
4877
4889
4903

5701
5711
5717
5737
5741

6577
6581
6599
6607
6619

7507
7517
7523
7529
7537

8389
8419
8423
8429
8431

9293
9311
9319
9323
9337

10181
10193
10211
10223
10243

11159
11161
11171
11173
11177

12113
12119
12143
12149
12157

13009
13033
13037
13043
13049

13997
13999
14009
14011
14029

14951
14957
14969
14983
15013

15837
15889
15901
15907
15913

16921
16927
16931
16937
16943

17903
17909
17911
17921
17923

18911
18913
18917
18919
18947

19913
19919
19927
19937
19949

20899
20903
20921
20929
20939

21851
21859
21863
21871
21881

56
57

263
269
271
277
281

911

1619
1621
1627
1637
1657

2393
2399
2411
2417
2423

3221
3229
3251
3253
3257

4021
4027
4049
4051
4057

4909
4919
4931
4933
4937

5743
5749
5779
5783
5791

6637
6653
6659
6661
6673

7541

919
929
937
941

7547
7549
7559
7561

8443
8447
8461
8467
8501

9341
9343
9349
9371
9377

10247
10253
10259
10267
10271

11197
11213
11239
11243
11251

12161 13063 14033 15017

12163 13093 14051 15031
12197 13099 14057 15053
12203 13103 14071 15061
12211 13109 14081 15073

15919
15923
15937
15959
15971

16963
16979
16981
16987
16993

17929
17939
17957
17959
17971

18959
18973
18979
19001
19009

19961
19963
19973
19979
19991

20947
20959
20963
20981
20983

21893
21911
21929
21937
21943

61

283

62

293
307

947
953
967
971
977

1663
1667
1669
1693
1697

2437
2441
2447
2459
2467

3259
3271
3299
3301
3307

4073
4079
4091
4093
4099

4943
4951
4957
4967
4969

5801
5807
5813
5821
5827

6679
6689
6691
6701
6703

7573
7577
7583
7589
7591

8513
8521
8527
8537
8539

9391
9397
9403
9413
9419

10273
10289
10301
10303
10313

11257
11261
11273
11279
11287

12227
12239
12241
12251
12253

13121
13127
13147
13151
13159

15973
15991
16001
16007
16033

17011
17021
17027
17029
17033

17977
17981
17987
17989
18013

19013
19031
19037
19051
19069

19993
19997
20011
20021
20023

21001
21011
21013
21017
21019

21961
21977
21991
21997
22003

983
991
997
1009
1013

1699
1709
1721
1723
1733

2473
2477
2503
2521
2531

3313
3319
3323
3329
3331

4111

4127
4129
4133
4139

4973
4987
4993
4999
5003

5839
5843
5849
5851
5857

6709
6719
6733
6737
6761

7603
7607
7621
7639
7643

8543
8563
8573
8581
8597

9421
9431
9433
9437
9439

10321
10331
10333
10337
10343

11299
11311
11317
11321
11329

12263
12269
12277
12281
12289

13163 14153 15121 16057 17041

13171 14159 15131 16061 17047
13177 14173 15137 16063 17053
13183 14177 15139 16067 17077
13187 14197 15149 16069 17093

18041
18043
18047
18049
18059

19073
19079
19081
19087
19121

20029
20047
20051
20063
20071

21023
21031
21059
21061
21067

22013
22027
22031
22037
22039

1019
1021
1031
1033
1039

1741

2539
2543
2549
2551
2557

3343
3347
3359
3361
3371

4153
4157
4159
4177
4201

5009

1747
1753
1759

5861
5867
5869
5881

6763
6779
6781
6791
6793

7649
7669
7673
7681
7687

8599
8609
8623
8627
8629

9461
9463
9467
9473
9479

10357
10369
10391
10399
10427

11351
11353
113c9
11383
11393

12301
12323
12329
12343
12347

13217
13219
13229
13241
13249

14207
14221
14243
14249
14251

15161
15173
15187
15193
15199

16073
16087
16091
16097
16103

17099
17107
17117
17123
17137

18061
18077
18089
18097
18119

19139
19141
19157
19163
19181

20089
20101
20107
20113
20117

21089
21101
21107
21121
21139

22051
22063
22^67
22073
22079

1049
1051
1061
1063
1069

1783
1787
1789
1801
1811

2579

4211
4217
4219
4229
4231

5051
5059
5077
5081

2617

3373
3389
3391
3407
3413

5087

5897
5903
5923
5927
5939

6803
6823
6827
6829
6833

7691
7699
7703
7717
7723

8641
8647
8663
8669
8677

9491
9497
9511
9521
9533

10429
10433
10453
10457
10459

11399
11411
11423
11437
11443

12373
12377
12379
12391
12401

13259
13267
13291
13297
13309

14281
14293
14303
14321
14323

15217
15227
15233
15241
15259

16111
16127
16139
16141
16183

17159
17167
17183
17189
17191

13121
18127
18131
13133
18143

19183
19207
19211
19213
19219

20123
20129
20143
20147
20149

21143
21149
21157
21163
21169

22091
22093
22109
22111
22123

1087
1091
1093
1097
1103

1823
1831
1847
1861
1867

2621
2633
2647
2657
2659

3433
3449
3457
3461
3463

4241
4243
4253
4259
4261

5107
5113
5119

5953
5981
5987
6007
6011

6841
6857
6863
6869
6871

7727
7741
7753
7757
7759

8681
8689
8693
8699
8707

9539
9547
9551
9587
9601

10463
10477
10487
10499
10501

11447
11467
11471
11483
11489

12409
12413
12421
12433
12437

13313
13327
13331
13337
13339

14327
14341
14347
14369
14387

15263
15269
15271
15277
152S7

16187
16189
16193
16217
16223

17203
17207
17209
17231
17239

18149
18169
18181
18191
18199

19231
19237
19249
19259
19267

20161
20173
20177
20183
20201

21179
21187
21191
21193
21211

22129
22133
22147
22153
22157

2663
2671
2677
2683
2687

3467
3469
3491
3499
3511

4271
4273
4283
4289

6029
6037
6043
6047
6053

6883
6899
6907
6911
6917

7789
7793
7817
7823
7829

8713
8719
8731
8737
8741

9613
9619
9623
9629
9631

10513
10529
10531
10559
10567

11491
11497
11503
11519
11527

12451
12457
12473
12479
12487

13367
13381
13397
13399
13411

14389
14401
14407
14411
14419

15289
15299
15307
15313
15319

16229
16231
16249
16253
16267

17257
17291
17293
17299
17317

18211
18217
18223
18229
18233

19273
19289
19301
19309
19319

20219
20231
20233
20249
20261

21221
21227
21247
21269
21277

22159
22171
22189
22193
22229

16273
16301
16319
16333
16339

17321
17327
17333
17341
17351

18251
18253
18257
18269
182B7

19333
19373
19379
19381
19387

20269
20287
20297
20323
20327

21283
21313
21317
21319
21323

22247
22259
22271
22273
22277

14461 15373 16349 17359

14479 15377 16361 17377
14489 15333 16363 17383
14503 15391 16369 17387
14519 15401 16381 17389

18289
18301
18307

19391
19403
19417
19421
19423

20333
20341
20347
20353
20357

21341
21347
21377
21379
21383

22279
22283
22291
22303
22307

6
7
8

22
23
24
25

58
59

60

63

64

311
313

65
66
67
68
69
70

317
331

337
347
349
353
359
367

71

72
73
74
75

373
379

76

383

77
78
79

389
397
401
409

80

41 o

1777

2591
2593
2609

5011
5021
5023
5039

5879

8179

927-7

13681
13687
13691
13693
13697

14083
14087
14107
14143
14149

14653
14657
14669
14683
14699

15077
15083
15091
15101
15107

81
82
83
84
85

421
431
433
439

86
87
88
89
90

443
449
457
461
463

1109

1129
1151

1871
1873
1877
1879
1889

4297

5153
5167
5171
5179

91
92
93
94
95

467
479
487
491
499

1153
1163
1171
1181
1187

1901
1907
1913
1931
1933

2689
2693
2699
2707
2711

3517
3527
3529
3533
3539

4327
4337
4339
4349
4357

5189
5197
5209
5227
5231

6067
6073
6079
6089
6091

6947
6949
6959
6961
6967

7841
7853
7867
7873
7877

8747
8753
8761
8779
8783

9643
9649
9661
9677
9679

10589
10597
10601
10607
10613

11549
11551
11579
115G7
11593

12491
12497
12503
12511
12517

13417 14423 15329

13421 14431 15331
13441 14437 15349
13451 14447 15359
13457 14449 15361

503

1193
1201
1213
1217
1223

1949
1951
1973
1979
1987

2713
2719
2729
2731
2741

3541
3547
3557
3559

4363
4373
4391
4397
4409

5233
5237
5261
5273
5279

6101
6113
6121
6131
6133

6971
6977
6983
6991
6997

7879
7883

8803
8807
8819
8821
8831

9689
9697
9719
9721
9733

10627
10631
10639
10651
10657

11597
11617
11621
11633
11657

12527
12539
12541
12547
12553

13463
13469
13477
13487
13499

96
97
98
99
100

509
521

523
541

From

1).

D.C.,

I')l

1117
1123

N.
I

Lehmer,

Lisi

3571

5099
5101

5147

of prime numbers from

(with permission).

7901
7907
7919

lo

15569
15581
15583
15601
15607

18311
18313

10,006,721, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 165, Washington,

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

871

PRIMES

Tabic 24,9

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

22343
22349
22367
22369
22381

23327
23333
23339
23357
23369

24317
24329
24337
24359
24371

25409
25411
25423
25439
25447

26407
26417
26423
26431
26437

27457
27479
27481
27487
27509

28513
28517
28537
28541
28547

29453
29473
29483
29501
29527

30577
30593
30631
30637
30643

31607
31627
31643
31649
31657

32611
32621
32633
32647
32653

33617
33619
33623
33629
33637

34651
34667
34673
34679
34687

35771
35797
35801
35803
35809

36787
36791
36793
36809
36821

10

22391
22397
22409
22433
22441

23371 24373
23399 24379
23417 24391
23431 24407
23447 24413

25453
25457
25463
25469
25471

26449 27527 28549 29531 30649 31663 32687

26459 27529 28559 29537 30661 31667 32693
26479 27539 28571 29567 30671 31687 32707
26489 27541 28573 29569 30677 31699 32713
26497 27551 28579 29573 30689 31721 32717

33641
33647
33679
33703
33713

34693
34703
34721
34729
34739

35831
35837
35839
35851
35863

36833
36847
36857
36871
36877

11
12
13
14
15

22447
22453
22469
22481
22483

23459
23473
23497
23509
23531

24419
24421
24439
24443
24469

25523
25537
25541
25561
25577

26501 27581 28591

26513 27583 28597
26539 27611 28603
26557 27617 28607
26561 27631 28619

29581
29587
29599
29611
29629

30697 31723 32719 33721

30703 31727 32749 33739
30707 31729 32771 33749
30713 31741 32779 33751
30727 31751 32783 33757

16
17
18
19

22501
22511
22531
22541
22543

23537
23539
23549
23557
23561

24473
24481
24499
24509
24517

25579
25583
25589
25601
25603

26573
26591
26597
26627
26633

27647
27653
27673
27689
27691

28621
28627
28631
28643
28649

29633
29641
29663
29669
29671

30757
30763
30773
30781
30803

31769
31771
31793
3179V
31817

32789
32797
32801
32803
32831

'33773

21 22549 23563 24527 25609

22 22567 23567 24533 25621
23 22571 23581 24547 25633
21 22573 23593 24551 25639
25 22613 23599 24571 25643

26641
26647
26669
26681
26683

27697
27701
27733
27737
27739

28657
28661
28663
28669
28687

29683
29717
29723
29741
29753

30809
30817
30829
30839
30841

31847
31849
31859
31873
31883

32833
32839
32843
32869
32887

29759
29761
29789
29803
29819

30851
30853
30859
30869
30871

31891
31907
31957
31963
31973

26713 27773 28751 29833

26717 27779 28753 29837
26723 27791 28759 29851
26729 27793 28771 29863
26731 27799 28789 29867

30881
30893
30911
30931
30937

31981
31991
32003
32009
32027

2
3
4
5
6

7
8
9

20

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

37831 38923 39979 41113

37847 38933 39983 41117
37853 38953 39989 41131
37861 38959 40009 41141
37871 38971 40013 41143

42083
42089
42101
42131
42139

43063
43067
43093
43103
43117

44203
44207
44221
44249
44257

45317
45319
45329
45337
45341

46451
46457
46471
46477
46489

47533
47543
47563
47569
47581

37879
37889
37897
37907
37951

38977
38993
39019
39023
39041

40031
40037
40039
40063
40087

41149
41161
41177
41179
41183

42157
42169
42179
42181
42187

43133
43151
43159
43177
43189

44263
44267
44269
44273
44279

45343
45361
45377
45389
45403

46499
46507
46511
46523
46549

47591
47599
47609
47623
47629

34747 35869 36887 37957

34757 35879 36899 37963
34759 35897 36901 37967
34763 35899 36913 37987
34781 35911 36919 37991

39043
39047
39079
39089
39097

40093
40099
40111
40123
40127

41189
41201
41203
41213
41221

42193
42197
42209
42221
42223

43201
43207
43223
43237
43261

44281
44293
44351
44357
44371

45413
45427
45433
45439
45481

46559
46567
46573
46589
46591

47639
47653
47657
47659
47681

33767 34807
33769 34819
34841
33791 34843
33797 34847

35923
35933
35951
35963
35969

36923
36929
36931
36943
36947

37993
37997
38011
38039
38047

39103
39107
39113
39119
39133

40129
40151
40153
40163
40169

41227
41231
41233
41243
41257

42227
42239
42257
42281
42283

43271
43283
43291
43313
43319

44381
44383
44389
44417
44449

45491
45497
45503
45523
45533

46601
46619
46633
46639
46643

47699
47701
47711
47713
47717

33809
33811
33827
33829
33851

34849
34871
34877
34883
34897

35977
35983
35993
35999
36007

36973
36979
36997
37003
37013

38053
38069
38083
38113
38119

39139
39157
39161
39163
39181

40177
40189
40193
40213
40231

41263
41269
41281
41299
41333

42293
42299
42307
42323
42331

43321
43331
43391
43397
43399

44453
44483
44491
44497
44501

45541
45553
45557
45569
45587

46649
46663
46679
46681
46687

47737
47741
47743
47777
47779

32909
32911
32917
32933
32939

33857
33863
33871
33889
33893

34913
34919
34939
34949
34961

36011
36013
36017
36037
36061

37019
37021
37039
37049
37057

38149
38153
38167
38177
38183

39191
39199
39209
39217
39227

40237
40241
40253
40277
40283

41341
41351
41357
41381
41387

42337
42349
42359
42373
42379

43403
43411
43427
43441
43451

44507
44519
44531
44533
44537

45589
45599
45613
45631
45641

46691
46703
46723
46727
46747

47791
47797
47807
47809
47819

32941
32957
32969
32971
32983

33911 34963
33923 34981
33931 35023
33937 35027
33941 35051

36067
36073
36083
36097
36107

37061
37087
37097
37117
37123

38189
38197
38201
38219
38231

39229
39233
39239
39241
39251

40289
40343
40351
40357
40361

41389
41399
41411
41413
41443

42391
42397
42403
42407
42409

43457
43481
43487
43499
43517

44543
44549
44563
44579
44587

45659
45667
45673
45677
45691

46751
46757
46769
46771
46807

47837
47843
47857
47869
47881

43541
43543
43573
43577
43579

44617
44621
44623
44633
44641

45697
45707
45737
45751
45757

46811
46817
46819
46829
46831

47903
47911
47917
47933
47939

22619
22621
22637
22639
22643

23603
23609
23623
23627
23629

24593 25657 26687 27743 28697

24611 25667 26693 27749 28703
24623 25673 26699 27751 28711
24631 25679 26701 27763 28723
24659 25693 26711 27767 28729

31 22651
32 22669
33 22679
34 22691
35 22697

23633
23663
23669
23671
23677

24671 25703
24677 25717
24683 25733
24691 25741
24697 25747

22699
22709
22717
22721
40 22727

23687
23689
23719
23741
23743

24709
24733
24749
24763
24767

25759
25763
25771
25793
25799

26737
26759
26777
26783
26801

27803
27809
27817
27823
27827

28793
28807
28813
28817
28837

29873 30941 32029 32987

29879 30949 32051 32993
29881 30971 32057 32999
29917 30977 32059 33013
29921 30983 32063 33023

33961
33967
33997
34019
34031

35053
35059
35069
35081
35083

36109
36131
36137
36151
36161

37139
37159
37171
37181
37189

38237
38239
38261
38273
38281

39293 40387 41453 42433

39301 40423 41467 42437
39313 40427 41479 42443
39317 40429 41491 42451
39323 40433 '1507 42457

41 22739 23747 24781

42 22741 23753 24793
43 22751 23761 24799
44 22769 23767 24809
45 22777 23773 24821

25801
25819
25841
25847
25849

26813
26821
26833
26839
26849

27847
27851
27883
27893
27901

28843
28859
28867
28871
28879

29927
29947
29959
29983
29989

33029
33037
33049
33053
33071

34033
34039
34057
34061
34123

35089 36187
35099 36191
35107 36209
35111 36217
35117 36229

37199
37201
37217
37223
37243

38287
38299
38303
38317
38321

39341
39343
39359
39367
39371

40459
40471
40483
40487
40493

41513
41519
41521
41539
41543

42461
42463
42467
42473
42487

43591
43597
43607
43609
43613

44647
44651
44657
44683
44687

45763
45767
45779
45817
45821

46853
46861
46867
46877
46889

47947
47951
47963
47969
47977

26
27
28
29
30

36
37
38
39

31013
31019
31033
31039
31051

32069
32077
32083
32089
32099

46
47
48
49
50

22783
22787
22807
22811
22817

23789
23801
23813
23819
23827

25867
25873
25889
25903
25913

26861
26863
26879
26881
26891

27917
27919
27941
27943
27947

28901 30011 31063 32117 33073

28909 30013 31069 32119 33083
28921 30029 31079 32141 33091
28927 30047 31081 32143 33107
28933 30059 31091 32159 33113

34127
34129
34141
34147
34157

35129 36241 37253

35141 36251 37273
35149 36263 37277
35153 36269 37307
35159 36277 37309

38327
38329
38333
38351
38371

39373
39383
39397
39409
39419

40499
40507
40519
40529
40531

41549
41579
41593
41597
41603

42491
42499
42509
42533
42557

43627
43633
43649
43651
43661

44699
44701
44711
44729
44741

45823
45827
45833
45841
45853

46901
46919
46933
46957
46993

47981
48017
48023
48029
48049

51

52
53
54
55

22853
22859
22861
22871
22877

23831 24889 25919

23833 24907 25931
23857 24917 25933
23869 24919 25939
23873 24923 25943

26893
26903
26921
26927
26947

27953
27961
27967
27983
27997

28949
28961
28979
29009
29017

31121
31123
31139
31147
31151

32173
32183
32189
32191
32203

33119
33149
33151
33161
33179

34159
34171
34183
34211
34213

35171 36293 37313

35201 36299 37321
35221 36307 37337
35227 36313 37339
35251 36319 37357

38377
38393
38431
38447
38449

39439
39443
39451
39461
39499

40543
40559
40577
40583
40591

41609
41611
41617
41621
41627

42569
42571
42577
42589
42611

43669
43691
43711
43717
43721

44753
44771
44773
44777
44789

45863
45869
45887
45893
45943

46997
47017
47041
47051
47057

48073
48079
48091
48109
48119

56
57
58
59
60

22901
22907
22921
22937
22943

23879
23887
23893
23899
23909

26951
26953
26959
26981
26987

28001
28019
28027
28031
28051

29021 30109 31153

29023 30113 31159
29027 30119 31177
29033 30133 31181
29059 30137 31183

32213
32233
32237
32251
32257

33181
33191
33199
33203
33211

34217
34231
34253
34259
34261

35257
35267
35279
35281
35291

36341
36343
36353
36373
36383

37361
37363
37369
37379
37397

38453
38459
38461
38501
38543

39503
39509
39511
39521
39541

40597
40609
40627
40637
40639

41641
41647
41651
41659
41669

42641
42643
42649
42667
42677

43753
43759
43777
43781
43783

44797
44809
44819
44839
44843

45949
45953
45959
45971
45979

47059
47087
47093
47111
47119

48121
48131
48157
48163
48179

61
62
63
64
65

22961 23911
22963 23917
22973 23929
22993 23957
23003 23971

24979
24989
25013
25031
25033

26003 26993 28057 29063

26017 27011 28069 29077
26021 27017 28081 29101
26029 27031 28087 29123
26041 27043 28097 29129

31189 32261 33223 34267 35311

31193 32297 33247 34273 35317
31219 32299 33287 34283 35323
31223 32303 33289 34297 35327
31231 32309 33301 34301 35339

36389
36433
36451
36457
36467

37409
37423
37441
37447
37463

38557
38561
38567
38569
38593

39551
39563
39569
39581
39607

40693 41681 42683

40697 41687 42689
40699 41719 42697
40709 41729 42701
40739 41737 42703

43787
43789
43793
43801
43853

44851
44867
44879
44887
44893

45989
46021
46027
46049
46051

47123
47129
47137
47143
47147

48187
48193
48197
48221
48239

66
67
68
69
70

23011
23017
23021
23027
23029

23977
23981
23993
24001
24007

25037
25057
25073
25087
25097

26053
26083
26099
26107
26111

27059
27061
27067
27073
27077

28099
28109
28111
28123
28151

29131
29137
29147
29153
29167

30197 31237 32321

30203 31247 32323
30211 31249 32327
30223 31253 32341
30241 31259 32353

33311
33317
33329
33331
33343

34303
34313
34319
34327
34337

35353
35363
35381
35393
35401

36469
36473
36479
36493
36497

37483
37489
37493
37501
37507

38603
38609
38611
38629
38639

39619
39623
39631
39659
39667

40751
40759
40763
40771
40787

41759
41761
41771
41777
41801

42709
42719
42727
42737
42743

43867
43889
43891
43913
43933

44909
44917
44927
44939
44953

46061
46073
46091
46093
46099

47149
47161
47189
47207
47221

48247
48259
48271
48281
48299

71
72
73
74
75

23039
23041
23053
23057
23059

24019
24023
24029
24043
24049

25111
25117
25121
25127
25147

26113
26119
26141
26153
26161

27091
27103
27107
27109
27127

28163
28181
28183
28201
28211

29173
29179
29191
29201
29207

30253
30259
30269
30271
30293

31267
31271
31277
31307
31319

32359
32363
32369
32371
32377

33347
33349
33353
33359
33377

34351 35407
34361 35419
34367 35423
34369 35437
34381 35447

36523
36527
36529
36541
36551

37511
37517
37529
37537
37547

38651
38653
38669
38671
38677

39671
39679
39703
39709
39719

40801
40813
40819
40823
40829

41809
41813
41843
41849
41851

42751
42767
42773
42787
42793

43943
43951
43961
43963
43969

44959
44963
44971
44983
44987

46103
46133
46141
46147
46153

47237
47251
47269
47279
47287

48311
48313
48337
48341
48353

24061 25153 26171 27143

24071 25163 26177 27179
24077 25169 26183 27191
24083 25171 26189 27197
24091 25183 26203 27211

28219
28229
28277
28279
28283

29209
29221
29231
29243
29251

30307
30313
30319
30323
30341

31321
31327
31333
31337
31357

32381 33391
32401 33403
32411 33409
32413 33413
32423 33427

34403
34421
34429
34439
34457

35449 36559 37549 38693 39727 40841

35461 36563 37561 38699 39733 40847
35491 36571 37567 38707 39749 40849
35507 36583 37571 38711 39761 40853
35509 36587 37573 38713 39769 40867

41863
41879
41887
41893
41897

42797
42821
42829
42839
42841

43973
43987
43991
43997
44017

45007
45013
45053
45061
45077

46171
46181
46183
46187
46199

47293
47297
47303
47309
47317

48371
48383
48397
48407
48409

27239 28289
27241 28297
27253 28307
27259 28309
27271 28319

29269
29287
29297
29303
29311

30347
30367
30389
30391
30403

31379
31387
31391
31393
31397

32429
32441
32443
32467
32479

33457
33461
33469
33479
33487

34469
34471
34483
34487
34499

35521
35527
35531
35533
35537

36599
36607
36629
36637
36643

37579
37589
37591
37607
37619

38723
38729
38737
38747
38749

39779
39791
39799
39821
39827

40879
40883
40897
40903
40927

41903
41911
41927
41941
41947

42853
42859
42863
42899
42901

44021
44027
44029
44041
44053

45083
45119
45121
45127
45131

46219
46229
46237
46261
46271

47339
47351
47353
47363
47381

4841?
48437
48449
48463
48473

27277
27281
27283
27299
27329

28349
28351
28387
28393
28403

29327
29333
29339
29347
29363

30427
30431
30449
30467
30469

31469
31477
31481
31489
31511

32491
32497
32503
32507
32531

33493
33503
33521
33529
33533

34501
34511
34513
34519
34537

35543
35569
35573
35591
35593

36653
36671
36677
36683
36691

37633
37643
37649
37657
37663

38767
38783
38791
388C3
38821

39829
39839
39841
39847
39857

40933
40939
40949
40961
40973

41953
41957
41959
41969
41981

42923
42929
42937
42943
42953

44059
44071
44087
44089
44101

45137
45139
45161
45179
45181

46273
46279
46301
46307
46309

47387
47389
47407
47417
47419

48479
48481
48487
48491
48497

24179 25307 26309 27337

24181 25309 26317 27361
24197 25321 26321 27367
24203 25339 26339 27397
24223 25343 26347 27407

28409
28411
28429
28433
28439

29383
29387
29389
29399
29401

30491
30493
30497
30509
30517

31513
31517
31531
31541
31543

32533 33547 34543 35597

32537 33563 34549 35603
32561 33569 34583 35617
32563 33577 34589 35671
32569 33581 34591 35677

36697
36709
36713
36721
36739

37691
37693
37699
37717
37747

38833
38839
38851
38861
38867

39863
39869
39877
39883
39887

40993
41011
41017
41023
41039

41983
41999
42013
42017
42019

42961
42967
42979
42989
43003

44111
44119
44123
44129
44131

45191
45197
45233
45247
45259

46327
46337
46349
46351
46381

47431
47441
47459
47491
47497

48523
48527
48533
48539
48541

36749
36761
36767
36779
36781

37781
37783
37799
37811
37813

38873
38891
38903
38917
38921

39901
39929
39937
39953
39971

41047 42023 43013

41051 42043 43019
41057 42061 43037
41077 42071 43049
41081 42073 43051

44159
44171
44179
44189
44201

45263
45281
45289
45293
45307

46399
46411
46439
46441
46447

47501
47507
47513
47521
47527

48563
48571
48589
48593
48611

76 23063
77 23071
78 23081
79 23087
80 23099
81
82
83
84
85

23117
23131
23143
23159
23167

86 23173
87 23189
88 23197
89 23201
90 23203
91
92
93
94
95

23209
23227
23251
23269
23279

23321

24943 25951
24953 25969
24967 25981
24971 25997
24977 25999

24097 25189 26209

24103 25219 26227
24107 25229 26237
24109 25237 26249
24113 25243 26251
24121
24133
24137
24151
24169

96 23291 24229
97 23293 24239
98 23297 24247
99 23311 24251
100

24841
24847
24851
24859
24877

24281

25247
25253
25261
25301
25303

25349
25357
25367
25373
25391

26261
26263
26267
26293
26297

26357
26371
26387
26393
26399

27409 28447
27427 28463
27431 28477
27437 28493
27449 28499

30071
30089
30091
30097
30103

30139
30161
30169
30181
30187

29411 30529 31547 32573 33587

29423 30539 31567 32579 33589
29429 30553 31573 32587 33599
29437 30557 31583 32603 33601
29443 30559 31601 32609 33613

34603
34607
34613
34631
34649

35729
35731
35747
35753
35759

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS

872
T:

Me

5 ,4,9

50

48619
2 48623
3 48647
4 48649
5 48661
l

51

52

53

49667 50767 51817

49669 50773 51827
49681 50777 51829
49697 50789 51839
49711 50821 51853

54

52937
52951
52957
52963
52967

55

56

54001 55109
54011 55117
54013 55127
54037 55147
54049 55163

57

58

56197 57193
56207 57203
56209 57221
56237 57223
56239 57241

59

CO

61

'R1MIES
62

58243 59369 60509 61637

58271 59377 60521 61643
58309 59387 60527 61651
58313 59393 60539 61657
58321 59399 60589 61667

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

62791
62801
62819
62827
62851

63823 65071 66107

63839 65089 66109
63841 65099 66137
63853 65101 66161
63857 65111 66169

67247
67261
67271
67273
67289

68389
68399
68437
68443
68447

69497
69499
69539
69557
69593

70663
70667
70687
70709
70717

71719
71741
71761
71777
71789

72859
72869
72871
72883
72889

73999
74017
74021
74027
74047

75083
75109
75133
75149
75161

63

64

65

66

60601
60607
60611
60617
60623

61673
61681
61687
61703
61717

62861
62869
62873
62897
62903

63863 65119 66173

63901 65123 66179
63907 65129 66191
63913 65141 66221
63929 65147 66239

67307
67339
67343
67349
67369

68449
68473
68477
68483
68489

69623
69653
69661
69677
69691

7C729
70753
70769
70783
70793

71807
71809
71821
71837
71843

72893
72901
72907
72911
72923

74051
74071
74077
74093
74099

75167
75169
75181
75193
75209

57287
57301
57329
57331
57347

58391 59447 60631

58393 59453 60637
58403 59467 60647
58411 59471 60649
58417 59473 60659

61723
61729
61751
61757
61781

62921
62927
62929
62939
62969

63949
63977
63997
64007
64013

65167
65171
65173
65179
65183

66271
66293
66301
66337
66343

67391
67399
67409
67411
67421

68491 69697
68501 69709
68507 69737
68521 69739
68531 69761

70823
70841
70843
70849
70853

71849
71861
71367
71879
71881

72931
72937
72949
72953
72959

74101
74131
74143
74149
74159

75211
75217
75223
75227
75239

49811 50929 51971 53089 54181 55291 56383

49823 50951 51973 53093 54193 55313 56393
49831 50957 51977 53101 54217 55331 56401
49843 50969 51991 53113 54251 55333 56417
49853 50971 52009 53117 54269 55337 56431

57349
57367
57373
57383
57389

58427
58439
58441
58451
58453

59497
59509
59513
59539
59557

61813
61819
61837
61843
61861

62971
62981
62983
62987
62989

64019
64033
64037
64063
64067

65203
65213
65239
65257
65267

66347
66359
66361
66373
66377

67427
67429
67433
67447
67453

68539
68543
68567
68581
68597

69763
69767
69779
69809
69821

70867
70877
70879
70891
70901

71887
71899
71909
71917
71933

72973
72977
72997
73009
73013

74161
74167
74177
74189
74197

75253
75269
75277
75289
75307

48821
48823
48847
48857
48859

49871 50989
49877 50993
49891 51001
49919 51031
49921 51043

61871 63029 64081 65269 66383

61879 63031 64091 65287 66403
61909 63059 64109 65293 66413
61927 63067 64123 65309 66431
61933 63073 64151 65323 66449

67477
67481
67489
67493
67499

68611
68633
68639
68659
68669

69827
69829
69333
69847
69857

70913
70919
70921
70937
70949

71941
71947
71963
71971
71983

73019
73037
73039
73043
73061

74201
74203
74209
74219
74231

75323
75329
75337
75347
75353

27
28
29
30

48869
48871
48883
48889
48907

49927
49937
49939
49943
49957

31
32
33
34
35

48947
48953
48973
48989
48991

36
37
38
39
40

49003
49009
49019
49031
49033

50033
50047
50051
50053
50069

48673
48677
48679
9 48731
10 48733

49727
49739
49741
49747
49757

50833 51859 52973 54059 55171 56249 57251 58337 59407

:0839 51869 52981 54083 55201 56263 57259 58363 59417
50849 51871 52999 54091 55207 56267 57269 58367 59419
50857 51893 53003 54101 55213 56269 57271 58369 59441
50867 51899 53017 54121 55217 56299 57283 58379 59443

12
13
14
15

48751
48757
48761
48767
48779

49783
49787
49789
49801
49807

50873
50891
50893
50909
50923

56311
56333
56359
56369
56377

16
17
18
19
20

48781
48787
48799
48809
48817

21
22
23
24
25
26

7
8

11

51907
51913
51929
51941
51949

53047
53051
53069
53077
53087

54133
54139
54151
54163
54167

55219
55229
55243
55249
55259

60661
60679
60689
60703
60719

55339
55343
55351
55373
55381

56437
56443
56453
56467
56473

57397
57413
57427
57457
57467

58477 59561 60727

58481 59567 60733
58511 59581 60737
58537 59611 60757
58543 59617 60761

52069 53173 54323 55399

52081 53189 54331 55411
52103 53197 54347 55439
52121 53201 54361 55441
52127 53231 54367 55457

56477
56479
56489
56501
56503

57487
57493
57503
57527
57529

58549
58567
58573
58579
58601

59621
59627
59629
59651
59659

60763 61949
60773 61961
60779 61967
60793 61979
6081! 61981

63079
63097
63103
63113
63127

64153
64157
64171
64187
64189

65327
65353
65357
65371
65381

66457
66463
66467
66491
66499

67511
67523
67531
67537
67547

68683
68687
68699
68711
68713

69859
69877
69899
69911
69929

70951
70957
70969
70979
70981

71987
71993
71999
72019
72031

73063
73079
73091
73121
73127

74257
74279
74287
74293
74297

75367
75377
75389
75391
75401

49991 51131
49993 51133
49999 51137
50021 51151
50023 51157

52147
52153
52163
52177
52181

53233
53239
53267
53269
53279

54371
54377
54401
54403
54409

55469
55487
55501
55511
55529

56509
56519
56527
56531
56533

57557
57559
57571
57587
57593

58603
58613
58631
58657
58661

59663
59669
59671
59693
59699

60621
60859
60869
60887
60889

61987
61991
62003
62011
62017

63131
63149
63179
63197
63199

64217
64223
64231
64237
64271

65393
65407
65413
65419
65423

66509
66523
66529
66533
66541

67559
67567
67577
67579
67589

68729
68737
68743
68749
68767

69931
69941
69959
69991
69997

70991
70997
70999
71011
71023

72043
72047
72053
72073
72077

73133
73141
73181
73189
73237

74311
74317
74323
74353
74357

75403
75407
75431
75437
75479

51169
51193
51197
51199
51203

52183
52189
52201
52223
52237

53281 54413
53299 54419
53309 54421
53323 54437
53327 54443

55541
55547
55579
55589
55603

56543
56569
56591
56597
56599

57601
57637
57641
57649
57653

58679
58687
58693
58699
58711

59707
59723
59729
59743
59747

60899
60901
60913
60917
60919

62039
62047
62053
62057
62071

63211
63241
63247
63277
63281

64279
64283
64301
64303
64319

65437
65447
65449
65479
65497

66553
66569
66571
66587
66593

67601
67607
67619
67631
67651

68771
68777
68791
68813
68819

70001
70003
70009
70019
70039

71039
71059
71069
71081
71089

72089
72091
72101
72103
72109

73243
73259
73277
73291
73303

74363
74377
74381
74383
74411

75503
75511
75521
75527
75533

41
42
43
44
45

49037 50077 51217

49043 50087 51229
49057 50093 51239
49069 50101 51241
49081 50111 51257

52249
52253
52259
52267
52289

53353
53359
53377
53381
53401

54449
54469
54493
54497
54499

55609
55619
55621
55631
55633

56611
56629
56633
56659
56663

57667
57679
57689
57697
57709

58727
58733
58741
58757
58763

59753
59771
59779
59791
59797

60923
60937
60943
60953
60961

62081
62099
62119
62129
62131

63299
63311
63313
63317
63331

64327
64333
64373
64381
64399

65519
65521
65537
65539
65543

66601 67679 68821 70051

66617 67699 68863 70061
66629 67709 68879 70067
66643 o7723 68881 70079
66653 67733 68891 70099

71119
71129
71143
71147
71153

72139
72161
72167
72169
72173

73309
73327
73331
73351
73361

74413
74419
74441
74449
74453

75539
75541
75553
75557
75571

46
47
48
49
50

49103 50119 51263 52291

49109 50123 51283 52301
49117 50129 51287 52313
49121 50131 51307 52321
49123 50117 51329 52361

53407
53411
53419
53437
53441

54503
54517
54521
54539
54541

55639
55661
55663
55667
55673

56671 57713 58771

56681 57719 58787
56687 57727 58789
56701 57731 58831
56711 57737 58889

59809
59833
59863
59879
59887

61001
61007
61027
61031
61043

62137
62141
62143
62171
62189

63337
63347
63353
63361
63367

64403 65551
64433 65557
64439 65563
64451 65579
64453 65581

66683 67741 68897 70111

66697 67751 68899 70117
66701 67757 68903 70121
66713 67759 68909 70123
66721 67763 68917 70139

71161
71167
71171
71191
71209

72211
72221
72223
72227
72229

73363
73369
73379
73387
73417

74471
74489
74507
74509
74521

75577
75583
75611
75617
75619

51
52
53
54
55

49139
49157
49169
49171
49177

53453
53479
53503
53507
53527

54547
54559
54563
54577
54581

55681
55691
55697
55711
55717

56713
56/31
56737
56747
56767

57751 58897
57773 58901
57781 58907
57787 58909
57791 58913

59921
59929
59951
59957
59971

61051
61057
61091
61099
61121

62191 63377
62201 63389
62207 63391
62213 63397
62219 63409

50153
50159
50177
50207
50221

51047
51059
51061
51071
51109

52X121 53129
52027 53147
52051 53149
52057 53161
52067 53171

51341 52363
51343 52369
51347 52379
51349 52387
51361 52391

54277
54287
54293
54311
54319

64483 65587 66733 67777

64489 65599 66739 67783
64499 65609 66749 67789
64513 65617 66751 67801
64553 65629 66763 67807

68927
68947
68963
68993
69001

70141
70157
70163
70177
70181

71233
71237
71249
71257
71261

72251
72253
72269
72271
72277

73421
73433
73453
73459
73471

74527
74531
74551
74561
74567

75629
75641
75653
75659
75679

58

49193
49199
49201
59 49207
60 49211

50227 51383
50231 51407
50261 51413
50263 51419
50273 51421

53549
53551
53569
53591
53593

54583
54601
54617
54623
54629

55721
55733
55763
55787
55793

56773
56779
56783
56807
56809

57793
57803
57809
57829
57839

58921
58937
58943
58963
58967

59981 61129
59999 61141
60013 61151
60017 61153
60029 61169

62233 63419 64567

62273 63421 64577
62297 63439 64579
62299 63443 64591
62303 63463 64601

67819
67829
67843
67853
67867

69011
69019
69029
69031
69061

70183
70199
70201
70207
70223

71263
71287
71293
71317
71327

72287
72307
72313
72337
72341

73477
73483
73517
73523
73529

74573
74587
74597
74609
74611

75683
75689
75703
75707
75709

49223
49253
49261
64 49277
65 49279

50287 51427 52511 53597

50291 51431 52517 53609
50311 51437 52529 53611
50321 51439 52541 53617
50329 51449 52543 53623

54631
54647
54667
54673
54679

55799
55807
55813
55817
55819

56813
56821
56827
56843
56857

57847
57853
57859
57881
57899

58979
58991
58997
59009
59011

60037
60041
60077
60083
60089

62311 63467 64609 65687 66851 67883

62323 63473 64613 65699 66853 67891
62327 63487 64621 65701 66863 67901
62347 63493 64627 65707 66877 67927
62351 63499 64633 65713 66883 67931

69067
69073
69109
69119
69127

70229
70237
70241
70249
70271

71329
71333
71339
71341
71347

72353
72367
72379
72383
72421

73547
73553
73561
73571
73583

74623
74653
74687
74699
74707

75721
75731
75743
75767
75773

59021
59023
59029
59051
59053

60091 61283 62383 63521

60101 61291 62401 63527
60103 61297 62417 63533
60107 61331 62423 63541
60127 61333 62459 63559

56
57

61
62
63

52433
52453
52457
52489
52501

66889
66919
66923
66931
66943

67933
67939
67943
67957
67961

69143
69149
69151
69163
69191

70289
70297
70309
70313
70321

71353
71359
71363
71387
71389

72431
72461
72467
72469
72481

73589
73597
73607
73609
73613

74713
74717
74719
74729
74731

75781
75787
75793
75797
75821

57973 59063 60133 61339 62467 63577 64709 65777

57977 59069 60139 61343 62473 63587 64717 65789
57991 59077 60149 61357 62477 63589 64747 65809
58013 59083 60161 61363 62483 63599 64763 65827
58027 59093 60167 61379 62497 63601 64781 65831

66947
66949
66959
66973
66977

67967
67979
67987
67993
68023

69193
69197
69203
69221
69233

70327
70351
70373
70379
70381

71399
71411
71413
71419
71429

72493
72497
72503
72533
72547

73637
73643
73651
73673
73679

74747
74759
74761
74771
74779

75833
75853
75869
75883
75913

61381
61403
61409
61417
61441

62501 63607 64783 65837 67003

62507 63611 64793 65839 67021
62533 63617 64811 65843 67033
62539 63629 64817 65851 67043
62549 63647 64849 65867 67049

68041
68053
68059
68071
68087

69239
69247
69257
69259
69263

70393
70423
70429
70439
70451

71437
71443
71453
71471
71473

72551
72559
72577
72613
72617

73681
73693
73699
73709
73721

74797
74821
74827
74831
74843

75931
75937
75941
75967
75979

51461
51473
51479
51481
51487

52553 53629
52561 53633
52567 53639
52571 53653
52579 53657

54709
54713
54721
54727
54751

55823 56873 57901

55829 56891 57917
55837 56893 57923
55843 56897 57943
55849 56909 57947

71 49363
72 49367
73 49369
74 49391
75 49393

51503 52583 53681

51511 52609 53693
51517 52627 53699
51521 52631 53717
51539 52639 53719

54767
54773
54779
54787
54799

55871
55889
55897
55901
55903

56911
56921
56923
56929
56941

49409 50441 51551 52667 53731 54829

49411 50459 51563 52673 53759 54833
49417 50461 51577 52691 53773 54851
49429 50497 51581 52697 53777 54869
80 49433 50503 51593 52709 53783 54877

55921
55927
55931
55933
55949

56951 58031 59107

56957 58043 59113
56963 58049 59119
56983 58057 59123
56989 58061 59141

60169
60209
60217
60223
60251

76
77
78
79

66791
66797
66809
66821
66841

65717
65719
65729
65731
65761

66 49297 50333
67 49307 50341
68 49331 50359
69 49333 50363
70 49339 50377

50383
50387
50411
50417
50423

61211
61223
61231
61253
61261

65633
65647
65651
65657
65677

64661
64663
64667
64679
64693

52711
52721
52727
52733
52747

53791
53813
53819
53831
53849

54881
54907
54917
54919
54941

55967
55987
55997
56003
56009

56993
56999
57037
57041
57047

59149
59159
59167
59183
59197

60257
60259
60271
60289
60293

61463
61469
61471
61483
61487

62563
62581
62591
62597
62603

63649
63659
63667
63671
63689

64853
64871
64877
64879
64891

67057
67061
67073
67079
67103

68099 69313 70457

68111 69317 70459
68113 69337 70481
6814] 69341 70487
68147 69371 70489

71479
71483
71503
71527
71537

72623
72643
72647
72649
72661

73727
73751
73757
73771
73783

74857
74861
74869
74873
74887

75983
75989
75991
75997
76001

50551 51647 52757

50581 51659 52769
50587 51673 52783
50591 51679 52807
50593 51683 52813

53857
53861
53881
53887
53891

54949
54959
54973
54979
54983

56039
56041
56053
56081
56087

57059 58129 59207

57073 58147 59209
57077 58151 59219
57089 58153 59221
57097 58169 59233

60317
60331
60337
60343
60353

61493
61507
61511
61519
61543

62617
62627
62633
62639
62653

63691
63697
63703
63709
63719

64901 65951 67121

64919 65957 67129
64921 65963 67139
64927 65981 67141
64937 65983 67153

68161 69379 70501

68171 69383 70507
68207 69389 70529
68209 69401 70537
68213 69403 70549

71549
71551
71563
71569
71593

72671
72673
72679
72689
72701

73819
73823
73847
73849
73859

74891
74897
74903
74923
74929

76003

89
90

49499
49523
49529
49531
49537

91
92
93
94
95

49547
49549
49559
49597
49603

50599
50627
50647
50651
50671

53897
53899
53917
53923
53927

55001
55009
55021
55049
55051

56093 57107
56099 57119
56101 57131
56113 57139
56123 57143

59239
59243
59263
59273
59281

60373
60383
60397
60413
60427

61547
61553
61559
61561
61583

62659
62683
62687
62701
62723

63727
63737
63743
63761
63773

64951 65993
64969 66029
64997 66037
65003 66041
65011 66047

68219
68227
68239
68261
68279

70571
70573
70583
70589
70607

71597
71633
71647
71663
71671

72707
72719
72727
72733
72739

73867
73877
73883
73897
73907

74933
74941
74959
75011
75013

76091
76099
76103
76123
76129

52883 53939 55057 56131 57149 58211 59333

52889 53951 55061 56149 57163 58217 59341
52901 53959 55073 56167 57173 58229 59351
52903 53987 55079 56171 57179 58231 59357
52919 53993 55103 56179 57191 58237 59359

60443
60449
60457
60493
60497

61603 62731 63781 65027 66067

61609 62743 63793 65029 66071
61613 62753 63799 65033 66083
61627 62761 63803 65053 66089
61631 62773 63809 65063 66103

67211 68281 69467 70619

67213 68311 69473 70621
67217 68329 69481 70627
67219 68351 69491 70639
67231 68371 69493 70657

71693
71699
71707
71711
71713

72763
72767
727=7
72817
72823

73939
73943
73951
73961
73973

75017
75029
75037
75041
75079

76147
76157
76159
76163
76207

49451
49459
49463
49477
85 49481
31
82
83
S4

86
87
B8

96 49613
97 49627
98 49633
99 49639
100 49663

50513
50527
50539
50543
50549

51599
51607
51613
51631
51637

51691
51713
51719
51721
51749

50683 51767
50707 51769
50723 51787
50741 51797
50753 51803

52817
52837
52859
52861
52879

58067
58073
58099
58109
58111

58171
58189
58193
58199
58207

65881
65899
65921
65927
65929

67157
67169
67181
67187
67189

69427
69431
69439
69457
69463

76031

76039
760?9
76081

873

COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
PRIMES
76213 77359
77369
77377
77383
5 76253 77417

78487 79627 80737

78497 79631 80747
78509 79633 80749
78511 79657 80761
78517 79669 80777

6 76259
7 76261

77419
77431
76283 77447
76289 77471
10 76303 77477

78539
78541
78553
78569
78571

79687 80779 81883

79691 80783 81899
79693 80789 81901
79697 80803 81919
79699 80809 81929

77479
77489
77491
77509
77513

78577
78583
78593
78607
78623

79757
79769
79777
79801
79811

2 76231
3 76243
4 76249

B
9

11
12
13
14

15

76333
76343
76367
76369
76379

16 76387 77521
17 76403 77527
18 76421 77543
19 76423 77549
20 76441 77551

81817
81839
81847
81853
81869

82903
82913
82939
82963
82981

84131 85243 86381 87557 88807

84137 85247 86389 87559 88811
84143 85259 86399 87583 88813
84163 85297 86413 87587 88817
84179 85303 86423 87589 88819

Table 21,9

87

8!

89867
89891
89897
89899
89909

90989
90997
91009
91019
91033

92177
92179
92189
92203
92219

93187
93199
93229
93239
93241

94351
94379
94397
94399
94421

95443
95461
95467
95471
9i479

96587
96589
96601
96643
96661

97829
97841
97843
97847
97849

98953
98963
98981
98993
98999

89917
89923
89939
89959
89963

91079
91081
91097
91099
91121

92221
92227
92233
92237
92243

93251
93253
93257
93263
93281

82997 84181 85313 86441

83003 84191 85331 86453
83009 84199 85333 86461
83023 84211 85361 86467
83047 84221 85363 86477

87613 88843
87623 88853
87629 88861
87631 88867
87641 88873

94427
94433
94439
94441
94447

95483
95507
95527
95531
95539

96667
96671
96697
96703
96731

97859
97861
97871
97879
97883

99013
99017
99023
99041
99053

87643 88883 89977 91127 92251 93283 94463

87649 88897 89983 91129 92269 93287 94477
87671 88903 89989 91139 92297 93307 94483
87679 88919 90001 91141 92311 93319 94513
87683 88937 90007 91151 92317 93323 94529

95549
95561
95569
95581
95597

96737
96739
96749
96757
96763

97919
97927
97931
97943
97961

99079
99083
99089
99103
99109

80819
80831
80833
80849
80863

81931
81937
81943
81953
81967

83059 84223 85369

83063 84229 85381
83071 84239 85411
83077 84247 85427
83089 84263 85429

78643 79813 80897

78649 79817 80909
78653 79823 80911
78691 79829 80917
78697 79841 80923

81971
81973
82003
82007
82009

83093 84299 85439 86539 87691 88951

83101 84307 85447 86561 87697 88969
83117 84313 85451 86573 87701 88993
83137 84317 85453 86579 87719 88997
83177 84319 85469 86587 87721 89003

90011 91153 92333 93329

90017 91159 92347 93337
90019 91163 92353 93371
90023 91183 92357 93377
90031 91193 92363 93383

94531
94541
94543
94547
94559

95603
95617
95621
95629
95633

96769
96779
96787
96797
96799

97967
97973
97987
98009
98011

99119
99131
99133
99137
99139

83203 84347 85487 86599

83207 84349 85513 86627
83219 84377 85517 86629
83221 84389 85523 86677
83227 84391 85531 86689

21
22
23
24
25

76463 77557 78707 79843 80929 82013

76471 77563 78713 79847 80933 82021
76481 77569 78721 79861 80953 82031
76487 77573 78737 79867 80963 82037
76493 77587 78779 79873 80989 82039

26
27
28
29
30

76507
76511
76519
76537
76541

77591 78781
77611 78787
77617 78791
77621 78797
77641 78803

79889
79901
79903
79907
79939

81001
81013
81017
81019
81023

82051 83231 84401 85549

82067 83233 84407 85571
82073 83243 84421 85577
82129 83257 84431 85597
82139 83267 84437 85601

31
32
33
34
35

76543
76561
76579
76597
76603

77647
77659
77681
77687
77689

79943
79967
79973
79979
79987

81031 82141 83269 84443 85607

81041 82153 83273 84449 85619
81043 82163 83299 84457 85621
81047 82171 83311 84463 85627
81049 82183 83339 84467 85639

78809
78823
78839
78853
78857

36 76607 77699 78877

37 76631 77711 78887
38 76649 77713 78889
39 76651 77719 78893
40 76667 77723 78901

86491
86501
86509
86531
86533

87739
87743
87751
87767
87793

89009
89017
89021
89041
89051

90053 91199
90059 91229
90067 91237
90071 91243
90073 91249

86693
86711
86719
86729
86743

87797
87803
87811
87833
87853

89057
89069
89071
89083
89087

86753
86767
86771
86783
86813

87869
87877
87881
87887
87911

89101
89107
89113
89119
89123

92369
92377
92381
92383
92387

93407
93419
93427
93463
93479

94561 95651
94573 95701
94583 95707
94597 95713
94603 95717

96821
96823
96827
96847
96851

98017
98041
98047
98057
98081

99149
99173
99181
99191
99223

90089
90107
90121
90127
90149

91253 92399
91283 92401
91291 92413
91297 92419
91303 92431

93481
93487
93491
93493
93497

94613
94621
94649
94651
94687

95723
95731
95737
95747
95773

96857
96893
96907
96911
96931

98101
98123
98129
98143
98179

99233
99241
99251
99257
99259

90163
90173
90187
90191
90197

91309 92459 93503 94693

91331 92461 93523 94709
91367 92467 93529 94723
91369 92479 93553 94727
91373 92489 93557 94747

95783
95789
95791
95801
95803

96953
96959
96973
96979
96989

98207
98213
98221
98227
98251

99277
99289
99317
99347
99349

79997 81071 82189 83341 84481 85643 86837 87917 89137 90199 91381 92503
79999 81077 82193 83357 84499 85661 86843 87931 89153 90203 91387 92507
80021 81083 82207 83383 84503 85667 86851 87943 89189 90217 91393 92551
80039 81097 82217 83389 84509 85669 86857 87959 89203 90227 91397 92557
80051 81101 82219 83399 84521 85691 86861 87961 89209 90239 91411 92567

93559
93563
93581
93601
93607

94771
94777
94781
94789
94793

95813
95819
95857
95869
95873

96997
97001
97003
97007
97021

98257
98269
98297
98299
98317

99367
99371
99377
99391
99397

92569
92581
92593
92623
92627

93629
93637
93683
93701
93703

94811
94819
94823
94837
94841

95881 97039
95891 97073
95911 97081
95917 97103
95923 97117

98321
98323
98327
98347
98369

99401
99409
99431
99439
99469

93719
93739
93761
93763
93787

94847
94849
94873
94889
94903

95929
95947
95957
95959
95971

97127
97151
97157
97159
97169

98377
98387
98389
98407
98411

99487
99497
99523
99527
99529

94907 95987 97171

94933 95989 97177
94949 96001 97187
94951 96013 97213
94961 96017 97231

98419
98429
98443
98453
98459

99551
99559
99563
99571
99577

91423
91433
91453
91457
91459

80071 81119 82223

80077 81131 82231
80107 81157 82237
80111 81163 82241
80141 81173 82261

83401 84523 85703

83407 84533 85711
83417 84551 85717
83423 84559 85733
83431 84589 85751

46 76753 77783 78989

47 76757 77797 79031
48 76771 77801 79039
49 76777 77813 79043
50 76781 77839 79063

80147
80149
80153
80167
80173

81181
81197
81199
81203
81223

82267
82279
82301
82307
82339

83437
83443
83449
83459
83471

84629 85781 86951 88007 89269

84631 85793 86959 88019 89273
84649 85817 86969 88037 89293
84653 85819 86981 88069 89303
84659 85829 86993 88079 89317

90313 91463 92639

90353 91493 92641
90359 91499 92647
90371 91513 92657
90373 91529 92669

79087
79103
79111
79133
79139

80177
80191
80207
80209
80221

81233
81239
81281
81283
81293

82349
82351
82361
82373
82387

83477
83497
83537
83557
83561

84673
84691
84697
84701
84713

56 76847 77929 79147

57 76871 77933 79151
58 76873 77951 79153
59 76883 77969 79159
60 76907 77977 79181

80231
80233
80239
80251
80263

81299
81307
81331
81343
81349

82393
82421
82457
82463
82469

83563
83579
83591
83597
83609

79187 80273 81353 82471 83617

79193 80279 81359 82483 83621
79201 80287 81371 82487 83639
79229 80309 81373 82493 83641
79231 80317 81401 82499 83653

41
42
43
44
45

76673
76679
76697
76717
76733

76801
76819
76829
54 76831
55 76837

51
52
53

77731
77743
77747
77761
77773

77849
77863
77867
77893
77899

78919
78929
78941
78977
78979

62
63
64

76913
76919
76943
76949
65 76961

77983
77999
78007
78017
78031

66 76963
67 76991
68 77003
69 77017
70 77023

78041 79241
78049 79259
78059 79273
78079 79279
78101 79283

61

71
72
73
74
75

77029 78121
77041 78137
77047 78139
77069 78157
77081 78163

76 77093 78167
77 77101 78173
78 77137 78179
79 77141 78191
80 77153 78193
81
82
83
84
85

77167
77171
77191
77201
77213

91
92
93
94
95

77263 78317
77267 78341
77269 76347
77279 78367
77291 78401

77317
77323
77339
77347
100 77351
96
97
98
99

79301 80387
79309 80407
79319 80429
79333 80447
79337 80449

80527
80537
80557
80567
80599

90247
90263
90271
90281
90289

88093
88117
88129
88169
88177

89329
89363
89371
89381
89387

90379
90397
90401
90403
90407

91541 92671 93809

91571 92681 93811
91573 92683 93827
91577 92693 93851
91583 92699 93871

84719 85889
84731 85903
84737 85909
84751 85931
84761 85933

87071 88211
87083 88223
87103 88237
87107 88241
87119 88259

89393
89399
89413
89417
89431

90437
90439
90469
90473
90481

91591
91621
91631
91639
91673

92707
92717
92723
92737
92753

93887
93889
93893
93901
93911

94993
94999
95003
95009
95021

96043
96053
96059
96079
96097

97241
97259
97283
97301
97303

98467
98473
98479
98491
98507

99581
99607
99611
99623
99643

84787 85991
84793 85999
84809 86011
84811 86017
84827 86027

87121 88261 89443 90499 91691

87133 88289 89449 90511 91703
87149 88301 89459 90523 91711
87151 88321 89477 90527 91733
87179 88327 89491 90529 91753

92761
92767
92779
92789
92791

93913
93923
93937
93941
93949

95027
95063
95071
95083
95087

96137
96149
96157
96167
96179

97327
97367
97369
97373
97379

98519
98533
98543
98561
98563

99661
99667
99679
99689
99707

92801
92809
92821
92831
92849

85831 87011
85837 87013
85843 87037
85847 87041
85853 87049

83663 84857
83689 84859
83701 84869
83717 84871
83719 84913

86029
86069
86077
86083
86111

88337
88339
88379
88397
88411

89501
89513
89519
89521
89527

90533
90547
90583
90599
90617

91757
91771
91781
91801
91807

93967
93971
93979
93983
93997

95089
95093
95101
95107
95111

96181
96199
96211
96221
96223

97381
97387
97397
97423
97429

98573
98597
98621
98627
98639

99709
99713
99719
99721
99733

81509 82561
81517 82567
81527 82571
81533 82591
81547 82601

83737 84919
83761 84947
83773 84961
83777 84967
83791 84977

86113 87251 88423

86117 87253 88427
86131 87257 88463
86137 87277 88469
86143 87281 88471

89533
89561
89563
89567
89591

90619
90631
90641
90647
90659

91811 92857 94007

91813 92861 94009
91823 92863 94033
91837 92867 94049
91841 92893 94057

95131
95143
95153
95177
95189

96233
96259
96263
96269
96281

97441
97453
97459
97463
97499

98641
98663
98669
98689
98711

99761
99767
99787
99793
99809

83813 84979
83833 84991
83843 85009
83857 85021
83869 85027

86161
86171
86179
86183
86197

87293
87299
87313
87317
87323

89597
89599
89603
89611
89627

90677
90679
90697
90703
90709

91867
91873
91909
91921
91939

92899
92921
92927
92941
92951

94063
94079
94099
94109
94111

95191
95203
95213
95219
95231

96289
96293
96323
96329
96331

97501
97511
97523
97547
97549

98713
98717
98729
98731
98737

99817
99823
99829
99833
99839

89633 90731
89653 90749
89657 90787
89659 90793
89669 90803

91943
91951
91957
91961
91967

92957
92959
92987
92993
93001

94117
94121
94151
94153
94169

95233
95239
95257
95261
95267

96337 97553 98773

96353 97561 98779
96377 97571 98801
96401 97577 98807
96419 97579 98809

99859
99871
99877
99881
99901

90821
90823
90833
90841
90847

91969
91997
92003
92009
92033

93047
93053
93059
93077
93083

94201
94207
94219
94229
94253

95273
95279
95287
95311
95317

96431 97583 98837

96443 97607 98849
96451 97609 98867
96457 97613 98869
96461 97649 98873

99907
99923
99929
99961
99971

90863
90887
90901
90907
90911

92041
92051
92077
92083
92107

93089 94261
93097 94273
93103 94291
93113 94307
93131 94309

95327
95339
95369
95383
95393

96469
96479
96487
96493
96497

97651
97673
97687
97711
97729

98887
98893
98897
98899
98909

99989
99991

85201 86351 87523 8B771 89819 90917 92111 93133 94321 95401
85213 86353 87539 88789 89821 90931 92119 93139 94327 95413
85223 86357 87541 88793 89833 90947 92143 93151 94331 95419
85229 86369 87547 88799 89839 90971 92153 93169 94343 95429
85237 86371 87553 88801 89849 90977 92173 93179 94349 95441

96517
96527
96553
96557
96581

97771
97777
97787
97789
97813

98911
98927
98929
98939
98947

82609
82613
82619
82633
82651

87181
87187
87211
87221
87223

88493
88499
88513
88523
88547

81611 82657
81619 82699
81629 82721
81637 82723
81647 82727

83873
83891
83903
83911
83921

85037
85049
85061
85081
85087

86201 87337 88589

86209 87359 88591
86239 87383 88607
86243 87403 88609
86249 87407 88643

85091
85093
85103
85109
85121

86257
86263
86269
86287
86291

79433 80603
79451 80611
79481 80621
79493 80627
79531 80629

81649
81667
81671
81677
81689

82729
82757
82759
82763
82781

83933
83939
83969
83983
83987

79537
79549
79559
79561
79579

31701
81703
81707
81727
81737

82787
82793
82799
82811
82813

84011 85133
84017 85147
84047 85159
84053 85193
84059 85199

80651
80657
80669
80671
80677

87973 89213
87977 89227
87991 89231
88001 89237
88003 89261

82507
82529
82531
82549
82559

81409
81421
81439
81457
81463

79349 80471 81551

79357 80473 81553
79367 80489 81559
79379 80491 81563
79393 80513 81569

78203 79397
78229 79399
78233 79411
78241 79423
78259 79427

86 77237 78277
87 77239 78283
88 77243 78301
89 77249 78307
90 77261 78311

80329
80341
80347
80363
80369

86869
86923
86927
86929
86939

78427 79589 80681 81749

78437 79601 80683 81761
78439 79609 80687 81769
78467 79613 80701 81773
78479 79621 80713 81799

82837 84061
82847 84067
82883 84089
82889 84121
82891 84127

87421 88651 89671

87427 88657 89681
87433 88661 89689
87443 88663 89753
87473 88667 89759

86293 87481
86297 87491
86311 87509
86323 87511
86341 87517

88681
88721
88729
88741
88747

89767
89779
89783
89797
89809

25. Numerical Interpolation, Differentiation,

and Integration
Philip

J.

Davis

and Ivan Polonsky 2

Contents

~ o
Page

Formulas

877
878
882
885
896

25.1. Differences

25.2. Interpolation
25.3. Differentiation

25.4. Integration
25.5.

Ordinary Differential Equations

898

References

Table

25.1. T^Point

7i=3, 4,

n=5,
7i=7,

6,

8,

Lagrangian Interpolation Coefficients

"71

p=

~n~

p= ~n
2

25.2. 7i-Point

~ri~

_2_

1"

~ri~

CD

10D

_2_

Coefficients

for

Order

k-th

Differentiation

914

7i=+l(l)6,

Exact
Exact

Table 25.3. n-Point Lagrangian Integration Coefficients

w=3(l)10, Exact
25.4. Abscissas

and Weight Factors

for

(3

<n < 10)

916

71=2(1)10, 12,

71=16(4)24(8)48(16)96,

Table 25.5. Abscissas

(2<ti<9)
9,

for

15D
2lD
Equal

Weight

920

for

Lobatto Integration
920

and Weight Factors for Gaussian Integration

with a Logarithmic Singular^ (2<ti<4)

25.7. Abscissas

for Integrands

7i=2(l)4,

Integration

8-10D

7i=3(l)10,

Chebyshev

10D

Table 25.6. Abscissas and Weight Factors

(3<7i<10)

Table

915

Gaussian Integration

(2<w<96)

7i=2(l)7,

900

10D

(.01)

7i=3(l)6,

=2(1)5,

Table

_2_

r
p= "ti2

(l<k<5)
k=l,

<n <8)

Exact

(01)

Table

(3

1"

920

6D

National Bureau of Standards.

National Bureau of Standards.

(Presently, Bell Tel. Labs.,

Whippany, N.J.)
875

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

876
Table

25.8. Abscissas

and "Weight Factors

for

Gaussian Integration of

Moments (l<n<8)
A:=0(l)5,

921

w=l(l)8,

10D

Table 25.9. Abscissas and Weight Factors

(2<ti<15)
12D or S
71=2(1)10, 12, 15,
Table

25.10. Abscissas

and Weight Factors

for

Laguerre Integration
923

for

Hermite Integration

(2<n<20)
7?

Table

= 2(1)10,

Page

924
12, 16, 20,

13-15D

25.11. Coefficients for Filon's

0=O(.O1).1(.1)1,

8D

or

Quadrature Formula (O<0<1)

924

25. Numerical Interpolation, Differentiation, and Integration

Numerical analysts have a tendency to accumulate a multiplicity of tools each designed for
highly specialized operations and each requiring
From the
special knowledge to use properly.
formulas
available
we
have
of
culled
vast stock
hope
that
selection.
We
it
will
be
the present
with
all
such
compendia,
the
reader
As
useful.
may miss his favorites and find others whose
utility he thinks is marginal.
We would have liked to give examples to
illuminate the formulas, but this has not been
Numerical analysis is partially a science
feasible.
an art, and short of writing a textpartially
and
on
the
subject it has been impossible to
book
and under what circumstances the
where
indicate
various formulas

or

are useful

accurate,

Central Differences
25.1.2

Sn+h

use.

5b-J=/B +1

= &n + ^n=jn+2 3/
l

*?=S
}=0

n+1

+ 3/B /_i

(-D'( f)/n+*-,
\ J /

or to

elucidate the numerical difficulties to which one

might be led by uncritical

tyn+fn-l

S n=tin+h

The formulas

i=o

are
5 ire

therefore issued together with a caveat against

=Aj (n _

if

A)

n and k

same

are of

parity.

their blind application.

Forward Differences
Xo

Jo

Xi

fi

Central Differences

X-l

/-l

Xq

jo

S-i

Formulas

Ai

functions:
Notation: Abscissas: o"\Zi<C
-5
.;v&hxes:f(x t)=ft) f(x})=ft f,f 2 \..
I g,
indicate 1 st , 2 d
derivatives.
If abscissas
are equally spaced, x i+1
x t =h and jv =j{xQ -\-ph)
R,
(p not necessarily integral).
n indicate remainders.

X2

/a

X>

fs

5%

AJJ

Si

Af

Ag
^o

ji

x2

j2

&l
Si

A2

83/2

Mean
25.1.3

Differences

m(/J=*C/.++/.-)

25.1. Differences

Forward Differences
25.1.1

Divided Differences

A(/)=A =Ai=/B+1 -/n

re

25.1.4

A n = A n+1

A n =J n+2

6jn+lljn

A n =A n+1

A n =j n+3

3/ n +2~r3/

ra

+i

[xo,x 1

]={^=[x
,x
Xq
Xi

[Xq,Xi,X2J

[Xo,XiJ
Xq

[X ,Xi,

.,Xic\

[X

[Xi,X2l

X2
.,Xk-x\

[Xi,

Xq

.,Xfc]

Xjc

Divided Differences in Terms of Functional Values

A*

A* -1

jk

-Ar=x;

(-

!)'(*>-,

25.1.5

[Xo,Xi,

. .

Xl

=?

k=0TT n \Xk)

877

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

878
where 7r(x)=(x-x

25.1.6

and

(x Xi)

(x

Remainder

n)

Lagrange Interpolation Formula

derivative:

ir(x) is its

25.2.3

25.1.7
ri(x*)

in

Rn(x)=ir(x)-[X ,T

= (x x

o)

fe Xfc-iXx* Xfc+i)

(Xjc

.,X,X]

x)

be a simply connected domain with a

piecewise smooth boundary C and contain the
Let /(z) be
z n in its interior.
points z
.,
Then,
analytic in D and continuous in D+C.

Let

1 ,

25.2.4

i*i^^ir.ji/

|rt

25.2.5
/(2)

25.1.8

[z,3i,

->2n]=2^

Jc

dz

-s

(2-g*)

2iri

Jc(t-z){t-Z )...(t-Zn)

dt

ft=0

Ai=h nf w ()

25.1.9

The

(xo<Kx)

conditions of 25.1.8 are assumed here.

Lagrange Interpolation, Equally Spaced Abscissas

25.1.10

n Point Formula
[X ,X!,

:=

) a; nJ

(Xo<C\Xr)

~~~i
n\

rTT7i
n

n\h

/(xb+2>W=S^(P)/*+fl-i

25.2.6

25.1.11
!j2fl

[X n ,X n -\-i,

.,Xq,

.,X re J :

2n

(n 2)<fc< -

For n even,

For

(-g ( 1)^*<

71

(2n)!

Reciprocal Differences

71

odd,

g (n 1)\

25.1.12

p(x

,Xi)

= Xq

25.2.7

Xi

/o-/i
P2(Xo,X 1 , X2)

(_J)}n+*

p(Xo,Xi) p(Xi,X
Xq

A*k (p)

(^+*)l(l-t)l(J>-

2)

n (y+in-o

'"'

7i

Xq

P3\Xo,Xi,X2,X3)

p(x

,Xi,

+ p(Xi,X

P2(x ,Xi,X2 )

p _l(x

.,X B _!) p_!(Xi,

re

4!(P)-J5n

Xn

+ pw _
25.2.

2)

(Xi,X 2 ,X 3 )

Xq

.,x n )

even.

(_1)J(-1)+*

X3

II

(Xi,

.,X n

(^+9

0'

7i

odd.

25.2.8

.,X_i)

Rn-i=-,n(p-k)h*f <>($

Interpolation

Lagrange Interpolation Formulas

-i

n (p-^)as

(x

<i<xn

25.2.1
j=0

A:

has the same range as in 25.2.6.

25.2.2

_
*(*)

Lagrange
7Tr(x)

(x x,K(z

_ J x_-x
(Xi-Xo)

Point Interpolation Formula

(Linear Interpolation)

f)

Two

(g-x -i)(a-s, 4
<

(x 4

-x

_,)(x 1

25.2.9
. l

-xi+1

fx-.rJ

(x f -x)

25.2.10

f(x

+ph) = (1 -p)f +pfi+Ri

2
R.ip) .125A /

r<2)

(l)

~-125A 2

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Lagrange Three Point Interpolation Formula

+A j +AJ +R
l

(6,

5 (p)

()=.0049A

(0<p<l)

.007lA /< >().0071A

(-l<p<0, l<p<2)

.0049A

+ph)=A_J-

25.2.18

25.2.11
f(x

879

.024A /<

>()

~.024A

(-2<p<-l, 2<p<3)

(^-2<^<Xs)

25.2.12

(p)

Lagrange Seven Point Interpolation Formula

~.065h 3f3) (0 .065A 3

(|p|<l)

f(xo+ph) = T;

25.2.19

Lagrange Four Point Interpolation Formula

= -3

Aji+R

25.2.13

25.2.20

f{x +ph)=A_J- +A f +AJ +A f +R

_,

-p(?-l)(p-2)
6

,
/

"
1

(p

r
3

-l)(p-2)

(|p|<l)

#e(/j)~J .0046^ 7/ <7, ()~.0046A 7

,
/o

.0025^ 7/ (7) ()~.0025A 7

(l<|p|<2)

.019A / (7, (!)~.019A 7

y(y+l)(y-2)
2

25.2.14
4

.024A /

2
yCy -!)

JH

j2

.024
.042A 4

()

.042/t / <4) ()

0-3<<X

3)

Lagrange Eight Point Interpolation Formula

i? 3 (p)
4

(4)

(2<|p|<3)

(0<X1)

4
1

(1<P<0, 1<P<2)
(au<<sO

j{x,+ph)=T, Aji+R?

25.2.21

i=~ 3

25.2.22

Lagrange Five Point Interpolation Formula

.0011A 8/ (8) ()~.0011A 8

(0<p<l)

25.2.15
.0014/i
i

_
~

+
,

(p-l)p(p 2 -4)

/ -2

24^
2

(8

(-1<P<0)

'().0014A 8

(1<P<2)

= -2

(p*-l)p(p-2)
(?

-l)(p2 -4) ^
"T~ "Jo

p +l)y(g-4)
g

25.2.16

(j>

,
/i

-l)p(p+2)
24

(-2<p<-l)

.0033A 8/ (8) ().0033A 8

.016/fc
2

;_1

6
(

Ri{p)~

(2<p<3)

(-3<p<-2)

8
/ (|)=.016A

(8,

(3<p<4)

h/

(x_ 3

<<x

4)

fl 4 (p)

.012A 5/ (5 >()~.012A 5
.03lAy>()

~.031A

Aitken's Iteration

(b|<l)
(l<|p|<2)

(x_ 2

<K^)

Lagrange Six Point Interpolation Formula

.,x k ) denote the unique polyLet J(x\x ,x u

th
nomial of k degree which coincides in value with
.

j(x) at x

25.2.17

Method

.,

xk

25.2.23
i=-2
1

/(x|x

-p(p2 -l)(p-2)( P -3)

/120
,

p(y-D (^-4)^-3)
2

(j?

-l)(j>

(p-4)(y-3)
12

X\

j(x|x

Xo
1

X2

Xo

X2

X\

-/o

j(x|Xo,Xi, x2)

y(y-l)(jH-2)(y-3)
71

,X2)

-4)(p-3)

12

^ ?(?+!)

,xi)

24
2
2
p(p -l)(p -4)

120

JO

Xq

jTi

Xi

Jo

Xo

_/2

X2

jr(x|Xo,Xi)

Xi

/(x|Xo,X2)

X2

h
/

x
x%
1

j(x|x

Xi,X2 x 3 )
,

j(x|Xo,Xi,X2)

X2

j(xjXo,Xi,X3)

X3

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

880

Everett's

Taylor Expansion

Formula

25.2.31

25.2.24

/(*)=/o+(*-*o)/;+^r-V+

/h+*=(l-*+l/r

+ (xx^f* + R n

5l+

3!

-=
di
B= Vte+1)
(0

^T

25.2.25

\ 2^+1 )

2n

= (l-p)fo+pfi +E 8l+F S +E St
2

==

^+iyr-

<K

/(n+1,(
^)

X>

+F 8\+
i

Newton's Divided Difference Interpolation Formula

Xq

#0

25.2.26

+R

2n

6
81

5j
71

Xl
Jfc

S*t

6?

fl

=l

25.2.32
#o

'o
*2n

[*o,*i]

[x 0) x l ,x 2 ,X3]

[^i,a^]

X2

J2

*3

/3

2 l> x2,^31

[x2 ,x3l

Relation Between Everett and Lagrange Coefficients

25.2.27

25.2.33

fl n (x)=7r n (x) [x

.,x n ,x]=ir n (x)

v
,

:,

E =AU

E,=AU

E =Al

F =A\

Fi=A%

F =A*

(For

7T n

see 25.1.6.)
Everett's

Formula With Throwback

(Modified Centra] Difference)

Newton's Forward Difference Formula

25.2.34

25.2.28

/(xo+M)=/o-fMo+(0A?+

+QA "+/?

f{x

+ph)= (l-p)f
:

^o

'0

Xi

/1

25.2.36

Al

X3

J3

+E

28

+F 8 m +R
2

i? = .00045[m5||

+ .00061

|5|f

25.2.37

J2

PJ

A
A,

x2

-i-

5^=5 2 .1845*

25.2.35

A,

A2

f(x +ph) = (l-p)f

+F 8l
+E 8m +F 8*m +R
+

+pfi+E 8
2

25.2.29

fi-=*"+,

Ui>"

+'

(^<K^)
Relation Between

Newton and Lagrange

Coefficients

25.2.30

(f)=4'.,(?)

8= 4 .207 6

25.2.38

"'-(Ti)

25.2.39

i?~.000032| M 5f|

+ .000052|^|

25.2.40

f(xo+ph) = (l -pfo+pfi+EA+FA

(f)=-^-,(p)

+E 8i+F 8i+E
4

(ijHw-j,)
25.2.41

(*)=Al(2- P)

25.2.42

$ =5
l

-.2185 8 +.0495 10 +

fl. 0000037 |/if

+F

6 8i.

8<i

+R

A /

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Simultaneous Throwback

881

m=2n+l

25.2.54

25.2.43

at=

W
2n

2^1

C S

6*

2n

2^+I

sLn

**

(k=0,l,...,n)
25.2.44

25.2.45

2
re

=5 2 -.013125

+.004358 .0015 10

,=5 4 -.278275 6 + .06855 8 -.0165 10

R .00000083

25.2.46

M ||

+ .0000094S

m=2n

25.2.55
J

2ra-l

a*=- X)
71
r

I 2re-l

h=-

=o

(=0,1,

2]

71 r =0

(=0,1,

.,n)

/r sin kXr

.,7b 1)

Formula With Throwback

Bessel's

25.2.47

6 is arbitrary.

Kx +ph) = (l-p)f +pf

+B (dl .o+8l
+B#+R, B =?^, fr ^fr- ^-*)
2

&=8

25.2.48
25.2.49

-.1848*

Thiele's Interpolation

Let /(x) be tabulated initially in intervals of

width h. It is desired to subtabulate /(x) in
intervals of width him.
Let A and A designate
differences with respect to the original and the

Thus A

final intervals respectively.

+ .00087|5f|

.00045|pSf|

Subtabulation

1)

/r cos &x r

/(x

Formula

Assuming that the

).

=>(*+)

original

5 th

order

differences are zero,

25.2.50

25.2.56

A
p(Xi,X2)+* a%
ftifoi, X2 ,

J^ +V^A+
^A
2m
m
.

(1

~ m )(13~ 2m)
.
6m

X3) j{Xi) +XX3

(1

AS

ro)(l 2w)(l 3m) *

4

24^

p(x,,x +

2)

./

A2
(For reciprocal differences,

p,

see 25.1.12.)

=
A
m

1-m Ag
A3
m

(l-m)(7-llm) A4

12

A^Ag+^^A
m
2m

Trigonometric Interpolation

.J.

Gauss' Formula

j(x)~TJ*Ux)=tn(x)

25.2.51

k=0

25.2.52

Ux>

From
sin

j(x

sin i(x

ft

Xo)

... sin f (x xt _ x )
... sin \{xk a*_i)

^(x

t+ i) ... sin (xx2n )

sin |(xjfc a* +1 ) ... sin (x* x 2n )
sin

is a trigonometric polynomial of degree

such that tn {x k )=fk
(fc=0,l,
.,2n)

t(x)

this information

tabulation

by

addition.

we may

construct the final

Form =10,

25.2.57

- .045Ag+ .0285AS- .02066A

i= .01 A 2,- .009Ag+ .007725A

A^=.001Ag-.00135A^

Harmonic Analysis

A^.OOOIA4

Equally spaced abscissas

Xq

0,

Xi,

Linear Inverse Interpolation

.,x m _!,x m

2ir

Findp, given

25.2.53

j(x)

p (=/(xo+^)).

Linear

- a
^

+S
fc=i

(* cos kx-\-b k sin &x)

25.2.58

V-

fp~fo
fx-fo

4
.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

ooo

Bivariate Interpolation

Quadratic Inverse Interpolation

25.2.59

Three Point Formula (Linear)

2
)~0
(/ -2io+/-i)p +(/i-/- )?+2(/o-/P
1

25.2.65

Inverse Interpolation by Reversion of Series

CO

Given ffa+ph) =/,=S ^p"

25.2.60

k=0

<>

25.2.61
3
2
P =X + c 2 X +c 3 X +

*=(A _

o)Mi
j(.x

25.2.62

,o

+pfi.o+do.i+0(h

-a 2 /oi

c2 =

3
Cr

+2

_
~

a,

5a|
a\

6a2g4
a\

4>

21ala3

3aj

+a
i

a\

14a|
at

Inversion of Newton's Forward Difference

Formula

f(xo+ph,y +qJc) = {lp)(l-q)f ,o+pO. q)ji,o

25.2.63

+2(i-i)Ai+pa/i.i+0(W

o=/o

M K,

Ag

Six Point

Formula

25.2.67

(7^

= A?

Ag
2

A3
a >=

in

11 a;
"

"+"

24

A4

-4+
6

<=24+
(Used

'

conjunction with 25.2.62.)

Inversion of Everett's

Formula

+ (1+M-P -2 )/o.o

ao=/o
Cl

p(p-2q+l)

~^ 3~6+20 + 30 +

2 "2

25.2.64

~24 +

Ac

g(g-2p+D

/o..+P?/u+0(A3 )

25.3. Differentiation

^3fi__stst
3 =
24

"<=24 +

Lagrange's Formula

f(x)=ZH*(x)jk +R'n {x)

25.3.1

fc=0

(See 25.2.1.)
120
25.3.2

(Used

in

25.2.66

a\

aj

Four Point Formula

(IT

5a2a3

Ci-

f5

+ph,y +qk) = (l-p-q)f

conjunction with 25.2.62.)

l'k

{x)=

j= o

TT n

(x)

(xxk ) (xx} )ir'n {xk)

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
25.3.3

25.3.10

883
A2/< 2

>

= - Ag+^ AJ_| A*+

2

25.3.11

?=!(*) (*o<S<xn )
A3/

=A3_| A + 7 A 5_1| A +
4

(3)

Equally Spaced Abscissas

25.3.12

Three Points
1
A^ =A^-2Ag+ |Ag_ZAS+
4)

25.3.4
f'P =f(xo+ph)

25.3.13

=l{(p-W-i-2pJo+(p+h)fi}+R'2

jfci^ a=A

j_| A j +

Four Points

^ A J-^ A j+

Everett's

25.3.5

Formula

25.3.14

/-i
2

3ff

-4p
2

; ~"

3^-2 2

'

"

3p 2 -

5p

-20p 3 +l5p +10p-6

2

120

-/2

}+s

ii

2
i
,5p -15p +4:

oi

tf^.

-{<

To?;
120

)M(0]>

Five Points

25.3.15

25.3.6
.,

.,.

4j?

3
2
f2p -Zp -p+l

..

-3p -8g+4 J
2

4p

'

r~

1+

Differences in

2p 3 -5j?
2

+Zp Sp-4:
2j?

h2

+3j> 2 ff
12

Terms of Derivatives

25.3.16

-/A +5;

h3

A4

25.3.17

AgW +W>+^ W+
)

For numerical values

cients see Table 25.2.

of differentiation coeffi-

25.3.18

Markoff's Formulas

(Newton's Forward Difference Formula Differentiated)

25.3.7

25.3.19

AS

hb

-iW+fw+f/P
A5w>+2Ayj>

25.3.20
Partial Derivatives

25.3.21

25.3.8

+A " +,
*;=^<-Hi)#X*0
dp \n-\-l.
C+i)s''" +,,ft)
(oo<<X)
25.3.9

716-654

hf = Ao-| Ag+| Ag-I A+

O

64

57

s4
0i

%s=4 (/,,-/-,.)+<W

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

884

25.3.26

25.3.22

llH^, -/,-.-/-u+/-,- )+<>(w

^-i (/,,-/-,,+/, -,-/-..-.)+<W

25.3.27

25.3.23

--i

^=4

(/i.o-2/o.o+/- 1 .o)+0(A

2
)

dxdy

2A2

C/i.o+/-i.o+/o,i+A-i

-2/o,o-/m-/-i.-i) +

W)

25.3.24

25.3.28

dx2

3Q/o,o
+ 16/_

/z.o+16/i.o

12A 2

^-=4
dx
4

-/_ 2 ,o) + 0(^)

C/2.o-4/ .o+6/o.o-4/- 1
1

+/- 2 .o)+ 0(A2)

A'

25.3.29

25.3.25

(i

<>

-HI

f
d 2/ ^
= 2
~dx2
3X
1

'

1_2^ I+^-''
+/'.<'-2/o,o+/'

+/i.-.-2/o.-

+/_

._ 1 )

dx2 dy 2 ~h i ^i-i+Z-i-i+Zi. -i+Z-i.-i

+ (9(A

-2Ao-2/_

.o-2/

-2/ ,_ +4/
1

,o)

+ 0(A

2
)

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Laplacian

885

25.3.33

25.3.30

-<>

V4 ^

0= 6p[ _ (^0. 3+^0. -3 + ^3.0 + ^-3. o)

+ 14(w + 0. -2 + ^2,0 + ^-2.

,2

=^2 (i.o+o.i+-i.o+o.-i 4tfo.o)+0(#)

o)

77 ('Mo. 1+^0. -i+i,o+-i.o)

+ 184lo.O + 20(W + W _,+_!,!+_!,_!)

(^1.2 + ^2,1 + ^1, -2 + M _i + W_ + 1i-2,
+ W_,,_ + W_2.-l)] + 0(A

25.3.31

lll

If

2,

1>2

25.4.

4
)

Integration

Trapezoidal Rule
25.4.1
*z

(t-x

X
V2w .o=j2p[ 60^o,o+16(Mi,o+Wo,i+W_i,o+Wo.-i)

(W + ^0.2 + ^-2,0 + 0,-2)] + <5(^

)( Xl

-t)f

=|t/o+/i)-^/"(l)

(t)dt

(Xo<<Xi)

2 .0

Extended Trapezoidal Rule

25.4.2

Biharmonic Operator

/(x)^ = ^[|+/ +
1

+/._!+]

mA

25.3.32

12
Error

Term

in Trapezoidal Formula for Periodic

Functions

<>

If /(x)

is

derivative,

/"()

periodic and has a continuous k th

and

if

the integral

is

taken over a

period, then

<>

. constant
,_,
|Error|<,

25.4.3

V%

Modified Trapezoidal Rule

4
dx 2 dt/ 2 ^d2/J)
/0,0

25.4.4

f*f(x)dz=h^+f +

=^i POo. 0-8(^1,0+ Wo, i-H*-i,o+o.-i)

+ (W0.2 + W2.0 + W-2.0 + W0,-2)] + O(A

+/

ro

_1

+^]

+4 [-/-i+/i+/-i-/* + i]+^ ^(0

+2(Mi,i+Mi,_i+tt_ 1 1 4--i,-i)

+m

mr

2
)

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

886
Simpson's Rule

Im+1

25 .4.12

25.4.5
%x 2

[f]

/(x)<Zx=4

^(w)/,+B.

f /(x)^=|[/o+4/i+y

2]

(See Table 25.3 for 4(m).)

Jx,

+\p\x -ty{x -t)f \t)dt

Newton-Cotes Formulas (Closed Type)

(For Trapezoidal and Simpson's Rules see 25.4.12

+jr

25.4.6.)

{x 2 -t)\x x ~-t)f{t)dt

(Simpson's = rule)

25.4.13

h5

^[io+4/ +/
1

]-^/

(4)

a)

jx

Extended Simpson's Rule

25.4.6

80

(Rode's rule)

25.4.14
"z

3/ (4) (j)fr

/(*)<fc=^(/+3/ +3/,+/,)-

2n

j{x)dx~-

[y 0+4 (/ 1

+2(/ +/4 +
2

+/ +
3

+U-i)

+/2n _ )+/
2

2re

)x

]_^/

Kx)dx=~

(7/

/(x)dx=^

-ir^

2k

h2 *

(/-/o)
(2k)\

[/?*- 1> -/i2 *- 1> ]+i22

2Jk

and/^x)

Xo<x<x then

\R2lc

(41/

+216/ +27/ 2 +272/3

1

+27/4 +216/5 +41/6

do not change sign

for

- ^"l*'
1400

25.4.17

than the first neglected

term.
If / (2 *+ 2 >(x) does not change sign for
Xo<x<x, |/?2t is less than twice the first neglected
\

275/ w (t)^'
12096

(-1<*<1)

Bernoulli numbers, see chapter 23.)

If/(2* +2 >(x)

25.4.16

/V(*)<k=j6

(^TjaxJ/^Cx)!,

(S)fr

+75/ +50/2 +50/3

+75/4 +19/5)-

9nB +A2k+s

(For

(19/

+/-,+]

"'<'-D2k
2k + 2

/?:

(6)

25.4.15

J^
a

8/

+32/3+7/,)

(S)

25.4.7

4,

Euler-Maclaurin Summation Formula

j^f(z)dx=h^+f +f +

+32/ +12/2

is less

f{x)dx

=m80

(751/0+3577/,

+ 1323/a

term.

+2989/3 +2989/4 +1323/5 +3577/6

Lagrange Formula

25.4.8

8183/ (8) (S)A 9

518400

-751/7 )-

I tt*)dx=

[L\"\b)-L\"\a))f

+R

25.4.18
n

r*8

(See 25.2.1.)

4A,

J^ /(*)^=i4i75

25.4.9

(989/

+5888/ -928/2
1

+ 10496/ -4540/ +10496/ -928/ +5888/

3

+89/8)-J|f|g/>(?)A
25.4.19

Equally Spaced Abscissas

25.4.11

(x)dx

=mro

2857 (/o+/9 )

+ 15741(/ +/ + 1080(/ +/ + 19344(/ +/

1

Zt

(- 1 )""' P*T(aO
f f(x)dx=-^f

8)

7)

+5778(/4 +/5 )}

173
14620

6)

fw\mn

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
J

25.4.20

Jx

5h
f(x)dx299376

J.

887

V(2)^=^{24/( 2o )+4[/(e +A)+/(2o-A)]

16067 (/0+/10)

-[/(20+^)+/(2 -^)]}+JB

fl06300C/ +/9)-48525C/2 +/8)+272400(/3 +/7)

1

i*r
\R\<j^rxM&x\f

loyU

-260550(/4 +/6) +427368/5 }

with vertices
1346350
326918592

/(i
12
2 ),

z -\-i

(z)\,

h(k=0,

f \kW

pf(z)dx=^ CA+/2H f

2)

Abscissas: x t

h can be complex.

f=i

the

is

X n eXp

th

zero of the polynomial part

n _

L2^3^

4^5?

673?"

-]

(See Table 25.5 for x 4 .)

90

For n.=8 and

complex.

25.4.23
(ll/1 +/2 +/3 +ll/4)4

of

25.4.22

/(x)rfx=g

2, 3)

f j(x)dx=lw S /(*<) +#

25.4.28

f(x)dx=Y (2/i/2+2/3H

Chebyshev's Equal Weight Integration Formula

J-i

25.4.21

designates the square

\ii3

Newton-Cotes Formulas (Open Type)

6)

zt

95/

(4)

the

of

zeros

are

Remainder

(gW

144

'*0

n>10 some

25.4.24

-H

i-n+l

(n+1)!

f n+l) (k)dx

J^/()<fa=^ (ll/,-14M-26/,-14/4 + ll/e )

,

41/)(|)^

where |=|(x)

satisfies

0<<x and 0<^<x

140

(*=1, ...,)

25.4.25

/(x)rfx=
^

Integration Formulas of Gaussian Type

^(611/,-453/2 +562/3 +562/4

(For Orthogonal Polynomials see chapter 22)

-453/5 +611/6 )+||?/(^ 7

Gauss' Formula

25.4.26
1

w,/(x
f f(x)dx=it
i=l

25.4.29

j^)dx=^ (460^-954/2+2196/3-2459/4
+2196/5 -954/6 +460/7

)+^/

(8

J-l

>A

Weights:

25.4.27
za

P =
Un
z

- h

is

the

tb

w =2/(l-x
4

zero of P(x)
2

i)

[P;(x

(See Table 25.4 for x t and

ih

Slhl

(2n+l) [(2n)\? J

)]
.)

2nU)

f<

2
i

Kk)

^^^

iKKl')
K

Gauss' Formula, Arbitrary Interval

h
25.4.30

)+ n

Related orthogonal polynomials: Legendre polynomials Pn (x), P(l) l

Abscissas: xt

Five Point Rule for Analytic Functions

f(y)dy=^

wj(y

+R

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

888

Related orthogonal polynomials: P(x), P(l)=l

Abscissas: x t

the

is

th

zero of

w =2l{\-x

Weights:

(b

itn_

a)

P n (x)

f[P'n {x i )\

"

(ft,!)

f1

25.4.33

Jo

^ w j(

+Rn

Xi)

i=i

Related orthogonal polynomials:

Q2n+l/(2reWfc-\

(2n+l)[C2w)!]

^j^ x)dx=

in (x) =^Jk+2n+lP

0)

(1

-2x)

01
(For the Jacobi polynomials P*- see chapter 22.)

Radau's Integration Formula

Abscissas:

25.4.31

xt
J

-l

i=l

is

the

th

zero of g(x)

Weights:

{n-i

Related polynomials:

[&(*,) ]

-i

P,- (x)+P(g)
1

Abscissas: x

the

is

th

Table 25.8 for

(See

x+1

R
Un -

x+1

l-x

n 2 [P n ^(x

.)

.f*

rnl(fe+n)l -|
t

<Jc+2n+l){2n)\L(k+2n)ll

^*^

l-xJPUfe)]

)}

2 2n_1

j(x)t/1-x
xdx=J2 wj(xt)+R n

Remainder:

Related orthogonal polynomials:

-7}

[(2n-i)!f

(-KKD

[0 DUV^^Ce)

Lobatto's Integration Formula

vr

P2n+ i(Vi-a;),P2n +1 a)=i

x<=l ^? where

Abscissas:
zero of

the

f is

th

^ij^ i)+^-

(x)<fa=

Remainder

i)]

positive

P2n +i(x).

Weights: Wi2^2 w (2n+1) where Wt 2n+1)

Gaussian weights of order 2n-\-l.

25.4.32

/_V

25.4.34

Weights:

and

Remainder

zero of

PB _t (a;)+PB (x)

J? "

are

the

2 4 "+ 3 [(2w+l)!] 4

^ n_ (2w)!(4n+3)[(4w+2)!]

/)
2

(0<|<1)

1=2

25.4.35

Related polynomials: P_i(a;)

Abscissas:

x, is

the (t l)

flt

zero of P'n -i{x)

Ja

j=l

Weights:

2/i=a+(6 a)Xi

w,=(n-l)[P ._,(os

(X,9*l)

(See Table 25.6 for

x,

and

)]

Related orthogonal polynomials:

-==p2n+1 (v^), p2n+1 (i)=i

;,.)

VI

Remainder:
Abscissas: x 4 =l

(2n l)[(2w 2)!j 3

'

zero of

where

is

the

th

positive

P2n +i(x).

Weights: w =2&w? n+1) where w\ 2n+1)

Gaussian weights of order 2n-\- 1
t

(-KKD

are

the

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Abscissas:

P 4^=
- * <^=S wj(x,) +#
Jo

25.4.36

889

<=1

VI

(2j 1>
2n

Xi=COS

Related orthogonal polynomials:

Weights:
7T

n
x,= l

Abscissas:

where

zero of P2n(x).

Weights: w i =2w i(2n) w\

of order 2n.
,

<

is

the

tb

positive

/(x)

J-l

vr^^s wj(

Xf

)+R n

i=l

Related orthogonal polynomials: Chebyshev Polynomials of Second Kind

2 4n + 1 [(2n)\f

"4n+l

+1

m are the Gaussian weights

Remainder

Rn = Z

25.4.40

[(4n)!]

if is)

2-

(0<Ki)

sin [(ft+1) arccos x]

TUX)-

sin (arccos x)

Abscissas:
25.4.37

-pL dy^ifb^a S
</&) +#
=i

X =COS

Jo -\lb-y

y,=a+(& a)x,

P2n (Vl^),P2B (l)=l

Weights:

w =2w
/

(2n)
1

,i/4

2n1

th

positive zero of

P2n (x).

are the Gaussian weights

of order 2n.

(i+l)

~
n+l

-i

f(x)

ilar

=i

7T

c-kkd

R =mk^>f
25.4.41

^(y-a)(b-y)J(y)dy=(^y
+1

t
=
rT sin
n-\-l
.

Remainder:

Abscissas:

=l I? where < is the i

r-zr 7T

Weights:

Related orthogonal polynomials:

a; i

(i+1)

b-\-a

Related orthogonal polynomials: Chebyshev Polynomials of First Kind

wj(y

ba

Related orthogonal polynomials:

Tn {x),Tn (l)=^i

tw

,*,
J-

sin [(ri+1) arccos

a:]

sin (arccos x)

Abscissas:

x*=cos

(2i-l)T
2n

Weights:

Abscissas:

x i =cos-i

^rn+1

Weights:
IT

ie ( =

n
Remainder:

25.4.42

R = (2n)W"-> f2n)

H<KD

w+1

f /fa) J_*_
\ 1x

sin
"

w+1

dx=, WJ(X )+R n

t

Jo

=i

Related orthogonal polynomials:

25.4.39

j(y)dy

j(ya)(by)

=S^W+5,,

6+a 6

r2 "+ l(

Abscissas:

yr

Vx

i=i

-Xj

x i =cos

Related orthogonal polynomials:

r.(*),T(l)-5sn

i!

2^1 7T
2+l*2

Weights:
2tt
W = 2^+1
'

X<

t)

+R

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

890

Remainder:

Remainder:

B =(2^'

(2

"^

--^^~

(?<<

25.4.43

(<<-)

Filon's Integration

Formula

25.4.47

f/(x)J^&=(MS'

/(i/ i

)+^

yi=a+(6 a)xj

j{x) cos x (Zx=^

-/ sin

Related orthogonal polynomials:

^n+i

~~7E

Ja;

*x

+18

a(th)(j2n sin ^a^

-C2n +T(^) C2-i

(Vx)

25.4.48

Abscissas:

X<=COS2

2i t
2ro+l'2

C2n =it f2i

l

cos (fa&O 1[/2 cos iX2+/ cos ix

i=0

Weights:
2tt

V 2n+l

25.4.49

x,

Ci-i=S
z. /zi-i

cos

t Xit-i

i=l

25.4.44

x/(x)dx=2

In

Jo

f(Xi)+R n

iv t

25.4.50
n

i=l

Related orthogonal polynomials: polynomials orthogonal with respect to the weight function In x
Abscissas: See Table 25.7
Weights: See Table 25.7

SL-i=S
/21-1
=i

sin txu-i

25.4.51

25.4.52
...

R(a\

2 sin2

sin 20

25.4.45

('

e-

JO

J(x)dx= wJ(x )+R

sin 2ff\

i=l

Related orthogonal polynomials: Laguerre polynomials L n (x).

Abscissas: x,

is

the

th

zero of L(x)

Weights:
2

(n!) x,

Wr
(See Table 25.9
Remainder:

/1+cos2

ri

and

a J26
~45

.)

(<*<^

2d7

26s

+
315 4725
2

=^

cos 0\

we have

For small

P
(2n)

/sin

25.4.53

(n+l)U n+1 (z<)]

for x<

...

2^_

S" "^
1

_4^ + 2^
105

7= 4

20

15

567'

210

TZ
11340

25.4.54

25.4.46

r z2

P CD

x)dx=^w f(x )+R n

i

1=1

CO

J^

/(x) sin *x dx=h\ a(th) (/ cos *Xo-/2 cos tx

2n )

Related orthogonal polynomials: Hermite polynomials

n (x).

+pS 2n +yS 2n _

Abscissas: x

is

the

tb

zero of

25.4.55
I

S*n=?Qf
!

n*[Hn-i{Xi)?
(See Table 25.10 for x t

and

2i

sin (<x2i )-K [f2n sin (*x2n )+/o sin (<x

For certain

see the article

t .)

+^ tVC'^-Rn

n (x)

Weights:

difficulties

by

)]

associated with this formula,

W. Tukey,

p. 400, "On Numerical

Approximation," Ed. R. E. Langer, Madison, 1959.
J.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
5 2n -i=S/2 <-i
,

25.4.56

sin (tx2i -i)

891
(x t ,y t)

Wt

(0,0)

1/2

(h,0), (0,h)

1/8

i=l

C^-^S/^-i

25.4.57

(See

Table 25.11

for a,

/3,

cos (*x 2i -i)

R = 0{)

y.)

Iterated Integrals

25.4.58

r dt Jop
Jo

dt n -! ...

r*
Jo

^ f
Jo

/(*i)^i

=(^Ijij>- >"-w>*
(

25.4.59

r *, Jar
Ja

'"

(*<_!

...

P
Jo

d< 8

f 'V(i)*i

Ja

t-y(x-(x-a)t)dt
-fSgii
Multidimensional Integration

Circumference of Circle T: x2 -\-y2 =h2

(x t ,y t)

Wi

(J>)

1/4

*=W

25.4.60

s~T

J(^,y)ds=^ JC/( A c s

>

sin

(Xi,Vt)

w*

(0,0)

ya

(A,0)

1/12

(4|vs)

1/12

+0(h2m ~ 2 )
Circled: x>+y 2 <h2

25.4.61

=
*& J j c f( x >y) dxdy i J(.Xi,yd+R

R=0(h

i
)

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

892

Square 4 S: \x\<h,\y\<h

(xuVi)

(0,0)

1/6

(h,0)

1/24

(0,h)

1/24

25.4.62

R = 0(h

^jjf&yWxdy^jbwj^yd+R

6
)

1/6

(4-4)

*___4
i

(*<)

Wt

(0,0)

1/4

OVH

1/8

(xt,yi)

w<

(0,0)

4/9

(^,ft)

1/36

(fc,0)

1/9

(0,fc)

1/9

R=0(b?)

fa, y<)

(VMv*)

R=0(hi

1/8

(h-Jl>

B=0 <**>

1/4

^Vi)

(*<,y)

16/81

(0,0)
{r u y t )

For regions, such as the square, cube, cylinder, etc.,

which are the Cartesian products of lower dimensional
regions, one may always develop integration rules by
"multiplying together" the lower dimensional rules. Thus
4

(0,0)

1/9

if

\\

10

10

io

10

P/(*)*sZ></(**)

3 6o

Jo

(*=1,

.,10)
is

(^?-#^jj3-.)

16-V6

=i

a one dimensional rule, then

nf(x,y)dxdy^ X)

u;,u;,/(x,-,a;,)

360

R=0(h

10

becomes a two dimensional rule.

most "economical".

necessarily the

Such

rules

are

not

NUMERICAL 'ANALYSIS

WI^Vl*)

Radius

25/324

R=0(h

(o.VI A )

10/81

|*,o)
( v

10/81

Equilateral Triangle
of

893

6
)

Circumscribed Circle=&

25.4.63

(0,0)

270/1200

((^
(Hf>

155-VT5
1200

R=0(h)

(^)v)

((-^>,o)
155+VT5

(xt,Vt)

1200

(0,0)

3/4

(h,0)

1/12

R=0{h?)
Regular Hexagon

Radius of Circumscribed CiTc\e=h

(4H

1/12

25.4.64

\\J(x,y)dxdy=^iDJ(x ,y

|V3A

<

)+R

iJ

-~VI

t-

(x t ,y { )

w<

(0,0)

27/60

(M)

3/60

(44 v.)

3/60

(40

8/60

(^v.)

R=0{h

i
)

(x t ,y t )

(0,0)

21/36

(||V5)
8/60

(M)

5/72

5/72

fl=0(fc 4 )

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

894

(Xi,Vi,Zt)

(i^W^' )
(VI M, VI*)

1/15

R=om
(M,0)
(0,0)

258/1008

(^~^A,^^m)

125/1008

(h^~,o\

125/1008

1/30

(0,A,0)

R=0(h*
R=om

A)

(0,0,

w,

(xt,y t ,z t )

OVI^Vl^Vl*)

Surface of Sphere 2: x>+y2 +z 2 =h2

27/840

25.4.65

4^2 J

Jf(x,y,z)d<r=ib wJ{Xi,yuZ

)+R

Vi

'

fe

A/i

')

32/840

R=0(hs)

(M,o)
(0,A,0)
(0,0,

A)

Sphered:
(Xi,yt,Zi)

w,

{h,0,0)

1/6

(0,h,0)

1/6

40/840

a^+^+s 2

25.4.66

R=0(h*)
4

3"*
(0,0,

A)

1/6

\\\j(x,y,z)dxdydz=it

^o<f{xt,y ti z t

)+B

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

895

y"l/,=sum of values of/ at the 6 points midway

from the center of C to the 6 faces.
2/5

(0,0,0)

(A,0,0)

1/10

(0,A,0)

1/10

A)

1/10

S//= sum
]C/u=sum

R=0{h')

(0,0,

of values of

at the 6 centers of the

faces of C.

of values

yi/,=sum

of values
edges of C.

y!/ =sum
rf

Cube 6 C: \x\<h

of/ at the 8

of/

of values of

at the 12 midpoints of

at the 4 points

diagonals of each face

-VsA from the center

\y\<h

vertices of C.

at

on the

a distance of

of the face.

\z\<h
25.4.67

sh3 J

y(x>y>*) dxdydz=yi w *f( x

t>y*> e *)+

Tetrahedron:
(x t ,y { ,Zi)

(A,0,0)

1/6

25.4,70

R=0(hi)
(0,h,0)

1/6

h)

1/6

(0,0,

&

yjj\f(x,y,z)dxdydz=^ 2/+4q
2~

2//

+ terms of 4

th

order

60-M~60 Z)/+go S/

25.4.68

+ terms of 4
x
e
^ J jf( >y>

dxdyd *

th

order

where
V: Volume of &~

[-496/w +128ll/,+8E//+52/.]+0(A 8 )

S/n Sum
:

oiST.

25.4.69

=4^0 [9lS//-40S/.+ 16S/,]+O(A)

where /m =/(0, 0,0).
6

See footnote to 25.4.62.

of values of the function at the vertices

of values of the function at midpoints

of the edges of 3~.

S/: Sum

of values of the function at the center

of gravity of the faces of &~.

S//: Sum

jm Value
:

of function at center of gravity of

F.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

896

6
Ordinary Differential Equations

25.5.

25.5.9

ytt+1 =yn +\h+lh+0{h*)

First Order: y'=j(x, y)

Point Slope Formula

k 1 =hf(xn ,yn),k2 =kf (

25.5.1

y n+ i=yn+hy'n +0(h

25.5.2

y n+ i=yn-i+2hy'n +0(h?)

+^ h,yn +-^ hj

Fourth Order

Trapezoidal Formula

25.5.10

y n+l =y n +l

25.5.3

(y'n+ i+y'n)+0(h?)

yn+i=yn+\ h+l

h+\ h+\ h+0(h

Adams' Extrapolation Formula

h=hf(xn) yn) ,k2 =hf ( x +2

re

h,y n +^

hj

25.5.4

y-+i=y-+24(55y;-59i/;_ 1 +37y'a _ 8 -9y' _,)+0(fc8 )

k3 =hf (xn +2 h,yn +2

h\ ki=kf(xn +h,yn +h)

Il

25.5.11

Adams' Interpolation Formula

y n+l =y n +\ *!+| & 2 +|

fc 3

+| h+OW)

25.5.5

y B+ i=y+24(9y; +1 + 19y;-5y - +y;- 2 )+0(A

/

h=hf(x n ,y n ),k 2 =hf (a+| Kyn +\

fc3

=V ( ^+3 h,y

~ kx+k\

ki =kf(x n +h,y n +k l k2 +k3 )

Runge-Kutta Methods

Gill's

Second Order

Method

25.5.12

25.5.6

yn+i=y n +l(k

y+i=yn+2(ki+h)+0(h

*i)

+2(i-^k

3
)

ki=hf(x,y n ) ,k 2 =hf(x n +h,y n +k

h=hf(xn ,yn)

25.5.7
2/n

= y + ^+0(A

h=hf (xn +2

h>

yn +2

h)

*i=(,y-),*2=Ay(xB +^ h,yn +\

k^

Third Order
25.5.8

Vn + i=y n

+Q h+- k +^ k
2

fc=A/ (x+/>, y,
+0(hf)

-yg

fc2

+(l +-y|) *

Predictor-Corrector Methods

ki=V(Xn,yn),k2 =hf (xn + h,yn +~ k,)

Milne's Methods

h=kf(xn +h, yH -ki +1k2 )

25.5.13

4A
The reader
especially

in

is cautioned against possible

instabilities
formulas 25.5.2 and 25.5.13
See
e S
e
'

[25.11], [25.12].

'

'

C:

y+i=y_i+g

(^-1+4^+^+0 +0(A)

M*

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
25.5.14

P:

h=hf (s+2

y+i=y.-5+-Q (11^-14^-j

2+2

Za

fa=hf(xn +h,yn +k3 ,z n +l 3)

h=hg(xn +h,yn +ka

yn+1 =yn -2+Z(y n -yn-i)+h

y+i=y+| (^ +1 +y;)-^

zn

+lj

Method

Milne's

25.5.19

25.5.15
2

Second Order: y"=f(x,y,y')

Formulas Using Higher Derivatives

C:

*>

h=hg (xn +2> y n +j> Zn+^J

y n+1 =yn - 3 +^-5 (7^+1+32^

+12^1_ +32^_ 2 +7 2/ ;_3)+0(/i

P:

*y+2

3h

+26^- 2 -14^-3+lly;-4)+0(^7
C:

897

(y :-y':- 1 )+0(h

+1 -2/;')+0(A,

Ah

P:

y'n+1 =y' n 3

C:

y'n+ i=y' -i+%

n

+-^

(2^'_ 2

-^ +2^')+0(^

(y':-i+yn+yn + i)+0(V)

5
)

Runge-Kutta Method
25.5.16

25.5.20

-2+3( ?/

-^_

P:

y +1 =2/

C:

h?
A
yn+ i=2/+2 (yUi+i) jq

re

re

)H-^-(2/;"+2/;-i)4-0(^

(h+h+k^+ow)

y*+i=yn +h\y'n+\

y'n+l

(y'n+iy'n)

= y'n+l

(k l

+ 2k + 2k +k
2

i)

ki=hf{xn ,yn ,y'n )

+^{ynli+y'n)+OW)

k2 =hf ( x+2 h,yn +2 y'n+g k u y'n +j)

Systems of Differential Equations

k3 =hf (xn +2 h,yn +2

First Order: y'=j(x,y,z), z'=g{x,y,z).

Second Order Runge-Kutta

ki=kf

( n +h,yn +hy'n

25.5.17

= Z +\{h +
n

Milne's
l2

)+0(b?)

h=hg(x n ,y n ,z n)

k2 =hf(x n +h,y n +k lt

+j

=hg(x n +h,y n +k

,z n +l 1 )

C:

Fourth Order Runge-Kutta

Method

W+lOy'^+y'^+OW)

Runge-Kutta Method

(h+2h+2k +h)+0(.h ),
s

25.5.22

5
Zn+l=Zn+l (ll+2l 2 + 2l 3 + h)+0(h )

ki=hf(xn ,yn ,z n )

+k3 \

{5y':+2yn-i+5y':-2)+0(h')

y.=2y.-i-y.-i+^

25.5.18

yn+ i=y n +\

3 ,y'n

yn +i=yn +y n -2yn -3

z n +k),

l2

+2 k

25.5.21

P:

ki=hf(x n ,y n ,z n ),

+g k2 ,y'n +-)

Second Order: y"=f{x,y)

yn+ i=yn+\(h+h)+om,
Z n+l

y'n

yn+1 =yn +h (y'n +\ (h+2k2 ))+0(h

12
+

yn+l=y'n+Q

&I

k 2 +Q

h=hf(xn ,y n )

h=hg(xn ,yn) z n )

h=hf (xn +2'y n +2 y'n+g h)

l2

=hg ( xn +2> yn +j> g + 2

h=kf (x n +h,yn +hy'n +^ k \

2

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

898

References

(For textbooks on numerical analysis, see texts in

chapter 3)
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Balbrecht and L.

Collatz,

Zur numerischen

Auswertung mehrdimensionaler Integrale,

Angew. Math. Mech. 38, 1-15 (1958).
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R. D. Richtmeyer, Difference methods for initialvalue problems (Interscience Publishers, New

York, N.Y., 1957).
approximate com[25.20] M. Sadowsky, A formula for
putation of a triple integral, Amer. Math.
Monthly 47, 539-543 (1940).
inverse interpola[25.21] H. E. Salzer, A new formula for
Soc.
Math.
50, 513-516
Amer.
Bull.
tion,

[25.19]

Texts

Z.

Berthod-Zaborowski, Le calcul des integrates de

(1944).
la

forme:

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[25.22]

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calcul numSrique, pp.

555-556 (Librairie Polytechnique Ch. B6ranger,
[25.23]

[25.3]

[25.4]

[25.5]

W. G. Bickley, Formulae for numerical integration, Math. Gaz. 23, 352 (1939).
W. G. Bickley, Formulae for numerical differentiation, Math. Gaz. 25, 19-27 (1941).
W. G.

J.

Mech. Appl. Math.,

[25.7]

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J.

Math.

Phys. 29, 217-221 (1950).

L. Fox, The use and construction of mathematical
tables, Mathematical Tables vol. I, National
Physical Laboratory (Her Majesty's Stationery

(1950).
[25.24]

Process for the step-by-step integration of

differential equations in an automatic digital

[25.10]

[25.11]

computing machine, Proc. Cambridge Philos.

Soc. 47, 96-108 (1951).
P. C. Hammer and A. H. Stroud, Numerical
evaluation of multiple integrals II, Math.
Tables Aids Comp. 12, 272-280 (1958).
P. C. Hammer and A. W. Wymore, Numerical
evaluation of multiple integrals I, Math. Tables
Aids Comp. 11, 59-67 (1957).
P. Henrici, Discrete variable methods in ordinary
differential equations (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

New
[25.12] F.

B.

York, N. Y., 1961).

Hildebrand, Introduction

analysis

(McGraw-Hill

Book

to

Co.,

numerical
Inc.,

Behandlung partieller Differentialgleichungen

nach dem Differenzenverfahren (Akad. Verlag,
Berlin, Germany, 1955).
R. Radau, Etudes sur les formules d'approximation
qui servent a calculer la valeur d'une integrale
(1880).

J.

J.

Math. Phys.

31,

Sard, Integral representations of remainders,

J. 15, 333-345 (1948).
[25.26] A. Sard, Remainders functions of several variables,

Duke Math.

Acta Math. 84, 319-346 (1951).

Math. Pures Appl.

(3)

Schulz,
Formelsammlung zur praktischen
Mathematik (DeGruyter and Co., Berlin,
Germany, 1945).
A. H. Stroud, A bibliography on approximate
integration, Math. Comp. 15, 52-80 (1961).

[25.27] G.

[25.29] G. J. Tranter, Integral transforms in

physics (John Wiley

&

mathematical
New York,

Sons, Inc.,

N.Y., 1951).
[25.30] G.

W.

Tyler, Numerical integration with several

variables,

Canad.

J.

Math.

5,

393-412 (1953).

Tables
[25.31] L. J.

Comrie, Chambers' six-figure mathematical

tables, vol. 2

6,

[25.32] P.

New

York, N.Y., 1956).

Numerical analysis (John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York, N.Y., 1955).
[25.14] A.
A.
Markoff, Differenzenrechnung (B. G.
Teubner, Leipzig, Germany, 1896).
[25.15] S. E. Mikeladze, Quadrature formulas for a regular
function, Soobsd. Akad. Nauk Gruzin. SSR. 17,
289-296 (1956).
[25.16] W. E. Milne, A note on the numerical integration
of differential equations, J. Research NBS 43,
537-542 (1949) RP2046.
[25.17] D. J. Panov, Formelsammlung zur numerischen

dgfinie,

for numerical differentia-

(W. R. Chambers, Ltd., London,

England, 1949).

[25.13] Z. Kopal,

[25.18]

Formulas

Salzer,

155-169 (1952).

[25.8] S. Gill,

[25.9]

H. E.

tion in the complex plane,

[25.28]

London, England, 1956).

Office,

Salzer,

[25.25] A.

G. Birkhoff and D. Young, Numerical quadrature

of analytic

complex Cartesian
J. Math. Phys.

first

1,

35-42 (1948).
[25.6]

for

Formulas for numerical integration of

and second order differential equations in the
complex plane, J. Math. Phys. 29, 207-216

H. E.

Bickley, Finite difference formulae for the

square lattice, Quart.

Formulas

Salzer,

interpolation of higher degree,

28 L200-203 (1949).

H. Mineur, Techniques de
Paris, France, 1952).

H. E.

283-336

Davis and P. Rabinowitz, Abscissas and weights

Gaussian quadratures of high order, J.

for

Research

NBS

56, 35-37 (1956)

NBS

60, 613-614 (1958)

W. Dijkstra and

[25.34] E.

RP2645.

Davis and P. Rabinowitz, Additional abscissas

and weights for Gaussian quadratures of high
order: Values for n = 64, 80, and 96, J. Research

[25.33] P.

RP2875.

A. van Wijngaarden, Table

of Everett's interpolation coefficients (Elcelsior's

The Hague, Holland, 1955).

Fishman, Numerical integration constants,
Math. Tables Aids Comp. 11, 1-9 (1957).

Photo-offset,
[25.35]

H.

[25.36]

H.

J. Gawlik, Zeros of Legendre polynomials of

orders 2-64 and weight coefficients of Gauss

quadrature formulae, A.R.D.E. Memo (B) 77/58,

Fort Halstead, Kent, England (1958).
[25.37] Gt. Britain

polation

H.M. Nautical Almanac

and

tables

Office, Inter-

(Her

Majesty's
Stationery Office, London, England, 1956).
allied

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
[25.38]

[25.39]

[25.40]

[25.41]

[25.42]

M. Longman, Tables for the rapid and accurate

numerical evaluation of certain infinite integrals
involving Bessel functions, Math. Tables Aids
Comp. 11, 166-180 (1957).
A. N. Lowan, N. Davids, and A. Levenson, Table
of the zeros of the Legendre polynomials of
order 1-16 and the weight coefficients for Gauss'
mechanical quadrature formula, Bull. Amer.
Math. Soc.48, 739-743 (1942).
National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Lagrangian interpolation coefficients (Columbia
Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1944).
National Bureau of Standards, Collected Short
Tables of the Computation Laboratory, Tables
of functions and of zeros of functions, Applied
Math. Series 37 (U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., 1954).
P. Rabinowitz, Abscissas and weights for Lobatto
quadrature of high order, Math. Tables Aids
I.

Comp.

[25.43]

47-52 (1960).
P. Rabinowitz and G. Weiss, Tables of abscissas
and weights for numerical evaluation of integrals
of the form

716-654

64

Math.
Office,

[25.48]

58

H. E.

Series

(U.S.

Government Printing

Salzer, Coefficients for facilitating trigono-

metric interpolation,

J.

Math. Phys. 27, 274-278

(1949).
[25.49]

H. E. Salzer and P. T. Roberson, Table

of coeffi-

cients for obtaining the second derivative without

differences,

Con vair- Astronautics, San Diego,

Calif. (1957).

[25.50]

H. E.
(U.S.

(1959).

Washington, D.C., 1948).

Salzer, Tables of osculatory interpolation

coefficients,

e~ xx nf(x)dx,

Math. Tables Aids Comp. 68, 285-294

H. E.

Salzer, Tables for facilitating the use of

Chebyshev's quadrature formula, J. Math.
Phys. 26, 191-194 (1947).
[25.45] H. E. Salzer and R. Zucker, Table of the zeros and
weight factors of the first fifteen Laguerre
polynomials, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 55, 10041012 (1949).
[25.46] H. E. Salzer, R. Zucker, and R. Capuano, Table of
the zeros and weight factors of the first twenty
Hermite polynomials, J. Research NBS 48,
111-116 (1952) RP2294.
[25.47] H. E. Salzer, Table of coefficients for obtaining the
first derivative without differences, NBS Applied
[25.44]

69,

X"

899

NBS

Applied

Government Printing

D.C., 1958).

Math.
Office,

Series
56
Washington,

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

900

THREE-POINT LAGRANG1 AJN llNTUKr ULA11U1H

Table 25.1

4(p)=(_i)*+i

<

L.U Hi* r n_,u in i

P (p2_r

(1+*)!(1-*)!(P-*)

V
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

A-i
-0.00000
-0.00495
-0.00980
-0.01455
-0.01920
-0.02375
-0.02820
-0.03255
-0.03680
-0.04095

Ao

Ai

Ax

1.00000
0.99990
0.99960
0.99910
0.99840

0.00000
0.00505
0.01020
0.01545
0.02080

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

-0.12500
-0.12495
-0.12480
-0.12455
-0.12420

0.75000
0.73990
0.72960
0.71910
0.70840

0.37500
0.38505
0.39520
0.40545
0.41580

0.99750
0.99640
0.99510
0.99360
0.99190

0.02625
0.03180
0.03745
0.04320
0.04905

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

-0.12375
-0.12320
-0.12255
-0.12180
-0.12095

0.69750
0.68640
0.67510
0.66360
0.65190

0.42625
0.43680
0.44745
0.45820
0.46905

A-i

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

-0.04500
-0.04895
-0.05280
-0.05655
-0.06020

0.99000
0.98790
0.98560
0.98310
0.98040

0.05500
0.06105
0.06720
0.07345
0.07980

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

-0.12000
-0.11895
-0.11780
-0.11655
-0.11520

0.64000
0.62790
0.61560
0.60310
0.59040

0.48000
0.49105
0.50220
0.51345
0.52480

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

-0.06375
-0.06720
-0.07055
-0.07380
-0.07695

0.97750
0.97440
0.97110
0.96760
0.96390

0.08625
0.09280
0.09945
0.10620
0.11305

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

-0.11375
-0.11220
-0.11055
-0.10880
-0.10695

0.57750
0.56440
0.55110
0.53760
0.52390

0.53625
0.54780
0.55945
0.57120
0.58305

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

-0.08000
-0.08295
-0.08580
-0.08855
-0.09120

0.96000
0.95590
0.95160
0.94710
0.94240

0.12000
0.12705
0.13420
0.14145
0.14880

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

-0.10500
-0.10295
-0.10080
-0.09855
-0.09620

0.51000
0.49590
0.48160
0.46710
0.45240

0.59500
0.60705
0.61920
0.63145
0.64380

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

-0.09375
-0.09620
-0.09855
-0.10080
-0.10295

0.93750
0.93240
0.92710
0.92160
0.91590

0.15625
0.16380
0.17145
0.17920
0.18705

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

-0.09375
-0.09120
-0.08855
-0.08580
-0.08295

0.43750
0.42240
0.40710
0.39160
0.37590

0.65625
0.66880
0.68145
0.69420
0.70705

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

-0.10500
-0.10695
-0.10880
-0.11055
-0.11220

0.91000
0.90390
0.89760
0.89110
0.88440

0.19500
0.20305
0.21120
0.21945
0.22780

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

-0.08000
-0.07695
-0.07380
-0.07055
-0.06720

0.36000
0.34390
0.32760
0.31110
0.29440

0.72000
0.73305
0.74620
0.75945
0.77280

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

-0.11375
-0.11520
-0.11655
-0.11780
-0.11895

0.87750
0.87040
0.86310
0.85560
0.84790

0.23625
0.24480
0.25345
0.26220
0.27105

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

-0.06375
-0.06020
-0.05655
-0.05280
-0.04895

0.27750
0.26040
0.24310
0.22560
0.20790

0.78625
0.79980
0.81345
0.82720
0.84105

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

-0.12000
-0.12095
-0.12180
-0.12255
-0.12320

0.84000
0.83190
0.82360
0.81510
0.80640

0.28000
0.28905
0.29820
0.30745
0.31680

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

-0.04500
-0.04095
-0.03680
-0.03255
-0.02820

0.19000
0.17190
0.15360
0.13510
0.11640

0.85500
0.86905
0.88320
0.89745
0.91180

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

-0.12375
-0.12420
-0.12455
-0.12480
-0.12495

0.79750
0.78840
0.77910
0.76960
0.75990

0.32625
0.33580
0.34545
0.35520
0.36505

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

-0.02375
-0.01920
-0.01455
-0.00980
-0.00495

0.09750
0.07840
0.05910
0.03960
0.01990

0.92625
0.94080
0.95545
0.97020
0.98505

0.50

-0.12500

0.75000

0.37500

1.00

-0.00000

0.00000

1.00000

-P

Ai

Ao

A-x

~P

^0

A-i

See 25.2.6.

Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Lagrangian interpolation

Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1944 (with permission).

coefficients.

901

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

FOUR-POINT L AGR; UVGIAN IN rERiOLATION ( :oeffi [CIENTS

r

4(p)=(- l)*+2

A-X

Table 25.1

p(p2_l)(p _2)
(l+fc)!(2-ft)!(p-ft)

A2

Ax
0.00000
0.01004
0.02019
0. 03043
0. 04076

00
95
60
65
80

0.00000
-0.00166
-0.00333
-0.00499
-0.00665

00
65
20
55
60

1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96

05118
06169
07227
08294
09368

75
20
85
40
55

-0.00831
-0.00996
-0.01160
-0.01324
-0.01487

25
40
95
80
85

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

00
55
40
85
20

0.10450
0.11538
0.12633
0.13735
0. 14842

00
45
60
15
80

-0.01650
-0.01811
-0.01971
-0.02130
-0.02287

00
15
20
05
60

0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86

90418
89644
0. 88855
0.88051
0. 87232

75
80
65
60
95

0.15956
0.17075
0.18199
0.19328
0. 20462

25
20
35
40
05

-0.02443
-0.02598
-0.02751
-0.02902
-0.03052

75
40
45
80
35

0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81

0.

-0.05350 40

86400
0.85553
0. 84692
0.83818
0. 82931

00
05
40
35
20

0.21600
0. 22741
0. 23887
0.25036
0.26188

00
95
60
65
80

-0.03200
-0.03345
-0.03489
-0.03630
-0.03769

00
65
20
55
60

0.80
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

-0. 05468 75
-0. 05579 60
-0. 05683 05
-0. 05779 20
-0. 05868 15

0. 82031
0.81118
0. 80194
0. 79257
0.78309

25
80
15
60
45

0.27343
0. 28501
0.29660
0.30822
0. 31985

75
20
85
40
55

-0.03906
-0.04040
-0.04171
-0.04300
-0.04426

25
40
95
80
85

0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

-0. 05950 00
-0. 06024 85
-0. 06092 80

77350
76379
0.75398
0.74406
0. 73405

00
55
40
85
20

0.33150
0.34315
0. 35481
0. 36648
0. 37814

00
45
60
15
80

-0.04550
-0.04670
-0.04787
-0.04901
-0.05011

00
15
20
05
60

0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

06256
-0.06297
-0. 06332
-0.06361
-0. 06383

25
60
55
20
65

0.72393
71372
0. 70342
0. 69303
0. 68255

75
80
65
60
95

0.

38981
0.40147
0.41312
0.42476
0.43639

25
20
35
40
05

-0.05118
-0.05222
-0.05322
-0.05418
-0.05511

75
40
45
80
35

0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

-0.06400
-0.06410
-0. 06414
-0. 06413
-0. 06406

00
35
80
45
40

0.

67200
0.66136
0. 65064
0. 63985
0. 62899

00
05

0.

40
35
20

44800
0.45958
0.47115
0.48269
0.49420

00
95
60
65
80

-0.05600
-0.05684
-0.05765
-0.05841
-0.05913

00
65
20
55
60

0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

06393
06375
06352
06323
-0.06289

75
60
05
20
15

0.

61806
0.60706
0. 59601
0. 58489
0.57372

25
80
15
60
45

0.50568
0.51713
0.52853
0.53990
0.55122

75
20
85
40
55

-0.05981
-0.06044
-0.06102
-0.06156
-0.06205

25
40
95
80
85

0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51

0.50

-0.

06250 00

0.

56250 00

-0.06250 00

0.50
V

1.00000
0. 99490
0. 98960
0. 98411
0. 97843

00
05
40
35
20

-0.02355 20
-0. 02607 15

0.97256
0.96650
0.96027
0. 95385
0.94726

25
80
15
60
45

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

-0.02850
-0. 03083
-0. 03308
-0. 03524
-0.03732

80
95
40

0.94050
0.93356
0. 92646
0.91919
0.91177

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

03931
04121
04303
04477
04642

25
60
55
20
65

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

-0. 04800 00
-0. 04949 35

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.00000
-0. 00328
-0. 00646
-0. 00955
-0. 01254

00

35
80
45
40

-0.01543 75
-0. 01823 60
-0. 02094 05

00
85

-0.05090 80
-0. 05224 45

-0.06153 95
-0. 06208 40
-0.

A2

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

Ax

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.56250 00

Ao

A-x

902

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
FC UR-F OINT LAGRANC JIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

Table 2 5.1

4fc(p)

A-i

= (-l)*+ 2

2
p(p -l)(p-2)
(l+k)l(2-k)l(p-k)

A2

V
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

0.00000
0. 00166
0.00333
0. 00499
0. 00665

00
65
20
55
60

Ao
0.00000
-0.00994
-0.01979
-0.02953
-0.03916

00
95
60
65
80

Ai
1.00000
1. 00489
1. 00959
1. 01408
1. 01836

00
95
60
65
80

0.00000
0.00338
0.00686
0.01045
0.01414

00
35
80
45
40

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

0.00831
0. 00996
0.01160
0. 01324
0.01487

25
40
95
80
85

-0.04868
-0.05809
-0.06737
-0.07654
-0.08558

75
20
85
40
55

1. 02243
1.02629
1. 02992
1. 03334
1.03653

75
20
85
40
55

0.01793
0.02183
0.02584
0.02995
0.03417

75
60
05
20
15

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

0.

01650
01811
0. 01971
0.02130
0.02287

00
15
20
05
60

-0.09450
-0.10328
-0.11193
-0.12045
-0.12882

00
45
60
15
80

1.03950
1.04223
1. 04473
1. 04700
1. 04902

00
45
60
15
80

0.03850
0.04293
0.04748
0.05214
0.05692

00
85
80
95
40

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

02443
02598
0. 02751
0.02902
0. 03052

75
40
45
80
35

-0.13706
-0.14515
-0.15309
-0.16088
-0.16852

25
20
35
40
05

1.

05081
05235
05364
05468
05547

25
20
35
40
05

0.06181
0.06681
0.07193
0.07717
0.08252

25
60
55
20
65

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.03200
03345
03489
0.03630
0. 03769

00
65
20
55
60

-0.17600
-0.18331
-0.19047
-0.19746
-0.20428

00
95
60
65
80

05600
05626
05627
05601
05548

00
95
60
65
80

0.08800
0.09359
0.09930
0.10514
0.11110

00
35
80
45
40

0.20

03906
04040
04171
04300
04426

25
40
95
80
85

-0.21093
-0.21741
-0.22370
-0.22982
-0.23575

75
20
85
40
55

1.

05468
05361
1. 05225
1.05062
1. 04870

75
20
85
40
55

0.11718
0.12339
0.12973
0.13619
0.14278

75
60
05
20
15

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

04550
04670
0. 04787
0. 04901
0.05011

00
15
20
05
60

-0.24150
-0.24705
-0.25241
-0.25758
-0.26254

00
45
60
15
80

1.
1.

04650
04400
1.04121
1.03813
1. 03474

00
45
60
15
80

0.14950
0.15634
0.16332
0.17043
0.17768

00
85
80
95
40

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.05118
05222
0.05322
0.05418
0.05511

75
40
45
80
35

-0.26731
-0.27187
-0.27622
-0.28036
-0.28429

25
20
35
40
05

1.03106
1.02707
1. 02277
1.01816
1. 01324

25
20
35
40
05

0.18506
0.19257
0.20022
0.20801
0.21593

25
60
55
20
65

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

05600
05684
0. 05765
0. 05841
0.05913

00
65
20
55
60

-0.28800
-0.29148
-0.29475
-0.29779
-0.30060

00
95
60
65
80

1.00800
1.00243
0.99655
0.99034
0.98380

00
95
60
65
80

0.22400
0.23220
0.24054
0.24903
0.25766

00
35
80
45
40

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

0.05981
0. 06044
0.06102
0. 06156
0. 06205

25
40
95
80
85

-0.30318
-0.30553
-0.30763
-0.30950
-0.31112

75
20
85
40
55

97693
96973
0.96218
0.95430
0. 94607

75
20
85
40
55

0.26643
0.27535
0.28442
0.29363
0.30299

75
60
20
15

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

1.50

0.

0.31250 00

0.50

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

06250 00

A2

-0.31250 00
Ai

1.

1.
1.
1.

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

1.

0.

0.

0.93750 00

Ao

4-i

05

0.21

0.22
0.23
0.24

-P

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

903

FOUR-l'OINT LA GRA \GIAN INTE RPO LATION CO!EFFIC IENTS

Aftp)

= (-1)

(l+/fc)!(2-fc)!(p-fc)

A-i

Table 25.1

V
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

06250
0. 06289
0.06323
0. 06352
0. 06375

00
15
20
05
60

-0.
-0.
-0.

31250
31362
31449
-0.31511
-0. 31546

00
45
60
15
80

Ai
0.93750
0.92857
0.91929
0.90966
0.89966

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

0.06393
0.06406
0. 06413
0.06414
0. 06410

75
40
45
80
35

-0.31556
-0. 31539
-0. 31495
-0.31424
-0.31326

25
20
35
40
05

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

0.06400
0.06383
0. 06361
0.06332
0.06297

00
65
20
55

-0.31200
-0. 31045
-0. 30863
-0.30652
-0. 30412

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

06256
0.06208
0. 06153
0. 06092
0. 06024

25
40
95
80
85

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

0.05950
05868
0.05779
0.05683
0.05579

00
15
20
05
60

-0.
-0.
-0.

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

0.05468
0.05350
0.05224
0.05090
0. 04949

75
40
45
80
35

-0. 25781 25
-0. 25171 20

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

0.

04800
04642
0. 04477
0.04303
0. 04121

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

0.

A2
60
15
80

0.31250
0. 32215
0.33196
0. 34192
0. 35204

85
80
95
40

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

88931
87859
0. 86750
0. 85604
0.84421

25
20
35
40
05

36231
37273
0.38331
0. 39405
0. 40494

25
60
55
20
65

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

00
95
60
65
80

0.83200
0.81940
0.80643
0.79307
0. 77932

00
95
60
65
80

0.41600
0.42721
0. 43858
0. 45012
0.46182

00
35
80
45
40

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

-0.
-0.

30143
29845
-0.29516
-0. 29158
-0. 28769

75
20
85
40
55

0.76518
0.75065
0.73571
0.72038
0.70464

75
20
85
40
55

47368
48571
0. 49791
0.51027
0. 52280

75
60
05
20
15

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

28350
27899
27417
-0.26904
-0.26358

00
45
60
15
80

0.

68850
67194
0. 65497
0. 63759
0.61978

00
45
60
15
80

0.53550
0. 54836
0.56140
0. 57461
0. 58800

00
85
80
95
40

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

-0.24528 35
-0.23852 40
-0. 23143 05

0.60156
0.58291
0. 56383
0. 54432
0.52438

25
20
35
40
05

60156
61529
0. 62920
0. 64329
0.65755

25
60
55
20
65

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

00
65
20
55
60

-0.22400
-0.21622
-0.20811
-0. 19965
-0. 19084

00
95
60
65
80

0.50400
0.48317
0.46191
0.44020
0.41804

00
95
60
65
80

0.

67200
68662
0.70142
0. 71641
0.73158

00
35
80
45
40

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

03931
03732
0.03524
0.03308
0.03083

25
40
95
80
85

-0.18168
-0.17217
-0.16229
-0.15206
-0.14146

75
20
85
40
55

0. 39543
0.37237
0. 34884
0.32486
0. 30041

75
20
85
40
55

0.

74693
76247
0.77820
0. 79411
0.81021

75
60
05
20
15

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

0.02850
0. 02607
0.02355
0.02094
0. 01823

00
15
20
05
60

-0.13050
-0.11916
-0.10745
-0. 09537
-0. 08290

00
45
60
15
80

0.27550
0.25011
0.22425
0.19792
0.17110

00
45
60
15
80

0.

82650
84297
0. 85964
0. 87650
0.89356

00

0.90

0.

85
80
95
40

0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

0.

01543
0.01254
0.00955
0.00646
0.00328

75
40
45
80
35

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

07006
05683
04321
02920
01480

25
20
35
40

0.14381
0.11603
0. 08776
0.05900
0. 02975

25
20
35
40
05

0.

91081
0.92825
0. 94589
0.96373
0. 98176

25
60
55
20
65

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

2.00

0.00000 00

0.00000 00
Ao

1.

00000 00

1.00

A-

~P

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

A2

60

05

0.00000 00
Ai

0.
0.

0.

00
45

00

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

904

FIVE-POINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

Table 25.1

A 5k (p) =
A- 2

A-

-~ lU+?
i>

2
2
p(p -l)(p -4)

/
{

(2+/c)!(2-fc)!(p-fc)

A2

00000
0.00082
0.00164
0.00246
0.00326

00000
90838
93400
02838
14400

0.00000
-0.00659
-0. 01306
-0. 01939
-0.02558

00000
98350
53600
56350
97600

^0
1.00000
0. 99987
0.99950
0. 99887
0.99800

00000
50025
00400
52025
06400

Ai
0.00000
0. 00673
0.01359
0.02059
0.02772

00000
31650
86400
53650
22400

0.00405
00483
0.00560
0.00635
0.00710

23438
25400
15838
90400
44838

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

03164
03756
04334
04898
05448

68750
61600
68350
81600
94350

0.99687
0.99550
0.99388
0.99201
0. 98989

65625
32400
10025
02400
14025

03497
04236
0. 04987
0.05750
0.06526

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

00783
0.00855
0.00926
0.00995
0.01063

75000
76838
46400
79838
73400

-0. 05985 00000

-0. 06506 92350

0.
0.

-0.07014 65600
-0.07508 14350
-0. 07987 33600

98752
98491
0.98205
0. 97894
0.97559

50000
16025
18400
64025
60400

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.01130
0.01195
0.01258
0.01320
0.01381

23438

-0. 08452

2"6400

78838
77400
18838

-0.08902
-0. 09338
-0. 09760
-0.10167

18750
65600
70350
29600
40350

0.97200
0. 96816
0.96408
0. 95976
0.95520

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.

01440
0.01497
0. 01552
0.01606
0.01658

00000
17838
69400
51838
62400

-0.10560
-0.10938
-0.11301
-0.11650
-0.11984

00000
06350
57600
52350
89600

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.

01708
0.01757
0. 01804
0. 01849
0. 01892

98438
57400
36838
34400
47838

-0.12304
-0.12609
-0.12900
-0.13176
-0. 13438

68750
89600
52350
57600
06350

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.

01933
01973
0.02010
0. 02046
0.02079

75000
13838
62400
18838
81400

-0.13685
-0.13917
-0. 14135
-0. 14338
-0.14527

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.02111
0. 02141
0.02168
0.02194
0.02218

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.

V
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

00000
00083
00168
00253
00339

00000
74163
26600
52163
45600

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

81250
18400
21650
78400
75650

-0. 00426 01563

-0. 00513 14600

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

07315
08115
0. 08927
0. 09751
0.10587

00000
37650
74400
95650
86400

-0. 00866 25000

-0.00955
-0. 01044
-0. 01134
-0. 01223

38163
73600
25163
86600

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

15625
38400
38025
24400
08025

0.11435
0.12294
0.13164
0.14045
0.14937

31250
14400
19650
30400
29650

-0.01313
-0. 01403
-0. 01492
-0. 01582
-0. 01671

51563
13600
66163
02600
16163

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0. 95040
0.94536
0.94008
0.93457
0.92882

00000
12025
56400
46025
94400

0.15840
0.16753
0.17676
0.18610
0.19554

00000
23650
82400
57650
30400

-0.01760
-0. 01848
-0.01936
-0. 02024
-0.02110

00000
47163
50600
03163
97600

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.

92285
0.91664
0.91020
0.90353
0. 89664

15625
24400
36025
66400
32025

0.20507
0.21470
0.22443
0.23425
0. 24415

81250
90400
37650
02400
63650

-0.02197
-0. 02282
-0. 02367
-0. 02451
-0. 02534

26563
82600
58163
45600
37163

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

00000
40350
29600
70350
65600

0.

88952
0.88218
0.87462
0. 86683
0.85884

50000
38025
14400
98025
08400

0.25415
0. 26422
0. 27439
0.28463
0. 29495

00000
89650
10400
39650
54400

-0.02616
-0. 02697
-0. 02776
-0. 02854
-0. 02931

25000
01163
57600
86163
78600

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

48438
18400
89838
61400
31838

-0. 14702 18750

-0. 14862 33600

65625
90400
04025
28400
86025

0.

30535
31582
32636
33697
34765

31250
46400
75650
94400
77650

-0. 03007 26563

-0.15008 14350
-0.15139 65600
-0.15256 92350

85062
84219
0.83356
0. 82471
0.81565

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

02240
02259
0.02277
0. 02292
0. 02306

00000
64838
25400
80838
30400

-0.15360
-0.15448
-0.15523
-0. 15584
-0. 15631

00000
94350
81600
68350
61600

80640
79693
0. 78727
0.77742
0.76737

00000
94025
92400
20025
02400

0.

35840
0.36920
0.38006
0. 39098
0.40195

00000
35650
58400
41650
58400

-0. 03360 00000

-0. 03425 00163
-0. 03487 94600

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.02317
0.02327
0.02334
0.02339
0.02342

73438
09400
37838
58400
70838

-0.15664
-0. 15683
-0.15689
-0. 15681
-0.15659

68750
97600
56350
53600
98350

0.75712
0. 74669
0.73607
0.72527
0.71428

65625
36400
42025
10400
70025

0.41297
0. 42404
0.43516
0.44632
0.45751

81250
82400
33650
06400
71650

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

03663
03717
03768
03817
03863

0.50

0.02343 75000
Ai2

46875 00000

-0.

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0,

0.

0.

0.

0.

-0.

15625 00000
Ai

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

70312 50000

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

A-i

0.

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

-0.
-0.
-0.

00600 79163
00688 89600
00777 40163

-0.03081
-0.03153
-0. 03224
-0. 03293

21600
55163
18600
03163

-0. 03607 29600

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

51563
30600
57163
21600
14163

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

03906 25000
A -2

0.50

-0.03548 74163

-P

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
FIVE-P<DINT LAG] RANGIA N
5

A k (p)
A-2

INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

/
=

905

"<

u+?

,
l>

(2+Jb)!(2-*)!(p-fc)

A-i

Table 25.1

2
2
p(p -l)(p -4)

A2

Ai
46875 00000
0.48001 61650
0.49131 26400
0.50263 63650
0.51398 42400

-0.03906
-0. 03946
-0.03983
-0.04017
-0.04048

25000
44163
61600
67163
50600

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.52535
53673
0.54814
0.55955
0.57097

31250
98400
11650
38400
45650

-0.04076
-0.04100
-0.04120
-0. 04137
-0.04150

01563
09600
64163
54600
70163

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

00000
96025
08400
74025
30400

58240
59382
0.60525
0.61667
0.62808

00000
67650
14400
05650
06400

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

04160
04165
04166
04163
-0.04156

00000
33163
58600
65163
41600

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.51650
0.50293
0. 48925
0.47545
0.46154

15625
68400
28025
34400
28025

0. 63947
0.65085
0. 66222
0. 67355
0. 68486

81250
94400
09650
90400
99650

-0. 04144
-0.04128
-0.04107
-0.04082
-0. 04051

76563
58600
76163
17600
71163

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

00000
76350
17600
42350
69600

0.44752
0.43340
0.41918
0.40487
0. 39046

50000
42025
46400
06025
64400

69615
70739
0.71860
0.72976
0. 74088

00000
53650
22400
67650
50400

-0.04016
-0.03975
-0.03929
-0. 03878
-0. 03822

25000
67163
85600
68163
02600

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

-0. 10742 18750

-0. 10404 09600

0. 37597
0.36140
0. 34675
0.33203
0.31725

65625
54400
76025
76400
02025

0. 75195
0.76296
0.77392
0. 78481
0. 79564

31250
70400
27650
62400
33650

-0.03759 76563

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

00000
18025
04400
08025
78400

0. 80640
0.81708
0.82768
0.83820
0. 84863

00000
19650
50400
49650
74400

-0. 03360 00000

-0. 03261 46163

-0.07786 60350
-0. 07379 45600

0.30240
0. 28749
0.27253
0. 25752
0.24246

-0.03156 42600
-0.03044 76163
-0.02926 33600

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

23438
73400
79838
46400
76838

-0. 06964
-0.06542
-0. 06113
-0. 05677
-0. 05234

68750
53600
24350
05600
22350

0.22737
0.21225
0.19709
0.18192
0.16673

65625
20400
94025
38400
06025

0.

85897
86922
87936
88940
89933

81250
26400
65650
54400
47650

-0.02801
-0. 02668
-0. 02529
-0.02382
-0. 02228

01563
66600
15163
33600
08163

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

00783
0.00710
0.00635
0.00560
0. 00483

75000
44838
90400
15838
25400

-0. 04785 00000

-0.04329
-0. 03868
-0.03401
-0.02929

64350
41600
58350
41600

0.15152
0.13631
0.12109
0.10588
0. 09068

50000
24025
82400
80025
72400

0.90915
91884
0.92841
0.93786
0. 94717

00000
65650
98400
51650
78400

-0.02066
-0. 01896
-0.01719
-0.01533
-0.01340

25000
70163
29600
89163
34600

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

00405
0.00326
0.00246
0. 00164
0.00082

23438
14400
02838
93400
90838

-0. 02452

18750
17600
66350
93600
28350

0.07550
0.06033
0. 04519
0.03009
0.01502

15625
66400
82025
20400
40025

0.95635
0.96538
0.97427
0.98300
0.99158

31250
62400
23650
66400
41650

-0.01138
-0. 00928
-0.00709
-0.00481
-0. 00245

51563
25600
42163
86600
44163

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

00000 00000
A -2

1.00

V
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.02343
0.02342
0.02339
0.02334
0.02327

75000
70838
58400
37838
09400

-0.15625
-0.15576
-0.15515
-0.15440
-0.15352

00000
68350
13600
46350
77600

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.02317
0.02306
0. 02292
0.02277
0.02259

73438
30400
80838
25400
64838

-0.15252
-0.15138
-0.15012
-0.14874
-0.14723

18750
81600
78350
21600
24350

0.

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.02240
0.02218
0.02194
0.02168
0.02141

00000
31838
61400
89838
18400

-0.14560
-0.14384
-0.14197
-0.13998
-0.13787

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.

02111
0.02079
0.02046
0.02010
0. 01973

48438
81400
18838
62400
13838

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.01933
0.01892
0.01849
0.01804
0.01757

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.

70312
0.69178
0.68027
0. 66860
0. 65675

50000
80025
90400
12025
76400

64475
63258
0.62026
0.60779
0.59516

15625
62400
50025
12400
84025

00000
62350
25600
04350
13600

0.58240
0.56948
0. 55644
0. 54325
0.52994

-0.

13564
-0.13330
-0.13085
-0.12829
-0.12562

68750
85600
80350
69600
70350

75000
47838
34400
36838
57400

-0.12285
-0.11996
-0.11698
-0.11389
-0.11070

0.01708
0.01658
0.01606
0.01552
0. 01497

98438
62400
51838
69400
17838

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.01440
0.01381
0.01320
0.01258
0.01195

00000
18838
77400
78838
26400

-0. 08960 00000

-0. 08577 10350
-0. 08185 89600

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.01130
0.01063
0. 00995
0.00926
0.00855

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.

1.00

0.00000 00000
A -2

-0.10056 62350
09699 97600
-0. 09334 36350
-0.

-0.01970
-0. 01483
-0. 00992
-0. 00498

0.00000 00000

0.

0.00000 00000

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

1.00000 00000

A -l

-0. 03691 77600

-0.03617 93163
10600
17163

-0. 03538
-0. 03452

0.

-P

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

906

FIVE-POINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

Table 25.1

Aliv)

A -2

~K

A -l

lj

(2+fc)!(2-A0!(p-Jb)

^0

Ai
1.00000 00000
1.00824 91650
1.01632 66400
1. 02422 73650
1.03194 62400

Ai
0.00000 00000
0.00254 60838
0. 00518 53400
0.00791 92838
0.01074 94400

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

-0.10342 59975
-0.11787 77600
-0.13222 95975

1.03947
1. 04681
1.05396
1. 06089
1. 06763

81250
78400
01650
98400
15650

0. 01367
0.01670
0.01983
0.02306
0.02639

73438
45400
25838
30400
74838

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

00000
67650
14400
05650
06400

-0. 14647
-0.16060
-0.17462
-0. 18850
-0.20225

50000
73975
01600
65975
99600

1.07415
1. 08044
1. 08652
1. 09237
1. 09798

00000
97650
54400
15650
26400

0.02983
0.03338
0. 03704
0. 04080
0. 04468

75000
46838
06400
69838
53400

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

0.

07697
0.08210
0. 08722
0. 09230
0. 09736

81250
94400
09650
90400
99650

-0.21587
-0.22934
-0,24265
-0.25580
-0. 26879

34375
01600
31975
55600
01975

1.10335
1.10847
1.11334
1.11796
1.12231

31250
74400
99650
50400
69650

0.

04867
0.05278
0.05700
0. 06135
0. 06581

73438
46400
88838
17400
48838

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

0.10240
0.10739
0.11235
0.11726
0.12213

00000
53650
22400
67650
50400

-0. 28160 00000

77975
63600
83975
65600

1.12640
1.13020
1.13373
1.13697
1. 13992

00000
83650
62400
77650
70400

0.

-0.29422
-0.30666
-0. 31890
-0. 33094

07040
0.07510
0. 07994
0. 08490
0. 08999

00000
87838
29400
41838
42400

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

12695
13171
0. 13642
0.14106
0. 14564

31250
70400
27650
62400
33650

34277
-0.35438
-0.36576
-0. 37691
-0. 38781

34375
15600
33975
13600
77975

1.

14257
14492
1.14696
1. 14868
1.15008

81250
50400
17650
22400
03650

0.09521
0.10056
0.10605
0.11167
0.11743

48438
77400
46838
74400
77838

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

0.15015
0.15458
0.15893
0.16320
0.16738

00000
19650
50400
49650
74400

-0.

39847
-0.40887
-0.41901
-0. 42887
-0. 43845

50000
51975
05600
31975
51600

1.15115
1.15188
1.15227
1.15232
1.15201

00000
49650
90400
59650
94400

0.12333
0.12937
0.13556
0. 14189
0.14836

75000
83838
22400
08838
61400

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

0.17147
17547
0.17936
0.18315
0.18683

81250
26400
65650
54400
47650

-0. 44774
-0.45674
-0. 46543
-0.47381
-0. 48187

84375
49600
65975
51600
23975

1.15135
1.15032
1.14891
1.14713
1.14496

31250
06400
55650
14400
17650

0. 15498
0.16176
0.16868
0.17577
0.18300

98438
38400
99838
01400
61838

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

00000
00163
94600
74163
29600

0.19040
0.19384
0.19716
0.20036
0. 20342

00000
65650
98400
51650
78400

-0.48960
49698
-0.50403
-0.51072
-0.51704

00000
95975
27600
09975
57600

1.14240
1.13943
1.13607
1.13229
1.12809

00000
95650
38400
61650
98400

0. 19040
0.19795
0.20566
0.21354
0.22159

00000
34838
85400
70838
10400

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

-0. 03663 51563

-0. 03717 30600
-0. 03768 57163

0.20635
0.20913
0.21177
0.21425
0. 21658

31250
62400
23650
66400
41650

-0.

52299
-0.52857
-0.53375
-0.53853
-0. 54291

84375
03600
27975
69600
39975

1.12347
1.11842
1.11293
1.10699
1.10060

81250
42400
13650
26400
11650

0.22980
0.23818
0.24673
0.25545
0. 26436

23438
29400
47838
98400
00838

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

1.50

-0.

0.27343 75000

1.50

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

0.00000
-0.00083
-0.00168
-0.00253
-0.00339

00000
74163
26600
52163
45600

0.00000
0.00501
0.01006
0.01513
0.02023

00000
61650
26400
63650
42400

0.00000
-0.01497
-0. 02989
-0. 04474
-0. 05953

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

-0.00426
-0.00513
-0.00600
-0. 00688
-0. 00777

01563
14600
79163
89600
40163

0.

02535
03048
0. 03564
0.04080
0.04597

31250
98400
11650
38400
45650

-0. 07424 84375

-0. 08888 07600

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

-0. 00866 25000

0.

-0.00955
-0.01044
-0. 01134
-0.01223

38163
73600
25163
86600

05115
0.05632
0.06150
0. 06667
0. 07183

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

-0.01313
-0. 01403
-0.01492
-0. 01582
-0. 01671

51563
13600
66163
02600
16163

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

01760
01848
01936
02024
02110

00000
47163
50600
03163
97600

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

-0.02197 26563
-0. 02282 82600
-0. 02367 58163
-0. 02451 45600
-0. 02534 37163

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

02616
02697
02776
02854
02931

25000
01163
57600
86163
78600

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

-0.03007
-0.03081
-0.03153
-0.03224
-0. 03293

26563
21600
55163
18600
03163

1.40

-0.03360
-0.03425
-0. 03487
-0. 03548
-0.03607

1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

-0.03817 21600
-0. 03863 14163
03906 25000

A2

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.21875 00000
Ai

-0.

-0.

00000
39975
19600
77975
53600

-0.54687 50000
Ao

1.

1.

09375 00000

4-i

A L-2

~P

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

907

FIV E-POINT LAGRAJVGIAN I1VrERPO] ^ATION C OEFFIC IIENTS

nH

4(P) ~ (

A -2

l}

A -l

..

Table 25.1

2 -l)(p 2 -4)

p(p
(2+k)\(2-k)](p-k)

A2

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

03906
-0.03946
-0. 03983
-0. 04017
-0. 04048

25000
44163
61600
67163
50600

0.21875
0.22074
0.22257
0.22422
0.22569

00000
91650
66400
73650
62400

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

54687
55041
55351
55617
55837

50000
09975
29600
17975
83600

1.

09375
08643
07864
07036
06160

00000
21650
06400
83650
82400

0.27343
0. 28269
0.29213
0. 30175
0.31155

75000
40838
18400
27838
89400

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

-0.

04076
-0.04100
-0. 04120
-0. 04137
-0.04150

01563
09600
64163
54600
70163

0.22697
0.22806
0.22896
0.22964
0.23013

81250
78400
01650
98400
15650

-0.56012
-0.56139
-0.56219
-0. 56249
-0.56230

34375
77600
19975
67600
25975

1.05235
1. 04259
1. 03232
1.02154
1. 01023

31250
58400
91650
58400
85650

0.32155
0. 33173
0. 34210
0. 35267
0. 36343

23438
50400
90838
65400
94838

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

-0.
-0.
-0.

04160
04165
04166
-0.04163
-0.04156

00000
33163
58600
65163
41600

0.23040
0. 23044
0.23027
0.22987
0.22923

00000
97650
54400
15650
26400

-0.56160
-0.56037
-0.55863
-0. 55634
-0.55351

00000
93975
11600
55975
29600

0.99840
0. 98602
0.97309
0.95962
0.94558

00000
27650
94400
25650
46400

37440
38556
0. 39692
0.40848
0. 42025

00000
01838
21400
79838
98400

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

-0.04144
-0.04128
-0.04107
-0. 04082
-0.04051

76563
58600
76163
17600
71163

0.22835
0.22722
0.22584
0.22421
0.22231

31250
74400
99650
50400
69650

-0.55012
-0. 54616
-0.54163
-0.53651
-0. 53079

34375
71600
41975
45600
81975

0.93097
0.91579
0.90002
0.88367
0. 86671

81250
54400
89650
10400
39650

0.43223
0. 44443
0. 45683
0. 46945
0. 48228

98438
01400
28838
02400
43838

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

-0. 04016 25000

-0. 03975 67163
-0. 03929 85600
-0. 03878 68163
-0. 03822 02600

0.22015
0.21770
0.21498
0.21197
0.20867

00000
83650
62400
77650
70400

-0.
-0.

52447
51753
-0.50996
-0.50176
-0.49290

50000
47975
73600
23975
95600

0.

84915
0.83097
0.81217
0.79273
0. 77266

00000
13650
02400
87650
90400

0.49533
0. 50861
0.52210
0. 53583
0.54978

75000
17838
94400
26838
37400

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

-0.03759
-0. 03691
-0. 03617
-0. 03538
-0. 03452

76563
77600
93163
10600
17163

0.20507
0.20117
0.19696
0.19243
0.18758

81250
50400
17650
22400
03650

-0.48339
-0. 47321
-0. 46235
-0.45081
-0. 43856

84375
85600
93975
03600
07975

75195
73058
0.70855
0. 68584
0.66246

31250
30400
07650
82400
73650

0.56396
0.57837
0.59302
0.60791
0.62303

48438
82400
61838
09400
47838

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

-0.03360
-0.03261
-0. 03156
-0. 03044
-0.02926

00000
46163
42600
76163
33600

0. 18240
0.17688
0.17102
0.16482
0.15826

00000
49650
90400
59650
94400

-0. 42560 00000

-0. 41191 71975

0.

-0. 38234
-0. 36642

63840
0.61363
0.58817
0.56199
0.53510

00000
79650
30400
69650
14400

0. 63840
0.65400
0. 66986
0. 68596
0.70232

00000
88838
37400
68838
06400

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

-0. 02801

01563
66600
15163
33600
08163

0.15135
0.14407
0.13641
0.12838
0.11996

31250
06400
55650
14400
17650

-0.34974
-0.33229
-0.31404
-0.29500
-0.27515

84375
19600
75975
41600
03975

0.

-0.02668
-0.02529
-0. 02382
-0. 02228

50747
0.47911
0.45001
0.42015
0. 38953

81250
86400
45650
74400
87650

0. 71892
0.73578
0.75290
0.77028
0.78793

73438
93400
89838
86400
06838

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

-0.

02066
-0.01896
-0.01719
-0.01533
-0.01340

25000
70163
29600
89163
34600

0.11115
0.10193
0.09232
0. 08229
0.07184

00000
95650
38400
61650
98400

25447
-0.23296
-0.21061
-0. 18740
-0.16332

50000
65975
37600
49975
87600

0.35815
0.32598
0.29302
0.25927
0. 22472

00000
25650
78400
71650
18400

80583
82401
0. 84245
0.86117
0.88016

75000
14838
50400
05838
05400

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

-0.01138 51563
-0.00928 25600
-0.00709 42163
-0. 00481 86600
-0. 00245 44163

0.06097
0. 04967
0.03793
0.02574
0. 01310

81250
42400
13650
26400
11650

-0.13837
-0. 11252
-0.08577
-0. 05811
-0. 02952

34375
73600
87975
59600
69975

0.18935
0.15316
0.11614
0.07827
0.03956

31250
22400
03650
86400
81650

89942
91897
0. 93880
0.95891
0.97931

73438
34400
12838
33400
20838

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

2.00

0.00000 00000

1.00000 00000

2.00

-0.

A2

0.00000 00000
Ai

-0.39750 15600
21975
81600

-0.

0.00000 00000

1.
1.
1.
1.

0.

0.

0.00000 00000

A-i

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

A -2

-v

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

908

SIX-POINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

Table 25.1

r
A4<V
* {P)

A.-l

1)k+3 P(P 2 -l)(P2 -4)(P- 3)

1}
(2+4)1(3- k)\(p- 9

A2

A3

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

A. -2
0.00000 00000
0.00049 57921
0.00098 30066
0.00146 14085
0.00193 07725

0.00000
-0.00493
-0.00973
-0.01440
-0.01893

00000
33767
36932
12590
64224

1.00000
0.99654
0.99283
0.98888
0.98469

00000
20858
67064
64505
39648

0.00000
0.01006
0.02026
0.03058
0.04102

00000
60817
19736
41170
89152

0.00000
-0.00250
-0.00501
-0.00752
-0.01004

00000
38746
43268
95922
78976

0.00000
0.00033
0.00066
0.00099
0.00133

00000
32917
63334
88752
06675

1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.00239
0.00284
0.00328
0.00371
0.00413

08828
15335
25281
36794
48096

-0.02333
-0.02761
-0.03175
-0.03576
-0.03964

95703
11276
15567
13568
10640

0.98026
0.97559
0.97069
0.96555
0.96019

19531
31752
04458
66336
46604

0.05159
0.06227
0.07306
0.08396
0.09496

27344
19048
27217
14464
43071

-0.01256
-0.01508
-0.01760
-0.02011
-0.02262

74609
64924
31946
57632
23873

0.00166
0.00199
0.00231
0.00264
0.00296

14609
10065
90557
53606
96742

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.00454
0.00494
0.00533
0.00571
0.00608

57500
63412
64326
58827
45585

-0.04339
-0.04701
-0.05050
-0.05387
-0.05710

12500
25223
55232
09296
94524

0.95460
0.94879
0.94276
0.93652
0.93006

75000
81771
97664
53917
82248

0.10606
0.11726
0.12855
0.13994
0.15140

75000
71904
95136
05758
64552

-0.02512
-0.02761
-0.03008
-0.03255
-0.03500

12500
05290
83968
30217
25676

0.00329
0.00361
0.00392
0.00424
0.00455

17500
13426
82074
21011
27815

0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.00644
0.00678
0.00712
0.00744
0.00776

23359
90995
47422
91654
22787

-0.06022
-0.06320
-0.06607
-0.06881
-0.07142

18359
88576
13273
00868
60096

0.92340
0.91652
0.90945
0.90217
0.89470

14844
84352
23870
66936
47517

0.16295
0.17457
0.18627
0.19803
0.20986

32031
68448
33805
87864
90158

-0.03743
-0.03984
-0.04224
-0.04461
-0.04695

51953
90624
23240
31332
96417

0.00486
0.00516
0.00546
0.00575
0.00604

00078
35405
31416
85746
96051

0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.00806
0.00835
0.00863
0.00890
0.00915

40000
42553
29786
01118
56045

-0.07392
-0.07629
-0.07854
-0.08067
-0.08269

00000
29929
59532
98752
57824

0.88704
0.87918
0.87114
0.86292
0.85452

00000
59183
60264
38830
30848

0.22176
0.23370
0.24570
0.25775
0.26984

00000
76492
78536
64845
93952

-0.04928
-0.05157
-0.05383
-0.05606
-0.05826

00000
23583
48668
56760
29376

0.00633
0.00661
0.00689
0.00716
0.00743

60000
75284
39614
50719
06355

0.80
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.00939
0.00963
0.00985
0.01006
0.01025

94141
15055
18513
04314
72328

-0.08459
-0.08637
-0.08804
-0.08960
-0.09104

47266
77876
60729
07168
28802

0.84594
0.83720
0.82828
0.81920
0.80996

72656
00952
52783
65536
76929

0.28198
0.29415
0.30635
0.31858
0.33083

24219
13848
20892
03264
18746

-0.06042
-0.06254
-0.06463
-0.06667
-0.06868

48047
94324
49783
96032
14711

0.00769
0.00794
0.00819
0.00843
0.00866

04297
42345
18324
30086
75510

0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.01044
0.01061
0.01077
0.01092
0.01106

22500
54844
69446
66459
46105

-0.09237
-0.09359
-0.09470
-0.09571
-0.09660

37500
45385
64832
08458
89124

0.80057
0.79102
0.78132
0.77148
0.76150

25000
48096
84864
74242
55448

0.34310
0.35538
0.36768
0.37998
0.39229

25000
79579
39936
63433
07352

-0.07063
-0.07254
-0.07441
-0.07622
-0.07798

87500
96127
22368
48054
55076

0.00889 52500
0.00911 58993
0,0t)932 92954
0.00953 52378
0.00973 35295

0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.01119
0.01130
0.01140
0.01149
0.01157

08672
54515
84054
97774
96219

-0.09740
-0.09809
-0.09867
-0.09916
-0.09955

19922
14176
85435
47468
14258

0.75138
0.74113
0.73075
0.72024
0.70962

67969
51552
46195
92136
29842

0.40459
0.41688
0.42917
0.44144
0.45369

28906
85248
33480
30664
33833

-0.07969
-0.08134
-0.08293
-0.08447
-0.08594

25391
41024
84077
36732
81254

0.00992
0.01010
0.01028
0.01044
0.01060

39766
63885
05783
63626
35618

0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.01164
0.01170
0.01175
0.01178
0.01180

80000
49786
06306
50351
82765

-0.09984
-0.10003
-0.10012
-0.10013
-0.10004

00000
19092
86132
15915
23424

0.69888
0.68802
0.67706
0.66599
0.65482

00000
43508
01464
15155
26048

0.46592
0.47811
0.49028
0.50241
0.51450

00000
86167
49336
46520
34752

-0.08736
-0.08870
-0.08998
-0.09120
-0.09234

00000
75421
90068
26598
67776

0.01075
0.01089
0.01102
0.01114
0.01125

20000
15052
19094
30487
47635

0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.01182
0.01182
0.01181
0.01179
0.01176

04453
16375
19546
15034
03961

-0.09986
-0.09959
-0.09923
-0.09879
-0.09826

23828
32476
64892
36768
63965

0.64355
0.63220
0.62075
0.60922
0.59762

75781
06152
59108
76736
01254

0.52654
0.53854
0.55048
0.56236
0.57418

71094
12648
16567
40064
40421

-0.09341
-0.09441
-0.09534
-0.09619
-0.09696

96484
95724
48621
38432
48548

0.01135
0.01144
0.01153
0.01160
0.01166

68984
93025
18292
43366
66877

0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51

0.50

0.01171 87500

0.01171 87500

0.50

^3

-0.09765 62500

A2

Ao

0.58593 75000

Ax

0.58593 75000

-0.09765 62500

A -l

A -2

0.71

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

909

SIX-POINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

A* {P)

1}

(2+A)!(3- *)!(P- *)

Table 25.1

-4)(P- 3)

A2

A. -l
00000
55421
10068
46597
47776

0.00000
-0.00993
-0.01972
-0.02938
-0.03889

00000
27517
86936
43870
64352

1.00000
1.00320
1.00616
1.00886
1.01130

00000
79192
33736
39545
73152

0.00000
0.00506
0.01026
0.01560
0.02106

00000
67067
69732
09890
89024

0.00000
-0.00050
-0.00101
-0.00153
-0.00206

00000
41246
63266
63410
38925

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.01235
0.01478
0.01719
0.01958
0.02195

96484
75724
68621
58432
28547

-0.04826
-0.05747
-0.06653
-0.07544
-0.08418

14844
62248
73917
17664
61771

1.01349
1.01541
1.01707
1.01846
1.01958

11719
33048
15592
38464
81446

0.02667
0.03240
0.03827
0.04428
0.05041

08203
68076
68866
10368
91940

-0.00259
-0.00314
-0.00368
-0.00424
-0.00480

86953
04535
88606
35994
43420

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

17500
13426
82074
21011
27815

0.02429
0.02661
0.02890
0.03116
0.03340

62500
43965
56768
84892
12476

-0.09276
-0.10118
-0.10942
-0.11750
-0.12540

75000
26604
86336
24458
11752

1.02044
1.02102
1.02133
1.02136
1.02112

25000
50279
39136
74133
38552

0.05669
0.06309
0.06963
0.07630
0.08311

12500
70523
64032
90596
47324

-0.00537
-0.00594
-0.00651
-0.00710
-0.00768

07500
24737
91526
04152
58785

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

-0.00486
-0.00516
-0.00546
-0.00575
-0.00604

00078
35405
31415
85746
96051

0.03560
0.03777
0.03990
0.04200
0.04405

23828
03424
35915
06132
99092

-0.13312
-0.14066
-0.14801
-0.15518
-0.16217

19531
19648
84505
87064
00858

1.02060
1.01979
1.01871
1.01734
1.01569

16406
92448
52180
81864
68533

0.09005
0.09712
0.10432
0.11166
0.11912

30859
37376
62572
01668
49396

-0.00827
-0.00886
-0.00946
-0.01006
-0.01066

51484
78195
34747
16854
20112

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

-0.00633
-0.00661
-0.00689
-0.00716
-0.00743

60000
75284
39614
50719
06355

0.04608
0.04805
0.04999
0.05189
0.05373

00000
94258
67468
05435
94176

-0.16896
-0.17555
-0.18195
-0.18815
-0.19415

00000
59192
53736
59545
53152

1.01376
1.01153
1.00902
1.00622
1.00313

00000
64867
52536
53220
57952

0.12672
0.13444
0.14229
0.15028
0.15838

00000
47229
84332
04052
98624

-0.01126
-0.01186
-0.01247
-0.01307
-0.01367

40000
71878
10986
52443
91245

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

-0.00769
-0.00794
-0.00819
-0.00843
-0.00866

04297
42345
18324
30086
75509

0.05554
0.05729
0.05900
0.06065
0.06226

19922
69124
28458
84832
25385

-0.19995
-0.20554
-0.21092
-0.21609
-0.22105

11719
13048
35592
58464
61446

0.99975
0.99608
0.99212
0.98786
0.98331

58594
47848
19267
67264
87121

0.16662
0.17498
0.18347
0.19208
0.20081

59766
78676
46029
51968
86102

-0.01428
-0.01488
-0.01548
-0.01608
-0.01667

22266
40255
39838
15514
61653

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

-0.00889
-0.00911
-0.00932
-0.00953
-0.00973

52500
58993
92954
52378
35295

0.06381
0.06531
0.06675
0.06813
0.06946

37500
08802
27168
80729
57876

-0.22580
-0.23033
-0.23464
-0.23873
-0.24261

25000
30279
59136
94133
18552

0.97847
0.97334
0.96791
0.96219
0.95617

75000
27954
43936
21808
61352

0.20967
0.21864
0.22774
0.23695
0.24628

37500
94685
45632
77758
77924

-0.01726
-0.01785
-0.01843
-0.01901
-0.01958

72500
42169
64646
33784
43305

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

-0.00992
-0.01010
-0.01028
-0.01044
-0.01060

39766
63885
05783
63626
35618

0.07073
0.07194
0.07309
0.07417
0.07520

47266
37824
18752
79532
09929

-0.24626
-0.24968
-0.25288
-0.25586
-0.25860

16406
72448
72180
01864
48533

0.94986
0.94326
0.93636
0.92917
0.92169

63281
29248
61855
64664
42208

0.25573
0.26529
0.27496
0.28474
0.29463

32422
26976
46735
76268
99558

-0.02014
-0.02070
-0.02125
-0.02179
-0.02232

86797
57715
49379
54974
67544

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

-0.01075
-0.01089
-0.01102
-0.01114
-0.01125

20000
15052
19094
30487
47635

0.07616
0.07705
0.07788
0.07864
0.07933

00000
40096
20868
33273
68576

-0.26112
-0.26340
-0.26545
-0.26727
-0.26886

00000
44867
72536
73220
37952

0.91392
0.90585
0.89749
0.88885
0.87991

00000
44542
83336
24895
78752

0.30464
0.31474
0.32495
0.33526
0.34568

00000
60392
62932
89215
20224

-0.02284
-0.02335
-0.02385
-0.02434
-0.02481

80000
85111
75506
43676
81965

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

-0.01135
-0.01144
-0.01153
-0.01160
-0.01166

68984
93025
18292
43366
66877

0.07996
0.08051
0.08100
0.08141
0.08176

18359
74524
29296
75232
05223

-0.27021
-0.27133
-0.27221
-0.27285
-0.27326

58594
27848
39267
87264
67121

0.87069
0.86118
0.85139
0.84131
0.83095

55469
66648
24942
44064
38796

0.35619
0.36680
0.37750
0.38829
0.39918

36328
17276
42192
89568
37265

-0.02527
-0.02572
-0.02615
-0.02656
-0.02696

82578
37575
38871
78234
47286

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

1.50

-0.01171 87500

-0.02734 37500
A -2

0.50

A. -2

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

0.00000
-0.00033
-0.00066
-0.00099
-0.00133

00000
32917
63334
88752
06675

0.00000
0.00249
0.00498
0.00745
0.00991

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

-0.00166
-0.00199
-0.00231
-0.00264
-0.00296

14609
10065
90556
53606
96742

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

-0.00329
-0.00361
-0.00392
-0.00424
-0.00455

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

^3

0.08203 12500

A2

-0.27343 75000

Ax

0.82031 25000

Ao

0.41015 62500

A -l

A3

-v

910

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
SIX-POINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

Table 25.1

Ae (v)=(-l) k + s
V

P(P 2 -l)(?2 -4)(j>-3)

A. -1

A2

A- -2
87500
03961
15034
19546
16375

0.08203
0.08222
0.08235
0.08240
0.08237

12500
90640
33568
35567
91276

-0.27343
-0.27337
-0.27306
-0.27252
-0.27174

75000
07954
63936
41808
41352

0.82031
0.80939
0.79819
0.78672
0.77497

25000
19629
40736
07483
40152

0.41015
0.42121
0.43235
0.44357
0.45487

62500
41848
51232
65921
60524

-0.02734
-0.02770
-0.02804
-0.02836
-0.02866

37500
40202
46566
47617
34225

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

A!

^3

54

-0.01171
-0.01176
-0.01179
-0.01181
-0.01182

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

-0.01182
-0.01180
-0.01178
-0.01175
-0.01170

04453
82765
50350
06306
49786

0.08227
0.08210
0.08185
0.08152
0.08112

95703
44224
32590
56932
13767

-0.27072
-0.26947
-0.26797
-0.26624
-0.26428

63281
09248
81855
84664
22208

0.76295
0.75066
0.73811
0.72529
0.71221

60156
90048
53530
75464
81883

0.46625
0.47769
0.48921
0.50080
0.51244

08984
84576
59897
06868
96721

-0.02893
-0.02919
-0.02942
-0.02962
-0.02980

97109
26835
13812
48294
20377

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

-0.01164
-0.01157
-0.01149
-0.01140
-0.01130

80000
96219
97774
84054
54515

0.08064
0.08008
0.07944
0.07873
0.07793

00000
12933
50268
10110
90976

-0.26208
-0.25964
-0.25697
-0.25406
-0.25092

00000
24542
03336
44895
58752

0.69888
0.68528
C.67143
0.65734
0.64299

00000
58217
86136
14570
75552

0.52416
0.53592
0.54775
0.55962
0.57155

00000
86554
25532
85377
33824

-0.02995
-0.03007
-0.03016
-0.03022
-0.03025

20000
36943
60826
81108
87085

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

-0.01119
-0.01106
-0.01092
-0.01077
-0.01061

08672
46105
66459
69446
54845

0.07706
0.07612
0.07509
0.07399
0.07280

91797
11924
51133
09632
88061

-0.24755
-0.24395
-0.24012
-0.23606
-0.23178

55469
46648
44942
64064
18796

0.62841
0.61358
0.59851
0.58322
0.56769

02344
29448
92617
28864
76471

0.58352
0.59553
0.60758
0.61967
0.63179

37891
63876
77354
43168
25427

-0.03025
-0.03022
-0.03015
-0.03004
-0.02990

67891
12495
09703
48154
16318

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

-0.01044
-0.01025
-0.01006
-0.00985
-0.00963

22500
72328
04314
18513
15055

0.07154
0.07021
0.06879
0.06730
0.06573

87500
09477
55968
29404
32676

-0.22727
-0.22253
-0.21758
-0.21241
-0.20702

25000
99629
60736
27483
20152

0.55194
0.53597
0.51978
0.50338
0.48678

75000
65304
89536
91158
14952

0.64393
0.65610
0.66830
0.68050
0.69272

87500
92010
00832
75083
75124

-0.02972
-0.02949
-0.02923
-0.02893
-0.02858

02500
94834
81286
49649
87545

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

-0.00939
-0.00915
-0.00890
-0.00863
-0.00835

94141
56045
01118
29786
42553

0.06408
0.06236
0.06056
0.05869
0.05674

69141
42624
57427
18332
30604

-0.20141
-0.19559
-0.18956
-0.18332
-0.17688

60156
70048
73530
95464
61883

0.46997
0.45296
0.43575
0.41836
0.40079

07031
14848
87205
74264
27558

0.70495
0.71718
0.72942
0.74165
0.75387

60547
90176
22061
13468
20883

-0.02819
-0.02776
-0.02727
-0.02674
-0.02616

82422
21555
92045
80814
74609

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

-0.00806
-0.00776
-0.00744
-0.00712
-0.00678

40000
22787
91654
47422
90995

0.05472
0.05262
0.05045
0.04821
0.04589

00000
32771
35668
15948
81376

-0.17024
-0.16339
-0.15635
-0.14911
-0.14168

00000
38217
06136
34570
55552

0.38304
0.36511
0.34702
0.32876
0.31035

00000
45892
20936
82245
88352

0.76608
0.77827
0.79043
0.80258
0.81469

00000
05717
92132
12540
19424

-0.02553
-0.02485
-0.02411
-0.02332
-0.02247

60000
23376
50946
28741
42605

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

-0.00644
-0.00608
-0.00571
-0.00533
-0.00494

23359
45585
58826
64326
63412

0.04351
0.04106
0.03853
0.03594
0.03328

40234
01324
73971
68032
93898

-0.13407
-0.12627
-0.11829
-0.11013
-0.10180

02344
09448
12617
48864
56471

0.29179
0.27309
0.25425
0.23528
0.21619

99219
76248
82292
81664
40145

0.82676
0.83879
0.85078
0.86272
0.87460

64453
98476
71516
32768
30590

-0.02156
-0.02060
-0.01957
-0.01848
-0.01733

78203
21015
56336
69274
44750

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

-0.00454
-0.00413
-0.00371
-0.00328
-0.00284

57500
48096
36794
25281
15335

0.03056
0.02777
0.02492
0.02201
0.01904

62500
85315
74368
42242
02076

-0.09330
-0.08464
-0.07582
-0.06684
-0.05770

75000
45304
09536
11158
94952

0.19698
0.17766
0.15823
0.13871
0.11910

25000
04979
50336
32833
25752

0.88642
0.89817
0.90985
0.92145
0.93297

12500
25173
14432
25246
01724

-0.01611
-0.01483
-0.01347
-0.01205
-0.01056

67500
22067
92806
63882
19265

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

1.95

- 0.00239
0.00193
0.00146
0.00098
0.00049

08828
07725
14086
30066
57921

0.01600
0.01291
0.00976
0.00656
0.00330

67578
53024
73265
43732
80442

-0.04843
-0.03900
-0.02945
-0.01975
-0.00994

07031
94848
07205
94264
07558

0.09941
0.07964
0.05981
0.03992
0.01998

03906
43648
22880
21064
19233

0.94439
0.95573
0.96696
0.97809
0.98910

87109
23776
53223
16068
52046

-0.00899
-0.00735
-0.00563
-0.00383
-0.00195

42734
17875
28077
56534
86242

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.00000 00000

1.00

.50

51
,52
.53

.96

97
98
.99

2.00

0.00000 00000

A3

0.00000 00000

A2

0.00000 00000

Ai

0.00000 00000

^0

1.00000 00000

A-2

-P

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

911

SIX-POINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

fruv-v

A -l

Table 25.1

J'

(2+i)!(3-*)!(p-Jfc)

Ax

A2

A3

2.00
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04

A. -2
0.00000 00000
0.00050 41246
0.00101 63266
0.00153 63410
0.00206 38925

0.00000
-0.00335
-0.00676
-0.01021
-0.01371

00000
80392
42932
69214
40224

0.00000
0.01005
0.02022
0.03049
0.04087

00000
74108
59064
97755
31648

0.00000
-0.02001
-0.04005
-0.06011
-0.08017

00000
52433
52264
12080
42848

1.00000
1.01076
1.02140
1.03190
1.04226

00000
97879
82732
90702
57024

0.00000
0.00204
0.00416
0.00638
0.00868

00000
19592
90134
29427
55475

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

0.00259
0.00314
0.00368
0.00424
0.00480

86953
04535
88605
35994
43420

-0.01725
-0.02083
-0.02445
-0.02810
-0.03179

36328
37276
22191
69568
57264

0.05134
0.06189
0.07252
0.08323
0.09401

00781
43752
97708
98336
79854

-0.10023
-0.12028
-0.14031
-0.16031
-0.18027

53906
52952
46033
37536
30179

1.05247
1.06252
1.07240
1.08211
1.09165

16016
01076
44679
78368
32752

0.01107
0.01356
0.01614
0.01881
0.02159

86484
40865
37232
94406
31417

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14

0.00537
0.00594
0.00651
0.00710
0.00768

07500
24737
91526
04151
58785

-0.03551
-0.03926
-0.04304
-0.04684
-0.05066

62500
61847
31232
45921
80524

0.10485
0.11575
0.12669
0.13767
0.14868

75000
15021
29664
47167
94248

-0.20018
-0.22003
-0.23981
-0.25951
-0.27911

25000
21346
16864
07492
87448

1.10100
1.11016
1.11912
1.12787
1.13641

37500
21335
12032
36409
20324

0.02446
0.02744
0.03052
0.03370
0.03699

67500
22100
14874
65686
94615

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19

0.00827
0.00886
0.00946
0.01006
0.01066

51484
78195
34747
16854
20112

-0.05451
-0.05837
-0.06224
-0.06612
-0.07002

08984
04576
39898
86868
16721

0.15972
0.17078
0.18185
0.19292
0.20399

96094
76352
57120
58936
00767

-0.29862
-0.31801
-0.33728
-0.35642
-0.37541

49219
83552
79445
24136
03092

1.14472
1.15281
1.16066
1.16827
1.17562

88672
65376
73385
34668
70208

0.04040
0.04391
0.04754
0.05129
0.05515

21953
68205
54091
00546
28726

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
.2.24

0.01126
0.01186
0.01247
0.01307
0.01367

40000
71878
10986
52443
91245

-0.07392
-0.07782
-0.08172
-0.08561
-0.08950

00000
06554
05532
65377
53824

0.21504
0.22606
0.23706
0.24801
0.25892

00000
72433
32264
92080
62848

-0.39424
-0.41289
-0.43137
-0.44966
-0.46773

00000
96758
73464
08405
78048

1.18272
1.18954
1.19609
1.20235
1.20832

00000
43042
17332
39865
26624

0.05913
0.06324
0.06747
0.07182
0.07631

60000
15959
18414
89394
51155

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29

0.01428
0.01488
0.01548
0.01608
0.01667

22266
40255
39838
15514
61653

-0.09338
-0.09724
-0.10109
-0.10492
-0.10872

37891
83876
57353
23168
45427

0.26977
0.28055
0.29126
0.30188
0.31240

53906
72952
26033
17536
50179

-0.48559
-0.50322
-0.52060
-0.53772

57031
18152
32358
68736
-0-.55457 94504

1.21398
1.21934
1.22438
1.22908
1.23346

92578
51676
16841
99968
11915

0.08093
0.08568
0.09057
0.09559
0.10076

26172
37145
06999
58886
16184

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34

0.01726
0.01785
0.01843
0.01901
0.01958

72500
42169
64646
33784
43305

-0.11249
-0.11624
-0.11994
-0.12361
-0.12723

87500
12010
80832
55083
95124

0.32282
0.33312
0.34329
0.35333
0.36323

25000
41346
96864
87492
07448

-0.57114
-0.58741
-0.60337
-0.61900
-0.63429

75000
73671
52064
69817
84648

1.23748
1.24115
1.24446
1.24739
1.24994

62500
60498
13632
28571
10924

0.10607
0.11152
0.11712
0.12287
0.12878

02500
41668
57754
75053
18095

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39

0.02014
0.02070
0.02125
0.02179
0.02232

86797
57715
49379
54974
67544

-0.13081
-0.13434
-0.13781
-0.14121
-0.14456

60547
10176
02060
93468
40883

0.37296
0.38253
0.39191
0.40111
0.41010

49219
03552
59445
04136
23092

-0.64923
-0.66380
-0.67798
-0.69177
-0.70513

52344
26752
59770
01336
99417

1.25209
1.25384
1.25519
1.25610
1.25659

65234
94976
02548
89268
55371

0.13484
0.14105
0.14743
0.15397
0.16067

11641
80685
50458
46426
94293

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44

0.02284
0.02335
0.02385
0.02434
0.02481

80000
85111
75506
43676
81965

-0.14784
-0.15104
-0.15416
-0.15720
-0.16016

00000
25717
72132
92540
39424

0.41888
0.42743
0.43574
0.44380
0.45160

00000
16758
53464
88405
98048

-0.71808
-0.73057
-0.74260
-0.75416
-0.76522

00000
47083
82664
46730
77248

1.25664
1.25623
1.25536
1.25401
1.25219

00000
21204
15932
80027
08224

0.16755
0.17459
0.18181
0.18920
0.19677

20000
49727
09894
27162
28435

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49

0.02527
0.02572
0.02615
0.02656
0.02696

82578
37575
38870
78234
47286

-0.16302
-0.16579
-0.16845
-0.17101
-0.17345

64453
18476
51516
12768
50590

0.45913
0.46637
0.47331
0.47993
0.48623

57031
38152
12358
48736
14504

-0.77578
-0.78580
-0.79529
-0.80421
-0.81256

10156
79352
16683
51936
12829

1.24986
1.24704
1.24370
1.23983
1.23542

94141
30276
08004
17568
48077

0.20452
0.21245
0.22058
0.22889
0.23739

40859
91825
08967
20166
53552

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

2.50

0.02734 37500

0.24609 37500
A -2

1.50

Az

-0.17578 12500

A2

0.49218 75000

Ax

-0.82031 25000

1.23046 87500

-l

-v

912

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
SIX-POINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

Table 25.1

tv^;-v _j

A -2

A -l

y*+3 p(p2-l)(p2_ 4 )( p -3)

-

@ l+k)\(S-k)[(p-k)

'

As

2.50
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54

0.02734
0.02770
0.02804
0.02836
0.02866

37500
40203
46566
47616
34225

-0.17578
-0.17798
-0.18005
-0.18200
-0.18380

12500
45173
94432
05246
21724

0.49218
0.49778
0.50302
0.50787
0.51233

75000
93671
32064
49817
04648

-0.82031
-0.82745
-0.83395
-0.83981
-0.84501

25000
11996
95264
94142
25848

1.23046
1.22495
1.21886
1.21219
1.20492

87500
22660
39232
21734
53524

0.24609
0.25499
0.26408
0.27338
0.28289

37500
00635
71834
80221
55175

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59

0.02893
0.02919
0.02942
0.02962
0.02980

97109
26835
13812
48294
20377

-0.18545
-0.18696
-0.18831
-0.18949
-0.19051

87109
43776
33223
96068
72046

0.51637
0.51999
0.52317
0.52589
0.52815

52344
46752
39770
81336
19417

-0.84952
-0.85332
-0.85640
-0.85874
-0.86032

05469
45952
58095
50536
29742

1.19705
1.18855
1.17943
1.16966
1.15924

16797
92576
60710
99868
87533

0.29261
0.30254
0.31268
0.32305
0.33363

26328
23565
77026
17106
74461

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

2.60
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64

0.02995
0.03007
0.03016
0.03022
0.03025

20000
36943
60826
81107
87085

-0.19136
-0.19202
-0.19249
-0.19277
-0.19285

00000
17879
62732
70702
77024

0.52992
0.53118
0.53193
0.53215
0.53181

00000
67083
62664
26730
97248

-0.86112
-0.86111
-0.86029
-0.85862
-0.85610

00000
63408
19864
67055
00448

1.14816
1.13639
1.12392
1.11076
1.09687

00000
12367
98532
31190
81824

0.34444
0.35548
0.36675
0.37825
0.39000

80000
64894
60574
98730
11315

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

2.65
2.66
2.67
2.68
2.69

0.03025
0.03022
0.03015
0.03004
0.02990

67891
12495
09704
48154
16317

-0.19273
-0.19239
-0.19183
-0.19104
-0.19002

16016
21076
24679
58368
52752

0.53092
0.52943
0.52735
0.52466
0.52133

10156
99352
96683
31936
32829

-0.85269
-0.84837
-0.84314
-0.83696
-0.82981

13281
96552
39008
27136
45154

1.08226
1.06690
1.05078
1.03389
1.01622

20703
16876
38166
51168
21240

0.40198
0.41420
0.42668
0.43940
0.45238

30547
88905
19134
54246
27520

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

2.70
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74

0.02972
0.02949
0.02923
0.02893
0.02858

02500
94834
81286
49650
87545

-0.18876
-0.18725
-0.18548
-0.18346
-0.18116

37500
41335
92032
16409
40324

0.51735
0.51270
0.50736
0.50132
0.49456

25000
31996
75264
74142
45848

-0.82167
-0.81252
-0.80234
-0.79111
-0.77879

75000
96321
86464
20467
71048

0.99775
0.97846
0.95836
0.93741
0.91561

12500
87823
08832
35896
28124

0.46561
0.47911
0.49287
0.50689
0.52119

72500
23003
13114
77188
49855

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

2.75
2.76
2.77
2.78
2.79

0.02819
0.02776
0.02727
0.02674
0.02616

82422
21555
92044
80814
74609

-0.17858
-0.17572
-0.17257
-0.16912
-0.16535

88672
85376
53385
14668
90208

0.48706
0.47879
0.46975
0.45991
0.44925

05469
65952
38095
30536
49742

-0.76538
-0.75084
-0.73515
-0.71829
-0.70023

08594
01152
14420
11736
54067

0.89294
0.86939
0.84494
0.81958
0.79330

43359
38176
67873
86468
46696

0.53576
0.55061
0.56574
0.58116
0.59686

66016
60845
69793
28586
73228

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

2.80
2.81
2.82
2.83
2.84

0.02553
0.02485
0.02411
0.02332
0.02247

60000
23376
50946
28741
42605

-0.16128
-0.15687
-0.15213
-0.14706
-0.14163

00000
63042
97332
19865
46624

0.43776
0.42540
0.41217
0.39805
0.38301

00000
83408
99864
47055
20448

-0.68096
-0.66044
-0.63865
-0.61557
-0.59117

00000
05733
25064
09380
07648

0.76608
0.73789
0.70874
0.67861
0.64747

00000
96529
85132
13352
27424

0.61286
0.62915
0.64574
0.66264
0.67984

40000
65462
86454
40097
63795

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.89

0.02156
0.02060
0.01957
0.01848
0.01733

78203
21015
56335
69274
44751

-0.13584
-0.12969
-0.12316
-0.11625
-0.10895

92578
71676
96841
79968
31915

0.36703
0.35009
0.33217
0.31325
0.29330

13281
16552
19008
07136
65154

-0.56542
-0.53831
-0.50980
-0.47987
-0.44849

66406
29752
39333
34336
51479

0.61531
0.58212
0.54789
0.51259
0.47621

72266
91476
27329
20768
11402

0.69735
0.71518
0.73333
0.75180
0.77059

95234
72385
33502
17126
62087

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

2.90
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94

0.01611
0.01483
0.01347
0.01205
0.01056

67500
22068
92806
63881
19265

-0.10124
-0.09312
-0.08458
-0.07562
-0.06621

62500
80498
93632
08571
30924

0.27231
0.25026
0.22711
0.20286
0.17746

75000
16321
66464
00467
91048

-0.41564
-0.38128
-0.34540
-0.30796
-0.26894

25000
86646
65664
88792
80248

0.43873
0.40014
0.36042
0.31955
0.27753

37500
35985
42432
91059
14724

0.78972
0.80917
0.82897
0.84911
0.86959

07500
92770
57594
41956
86135

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99

0.00899
0.00735
0.00563
0.00383
0.00195

42734
17875
28077
56534
86242

-0.05635
-0.04604
-0.03525
-0.02399
-0.01224

65234
14976
82547
69268
75371

0.15092
0.12319
0.09425
0.06409
0.03268

08594
21152
94420
91736
74067

-0.22831
-0.18604
-0.14210
-0.09647
-0.04911

61719
52352
68745
24936
32392

0.23432
0.18992
0.14430
0.09745
0.04936

44922
11776
44035
69068
12858

0.89043
0.91162
0.93316
0.95507
0.97735

30703
16525
84760
76866
34596

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

3.00

0.00000 00000

1.00000 00000

2.00

-43

0.00000 00000

A2

0.00000 00000

Ax

0.00000 00000

^0

0.00000 00000

A -l

A. -2

-P

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

913

seven-point lagrangian interpolation coefficients

.

4(p)=(A-z

1)k+ zP(P

Table 25.1

-l)(P 2 -4:)(p 2 -9)

(3+k)\(3-k)]( p -k)

Ji-X

A2

Ax

A3

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.00000
-0.00159
-0.00295
-0.00400
-0.00465

00000
10125
68000
28625
92000

0.00000
0.01409
0.02580
0.03445
0.03960

00000
18250
48000
94250
32000

0.00000
-0.06725
-0.11827
-0.15241
-0.16972

00000
64375
20000
66875
80000

1.00000
0.98642
0.94617
0.88062
0.79206

00000
77500
60000
97500
40000

0.00000
0.08220
0.17740
0.28305
0.39603

00000
23125
80000
95625
20000

0.00000
-0.01557
-0.03153
-0.04662
-0.05940

00000
51750
92000
15750
48000

.00000
.00170
.00337
.00489
.00609

00000
07375
92000
23875
28000

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-0.00488
-0.00465
-0.00400
-0.00295
-0.00159

28125
92000
28625
68000
10125

0.04101
0.03870
0.03291
0.02407
0.01283

56250
72000
24250
68000
78250

-0.17089
-0.15724
-0.13068
-0.09363
-0.04898

84375
80000
16875
20000
64375

0.68359
0.55910
0.42315
0.28089
0.13788

37500
40000
97500
60000
77500

0.51269
0.62899
0.74052
0.84268
0.93074

53125
20000
95625
80000
23125

-0.06835
-0.07188
-0.06835
-0.05617
-0.03384

93750
48000
65750
92000
51750

0, .00683

59375

0. ,00643

93875
0. ,00510 72000
0. 00295 47375

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.00000
0.00170
0.00337
0.00489
0.00609

00000
07375
92000
23875
28000

0.00000
-0.01349
-0.02661
-0.03824
-0.04730

00000
61750
12000
95750
88000

0.00000
0.04980
0.09676
0.13719
0.16755

00000
73125
80000
95625
20000

0.00000
-0.12678
-0.23654
-0.32365
-0.38297

00000
22500
40000
02500
60000

1.00000
1.04595
1.06444
1.05186
1.00531

00000
35625
80000
33125
20000

0.00000
0.04648
0.10644
0.18031
0.26808

00000
68250
48000
94250
32000

-0. 00367
-0. 00788
-0. 01237
-0. 01675

00000 00000
00125
48000
48625
52000

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.00683
0.00698
0.00643
0.00510
0.00295

59375
88000
93875
72000
47375

-0.05273
-0.05358
-0.04907
-0.03870
-0.02227

43750
08000
85750
72000
41750

0.18457
0.18547
0.16813
0.13132
0.07488

03125
20000
95625
80000
73125

-0.41015
-0.40185
-0.35606
-0.27238
-0.15240

62500
60000
02500
40000
22500

0.92285
0.80371
0.64853
0.45964
0.24130

15625
20000
83125
80000
35625

0.36914
0.48222
0.60530
0.73543
0.86869

06250
72000
24250
68000
28250

-0.02050
-0.02296
-0.02328
-0.02042
-0.01316

78125
32000
08625
88000
20125

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.00000
-0.00367
-0.00788
-0.01237
-0.01675

00000
00125
48000
48625
52000

0.00000
0.02739
0.05857
0.09151
0.12337

00000
08250
28000
64250
92000

0.00000
-0.09056
-0.19219
-0.29812
-0.39916

00000
64375
20000
16875
80000

0.00000
0.17825
0.37273
0.57031
0.75398

00000
0.00000 00000
77500 -0.25523 26875
60000 -0.51251 20000
97500 -0.75677 04375
40000 -0.96940 80000

1.00000
1.12302
1.23002
1.31173
1.35717

00000
38250
88000
54250
12000

0.00000
0.02079
0.05125
0.09369
0.15079

00000
67375
12000
53875
68000

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.02050
-0.02296
-0.02328
-0.02042
-0.01316

78125
32000
08625
88000
20125

0.15039
0.16773
0.16940
0.14810
0.09508

06250
12000
54250
88000
88250

-0.48339
-0.53580
-0.53797
-0.46771
-0.29867

84375
80000
66875
20000
64375

0.90234
0.98918
0.98296
0.84633
0.53555

37500
40000
97500
60000
77500

1.35351
1.28593
1.13743
0.88865
0.51770

56250
92000
64250
28000
58250

0.22558
0.32148
0.44233
0.59243
0.77655

59375
48000
63875
52000
87375

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.00000 00000

3.0

0.00000 00000

A3

0.00000 00000

A2

-1.12792
-1.20556
-1.17089
-0.98739
-0.61307

0.00000 00000

0.00000 00000

Ax

96875
80000
04375
20000
26875

0,

,00698 88000

0.

0.00000 00000

1.00000 00000

A-2

A-x

A-z

3.0

-P

EIGHT-POINT LAGRANGIAN INTERPOLATION COEFFICIENTS

x

A -3

A -2

kWJ~

A -1

"V.

*-,/

;3+fc)!(4-fc)!(p-fc)

Ax

A2

Az

A,

0.00000
-0.00088
-0.00160
-0.00211
-0.00239
-0.00244

00000
64213
51200
57988
61600
14063

0.00000
0.00915
0.01634
0.02124
0.02376
0.02392

00000
96863
30400
99787
19200
57812

0.00000
-0.05246
-0.08988
-0.11278
-0.12220
-0.11962

00000
00213
67200
83487
41600
89062

1.00000
0.96176
0.89886
0.81458
0.71285
0.59814

00000
70563
72000
25188
76000
45312

0.00000
0.10686
0.22471
0.34910
0.47523
0.59814

00000
30063
68000
67938
84000
45313

0.00000
-0.03037
-0.05992
-0.08624
-0.10692
-0.11962

00000
15913
44800
99137
86400
89062

0.00000
0.00663
0.01284
0.01810
0.02193
0.02392

00000
28763
09600
18337
40800
57812

0.00000
-0.00070
-0.00135
-0.00188
-0.00226
-0.00244

00000
45913
16800
70638
30400
14062

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

0.00000
0.00070
0.00135
0.00188
0.00226

00000
45912
16800
70638
30400

0.00000
-0.00652
-0.01241
-0.01721
-0.02050

00000
31512
85600
23088
04800

0.00000
0.02888
0.05419
0.07408
0.08712

00000
82412
00800.

77638
70400

0.00000
-0.09191
-0.16558
-0.21846
-0.24893

00000
71312
08000
39188
44000

1.00000
1.01108
0.99348
0.94667
0.87127

00000
84438
48000
69812
04000

0.00000
0.06740
0.14902
0.24343
0.34850

00000
58962
27200
12238
81600

0.00000
-0.01064
-0.02207
-0.03341
-0.04356

00000
30362
74400
21288
35200

0.00000
0.00099
0.00202
0.00300
0.00382

00000
61462
75200
53238
97600

-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4

0.00244
0.00239
0.00211
0.00160
0.00088

14062
61600
57988
51200
64213

-0.02197
-0.02143
-0.01881
-0.01419
-0.00779

26562
23200
34538
26400
59613

0.09228
0.08902
0.07734
0.05778
0.03145

51562
65600
41988
43200
26712

-0.25634
-0.24111
-0.20473
-0.14981
-0.08001

76562
36000
46438
12000
11812

0.76904
0.64296
0.49721
0.33707
0.16891

29688
96000
27062
52000
24938

0.46142
0.57867
0.69609
0.80898
0.91212

57812
26400
77888
04800
74662

-0.05126
-0.05511
-0.05354
-0.04494
-0.02764

95312
16800
59838
33600
02263

0.00439
0.00459
0.00432
0.00350
0.00206

45312
26400
35888
20800
83163

-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9

0.00000
0.00099
0.00202
0.00300
0.00382

00000
61462
75200
53238
97600

0.00000
0.00867
0.01757
0.02592
0.03290

00000
37612
18400
96538
11200

0.00000
-0.03441
-0.06918
-0.10136
-0.12773

00000
52462
91200
13738
37600

0.00000
0.08467
0.16773
0.24238
0.30159

00000
24312
12000
58938
36000

0.00000
-0.16164
-0.30750
-0.42883
-0.51701

00000
73688
72000
65812
76000

1.00000
1.06687
1.10702
1.11497
1.08573

00000
26338
59200
51112
69600

0.00000
0.03951
0.09225
0.15928
0.24127

00000
38012
21600
21588
48800

0.00000
-0.00267
-0.00585
-0.00936
-0.01292

00000
38662
72800
95388
54400

-1.0
-1.1
-1.2
-1.3
-1.4

0.00439
0.00459
0.00432
0.00350
0.00206

45312
26400
35888
20800
83162

0.03759
0.03913
0.03670
0.02962
0.01743

76562
72800
45088
17600
29512

-0.14501
-0.15002
-0.13987
-0.11225
-0.06570

95312
62400
39388
08800
88162

0.33837
0.34621
0.31946
0.25390
0.14727

89062
44000
51688
08000
83812

-0.56396
-0.56259
-0.50738
-0.39495
-0.22479

48438
84000
58562
68000
33188

1.01513
0.90015
0.73933
0.53319
0.28473

67188
74400
36762
16800
82038

0.33837
0.45007
0.57503
0.71092
0.85421

89062
87200
73038
22400
46112

-0.01611
-0.01837
-0.01895
-0.01692
-0.01109

32812
05600
72738
67200
36962

-1.5
-1.6
-1.7
-1.8
-1.9

0.00000
0.00267
0.00585
0.00936
0.01292

00000
38662
72800
95388
54400

0.00000
-0.02238
-0.04888
-0.07796
-0.10723

00000
70762
57600
16338
32800

0.00000
0.08354
0.18157
0.28827
0.39481

00000
20162
56800
67388
34400

0.00000
-0.18415
-0.39719
-0.62605
-0.85155

00000
17562
68000
55438
84000

0.00000
0.27184
0.57774
0.89825
1.20637

00000
30688
08000
36062
44000

0.00000
-0.31138
-0.63551
-0.95353
-1.24084

00000
38788
48800
07512
22400

1.00000
1.14174
1.27102
1.37732
1.44764

00000
08888
97600
21962
92800

0.00000
0.01812
0.04539
0.08432
0.13787

00000
28712
39200
58488
13600

-2.0
-2.1
-2.2
-2.3
-2.4

0.01611
0.01837
0.01895
0.01692
0.01109

32812
05600
72738
67200
36962

-0.13330
-0.15155
-0.15598
-0.13891
-0.09081

07812
71200
17788
58400
78862

0.48876
0.55351
0.56750
0.50356
0.32805

95312
29600
81738
99200
64462

-1.04736
-1.17877
-1.20148
-1.06014
-0.68695

32812
76000
12688
72000
58062

1.46630
1.63215
1.64647
1.43877
0.92383

85938
36000
43312
12000
71188

-1.46630
-1.59134
-1.56899
-1.34285
-0.84604

85938
97600
31862
31200
03088

1.46630
1.41453
1.27013
1.00713
0.59536

85938
31200
73412
98400
16988

0.20947
0.30311
0.42337
0.57550
0.76546

26562
42400
91138
84800
50412

-2.5
-2.6
-2.7
-2.8
-2.9

1.00000 00000

-3.0

0.00000 00000

A4

0.00000 00000

A3

0.00000 00000

A2

0.00000 00000

0.00000 00000

Ao

0.00000 00000

A. -1

0.00000 00000

A. -2

A. -3

0.0

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

914

COEFFICIENTS FOR DIFFERENTIATION

Table 25.2

-g^ L^otS^"^

Differentiation Formula:

FIRST DERIVATIVE
Ao

A3

A2

A\

THIRD DERIVATIVE

(fe=l)

A$

^0

Error

-1

1/3

-1

-4

1
3

(3)

-1/6 h'f
1/3

2
3

-1
-1
-1
-1

3
3

18
-3

-9

-11
-2

-1

-10
-6
-2

36
20

-6

-2

-18

11

2
6

-50
-6

-2
6

-274
-24

-6

24

-6
4

40

60

-240

130
-600

-6
24
274

30

-24

-40
150

600

A2

^3

-1/6
1/30
-1/60 n 6
l/60
-1/30
1/6

-2

-1/2

-2

-l/24h

-2

6
3

-15
-6
3

1/2

12

-6
-15

12

-104
-20

114

-56

35
11

-1
-1

16

-30

16
-20

11

-56

114

-104

225

-770
-75

Five Point

3
4

-5
-35

205

Six Point

>=5)

-590
-170

490
110
-70
-50
170
590

355

50
70

-110
-490

35

50

-5

-50

80
-5
-30
305

5,(5)
hf

-5/16
-1/48

-205
-35

35

35

-5

-125
-355

35
85

-1/48
1/48
5/16

A5

Error

^h

(b)

A3

Ai

(k==4)

A4

3
4

(3)

-4

M>

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

-4
-4
-4
-4

-1/24
6,16)
-1/144 hf
1/24 h 5 f(5)
1/12

(3)

-70
-45
-20

Six Point (m=5)

-120
130
-70
80
-20
30

-20
-70
-120

-5
-10

30
55

30
80

130

55
30

-10

10
15

17/144
5/144
-1/144.6,(6)
h f
-1/144
5/144
17/144

Error

-5

-20
-45
-70

(i =4)

-5/12 5 (5)
I/ 24
6
(6)'
1/180 h f-1/24 h 5 f (5)
5/12

11
-1
-1
11
35

FIFTH DERIVATIVE (A=5)

Ao

A\

-780

305

-50

70
80

-30

80
70

-150
-20
1070

-5
80

-75
-770

-5
50
225

Compiled from W. G. Bickley, Formulae

137/360
-13/360
1/180.B 6,(6)
t
1/180
-13/360
137/360

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1

2
3

for numerical differentiation,

A3

A2
Six Point

1070
-20
-150

-780

10

FOURTH DERIVATIVE

Six Point (n 1=5)

1

(6>

11/24
-1/24 4 (4)
-1/24 h f
11/24

-3

-3

15
10

2
3

48

(m- =3)

Four Point

-28

-20
-36

7/24

VZ1
-1/24
1/24
7/24

Five Point (w=4)

24

Error

Three Point (m =2)

m=4)

A\

-12

(fc=2)

-6
-2

125
-5
-35

-1/12 h 4 f (4)
1/12
1/4

1
1

28
12
-4

-85
-35
-5

SECOND DERIVATIVE
A

1
2
3

1/5

50

40

(4)

-1/20

-30

-4

-Y/IL^

-2

-150

2
3
4

Error

-1 / 4

-48
-24

1/5

-120
120

240
-40
-120
120
-400

Six Point (m = 5)
-600
400
600

-130
-60

Five Point

-1/4
1/12
-1/12 h
1/4

Five Point (m =4)

-72
32
96
-12
-20
36
-16
16
-36
20
12
-96
-32
72

-3
-3
-3
-3

Four Point (m= =3)

A5

Four Point (m=3)

Three Point (m=2)

-3

A4

A3

Ai

A\

(fe=3)

5
5

Math. Gaz.

-10
-10
-10
-10
-10
-10

11=5)

10
10
10
10
10
10

25, 19-27, 1941

-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5

1
1
1

1
1

-1/48
-1/80
-1/240. 6 (6)
n r
l/240
1/80
1/48

(with permission).

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

915

LAGRANGIAN INTEGRATION COEFFICIENTS

Table 25.3

DAl(m)
n = odd

m\k

-1

-2
-1

-4

-3

-1

1070017
-33953
7297
-3233

-1

1
8

-1

251
-19

646
346

-264
456

106
-74

-19

19087
-863
271

65112
25128
-2760

-46461
46989
30819

37504
-16256
37504

-20211
7299
-6771

6312
-2088
1608

4467094
1375594
-99626
36394

-4604594
3244786
1638286
-216014

5595358
-1752542
2631838
1909858

-5033120
1317280
-833120
2224480

3146338
-755042
397858
-425762

-1291214
294286
-142094
126286

312874
-68906
31594
-25706

12

720

-863

60480

271

11

-191

-2

-1

-3
-2
-1

-4
-3
-2

-2

-33953
7297
-3233
2497

-3

-4

3
2

3628800

k\m

= even
=

-4

n m\k
4

-3

-2

-1

-1

1
9

-1

-798
1022

11

1427
637
-93

139849
47799
-4183
1879

-121797
101349
57627
-9531

475

-27

-3
-2
-1

36799
-1375
351

-191

10 -4
-3
-2
-1

19
13

-5
13

-1

24

482

-173
77

27
-11

802

-258
802

-93

11

123133
-44797
81693
68323

-88547
26883
-20227
68323

41499
-11547
7227
-9531

-11351
2999
-1719
1879

1440

1375
-351

3
2

191

-2

Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Lagrangian interpolation

bia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1944 (with permission).

716-654

64

59

120960

-191

2082753 9449717 -11271304 16002320 -17283646 13510082 -7394032 2687864 -583435

-57281 2655563
110219
6872072 -4397584
3973310 -2848834
1481072 -520312
-42187
-617584
10625 -163531
-2166334
1295810
206072
3133688
5597072
-3969
-342136
50315
3609968
462320 -141304
27467
4763582 -1166146
-28939
-28939
2497
-641776
162680
162680
4134338
4134338 -641776
5

57281
10625
3969
-2497
2497

-3
coefficients.

-4

4
3
2
1

k\m

Colum-

7257600

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

916
Table 25.4

ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR GAUSSIAN INTEGRATION

*/()

f^f(z)dx~

Weight Factors=w i

Abscissas=.Ti (Zeros of Legendre Polynomials)

Xi

xi

0.18343
0.52553
0.79666
0.96028

46424
24099
64774
98564

95650
16329
13627
97536

0.36268
0.31370
0.22238
0.10122

37833
66458
10344
85362

78362
77887
53374
90376

0.00000
0.32425
0.61337
0.83603
0.96816

00000
34234
14327
11073
02395

00000
03809
00590
26636
07626

0.33023
0.31234
0.26061
0.18064
0.08127

93550
70770
06964
81606
43883

01260
40003
02935
94857
61574

0.14887
0.43339
0.67940
0.86506
0.97390

43389
53941
95682
33666
65285

81631
29247
99024
88985
17172

0.29552
0.26926
0.21908
0.14945
0.06667

42247
67193
63625
13491
13443

14753
09996
15982
50581
08688

0.12523
0.36783
0.58731
0.76990
0.90411
0.98156

34085
14989
79542
26741
72563
06342

11469
98180
86617
94305
70475
46719

0.24914
0.23349
0.20316
0.16007
0.10693
0.04717

70458
25365
74267
83285
93259
53363

13403
38355
23066
43346
95318
86512

1.00000 00000 00000

0.57735 02691 89626

n.

=3
0.88888 88888 88889
0.55555 55555 55556

0.00000 00000 00000

0.77459 66692 41483

n=4
0.65214 51548 62546
0.34785 48451 37454

0.33998 10435 84856

0.86113 63115 94053

n=5
0.56888 88888 88889
0.47862 86704 99366
0.23692 68850 56189

0.00000 00000 00000

0.53846 93101 05683
0.90617 98459 38664

n=6
0.23861 91860 83197
0.66120 93864 66265
0.93246 95142 03152

0.00000
0.40584
0.74153
0.94910

00000
51513
11855
79123

00000
77397
99394
42759

0.46791 39345 72691

0.36076 15730 48139
0.17132 44923 79170

0.41795
0.38183
0.27970
0.12948

91836
00505
53914
49661

i=12

73469
05119
89277
68870

0.09501
0.28160
0.45801
0.61787
0.75540
0.86563
0.94457
0.98940

xi
25098 37637
35507 79258
67776 57227
62444 02643
44083 55003
12023 87831
50230 73232
09349 91649

440185
913230
386342
748447
033895
743880
576078
932596

0.07652
0.22778
0.37370
0.51086
0.63605
0.74633
0.83911
0.91223
0.96397
0.99312

65211
58511
60887
70019
36807
19064
69718
44282
19272
85991

33497
41645
15419
50827
26515
60150
22218
51325
77913
85094

333755
078080
560673
098004
025453
792614
823395
905868
791268
924786

68928
88674
26796
35076
14713
36519
41915
19859
55270
45520
85559
72199

62605
73616
96163
26045
88839
36975
78554
73902
04401
02732
71309
97021

626085
309159
374387
138487
535658
569252
364244
921954
034213
758524
498198
360180

10

n= 16
=

0.18945
0.18260
0.16915
0.14959
0.12462
0.09515
0.06225
0.02715

06104
34150
65193
59888
89712
85116
35239
24594

55068
44923
95002
16576
55533
82492
38647
11754

496285
588867
538189
732081
872052
784810
892863
094852

0.15275
0.14917
0.14209
0.13168
0.11819
0.10193
0.08327
0.06267
0.04060
0.01761

33871
29864
61093
86384
45319
01198
67415
20483
14298
40071

30725
72603
18382
49176
61518
17240
76704
34109
00386
39152

850698
746788
051329
626898
417312
435037
748725
063570
941331
118312

=20

i=24
81953 46752 156974
74563 46828 296121
04729 27803 391204
56680 53725 6Q1353
42701 15965 634783
86521 04113 888270
01615 31953 275917
64814 11080 305734
85849 15436 780746
74388 17419 806169
13886 28933 663181
12297 99987 199547
Compiled from P. Davis and P. Rabinowitz, Abscissas and weights for Gaussian quadratures of high
order, J. Research NBS 56, 35-37, 1956, RP2645; P. Davis and P. Rabinowitz, Additional abscissas
and weights for Gaussian quadratures of high order. Values for <;=64, 80, and 96, J. Research NBS 60,
613-614, 1958, RP2875; and A. N. Lowan, N. Davids, and A. Levenson, Table of the zeros of the Legendre
0.06405
0.19111
0.31504
0.43379
0.54542
0.64809
0.74012
0.82000
0.88641
0.93827
0.97472
0.99518

0.12793
0.12583
0.12167
0.11550
0.10744
0.09761
0.08619
0.07334
0.05929
0.04427
0.02853
0.01234

polynomials of order 1-16 and the weight coefficients for Gauss' mechanical quadrature formula, Bull.
Amer. Math. Soc. 48, 739-743, 1942 (with permission).

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

917
Table 25.4

ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR GAUSSIAN INTEGRATION

f^f(x)dx~

V wiffa)

Abscissas=rr i (Zeros of Legendre Polynomials)

Weight Factors=w i

xi

n=32
0.04830
0.14447
0.23928
0.33186
0.42135
0.50689
0.58771
0.66304
0.73218
0.79448
0.84936
0.89632
0.93490
0.96476
0.98561
0.99726

76656
19615
73622
86022
12761
99089
57572
42669
21187
37959
76137
11557
60759
22555
15115
38618

87738
82796
52137
82127
30635
32229
40762
30215
40289
67942
32569
66052
37739
87506
45268
49481

316235
493485
074545
649780
345364
390024
329041
200975
680387
406963
970134
123965
689171
430774
335400
563545

0.03877
0.11608
0.19269
0.26815
0.34199
0.41377
0.48307
0.54946
0.61255
0.67195
0.72731
0.77830
0.82461
0.86595
0.90209
0.93281
0.95791
0.97725
0.99072
0.99823

24175
40706
75807
21850
40908
92043
58016
71250
38896
66846
82551
56514
22308
95032
88069
28082
68192
99499
62386
77097

06050
75255
01371
07253
25758
71605
86178
95128
67980
14179
89927
26519
33311
12259
68874
78676
13791
83774
99457
10559

821933
208483
099716
681141
473007
001525
712909
202076
237953
548379
103281
387695
663196
503821
296728
533361
655805
262663
006453
200350

0.03238
0.09700
0.16122
0.22476
0.28736
0.34875
0.40868
0.46690
0.52316
0.57722
0.62886
0.67787
0.72403
0.76715
0.80706
0.84358
0.87657
0.90587
0.93138
0.95298
0.97059
0.98412
0.99353
0.99877

01709
46992
23560
37903
24873
58862
64819
29047
09747
47260
73967
23796
41309
90325
62040
82616
20202
91367
66907
77031
15925
45837
01722
10072

62869
09462
68891
94689
55455
92160
90716
50958
22233
83972
76513
32663
23814
15740
29442
24393
74247
15569
06554
60430
46247
22826
66350
52426

362033
698930
718056
061225
576736
738160
729916
404545
033678
703818
623995
905212
654674
339254
627083
530711
885906
672822
333114
860723
250461
857745
757548
118601

0.09654
0.09563
0.09384
0.09117
0.08765
0.08331
0.07819
0.07234
0.06582
0.05868
0.05099
0.04283
0.03427
0.02539
0.01627
0.00701

00885
87200
43990
38786
20930
19242
38957
57941
22227
40934
80592
58980
38629
20653
43947
86100

14727
79274
80804
95763
04403
26946
87070
08848
76361
78535
62376
22226
13021
09262
30905
09470

800567
859419
565639
884713
811143
755222
306472
506225
846838
547145
176196
680657
433103
059456
670605
096600

0.07750
0.07703
0.07611
0.07472
0.07288
0.07061
0.06791
0.06480
0.06130
0.05743
0.05322
0.04869
0.04387
0.03878
0.03346
0.02793
0.02224
0.01642
0.01049
0.00452

59479
98181
03619
31690
65823
16473
20458
40134
62424
97690
78469
58076
09081
21679
01952
70069
58491
10583
82845
12770

78424
64247
00626
57968
95804
91286
15233
56601
92928
99391
83936
35072
85673
74472
82547
80023
94166
81907
31152
98533

811264
965588
242372
264200
059061
779695
903826
038075
939167
551367
824355
232061
271992
017640
847393
401098
957262
888713
813615
191258

0.06473
6.06446
0.06392
0.06311
0.06203
0.06070
0.05911
0.05727
0.05519
0.05289
0.05035
0.04761
0.04467
0.04154
0.03824
0.03477
0.03116
0.02742
0.02357
0.01961
0.01557
0.01147
0.00732
0.00315

76968
61644
42385
41922
94231
44391
48396
72921
95036
01894
90355
66584
45608
50829
13510
72225
72278
65097
07608
61604
93157
72345
75539
33460

12683
35950
84648
86254
59892
65893
98395
00403
99984
85193
53854
92490
56694
43464
65830
64770
32798
08356
39324
57355
22943
79234
01276
52305

922503
082207
186624
025657
663904
880053
635746
215705
162868
667096
474958
474826
280419
749214
706317
438893
088902
948200
379141
527814
848728
539490
262102
838633

71= 40

n= 48

918

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Table 25.4

ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR GAUSSIAN INTEGRATION

Abscissas=.r, (Zeros of Legendre Polynomials)

Weight Factors-t^

Xi

Wi

1=64
0.02435
0.07299
0.12146
0.16964
0.21742
0.26468
0.31132
0.35722
0.40227
0.44636
0.48940
0.53127
0.57189
0.61115
0.64896
0.68523
0.71988
0.75281
0.78397
0.81326
0.84062
0.86599
0.88931
0.91052
0.92956
0.94641
0.96100
0.97332
0.98333
0.99101
0.99634
0.99930

02926
31217
28192
44204
36437
71622
28719
01583
01579
60172
31457
94640
56462
53551
54712
63130
18501
99072
23589
53151
92962
93981
54459
21370
91721
13748
87996
68277
62538
33714
01167
50417

63424
87799
96120
23992
40007
08767
90210
37668
63991
53464
07052
19894
02634
72393
54657
54233
71610
60531
43341
22797
52580
54092
95114
78502
31939
58402
52053
89910
84625
76744
71955
35772

432509
039450
554470
818037
084150
416374
956158
115950
603696
087985
957479
545658
034284
250249
339858
242564
826849
896612
407610
559742
362752
819761
105853
805756
575821
816062
718919
963742
956931
320739
279347
139457

0.01951
0.05850
0.09740
0.13616
0.17471
0.21299
0.25095
0.28852
0.32566
0.36230
0.39839
0.43387
0.46869
0.50280
0.53614
0.56867
0.60033
0.63107
0.66085
0.68963
0.71736
0.74400
0.76950
0.79383
0.81695
0.83883
0.85943
0.87872
0.89667
0.91326
0.92845
0.94224
0.95459
0.96548
0.97490
0.98284
0.98929
0.99422
0.99764
0.99955

13832
44371
83984
40228
22918
45028
23583
80548
43707
47534
34058
53708
66151
41118
59208
12681
06228
57730
98989
76443
51853
02975
24201
27175
41386
14735
14066
25676
55794
31025
98771
27613
07663
50890
91405
85727
13024
75409
98643
38226

56793
52420
41584
09143
32646
57666
92272
84511
47701
99487
81969
31756
70544
88784
97131
22709
29751
46871
86119
42027
62099
83597
35041
04605
81463
80255
63111
78213
38770
71757
72445
09872
43634
43799
85727
38629
99755
65688
98237
51630

997654
668629
599063
886559
812559
132572
120493
853109
914619
315619
227024
093062
477036
987594
932020
784725
743155
966248
801736
600771
880254
272317
373866
449949
470371
275617
096977
828704
683194
654165
795953
674752
905493
251452
793386
070418
531027
277892
688900
629880

0.04869
0.04857
0.04834
0.04799
0.04754
0.04696
0.04628
0.04549
0.04459
0.04358
0.04247
0.04126
0.03995
0.03855
0.03705
0.03547
0.03380
0.03205
0.03023
0.02833
0.02637
0.02435
0.02227
0.02013
0.01795
0.01572
0.01346
0.01116
0.00884
0.00650
0.00414
0.00178

09570
54674
47622
93885
01657
81828
47965
16279
05581
37245
35151
25632
37411
01531
51285
22132
51618
79283
46570
96726
74697
27025
01738
48231
17157
60304
30478
81394
67598
44579
70332
32807

09139
41503
34802
96458
14830
16210
81314
27418
63756
29323
23653
42623
32720
78615
40240
56882
37141
54851
72402
14259
15054
68710
08383
53530
75697
76024
96718
60131
26363
68978
60562
21696

720383
426935
957170
307728
308662
017325
417296
144480
563060
453377
589007
528610
341387
629129
046040
383811
609392
553585
478868
483228
658672
873338
254159
209372
343085
719322
642598
128819
947723
362856
467635
432947

0.03901
0.03895
0.03883
0.03866
0.03842
0.03812
0.03777
0.03736
0.03689
0.03637
0.03579
0.03516
0.03447
0.03373
0.03294
0.03210
0.03121
0.03027
0.02928
0.02825
0.02718
0.02607
0.02492
0.02373
0.02250
0.02124
0.01995
0.01862
0.01727
0.01589
0.01449
0.01306
0.01162
0.01016
0.00868
0.00719
0.00569
0.00418
0.00266
0.00114

78136
83959
96510
17597
49930
97113
63643
54902
77146
37499
43939
05290
31204
32149
19393
04986
01741
23217
83695
98160
82275
52357
25357
18828
50902
40261
06108
68142
46520
61835
35080
87615
41141
17660
39452
29047
09224
03131
35335
49500

56306
62769
59051
74076
06959
14477
62001
38730
38276
05835
53416
44747
51753
84611
97645
73487
88114
59557
83267
57276
00486
67565
64115
65930
46332
15782
78141
08299
56269
83725
40509
92401
20797
41103
69260
68117
51403
24694
89512
03186

654811
531199
968932
463327
423185
638344
397490
490027
008839
978044
054603
593496
928794
522817
401383
773148
701642
980661
847693
862397
380674
117903
491105
101293
461926
006389
998929
031429
306359
688045
076117
339294
826916
064521
858426
312753
198649
895237
681669
941534

n= 80

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

919
Table 25.4

ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR GAUSSIAN INTEGRATION

f(x)dz
f
J1

Abscissas=^ (Zeros

of

v>if(xi)

Legendre Polynomials)

Weight Factors^

Xi

96
0.01627
0.04881
0.08129
0.11369
0.14597
0.17809

67448
29851
74954
58501
37146
68823

49602
36049
64425
10665
54896
67618

969579
731112
558994
920911
941989
602759

0.03255
0.03251
0.03244
0.03234
0.03220
0.03203

06144
61187
71637
38225
62047
44562

92363
13868
14064
68575
94030
31992

166242
835987
269364
928429
250669
663218

0.21003
0.24174
0.27319
0.30436
0.33520
0.36569

13104
31561
88125
49443
85228
68614

60567
63840
91049
54496
92625
72313

203603
012328
141487
353024
422616
635031

0.03182
0.03158
0.03131
0.03101
0.03067
0.03029

87588
93307
64255
03325
13761
99154

94411
70727
96861
86313
23669
20827

006535
168558
355813
837423
149014
593794

0.39579
0.42547
0.45470
0.48345
0.51169
0.53938

76498
89884
94221
79739
41771
81083

28908
07300
67743
20596
54667
24357

603285
545365
008636
359768
673586
436227

0.02989
0.02946
0.02899
0.02849
0.02797
0.02741

63441
10899
46141
74110
00076
29627

36328
58167
50555
65085
16848
26029

385984
905970
236543
385646
334440
242823

0.56651
0.59303
0.61892
0.64416
0.66871
0.69256

04185
23647
58401
34037
83100
45366

61397
77572
25468
84967
43916
42171

168404
080684
570386
106798
153953
561344

0.02682
0.02621
0.02557
0.02490
0.02420
0.02348

68667
23407
00360
06332
48417
33990

25591
35672
05349
22483
92364
85926

762198
413913
361499
610288
691282
219842

0.71567
0.73803
0.75960
0.78036
0.80030
0.81940

68123
06437
23411
90438
87441
03107

48967
44400
76647
67433
39140
37931

626225
132851
498703
217604
817229
675539

0.02273
0.02196
0.02117
0.02035
0.01951
0.01866

70696
66444
29398
67971
90811
06796

58329
38744
92191
54333
40145
27411

374001
349195
298988
324595
022410
467385

0.83762
0.85495
0.87138
0.88689
0.90146
0.91507

35112
90334
85059
45174
06353
14231

28187
34601
09296
02420
15852
20898

121494
455463
502874
416057
341319
074206

0.01778
0.01688
0.01597
0.01503
0.01409
0.01312

25023
54798
05629
87210
09417
82295

16045
64245
02562
26994
72314
66961

260838
172450
291381
938006
860916
572637

0.92771
0.93937
0.95003
0.95968
0.96832
0.97593

24567
03397
27177
82914
68284
91745

22308
52755
84437
48742
63264
85136

690965
216932
635756
539300
212174
466453

0.01215
0.01116
0.01016
0.00914
0.00812
0.00709

16046
21020
07705
86712
68769
64707

71088
99838
35008
30783
25698
91153

319635
498591
415758
386633
759217
865269

0.98251
0.98805
0.99254
0.99598
0.99836
0.99968

72635
41263
39003
18429
43758
95038

63014
29623
23762
87209
63181
83230

677447
799481
624572
290650
677724
766828

0.00605
0.00501
0.00396
0.00291
0.00185
0.00079

85455
42027
45543
07318
39607
67920

04235
42927
38444
17934
88946
65552

961683
517693
686674
946408
921732
012429

920

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
ABSCISSAS FOR EQUAL WEIGHT CHEBYSHEV INTEGRATION

Table 25.5

f(x)dx~f

ft

S /()

Abscissas=a;i

Xi
0.57735 02692

xi

Xi

0.83249 74870
0.37454 14096
0.00000 00000

0.88386
0.52965
0.32391
0.00000

17008
67753
18105
00000

0.91158
0.60101
0.52876
0.16790
0.00000

93077
86554
17831
61842
00000

0.70710 67812
0.00000 00000

0.86624 68181
0.42251 86538
0.26663 54015

0.79465 44723
0.18759 24741

Compiled from H. E.

Salzer, Tables for facilitating the use of Chebyshev's quadrature formula,

Phys. 26, 191-194, 1947 (with permission).

Table 25.6

J.

Math.

ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR LOBATTO INTEGRATION

1

Jf

n-l

f{x)dx -

+V
mf(xi) + i%/(l)
i=2

wj( -1) -s
1=2

Weight Factors=w;

Abscissas=.ii

Xi

.vi

1.00000 000
0.00000 000

1.00000 000
0.44721 360

1.00000 000
0.65465 367
0.00000 000

1.00000
0.83022
0.46884
0.00000

000
390
879
000

0.04761
0.27682
0.43174
0.48761

904
604
538
904

0.

1.00000
0.87174
0.59170
0.20929

000
015
018
922

0.03571
0.21070
0.34112
0.41245

428
422
270
880

0.10000 000
0.54444 444
0.71111 111

1.00000
0.89975
0.67718
0.36311
0.00000

00000
79954
62795
74638
00000

0.02777
0.16549
0.27453
0.34642
0.37151

77778
53616
87126
85110
92744

1.00000
0.91953
0.73877
0.47792
0.16527

00000
39082
38651
49498
89577

0.02222
0.13330
0.22488
0.29204
0.32753

22222
59908
93420
26836
97612

0.33333 333
1.33333 333

16666 667
0.83333 333

10

1.00000 000
0.06666 667
0.37847 496
0.76505 532
0.55485 838
0.28523 152
Compiled from Z. Kopal, Numerical analysis, John Wiley

&

Sons, Inc.,

New

York, N.Y., 1955 (with

permission).

Table 25.7

ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR GAUSSIAN INTEGRATION

FOR INTEGRANDS WITH A LOGARITHMIC SINGULARITY
n

r,

ft

f(x) Ins

rf,-

Abscissas=:i{
Xi

0.112009
0.602277

U>{

0.718539
0.281461

0.00285

xi

0.063891
0.368997
0.766880

Compiled from Berthod-Zaborowski, Le

f(2n)(y\

= .S

wif{,-i)

+^)T K

Weight Factors=wi
Wi
0.513405
0.391980
0.094615

calcul des integrates de la

Techniques de calcul numerique, pp. 555-556.

1952 (with permission).

0.00017

forme

Wi

Xi

0.041448
0.245275
0.556165
0.848982
1

/^') log >

0.383464
0.386875
0.190435
0.039225
</'.

K
0.00001

H. Mineur,

j,,

Librairie Polytechnique Ch. Beranger, Paris, France,

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

921

ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR GAUSSIAN INTEGRATION OF

k=2

fc=l
wi

Xi

Table 25.8

Weight Factors =Wi

Abscissas =Xi

k=0
n

MOMENTS

xi

Wi

xi

Wi

0.50000 00000

1.00000 00000

0.66666 66667

0.50000 00000

0.75000 00000

0.33333 33333

0.21132 48654
0.78867 51346

0.50000 00000
0.50000 00000

0.35505 10257
0.84494 89743

0.18195 86183
0.31804 13817

0.45584 81560
0.87748 51773

0.10078 58821
0.23254 74513

0.11270 16654
0.50000 00000
0.88729 83346

0.27777 77778
0.44444 44444
0.27777 77778

0.21234 05382
0.59053 31356
0.91141 204C5

0.06982 69799
0.22924 11064
0.20093 19137

0.29499 77901
0.65299 62340
0.92700 59759

0.02995 07030
0.14624 62693
0.15713 63611

0.06943
0.33000
0.66999
0.93056

18442
94782
05218
81558

0.17392
0.32607
0.32607
0.17392

74226
25774
25774
74226

0.13975
0.41640
0.72315
0.94289

98643
95676
69864
58039

0.03118
0.12984
0.20346
0.13550

09710
75476
45680
69134

0.20414
0.48295
0.76139
0.95149

85821
27049
92624
94506

0.01035
0.06863
0.14345
0.11088

22408
38872
87898
84156

0.04691
0.23076
0.50000
0.76923
0.95308

00770
53449
00000
46551
99230

0.11846
0.23931
0.28444
0.23931
0.11846

34425
43352
44444
43352
34425

0.09853
0.30453
0.56202
0.80198
0.96019

50858
57266
51898
65821
01429

0.01574
C.07390
0.14638
0.16717
0.09678

79145
88701
69871
46381
15902

0.14894
0.36566
0.61011
0.82651
0.96542

57871
65274
36129
96792
10601

0.00411
0.03205
0.08920
0.12619
0.08176

38252
56007
01612
89619
47843

0.03376
0.16939
0.38069
0.61930
0.83060
0.96623

52429
53068
04070
95930
46932
47571

0.08566
0.18038
0.23395
0.23395
0.18038
0.08566

22462
07865
69673
69673
07865
22462

0.07305
0.23076
0.44132
0.66301
0.85192
0.97068

43287
61380
84812
53097
14003
35728

0.00873
0.04395
0.09866
0.14079
0.13554
0.07231

83018
51656
11509
25538
24972
03307

0.11319
0.28431
0.49096
0.69756
0.86843
0.97409

43838
88727
35868
30820
60583
54449

0.00183
0.01572
0.05128
0.09457
0.10737
0.06253

10758
02972
95711
71867
64997
87027

0.02544
0.12923
0.29707
0.50000
0.70292
0.87076
0.97455

60438
44072
74243
00000
25757
55928
39562

0.06474
0.13985
0.19091
0.20897
0.19091
0.13985
0.06474

24831
26957
50253
95918
50253
26957
24831

0.05626
0.18024
0.35262
0.54715
0.73421
0.88532
0.97752

25605
06917
47171
36263
01772
09468
06136

0.00521
0.02740
0.06638
0.10712
0.12739
0.11050
0.05596

43622
83567
46965
50657
08973
92582
73634

0.08881
0.22648
0.39997
0.58599
0.75944
0.89691
0.97986

68334
27534
84867
78554
58740
09709
72262

0.00089
0.00816
0.02942
0.06314
0.09173
0.09069
0.04927

26880
29256
22113
63787
38033
88246
65018

0.01985
0.10166
0.23723
0.40828
0.59171
0.76276
0.89833
0.98014

50718
67613
37950
26788
73212
62050
32387
49282

0.05061
0.11119
0.15685
0.18134
0.18134
0.15685
0.11119
0.05061

42681
05172
33229
18917
18917
33229
05172
42681

0.04463
0.14436
0.28682
0.45481
0.62806
0.78569
0.90867
0.98222

ed from H. Fishman, Numerical

intej jration

0.07149 10350
0.00046 85178
0.00329 51914
0.18422 82964 0.00447 45217
0.01784 29027
0.01724 68638
0.33044 77282
0.04543 93195
0.49440 29218 0.04081 44264
0.07919 95995
0.06844 71834
0.65834 80085
0.10604 73594
0.80452 48315 0.08528 47692
0.11250 57995
0.91709 93825 0.07681 80933
0.09111 90236
0.98390 22404 0.03977 89578
0.04455 08044
constants, Math. Tables Aids Comp. 11, 1-9, 1957 (with permission)

39553
62570
47571
33152
78354
15206
63921
00849

922

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR GAUSSIAN INTEGRATION OF

Table 25.8

MOMENTS

(* X*f(x)dx~
WiftXi)
JO
1=1

Weight Factors = Wi

Abscissas =Xi

k=3
n

Xi

k=5

jfc=4

Wi

Xi

Wi

Xi

Wi

0.80000 00000

0.25000 00000

0.83333 33333

0.20000 00000

0.85714 28571

0.16666 66667

0.52985 79359
0.89871 34927

0.06690 52498
0.18309 47502

0.58633 65823
0.91366 34177

0.04908 24923
0.15091 75077

0.63079 15938
0.92476 39617

0.03833 75627
0.12832 91039

0.36326 46302
0.69881 12692
0.93792 41006

0.01647 90593
0.10459 98976
0.12892 10432

0.42011 30593
0.73388 93552
0.94599 75855

0.01046 90422
0.08027 66735
0.10925 42844

0.46798 32355
0.76162 39697
0.95221 09767

0.00729 70036
0.06459 66123
0.09477 30507

0.26147
0.53584
0.79028
0.95784

77888
64461
32300
70806

0.00465
0.04254
0.10900
0.09379

83671
17241
43689
55399

0.31213
0.57891
0.81289
0.96272

54928
56596
15166
39976

0.00251
0.02916
0.08706
0.08124

63516
93822
77121
65541

0.35689
0.61466
0.83107
0.96658

37290
93899
90039
86465

0.00153
0.02142
0.07205
0.07164

44797
84046
63642
74181

0.19621
0.41710
0.64857
0.84560
0.96943

20074
02118
00042
51500
57035

0.00152
0.01695
0.06044
0.10031
0.07076

06894
73249
49532
65045
05281

0.23979
0.46093
0.68005
0.86088
0.97261

20448
36745
92327
63437
44185

0.00069
0.01021
0.04402
0.08271
0.06235

69771
05417
44695
27131
52986

0.27969
0.49870
0.70633
0.87340
0.97519

31248
98270
38189
27279
38347

0.00036
0.00672
0.03376
0.07007
0.05572

97155
96904
77450
13397
81761

0.15227
0.33130
0.53241
0.72560
0.88161
0.97679

31618
04570
15667
27783
66844
53517

0.00056
0.00708
0.03052
0.06844
0.08830
0.05508

17109
53159
61922
32818
09912
25080

0.18946
0.37275
0.56757
0.74883
0.89238
0.97898

95839
11560
23729
64975
51584
52313

0.00021
0.00372
0.01995
0.05223
0.07464
0.04920

94140
67844
62647
99543
91503
84323

0.22446
0.40953
0.59778
0.76841
0.90135
0.98079

89954
33505
90484
36046
07338
72084

0.00010
0.00218
0.01396
0.04148
0.06445
0.04446

13258
79257
96531
63470
88592
25560

0.12142
0.26836
0.44086
0.61860
0.78025
0.90636
0.98176

71288
34403
64606
40284
35520
25341
99145

0.00022
0.00314
0.01531
0.04099
0.06975
0.07655
0.04400

99041
75964
21671
51686
00981
65614
85043

0.15324
0.30632
0.47654
0.64638
0.79771
0.91421
0.98334

14389
65225
00930
93025
66898
99006
38305

0.00007
0.00144
0.00892
0.02854
0.05522
0.06602
0.03975

70737
70088
69676
78428
48742
18459
43870

0.18382
0.34080
0.50794
0.67036
0.81258
0.92085
0.98466

87683
75951
05240
34101
84660
64173
74508

0.00003
0.00075
0.00566
0.02095
0.04510
0.05790
0.03624

11046
53838
04137
92982
49816
76135
78712

0.09900
0.22124
0.36912
0.52854
0.68399
0.82028
0.92409
0.98529

17577
35074
39000
54312
32484
39497
37129
34401

0.00010
0.00148
0.00785
0.02363
0.04745
0.06736
0.06618
0.03592

24601
56841
50738
15807
43798
18394
20353
69468

0.12637
0.25552
0.40364
0.55831
0.70600
0.83367
0.92999
0.98646

29744
90521
12989
66758
95429
15420
57161
31979

0.00002
0.00059
0.00407
0.01490
0.03471
0.05491
0.05800
0.03275

97092
89500
79241
99334
99507
00973
05653
28699

0.15315
0.28726
0.43462
0.58451
0.72512
0.84518
0.93504
0.98746

06616
44039
74067
85666
64097
94879
35075
05085

0.00001
0.00027
0.00233
0.01004
0.02648
0.04588
0.05153
0.03009

05316
83586
53415
46144
53011
56532
42238
26424

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

923

ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR LAGUERRE INTEGRATOR

I~r*f(&x-
Abscissas =*

Wif{Xi)

*<&*-& m^gixi)

(Zeros of Laguerre Polynomials)

w,

Table 25.9

Weight Factors=w;

w,e

W;

W{e

n=9
0.58578 64376 27
3.41421 35623 73

-1)8. 53553 390593

-1)1. 46446 609407

0.41577 45567 83
2.29428 03602 79
6.28994 50829 37

(-1)7.11093 009929
(-1)2.78517 733569
(-2)1.03892 565016

0.32254
1.74576
4.53662
9.39507

(-1)6.03154
(-1)3.57418
(-2)3.88879
(-4)5.39294

1.53332 603312
4.45095 733505

n=3
1.07769 285927
2.76214 296190
5.60109 462543

0.15232
0.80722
2.00513
3.78347
6.20495
9.37298
13.46623
18.83359
26. 37407

22277
00227
51556
39733
67778
52516
69110
77889
18909

32
42
19
31
77
88
92
92
27

13779
72945
1. 80834
3. 40143
5. 55249
8 33015
11. 84378
16. 27925
21. 99658
29. 92069

34705
45495
29017
36978
61400
27467
58379
78313
58119
70122

40

0.11572
0.61175
1.51261
2.83375
4.59922
6.84452
9.62131
13. 00605
17.11685
22.15109
28.48796
37.09912

21173
74845
02697
13377
76394
54531
68424
49933
51874
03793
72509
10444

09330
49269
21559
26994
66762
42533
56591
12022
13028
65440
77647
62389
40751
53068
02608

78120
17403
54120
95262
27217
66274
62266
85680
24821
77083
88994
42267
91697
33064
55726

1)3.36126
1)4.11213
11. 99287
4.74605
5.59962
3.05249
6.59212
4.11076
3.29087

421798
980424
525371
627657
661079
767093
302608
933035
403035

0. 39143
0.92180
1.48012
2.08677
2.77292
3.59162
4.64876
6.21227
9.36321

11243 16
502S5 29
790994
08C755
138971
606809
600214
541975
823771

35400
83190
33028
86306
45025
12276
93415
99241
57220
78469

97386 07
23010 44
856175
390311
555808
415514
269556
487219
248513
584037

0.29720
0.69646
1.10778
1.53846
1.99832
2.50074
3.06532
3.72328
4.52981
5.59725
7.21299
10. 54383

96360 44
29804 31
139462
423904
760627
576910
151828
911078
402998
846184
546093
74619

23957
56010
88700
22366
57444
94475
34150
77404
25564
30631
45847
27001
35956
03178
52777

81703 11
08427 93
82629 19
440215
872163
197653
205664
192683
334640
171423
775384
778443
346973
763212
21009

n=4

0.26356
1.41340
3.59642
7.08581
12.64080

76396
11011
02969
09123

19
58
21
01

03197
30591
57710 41
00058 59
08442 76

71=5
(-1)5.21755
(-1)3.98666
(-2)7.59424
-3)3.61175
(-5)2.33699

104342
692438
085150
705561

610583
811083
496817
867992
723858

0.83273
2.04810
3.63114
6.48714

0.67909
1.63848
2.76944
4.31565
7.21918

91238 38
243845
630582
508441

40422 08
787360
324237
690092
635435

0.

03
40
55
64

64
00
78
81
74

- 1)3 08441

0.

- 1)4. 01119
- I) 2 18068
- 2)6. 20874
- 3)9. 50151
- 4)7. 53008
" 5 l 2 82592
- 7)4. 24931

0.

115765
929155
287612
560987
697518
388588
334960
398496
1 83956 482398
'J
-13)9. 91182 721961
-

1.
1.
2.
3.
3.
4.

6.
9.

n=12
re=6
0.22284
1.18893
2.99273
5.77514
9.83746
15.98287

0.19304
1. 02666
2.56787
4.90035
8.18215
12.73418
19.39572

66041
21016
63260
35691
74183
39806

36765
48953
67449
30845
34445
02917
78622

79
73
59
05
83
02

60
39
51
26
63
98
63

-1)4.
-1)4.
-1)1.
-2)1.
-4 2.
-7)8.

58964
17000
13373
03991
61017
98547

673950
830772
382074
974531
202815
906430

71=7
(-1)4.09318 951701
-1)4.21831
'-1)1.47126
'-2)2.06335
-3)1.07401
-5)1.58654
(-8)3.17031

277862
348658
144687
014328
643486
547900

0.

1.
2.
3.

4.

7.

57353
36925
26068
35052
88682
84901

0.49647
1.17764
1.91824
2.77184
3.84124
5.38067
8.40543

55074 23
259071
459338
458236
680021
594560

75975 40
306086
978166
863623
912249
820792
248683

1.
2.
3.

0.
0.

2.
4.

7.

10.
15.
22,

17027
90370
25108
26670
04590
75851
74067
86313

96323
17767
66298
01702
54023
60101
86412
17368

81

(-1)3.
(-1)4.
(-1)1.
(-2)3.
(-3)2.
(-5)9.

78
89

hi

05

99
66
88
93

69188
18786
75794
33434
79453
07650
48574
04800

5.

7.

589342
780814
986637
922612
623523
877336
671627
117487

0.

1.
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
8.

43772
03386
66970
37692
20854
26857
81808
90622

34104 93
934767
976566
470176
091335
551083
336867
621529

- 1)2.64731 371055
- 1)3.77759 275873

76
44
18

15

57
06

62
97
84
67

1)2.44082
2)9.04492
2)2.01023
3)2.66397
- 4)2.03231
- 6)8.36505
- 7)1.66849
- 9)1.34239
-12)3.06160
-16)8.14807

71
0.

0.

n=8

58
15

10.
13.
16.
20.
25.
31,
38.
48.

17
02
71
04
51
14
13
19
76
30
49

= 15

- I) 2 18234 885940
- I) 3 42210 177923
-

0.

0.

- I) 2 63027 577942

0.

818106
649210
780361
614721
392344
676202
690710
038498
726704
526407
705111
-20)1. 60059 490621

1.

29

54

86
86

011320
222117
811546
354187
592663
585682
387654
103052
163504
746743

<

- 1)1. 26425
- 2)4. 02068
- 3)8. 56387
- 3)1. 21243
- 4)1. 11674
- 6)6. 45992
- 7)2. 22631
- 9)4. 22743
-11)3. 92189
-13)1. 45651
-16)1. 48302

1.
1.
2.
2.

3.
3.

4.
5.
6.

8.

11.

Compiled from H. E. Salzer and R. Zucker, Table of the zeros and weight factors
of the first fifteen Laguerre polynomials, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 55, 1004-1012,
1949 (with permission)

924

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
ABSCISSAS AND WEIGHT FACTORS FOR HERMITE INTEGRATION

Table 25.10

J co

e- x2f(x)dx~

T, Wif(xi)
i

=l

Abscissas =*; (Zeros of Hermite Polynomials)

Xi

Weight Factors =w{

Wi&i

Xi

Wi&i

n=2

71=10

0.70710 67811 86548

(-1)8.86226 92545 28

1.46114 11826 611

0.00000 00000 00000

1.22474 48713 91589

ra=3
0)1.18163 59006 04
(
(-1)2.95408 97515 09

1.18163 59006 037

1.32393 11752 136

0.52464 76232 75290

1. 65068 01238 85785

(-1)8.04914 09000 55
(-2)8.13128 35447 25

1.05996 44828 950

1.24022 58176 958

0.00000 00000 00000

0.95857 24646 13819
2.02018 28704 56086

71=5
(-1)9.45308 72048 29
(-1)3.93619 32315 22
(-2)1.99532 42059 05

0.94530 87204 829

0.98658 09967 514
1.18148 86255 360

0.43607 74119 27617

1.33584 90740 13697
2.35060 49736 74492

ra=6
(-1)7.24629 59522 44
(-1)1.57067 32032 29
(-3)4.53000 99055 09

0.87640 13344 362

0.93558 05576 312
1.13690 83326 745

0.34290
1.03661
1.75668
2.53273
3.43615

13272
08297
36492
16742
91188

23705
89514
99882
32790
37738

0.

31424
0.94778
1.59768
2.27950
3. 02063
3.88972

03762
83912
26351
70805
70251
48978

0.27348
0.82295
1.38025
1.95178
2.54620
3.17699
3. 86944
4. 68873

0.24534
0.73747
1.23407
1.73853
2.25497
2.78880
3.34785
3.94476
4.60368
5.38748

1)6.10862
1)2.40138
2)3.38743
3)1.34364
6)7.64043

63373
61108
94455
57467
28552

53
23
48
81
33

0.68708
0.70329
0.74144
0.82066
1. 02545

18539
63231
19319
61264
16913

513
049
436
048
657

54359
40164
52605
01060
20890
69782

- 1)5.70135 23626 25
- 1)2.60492 31026 42
- 2)5.16079 85615 88
- 3)3.90539 05846 29
(- 5)8.57368 70435 88
(- 7)2.65855 16843 56

0.62930
0.63962
0.66266
0.70522
0.78664
0.98969

78743
12320
27732
03661
39394
90470

695
203
669
122
633
923

10461
14491
85391
79909
21578
91619
79048
89393

3815
4466
9888
1625
4748
7996
6012
0582

5.07929
2.80647
8.38100
(1.28803
9.32284
2.71186
2. 32098
(-10)2.65480

65
11

0.54737
0.55244
0.56321
0.58124
0. 60973
0. 65575
0. 73824
0.93687

52050
19573
78290
72754
69582
56728
56222
44928

378
675
882
009
560
761
777
841

07083
37285
62153
77121
40020
60584
45673
40401
24495
08900

009
454
953
166
893
281
832
156
507
112

((((((((-

06
28
00
46
38
63
32
69
73
34

0.49092
0.49384
0.49992
0.50967
0.52408
0. 54485
0.57526
0.62227
0.70433
0. 89859

15006
33852
08713
90271
03509
17423
24428
86961
29611
19614

667
721
363
175
486
644
525
914
769
532

n=4

71=7
0.00000
0.81628
1.67355
2.65196

00000
78828
16287
13568

00000
58965
67471
35233

(-1)8.10264
(-1)4.25607
(-2)5.45155
(-4)9.71781

61755
25261
82819
24509

68
01
13
95

0.81026
0.82868
0.89718
1.10133

46175
73032
46002
07296

568
836
252
103

38118
15719
98165
93063

69902
37124
67566
74202

07322
46780
95843
57244

71=8
(-1)6.61147 01255
(-1)2.07802 32581
(-2)1.70779 83007
(-4)1.99604 07221

82
49
41

0.76454
0.79289
0.86675
1.07193

41286
00483
26065
01442

517
864
634
480

00000
72355
46855
26658
19099

00000
10187
32892
05845
32017

00000
52838
16668
31843
81528

re=9
(-1)7.20235 21560
(-1)4.32651 55900
(-2)8.84745 27394
(-3)4.94362 42755
(-5)3.96069 77263

0.72023
0.73030
0.76460
0.84175
1.04700

52156
24527
81250
27014
35809

061
451
946
787
767

0.
1

1
2.

0.

1.
2
3.

14

61

26
38
37
26

71=12

71=16

71

1)4.62243
1)2.86675
1)1.09017
2)2.48105
3)3.24377
4 2. 28338
6)7.80255
7)1.08606
(-10)4.39934
(-13)2.22939

47901
45852
41398
11535
00862
00925
08448
74740

66
85
99

51
42
38

20

66960
50536
20602
20887
33422
63601
64785
93707
09922
36455

Compiled from H. E. Salzer, R. Zucker, and R. Capuano, Table of the zeros

and weight factors of the first twenty Hermite polynomials, J. Research NBS
48, 111-116, 1952,

Table 25.11

RP2294

(with permission).

COEFFICIENTS FOR FILON'S QUADRATURE FORMULA

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

000
004
036
120
284

0. 66666
0.66668
0.66671
0.66678
0.66687

667
000
999
664
990

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.00000
0. 00000
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003

555
961
524
274
237

0.66699
0. 66714
0.66731
0. 66751
0.66774

976
617
909
844
417

1.

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

00004
0.00035
0.00118
0. 00278
0.00536

438
354
467
012

619
927
065
909

1.

1.

042

66799
0.67193
67836
0.68703
0. 69767

347

1.

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0.00911
0.01421
0.02076
0.02884
0.03850

797
151
156
683
188

0.70989
0.72325
0.73729
0.75147
0.76525

111
813

1.

0.

See 25.4.47.

0.

0.

1
1
1

1
1

1
1
1.

1.

1.
1.

1.

136
168

1.

831

1.

1.

33333
33332
33328
33321
33312

333
000
000
334
001

33300
33285
33268
33248
33225

003
340

365

33200
32800
32137
31212
30029

048
761
184
154
624

28594
26913
24992
22841
20467

638
302
752
118
472

012
020

26. Probability Functions

Marvin Zelen

and Norman C. Severo 2

Contents
Page

Mathematical Properties

927

26.1. Probability Functions

26.2.

Normal

Definitions

and Properties

927

or Gaussian Probability Function

931

Normal Probability Function

936
940
944
946
948

26.3. Bivariate

Chi-Square Probability Function

Incomplete Beta Function
26.6. F-(Variance-Katio) Distribution Function
26.4.

26.5.

26.7. Student's ^-Distribution

Numerical Methods
26.8. Methods of Generating Random Numbers and Their Applica-

949
953

tions
26.9.

Use and Extension of the Tables

961

References

Table

26.1.

P(x),

Normal Probability Function and Derivatives (0<z<5).

Z(x), 15D

(x),

n=l(l)6,

26.2. Normal Probability Function for

(5<z<500)
-log Q(x), x=5(l)50(10)100(50)500, 5D
26.3.

8S

Large

Arguments
972

Higher Derivatives of the Normal Probability Function

(0<x<5)

Z w (x),

Table

26.4.

974

n=7(l)12,

26.5.

x=0(.l)5,

8S

Normal Probability Function

P{x) and Q(x)

Q(x)=0(.001).5,

Table

Values of Z(x) in Terms of

975

5D

Normal Probability FunctionValues

of x in

Terms

of

P(x) smdQ(x)
#(z)
1

966

8D

Table

Table

Z(x),

10D; Z<">(x), w=3(l)6,

z=0(.02)3
P(x),
10D; Z(x), 10S; Z (B) (x),
z=3(.05)5
(2)

949

976

= 0(.001).5, 5D

National Bureau of Standards.

National Bureau of Standards.

(Presently, National Institutes of Health.)

(Presently, University of Buffalo.)

925

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

926
Table

26.6.

Normal Probability Function

Values of P(x)

Table

Extreme

of x for

5D

26.7. Probability Integral of

Function, Cumulative

Page

977

0(z)=O(.OOOl).O25, 5D
10- m
m=4(l)23,
Q(x)

Values

and Q(x)

Sums

X 2-Distribution, Incomplete

Gamma

of tbe Poisson Distribution

978

X2 =.001(.001).01(.01).l(.l)2(.2)10(.5)20(l)40(2)76
v=l(l)30, 5D

Table

26.8. Percentage Points of the X -Distribution

Terms of Q and v
Q(xV) = .995, .99,

Values of

X2 in
984

.975, .95,

.9,

.75, .5, .25, .1, .05, .025,

.01,

.005,

.001, .0005, .0001

^1(1)30(10)100,

Table

5-6S

26.9. Percentage Points of the i^-Distribution

Terms of
Q(F\v lt

Q, v u

.5,

in

.001

oo

Table

of

986

= .25, .1, .05, .025, .01, .005,

v = 1(1)6, 8, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60,
v = 1(1)30, 40, 60, 120,
3-5S

va )

Values

v2

26.10. Percentage Points of the ^-Distribution

Values

of

in

A and v
=
A{t\v)
.2,
.8, .9, .95, .98, .99, .995, .998, .999, .9999, .99999, .999999

Terms of

990

.5,

v= 1(1)30,
Table

40, 60, 120, oo,

26.11. 2500 Five Digit

The authors

3D

Kandom Numbers

gratefully acknowledge the assistance of

991
David

S.

Liepman

in the prep-

aration and checking of the tables and graphs and the many helpful comments received
from members of the Committee on Mathematical Tables of the Institute of Mathematical
Statistics.

26. Probability Functions

Mathematical Properties 3
Probability Functions: Definitions and
Properties

26.1.

Univariate Cumulative Distribution Functions

is termed a (unicumulative distribution function (c.d.f.)

or simply distribution function if

real-valued function F(x)

variate)

F(x)

i)

non-decreasing,

is

i.e.,

F(x{)<F(x2 )

for

F{x)

everywhere continuous from the

is

right,

i.e.,

i^(a;)=lim

"X<x"

where

is

of

c.d.f.

The two

X.

tion functions are

random

thus

discrete

the

and continuous.

by the random

Xi,

variable

on an enumerable number of values

x

F'{x)=j(x) and the

taking
.,

X- 1}

with point probabilities

F(x)=Pr{X<x}

26.1.2

The

termed the probability

and
the values of x for which j(x)^>0 make up the
domain of the random variable X. A summary
derivative j(x)

is

some properties of

distributions

which need only be subject to the

f(t)dt.

density junction (p.d.f.) or frequency junction,

of

p=Pr{X=xn }>0

certain selected continuous

presented in 26.1.25-26.1.34.

is

Multivariate Probability Functions

restriction

The

real- valued

F(xu

function

x2

x n)

defines an w-variate cumulative distribution func-

tion

The corresponding

can be written

c.d.f.

principal types of distribu-

termed

distri-

F(x) being absolutely

variable,

describes

Discrete Distributions: Discrete distributions are

characterized

Continuous

by

Hence F(x) possesses a derivative

contiguous.

Pr{X<x}=F(x), and

certain discrete distributions

presented in 26.1.19-26.1.24.

Continuous Distributions.

function F(x) signifies the probability of

the event
i.e.,

is

butions are characterized

F(-oo) = o, F(c) = l.

The

F(x+e)

e->0+
iii)

called a lattice distribution if there exist numbers

a and b^O such that every possible value of
can be represented in the form a-\-bn where n
takes on only integral values.
A summary of

is

some properties of

X\ _^3>2
ii)

where the summation is over all values of x for

which x n <x. The set {x n } of values for which
p>0 is termed the domain of the random variable
X. A discrete distribution of a random variable

distribution

function

if

can

then be written

i)

F(xu x2

x n)

a non-decreasing func-

is

tion for each x {

26.1.1

F(x)=Pr{X<x} = j:pn

ii)

Xn<X

F(xi,

x2

x n)

Comment on

and conventions.
a. We follow the customary convention of denoting a
random variable by a capital letter, i.e., X, and using the
notation

corresponding lower case letter, i.e., x, for a particular

value that the random variable assumes.

For

convenient to
have tabulated the "upper tail area," 1 F(x), or the
c.d.f. for |Z|, F(x)
F(x), instead of simply the c.d.f.
F(x). We use the notation P to indicate the c.d.f. of
X, Q = l P to indicate the "upper tail area" and A =
to denote the c.d.f. of \X\.
In particular we use
W(x)> Q(x), and A(x) to denote the corresponding functions
for the normal or Gaussian probability function, see
26.2.2-26.2.4.
When these distributions depend on other
parameters, say 6i and 2 we indicate this by writing
P{x\6 x
For example the chi2 ), Q(x\0i,
2 ), or A{x\O u
2 ).
square distribution 26.4 depends on the parameter v and
the tabulated function is written Q{y}\v).
b.

=lim

F(Xi,

F(xlf x2

statistical applications it is often

F(<x>,

oo,

F(xi, x2

x n)

where

random

when any x
;
) = 1. The function
t

x n) signifies the probability

2

2,

2,

2,

is

.,

<x n

a set of n

variables.

PriX^Xu

Thus

.,

=
.,

X <Xi, X <x
X
Xu X

of the event

PQ

i.e.,

e-M)+

hi)

.,

continuous from the

F(xu x2
x n)
Xi+e,
., x n )

is

right in each x;

X <x
2

.,

<x n

x n ). The two principal types of nF(xi, x2

variate distribution functions termed discrete and
continuous, are defined in a manner similar to the
,

corresponding cases for the univariate distribution

function.
927

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

928

Moments,

Characteristics of distribution functions:

Continuous distributions

nth

26.1.3

moment about origin

m|,=

cumulants

characteristic functions,

Discrete distributions

xf(x)dx

mean

m=ii l =

26.1.5

variance

<t=/jj m2=

26.1.6

26.1.7

expected value operator for

the function g(x)

26.1.4

xf(x)dx

(z m)

/(x)<fe

r CO
th

central

moment

/*=

characteristic function of

26.1.8

E[g(.X)]=

M=^

(xm)"f(x)dx

"

0(x)f(x)dx

(Z.-TO)-P.

Eb(3Q]="S

j(z.)p.

>tf)=E(e"*) =

"

e<"f(x)dx
s

characteristic

26.1.9

function

of

4, (jt)

=(<<> ) = f

e<*> f(x)dx

9(X)
26.1.10

inversion formula

}{x)=

h\'a>

' i "'

l'

mt

P=;r2

f /&

e->"n<i>(t)dt

V-ir/0

(lattice distributions

Relation of the Characteristic Function to

About the Origin

Moments

Coefficients of

Skewness and Excess

26.1.15

K3

7i

26.1.11

<w- [&*>] M

only)

-**
26.1.16

~kI'
"i

M3
2

(skewness)

3
o-

M4

(excess)

Cumulant Function
Occasionally coefficients of skewness and excess
/or kurtosis) are given by

26.1.12
nl

B =o
K n is called

the n th cumulant.

26.1.13

= m, K2=0

-H$>

(skewness)

ft

Kx

26.1.17

K3

=H

3 , Ki

= Hi

3/i|

26.1.18
Relation of Central

Moments

to

Moments About the

^2=72 + 3=^
0~

Origin
(excess or kurtosis)

26.1.14

"

/n\

,.

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

929

Al

*| -

ol-o A|

a
8

0.

oils

II

a.
II

,0

ft,

ft,

I!

Al

s
I

ft

II

+
I

2 a

HP

ft,

Ga
O

TBI

ft,

fl*
5I

S
"T
61)

+
V
V

fe;

-"0-2.

f|SS
gVkcS.a

aa a
o

Va
V

Va
V

ii

a
aPs
I

P-..0

&

,H

o
II

09

<2

2^

If

j=

Ha

M
8
-, w

^3
pi m

ig
o

**

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

930

As

rH

As

Aa

IN

-ISA

CO.

!L

CD

T3

[!_

'L

[[_

Si

&

II

tf

I
g~

0"

B
a

Ae

II

PH

t-T

8
a
a
3

.5

II

=="

II

IN

l|

Wi

^
!L

II

e
II

0.

1
+8

'

II

II

cq

L
j?

II

l *
CD

S
t

J5

05

a
T

is

%|c32

.0

I
1

+a

SICN

SI

I3

.5

s
I

1?
ta
GQ

d
8
3

1
X

CD

1
-

"8

43

<a
e
o

CN

CO

1*
IN

1
CO

GQ
GQ
CD

CN

g*

|L

eo
<

to

CO

to

+
3

c|l$

CN

"8

=8

s
8

u
e

a
3

*>

>
IS

-h

ICN

Si

&

s.

+8

+8

J
+
3

sis

"S
co_

s
so
g
pa
T3

?
i

O
2

5
2

g
8

SB

-s

Oh

V
V

Vv

8
1

V8

.2

+8

V8

V8

V8

Yv
8

Yv
8

Yv

8
w8

lo

8V

V8
gv

V|-

Y2

eW

Yvv
8 00

v
oVI

>.

+a

So
Si

n
eT

OS

rt^
fid

"h
1

si

i-i[n

<a
<&

i>

01

Ml

i,

P-ICQ.

11

Pw

<a

h|

-ill
In

a>

-i|<a

g.

<a

'
H

^ a a

L
1

ri

rt|S

1ST

a
-5"

-ii-
C3ICM

V
V

VH
V

VM
V

1
1

V
VI
8

VM

VM

V
8
1

V
8
1

pj

3a

OS

"ofl

in

d
d
p.

in

ve

1-

FH

P*

N
H

es
<N
P*

.s

ax
03

s2

>

r"

k-

VI
8

VI

VI

hH

1
3

oj

a
a
03

M
CO

O
N
m

FH

IH

PH

i-f

OS

Ph

(N

lO

+
+

II

-8

1!

a)

PQ

rt

to
CO
IH

3
w

MS
CM

C3

OS

CN

FH

-0
S
S ++
O

of

W
O
n

>J

CO

x^r"

-CI IN

"^

'

VI

VI

i fe 1- 2
flJ3g

rt

VM

h-t

2 ao^
2 a,^
03

03

Pj

s O
+

VI
8

3
3

II

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

(F(x) denotes the c.d.f. of the random variable

X and

931

Inequalities for distribution functions

m is always assumed to he finite and

denotes a positive constant; further

Inequality

expectations are assumed to exist.)

Conditions

26.1.35

Pr{g(X)>t\<E[g(X)]/t

26.1.36

Pr{X>t}<m/t

(i)

(i)

(ii)

F(t)>l-j
Pr[\X-m\>ta}<l/fi

26.1.37

all

(i)

(ii)

F(m+ ta) - F(m - tc) > 1

9(X)>0
Pr{

X<0}=0

E{X) = m

E(x)=m
#(X-m)2 =

<7

26.1.38

Pr{\X-m\>G)<

(i)

nt 2

(ii)

(X )=m,E(Xi- OTi)
t

([Z

(iv)

X-S^'
m=

(ii)

Pr[\X-m\>tv}<$

(iii)

9|

(i)

F(m+t<r)-F(m-t<x) >1
9t

P(m+o-) -F(m-t<r)

Ai4+<V 4 -22 o-*

26.2.

zo is

such that .F'(zo)> F'(x)

for

is

a continuous

is

unimodal at x

c.d.f.
6

+ <V -2<

E(X-m) 2 =<r

a continuous

is

unimodal at x

(iii)

(iv)

ra=o

(i)
(ii)

>

is

^(X-m) 2 =
(X-m) =
4

<r

c.d.f.
6

/x4

>1-

cr

A4

Ai 4

Pr{|X-,n|>M<

P(x)
F{x)

P(x)
F(x)

(ii)

26.1.41

(X-m)2=(r2

m xp V

Pr||X-m|>i<r)<4/92

26.1.40

2"=LSd

26.1.39
(i)

=<7?

-m ][Z,-m,])=0(tVi)

(iii)

4
cr

z^zo.

Normal or Gaussian Probability Function

26.2.8
ft-m)

26.2.1

Pr{X<

-z 2 /2

Z(X):

P(x)=-L

e~ tV2dt=

\2iTVva>
26. 2.3

P
J

Q(a;)=-L f " e~ tV2dt= f

4(x)=-L
-y

27T

P-i <r'

"

The corresponding

Z(*)<ft

<ft=

4(x)=2P(x)-l
Integral with Mean m and

26.2.7
Probability

A random

variable

distributed with

probability that
given by
O

64

60

mean

is

is

dt=P

Q=r>

probability density function

26.2.9

J -z

P(z)

26.2.6

- 2 /2

is

P Z(*)<&

2/2

(x-m)/<r
(

oo

+ Q(x) = l
P(-z) = Q(x)

26.2.5

716-654

Z(*)<&

Jx

\2ttJx
26.2.4

<ft

o-V2ttJ-

2tt

26.2.2

2o-s

5x

and
Variance

is

P(

~ m \ 1 ^ / ~ m =
N

a:

ff

(7

ff

symmetric around m,

(i m) 2

2o- 2

0-V27T

i.e.

<r

said to be normally

and variance o- 2 if the

less than or equal to x is

The

inflexion points

function are at rao-.

of the probability density

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

932

Polynomial and Rational Approximations 7 for P(x)

Series (x >0)

Power

and

J_ ^ (-1)V"
"2^ /2^^o^!2(2w+l)

Z(*)

+1

26.2.10

0<X<oo

26.2.16
26.2.11

P(x)
-2B+1

P(x)-2+Z(x)

1<3>5

= l-Z(x)((M+a +a
2*

(2ri+1)

3i

*=t-t
1+iw

)+6(x),

|e(x)|<lX10- 6

p=.33267

Asymptotic Expansions (*>0)

a!

= .43618

o2

= .12016

36
76

a3 =. 93729 80

26.2.12

Z(x)
Q(x)-

26.2.17

u-wg+
X

P(x)

= l-Z(x)(6^+6

2<

+63^

(^l) +B>
j,

(^1W.8

+6^ 4 +^

)+(x),

1+px

where

|e(x)|<7.5X10- 8

i?=(-l)" +1 1.3

(2n+l)^- dt

^=.23164 19

6j=
which

absolute value

in

less

is

than the

first

neglected term.

62

64= 1.82125 5978

.31938 1530

= -.35656

3782

b5

1.33027 4429

63= 1.78147 7937

26.2.18

26.2.13

Z(x)

Oi

1
1

P(x)

2_

= l-i(l+c x+c x +c x +c x )2

+e(x)

+2" "(x2 +2)(x 2 +4)

1

|e(x)|<2.5X10- 4
3

(x

where Oi=l, a 2 =l, a 3 =5, c 4 =9, a 5 =129 and the

general term is
a n =c

(2w-l) 4-2^1 3
(2n 3)
+2(2w-5)
+2 2c2 l 3

n~ s

c 4 =.019527

(1

+d x+d x +d x
2

4_

X+ X+ X + X+'

(*>0)

\
\l-3+ 5-74-9-' "7

(x>0)

rf5X

+ ^X )- + (x)
6

16

d<=. 00003 80036

dj=. 02114 10061

d6 = .00004 88906

d3 = -00327 76263

d6 =. 00000 53830

Z(x)

= (c +a x +a x +a x )- +
2

= 1.466003

a4

(x)

= -.024393

a =
6

(x)|<2.7X10-

a =2.490895
a2

x2 2a? 3x2 4x2

X4

73470

rf4

|e(x)l<1.5X10- 7

^ = .04986

26.2.15

x
<?(x)=~Z(x) f

H5194

26.2.20
1

c a =.

in the expansion of

26.2.14

f-

c 3 =.000344

cn _ 1

Continued Fraction Expansions

196854

26.2.19

P(a:)=l-i

Q(x)=Z(x)

and c s is the coefficient of

t(t-l)
(tn+1).
.

d=

+2)(x 2 +4)(x 2 +6)

.178257

7 Based
on approximations in C. Hastings. Jr., Approximations for digital computers. Princeton Univ. Press,
Princeton, N.J., 1955 (with permission).

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
26.2.25

26.2.21

Z(x)

933

= (b +b x +b x +b x+b x +b
i

|e(x)|<2.3X10-

10

x l0 )- 1

=2.50523 67

66

b2

= 1.28312

04

68

= .02024

.22647 18

b 10

h=

Rational Approximations

.13064 69

P(x)>

(x>0)

90
P(x)

= -1

(2tt)

-ie-^2 /2

(x>2.2)

.00391 32

for x p

+ e(x)

where Q{x v )=p

See Figure 26.1 for

0<p<.5
26.2.22

|e(p)|<3X10- 3
P (x)-P(k)
3

a =2.30753

6t

a x = .27061

62

= .99229
= 04481

PU)-P(x)
4

Figure

26.2.23

z'

'-i+d

+e(2,)
1

+d,<+d,'

'

26.1.

Error

curves

for

bounds

on

normal

distribution.
111

?
Derivatives of the

Normal Probability Density Function

[e(p)|<4.5X10- 4

d=
c =
2

26.2.26

4=1.432788

=2.515517

.802853

d2 = .189269

.010328

d3

Differential

.001308

Bounds Useful as Approximations

to

d"

Z(x)=-Z(x)

Normal

the

26.2.27

Equation

Z (m+2) (x)+zZ (m+1 Hz) + (w + l)Z (m) (x)=0

Distribution Function

Value at

x=0

26.2.24
26.2.28

Pi{x)=\+\(l-e-^l^
P(x)<*

(x)

= l-

(4+ "2)i

-X

(*>0)

(-l) m/2 m!

for

m=2r, r=0,

for

odd ra>0

Z-(0) = ^'2.2-(f)

(2,)-^^

2
(SB>1.4)

1,

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

934

Relation of P(x) and Z(*)(#) to Other Functions

Function

Relation

erf x=2P(x-yf2) l

26.2.29

Error function

26.2.30

Incomplete

26.2.31

Hermite polynomial

(x>0)

y \2' X

gamma

)
p^r

function (special case)

=[2P

l]

(<j2x)

He n (x) = (-l) n

(x>0)

\'
Zj(X)

"

26.2.32

n (x)

Zin) x
(

= (-l)*2*'*

i^

Z{x-y/2)

26.2.33

26.2.34

Hh

Hh. n (x) = (-l) n -

function

^Z

in - l)

m(a;) = (-l)-m_ 1 (z)^

"

26.2.35

Tetrachoric function

T(s)=ipT-^

26.2.36

Confluent hypergeometric function (special

j^f| I,

_,_^_ )
\2 2
2/

case)

(n>0)

(x)

(||^)

(n>0)

Z " _1) (aO

(

= xr5J
x

p/ x )_i L

2j

1.

(x>0)

(x>0)

A_
M r^l,
2
2/ Z
V 2

"

26.2.38

26.2.39

/2m+2 j3:

V
26.2.40

Z<>(x)

*,.

Parabolic cylinder function

/(

'2'

w ->

A
27

x )=e~**

I n (x)=

where 7_!(x)=Z(x)
26.2.42
_1

/_

7!

(x)=(-^y

Z(a )
;

= (-l)- Z<-(x)
1

(n>-l)

26.2.44

(w+l)/ n+1 (x)+x/n (x)-/n _ (x)=0

1

(n>-l)

(x>0)

xZ^O)

(n>0)

In^ifidt

(0)

Z^-(x)

Repeated Integrals of the Normal Probabihty Integral

26.2.41

(x>0)

(2m)

( 1)"

(n>0)

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

Asymptotic Expansion for the Inverse Function of an

Arbitrary Distribution Function

26.2.45

Ux)= {

Z(t)dt=e-*i*f*

Z(t)dt
(>-l)

7 n (0)=/_(0)

26.2.46

(w even)

w+2
!2

GO

(i=l,

2,

Y==

^ F be denoted by
*

F(y)

Then the

(Cornish-

Fisher) asymptotic expansion with respect to

the value of y p such that F(y p)
1
p is

26.2.49

yp

for

~m+ow

where

.,n)ben

Let the cumulative distribution function of

Asymptotic Expansions of an Arbitrary Probability

Density Function and Distribution Function

Let

935

w=a;+[7i/&i(a;)]

with mean m*,

variance <j\, and higher cumulants k t
Then
asymptotic expansions with respect to n for the
probability density and cumulative distribution

independent random

variables

+[yM*)+i9hi{x)]

Ti

+h h
3

3 (x)

+y y h
2

12

(x)

+ylhm (x)

+[7ihi(x) +y?Ji22 (x) +yiyzhi 3 (x)

function of

S <7 -m
7

t)

sr

JL

t"=i

r-r

+yiy 2h n2 (x)

+y% ul (x)]+

and

are

Tr _ 2 =-^-2 ,

Q(x)=p,

r=3,4, ...

K2

26.2.47
f(x)

26.2.50

~Z(x) -[^ Z< 3 (x)]+[||

>

Z (x) +|| Z< (x)]

hi(x)=-He 2 {x)
o

-[iS,

z"

'

w+i^ z" '

>

1296

(9)

(x)l

h 2 (x)=^He 3 (x)

h n (x) =

^3

-- [2He

0)=j2o

Hei

(x)+H ei (x)]

26.2.48

i?(x)~P(x)-[jiZ(x)]+[j| Z''(x)+|| Z(x)]

^i2(*)

= 24 [Hei(x)+He

(x)]

h 111 (x)=~ [l2He 4 (x)+19He 2 (x)]

i

+[i) z<,, w+iTl2 z,

"

w +li z" w
,

^2<(x)+
-4z<'(,)]+...
1728
3
where

hi(x)=^He
h 22 (x)

= -[SHe

^ (x)=- i|q [2He

3

7r-2 =

h n2 (x) =g|g

same order
with respect to n. When the Y t have the same
distribution, then m,i=m, <T2i = a 2 K Tii =K and
in brackets are terms of the

7x-2 =

(x)+6He 3 (x)+2He

(x)+SHe 3 (x)}

(x)\

(x)]

(iJ?"-)

^<&)'
Terms

5 (x)

Ami(x)

[UHe 5 (x) +37He 3 (x) +8He

-^

[252ffe,(x)+832ffe 8 (a;)
+227ffe,(x)]

Terms in brackets in 26.2.49 are terms of the

same order with respect to n. The He n (x) are the
Hermite polynomials.

(See chapter 22.)

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

936

He n {x) = {-D n

26.2.51

[f]

L =n\T
^7^
Z(x)
=o
l

(-1)'
m
2 m\{n2m)\

In the following auxiliary table, the polynomial functions h

p = .25,

.05,

.1,

h2 (x)

(x),

h nn (x) are tabulated for

.025, .01, .005, .0025, .001, .0005.

Auxiliary coefficients* for use with Cornish-Fisher asymptotic expansion.

.25

.10

67449

1.

-. 09084
-.07153

hitri

h 2 (.x)
hn(i)

.05

-. 03464

h,i(x)

07663
.00398
.00282

hui(z)

-.01428

-. 11629

Il3(j)

ht(x)

.00998

h22(l)
hi 3 (j)
hii2(i)

-.03285
-. 05126

1.

-. 02018
-. 01878
-. 04928

06106

.17532
-. 11900

.14644
.00227
.00776
01086
-. 10858
09585

-.04410
.

10210

-.01082
05985
09462
-. 39517
25623

09659
16106
-. 55856
31624

95996
47358
06872
-. 14607
1.

32635
73532
.23379
-. 37634
-. 00152
-. 17621
25195

57583
93915
.39012
-. 59171
.06010

2.
.

-1.89355

59757
-. 02621

1.06301
-. 00666
-. 19116
-. 17498
1. 60445

.07286

80703
14657
57070

-.83890

-.32621

-1.02868

1.

05366
35696
-. 46534

14841

-.53531

2.

-.01226

.07888
16058

-1.39199

86787
.04591

3.29053
1. 63793
1. 07320
-1. 52234
.46059
-2. 71243
2. 62337
.10950

-.59060
-.70464

-1.03555
-1. 30531

29304
-3. 32708

-5. 40702

3.

1.

Normal Probability Function

means and variances (m x

correlation p

26.3.1

g(x,y,

26.3.2

p^WW]-

g(x!

exp-i

(^^)

y yP ) = { i- p *)-tZ(x)z(j^J^

if

de

y)

Revue de

la

and

than or equal to h and

given by

Y less

k,

Pr{X<h,Y<k}=
p)=

dx

Jk

"'

g(s,t, P )dsdt

g(x, y, p)dy

Z(x)dx

w=|==

Z(w)dw,

The
26.3.4

*"

/ OO

Jn

is

than or equal to

km

ft mi

L(h,

26.3.11

26.3.3
f* OO

and

o|)

(o^,

the joint probability that

less
is

7.23307

4.

8 From R. A. Fisher. Contributions to mathematical statistics. Paper 30 (with E. A.

Cornish) Extrait
l'lnstitute International de Statistique 4, 1-14 (1937) (with permission).

26.3. Bivariate

.0005

.001

09022
1.42491
84331
-1. 21025
.30746

2.

-.03176

.0025

.005

.01

-.02937
-.02357

14764
-. 06898
.

himCr)

64485
.28426

28155
10706

-.07249

.025

26.2.49

L(h,k, P)=\

dx\
oo

probability density function

is

g(x,y,p)dy
OO

*/

26.3.12

dx
-

CD

/oo

26.3.6

L(h,

k,p)=\

g(x, y, p)dy
1

/fc

2,rWW

dx\

4/ h

g{x,y,p)dy
OO

%)

*2(l-p>)
2 1-p!

(xm x

O-v\
0-

yrriy
<T

<TX

\
/

where

26.3.7

L(h,k,p)=L(k,h,p)

26.3.8

L(-h,k,p)+L(h,k,- P) = Q(k)

26.3.9

*/ k

(x m xy

2p{xm x ){ym y )

(ym v

<rx

-cx o- y

<r

2
)

L(-h, -k, P)-L(h,k, P)=P(k)-Q(h)

26.3.10
2[L(h, k, P )

Circular

+L(h,

k,

Normal Probability Density Function

- p) +P(h) -Q(k)\

26.3.13

dx

J -h

J -k

g(x, y, p)dy

xm x yrtiy
~' \)? 9_(\n-'
1

Probability Function
cr.;,

The random

&l,

With Means m m, Variances

and Correlation p

variables

tributed as a bivariate

A",

are said to be dis-

Normal

distribution with

exp2iro-

(x m,) 2 +(y m vy

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
Special Values of L(h, k, p)

L(h,k,Q)

26.3.14

(h+k>0)

jh2 -2 Phk+k 2 J

(h+k<0)

+L(k,0,
(k,

(pkh) (sgn

k)

^h -2 Phk+k2 )
2

26.3.17

L(h,k,l)

= Q(h)

(k<h)

26.3.18

L(h,k,l)

= Q(k)

(k>h)

M>0

if

26.3.19

n
t

\ 1

otherwise

arc sin p

0,p)-i+

where sgn

27r

h=l

if

h>0 and

orhk=0

&udh+k>0

-{;
rm
Z(0

0, p)

26.3.20

L(h,k,-l)=P(h)-Q(k)

26.3.16

L(h, k, p) as a Function of L(h,

= Q(h)Q(k)

L(h,k,1)=0

26.3.15

937

sgn

h= 1

if

/i<0.

P
1

.24

.22

.20

18

.16

.14

12

'

.K )

.09

.08
X'

'/

.07

/
06

/
-.3

.05

.04

y
.

-.5

/
/

.03

j
.02

-.7

/ y

s
.01

'

.05

.10

.15

.20

.25

.30

Figure

.35

.40

26.2.

Values

for ft<0

L(h,

45
0,

.50
p)

for

.55

.60

0<h<l

can be obtained using (A,

0,

.65

.70

and

-1<p<0.

p) = | (

ft,

.75

0, p).

.80

.85

.90

.95

1.00

938

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

.48

.9

.46

44

.42

.40

.38

^s* yy '/ // /

1.0

>

.36

.34

.30

.32

.26

.28
/

.24

.22

.20

.18

.16

/
.14

/
/
.12

.3

.2

/
'/
A

/
/ /
.05

.10

'

/
.15

/
.20

/
.25

.30

Figure
Values

'

/
.40

.35

26.3.
for

.45

L{h,

A<0can

0,

.50

p)

.60

.55

for

'

0<h<l

be obtained using L(h,

0,

.65

and

.70

/
.75

0<p<l.

p) = -j i( A.

0, p).

.80

' /
.85

.90

.10

08

.95

1.00

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

939

.09

.07

.08

.06
1

.05
1

.04

.03
1

.02

.01

/
/

.10

.12

.14
\

/
.

/
/

/
/

>

//
J

/ /

1.00 1.05

1.10

1.15

L20

1.25

1.30 1.35

1.40

1.45

1.50

Figube
Values

for

1.55

26.4.

1.60

1.65

1.70

1.75

1.80

L(h, 0, p) for

1.85

1.90

1.95

2.00 205 2J0

h>\ and -1 <p<1.

ft<0 can be obtained using L(h,

0,

p) = -j L(

ft,

0, p.)

2.15

2.20 2.25 2.30 2.35

40 245 250

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

940
Integral Over

an

Ellipse

With Center

Approximation to P(fl2 |2,

at (tn m)

r2 )

26.3.25
26.3.21

A pproximation

2R

2r

4+R 2CXp 4+P

where

A is

/ xm x\ 2

Condition

R<\

the area enclosed by the ellipse

26.3.26

P(x,)

R>1

26.3.27

P(x 2 )

R>5

2p(xm x ) (ym,)
0~x^v

-*i-V)

+(==)'
Integral Over

{-

[P 2/(2+r2 )] 1/3 -

an Arbitrary Region

2+2r2 l

(2+r2 ) 2J

F2 2+2r2 H*

26.3.22

8
L9 (2+r*) J

JjA(x,v)

<*y

ar

x2 =r-^R 2 -l

gr(s, ,
j

o)dsdt

26.3.28

where A*(s, Q is the transformed region obtained

from the transformation

s=

Inequality

J jA*(s,t)

(x m x ym
')
K
v
V2+2p\

Q<h)-lj--Z(k)

phk

K]

\<L(h,k, P )<Q(h)

where

/ xmx

\
:p V
V2 2d

ym

*r
i

"v

0<7<1

ph-k>0,

tf*

Series Expansion
v

26.3.29

Z(n)

L(h,k, P)=Q(h)Q(k)+

Normal Probability Function

With Parameters m x :=m v =0, ct=1 Over the Triangle
Bounded by y=0, y=ax, x=h

^^}

Integral of the Circular

26.4.

k)

b+1

Chi- Square Probability Function

26.4.1

26.3.23
2

P,{X

fh fax

(t)~\~dt
\v)=h vf2 T (|)1
J"
(0<X2 <)

=\ +L{h, 0,

P )-L(0, 0, P

)-\

26.4.2

Q(h)

Q(X2 |/) = 1-P(X

where

(0<X2 <oo)

=[2 " r (03T

Vl+a*

('

)H4 *

Relation to Normal Distribution

Integral of Circular Normal Distribution Over an Offset
Circle With Radius Rv and Center a Distance r<r From

(m x m)
,

Xu X

X, be independent and identically distributed random variables each following

a normal distribution with mean zero and unit
Let

2,

26.3.24

.,

variance.

f \

~ ig

VzZ

C^-p*'

X =^,Xj
2

is

said to follow the

degrees of freedom

i=l

1
'

o) dxdy=P(R

\2,

2
)

chi-square distribution with

and the probability that J^<X

where P(R \2, r ) is the c.d.f. of the non-central

X 2 distribution (see 26.4.25) with v=2 degrees of
freedom and noncentrality parameter r 2
2

Then

is

given by P(X2 \v).

Cumulants
26.4.3

K n+1

=2 n n\v

(n=0,l,

.)

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
Series Expansions

Approximations to the Chi-Square Distribution for

Large ?
26.4.13

26.4.4
'-1

Approximation
,2r-l

gw=2<j W +2z W z:

941

Q(x 2 \v)~Q( Xl ),

Xl

Condition

=j2x

(2f-1)

3 5
,

-Ju=i

(*>100)

26.4.14

andx=V*2

(vodd)

<2(x

26.4.5

|,)~Q(x2 ),

x2

(">30)
V2/9^

-2

(x

2
|

,) = V2.Z(x){l +

26.4.15

^}

^r

(y

A,=-&

Q(X 2 |i)<2(a: 2 +A,),

0>30)

60

even)

Values of h m

26.4.6
*/2

<2(x=Qx

,,-X J /2

(^)

-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5

=i(H-2)(H-4)---(H-2r) }
{ i+S
26.4.7

p<x

Ago

ft

60

a aw
(r (H

If

+n

-.0118
-.0067
-.0033
-.0010
+.0001

-1.0
-.5

+.0006

+1.5

.0006

.0

+.0002
-.0003
-.0006

2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5

+.5
1.0

Q(x%\v)=p and Q(xp ) = l-P{x p )=p, then

Condition

26.4.16

x%~\

26.4.17

x 2P

26.4.18

fx p +^2^l\

0>100)

Recurrence and Differential Relations

~,{l-|+* /!}
pA

26.4.9

where

.^i-J-+( Xp -h,)^iy

26.4.19

Incomplete
7(a,s)

_--P(X

gamma

function

v=2a,X 2 =2x

\v),

r(a)

2"
'

xi!/2

r(^/2)

\x

W2

1
2

1+

/2+

2-,/2 \
1
/2+l+.../
x

T(a,x)
:

Asymptotic Distribution for Large

(>30)

Relation to Other Functions

Continued Fraction

)' /2

(,>30)

^ is given by 26.4.15.

4g(-)'-^M
2

(x /2)"/V

G+0

_ (x ^ *<W M
'-

26.4.8

26.4.10

.0017
.0043
.0082

Approximation

m,

Q(x2 \v+2) = Q(x 2 \v)-\

-.0005
+.0002

Approximations for the Inverse Function for Large

w =-+^

r;/2

hm

26.4.20

-Q(x 2 \v)

T(a)

Pearson's incomplete

gamma

function

26.4.11

P(x2 \v)~P(x)

where x=JTv

v=2(p+l),x 2 =2ujp+l

Asymptotic Expansions for Large x2

26.4.21

26.4.12

Poisson distribution
c

r (!

v2/ ,
X2)25 yx'/2
_

2"' 2

I>/2)

pi

K
'

/,

+ V2^+
v\

H)

{X

Q(X^)=S~
;=o

7T'

c =-,

<2(X-<2(X 2 |*-2) = -

X2

m=-?ri

(v

(c-1)!

even)

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

942
Pearson Type III

26.4.22

Non-Central x2 Distribution Function

26.4.25

P(x' 2 \v,

v--=2ab+2, x 2 =2b(x+a)

Incomplete moments of Normal distribu-

26.4.23

where

tion

X>0

\)=

is

e-" 2

^P(x'

2
\

v +2j)

termed the non-centrality param-

eter.

(n 1)!'
f't

Relation of Non-Central x2 Distribution With v=2 to the

Integral of Circular Normal Distribution (<x2 =l) Over

(n even)

'

Z(t)dt=-

an
(7i-l)!!

P(x

(n

Offset Circle

tance

odd)

Having Radius

r=V\ From

the Origin.

and Center a Dis-

(See 26.3.24-26.3.27.)

V2^
26.4.26

jjjix,

Generalized Laguerre Polynomials

26.4.24

y,

0)dxdy=P(x 2 =R 2 v =2,

X)

=i-12^jirQ(R
* 3\
j=o
J

n\L<?(x)--

[(X>+2)-Q(X

2
|

y )]

x=X 2/2, a=vj2

Approximations to the Non-Central x2 Distribution

a=v-\-\
Approximating Function

26.4.27

26.4.28

+X

Approximation

**v. '^(ifjk>

x 2 distribution

Normal

b=

distribution

P(x' 2 \v, \)~P(x),

+b

x=

vim
26.4.29

Normal

distribution

P(x' 2 \v,\)~P(x),

*=\y^ ~\j^-l~f

Approximations to the Inverse Function of Non-Central

X2 Distribution
If Q{x'

\v,

2
\)=p, Q(x p \v*)=p, and Q(xp )=p then

Approximating Variable

26.4.30

x2

26.4.31

Normal

26.4.32

Normal

Approximation

to the
2

x;

Inverse Function

~(l+&)x 2

\2+2.j)

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

943

o
*
*

^
|

&

sp

+,

^n

S|e

j:

+
+

CO

*i
i

ns

e,

-8

a
er

en

.1^

a
V

"*

t^

1
a

'

+
+

en

a
w

(M

+
a
SSIS5

Si?.

-u

CO

a,

II

-**

+
I

>l

aia
i

X
">
eo

US

~x

>

vo
CO

t00

09
00

ON
oo

v
(M

*
v
IM

<M

^ Ice

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

944

Continued Fractions

Incomplete Beta Function

26.5.

26.5.8
26.5.1

(fl,!')-^ f*tr
o{a,b)

(0<x<l)

(l-tj*- 1dt

b)

Jo

=W^b){T+T+i+---]'
{a-\-m){a-\-b+m)

<Wi-

26.5.2

Ix (a,b)=lI

- X (b,a)

#2m

Relation to the Chi- Square Distribution

If

X\ and X\

are independent

random

variables

following chi-square distributions 26.4.1 with

and

vi

degrees

v2

freedom respectively,

of

vx

then

'

and

v2

is

said to follow a beta distribution with

degrees of freedom and has the distribu-

a+ 2m)(a+2w+l)

m(b m)
(a+2m l)(a+2m)

a;

a-1
^a+6-2

obtained when x<-

are

Also the 4 m and

4m+l

and the 4m +2,

greater than Ix {a, b).

Ix (a,

Best results

b)

convergents are less than

4m +3 convergents are

26.5.9

tion function

Ma, o;- a5(

^ 6)

|_

1+ 1+ 1+

-J

26.5.3

z<

i=l

(a+m 1)(6 m)
a= 2' ^ = "|

=I (a,b)
z

m(a+6 1+m)
Series Expansions

(a+2m 2)(a+2m 1) 1
2OT+1

(0<*<1)

(a+2m-l)(a+2m) 1-x

26.5.4

Recurrence Relations
{a>0)

V^=i>B(a+b,n+l)

bB(a,b)

26.5.10

J
J,(a,6)=as/,(a-l,6)
26.5.11

26.5.5
I,(a,b)

+ (l-a:)i,M-l)

= z?{lx)
aB{a,

Ix (a,b)=^{Ix (a+l,b)-(l-x)Ix (a+l,b-l)}

b)

B(a+l,n+l) ( x V +1 1
5(6--l, n+1) V-*/ /

f 1_t"^

af(l-x)*aB(a, b)

26.5.12

Tx (a,b)=

a(lx)+b

{Ix (a,b+1)

+ (l-x)/,(o+l,6-l);

(a+i,n+i) / x y+n
t,^
ra5(5-ft-l n+l)Vl-J!/ /
2

26.5.13

Ix (a,b)=^{alt (a+l,b) + blx (fl,b+l)}

26.5.14

26.5.6

1 Ix (a,b) =Ii_ x (b, a)

-x)"

ix
a, 6)

=*

1=5

Ix (a,a) =

1W /o 1\
(-1)
,

26.5.7

1 i^a, 6) =/!_(&, a)

.t

(1-x)

\6+i

l~ h-

>

s'=4

(a,

^J'

I-

2/

,.

(integer a)

26.5.15

/T (a,6) = ^(+6)^
T(a+l)r(6)

^(l-^^-'+^Ca+l^-l)

26.5.16

-^=f^fm^' Tr+Ua+1

b)

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

945

Asymptotic Expansions

and y

26.5.17

lIx (a,b)=I - x (b,a)

1

is

taken negative when

r(b,y)
"

x< a-1
o+6-2

r(6)

Approximations

24N2

26.5.20
b
v
y e~

57W*{(f^2y! W-mb-2)(5b+7)(b+l+y)

/*(a, b)

(5b-7)(b+3+y)tf]\

y=-N\nx,
,

= Q(x

|e5X10-

N=a+l~\

\v)

if

e,

a+6>6

=(a+6-l)(l-x)(3-a;)-(l-x)(6-l),

j/=26

26.5.18

7T* (a

H(a +6-l)(l-x)<.8

rV f(a

T(a,w)

-w)

^~T(a) +T(aT\-^26

WU
/a3

~3

a2

26.5.21

" U

T3

+2

+w2

(l

11

11

T a+ 3j

4H

If

a +6-l)(l-x)>.8

Ix {a, b)=P(y) + e
|e|<5X10- 3

w3

if

a+6>6

)}

26.5.19

[i+^p^

Ua,b)~P{y)-Z(y)

=(6x) 1/3 ,w2 =[a(l-x)] I/3

03(1+^/2)
"*"

l+o

Approximation to the Inverse Function

Oi=| (6-a) [(o+6-2) (a-l)(6-l)]-H

a2

r
-i
~12

26.5.22

13
1
Lo-l + 6-l~o+6-lJ
1

z
a3==

-^[

|=2 [(a+6-1)

If

IXp (a,

6)

=# and

Q(yp ) =p then

ai

a2+
(

In

a+be 2w

a+l=2)]

g^+(o-l)

In

^^

+ (6 - 1)ln (a+6-THl-J

y,(fc+x)

\26-l

2a-Jv

X+

3A/

-" -3

"(drt&f'

Relations to Other Functions and Distributions

Relation

26.5.23

26.5.24

Hypergeometric function
Binomial distribution

3f

B(a,

6)

F(a,

6; o+l;

x)=Ix (a,

6)

S (^V(l-p)"-*=/,,(o,n-a+l)
\S/
=a

(^V(l -?)"-"=/,,(, w-a+l)-/p (o-l, w-a+2)

26.5.25

26.5.26

Negative binomial distribution

26.5.27

Student's distribution

26.5.28

.^-(variance-ratio) distribution

)>

X=

J>+ 2
V2

)>

X=

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

946
26.6.

F-(Variance-Ratio) Distribution Function

Q(F\ Vl ,v2 )=l-(l-xy^

26.6.1

P(F\v u

26.6.5

v2 )

*-(v,+itf)-*W>ft

Vl '2 V2

\2

x+^^ *'+

[l+l

fF

vi": yft

j o

^1

(vd-Vi-4)

+ .*i(ii+2)
2-4.

(*>0)

(v 2

-2)

(V2

even)

26.6.2
26.6.6

Q(F\V U

= l-P{F\

V2 )

Vl

+"2-2

V2)=I*(j>%)

k,*2)=*

where
v2

"2+

"*"

"1

n-x\

(vx+V2-2)(v 1 +p2 -4)

2-4
I

/,+'2-2)

(J

Relation to the Chi- Square Distribution

1+ ^^"("^")

/I^VtH

(+2)

(, ie ven)

2-4
If

X\ and X\

are independent

random

variables

following chi-square distributions 26.4.1 with v\

and v2 degrees of freedom respectively, then the

F= X

distribution of

lv 1

to

said

is

*J.

26.6.7
v + V2 -2
= l-(l-x) -^f^ r\
H
[
v

v2 )

follow the

Xi/v2

variance ratio or JP-distribution with vi and v 2

The corresponding distribudegrees of freedom.
tion function

P(F\v u

is

^2-2)
(pi+j^
4

fa+2) / a; Vgl
J
-2)
Vl-a;/

(v2

(v 2

v2 ).

even)

26.6.8

Statistical Properties

Q(*K ^) = l-^(^|v )+j8(

26.6.3

/-of

m =-i^
v

mean:

Q(F\v u

( 2

>2)

<

J' 1

(v u v 2

v2 )

odd)

0+sin0[cos0+o cos 3 6+

variance:

2v\(vi Jcv2 2)

2
<r

Vl (v 2

(* 2

-2)\ V2 -4)

2-4.

^(*h)=^

>4)

25
third central

_/v2\s

"3_

moment:

8v 1 (v 1 +v2 -2\(2 Vl +v 2 -2)

(* 2

("2>6)

-2) 3 ("2-4)(v 2 -6)

moments about the

(v 2

(j>2-2)

(l)

>2n)

)=*

P(,v ir v2

'-*]

yVfor

j>

>1

(g 8

cos."/

sin

"2

(v 2

cos

for v 2 =l

(^)
V^/"2-2
Or2)

/ yi -2w\

3)

f 2

origin:

/^+2w\
i+2n\

1-3 ..

1+

+ 1 sin H
o

j
2

+2-4)
3-5... (^2)

+l)fo+3)

(y t

sin"'- d

'}

characteristic function;
for

^=0

for

where

Series Expansions

0= arc tan -xlF

v

v2

Xv 2 -\rV\F

Reflexive Relation

26.6.4

Q(F\v1 ,v2)=x''^l+f(l-x)-\

v 2 {v 2 -\-2)

2-4

(l-x 2 )+...

2-4.

{v 2 -\-Vi 4)

fa-2)

(1-x)

(i>i

p (v

v2 )

and

F^ p (p

Q(Fv {v u

'l-2"|

y 2 (y 2 -f 2)

If

even)

Q{F

vt )

v 2 )\ Vl ,v 2

satisfy

)=p

- p {v2 ,v 1 )\v2 ,v,)

= \-p

r2

>l

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
then

26.6.9

947

26.6.15

FM,

"2>
Q(F\i> u r2 )~Q(x),

Relation to Student's

= l-A(t\v

t=jF

2)

Approximation to the Inverse Function

Limiting Forms
26.6.16

26.6.11

lim QXF\p 1>

v2 )

= Q(x

x-

Function (See 26.7)

t- Distribution

26.6.10 Q(F\p1 =l,p2)

'"O-sH'-a

Fi-p(p2 ,vi)

Fp ~e 2w where w is given by 26.5.22, with

x 2 =v,F

\v i ),

<2(*> 1^=2, then

If

yj>CO

ji=26,

j/

=2a

26.6.12

]imQ(F\v 1)V2 )=P(X a \ya ),

X2

Non-Central F-Distribution Function

=|
26.6.17

Approxim ations

P(F'\v 1

,\)= p(tK V2 ,X)dt=l-Q(F'\p 1)V2 ,X)

V2

26.6.13
"2

x=-

Q(F\v 1 ,v 2 )^Q(x),
(vi

and

v2

V2_
v 2 large)
V-2

l2( Vl

-2\

where

-2
+v -2)
3

,\)=e~^ (X/2)M"i+2i)
7=0
Jl
5 Ai+2j

v2

i 2

V^~ 27

26.6.14

x=

v 2 )~Q(x),

X<

v2

J^Af
V
v2

-,+27-2

J(2va \) - F^2vi\
Q(F\v u

f/i/

P(t\v u

"i("2-4)

and

X>0

-(p,+2j+v 2 )/2
[i'2

+ ('i+2i)<]

termed the non-centrality parameter.

is

Relation of Non-Central F-Distribution Function to Other Functions

Function

26.6..18

^-distribution

Relation

P(F'\vu v2 ,\)=

e-w ^P(F'\
7=0

Vl +2j, V2 )

3*

P(F'\v 1 ,v2 ,\=0)=P(F'\v l ,v 2 )

26.6.19

26.6.20

Non-central i -distribution

P(F'\v1 =l,v2) X)=P(t f

Incomplete Beta function

P(F'\v u

va

)=T,
7=0

e-" s

V ,8),t'=jF', V

(X/2)' T (v\
/i
(,2

a;=

=v2 ,8=jK

v2

\
+ ''2>
..

^2

V^'t)-^

5-1
2

26.6.21

Confluent hypergeometric function

i=0

716-654

64

61

2e

P(F'\vi,v2 ,X)='^2

i>

-X/2

(^)5(|+i+l|-i)

even and

x= p /

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

948
Series Expansion

is

called Student's ^-distribution with v degrees of

26.6.22

P{F

\v,,v2

,\)=e~^~

X)

h(vi+V2 ~ 2)

The

freedom.

--1

ST

even)

(v2

probability that

in absolute value

be

will

than a fixed constant

less

t is

i=0

26.7.1

where

A(t\v)=p

T =l
Tx=\

( Vl

[iy l

+v -2i+\x)T
2

. 1 +\(\-x)T i _ 2 ]

Vl

(0<)

=1-27, (|,),
where

v2

X=

j^=j<ty

-^

+v2 -2.+\x)

=^

F'+v2

v+t 2

Limiting Forms

Statistical Properties

26.6.23
26.7.2

lim P(F'\ Vl ,v2 ,\)=P{x'

x'

\v,\),

=v

v=v

F',

mean:

ra=0

variance:

<r

26.6.24

limP(F'\v

,v 2 ,\)

= Q{x

v 2 (l+c

x2

\v),

2
)

skewness: 7i=0

where X/^>c 2 as ^i><

Approximations to the Non-Central F- Distribution

Oi and

P(F'\v u v 2 ,\) P(xi),

26.6.25

k2

6
excess:

large)

y2 -

0>4)

p4

moments:

where

1-3
M2re "~

^(j'i+X)

p,

vi(v 2
#i=

(v>2)

v-2

VI><*>

2
r
* L(*-2)(*-4)
2

2)
M2 ? +l

n^+x)
,oAT
\"^=2- +,/l+2X
/

..

0^2)0-4)

(2n-l)v n
(y-2n)
.

iy>2n)

characteristic function:

/\t\\> 2

26.6.26

ffl

P(F'\vu v2 ,\)~P(F\vl,v2),

y*= (vi+X)2

F',
F=^+\

Vl

Vl

Series Expansions

+2\

26.6.27

P(F'\ Vl

V2

x2

viF'

26.7.3
3

r
L

.!_Oi+X)J
f2 Vl +2\

_i_i_r
9,2 J
2

2( yi +2\) -i

26.7.

-4 0+sin

90t+X) 2 J

Vx

2_r
9^ \ Pl +X
L9 (^+X)

2/

>/

A{t\v)=i

cos

0+-

cos 3

(v-3)
cos-

30-2)

0+
-2

]}

(v>l and odd)

Student's t-Distribution

-0

random variable following a normal

distribution with mean zero and variance unity,
and x 2 is a random variable following an indeis

,\)~P(x2 ),

If

0=arctan =

0=1)

pendent ehi-square distribution with

26.7.4

A(*|?)=sin

fl-f

degrees of

Vx

/.

cos 2

0+^| cos 0+

Q-3)
2-4-60-2)

1-3-5

freedom, then the distribution of the ratio

1+^
.

cos'

-2

y
'}

even)

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

949

Asymptotic Expansion for the Inverse Function

If A(t,\v)

= l2p and

Approximation for Large

26.7.5
/
ip

xp^t

9i(Xy)

=4

9i(x)=

92(x P )

0i (*)

A(t\v)~2P { x)-l,

26.7.8

fg

(x p )
-I-

vZ

(x 3 +x)

Non-Central t-Distribution

( 5a;5

+ 16a;3 + 3a;

26.7.9
)

P(t'\,d)

=
C

'

sii

/
1

(x)

x--

0(*)=34 (S^+lQ^+lT^-lSx)
4

Q(xp )=p, then

(79x +776a: +1482a:

92160

_1j*

5z

-1920x -945x)

Limiting Distribution

26.7.6

lim
im A(t\v)=-^=.
e-* i*dx=A(t)
->co
\2irJ-t

7l
i!

V2

+J,

2/

~,+r

where

Approximation for Large Values of

A(*|f):

26.7.7
1

and v<5

26.7.10

P{t'\v,

.3183

.4991

1.1094

3.0941

9.948

bv

.0000

.0518

-.0460

-2.756

-14.05

26.8.

successive

5)~P{x)

random

digits

is

known

as a

random

where

Their Applications

Xn+l =aX
computer; a and

b are

{Xn

computers has reto be genThe

erated in a completely deterministic way.
numbers so generated are termed pseudo-random
numbers. The quality of pseudo-random numbers is determined by subjecting the numbers to
several statistical tests, see [26.55], [26.56].
statistical tests is to detect

purpose of these

The

helpful suggestions in this section.

(1)

the re-

possesses the desired sta-

between the numbers be near

tion between
n+S is
n and

zero, e.g., the correla-

HO +

b,/.

any

The authors wish to express their appreciation to

Professor J. W. Tukey who made many penetrating and
9

chosen so that:

tistical properties of random numbers, (2) the

period of the sequence is as long as possible, and
A guide for
(3) the speed of generation is fast.
choosing a and b is to make the correlation

1-6:

properties of the pseudo-random numbers which

are different from the (conceptual) properties of

random numbers.

+b(raod T)

The choice
b and T are relatively prime.
T is determined by the capacity and base of the

sulting sequence

random numbers

where

Several lengthy tables of random digits are

available (see references).
However, the use of
in electronic

of

sulted in a need for

Experience has shown that the congruence

method is the most preferable device for generating
random numbers on a computer. Let the sequence
of pseudo-random numbers be denoted by {Xn }
Then the congruence method
n=0, 1, 2, ...
of generating pseudo-random numbers is

number.

random numbers

x=

0+0

Numerical Methods
Methods of Generating Random Numbers and

Random digits are digits generated by repeated

independent drawings from the population 0, 1,
2,
.,9 where the probability of selecting any
digit is one-tenth.
This is equivalent to putting
10 balls, numbered from
to 9, into an urn and
drawing one ball at a time, replacing the ball
after each drawing. The recorded set of numbers
forms a collection of random digits. Any group of
.

"tit

ap

termed the non-centrality parameter.

Approximation to the Non-Central t-Distribution

A>^}
3

5 is

b.

where
a s =a (mod T)
6s

=(l+a+a +

\e\<.aJT

+a'-

)b

(mod T)

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

950

a=\ (mod

which occur in

n+s~ -a s

When a is
Pi~T- 1/2

n -\-b s

chosen so that a

1' 2
,

most convenient choices

for a are of the form

binary computers) and a=10 s +l
(for decimal computers).
This results in the
fastest generation of random numbers as the
operations only require a shift operation plus
two additions. Also any number can serve as

a=2 SJrl

the correlation

The sequence defined by the multiplicative

congruence method will have a full period of T
numbers if
prime to T
(mod p) if p is a prime factor of

the

b is relatively

(i)

a=l
a=l (mod

(ii)
(iii)

Consequently

4)

if

T=2",

if

When T=10 a b need only be not

or 5, and a=l (mod 20).
The
,

by 2

divisible

(mod T)

4).

need only be odd, and

point

to

generate

a sequence

of

good summary of generating

pseudo-random numbers is [26.51].
Below are listed various congruence schemes
and their properties.

is

starting

random

a factor of T.

(for

digits.

Congruence methods for generating random numbers

X+i=aXn+b(mo6 T), T and 6 relatively prime
a

odd

26.8.1

l+<-

26.8.2

r2l (r odd,
8>2)

26.8.3

r2l (r odd,
>2)

26.8.4

74.+1

Period

T=U
T=U

Xo

Special cases for

0<Xq<T

T=2>,

i-.

relatively
prime to

T=2, 2, Xo=l; o=5"(s=2)

T=2, Xo=l; T=28i, Xo=l-2r*,
T=2', Xt=l; o=5t(*=2)

r=i

(varies)

relatively
prime to

T=2+l,

r=ioo

5-10-

relatively
prime to

T=10 10 Xo=l; 0=7

r=10", Xo=l;o=7"

t"

T
T

26.8.5

3<+i

which random numbers have passed

tests for randomness to

T=10

5-10~ 2

(8=0,2,3,4)

statistical

Xa unknown; o=2+l. 6=1; T=2, a=2+l.

6=29741 09625 8473. -Xb= 76293 94531 25.
.5478126193;

o=5(=2)

Xo= 10,987,654,321;

a=23; period10
T= 108+1, Xo=47,594,118; 0=23; periods 5.8X10'
,

relatively
prime to

-^

10

Xo given

is

the starting point for

random numbers when

When

the numbers are generated using a congruence scheme, the least significant digits have
short periods.

Hence the

entire

word length can-

one desired random numbers with

as many digits as possible, one would have to
modify the congruence schemes. One way is to
generate the numbers mod Tl.
This unfornot be used.

If

tunately reduces the period.

An

alternative

way

which makes use of double precision arithmetic

on a computer is to let T=P and modify 26.8.1
to be

Xn+1 =(T+l)X +b(mod

n

were made.

statistical tests

Then

U} = T~ X}
1

on the interval

This is usually a necessary

(0, 1).
preliminary step in the generation of random
deviates having a given cumulative distribution
function F(y) or probability density function j(y)

Below

are summarized some general techniques

producing arbitrary random deviates.
(In
what follows { U} will always denote a sequence of
random deviates from a uniform distribution on
for

the interval

(0, 1).)
1.

consists of

Y n+1 = Yn +Zn + {carry of Z n +b, mod

being approximately p s

Generation of
Let

X} be

The

Inverse

Method

solutions {y} of the equations

{u=F(y)}

form a sequence of independent random deviates

with cumulative distribution function F(y). (If
F{y) has a discontinuity at y~yo, then whenever u
is such that F(y 0)<iu<CF(yo), select y
as the
corresponding

T},

mod T

between
n and
T~ for (s<T).

Xn+S

Random

sequence of random

T*)

where b is chosen relatively prime to (T+l). The

most significant q digits of n are used as the random number. That is if
Zn ) where
n =(Yn
Y n and Zn both contain q digits, the random number used would be Yn
When 6<T this method

It results in the correlation

is

deviates (numbers) from a uniform distribution

Deviates

(0,

T).

is

2.

a generated sequence of independent

random numbers having the domain

deviate.)
Generally the inverse
not practical unless the inverse function
y=F~ (u) can be obtained explicitly or can be
conveniently approximated.

method

Let

Random

Generating a Discrete

Y be

a discrete

probabilities

random

= Pr{Yy

Variable

variable with point

for

i=l,

2,

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

The

way

direct

and put

Y=y

Y is

to generate

to generate

U]

if

+Pi-i<U<p

P1+P2+

-\-p2

+p f

However, this method requires complicated machine programs that take too long.
An alternative way due to Marsaglia [26.53]
is simple, fast, and seems to be well suited to highspeed computations. Let p for i=l, 2,
n
be expressed by k decimal digits as p =.5 u hi
5 k{ where the 5's are the decimal digits.
(If the
domain of the random variable is infinite, it is
.

and thus Po =0, P = .9, P2 =.07, P3 =.027,

P4 =.0030 from which n =0, 1^=9, n2 =16,
II 3 =43, II 4 =73.
The 73 memory locations are
divided into 4 mutually exclusive sets such that
l

necessary to truncate the probability distribuDefine

tion at p.)

Among
is

stored

P =10"

jb

5n for

r=l,

2,

and

k,

Locations

0,

1,

9,

10,

16,

43,

the nine

stored

memory

...

15

42
72

locations of set

1,

zero

=3 times, 1 is stored 5n =4 times, 2 is

=2 times; the seven locations of set 2
820 =2 times and 3 523 =5 times; etc.

5 10

5 X2

store

=0,

Memory

?e

951

A summary

of the

memory

locations

set out

is

below:

H,=i]

10 r

T,

8=1,2,

Value

k.

of

Number

fc

1.

divided into k mutually exclusive sets such that

the sth set consists of memory locations II s _i,
n,-!

+1

in the

Il s

memory

1.

The information

stored

locations of the sth set consists of

in 5 sl locations,

1/1

y2

in

8 s2

locations,

Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency

Then

Then

<U<P

(set 4)

to generate the

random

variables

y= a {d

put

if

l }

y=a{did2 81}
y=a{did2 d3 954}

- 9927}

y=a{d d2 d d

Generating a Continuous

The

i=0

Random

Variable

method for generating deviates from a

random

discrete distribution can be adapted to

put

y=ai

dx d2

rf s

+n -i-io
s

if

3.

T,P
i=0

yn

location m.

(set 3)

.9<w<.97
.97<w<.997
.997<w<1.000

0<u<.9

(set 2)

Denote the decimal expansion of the uniform

deviates generated by the computer by u
= -did2 d3
and finally let a{m} be the con-

memory

(set 1)

in 8 sn locations.

tents of

the computer

...

2,

1,

memory locations by 0,
The memory locations are

Kandom Variable

12

r=0

2F }
<

i=l

Let
variables having a continuous distribution.
function
and
distribution
F(y) be the cumulative
assume that the domain of the random variable
(If the
is
(a,b) where the interval is finite.

This method is perhaps the best ail-around

for generating random deviates from a
discrete distribution.
In order to illustrate this
method consider the problem of generating
deviates from the Dinomial distribution with point

Divide the interval (6 a)

the points a and 6.)
length A (nA=ba) such
of
into n sub-intervals

probabilities

that the boundary of the ith interval

is (y<_i,

where y =a-\-iA

method

Pi=Q)p d-p) n
t

for

n=5

and p=.20.

is infinite, it

-i

The point

domain

for

must be truncated

i=0,

1,

define a discrete distribution having

at (say)

n.

y ()

Now

domain

{^d**}

probabilities to

are

Value of

Random

Variable

Point Probabilities

^0=0.3277
1

pi=

p2 =
p3 =

Pi=

ps =

.4096
.2048
.0512
.0064
.0003

with

point

Finally, let

p =F(y ) P(i/<_i).

probabilities

be a random

uniform distribution on

done by setting

-=

variable having

-V

W=&(u 7A

This can be

Then random

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

952

deviates from the distribution function F(y), can

viates

be generated (approximately) by setting y=z-\-w

f(y)

= z-\-a(u -V

This

is

simply an approximate

having the probability density function

is:

+ (b-a)u

Uu U U

generate

(1)

if

(3)

2,

both

Ml

(2)

z=a

define

and u < M,
< ^fiJl
2

J2

decomposition of tbe continuous random variable

into the sum of a discrete and continuous random
variable.
The discrete variable can be generated
quickly by the method described previously.
The smaller the value of A tbe better will be the
approximation. Each number can be generated
by using the leading digits of
to generate the
discrete random variable Z and the remaining
digits forming a uniformly distributed deviate
having (0,1) domain.

take

the

as

random

deviate; otherwise take

another sample of three uniform deviates. The

acceptance ratio of this method is [(b a)/i/2 -1
and can be increased by dividing (a, b) into subintervals as in the previous case.
c) Let the probability density function of Y be
]

Acceptance-Rejection Methods

4.

In what follows the random variable

assumed to have
domain is infinite,

domain

finite

the

If

(a, b).

must be truncated

be

will

computational purposes at (say) the points a and b.

Then the resulting random deviates will only have
for

domain.

this truncated

Let/ be

a)

it

the

maximum

Then the

of jiy).

procedure for generating random deviates is:

(1) generate a pair of uniform deviates
2
(2) compute a point y=a-\-(b a)u 2 in (a, b);
(3) if Ui<if(y)/f accept y as the random deviate,
otherwise reject the pair (u u u2 ) and start again.
The acceptance ratio of deviates actually produced
l
is [(b a)j]~
Hence the acceptance ratio de-

U U
x

f(y)=Jj(V,t)dt, (a<t<p), (a<y<b).

Let g be the maximum of g(y, t). Then "the procedure for generating random deviates having the
probability density function /(y) is: (1) generate
2
(2) define s=a+( 8 a)w 2
z=a+
z
h

U U U
,

(ba)u3

Ui<C ^-^

take z as the random

9
deviate; otherwise take another sample of three.
The acceptance ratio for this method is [(b a)<7] _1
;

(3)

if

>

and can be increased by dividing the domain

and y into sub-domains.

of

Composition Method

5.

Let g2 (y) be a probability density function

which depends on the parameter z; further let
H{z) be the cumulative distribution function for z.
In order to generate random deviates
the frequency function

having

domain

creases as the

increase

One way

increases.

acceptance ratio

the

to

is

divide

to

into
mutually exclusive suband then carry out the acceptancerejection process. For this purpose let the interval

interval

/(y)=J

(a, b)

intervals

(a, b) be divided into k sub-intervals such th at the

end points of the jih interval are (&_i, ,) with

o=a, *= b and

oif(y) in thejth interval

generate

random

pairs

be/y

Then

deviates from j{y),

(u u ,u 2s )s=l, 2,

deviates

of

one draws a deviate having the cumulative distribution function H(z) then draws a second sample
having the probability density function g z (y).
;

6.

Generation of

a.

Normal

Random

Deviates
Distributions

J(y)dy=Pj; further let the

maximum
n

9>(y)dH(z)

the

.,

distribution

to

generate
.

From Well Known

n.

(1) Inverse method: The inverse method depends

on having a convenient approximation to the
inverse function x=P~ (u) where
1

Assign

[up,]

compute

such pairs to the

&=&-!+(& fc-i)tfa,.

method

If

interval

and

i,</(y,)//,

The acceptance

accept yj as a deviate.
this

jth.

^ "L

u=(2

ratio of

is

Two ways
.7

Let

b)

where the domain

the

maximum

Then

use 26.2.23 with 7j=(ln

be
of

such
y

is

of /,(?/)

that

(a, b).

j{y)=ji(y)j2 (y)
Let/! and/2 be

and j2 (y)

the procedure for generating

respectively.

random

de-

xP~

{u)

-1*12,

dt.

of performing this operation are to

=1

F{y)

piece wise

1/2
1\
2

using

(i)

or (n) approximate

Chebyshev polyno-

mials, see [26.54].

Sum of uniform deviates: Let U\, U2

.,
be a sequence of n uniform deviates. Then

(2)

Un

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
-1/2

random deviate. Wben n=12, the maximum

-3
errors made in the normal deviate are 9X10
for \X\<2, 9X10" for 2<|X|<3.
An improvement can be made by taking a polynomial function
1

of

variance.

Let {Xi, 2 ] be a pair of independent normal

deviates with mean zero and unit variance. Then

2s

X\

=0

coefficient

the normal

deviate where a2s are suitable

These coefficients may be calculated
using (say) Chebyshev polynomials or simply by
making the asymptotic random deviate agree
with the correct normal deviate at certain specified

When n=12,

normal deviate

the

02=

maximum

8X10~" using the

is

error in the

coefficients

.25241

a4 = .07654

represent a pair of devi-

(U u

Then

2 ).

X =(-2ln/
1

cos2irZ72

(l)generate(C71 ,t72 );(2)if(2t71 -l) +(2Z72 -l) <l

otherwise
generate a third uniform deviate
3
2

and

F(x)

Since

= e~

start

over;

(3)

calculate

X=

z/e
,

be a deviate from the exponential

distribution with parameter 6.
(2) Acceptance-rejection method: 1) Generate a
pair of independent uniform deviates (U
Ui);
will

U
U

3) if
L7i</ generate a third value
2
etc.;
Ui-\-U2 <CU generate a fourth value
s
4) continue generating uniform deviates until an
n is obtained such that U\-\-U2 -\-\-U-i
<CJJq<CJJ\-\5) if n is even reject the
n
procedure and start a fresh trial with a new value
if

+U

otherwise

0>

desired deviate

sin 2tU2 will be a pair of

In Ui)
2 =( 2
independent normal random deviates with mean
This procedure can be
zero and unit variance.
modified by calculating cos 2irU and sin 2irU
using an acceptance rejection method; e.g.,

pair

d\nU

of

1/2
1

1' 2

the

method:

Direct method: Generate a pair of uniform

reject

2}

p.

Inverse

(1)

2)

a 6 = .00836
o 8 = .02990

a =3.94985

(3)

V2

Exponential distribution

c.

coefficients.

deviates

{Xi, pXi-{-(\

from a bivariate normal distribution with

zero means, unit variances, and correlation

points.

normal distribution

b. Bivariate

ates

(say)

X$=Xn 2-1 a
as

The quantity will be the

mean zero and unit

start over.

required normal deviate with

be distributed asymptotically as a normal

will

and

pair

MiF<-!)(0

953

trials

if

is

).

X=8U

odd take

6) in general

the

if t is

an acceptable sequence

until

X=8(t+U

The random

as the

number

is

of

obtained

deviates produced in

way

follow an exponential distribution with

parameter 6. One can expect to generate approxithis

mately

six

uniform deviates for every exponential

deviate.
(3) Discrete Distribution Method: Let Y and n
be discrete random variables with point probabili-

ties

Both

random).

yi

pr {Y=r} = (e-l)e r+1

pr {n=s} = \s!{e-l)\-

and y 2 are the desired random

deviates.
(4)

Acceptance-rejection method: 1) Generate a

pair of uniform deviates

x= In
(x 1)

3)

if

> 2 (In u^

(Uu

_1/2(I_1,2

accept

x,

TJ2 ); 2)

<W2

compute

(or equivalently

otherwise reject the

26.9.

Then
an
of

X=Y+mm(U U
l

t,

exponential distribution.

is

r=0,
5

1, 2,

= 1,2,3,
.

....

Un) will follow

The average value

one needs, on the average, only

the minimum is selected.
which
from

1.58 so that

1.58 u's

Use and Extension of the Tables

Use of Probability Function Inequalities

Example 1. Let X be a random variable with

2
finite mean and variance equal to m and u

respectively.

Use

Lower bounds on A(f)=F(t)-F(-t)

1=1

the inequalities for probability

.7500

.8889

.9375

functions 26.1.37, 40, 41 to place lower bounds

on

.5556

.8889

.9506

.9722

F(t)

is

unimodal and

continuous; 26.1.40
.8182

t= 1(1)4.

no knowledge of
F(t); 26.1.37

A(t)=F(t)-F(-t)=p\^-^ <*}
for

Remarks

.9697

.9912

F(t)

is

such

M4 =3; 26.1.41

that

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

954

note that the standard normal

unimodal, has mean zero, unit
variance M4=3, is continuous, and such that
It is of interest to

distribution

is

we can write x=x +.01 and a two-term

Taylor series is P(x) =P(xQ) +Z(x ) 10~ 2 Thus one
need only multiply Z(x ) by 10~ 2 and add the
values

result to

P(x

A(t)=P(t)-P(-t)

= .6827,
for

t=l,

2, 3

and 4

Calculation of P(x) for x Approximate

and .9999

.9545, .9973,

Example 4. Using Table 26.1, find P(x) for

=1.96, when there is a possible error in x of

respectively.

5X10~

Interpolation for P(x) in Table 26.1

This

Example

Compute P(x)

2.

x=2.576

for

to

decimal places using a Taylor expansion.

Writing x=x -\-6 we have

fifteen

P(x) =P{x

+Z(x )6+Z (x

).

is

an example where the argument

is

only

known approximately. The question arises as

how many decimal places one should retain
P(x).

If

Ax and AP(x) denote the error

in x

to
in

and

the resulting error in P(x), respectively, then

2!

AP(x) ~Z(x)Ax

+Z< H*o)|+Z (xo)^+...

2

(3)

0= 4X10

Taking x =2.58 and

the successive terms to

-3

we

calculate

16D

Hence AP(1.960)=3X10 -4 which

indicates tnai

P(1.960) need only be calculated to 4D.

fore P(l. 960) =.9750.

There-

Inverse Interpolation for P(x)

+ .99505

42230
35976
57449
63097

99842
72204
2952

Example

P(x)

6
8

1439

5.
Find the value of x for which
97500 00000 00000 using Table 26.1 and
determining as many decimal places as is consistent
with the tabulated function.

4
9

For inverse interpolation the tabulated function

may be regarded as having a possible error

P(x)
.99500

The

result correct to

P(2.576)

84265

24676

17D

Calculation for Arbitrary

Hence

is

Ax-

24676

99500

of.5X10~ 15

84264

Mean and

AP(x)
:

= .5X10~

Z(x)

15

Z(x)

98

Let P(x

Variance

correspond to the closest tabulated

Then a convenient formula for

value of P(x).

Example

3.

Find the value

to

5D

P{X<.50}=-L= f'V 1/2 ()

distribution with

mean

m=l

.5

is

XqI

dt

using 26.2.8 and Table 26.1.

This represents the probability of the
variable being less than or equal to

inverse interpolation

of

Xq ~|

"2"

.2iXq-\-1

where

P(x)-P(x

random

for a

and variance

Z(x

normal
2
o-

=4.
If

Using 26.2.8 we have

only the

first

two terms

Since

25)

P{x) = \ P(x) we have

,

P(-. 25) = 1-P(.25) = 1-. 59871 = .40129

where a two-term Taylor series was used for interpolation.
Note that when interpolating for P(x)
for a value of x midway between the tabulated

(i.e.,

the error in x will be bounded

P{X<.5}=p(^)==P(-

6~

x=x
X

-\-t)

by ^ X10
o

are used,
-4

and the

true value will always be greater than the value

thus calculated.
-14

and
example, Ax~10
thus the interpolated value of x may be in error
by one unit in the fourteenth place. The closest
.97500
value to P(x) =.97500 00000 00000 is P(x )
Hence using the
21048 51780 with =1.96.
preceding inverse interpolation formulas with

With respect

to

this

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

t= -.00003 60167 31129

and carrying

we have

fifteen decimals

955
2x 2 -(2p-1)*>

Q(x 2 \v) = l-F(t) = l-Fi

the succes-

sive terms

+ 1.96000
- .00003
+

00000
60167

00000
31129
71261

12

where

(2j>1)*

and

l -r-

ance to terms of order v~ 2 of

The values

of 71

and y 2

for

V 2x

V2^

39845

Example

6.

Method

(see 26.4.34).

72

4v

40064

Find the Edgeworth asymptotic

c.d.f. of

Thus we obtain

Edgeworth Asymptotic Expansion

expansion 26.2.49 for the

vari-

are

Yi

+ 1.95996

mean and

are the

4?

f()~PW-i[|(l+|)z)]

chi-square.

Expansion for x 2

1.

Let
Q(x 2 \v) = l-F(t)

For numerical examples using tbese expansions

see

Example

12.

where
Calculation of L(h, k,
(2*0*

Example

Since the values of 71 and y 2 26.4.33 are

7l

obtain,

=2V2>

by using the

first

Using 26.3.20

.8).

VA 2 -2p^+F=V-09=.3
L(.5,.4,.8)=Z(.5,0,0)+L(.4,0,

72=12/?,

we

Find L(.5, A,

7.

p)

,6)

Reference to Figure 26.2 yields

two bracketed terms

L(.5,0 0)+Z(.4 0,-.6)

>

= .16 + .08 = .24

of 26.2.49

The answer

F(t)~P(t)-^J^Z(t)~\

to

3D

is

Z(.5,

.4, .8)

= .250.

Calculation of the Bivariate Normal Probability

Function

+ l[\z^(t)+lz^(t)]

Example
normal

The Edgeworth expansion is an asymptotic

expansion in terms of derivatives of the normal
function.

distribution

It

is

often

possible

to

transform a random variable so that the distribution of the transformed random variable more
closely approximates the normal distribution
function than does the distribution of the original

random

variable.

Hence

terms, greater accuracy

same number

for the

may

of

be achieved by using

m=2,
value

Let

8.

distribution

and
with

follow a bivariate

mx =Z,

parameters

p= .125. Find the

P {X>2, F>4} using 26.3.20 and

0-^=4,
of

<r

=2, and

Figures 26.2, 26.3.

Since

have

P {X>h, Y>k) =L (j^'

T

P{X>2, F>4} =L(-.25,

1,

Lv

-.125).

>

p) we

Using

26.3.20

i(-.25,

1,

-.125)=Z(-.25,

0, .969)

the transformed variable in the expansion. Since

the distribution of V 2 *2 is more closely approxi-

+L(1,0, .125)-^

mated by a normal distribution than x 2 itself

(as judged by a comparison of the values of 71
and y 2 ), we would expect that the Edgeworth
asymptotic expansion of V 2 *2 would be superior

Figure 26.2 only gives values for A>0, however,

using the relationship 26.3.8 with Jc=0, L(h, 0, p)
=J-Z(h, 0, -p) and thus (-.25, 0, .969)
=i-Z(.25, 0, -.969). Therefore Z(-.25, 1, -.125)

to that of

Method

X2
2.

=-Z(.25,

Expansion

for

V2x

2
-

Let

0,

-.969)+i(l, 0, .125)=-.01+.09 = .08.

to 3D is i(-.25, 1., -.125)=. 080.

The answer

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

956

Normal Distribution Over a

Integral of a Bivariate

For the following two configurations we define

Polygon

and Y
Let the random variables
paramwith
distribution
normal
have a bivariate
eters m x =5, az =2, m v =9, <r v =<, and p=.5.
Find the probability that the point (X, Y) be
inside the triangle whose vertices are .4= (7, 8),
(9, 13), and C= (2, 9).

Example

9.

[(*2-Sl)

the

obtaining

of

integral

+(*2-*l)

]*

= \Si(s 8i)+ti(t
[(s 2

2 t i)\
-s y+(t -t y]i

= \S2(s S )+t
a

t.

bivariate

7.

B=

When

|*2Sl tiS 2

[(*2-Sl)

(t 2 ti)\

+(* 2 -l) 2 ]*

normal distribution over a polygon, it is first

necessary to use 26.3.22 in order to transform the
variates so that one deals with a circular normal
The polygon in the region of the
distribution.
transformed variables is then divided into configurations such that the integral over any selected
configuration can be easily obtained.
Below are
listed

some

most useful configurations.

of the

A(S2,t 2
(a

,b z )r

i*

b
t

(a 2 ,b 2

(a 2 ,b,

Figure 26.8
->

Jaaob
J\[

g(x,y,0)dxdy=V(h,k 2 )-V(h,k

1)

Figure 26.5
'

J oi J b\

g(x y,0)dxdy=[P(a 2 )~P(a 1 )][P(b 2 )-P(b 1 )]

>

Figure 26.6
f"

Pax

9(x,y,0)dxdy=
Jo

arctan a

Jo

>

2tt

Figure 26.9

J\\
J &AOB

g(x, y,

0)dxdy=V(h, h)+V(h, h)

Using the circularizing; transformation 26.3.22

our example results in

for

Figure 26.7

(x 5 y-9
.

)
g(x,y,0)dxdy=V(h,k) u
" See 26.3.23 for definition of V(h,
k).

l/s-5 y-9\
1\ 2
4 )

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

The

vertices of the triangle in the

become

-5/4),

4=(V3/4,

C=( \->

jy

(s, t)

coordinates

-B=( v 3,

-1)

and

Jjg{s,

t,

957

O)M=y0V21,^)-F(|V21,^)

AAOB

These points are plotted below.

- .76) -| (1.31)]

=[+(1.31, ,-.76)-(0,

From

the figure

seen that the desired prob-

it is

ability is the sum of the probabilities that the

point having the transformed variables as coor-

dinates

is

inside the triangles

-[+(1.31,

,-.14)-(0,

,-.14)-(1.31)]

AOB, AOC, and

BOC

=(1.31, 0,-.76)-(0,

-.76)

(1.31, 0,-.14)+(0, 0-.14)

= .00-.ll-.04+.23=.08

AAOC

=[+(.14, 0,-.99)-(0, ,-.99)- (.14)]

+[+(.14, ,-l)-(0, 0,-l)- (.14)]

= .01 + .02=. 03
JJ 9(M ,0>^(#I#)^(f,?#)

Figure 26.10

For these three

triangles

AAOB
AAOC

we have
&2

ki

^V21

V7/14

fill

,-.97)-(0,

+[+(.48,

,-.96)-(0, 0,-.96)- (.48)]

n Jm

=
Thus adding

ABOC

h^

jW39

From

the graph

it is

H* 5

seen that the probability

AOB may

Hence

g{x, y, .b)dxdy=

g(s,

t,

0)dsdt

AABC

\\9(s,

AAOB

t,

0)dsdt+ \\g(s,

t,

all

05+. 04= .09

parts, the probability that

and Fare in triangle

The answer to 3D is

be found in the same manner as

that over Figure 26.8, and over AOC and BOC
the probabilities may be found as that over
Figure 26.9.
over

, .97) | (.48)]

=[+(.48,

;V7

-V37
37

74

ABOC

ABC is =

08 +.03 +.09

= .20.

.211.

Calculation of a Circular Normal Distribution Over an

Offset Circle

Example

and

have a circular
Find the
normal
within a
falls
point
{X,
Y)
probability that the
whose
center
to
540
circle having a radius equal
of
the
circular
is displaced 1210 from the mean
normal distribution.
In units of a, the radius and displacement from
10.

Let

distribution

with

<r=1000.

0)dsdt

the center are, respectively,

i?=-^r=.54 and

==1.2].

is

AAOC

\\g(s,

t,

The problem

0)dsdt

ABOC

and consequently using 26.3.23 and Figure 26.2

thus reduced to

and Y falling in a
circle of radius i?=.54 displaced r=1.21 from the
center of the distribution where cr=l.

finding the probability of

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

958

#<1,

Since

the approximation 26.3.25

used.

is

2(.54)

-2M.21) 2

=
to

5D

is

(.

Example

example Ax2 = 5 X 10

-4

and x=25. This

AQ(X 2 \v) =\ (- .076) ( 5) 10" 4 = 2X 10" 6

1359) e~-

6823

=. 06869

Q(x2 \v).

as the possible error in

Calculation of Q(x2 \v) Outside the Range of Table 26.7

.06870.

Interpolation for Q(x2

'

this

results in

This results in

The answer

For

Example

v)

Find Q(25.298|20) using the

interpolation formula given with Table 26.7.
Taking X 2 =25, 0=.298 and applying the interpolation formula results in
11.

Q(25.298|2O)=^{Q(25|16)0 2 +Q(25|18)(40-20

Find the value

is

of Q(84|72).
outside the range of Table

we can approximate $(84|72) by (1) using the

Edge worth expansion for Q(x 2 \v) given in Example

26.7

6,

(2)

the cube root approximation 26.4.14,

the square root approximation 26.4.13.

The

methods are presented

results of using all four

+Q(25|2O)(8-40+02)}

(3)

the improved cube root approximation 26.4.15 or

(4)

12.

Since this value

below:

=i{(.06982)(.088804)

1.

Edgeworth expansion

The

+ (.12492) (1.014392)
+ (.20143) (6.896804)}

successive terms of the

Edgeworth expan-

sion for the distribution of chi-square result in

1-Q(84|72) = 841345

= .19027

.000000

accurate interpolate

less

setting

may

be obtained by

This results in the value .19003. The correct

value to 6D is #(25.298|20)
.190259.

On

the other hand

have an error

if

X2

=
= 25.298

is

assumed

to

5X10"*, then how

large an
Denoting the error in
x 2 by Ax 2 and the resulting error in Q(x 2 \v) by
AQ(x 2 \v), we then have the approximate relation-

error

.001120

equal to zero in the above formula.

fl

arises

in

of

.842465

Hence Q(84|72) = .15754.

The successive terms of the Edgeworth expansion for the distribution of -v2x 2 result in

Q(x 2 \v)7

1-

Q (84

72)

-.000034
-.000138

ship

ZQ(x 2 \v)
AX 2
dx 2

AQ(X 2 \v)

.842372

Hence Q (84 [72) = .15764.

Using 26.4.8 we can write

2.

^m.^
im ,_ _ Qm]
dx

Cube root approximation

26.4.14

Using the cube root approximation we have

2)

= .842544

<2(84|72)

and

= <3(x)

where

A<?(xi[&xV

/84Y /3

-2)-Q(x 2 \v)}Ax 2

b
For practical purposes it is sufficient to evaluate
the derivative to one or two significant figures.
Consequently we can write
*>Q(x

dx 2
where x 2

is

tabulated.

\v)

dx 2

A<2(X

[Q{Xl\ V -2)-Q(xl\v))AX 2

1.0046

[ 9(72)J
This

3.

results

in

Q(84|72)=Q(1.0046) = 1

is

Improved cube root approximation

The improved cube

26.4.15

approximation incalculating a correction factor h v to x.

Linearly interpolating for h 60 (which appears
below 26.4.15) with x= 1.0046 results in h60 =
.0006 and hence
volves

Hence

-?

P(1.0046) =.15754.

i>Q(xl\v)

the closest value to x 2 for which

9(72)J

root

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
Cube approximation

2.

A 72 =^(-. 0006) = -.00049

959

Taking

x.

26.4.17

=2.32635 we have

Thus
Q(84|72)

4.

= Q(1.0046 .0005) = Q(1.0041)

= 1-P(1.0041) =

Square root approximation

|~1

15766

+ (2

26.4.13
3.

32635)

V97n4r}

Improved cube approximation

From

the table for A60

= Q(1.0032) = 1-P(1.0032) = 15788

value correct to 6D is Q (84 72) = .157653.

Q(84|72)

26.4.18

we obtain

using linear

A 60 =.0012 and thus hii*=Tn (.0012)

This results in

3=186 405

x=2.33 (approximately)

interpolation with

x= V2784) -V2(72)-l = 1 .0032

= .00049

Hence

X2 =l'

['

Generally the improved cube root approximation

will be correct with a maximum error of a few
units in the fifth decimal and is recommended for
calculations which are outside the range of

Table

9(144)J
.

Using the square root approximation we have

Q(84|72) = Q(x) where

The

=144

+ (2.32635-. 00049) -J 9(144) _ = 186.394

4.

26.7.

9(144)

Square approximation 26.4.16

X2 =i [2.32635+V2(144)-lJ 2 =185.616

Calculation of X 2 for Q(x 2 \v) Outside the Range of

Table 26.8

Example

Find the value of X2

13.

for

which

Q(x2 |144) = .01.

Since j>=144

is

we can compute

outside the range of Table 26.8,

by using (1) the Cornish-Fisher

asymptotic expansion 26.2.50, for x2 (2) the cube
approximation 26.4.17, (3) the improved cube
approximation 26.4.18, or (4) the square approximation 26.4.16. We shall compute the value by
all four methods.
it

1.

answer to 3D is X2 = 186.394.
Generally the improved cube approximation will
give results correct in the second or third decimal

The

correct

for />30.

Calculation of the Incomplete

Example

14.

Gamma

Function

Find the value of

9

<2.5,.9)=

h5

e- dt

Cornish- Fisher asymptotic expansion 26.2.50

making use

The Cornish-Fisher asymptotic expansion

X2 with y=144 can be written as

for

of 26.4.19 and Table 26.7.

Using 26.4.19 we have
7(2.5,.9)

= r(2.5)P(1.8|5) = r(2.5)[l-Q(1.8|5)]

7(2.5,. 9)

=|V^[1- .87607]=. 16475

X2 ~l44+12j2x+4h l (x)+^[3h2 (x)+2hn (x)}

+l|i tth{x)+3h12 (x)+2hin (x)]+^ [304 (x)

+9Mx)+12Mz)+6fti U (x)+4Au
Hence using the auxiliary
with p=.0l we have
144.
39.
2.

11

(z)]

Poisson Distribution

Example

15.

Find the value

3

7)9

of

for

which

XJe~m ^-=.99
%\

table following 26.2.51

;=o

0000
4794
9413

-.0242
-. 0019

+ .0002

using 26.4.21 and Table 26.8.

From Table 26.8 with v=2c=8 and #=.99

we have x 2 =1.646482. Hence m=x 2 /2=. 823241.
Inverse of the Incomplete Beta Function

Example

Find the value of x for which

Table 26.9 and 26.5.27.
Using 26.5.27 we have

7,(10, 6)

X2 =186. 395

16.

= .10

using

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

960
IX (10,6) = Q(F\12,20) = .10 where

From Table

*=

w,=[(10.5)(.60)] 1/8 =1.8469,w2 =[16(.4)] 1/8 =1.8566

20

2Q+12F

26.9 the upper 10 percent point of

with 12 and 20 degrees of freedom

is

3[ (1.8469)

y--

(.98942) -(1.8566) (.99306)]

(1.8469)

i^=1.89.

10.5

16

'

-.0668

7
J

(1.8566)

Hence
and interpolating

20

-=.469
20+12(1.89)

x=-

The

4D

correct value to

is

in

Table 26.1 gives

P(- .0668) = 1 -P(.0668) = .47336

x=.4683.

The answer

correct to

5D

is

60

(16, 10. 5)

= .47332.

Calculation of Ix (a, b) for a or 6 Small Integers

Example

Calculate

17.

Interpolation for
J. 10 (3, 20).

Values of Ix (a, b) for small integral a or b can

conveniently be calculated using 26.5.6 or 26.5.7.

Example

)=w{S

( 20 > 3

B(3

'(i)5&}

when the

linear

freedom

(v u v 2)

variable.

For

.12157'

2
-3 (.110390X10- ) = 620040
.216450X10" 3
.

Find the value

which

of p

reciprocals

used

are

on

Example
QCF|4,8)

using 26.5.24 and Table 26.9.

v 2 =2(a)

and#=

Thus linear
F2.51 which is
.

)>.50

Find the value of

21.

= .90

F for ^(F|i' ,y

.025,
V2 )

for

which

using 26.6.9 and Table 26.9.

F for which

Q(F\v u v2)=p

.050,

.100,

However making, use

.010, .005, .001.

Table 26.9 we can find the values of

p=.1b, .9, .95, .975, .99, .995, .999.
ample we have

where

vi=2(na Jrl)

for

For

this ex-

a+{n-a+l)F
and referring

to the table for

which Q(F\ v u

50

-0

,=21

()p>f>-
\S
/

which

interpolation on

Q(F\v u

va )

= .05

results

Vl=6 > V2=42 and thuS

'

The

correct answer to

v 2 in

4D

^
is

in

the table for

7^=1.624
42

for
-

42+60(1.624)

30L

Example

19.

Find

7. 60 (16,

(a+6 1)(1 x) = 10.20 which

and hence 26.5.21 will be used.

Example

Compute

22.

vi

or

v2

greater than

Thus

3.95

vi

Q(2.5|4, 15)

or

v2

using

v2 )

can be readily computed for

using the expansions 26.6.4 to 26.6.8

We

have using 26.6.4

10.5) using 26.5.21.

is

(4, 8)

= .10

26.6.4.

inclusive.

Values of Ix (a, b) can conveniently be calculated

with good accuracy using the approximation
given by 26.5.20 or 26.5.21. For this example

90

Calculation of Q(F\vi, v 2 ) for Small Integral

small

Approximating the Incomplete Beta Function

v2)

= .253.

Values of Q(F\v u

j=.3003.

and thus

F. 10 (8,4)=3.95

gives

=1- Q(F\m, 42)=. 95

Harmonic

of

which

Hence

s(\ W--i-i:
/

of

only necessary to

l/v t

Table 26.9 only tabulates values of

where #=.500, .250,

Combining 26.5.24 and 26.5.27 we have

is

degrees

interpolating

the correct interpolate.

q=l-p

(p'<t-=Q{F\ Vl

the

satisfies

Calculation of

SO"""*

the

of

results in

l/i*!

approximately

is

as

this example it
with respect to

interpolate

interpolation

Binomial Distribution

Example 18.

= .05 using Table 26.9.

Interpolation in Table 26.9

-,1)

26.9

F for which

Find the value of

20.

Q(F\7, 20)

Using 26.5.6 we have

F in Table

15
=

.60

15+4(2.50)

and

.8

#(2.50|4, 15)

= (.6)

7- 5

[l

+^ (.4)]=.086 735

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
Approximating

Example

Q(F\vi, v 2 )

?/=3.7190

Calculate Q(1.714|10,40) using

23.

961

26.6.15.

The approximation given by

in a

maximum

26.6.15 will result

For

error of .0005.

this

#(3.7190)

(i.e.,

= .0001).

=2

example

we have

[h+W =l2 2U3

-

x= 37190^3 =1
D

"^"('-wH'-^)
9(10),

(1.714)
+ ^-^
.9(10)

2/3

'

=1.2222

<l-h)[ 1.8052+ .8333- 3(12.2143) ]

Interpolating in Table 26.1 results in

= 1-P(1.2222) = .1108
Q(1.714|10, 40) = .11108.

w=.9889

Q(1.714|10,40)Q(1.2222)

The correct value

On

to

5D

is

8Q52

(12.2143+1.8052)*
12.2143

w=3.7190

,1*
9(40)J

Hence sub-

stituting in 26.5.22 gives

the other hand the approximation given by

is usually less accurate results in

26.6.14 which

and thus
F=7.180.

?,

e 2u, =7.23.

The

correct answer

is

Approximating the Non-Central F- Distribution

Example

^/[2(40)-l](^) (1.714)-V2(10)=:

x=

V +^
and interpolating

in

= 1.2210

distribution.

Using 26.6.27 with

d-714)

this

p=.0001.

=3,

j>

=10, X=4, F'=3.71

Table 26.1 gives

F Outside

= 1 P(1.2210) = .1112

the Range of Table 26.9

problem we have

The value

a-

3+8

Example 24. Find the value of F for which

QCF|10,20).0001 using 26.6.16 and 26.5.22.
For

Vl

we have

Q(1.714|10, 40)Q(1.2210)
Calculation of

25.
Compute P(3.71|3, 10,4) using
the approximation 26.6.27 to the non-central F-

[ 9 (3+4)

'

and interpolating

v2

10,

6=|=5,

r/

2
2

9(10)
in

LV3+4/

2/3-11

(3.71) ]

= .675

Table 26.1 gives

= .750
answer is P(3.71|3, 10, 4) = .745.

P(3.71|3,10,4) P(.675)
of the

normal deviate which

cuts off .0001 in the tail of the distribution

is

The

exact

References
Tables

Texts
[26.1]

H. Cramer, Mathematical methods

of statistics

(Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1951).

[26.2] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
vols.

I,

II, III.

General Collections

(McGraw-Hill Book

[26.7]

Co., Inc.,

R. A. Fisher and F. Yates, Statistical tables for

biological, agricultural and medical research
(Oliver and Boyd, London, England, 1949).

New

[26.3]

[26.4]

[26.5]

York, N.Y., 1955).

W. Feller, Probability theory and its applications,
2d ed. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1957).
R. A. Fisher, Contributions to mathematical
statistics,
Paper 30 (with E. A. Cornish),
Moments and cumulants in the specification of
distributions (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1950).
C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for digital computers (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J.,
1955).

[26.6]

A.

statistics, vol.

Stuart,
I,

The advanced

Distribution theory

(Charles Griffin and Co. Ltd., London, England,

1958).

Arthur Greenwood and H. 0. Hartley, Guide to

(Princeton
in mathematical statistics

tables

(Catalogues
Univ. Press, Princeton, N J. 1 962)
a large selection of tables used in mathematical
,

statistics)

[26.9]

A. Hald,

Wiley
[26.10]

&

Statistical

Sons, Inc.,

tables

New

and formulas (John

York, N.Y., 1952).

D. B. Owen, Handbook of statistical tables (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., Reading,

Mass., 1962).

M. G. Kendall and
theory of

[26.8] J.

Pearson and H. O. Hartley (Editors). Biometrika tables for statisticians, vol. I (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954).

[26.11] E. S.

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

962
[26.12]

K. Pearson (Editor), Tables for statisticians and

biometricians, parts I and II (Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge, England, 1914, 1931).
Normal Probability Integral and

[26.23]

D. B. Owen, The bivariate normal probability

function,

Derivatives

R. Airey, Table of Hh functions, British Association for the Advancement of Science, Mathematical Tables I (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1931).
[26.14] Harvard University, Tables of the error function
and of its first twenty derivatives (Harvard
Cambridge,
Mass.,
Univ.
Press,
1952).
P(x)-i, Z(x), Z(x), n= 1(1)4 for x=0(.004)
6.468, 6D; Z<">(x), n = 5(l)10 for x = 0(.004)
8.236, 6D; Z<>(x), n= 11(1) 15 for z=0(.002)
n=16(l)20 for x=0(.002)
9.61, 7S; Z<-)(x),
10.902, 7S or 6D.
[26.15] T. L. Kelley, The Kelley Statistical Tables (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1948).
x for P(x) = .5(. 0001) .9999 and corresponding
values of Z(x), 8D.
[26.16] National Bureau of Standards, A guide to tables of
the normal probability integral, Applied Math.
(U.S.

Government Printing

Bureau

7D

[26.25] G.

for

Campbell,

A.

Probability

values

2D;

of

to=tt

.0001,

Table IV of

Q(x

normal

.99

Publications

Advancement

of

Science,

Bivariate

Normal Probability

6D; L(h, k, - P for h, k = 0(.l)A,

= 0(.05).95(.01)lwhere.4issuchthatL<.5-10-

(.01)1,

7D; V(h, ah)

7D; V(ah, h)
, 7D.
[26.21] C.

Nicholson,

for

A=0(.01)4(.02)4.6(. 1)5.6,

for a=.l(.l)l,

ft

= 0(.01)4(.02)5.6,

fe

probability integral for

= .l(.l)3,

ah=A(A)3, ,

two

VQi, ah)

2D

.01,

.9,

4D;

c=^=l(l)101.

for

.05,

.02,

.1,

and v= 1(1)30,
in

.75,

.5,

.2,

.3,

3D

or 3S.

.5,

.7,

.8,

x2 Univ. of California
15-19 (1949).
1,
,

Statistics

X)=.l(.l).9, Q(x' 2 |)
3D or 3S.

v= 1(1)20(2)40(5)60(10) 100,

Kitagawa, Tables of Poisson distribution

_
(Baifukan, Tokyo, Japan, 1951). e "'m"/s! for
7D.
8D;
m=5(.01)10,
w=.001(.001)l(.01)5,

[26.30] E. C. Molina, Poisson's exponential binomial limit

(D.

Van Nostrand

Co., Inc.,

New

York, N.Y.,

CD

1940).

e~ m m'/sl

and P(x 2 |")=S

er m rn'lj\ for

j=e

m = x2/2=0(.l) 16(1) 100,

(.01)3,

[26.31]

m = 0(.001).01

6D;

7D.

K. Pearson (Editor), Tables of the incomplete

T-function, Biometrika Office, University College
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
p=-l(.05)0(.l)5(.2)50,
for
I(u,p)
1934).
w=0(.l) I(u,p) = l to 7D; p=-l(.01)-.75,
5D; \n[I(u,p)\u^], p=-l(.05)0
m = 0(.1)6,
8D; [x".+i T(p+l)]^y(p,x),
(.1)10, M=0(.l)1.5,
p=-l(.01)-.9,x=0(.01)3, 7D.

T(h,

a)=

arctan

a-V{h,

ah)

a=.25(.25)l, fr=0(.01)2(.02)3; a = 0(.01)l,

/i=0(.25)3; a=.l, .2(.05).5(.1).8, 1, <*>,

6D.

/l

for

1950).

0(x 2 k),

h=

T(x

= (^

U{t, x)

x2

= 0ix

V
)

\")

/2

(X k),

where <=(2 x

&
i

2
)

it,v)

-(2^) i

= 0(.05)2(.l)10, v = 0(.05)

Tix\v), x
Qix 2 \), x 2 =0(.l)3.2,

x=ivl2)-*.
2(.1)6;

2tt

3(.05)3.5(.1)4.7,

(Izdat.
funktsii veroyatnosti x 2
i
Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow-Leningrad, U.S.S.R.,

T-funktsii

6D.

D. B. Owen, Tables for computing bivariate normal

probabilities, Ann. Math. Statist. 27, 1075-1090
(1956).

showing
System
Tabulates

[26.32] E. E. Sluckii, Tablitsy dlya vycioleniya nepolnol

The

variables, Biometrika 33, 59-72 (1943)

for

>,

Integral

H. O. Hartley and E. S. Pearson, Tables of the x

integral and of the cumulative Poisson distribuAlso retion, Biometrika 37, 313-325 (1950).
produced as Table 7* in [26.11].
P(x2 l>') for
v= 1(1)20(2)70, x2 =0(.001).01(.01).l(.l)2(.2)10
5D.
(.5)20(1)40(2)134,

[26.29] T.

Integral

Table of circular normal

probabilities, Report No. 02-949-106 (1956).
Tabulates the integral of the circular normal
distribution over an off-set circle having its
center a distance r from the origin with radius
R; E=0(.01)4.59, r=0(.01)3, 5D.
[26.20] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the bivariate normal distribution function and related
functions, Applied Math. Series 50 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
L(h, k, p) for h, fc = 0(.l)4, p=0(.05).95
1959).

[26.19] Bell Aircraft Corporation,

>0

[26.28]

probability integral, British

Mathematical Tables VII (Cambridge Univ.

A(x)/Z(x)
Press, Cambridge, England, 1939).
forx = 0(.01)10, 12D;x = 0(.l)10, 24D.

Tabulates values of x2 for

[26.7].

k) = -001,

.9, .95, .98,

.25,

.1,

3D; .999999,

.99, .9999,

[26.26]

3D;

.01,

.01, .05;

The

k, P )

Qix2 \v) = .000001,

which

for

Tabulates X for P(x' 2

F. Sheppard,

curves

Technical Journal, 95-113 (1923).

Government Printing Office, Washington,

D.C., 1953). Z(x) and A(x) for x = 0(.0001)
1 (.001) 7.8,
15D; Z(x) and 2[1-P(x)] for

Association for the

h=

p<0.

probability functions, Applied Math. Series 23

W.

Poisson's exponential summation, Bell

z = 6(.01)10, 7S.

[26.22]

and

Cbi-Square, Non-Central Chi-Square, Probability

Incomplete Gamma Function, Poisson Distribution

(U.S.

[26.18]

for

6D.
VIII and IX, Part II of [26.12]. L(h,
h, fc = 0(.l)2.6, p=-l(.05)l,
6D for

[26.27] E. Fix, Tables of noncentral

of Standards, Tables of

a)

<;

[26.24] Tables

Office,

Washington, D.C., 1951).

[26.17] National

= 0(.025)l,

T(h,

0(.01)3.5(.05)4.75,

21

arctan a V(h,

ah) for a

U.S.

Services,

(1957).

2ir

[26.13] J.

Series

Technical

of

Office

Department of Commerce

v=0(.05)2(.l)6;

x2 =3.2(.2)7(.5) 10(1)35, v =0(.l).4(.2)6; ^it,v),

<=-4(.l)4.8, v=6(.5)ll(l)32; nit,x): <=-4.5
5D.
(.1)4.8, x = 0(.02).22(.01).25,

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
Incomplete Beta Function, Binomial Distribution
[26.42]
[26.33J

Harvard University, Tables

of

963

M. Merrington and C. M. Thompson, Tables

of

percentage points of the inverted beta (F) dis-

the

cumulative
binomial probability distribution (Harvard Univ.
Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1955).

tribution, Biometrika 33, 73-88 (1943).

F for which Q(F\v u v 2 )

Tabu-

= .5,

lates values of

.25,

CD

(?)p*(l-p)

3/16,

1/6,

1/8,

p=.01(.01).5, 1/16, 1/12,

5/16,

1/3,

3/8,

5/12,

7/16,

n= 1(1)50(2) 100(10)200(20)500(50) 1000,

Bureau

[26.34] National

.01,

.005; ,.,= 1(1)10, 12, 15, 20,

24, 30, 40, 60, 120, oo

[

= 1(1)30, 40, 60,

The power function

26.43] P. C. Tang,

120, oo

of the analysis of

variance tests with tables and illustrations of

5D.

their use, Statistical Research

Standards,

of

.025,

.05,

.1,

n -'for

Tables of the
binomial probability distribution, Applied Math.
Series 6 (U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C., 1950). (?)p(l-p)"- and

149 and tables (1938).

Memoirs

P(F'\ Vi

2 ,

<f>)

II,

126-

for

Vi

and c/,=V\/i+ 1)
3D.
2) = .01, .05,

1(1)8, p 2 =2(2)6(l)30, 60, oo

1

where Q(F'\ n

(.5)3(1)8

=
=

n
n

X) G )p*(l-P)

n ~" for

Student's

p=.01(.01).5, ra=2(l)49,

and Non-Central (-Distributions

=c

[26.35]

[26.36]

7D.
K. Pearson (Editor), Tables of the incomplete
beta function, Biometrika Office, University
College (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge,
England, 1948).
I x (a,b) for x=.01(.01)l;
a,6=.5(.5)ll(l)50, a>b,
7D.
W. H. Robertson, Tables of the binomial distribution function for small values of

p,

[26.44] E. T. Federighi,

Extended tables of the percentage

Student's ^-distribution, J. Amer.
Statist. Assoc. 54, 683-688 (1959.)
Values of

Com-

merce (1960).

of

for

which

Q{t\ v

oo

ra

[26.45]

Table III of

[26.7].

.95,

60, 120, oo

= 2(l)
[26.46]

100(2)200(10)500(20)1000;

p=.021(.001).05,

n=2(l)50(2) 100(5) 200(10) 300 (20) 600 (50) 1000,

5D.
[26.37] H. G. Romig, 50-100 Binomial tables (John

&

Wiley

Sons,

(:)> (1

Inc.,

p)" - *

and

New

York, N.Y.,

(")
=o \s/

p(l

.98,

40, 60, 120,

oo
;

5D.
Ordnance Corps, Tables

2b=l(l)10,

for

[26.48]

[26.49]

of the cumulative

Z=^

for

Tabulates values of

Q(F\v u

*2)

= .2,

.1,

.05, .01, .001;

388-398(1944).

<j>=-y/\/(vi+l) for
oo

v,= 1(1)10,
V2 =2(2)20,

12, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 60, 120,

;
24, 30, 40, 60, 80, 120, 240, oo and P(F'\v h v 2 ,

716-654

64

where Q{F'\v u

62

.1(.1).9;

= 1(1)30,

<"

[1

+ A(t\v)]

for

t=
5;

S. Resnikoff and G. J. Lieberman, Tables of the

noncentral ^-distribution (Stanford Univ. Press,
Stanford, Calif., 1957). dP(t' \i>, 8) /dt' and P(t'\ v,s)

= 2(1)24(5)49, 5= VH"1
.15,

.065,

.1,

.04,

*p where Q(x p )

.025, .01, .004, .0025,

2 )

= -01,

.05,

3D

and

</>)

or 3S.

1,

4D.
Deviates

Lewis and E. S. Pearson, Corrandom normal deviates, Tracts for

[26.50] E. C. Fieller, T.

related

Lehmer, Inverse tables of probabilities of errors

second kind, Ann. Math. Statist. 15,

.3

.05,

Random Numbers and Normal

F and

Computers 26 (Cambridge Univ.

Press,

Cam-

bridge, England, 1955).

[26.51] T. E. Hull

and A. R. Dobell, Random number

Ind. App. Math. 4, 230-254

generators, Soc.

of the

= .2,

01,

[26.11].P(t\v)=-

of

between

1-1=1(1)6, 8, 12, 24, oo ; 2 =1(1)30, 40, 60, 120,

oo,
2D for F, 4D for Z.
[26.41] E.

.05.

.001 and t'l\v covers the range of values such

that throughout most of the table the entries lie

of [26.7].

In

p=.2b,

7D.

G.

for ^

F (Variance-Ratio) and Non-Central F Distribution

Table

Table

J/=l(l)20, 5D; <=0(.05)2(.1)4,

j>=20(l)24, 30, 40, 60, 120, oo,
5D.

S(

[26.40]

P(t'\v,S)

0(.1)4(.2)8;

binomial probabilities, ORDP 20-1, Office of

Technical Services, Washington, D.C. (1952).
n / n\
jp^l-p)" - ' for p = .01(.01).5 and n=l
(1)150,

for which A(t\ v ) =

and u= 1(1)30, 40,

3D.

Q(* = .01,

12, 15,

20, 24, 30, 40, 60, 120,

[26.39] U.S.

.999

Neyman and B. Tokarska, Errors of the second

kind in testing Student's hypothesis, J. Amer.
Statist. Assoc. 31, 318-326 (1936).
Tabulates 5

for

[26.38] C.

2a= 1(1)30,

Values of
.99,

.005, .01, .025, .05, .1(.1).9, .95, .975, .99, .995.

[26.47] J.

p=.01(.01).5 and n= 50(5) 100, 6D.

M. Thompson, Tables of percentage points of
the incomplete beta function, Biometrika 32,
151-181 (1941). Also reproduced as Table 16
in [26.11].
Tabulates values of x for which
Ix (a, b)) = .005, .01, .025, .05, .1, .25, .5;

p=

N. L. Johnson and B. L. Welch, Applications of

the noncentral ^-distribution, Biometrika 31,
362-389 (1939). Tabulates an auxiliary function which enables calculation of S for given
t" and p,ort' for given 5 and p where P(t' \v,5) = p =

1953).

p)"-

n=0(l)5,

.05X10-",

3D.

.1(.1).9,
B
(?)P'(1-P) "* for p=. 001 (.001). 02,

1(1)30(5)60(10)100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 10000,

X)
4=0

- [l-A(t\p)] = 25X10-",

)=

.1X10-", w = 0(1)6,

Office of

Technical Services, U.S. Department of

points

(1962).
[26.52]

B. Babington Smith, Random

sampling numbers (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1939).

M. G. Kendall and

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

964

Random variables and computers,

Proc. Third Prague Conference in Probability

[26.53] G. Marsaglia,

(Also as Math. Note No. 260,

Boeing Scientific Research Laboratories, 1962).
[26.54] M. E. Muller, An inverse method for the generation of random normal deviates on large scale

[26.55] Rarjd Corporation,

Theory 1962.

computers, Math. Tables Aids Comp. 63. 167174 (1958).

million

100,000 normal deviates

Glencoe, 111. 1955).
[26.56]

random
(The

digits with

Free

Press,

H. Wold, Random normal deviates, Tracts for

Computers 25 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1948).

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

966

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION AND DERIVATIVES

Table 26.1

ZW(X)

Z(x)

P(x)

X
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

0.50000
0.50797
0.51595
0.52392
0.53188

00000
83137
34368
21826
13720

00000
16902
52831
54107
13988

0.39894
0.39886
0.39862
0.39822
0.39766

22804
24999
32542
48301
77055

01433
23666
04605
95607
11609

0.00000
-0.00797
-0.01594
-0.02389
-0.03181

00000
72499
49301
34898
34164

00000
98473
68184
11736
40929

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

0.53982
0.54775
0.55567
0.56355
0.57142

78372
84260
00048
94628
37159

77029
20584
05907
91433
00901

0.39695
0.39608
0.39505
0.39386
0.39253

25474
02117
17408
83615
14831

77012
93656
34611
68541
20429

-0.03969
-0.04752
-0.05530
-0.06301
-0.07065

52547
96254
72437
89378
56669

47701
15239
16846
50967
61677

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

0.57925
0.58706
0.59483
0.60256
0.61026

97094
44226
48716
81132
12475

39103
48215
97796
01761
55797

0.39104
0.38940
0.38761
0.38568
0.38360

26939
37588
66151
33691
62921

75456
33790
25014
91816
53479

-0.07820
-0.08566
-0.09302
-0.10027
-0.10740

85387
88269
79876
76759
97618

95091
43434
30003
89872
02974

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

0.61791
0.62551
0.63307
0.64057
0.64802

14221
58347
17360
64332
72924

88953
23320
36028
17991
24163

0.38138
0.37903
0.37653
0.37391
0.37115

78154
05261
71618
06053
38793

60524
52702
33254
73128
59466

-0.11441
-0.12128
-0.12802
-0.13460
-0.14103

63446
97683
26350
78179
84741

38157
68865
23306
34326
56597

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.65542
0.66275
0.67003
0.67724
0.68438

17416
72731
14463
18897
63034

10324
51751
39407
49653
83778

0.36827
0.36526
0.36213
0.35889
0.35553

01403
26726
48824
02910
25285

03323
22154
13092
33545
05997

-0.14730
-0.15341
-0.15933
-0.16508
-0.17065

80561
03225
93482
95338
56136

21329
01305
61761
75431
82879

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56

0.58

0.69146
0.69846
0.70540
0.71226
0.71904

24612
82124
14837
02811
26911

74013
53034
84302
50973
01436

0.35206
0.34849
0.34481
0.34104
0.33717

53267
25127
80014
57886
99438

64299
58974
39333
30353
22381

-0.17603
-0.18121
-0.18620
-0.19098
-0.19556

26633
61066
17207
56416
43674

82150
34667
77240
32997
16981

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

0.72574
0.73237
0.73891
0.74537
0.75174

68822
11065
37003
30853
77695

49927
31017
07139
28664
46430

0.33322
0.32918
0.32506
0.32086
0.31659

46028
39607
22640
38037
29077

91800
70765
84082
71172
10893

-0.19993
-0.20409
-0.20803
-0.21177
-0.21528

47617
40556
98490
01104
31772

35080
77874
13813
88974
43407

0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78

0.75803
0.76423
0.77035
0.77637
0.78230

63477
75022
00028
27075
45624

76927
20749
35210
62401
14267

0.31225
0.30785
0.30338
0.29887
0.29430

39333
12604
92837
24057
50297

66761
69853
56300
75953
88325

-0.21857
-0.22165
-0.22450
-0.22714
-0.22955

77533
29075
80699
30283
79232

56733
38294
79662
89724
34894

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

0.78814
0.79389
0.79954
0.80510
0.81057

46014
19464
58067
54787
03452

16604
14187
39551
48192
23288

0.28969
0.28503
0.28034
0.27561
0.27086

15527
63584
38108
82471
39717

61483
89007
39621
53457
98338

-0.23175
-0.23372
-0.23548
-0.23703
-0.23836

32422
98139
88011
16925
02951

09186
60986
05281
51973
82537

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

0.81593
0.82121
0.82639
0.83147
0.83645

98746
36203
12196
23925
69406

53241
85629
61376
33162
72308

0.26608
0.26128
0.25647
0.25164
0.24680

52498
63012
12944
43410
94905

98755
49553
25620
98117
67043

-0.23947
-0.24038
-0.24108
-0.24157
-0.24187

67249
33971
30167
85674
33007

08879
49589
60083
54192
55702

1.00

0.84134 47460 68543

ra
Z(x)

M
= el*

P(x) =

0.24197 07245 19143

(

[
x

Z(t)dt

lf]

Z^\x)^Z{x)
dxn
v

'

'

-0.24197 07245 19143

He n (x) = (-iyZM(x)/Z(x)

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

967

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION AND DERIVATIVES

X

Z(2)(*)

Z(3)(*)

Z(4)(x)

Z(5)()

Table 26.1
Z(6)(*)

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

-0.39894
-0.39870
-0.39798
-0.39679
-0.39512

22804
29549
54570
12208
26322

0.00000
0.02392
0.04780
0.07159
0.09523

000
856
928
445
664

1.19682
1.19563
1.19204
1.18607
1.17774

684
029
400
800
897

0.00000
-0.11962
-0.23891
-0.35754
-0.47516

000
684
887
249
649

-5.98413
-5.97575
-5.95066
-5.90893
-5.85073

421
893
325
742
151

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

-0.39298
-0.39037
-0.38730
-0.38378
-0.37981

30220
66567
87267
53315
34631

0.11868
0.14190
0.16483
0.18744
0.20967

881
445
771
353
776

1.16708
1.15410
1.13884
1.12136
1.10169

019
144
890
503
839

-0.59146
-0.70610
-0.81878
-0.92919
-1.03701

327
997
968
252
674

-5.77625
-5.68577
-5.57961
-5.45815
-5.32182

460
399
395
435
895

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

-0.37540
-0.37055
-0.36528
-0.35961
-0.35353

09862
66169
98981
11734
15588

0.23149
0.25286
0.27372
0.29405
0.31380

727
011
555
426
836

1.07990
1.05604
1.03017
1.00237
0.97272

350
063
556
941
834

-1.14196
-1.24376
-1.34214
-1.43683
-1.52759

980
938
434
568
737

-5.17112
-5.00657
-4.82876
-4.63831
-4.43591

356
387
317
979
441

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

-0.34706
-0.34021
-0.33300
-0.32545
-0.31755

29121
78003
94659
17909
92592

0.33295
0.35144
0.36926
0.38637
0.40274

156
923
849
828
947

0.94130
0.90818
0.87347
0.83725
0.79963

327
965
711
919
298

-1.61419
-1.69641
-1.77405
-1.84692
-1.91485

723
762
617
643
840

-4.22225
-3.99809
-3.76420
-3.52140
-3.27051

716
459
646
244
871

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

-0.30934
-0.30083
-0.29202
-0.28294
-0.27361

69179
03372
55692
91055
78339

0.41835
0.43316
0.44716
0.46033
0.47264

488
939
995
566
779

0.76069
0.72055
0.67932
0.63709
0.59398

880
987
193
291
256

-1.97769
-2.03531
-2.08758
-2.13440
-2.17570

904
269
144
537
278

-3.01241
-2.74796
-2.47807
-2.20363
-1.92557

439
802
382
810
548

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

-0.26404
-0.25426
-0.24426
-0.23409
-0.22375

89951
01373
90722
38293
26107

0.48408
0.49464
0.50430
0.51306
0.52090

982
748
874
383
525

0.55010
0.50556
0.46048
0.41496
0.36913

207
372
050
574
279

-2.21141
-2.24148
-2.26589
-2.28463
-2.29771

033
307
443
613
801

-1.64480
-1.36224
-1.07881
-0.79543
-0.51298

520
740
949
249
749

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

-0.21326
-0.20264
-0.19191
-0.18109
-0.17020

37459
56463
67607
55308
03472

0.52782
0.53382
0.53890
0.54306
0.54630

777
841
643
327
259

0.32309
0.27696
0.23085
0.18486
0.13911

457
332
017
483
528

-2.30516
-2.30703
-2.30336
-2.29426
-2.27980

783
091
981
388
875

-0.23237
+0.04554
0.31990
0.58988
0.85469

218
255
583
999
355

0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78

-0.15924
-0.14826
-0.13725
-0.12624
-0.11524

95060
11670
33120
37042
98497

0.54863
0.55005
0.55058
0.55023
0.54901

016
386
359
127
073

0.09370
0.04874
+0.00432
-0.03944
-0.08247

741
473
808
465
882

-2.26011
-2.23531
-2.20553
-2.17094
-2.13170

583
162
714
715
944

1.11354
1.36570
1.61045
1.84714
2.07512

405
074
709
311
746

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

-0.10428
-0.09337
-0.08253
-0.07177
-0.06110

89590
79110
32179
09916
69120

0.54693
0.54402
0.54030
0.53578
0.53049

765
952
551
644
467

-0.12468
-0.16597
-0.20625
-0.24546
-0.28351

324
047
697
336
458

-2.08800
-2.04002
-1.98796
-1.93204
-1.87248

401
228
617
726
587

2.29381
2.50267
2.70117
2.88887
3.06536

943
061
643
745
044

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

-0.05055
-0.04013
-0.02985
-0.01972
-0.00977

61975
35759
32587
89163
36558

0.52445
0.51768
0.51022
0.50209
0.49332

403
968
810
689
478

-0.32034
-0.35587
-0.39005
-0.42282
-0.45413

003
378
463
627
732

-1.80951
-1.74335
-1.67426
-1.60247
-1.52824

008
486
103
436
456

3.23025
3.38325
3.52407
3.65250
3.76836

923
538
854
673
628

1.00

0.00000 00000

ra
P(-x)=l-P(x)

0.48394 145
(

T]

-0.48394 145

ra

Z(-x)=Z(x)

-1.45182 435
(

T]

3.87153 159

Z(n)(-x)=(-l) n Z(n)(x)

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

968

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION AND DERIVATIVES

Table 26.1

ZW(x)

Z(x)

P(x)

1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08

0.84134
0.84613
0.85083
0.85542
0.85992

47460
57696
00496
77003
89099

68543
27265
69019
36091
11231

0.24197
0.23713
0.23229
0.22746
0.22265

07245
19520
70047
96324
34987

19143
19380
43366
57386
51761

-0.24197
-0.24187
-0.24158
-0.24111
-0.24046

07245
45910
88849
78104
57786

19143
59767
33101
04829
51902

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

0.86433
0.86864
0.87285
0.87697
0.88099

39390
31189
68494
55969
98925

53618
57270
37202
48657
44800

0.21785
0.21306
0.20830
0.20357
0.19886

21770
91467
77900
13882
31193

32551
75718
47108
90759
87276

-0.23963
-0.23863
-0.23747
-0.23614
-0.23465

73947
74443
08806
28104
84808

35806
88804
53704
17281
76986

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

0.88493
0.88876
0.89251
0.89616
0.89972

03297
75625
23029
53188
74320

78292
52166
25413
78700
45558

0.19418
0.18954
0.18493
0.18037
0.17584

60549
31580
72809
11632
74302

83213
91640
63305
27080
97662

-0.23302
-0.23124
-0.22932
-0.22726
-0.22508

32659
26528
22283
76656
47107

79856
71801
94499
66121
81008

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

0.90319
0.90658
0.90987
0.91308
0.91620

95154
24910
73275
50380
66775

14390
06528
35548
52915
84986

0.17136
0.16693
0.16255
0.15822
0.15394

85920
70417
50552
47903
82867

47807
41714
25534
70383
62634

-0.22277
-0.22035
-0.21782
-0.21518
-0.21244

91696
68950
37740
57149
86357

62150
99062
02216
03721
32434

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

0.91924
0.92219
0.92506
0.92785
0.93056

33407
61594
63004
49630
33766

66229
73454
65673
34106
66669

0.14972
0.14556
0.14145
0.13741
0.13343

74656
41300
99652
65392
53039

35745
37348
24839
82282
51002

-0.20961
-0.20670
-0.20370
-0.20062
-0.19748

84518
10646
23499
81473
42498

90043
53034
23768
52131
47483

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

0.93319
0.93574
0.93821
0.94062
0.94294

27987
45121
98232
00594
65667

31142
81064
88188
05207
62246

0.12951
0.12566
0.12187
0.11815
0.11450

75956
46367
75370
72950
48002

65892
89088
32402
59582
59292

-0.19427
-0.19101
-0.18769
-0.18432
-0.18091

63934
02479
14070
53802
75844

98838
19414
29899
92948
09682

1.60
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68

0.94520
0.94738
0.94949
0.95154
0.95352

07083
38615
74165
27737
13421

00442
45748
25897
33277
36280

0.11092
0.10740
0.10396
0.10058
0.09728

08346
60751
10953
63684
22693

79456
13484
28764
27691
31467

-0.17747
-0.17399
-0.17049
-0.16697
-0.16343

33354
78416
61963
33715
42124

87129
83844
39173
89966
76865

1.70
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78

0.95543
0.95728
0.95907
0.96079
0.96246

45372
37792
04910
60967
20196

41457
08671
21193
12518
51483

0.09404
0.09088
0.08779
0.08477
0.08182

90773
69790
60706
63613
77759

76887
16283
10906
08022
92143

-0.15988
-0.15632
-0.15276
-0.14920
-0.14565

34315
56039
51628
63959
34412

40708
08007
62976
02119
66014

1.80
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88

0.96406
0.96562
0.96711
0.96855
0.96994

96808
04975
58813
72370
59610

87074
54110
40836
19248
38800

0.07895
0.07614
0.07340
0.07074
0.06814

01583
32736
68125
03934
35661

00894
96207
81657
56983
01045

-0.14211
-0.13858
-0.13506
-0.13157
-0.12810

02849
07581
85351
71318
99042

41609
27097
50249
29989
69964

1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98

0.97128
0.97257
0.97381
0.97500
0.97614

34401
10502
01550
21048
82356

83998
96163
59548
51780
58492

0.06561
0.06315
0.06076
0.05844
0.05618

58147
65614
51689
09443
31419

74677
35199
54565
33451
03868

-0.12467
-0.12126
-0.11788
-0.11454
-0.11124

00480
05979
44277
42508
26209

71886
55581
71856
93565
69659

2.00

0.97724 98680 51821

0.05399 09665 13188

(

Z(z)=-^=e-i*
\V.TT
V2tt

P(x)=T
*J

Z(t)dt
<

-0.10798 19330 26376

6 )9
o ]

He n (x) = (-l) nZ w (x)/Z(x)

969

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

NO RMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION AND DERIVATIVES

Table 26.1

ZW(x)

Z(2)(z)

ZM(x)

Z^(x)

Z<

(*)

1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08

0.00000
0.00958
0.01895
0.02811
0.03704

00000
01309
54356
52466
95422

0.48394
0.47397
0.46346
0.45243
0.44091

145
745
412
346
805

-0.48394
-0.51219
-0.53886
-0.56392
-0.58734

145
739
899
521
012

-1.45182
-1.37346
-1.29343
-1.21197
-1.12934

435
846
272
312
487

3.87153
3.96192
4.03951
4.10431
4.15639

159
478
497
754
308

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

0.04574
0.05420
0.06240
0.07035
0.07803

89572
47909
90139
42718
38880

0.42895
0.41656
0.40379
0.39067
0.37723

094
552
549
467
697

-0.60909
-0.62916
-0.64755
-0.66424
-0.67924

290
776
390
543
129

-1.04580
-0.96159
-0.87697
-0.79217
-0.70744

155
420
050
397
317

4.19584
4.22282
4.23751
4.24014
4.23098

622
430
585
894
941

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

0.08544
0.09257
0.09942
0.10598
0.11226

18642
28784
22822
60955
09995

0.36351
0.34954
0.33536
0.32099
0.30647

629
639
083
285
534

-0.69254
-0.70416
-0.71411
-0.72240
-0.72907

515
524
427
928
143

-0.62301
-0.53910
-0.45594
-0.37373
-0.29268

100
399
161
571
993

4.21033
4.17853
4.13593
4.08295
4.02000

894
305
896
339
029

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

0.11824
0.12393
0.12932
0.13442
0.13923

43285
40598
88019
77819
08305

0.29184
0.27712
0.26234
0.24754
0.23275

071
083
695
965
873

-0.73412
-0.73760
-0.73953
-0.73995
-0.73889

591
168
132
087
953

-0.21299
-0.13484
-0.05841
+0.01613
0.08864

916
911
584
459
645

3.94752
3.86600
3.77593
3.67781
3.57216

847
921
384
128
556

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

0.14373
0.14795
0.15187
0.15550
0.15884

83670
13818
14187
05559
13858

0.21800
0.20331
0.18870
0.17422
0.15988

319
117
986
548
325

-0.73641
-0.73255
-0.72735
-0.72087
-0.71315

957
600
645
087
137

0.15897
0.22698
0.29255
0.35556
0.41593

463
486
386
954
103

3.45953
3.34046
3.21550
3.08522
2.95017

335
152
469
283
891

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

0.16189
0.16467
0.16716
0.16939
0.17134

69946
09400
72298
02982
49831

0.14570
0.13172
0.11794
0.10440
0.09111

730
067
528
190
010

-0.70425
-0.69422
-0.68313
-0.67103
-0.65798

193
823
742
785
890

0,47354
0.52834
0.58025
0.62921
0.67518

871
425
051
147
208

2.81093
2.66805
2.52210
2.37361
2.22315

657
791
132
937
681

1.60
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68

0.17303
0.17447
0.17565
0.17658
0.17728

65021
04284
26667
94284
72076

0.07808
0.06535
0.05292
0.04080
0.02902

827
359
202
829
592

-0.64405
-0.62928
-0.61375
-0.59751
-0.58062

073
410
011
005
516

0.71812
0.75802
0.79486
0.82863
0.85934

810
588
211
352
661

2.07124
1.91841
1.76517
1.61201
1.45942

871
857
671
862
351

1.70
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78

0.17775
0.17799
0.17801
0.17782
0.17743

27562
30597
53128
68955
53495

0.01758
+0.00650
-0.00421
-0.01456
-0.02452

718
315
632
254
804

-0.56315
-0.54516
-0.52670
-0.50785
-0.48864

647
459
954
061
614

0.88701
0.91167
0.93333
0.95206
0.96790

729
051
988
725
228

1.30785
1.15774
1.00953
0.86361
0.72036

296
966
633
469
463

1.80
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88

0.17684
0.17607
0.17511
0.17399
0.17270

83546
37061
92921
30717
30539

-0.03410
-0.04329
-0.05208
-0.06047
-0.06846

647
263
243
285
193

-0.46915
-0.44942
-0.42952
-0.40949
-0.38940

342
853
621
971
073

0.98090
0.99113
0.99865
1.00356
1.00592

203
045
794
087
110

0.58014
0.44328
0.31010
0.18087
+0.05587

345
526
045
536
197

1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98

0.17125
0.16966
0.16793
0.16606
0.16407

72766
37866
06209
57874
72476

-0.07604
-0.08323
-0.09001
-0.09640
-0.10238

873
327
655
044
771

-0.36927
-0.34918
-0.32915
-0.30925
-0.28950

924
347
976
250
408

1.00582
1.00336
0.99863
0.99173
0.98276

548
537
613
666
891

-0.06467
-0.18054
-0.29155
-0.39754
-0.49836

219
414
530
137
204

2.00

0.16197 28995

-0.10798 193
{

t'T]

~n

PC- -x)=\-P{x)

-0.26995 483
(

[ -e
Z( -x) =Z{x)

-0.59390 063

0.97183 740

>2

4M

[ -e
Z<? ')(-*)

[<-?']
]

= (- i)zw(i

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

970

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION AND DERIVATIVES

Table 26.1
x

P(x)

ZU)(x)

Z(x)

2.00
2.02
2.04
2.06
2.08

0.97724
0.97830
0.97932
0.98030
0.98123

98680
83062
48371
07295
72335

51821
32353
33930
90623
65062

0.05399
0.05186
0.04980
0.04779
0.04586

09665
35766
00877
95748
10762

13188
82821
35071
82077
71055

-0.10798
-0.10476
-0.10159
-0.09846
-0.09539

19330
44248
21789
71242
10386

26376
99298
79544
57079
43794

2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18

0.98213
0.98299
0.98382
0.98461
0.98537

55794
69773
26166
36652
12692

37184
52367
27834
16075
24011

0.04398
0.04216
0.04040
0.03870
0.03706

35959
61069
75539
68561
29102

80427
61770
22860
47456
47806

-0.09236
-0.08939
-0.08647
-0.08360
-0.08079

55515
21467
21653
68092
71443

58897
53953
94921
78504
40218

2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28

0.98609
0.98679
0.98745
0.98808
0.98869

65524
06161
45385
93745
61557

86502
92744
64054
81453
61447

0.03547
0.03394
0.03246
0.03103
0.02965

45928 46231
07631 82449
02656 43697
19322 15008
45848 47341

-0.07804
-0.07534
-0.07271
-0.07013
-0.06761

41042
84942
09950
21668
24534

61709
65037
41882
05919
51938

2.30
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38

0.98927
0.98982
0.99035
0.99086
0.99134

58899
95613
81300
25324
36809

78324
31281
54642
69428
74484

0.02832
0.02704
0.02581
0.02463
0.02349

70377
80995
65754
12693
09853

41601
46882
71588
06382
58201

-0.06515
-0.06275
-0.06041
-0.05812
-0.05590

21868
15909
07866
97955
85451

05683
48766
03515
63063
52519

2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48

0.99180
0.99223
0.99265
0.99305
0.99343

24640
97464
63690
31492
08808

75404
49447
44652
11376
64453

0.02239
0.02134
0.02032
0.01935
0.01842

45302
07148
83557
62767
33106

94843
99923
38226
31737
46862

-0.05374
-0.05164
-0.04960
-0.04761
-0.04568

68727
45300
11880
64407
98104

07623
57813
01271
60073
04218

2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58

0.99379
0.99413
0.99445
0.99476
0.99505

03346
22582
73765
63918
99842

74224
84668
56918
36444
42230

0.01752
0.01667
0.01584
0.01505
0.01430

83004
01008
75790
96163
51089

93569
37381
25361
27377
94150

-0.04382
-0.04200
-0.04025
-0.03855
-0.03690

07512
86541
28507
26177
71812

33921
10200
24416
98086
04906

2.60
2.62
2.64
2.66
2.68

0.99533
0.99560
0.99585
0.99609
0.99631

88119
35116
46986
29674
88919

76281
51879
38964
25147
90825

0.01358
0.01289
0.01223
0.01160
0.01099

29692
21261
15263
01351
69366

33686
07895
51278
13703
29406

-0.03531
-0.03377
-0.03229
-0.03085
-0.02947

57200
73704
12295
63594
17901

07583
02686
67374
02449
66807

2.70
2.72
2.74
2.76
2.78

0.99653
0.99673
0.99692
0.99710
0.99728

30261
59041
80407
99319
20550

96960
84109
81350
23774
77299

0.01042
0.00987
0.00934
0.00884
0.00836

09348
11537
66383
64543
96891

14423
94751
67612
98237
54653

-0.02813
-0.02684
-0.02560
-0.02441
-0.02326

65239
95383
97891
62141
77358

98941
21723
27258
39135
49935

2.80
2.82
2.84
2.86
2.88

0.99744
0.99759
0.99774
0.99788
0.99801

48696
88175
43233
17949
16241

69572
25811
08458
59596
45106

0.00791
0.00748
0.00707
0.00667
0.00630

54515
28725
11048
93237
67263

82980
25781
86019
39203
96266

-0.02216
-0.02110
-0.02008
-0.01910
-0.01816

32644
17005
19378
28658
33720

32344
22701
76295
94119
21246

2.90
2.92
2.94
2.96
2.98

0.99813
0.99824
0.99835
0.99846
0.99855

41866
98430
89387
18047
87580

99616
71324
65843
88262
82660

0.00595
0.00561
0.00529
0.00499
0.00470

25324
59835
63438
28992
49575

19776
95991
65311
13612
26934

-0.01726
-0.01639
-0.01557
-0.01477
-0.01402

23440
86721
12509
89816
07734

17350
00294
64014
72293
30263

3.00

0.99865 01019 68370

0.00443 18484 11938

(
(

['

Z{X)=

-L e-**

V2

P(x)=f_^Z(t)dt

-0.01329 55452 35814

(

ir]

ZW(x)=^Z(x)

He n {x)

T?1

= (-l) nZ w (x)/Z(x)

971

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION AND DERIVATIVES

Z(2)(x)

ZW(x)

Z&)(x)

Table 26.1

Z(5)(x)

Z>

(x)

00
02
04
06
2.08

0.16197
0.15976
0.15744
0.15504
0.15255

28995
05616
79574
27011
22841

-0.10798
-0.11318
-0.11800
-0.12245
-0.12652

193
748
948
372
667

-0.26995
-0.25064
-0.23160
-0.21287
-0.19448

483
297
454
345
137

0.97183
0.95904
0.94451
0.92833
0.91062

740
873
117
417
795

-0.59390
-0.68406
-0.76878
-0.84800
-0.92169

063
360
007
114
927

2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18

0.14998
0.14734
0.14464
0.14188
0.13907

40623
52442
28800
38519
48644

-0.13023
-0.13358
-0.13659
-0.13925
-0.14158

543
762
143
550
892

-0.17645
-0.15882
-0.14162
-0.12485
-0.10856

779
997
297
967
076

0.89150
0.87107
0.84943
0.82671
0.80301

307
003
890
890
811

-0.98986
-1.05251
-1.10968
-1.16141
-1.20777

750
862
436
446
570

2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28

0.13622
0.13333
0.13041
0.12746
0.12450

24365
28941
23633
67648
18090

-0.14360
-0.14530
-0.14670
-0.14781
-0.14863

115
204
170
055
922

-0.09274
-0.07742
-0.06262
-0.04834
-0.03460

478
816
527
844
801

0.77844
0.75309
0.72708
0.70050
0.67346

311
866
743
969
314

-1.24885
-1.28473
-1.31554
-1.34140
-1.36245

097
823
947
971
589

2.30
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38

0.12152
0.11853
0.11554
0.11255
0.10957

29919
55915
46652
50482
13521

-0.14919
-0.14949
-0.14955
-0.14937
-0.14896

851
939
294
032
273

-0.02141
-0.00876
+0.00331
0.01484
0.02581

241
819
989
882
724

0.64604
0.61833
0.59044
0.56243
0.53440

257
976
323
808
589

-1.37883
-1.39070
-1.39823
-1.40159
-1.40097

587
730
661
796
220

2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48

0.10659
0.10363
0.10069
0.09778
0.09488

79642
90478
85430
01675
74192

-0.14834
-0.14751
-0.14650
-0.14530
-0.14394

137
744
207
633
118

0.03622
0.04607
0.05536
0.06411
0.07231

539
505
942
307
187

0.50642
0.47856
0.45090
0.42350
0.39643

453
812
689
717
129

-1.39654
-1.38851
-1.37705
-1.36239
-1.34470

584
010
991
299
892

2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58

0.09202
0.08919
0.08639
0.08363
0.08091

35776
17075
46618
50852
54185

-0.14241
-0.14074
-0.13893
-0.13700
-0.13494

744
579
674
058
742

0.07997
0.08710
0.09371
0.09981
0.10541

287
428
533
624
808

0.36973
0.34348
0.31771
0.29247
0.26781

759
039
001
277
102

-1.32420
-1.30109
-1.27556
-1.24781
-1.21804

833
199
010
146
284

2.60
62
64
66
68

0.07823
0.07560
0.07301
0.07047
0.06798

79028
45843
73197
77809
74610

-0.13278
-0.13052
-0.12818
-0.12575
-0.12326

711
927
326
818
282

0.11053
0.11517
0.11935
0.12308
0.12638

277
293
186
341
196

0.24376
0.22036
0.19764
0.17563
0.15434

323
399
415
084
760

-1.18644
-1.15321
-1.11853
-1.08259
-1.04556

824
833
985
509
139

2.70
2.72
2.74
2.76
2.78

0.06554
0.06315
0.06082
0.05854
0.05631

76800
95904
41838
22966
46165

-0.12070
-0.11809
-0.11543
-0.11274
-0.11001

569
501
869
431
916

0.12926
0.13173
0.13382
0.13554
0.13690

232
965
945
741
942

0.13381
0.11404
0.09506
0.07686
0.05946

449
817
206
640
846

-1.00761
-0.96890
-0.92961
-0.88988
-0.84986

072
932
727
829
942

2.80
2.82

84
86
88

0.05414
0.05202
0.04996
0.04795
0.04600

16888
39229
15987
48727
37850

-0.10727
-0.10450
-0.10172
-0.09894
-0.09616

020
406
706
520
416

0.13793
0.13862
0.13902
0.13911
0.13894

149
969
007
867
142

0.04287
0.02708
+0.01209
-0.00209
-0.01549

262
053
127
857
465

-0.80970
-0.76951
-0.72943
-0.68959
-0.65008

080
553
954
143
248

90
92
94
96
2.98

0.04410
0.04226
0.04048
0.03875
0.03707

82652
81389
31340
28865
69473

-0.09338
-0.09062
-0.08787
-0.08515
-0.08244

928
562
791
058
776

0.13850
0.13782
0.13691
0.13578
0.13446

412
240
166
706
347

-0.02810
-0.03993
-0.05100
-0.06132
-0.07091

482
892
863
737
012

-0.61101
-0.57249
-0.53459
-0.49740
-0.46100

661
036
292
627
520

3.00

0.03545 47873
"(-5)1
6

['"H

-0.07977 327
"(-5)5515
(

[ -e

P(-x)=l-P(x)

0.13295 545
(-5,7]
[

Z(-x)=Z(x)

-0.07977 327

-0.42545 745
(

['IP]

2W(-x) = (-l)"ZW(i)

T]

PROBABILITY FUNCTION'S

972

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION AND DERIVATIVES

Table 26.1

ZW(x)

3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20

P(x)
0.99865 01020
0.99885 57932
0.99903 23968
0.99918 36477
0.99931 28621

3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40
3.45

0.99942
0.99951
0.99959
0.99966
0.99971

29750
65759
59422
30707
97067

3.50
3.55
3.60
3.65
3.70

0,99976
0.99980
0.99984
0.99986
0.99989

73709
73844
08914
88798
22003

-4)8.72682
-4)7.31664
-4)6.11901
-4)5.10464
-4)4.24780

6950
4628
9301
9743
2706

3.75
3.80
3.85
3.90
3.95

0.99991
0.99992
0.99994
0.99995
0.99996

15827
76520
09411
19037
09244

-4)3.52595
-4)2.91946
-A) 2.41126
-4)1.98655
-4)1.63256

6824
9258
5802
4714
4088

4.00
4.05
4.10
4.15
4.20

0.99996
0.99997
0.99997
0.99998
0.99998

83288
43912
93425
33762
66543

11.33830
11.09434
18.92616
17.26259
15.89430

2258
0434
5718
3030
6776

4.25
4.30
4.35
4.40
4.45

0.99998
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

93115
14601
31931
45875
57065

14.77186
13.85351
13.10414
12.49424

4.50
4.55
4.60
4.65
4.70

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

66023
73177
78875
83403
86992

11.59837 4111

4.75
4.80
4.85
4.90
4.95

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

89829
92067
93827
95208
96289

i5.02950
i3.96129
'3.11217
12.43896
11.90660

5.00

0.99999 97133

Table 26.2

Z(x)
4.43184
-3)3.80976
3)3.26681
(-3 2.79425
(-3 2.38408

-3
-3

'-3 2.02904 8057

-3)

-3

-3 1.45873 0805
-3)1.23221 9168
3)1.03828 1296

"3

3654
9674
0706
7129
H.99917 9671

H.27473 3238
il.01408 5207
i8.04718 2456
16.36982 5179

7289
9091
5579
0746
0903

(-6)1.48671 9515

-3)

-3)
-3'
-3'
-3'

-3

-3

-1.32955 45
-1.16197 74
-1.01271 39
-8.80191 40
-7.62908 22

-6.59440
-5.68447
-4.88674
-4.18954
-3.58207

62
75
82
52
05

-3.05438
-2.59740
-2.20284
-1.86319
-1.57168

94
88
69
72
70

-3) -1.32223 38

-1.10939
-9.28337
-7.74756
[-4) -6.44862

83
33
34
81

-4)
-4)
-4)
-4)
-4)

-5.35320
-4.43207
-3.65972
-3.01397
-2.47560

90
88
79

-4)

-2.02804 21

-3)
-4)
-4)

61

88

'-4) -1.65701 35
-4)
-4)
-5)

-1.35030 12
-1.09746 87
-8.89634 95

-5)

-7.19268 35

-5) -5.80003 62
'-5) -4.66479 20
'-5) -3.74193 98
-5)

-2.99381 78

-2.38901
-1.90142
-5 -1.50940
-5 -1.19509
-6'
-9.43767
-5

-5'

60
36

52
08
45

(-6) -7.43359 76

-log Q(x)

-log Q(x)

25

19

50.43522
57.19458
64.38658
72.01140
80.06919

28
29

137.51475
148.60624
160.13139
172.09024
184.48283

20
21
22
23
24

88.56010
97.48422
106.84167
116.63253
126.85686

30
31
32
33
34

197.30921
210.56940
224.26344
238.39135
252.95315

15
16
17
18

6.54265
9.00586
11.89285
15.20614
18.94746

10
11
12
13
14

23.11805
27.71882
32.75044
38.21345
44.10827

I.

-2

-2

;-3 1.72256 8939

-\0gQ{x)

vol.

-2

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

5
6

From

8412
2098
9056
8415
8201

E. S.

T]

Pearson and H. 0. Hartley

Cambridge Univ.

Press,

error has been corrected.

TI

(editors),

26
27

Biometrika tables for

T]

statisticians,

Cambridge, England, 1954 (with permission).

Known

973

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION AND DERIVATIVES

X

Z(2)()

Z(3)(*)

Z(4)(x)

Table 26.1

Z(5)(*)

Z(6)()

3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20

-2)3.54547
-2)3.16305
-2)2.81273
(-2)2.49317
(-2)2.20289

87
50
12
71
75

-7.97732
-7.32336
-6.69403
-6.09312
-5.52345

71
28
89
50
55

1.32955
1.28470
1.23133
1.17138
1.10663

45
92
27
12
65

(-2)
(-2)
(-1)
(-1)
(-1)

-7.97732
-9.89017
-1.13951
-1.25260
-1.33185

71
82
58
09
47

3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40
3.45

(-2)1.94027
(-2)1.70362
(-2)1.49118
(-2)1.30122
(-2)1.13198

72
07
76
34
62

-4.98701
-4.48505
-4.01812
-3.58625
-3.18893

97
27
87
07
82

-1)1.03869
-2)9.68981
-2)8.98716
-2)8.28958
-2)7.60587

82
20
85
19
84

(-l)-l. 38096
-1) -1.40361
-1) -1.40345
1) -1.38395
1) -1.34845
f:il

14
69
00
76
27

-2) -7.05366 66
-2) -2.12970 34

3.50
3.55
3.60
3.65
3.70

(-3)9.81768
(-3)8.48913
(-3)7.31834
(-3)6.29020
(-3)5.39046

03
69
71

-2.82531
-2.49416
-2.19403
-1.92328
-1.68013

02

-2)6.94328
-2)6.30753
-2)5.70302
-2)5.13292
-2)4.59935

17
35
39
98
51

-1.30002
-1.24150
-1.17547
-1.10420
-1.02970

45
96
44
53
80

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

3.75
3.80
3.85
3.90
3.95

(-3)4.60578
(-3)3.92376
(-3)3.33297
-3 2."{
.82289

11
67
22

-9.53712
-8.77684
-2) -8.02840
-2) -7.30162
-2) -6.60423

78
95

-1)

-5.94206
-5.31924
-4.73847
-4.20116
-3.70770

20
82
30
64
95

:-i

-3.25762
-2.84973
-2.48233
-2.15333
-1.86035

46
16

18
56
53
34

79
96
11
04
56

1.28610
1.20426
1.11837
1.03073
9.43258

85
03
07
50
69

18
34
98
90
13

8.57487
7.74638
6.95640
6.21159
t-2) 5.51645

24
98
04
79
66

-1.60082
-1.37210
-1.17154
-9.96506
-8.44460

16
59
20
67
51

;-2
(-2)
-2)
!-2)

4.87356
4.28395
3.74736
3.26252
2.82740

75
39
21
61

-7.12981
-5.99788
-3) -5.02757
-3) -4.19931
-3) -3.49521

28
09
21
11
92

2.43937
2.09543
1.79232
1.52667
1.29508

50
47
68
62
77

-2)
-2)

42
.38395 17
(-3)2.:

00
64
66
39
35

00
05
10
15
20

(-3)2.00745
(-3)1.68555
(-3)1.41122
(-3)1.17817
(-4)9.80812

34
79
68

17
36
43
75
14

-2)2.18143
-2)1.90007
-2)1.64880
-2)1.42549
-2)1.22795

27
05
65
82
86

-2)
-2)

42
65

-6.95917
-5.94009
-5.05408
-4.28662
-3.62429

4.25
4.30
4.35
4.40
4.45

(-4)8.14199
(-4)6.73980
(-4)5.56339
(-4)4.57943
(-4)3.75895

24
59
62
77
76

3.05473
2.56671
2.15001
1.79545
1.49480

83
38
71
89
91

-2)1.05400
-3)9.01492
-3)7.68355
-3)6.52618
-3)5.52421

40
78
55
76
34

-2)

4.50
4.55
4.60
4.65
4.70

(-4)3.07687
(-4)2.51154
(-4)2.04439
(-4)1.65953
(-4)1.34339

02
32
58
02
61

1.24073
1.02675
8.47126
6.96842
5.71519

79
14
22
75
82

-3) 4.66025 95

-2)

-3)3.91825
'-3)3.28346
-3)2.74245
1-3)2.28312

4.75
4.80
4.85
4.90
4.95

(-4)1.08448
(-5)8.73070
(-5)7.00939
(-5)5.61204
(-5)4.48098

75

4.67351
3.81045
3.09767
2.51088
2.02933

25
28
67
57
60

'-3)1.89457
-3)1.56709
-3)1.29209
-3) 1.06197
-4)8.70091

5.00

(-5)3.56812 68

74
87
88

-1.63539 15

-2)
-2)
-2)

-2)
-2)
-2)
-2)

60
19
97

-2)

43

-3)

22
63
13

25
63

(-4)7.10651 93

-2)+2. 07973 11
-2) 5.60664 85
-2) 8.49222 78

1.52468
1.51237
111 1.47814
1.42641
1.36120

-1)
-1)

-2)4.10347
-2)3.64564
-2)3.22558
-2)2.84244
-2)2.49493

32

-2)
-3)

-3)
-3)

11
14
39

i
-1
-1
:'-2)

(-3) -2.89910 31

;-J
-2

-2
-2
(-2)

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION FOR LARGE ARGUMENTS

-\ogQ(x)
35
36
37
38
39

267.94888
283.37855
299.24218
315.53979
332.27139

40
41
42
43
44

349.43701
367.03664
385.07032
403.53804
422.43983

-log

45

46
47
48
49
50
60
70

80
90

[
Q(x) =

-f]

l-P(x)=r

e- 2dt

He n (x) = (-1)*ZM(,)/Z(z)

Table 26.2

-log

Or)

Q(.r)

100
150
200
250
300

2173.87154
4888.38812
8688.58977
13574.49960
19546.12790

544.96634
783.90743
1066.26576
1392.04459
1761.24604

350
400
450
500

26603.48018
34746.55970
43975.36860
54289.90830

Z{x)-

V2i
P(-X) = 1-P(X)

22

1.09422 56

441.77568
461.54561
481.74964
502.38776
523.45999

m
"(+2)1-

ra

45
15
45
33
77

49
25
58
44
21

17
68
49
36

-4.25457
-3.40704
-2.62416
-1.91121
27124

1.07844
1.25359
1.38019
1.46388
1.51024

-1)
-1)
-1)

-1.46272
-1.26915
-1.09752
-9.45977
-8.12688

12

1)
1)
1)

dn

P(x)=f_J(>ytt
Z{-x)=Z{X )

Z(n) {x )=^- Z(X )

n

Z(n)

- x) = (-l)nZ(n) {x )

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

974

HIGHER DERIVATIVES OF THE NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION

Table 26.3

1
2

0.3
0.4

0)
0)

1)
1)

(
(

0.00000
4.12640
7.88604
1.09518
1.30711

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

1.40908
1.39704
1.27812
1.06929
7.94982

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

4.83941
1+1.65937
1-1.31434
1-3.85379
-5.79719

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

-7.05769
-7.62276

-7.54545
-6.92967
-5.91207

2.0
0) -4.64322
2.1
0) -3.27029
2.2
0) -1.92318
1) -7.04932
2.3
2.4 (- 1)+3.13162
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

IS!

1.09209
1.62218
1.91766
2.00992
1.94057

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4 (-

1.75501
1.49720
1.20591
9.12450
6.39748

3.5
3.6 (:
3.7
3.8
3.9

4.02558
2.08414
+5.90352
-4.80932
-1.18202

4 .0 (-

-1.57919
-1.74223
-1.73706

(
(

(
(

73
91
31
89
69

-6.77518
1)+2.10408
1) 4.39889
1) 6.02399
1) 6.89184

03
36
22
37
82

2)
2)
2)
2)

2.94236
2.57621
1.98269
1.25293
+4.84200

40
24
77
01
76

7.00965
6.46658
5.41207
4.02950
2.50938

1-2.33347
-8.27445
1-1.25055
-1.48242
1-1.52849

96
07
93
69
20

1U1.C
.02582

0)-2.f
.81068

-1.41510
1-1.18267
1-8.78156
-5.47943
1-2.32257

32
82
27
26
79

0)+3.85905
1) 2.45855
1) 3.82142
1) 4.49758
1) 4.58182

05
73
44
25
18

4.21202
3.54198
2.71897
1.86794
1.08280

87
84
33
96
77

-5.45649
-7.69621
-8.55436
'-8.30925
-7.29343

+4.23908 09

-3.19401 36
-3.11962 40
-2.78951 64
1-2.26227 70
1) -1.61006 61

0)

1)

-9.09001 03
-2.30231 44
0+3.67230 07
0) 8.41240 26
1) 1.16856 49
0)

0)

51
95
67
97
01

4.08745
0) 1.87558
-2)+4.01113
0) -1.35055

39
77
24

0)

1)
1)
1)

38
0)
0)
64
52
0)
69
0)
0-2.56761 03

-1.61917
-1.16080

1)
1)
I
(

-1-8.75911 24

0)
0)

0)

-1) -5.37496 49

(-1)

e-W

1.09987 51
Z(n) x)
(

-1
-1

4.35306
4.51182
4.24743
3.71320
3.04185
2.33774
1.67481
1.09865
6.31121
2.76082

(-2) +2.52235

36802
-2.28268
-2.67421
-2.70626
(-1) -2.51404 27

=~Z{)
n
'

~dx

.17959
0)-7.]
.28394
0) -3.2
-1) -1.46351
0) +2.14502
0) 3.61188
0)

86
89
13
76
87

(
(

-2.16386 79
-1.71642 80
-1.27559 98

0)
0;
0)

1)

00
44
48
46
09

1.14097
1.00184
7.55473
4.39201
+9.71613

69
44
11
49
18

1-7.60421
-1.98080
-2.88334
-3.36738
1-3.39874

83
26
06
39
98

-2.26484
-4.93791
2) -6.77812
'2)-7. 65280
,2) -7.56972

60
72
94
28
92

1-2.29066
1-1.36759
1-3.83358
1+5.27141

58
27
19
74
25

1.25562
1.73301
1.93425
1.87567
1.60633

83
70
58
40
92

81
29
73
84
42

1.19573
7.20360
+2.51533
-1.53768
-4.58219

79
48
48
85
83

2.41200 50
1.72126 20
1.00875 37
1+3.59849 29
1) -1.67928 25

1-6.45450
1-7.17969
-6.92720
1-5.95491
1-4.55301

80
42
18
88
20

18
99
26
36
32

(2)-2.99628
(2) -1.51035
(1) -2.53474
(l)+6.87309
(2) 1.28867

41
91
56
15
88

40
56
29
16
44

1.57656
1.60868
1.45762
1.19681
8.90539

15
13
72
09
46

'

'

2)

'2)

(2) -6.65963 73
(2) -5.14267 14
2) -3.28612 11

(2-1.36113 54
(1) +3.94747 58
I

1.80437
2.76469
3.24744
3.28915
2.97376

2)
2)
2)

0)
0)
0)

-4.23512 06
-6.22699 31
-7.02577 94

-5.83674
-4.22572
-2.68044
1-1.34695
1-3.01804

0)

-6.24985
-5.23790
-4.10728
-3.00821

1+4.35697
8.87625
1.10126
1.13501
1.04753

68
64
69
02
07

5.88418
3.23557
(+1.13637
-3.62532
-1.30010

05
28
65
62
10

1-2.03523
1-1.23623
1-6.23793
-1.86696
1+1.00018

8.90633
7.05470
5.21451
3.57035
2.21617

89
76
06
54
27

1-1.76908
-1.88530
-1.76464
-1.50840
-1.19594

98
78
76
48
52

0)

-1) -7.94727 62
'

ZW)(X)
4.14700 50
3.88080 01
3.12148 92
1.98042 89
1+6.22581 20

0.00000
4.05782
7.59641
1.01729
1.14847

I!:

2.36048
It1) -2.04053

73

-2.28683
-2.80440
-2.96904
-2.86200

46
94
41
39
2)
1-9.83608 69

-1.31550
-2.02888
-2.41634
2.50848

J)

0)

2.13525
2.07280
1.88517
1.63368
1.36227

Z(x) =-L

+1.72666
1.25426
2.14046
2.74183
3.01027

2)
1)
1)
1)

1)
1)

-1 -1.23261
-1 -1.02086
-2 -8.22202
-2 -6.45935
-2 -4.96112

5.0 (-2) -3.73166 60

1)
2)
2)
2)
2)

2)

-1.62110
-1.44109

4.5
4.6
4.7
4,8
4.9

02
05
52
60
24

41
29
58
11
59

26
28
60
96
00

"

-1.14961
-1.07710
-9.05305
-6.58548
-3.68086

1+4.46820
-6.75565
-1.67416
-2.46111
1-2.97666

1-2.68597
1-6.85427
1+6.92844
1.54828
1.99272

4 1
4.2
4.3
4.4

00
55
79
57
65

39
42
56
42
37

1.34437
1.37966
1.29729
1.12731
9.02423

ZW(x)

-3.77000
3.56488
2.97583
-2.07783

0.00000
-3.70133
-7.00124
-9.54959
-1.10912

4.18889
4.00211
3.46206
2.62702
1.58584

00
51
35
61
60

zm(,v

Z()(s)

Z(8)(jb)

0.0

0)
0)

0)

(-1)

2.67133 76

He n (x) = (-1) nZW ( X)IZ{,)

(0)

1.17837 39

(0) -8.83034 08

ZW (_,.) = (-1) W)

(,.)

975

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

NORMA L PROB^ .BILITY ^UNCTIO NVALU ES OF

1

OF

Z( x) IN TE1 RMS

P(x)

AND

<?(*)

Table 26.4

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.000
0.00000
0.02665
0.04842
0.06804
0.08617

0.001
0.00337
0.02896
0.05046
0.06992
0.08792

0.002
0.00634
0.03123
0.05249
0.07177
0.08965

0.003
0.00915
0.03348
0.05449
0.07362
0.09137

0.004
0.01185
0.03569
0.05648
0.07545
0.09309

0.005
0.01446
0.03787
0.05845
0.07727
0.09479

0.006
0.01700
0.04003
0.06040
0.07908
0.09648

0.007
0.01949
0.04216
0.06233
0.08087
0.09816

0.008
0.02192
0.04427
0.06425
0.08265
0.09983

0.009
0.02431
0.04635
0.06615
0.08442
0.10149

0.10314.

0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.10314
0.11912
0.13427
0.14867
0.16239

0.10478
0.12067
0.13574
0.15007
0.16373

0.10641
0.12222
0.13720
0.15146
0.16506

0.10803
0.12375
0.13866
0.15285
0.16639

0.10964
0.12528
0.14011
0.15423
0.16770

0.11124
0.12679
0.14156
0.15561
0.16902

0.11284
0.12830
0.14299
0.15698
0.17033

0.11442
0.12981
0.14442
0.15834
0.17163

0.11600
0.13130
0.14584
0.15970
0.17292

0.11756
0.13279
0.14726
0.16105
0.17421

0.11912
0.13427
0.14867
0.16239
0.17550

0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.90

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.17550
0.18804
0.20004
0.21155
0.22258

0.17678
0.18926
0.20121
0.21267
0.22365

0.17805
0.19048
0.20238
0.21379
0.22473

0.17932
0.19169
0.20354
0.21490
0.22580

0.18057
0.19290
0.20470
0.21601
0.22686

0.18184
0.19410
0.20585
0.21712
0.22792

0.18309
0.19530
0.20700
0.21822
0.22898

0.18433
0.19649
0.20814
0.21932
0.23003

0.18557
0.19768
0.20928
0.22041
0.23108

0.18681
0.19886
0.21042
0.22149
0.23212

0.18804
0.20004
0.21155
0.22258
0.23316

0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.85

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.23316
0.24331
0.25305
0.26240
0.27137

0.23419
0.24430
0.25401
0.26331
0.27224

0.23522
0.24529
0.25495
0.26422
0.27311

0.23625
0.24628
0.25590
0.26513
0.27398

0.23727
0.24726
0.25684
0.26603
0.27485

0.23829
0.24823
0.25778
0.26693
0.27571

0.23930
0.24921
0.25871
0.26782
0.27657

0.24031
0.25017
0.25964
0.26871
0.27742

0.24131
0.25114
0.26056
0.26960
0.27827

0.24232
0.25210
0.26148
0.27049
0.27912

0.24331
0.25305
0.26240
0.27137
0.27996

0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81
0.80

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.27996
0.28820
0.29609
0.30365
0.31087

0.28080
0.28901
0.29686
0.30439
0.31158

0.28164
0.28981
0.29763
0.30512
0.31228

0.28247
0.29060
0.29840
0.30585
0.31298

0.28330
0.29140
0.29916
0.30658
0.31367

0.28413
0.29219
0.29991
0.30730
0.31436

0.28495
0.29298
0.30067
0.30802
0.31505

0.28577
0.29376
0.30142
0.30874
0.31574

0.28658
0.29454
0.30216
0.30945
0.31642

0.28739
0.29532
0.30291
0.31016
0.31710

0.28820
0.29609
0.30365
0.31087
0.31778

0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.75

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.31778
0.32437
0.33065
0.33662
0.34230

0.31845
0.32501
0.33126
0.33720
0.34286

0.31912
0.32565
0.33187
0.33778
0.34341

0.31979
0.32628
0.33247
0.33836
0.34395

0.32045
0.32691
0.33307
0.33893
0.34449

0.32111
0.32754
0.33367
0.33950
0.34503

0.32177
0.32817
0.33427
0.34007
0.34557

0.32242
0.32879
0.33486
0.34063
0.34611

0.32307
0.32941
0.33545
0.34119
0.34664

0.32372
0.33003
0.33604
0.34175
0.34717

0.32437
0.33065
0.33662
0.34230
0.34769

0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71
0.70

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.34769
0.35279
0.35761
0.36215
0.36641

0.34822
0.35329
0.35808
0.36259
0.36682

0.34874
0.35378
0.35854
0.36302
0.36723

0.34925
0.35427
0.35900
0.36346
0.36764

0.34977
0.35475
0.35946
0.36389
0.36804

0.35028
0.35524
0.35991
0.36431
0.36844

0.35079
0.35572
0.36037
0.36474
0.36884

0.35129
0.35620
0.36082
0.36516
0.36923

0.35180
0.35667
0.36126
0.36558
0.36962

0.35230
0.35714
0.36171
0.36600
0.37001

0.35279
0.35761
0.36215
0.36641
0.37040

0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66
0.65

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.37040
0.37412
0.37757
0.38076
0.38368

0.37078
0.37447
0.37790
0.38106
0.38396

0.37116
0.37483
0.37823
0.38136
0.38423

0.37154
0.37518
0.37855
0.38166
0.38451

0.37192
0.37553
0.37883
0.38196
0.38478

0.37229
0.37588
0.37920
0.38225
0.38504

0.37266
0.37622
0.37951
0.38254
0.38531

0.37303
0.37656
0.37983
0.38283
0.38557

0.37340
0.37690
0.38014
0.38312
0.38583

0.37376
0.37724
0.38045
0.38340
0.38609

0.37412
0.37757
0.38076
0.38368
0.38634

0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.60

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.38634
0.38875
0.39089
0.39279
0.39442

0.38659
0.38897
0.39109
0.39296
0.39457

0.38684
0.38920
0.39129
0.39313
0.39472

0.38709
0.38942
0.39149
0.39330
0.39486

0.38734
0.38964
0.39168
0.39347
0.39501

0.38758
0.38985
0.39187
0.39364
0.39514

0.38782
0.39007
0.39206
0.39380
0.39528

0.38805
0.39028
0.39224
0.39396
0.39542

0.38829
0.39049
0.39243
0.39411
0.39555

0.38852
0.39069
0.39261
0.39427
0.39568

0.38875
0.39089
0.39279
0.39442
0.39580

0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56
0.55

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.39629 0.39640 0.39651

0.39732 0.39741 0.39749
0.39809 0.39816 0.39822
0.39866 0.39870
0.39862
0.39890 0.39891 0.39892
0.004
0.005
0.006
Linear interpolation yields an error no greater than 5 units in the

0.39662
0.39758
0.39828
0.39873
0.39893
0.003

0.39673
0.39766
0.39834
0.39876
0.39894
0.002

0.39683
0.39774
0.39839
0.39879
0.39894
0.001

0.39694
0.39781
0.39844
0.39882
0.39894
0.000

0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51
0.50
P(r)

Q(-r)

0.39580
0.39694
0.39781
0.39844
0.39882
0.010

0.39593
0.39703
0.39789
0.39849
0.39884
0.009

0.39605
0.39713
0.39796
0.39854
0.39886
0.008

0.39617
0.39723
0.39803
0.39858
0.39888
0.007

Z{ ' :)

=h

|z 2

Compiled from T. L. Kelley, The Kelley

1948 (with permission)

P(x)~ =1-Q(*) =

Statistical Tables.

fifth

f* m

0.010
0.02665
0.04842
0.06804
0.08617

decimal place

Zdt

Harvard Univ.

Press,

Cambridge, Mass.,

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

976
Table 26.5

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTIONVA1 .UES OF

x IN

TERMS OFF (x) AND

?(*)

0.002
2.87816
2.25713
2.01409
1.85218
1.72793

0.003
2.74778
2.22621
1.99539
1.83842
1.71689

0.004
2.65207
2.19729
1.97737
1.82501
1.70604

0.005
2.57583
2.17009
1.95996
1.81191
1.69540

0.006
2.51214
2.14441
1.94313
1.79912
1.68494

0.007
2.45726
2.12007
1.92684
1.78661
1.67466

0.008

0.009

0.010

2.32635
2.05375
1.88079
1.75069

0.001
3.09023
2.29037
2.03352
1.86630
1.73920

2.40892
2.09693
1.91104
1.77438
1.66456

2.36562
2.07485
1.89570
1.76241
1.65463

2.32635
2.05375
1.88079
1.75069
1.64485

0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.64485
1.55477
1.47579
1.40507
1.34076

1.63523
1.54643
1.46838
1.39838
1.33462

1.62576
1.53820
1.46106
1.39174
1.32854

1.61644
1.53007
1.45381
1.38517
1.32251

1.60725
1.52204
1.44663
1.37866
1.31652

1.59819
1.51410
1.43953
1.37220
1.31058

1.58927
1.50626
1.43250
1.36581
1.30469

1.58047
1.49851
1.42554
1.35946
1.29884

1.57179
1.49085
1.41865
1.35317
1.29303

1.56322
1.48328
1.41183
1.34694
1.28727

1.55477
1.47579
1.40507
1.34076
1.28155

0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.90

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

1.28155
1 22653
1.17499
1.12639
1.08032

1.27587
1.22123
1.17000
1.12168
1.07584

1.27024
1.21596
1.16505
1.11699
1.07138

1.26464
1.21072
1.16012
1.11232
1.06694

1.25908
1.20553
1.15522
1.10768
1.06252

1.25357
1.20036
1.15035
1.10306
1.05812

1.24808
1.19522
1.14551
1.09847
1.05374

1.24264
1.19012
1.14069
1.09390
1.04939

1.23723
1.18504
1.13590
1.08935
1.04505

1.23186
1.18000
1.13113
1.08482
1.04073

1.22653
1.17499
1.12639
1.08032
1.03643

0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.85

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1.03643
0.99446
0.95416
0.91537
0.87790

1.03215
0.99036
0.95022
0.91156
0.87422

1.02789
0.98627
0.94629
0.90777
0.87055

1.02365
0.98220
0.94238
0.90399
0.86689

1.01943
0.97815
0.93848
0.90023
0.86325

1.01522
0.97411
0.93458
0.89647
0.85962

1.01103
0.97009
0.93072
0.89273
0.85600

1.00686
0.96609
0.92686
0.88901
0.85239

1.00271
0.96210
0.92301
0.88529
0.84879

0.99858
0.95812
0.91918
0.88159
0.84520

0.99446
0.95416
0.91537
0.87790
0.84162

0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81
0.80

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.84162
0.80642
0.77219
0.73885
0.70630

0.83805
0.80296
0.76882
0.73556
0.70309

0.83450
0.79950
0.76546
0.73228
0.69988

0.83095
0.79606
0.76210
0.72900
0.69668

0.82742
0.79262
0.75875
0.72574
0.69349

0.82390
0.78919
0.75542
0.72248
0.69031

0.82038
0.78577
0.75208
0.71923
0.68713

0.81687
0.78237
0.74876
0.71599
0.68396

0.81338
0.77897
0.74545
0.71275
0.68080

0.80990
0.77557
0.74214
0.70952
0.67764

0.80642
0.77219
0.73885
0.70630
0.67449

0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.75

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.67449
0.64335
0.61281
0.58284
0.55338

0.67135
0.64027
0.60979
0.57987
0.55047

0.66821
0.63719
0.60678
0.57691
0.54755

0.66508
0.63412
0.60376
0.57395
0.54464

0.66196
0.63106
0.60076
0.57100
0.54174

0.65884
0.62801
0.59776
0.56805
0.53884

0.65573
0.62496
0.59477
0.56511
0.53594

0.65262
0.62191
0.59178
0.56217
0.53305

0.64952
0.61887
0.58879
0.55924
0.53016

0.64643
0.61584
0.58581
0.55631
0.52728

0.64335
0.61281
0.58284
0.55338
0.52440

0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71
0.70

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.52440
0.49585
0.46770
0.43991
0.41246

0.52153
0.49302
0.46490
0.43715
0.40974

0.51866
0.49019
0.46211
0.43440
0.40701

0.51579
0.48736
0.45933
0.43164
0.40429

0.51293
0.48454
0.45654
0.42889
0.40157

0.51007
0.48173
0.45376
0.42615
0.39886

0.50722
0.47891
0.45099
0.42340
0.39614

0.50437
0.47610
0.44821
0.42066
0.39343

0.50153
0.47330
0.44544
0.41793
0.39073

0.49869
0.47050
0.44268
0.41519
0.38802

0.49585
0.46770
0.43991
0.41246
0.38532

0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66
0.65

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.38532
0.35846
0.33185
0.30548
0.27932

0.38262
0.35579
0.32921
0.30286
0.27671

0.37993
0.35312
0.32656
0.30023
0.27411

0.37723
0.35045
0.32392
0.29761
0.27151

0.37454
0.34779
0.32128
0.29499
0.26891

0.37186
0.34513
0.31864
0.29237
0.26631

0.36917
0.34247
0.31600
0.28976
0.26371

0.36649
0.33981
0.31337
0.28715
0.26112

0.36381
0.33716
0.31074
0.28454
0.25853

0.36113
0.33450
0.30811
0.28193
0.25594

0.35846
0.33185
0.30548
0.27932
0.25335

0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.60

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.25335
0.22754
0.20189
0.17637
0.15097

0.25076
0.22497
0.19934
0.17383
0.14843

0.24817
0.22240
0.19678
0.17128
0.14590

0.24559
0.21983
0.19422
0.16874
0.14337

0.24301
0.21727
0.19167
0.16620
0.14084

0.24043
0.21470
0.18912
0.16366
0.13830

0.23785
0.21214
0.18657
0.16112
0.13577

0.23527
0.20957
0.18402
0.15858
0.13324

0.23269
0.20701
0.18147
0.15604
0.13072

0.23012
0.20445
0.17892
0.15351
0.12819

0.22754
0.20189
0.17637
0.15097
0.12566

0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56
0.55

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.12566
0.10043
0.07527
0.05015
0.02507
0.010

0.12314
0.09791
0.07276
0.04764
0.02256
0.009

0.12061
0.09540
0.07024
0.04513
0.02005
0.008

0.11809
0.09288
0.06773
0.04263
0.01755
0.007

0.11556
0.09036
0.06522
0.04012
0.01504
0.006

0.11304
0.08784
0.06271
0.03761
0.01253
0.005

0.11052
0.08533
0.06020
0.03510
0.01003
0.004

0.10799
0.08281
0.05768
0.03259
0.00752
0.003

0.10547
0.08030
0.05517
0.03008
0.00501
0.002

0.10295
0.07778
0.05266
0.02758
0.00251
0.001

0.10043
0.07527
0.05015
0.02507
0.00000
0.000

0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51
0.50

Q(-r)

0.000

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

00

For Q(x) >0.007, linear interpolation yields an error of one unit

interpolation

is

necessary to obtain

full

accuracy.

P{x)=l-Q{x)=$l a
Compiled from T. L. Kelley, The Kelley
1948 (with permission).

in the third decimal place; five-point

Statistical Tables.

Z{i)dt

Harvard Univ.

Press,

Cambridge, Mass.,

P(.r)

977

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION VALUES OF

FOR EXTREME VALUES OF

P(x)

AND

Table 26.6

Q(x)

0.0002

0.0003

0.0004

0.0005

3.43161
3.01145
2.83379
2.71638
2.62756

3.35279
2.98888
2.82016
2.70648
2.61973

3.29053
2.96774
2.80703
2.69684
2.61205

0.0007
3.19465
2.92905
2.78215
2.67829
2.59715

0.0008
3.15591
2.91124
2.77033
2.66934
2.58991

0.0010

3.54008
3.03567
2.84796
2.72655
2.63555

0.0006
3.23888
2.94784
2.79438
2.68745
2.60453

0.0009

3.09023
2.87816
2.74778
2.65207

0.0001
3.71902
3.06181
2.86274
2.73701
2.64372

3.12139
2.89430
2.75888
2.66061
2.58281

3.09023
2.87816
2.74778
2.65207
2.57583

0.999
0.998
0.997
0.996
0.995

0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009

2.57583
2.51214
2.45726
2.40891
2.36562

2.56897
2.50631
2.45216
2.40437
2.36152

2.56224
2.50055
2.44713
2.39989
2.35747

2.55562
2.4948B
2.44215
2.39545
2.35345

2.54910
2.48929
2.43724
2.39106
2.34947

2.54270
2.48377
2.43238
2.38671
2.34553

2.53640
2.47833
2.42758
2.38240
2.34162

2.53019
2.47296
2.42283
2.37814
2.33775

2.52408
2.46765
2.41814
2.37392
2.33392

2.51807
2.46243
2.41350
2.36975
2.33012

2.51214
2.45726
2.40891
2.36562
2.32635

0.994
0.993
0.992
0.991
0.990

0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014

2.32635
2.29037
2.25713
2.22621
2.19729

2.32261
2.28693
2.25394
2.22323
2.19449

2.31891
2.28352
2.25077
2.22028
2.19172

2.31524
2.28013
2.24763
2.21734
2.18896

2.31160
2.27677
2.24450
2.21442
2.18621

2.30798
2.27343
2.24140
2.21152
2.18349

2.30440
2.27013
2.23832
2.20864
2.18078

2.30085
2.26684
2.23526
2.20577
2.17808

2.29733
2.26358
2.23223
2.20293
2.17540

2.29383
2.26034
2.22921
2.20010
2.17274

2.29037
2.25713
2.22621
2.19729
2.17009

0.989
0.988
0.987
0.986
0.935

0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.019

2.17009
2.14441
2.12007
2.09693
2.07485

2.16746
2.14192
2.11771
2.09467
2.07270

2.16484
2.13944
2.11535
2.09243
2.07056

2.16224
2.13698
2.11301
2.09020
2.06843

2.15965
2.13452
2.11068
2.08798
2.06630

2.15707
2.13208
2.10836
2.08576
2.06419

2.15451
2.12966
2.10605
2.08356
2.06208

2.15197
2.12724
2.10375
2.08137
2.05998

2.14943
2.12484
2.10147
2.07919
2.05790

2.14692
2.12245
2.09919
2.07702
2.05582

2.14441
2.12007
2.09693
2.07485
2.05375

0.984
0.983
0.982
0.981
0.980

0.020
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.024

2.05375
2.03352
2.01409
1.99539
1.97737
0.0010

2.05169
2.03154
2.01219
1.99356
1.97560
0.0009

2.04964
2.02957
2.01029
1.99174
1.97384
0.0008

2.04759
2.02761
2.00841
1.98992
1.97208
0.0007

2.04556
2.02566
2.00653
1.98811
1.97033
0.0006

2.04353
2.02371
2.00465
1.98630
1.96859
0.0005

2.04151
2.02177
2.00279
1.98450
1.96685
0.0004

2.03950
2.01984
2.00093
1.98271
1.96512
0.0003

2.03750
2.01792
1.99908
1.98092
1.96340
0.0002

2.03551
2.01600
1.99723
1.97914
1.96168
0.0001

2.03352
2.01409
1.99539
1.97737
1.95996
0.0000

0.979
0.978
0.977
0.976
0.975
P(r)

Q(x)

0.0000

0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004

00

For

Q (r) >0.0007,

interpolation

Q()
(

-4) 1.

(-5)1.0
(-6)1.0

(-7)1.0
(

-8) 1.

is

linear interpolation yields

necessary to obtain

.r

full

an error of one unit

in the third

decimal place; five-point

accuracy.

Q(<)

.>

Q()

Q(r)

.r

.r

3.71902

(-9)1.0

5.99781

(-14)1.0

7.65063

(-19)1.0

9.01327

26489

(-10)1.0

6.36134

(-15)1.0

7.94135

(-20)1.0

9.

9.50502

4.

4.75342

5.19934
5.61200

(-11)1.0
(-12)1.0

(-13)1.0

26234

6.

70602

(-16)1.0

8.22208

(-21)1.0

7.

03448

(-17)1.0

8.49379

(-22)1.0

9.

(-23)1.0

9.97305

7.34880
P(.r)

Compiled from T. L. Kelley, The Kelley

1948 (with permission) for <?(.r)>(-9)l.

(-18)1.0

= l-Q(r) = j'_

Statistical Tables.

8.75729

74179

Z(t)

Harvard Univ.

Press,

Cambridge, Mass.,

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

978
Table 26.7

PIlOBABIL][TY

x2=0.001
V

m=0.0005

0.97477
0.99950
0.99999

2
3

0.002

0.0010
0.96433
0.99900
0.99998

INTE GRAL OI

X2-DIST1ftlBUTIOP INCOM PLETE G,\MMA FU NCTION

CUMULATIVE SUMS OF THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION
J,

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.0015
0.95632
0.99850
0.99996

0.0020
0.94957
0.99800
0.99993

0.0025
0.94363
0.99750
0.99991

0.0030
0.93826
0.99700
0.99988

x2=0.01

m=0.005

0.92034
0.99501
0.99973
0.99999

1
2
3

0.03

0.02

0.010
0. 88754

0.99005
0.99925
0.99995

0.015
0. 86249
0.98511
0.99863
C. 99989
0.99999

0.04

0.020

0.84148
0.98020
0.99790
0.99980
0.99998

0.06

0.05

0.025
0.82306
0.97531

0.97045
0.99616
0.99956
0.99995

0.2

m=0.05

0.10

1
2

3
4
5

6
7

0.3
0.15

0.4

0.5

0.20

0.25

0.75183
0.95123
0.99184
0.99879
0.99984

0.65472
0.90484
0.97759
0.99532
0.99911

0.58388
0.86071
0.96003
0.98981
0.99764

0.52709
0.81873
0.94024
0.98248
0.99533

0.47950
0.77880
0. 91889
0.97350
0.99212

0.99998

0.99985
0.99997

0.99950
0.99990
0.99998

0.99885
0.99974
0.99994
0.99999

0.99784
0.99945
0.99987
0.99997
0.99999

8
9

10

x
1

2
3
4
5

6
7

8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15

=l-l

0.09

0.010
0.0050
0.92034
0.99501
0.99973
0. 99999
0.10

0.99518
0.99940
0.99993

0.75183
0.95123
0.99184
0.99879
0.99984

99999

0.99999

0.99999

0.99998

0.35

0.8
0.40

0.9
0.45

0.050

1.0

0.50

0.43858
74082
0. 89643
0.96306
0.98800

0.40278
0.70469
0.87320
0.95133
0.98297

0.37109
0.67032
0.84947
0.93845
0.97703

0.34278
0.63763
0.82543
0.92456
0.97022

0.31731
0.60653
0.80125
0.90980
0.96257

99640
0.99899
0.99973
0.99993
0,99998

0.99449
0.99834
0.99953
0.99987
0.99997

0.99207
0.99744
0.99922
0.99978
0.99994

0.98912
0.99628
0.99880
0.99964
0.99989

0.98561
0.99483
0.99825
0.99944
0.99983

0.99999

0.99998

0.99997
0.99999

0.99995
0.99999
2.0

0.

0.

11
12

0.009
0.0045
0.92442
0.99551
0.99977
0.99999

0.045
0. 76418
0.95600
0.99301
0.99902
0.99987

0.7

0.6
0.30

0.0040
0.92873
0.99601
0.99981
0.99999

0.040
0.77730
0.96079
0.99412
0.99922
0.99991

0.035
0.79134
0.96561

0.

*2=0.1

0.008

0.08

0.07

0.030
0.80650

0.99707
0.99969
0.99997

0.007
0.0035
0.93332
0.99651
0.99984
0.99999

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

0.60

0.65

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

0.29427
0.57695
0.77707
0.89427
0.95410

0.27332
0. 54881
0.75300
0.87810
0.94488

0.25421
0.52205
0.72913
0.86138
0.93493

0.23672
0.49659
0.70553
0.84420
0.92431

0.22067
0.47237
0. 68227
0.82664
0.91307

0.20590
0.44933
0.65939
0. 80879
0.90125

0.19229
0. 42741
0.63693
0.79072
0.88890

0.17971
0.40657
0.61493
0.77248
0.87607

0.16808
0.38674
0.59342
0.75414
0.86280

0.15730
0.36788
0. 57241
0.73576
0.84915

0.98154
0.99305
0.99753
0.99917
0. 99973

0.97689
0.99093
0. 99664
0.99882
0.99961

0.97166
0.98844
0.99555
0.99838
0.99944

0.96586
0.98557
0.99425
0.99782
0.99921

0.95949
0.98231
0.99271
0.99715
0.99894

0.95258
0.97864
0.99092
0.99633
0.99859

0.94512
0.97457
0.98887
0.99537
0.99817

0.93714
0.97008
0.98654
0.99425
0.99766

0.92866
0.96517
0.98393
0.99295
0.99705

0.91970
0.95984
0.98101
0.99147
0.99634

0.99992
0.99998
0.99999

0.99987
0.99996
0. 99999

0.99981
0. 99994
0.99998
0. 99999

0.99973
0. 99991
0.99997
0.99999

0.99962
0.99987
0. 99996
0. 99999

0.99948
0.99982
0.99994
0.99998
0.99999

0.99930
0.99975
0.99991
0.99997
0. 99999

0.99908
0.99966
0.99988
0.99996
0. 99999

0.99882
0.99954
0.99983
0.99994
0. 99998

0.99850
0.99941
0.99977
0.99992
0.99997

0.99999

0.99999

m = 0.55

16
<3(x2!)

= l-P(x2|):

22 r

Tl

"

(i)

J^e

_1

^=

_1

(g)]

\'

e~

rl

dt=J e-mmi/j\(v ev^n, c=fr,m=$&)

Compiled from E. S. Pearson and H. 0. Hartley (editors), Biometrika tables

Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954 (with permission).

for statisticians, vol.

I.

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

979

PROBABILITY INTEGRAL OF ^-DISTRIBUTION, INCOMPLETE

GAMMA FUNCTION
CUMULATIVE SUMS OF THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION

7
8
9

10
11
12

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

x 2 =2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

3.4

m=l.l

3.6

3.8

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

Table 26 7

4.0
2.0

0.13801
0.33287
0.53195
0.69903
0.82084

0.12134
0.30119
0.49363
0.66263
0.79147

0.10686
0.27253
0.45749
0.62682
0.76137

0. 09426
0.24660
0.42350
0.59183
0.73079

0.08327
0.22313
0.39163
0.55783
0.69999

0.

07364
0.20190
0.36181
0. 52493
0.66918

0.06520
0.18268
0.33397
0.49325
0.63857

0.05778
0.16530
0.30802
0.46284
0.60831

0.

05125
0.14957
0.28389
0.43375
0.57856

04550
0.13534
0.26146
0.40601
0.54942

0.90042
0.94795
0.97426
0.98790
0.99457

0.87949
0.93444
0.96623
0.98345
0.99225

0.85711
0.91938
0.95691
0.97807
0.98934

0.83350
0.90287
0.94628
0.97170
0.98575

0.80885
0.88500
0.93436
0.96430
0.98142

0.78336
0.86590
0.92119
0.95583
0.97632

0.75722
0.84570
0.90681
0.94631
0.97039

0.73062
0.82452
0.89129
0.93572
0.96359

0.

70372
0.80250
0. 87470
0.92408
0.95592

0.67668
0.77978
0.85712
0.91141
0.94735

0.99766
0.99903
0.99961
0.99985
0.99994

0.99652
0.99850
0.99938
0.99975
0.99990

0.99503
0.99777
0.99903
0.99960
0.99984

0.99311
0.99680
0.99856
0.99938
0.99974

0.99073
0.99554
0.99793
0.99907
0.99960

0.98781
0.99396
0.99711
0.99866
0.99940

0.98431
0.99200
0.99606
0.99813
0.99913

0.98019
0.98962
0.99475
0.99743
0.99878

0. 97541
0.98678
0.99314
0.99655
0.99832

0.96992
0.98344
0.99119
0.99547
0.99774

0.99998
0.99999

0.99996
0.99999

0.99994
0.99998
0.99999

0.99989
0.99996
0.99998
0.99999

0.99983
0.99993
0.99997
0.99999

0.99974
0.99989
0.99995
0.99998
0.99999

0.99961
0.99983
0.99993
0.99997
0.99999

0.99944
0.99975
0.99989
0.99995
0.99998

0.99921
0.99964
0.99984
0.99993
0.99997

0.99890
0.99948
0.99976
0.99989
0.99995

0.99999

0.99999

0.99998
0.99999

21
22
x2

= 4.2

m=

2.1

0.

4.4

4.6

4.8

5.0

5.2

5.4

5.6

5.8

6.0

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3.0

0.04042
0.12246
0.24066
0.37962
0.52099

0.

03594
0.11080
0.22139
0.35457
0.49337

0.

03197
0.10026
0.20354
0.33085
0.46662

0.02846
0.09072
0.18704
0.30844
0.44077

0.

02535
0.08209
0.17180
0.28730
0.41588

0.02259
0.07427
0. 15772
0.26739
0.39196

0. 02014
0.06721
0.14474
0.24866
0.36904

0.01796
0.06081
0.13278
0.23108
0.34711

0.01603
0.05502
0.12176
0.21459
0.32617

0.

10

0.64963
0.75647
0.83864
0.89776
0.93787

0.62271
0.73272
0.81935
0.88317
0.92750

0.59604
0.70864
0.79935
0.86769
0.91625

0.56971
0.68435
77872
0.85138
0.90413

0.54381
0.65996
0.75758
0.83431
0.89118

0.51843
0.63557
0.73600
0.81654
0. 87742

0.49363
0.61127
0.71409
0.79814
0.86291

0.46945
0.58715
0.69194
0.77919
0.84768

0.44596
0.56329
0.66962
0.75976
0.83178

42319
53975
64723
73992
0.81526

11
12
13
14
15

0.96370
0.97955
0.98887
0.99414
0.99701

95672
97509
98614
99254
99610

0.94898
0.97002
0.98298
0.99064
0.99501

0.94046
0.96433
0.97934
0.98841
0.99369

0.93117
0.95798
0.97519
0.98581
0.99213

0.92109
0.95096
0.97052
0.98283
0.99029

0.91026
0.94327
0.96530
0.97943
0.98816

0.89868
0.93489
0.95951
0.97559
0.98571

0.88637
0.92583
0.95313
0.97128
0.98291

0.87337
0.91608
0.94615
0.96649
0.97975

16
17
18
19
20

0.99851
0.99928
0.99966
0.99985
0.99993

0.99802
0.99902
0.99953
0.99978
0.99990

0.99741
0.99869
0.99936
0.99969
0. 99986

0.99666
0.99828
0.99914
0.99958
0.99980

0.99575
0.99777
0.99886
0.99943
0.99972

0.99467
0.99715
0.99851
0.99924
0.99962

0.99338
0.99639
0.99809
0.99901
0.99950

0.99187
0.99550
0.99757
0.99872
0.99934

0.99012
0.99443
0.99694
0.99836
0.99914

0.98810
0.99319
0.99620
0.99793
0.99890

21
22
23
24
25

0.99997
0.99999
0.99999

0.99995
0.99998
0.99999

0.99993
0.99997
0.99999
0.99999

0.99991
0.99996
0.99998
0.99999

0.99987
0.99994
0.99997
0.99999
0.99999

0.99982
0.99991
0.99996
0.99998
0.99999

0.99975
0.99988
0.99994
0.99997
0.99999

0.99967
0.99984
0.99992
0.99996
0.99998

0.99956
0.99978
0.99989
0.99995
0.99998

0.99943
0.99971
0.99986
0.99993
0.99997

0.99999

0.99999
0.99999

0.99998
0.99999

6
7

8
9

26
27

a
Interpolation on x 2
(?(x2|,)

= (?(x^o-4)[U2] +(?

o |, o

_ 2 )[,-^ +(

x 2j yo

1_

02

Double Entry Interpolation

(x

+Q
716-654

64

63

(* |*o-4) [| <t?]+Q (4|*o-2)

(xJ|*

)[l-'

[>-*

-*>Q (x

-*+^ 2 +"*]+<? (*S|"o+l)B"

>
|

,2

-l)

[J

M +**]

+5 '-"'*]

01431
0.04979
11161
0.19915
0.30622

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

980
Table 26.7

PROBABILITY INTEGRAL OF X 2 - DISTRIBUTION, INCOMPLETE GAMMA FUNCTION

CUMULATIVE SUMS OF THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION

x 2 = 6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7.0

7.2

7.4

7.6

7.8

8.0

m=3.l

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

4.0

0.01278
0.04505
0.10228
0.18470
0.28724

0.01141
0. 04076
0.09369
0.17120
0.26922

0.01020
0.03688
0.08580
0.15860
0.25213

0.00912
0.03337
0.07855
0.14684
0.23595

0.00815
0.03020
0.07190
0.13589
0.22064

0.00729
0.02732
0.06579
0.12569
0.20619

0.00652
0.02472
0.06018
0.11620
0.19255

0.00584
0.02237
0.05504
0.10738
0.17970

0.00522
0.02024
0.05033
0.09919
0.16761

0.00468
0.01832
0.04601
0.09158
0.15624

10

0.40116
0.51660
0.62484
0.71975
0.79819

0.37990
0.49390
0.60252
0.69931
0. 78061

0.35943
0.47168
0.58034
0.67869
0. 76259

0.33974
0.45000
0.55836
0.65793
0.74418

0.32085
0.42888
0.53663
0.63712
0.72544

0.30275
0.40836
0.51522
0.61631
0.70644

0.28543
0.38845
0.49415
0.59555
0.68722

0.26890
0.36918
0.47349
0.57490
0.66784

0.25313
0.35056
0.45325
0.55442
0.64837

0.23810
0.33259
0.43347
0.53415
0.62884

11
12
13
14
15

0.85969
0.90567
0.93857
0.96120
0.97619

84539
89459
0.93038
0.95538
0.97222

0.83049
0.88288
0.92157
0.94903
0.96782

0.81504
0.87054
0.91216
0.94215
0.96296

3.79908
3.85761
3.90215
3.93471
3.95765

0.78266
0.84412
0.89155
0.92673
0.95186

0.76583
0.83009
0.88038
0.91819
0.94559

0.74862
0.81556
0.86865
0.90911
0.93882

0.73110
0.80056
0.85638
0.89948
0.93155

0.71330
0.78513
0.84360
0.88933
0.92378

16
17
18
19
20

0.98579
0.99174
0.99532
0.99741
0.99860

0.98317
0.99007
0.99429
0.99679
0.99824

0.98022
0.98816
0.99309
0.99606
0.99781

0.97693
0.98599
0.99171
0.99521
0.99729

3.97326
3.98355
3.99013
D. 99421
3.99669

0.96921
0.98081
0.98833
0.99307
0.99598

0.

96476
0.97775
0.98630
0.99176
0.99515

0.95989
0.97437
0.98402
0.99026
0.99420

0.95460
0.97064
0.98147
0.98857
0.99311

0.94887
0.96655
0.97864
0.98667
0.99187

21
22
23

0.99905
0.99950
0.99974
0.99987
0.99994

0.99880
0.99936
0.99967
0.99983
0.99991

0.99850
0.99919
0.99957
0.99978
0.99989

3.99814
0.99898
0.99945
0.99971
0.99985

0.99771
0.99873
0.99931
0.99963
0.99981

0.

25

0.99926
0.99962
0.99981
0.99990
0.99995

99721
0.99843
0.99913
0.99953
0.99975

0.99662
0.99807
0.99892
0.99941
0.99968

0.99594
0.99765
0.99867
0.99926
0.99960

0.99514
0.99716
0.99837
0.99908
0.99949

26
27

0.99998
0.99999

0.99997
0.99999
0.99999

0.99996
0.99998
0.99999

0.99994
0.99997
0.99999
0.99999

0.99992
0.99996
0.99998
0.99999

0.99990
0.99995
0.99998
0.99999
0.99999

0.99987
0.99993
0.99997
0.99998
0.99999

0.99983
0.99991
0.99996
0.99998
0.99999

0.99978
0.99989
0.99994
0.99997
0.99999

0.99973
0.99985
0.99992
0.99996
0.99998

3
4
5

6
7

8
9

24

28

0.

0.

29
30

2
x =8.2
= 4.1

8.4

8.6

8.8

9.0

9.2

9.4

9.6

9.8

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

10.0
5.0

0.00419
0.01657
0.04205
0. 08452
0.14555

0.00375
0.01500
0. 03843
0.07798
0.13553

0.00336
0.01357
0.03511
0.07191
0.12612

0.00301
0.01228
0. 03207
0. 06630
0.11731

0.00270
0.01111
0.02929
0.06110
0.10906

0.00242
0.01005
0.02675
0.05629
0.10135

0.00217
0.00910
0. 02442
0. 05184
0.09413

0.00195
0. 00823
0.02229
0. 04773
0.08740

0.00175
0.00745
0.02034
0.04394
0. 08110

0.00157
0.00674
0.01857
0.04043
0.07524

10

0.22381
31529
0.41418
0.51412
0.60931

0.21024
0.29865
0.39540
0. 49439
0. 58983

0.19736
28266
0.37715
0.47499
0.57044

0.18514
0.26734
0.35945
0.45594
0.55118

0.17358
0.25266
0.34230
0.43727
0.53210

0.16264
0.23861
0.32571
0.41902
0.51323

0.15230
0.22520
0.30968
0.40120
0.49461

0.14254
0.21240
0.29423
0.38383
0.47626

0.13333
0.20019
0.27935
0. 36692
0,45821

0.1^465
0.18857
0.26503
0. 35049
0.44049

11
12
13
14
15

0.69528
0.76931
0.83033
0.87865
0.91551

0.67709
0.75314
0.81660
0.86746
0.90675

0.65876
0.73666
0.80244
0.85579
0.89749

0.64035
0.71991
0. 78788
0.84365
0. 88774

0.62189
0.70293
0.77294
0.83105
0.87752

0.60344
0.68576
0.75768
0.81803
0. 86683

0.58502
0.66844
0.74211
0.80461
0.85569

0.56669
0.65101
0.72627
0. 79081
0.84412

0.

54846
0.63350
0.71020
0. 77666
0.83213

0.53039
0.61596
0.69393
0.76218
0.81974

16
17
18
19
20

0.94269
0.96208
0.97551
0.98454
0.99046

0.93606
0.95723
0.97207
0.98217
0.98887

0.92897
0.95198
0.96830
0.97955
0.98709

0.92142
0.94633
0.96420
0.97666
0.98511

0.91341
0.94026
0.95974
0.97348
0.98291

0.90495
0.93378
0.95493
0.97001
0.98047

0.89603
0.92687
0.94974
0.96623
0.97779

0.88667
0.91954
0.94418
0.96213
0.97486

0.87686
0.91179
0.93824
0.95771
0.97166

0.86663
0.90361
0.93191
0.95295
0.96817

21
22
23
24
25

0.99424
0.99659
0.99802
0.99888
0.99937

0.99320
0.99593
0.99761
0.99863
0.99922

0.99203
0.99518
0.99714
0.99833
0.99905

0.99070
0.99431
0.99659
0.99799
0.99884

0.98921
0.99333
0.99596
0.99760
0.99860

0.98755
0.99222
0.99524
0.99714
0.99831

0.98570
0.99098
0.99442
0.99661
0.99798

0.98365
0.98958
0.99349
0.99601
0.99760

0.98139
0.98803
0.99245
0.99532
0.99716

0.97891
0.98630
0.99128
0.99455
0.99665

26
27
28

0.99966
0.99981
0.99990
0.99995
0.99997

0.99957
0.99977
0.99987
0.99993
0.99997

0.99947
0.99971
0.99984
0.99991
0.99996

0.99934
0.99963
0.99980
0.99989
0.99994

0.99919
0.99955
0.99975
0.99986
0.99993

0.99902
0.99944
0.99969
0.99983
0.99991

0.99882
0.99932
0.99962
0.99979
0.99988

0.99858
0.99917
0.99953
0.99973
0. 99985

0.99830
0.99900
0.99942
0.99967
0.99982

0.99798
0.99880
0.99930
0.99960
0.99977

2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

29
30

G.

0.

~
Q(x2\)

= l-P (x2|) =

[-(!)] -j-J-V-V [']

-1

c-i

-">vi}/jl(veven,
2*

J'=0

<~-=\ v,

m=\x^)

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

981
Table 26.7

PROBABILITY INTEGRAL OF x -DISTRIBUTION, INCOMPLETE GAMMA FUNCTION

CUMULATIVE SUMS OF THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION
2

=10.5
V

m=

11.0

5.25

5.5

11.5

12.0

5.75

12.5

6.0

13.0

13.5

6.75

6.5

6.25

14.0

14.5

15.0
7.5

7.25

7.0

0.00119
0.00525
0. 01476
0. 03280
0.06225

0.00091
0.00409
0.01173
0.02656
0.05138

0.00070
0.00318
0.00931
0.02148
0.04232

0.00053
0.00248
0.00738
0.01735
0. 03479

0.

00041
0.00193
0.00585
0.01400
0.02854

0.00031
0.00150
0.00464
0.01128
0.02338

0.00024
0.00117
0.00367
0.00907
0.01912

0.00018
0.00091
0.00291
0.00730
0.01561

0.00014
0.00071
0.00230
0.00586
0.01273

0.00011
0.00055
0.00182
0.00470
0.01036

0. 08838
0.13862
0.20170
0.27571
0. 35752

0. 07410
0.11825
0.17495
0.24299
0.31991

0.06197
0.10056
0.15120
0.21331
0.28506

0.05170
0. 08527
0.13025
0.18657
0.25299

0.

10

0.10511
0.16196
0.23167
0.31154
0. 39777

04304
0.07211
0.11185
0.16261
0.22367

0. 03575
0.06082
0. 09577
0.14126
0.19704

0.02964
0.05118
0.08177
0.12233
0.17299

0.02452
0.04297
0.06963
0.10562
0.15138

0.02026
0.03600
0.05915
0.09094
0.13206

11
12
13
14
15

0.48605
0.57218
0. 65263
0. 72479
0.78717

0.44326
0.52892
0.61082
0.68604
0.75259

0.40237
0.48662
0.56901
0.64639
0. 71641

0.36364
0.44568
0.52764
0. 6063C
0.67903

0.32726
0.40640
0.48713
0.56622
0. 64086

0.29333
0.36904
0. 44781
0.52652
0.60230

0.26190
0.33377
0.40997
0. 48759
0.56374

0.23299
0.30071
0.37384
0. 44971
0.52553

0.20655
0.26992
0.33960
0.41316
0. 48800

0.18250
0.24144
0.30735
C. 37815
0.45142

16
17
18
19
20

0.83925
0.88135
0.91436
0.93952
0.95817

0.80949
0.85656
0.89436
0.92384
0.94622

0. 77762
0. 82942
0.87195
0.90587
0.93221

0.74398
0.80014
0.84724
0.88562
0.91608

0.70890
0.76896
0.82038
0.86316
0.89779

0.67276
0.73619
0.79157
C. 83857
0.87738

0.63591
0.70212
0.76106
0.81202
0.85492

0.59871
0.66710
0.72909
0.78369
0.83050

0.56152
63145
0.69596
0.75380
0.80427

0.52464
0.59548
0.66197
0.72260
0. 77641

21

0.97166
0.98118
0.93773
0.99216
0.99507

0.96279
0.97475
0.98319
0.98901
0.99295

0.95214
0.96686
0.97748
0.98498
0.99015

0.

93962
0.95738
0. 97047
0.97991
0.98657

0.92513
0.94618
0.96201
0.97367
0.98206

0.90862
0.93316
0.95199
0. 96612
0.97650

0.89010
0.91827
0.94030
0.95715
0.96976

0.86960
0.90148
0.92687
0.94665
0.96173

0. 84718
0.88279
0. 91165
0.93454
0.95230

0. 82295
0.86224
0. 89463
0.92076
0.94138

0.99696
0.99815
0.99890
0.99935
0.99963

0.99555
0.99724
0.99831
0.99899
0.99940

0.99366
0.99598
0.99749
0.99846
0.99907

0.99117
0.99429
0.99637
0.99773
0.99860

0.98798
0.99208
0.99487
0.99672
0.99794

0.98397
0.98925
0.99290
0.99538
0.99704

0.97902
0.98567
0.99037
0.99363
0.99585

0.97300
0.98125
0.98719
0.99138
0.99428

0.

0.96581
0.97588
98324
0.98854
0.99227

0.95733
0.96943
0. 97844
0.98502
0. 98974

16.0

16.5

17.0

2
3

4
5

6
7

8
9

22
23
24
25

26
27
28
29
30

x =15.5
V

m=

7.75

8.0

8.25

17.5

8.75

8.5

18.0

18.5

9.25

9.0

19.0
9.5

C.

19.5

9.75

20.0
10.0

0.00008
0.00043
0.00144
0.00377
0.00843

0.00006
0.00034
0.00113
0.00302
0.00684

0.00005
0.00026
0.00090
0.00242
0.00555

0.00004
0.00020
0.00071
0.00193
0.00450

0.00003
0.00016
0.00056
0.00154
0.00364

0.00002
0.00012
0.00044
0.00123
0.00295

0.00002
0.00010
0.00035
0.00099
0.00238

0.00001
0.00008
0.00027
0.00079
0.00192

0.00001
0.00006
0.00022
0.00063
0.00155

0.00050
0.00125

0.01670
0.03010
0.05012
0. 07809
0.11487

0.01375
0.02512
0.04238
0. 06688
0.09963

0.01131
0.02092
0.03576
0.05715
0.08619

0.00928
0.01740
0.03011
0.04872
0.07436

0.00761
0.01444
0.02530
0.04144
0.06401

0.00623
0.01197
0.02123
0.03517
0.05496

0.00510
0.00991
0.01777
0. 02980
0.04709

0.00416
0. 00819
0.01486
0.02519
0.04026

0.00340
0.00676
0.01240
0.02126
0. 03435

0.00277
0.00557
0.01034
0.01791
0.02925

0.16073
0.21522
0.27719
0.34485
0.41604

0.14113
0.19124
0.24913
0.31337
0.38205

0.12356
0.16939
0.22318
0.28380
0.34962

0.10788
0.14960
0.19930
0.25618
0.31886

0.09393
0.13174
0,17744
0.23051
0.28986

0.08158
0.11569
0.15752
0.20678
0.26267

0.07068
0.10133
0.13944
0.18495
0.23729

0.06109
0. 08853
0.12310
0.16495
0.21373

0.05269
0.07716
0.10840
0.14671
0.19196

0.

19
20

0. 48837
0.55951
0.62740
0.69033
0. 74712

0.45296 0.41864
0.52383 '0.48871
0.59255 0.55770
0.65728 0.62370
0.68516
0. 71662

0.38560
0.45437
0.52311
0.58987
0.65297

0.35398
0.42102
0.48902
0.55603
0.62031

0.32390
0.38884
0.45565
0.52244
0.58741

0.29544
0.35797
0.42320
0.48931
0.55451

0.26866
0.32853
0.39182
0.45684
0.52183

0.24359
0.30060
0.36166
0.42521
0.48957

0.22022
0.27423
0.33282
0.39458
0.45793

21
22

0.

23
24
25

79705
83990
0.87582
0.90527
0. 92891

0.76965
0.81589
0.85527
0.88808
0.91483

0.74093
0.79032
0.83304
0.86919
0.89912

0. 71111
0.76336
0.80925
0. 84866
0.88179

0.68039
0.73519
0.78402
0.82657
0.86287

0.64900
0.70599
0.75749
0.80301
0.84239

0.61718
0.67597
0.72983
0.77810
0.82044

0.58514
0.64533
0.70122
0.75199
0.79712

0.55310
0.61428
0.67185
0.72483
0.77254

0.52126
0.58304
0.64191
0.69678
0.74683

26
27
28
29
30

94749
0.96182
0.97266
0.98071
0.98659

0.93620
0.95295
0.96582
0.97554
0.98274

0.92341
0.94274
0.95782
0.96939
0.97810

0.90908
0.93112
0.94859
0.96218
0.97258

0.89320
0. 91806
0.93805
0.95383
0.96608

0.87577
0.90352
0.92615
0.94427
0.95853

0.85683
0.88750
0.91285
0.93344
0.94986

0.83643
0.87000
0. 89814
0.92129
0.94001

0. 81464
0.85107
0.88200
0.90779
0.92891

0.79156
0.83076
0. 86446
0.89293
0.91654

2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9

10
11

12
13
14
15
16
17

18

0.

0.

*W~ A)

0.
0.
0.

04534
0.06709
0.09521
0.13014
0.17193

W=V-VQ>0

Interpolation on x2

<?^i')-eM)B^oM)H]f<?|b)[i^ifl
Double Entry Interpolation

-<? (*o i"o) [l-w

-<t>+l<t? +

w^ + Q (x 2

v0+ l) [I
J

716-654

64

64

w2 + \ w-w^

00001
00005
00017

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

982
Table 26.7

= 21
m = 10.5

x
V

PROBABILITY INTEGRAL OF x2-DISTftIBUTION, INCOMPLETE GAMMA FUNCTION

CUMULATIVE SUMS OF THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

11.0

11.5

12.0

12.5

13.0

13.5

14.0

14.5

15.0

0.00001
0.00003
0. 00011
0. 00032
0.00081

0. <MI002

0.

00007
0. Q0020
0.00052

0.

00001
00004
0.00913
0.00034

0.O0001
0.00003
0.00008
0. 00022

10

00184
00377
0.00715
0. 01265
0.02109

0.00121
0.00254
0. 00492
0. 00888
0.01511

0.00080
0.00171
0. 00336
0.00620
0.01075

0.00052
0. 00114
0.00229
0.00430
0.00760

11
12
13
14
15

0.03337
0. 05038
0. 07293
0.10163
0.13683

0.02437
0.03752
0. 05536
0.07861
0.10780

0.

01768
02773
0.04168
0.06027
0. 08414

0.01273
0. 02034
0.03113
0. 04582
0. 06509

16
17
18
19
20

0. 17851
0.22629
0.27941
0.33680
0.39713

0.14319
0. 18472
0.23199
0.28426
0.34051

0.11374
0.14925
0.19059
0.23734
0.28880

0.08950
0.11944
0.15503
0.19615
0.24239

0.
0.

21
22
23
24
25

0.45894
0.52074
0.58109
0. 63873
0.69261

0.39951
0.45989
0.52025
0.57927
0.63574

0.34398
0.40173
0.46077
0.51980
0.57756

26
27
28
29
30

0.74196
0. 78629
0.82535
0.85915
0. 88789

68870
0.73738
0.78129
0.82019
0. 85404

0.63295
0.68501
0.73304
0.77654
0.81526

3
4

5
6
7
8
9

0.
0.

0.

0.

= 31

0.

00002
0.00005
0. 00014

0. 00001
0.00003
0.00009

0.
0.

00001
00002
0.00006

0.00001
0.00004

0.00001
0.00002

0.
0.

0.00034
00076
0.00155
0.00297
0.00535

0. 00022
0.00050
0.00105
0.00204
0.00374

0.00015
0.00033
0.00071
0.00140
0.00260

0.00009
0.00022
0.00047
0.00095
0.00181

0.00006
0.00015
0.

00032
0.00065
0.00125

0.00004
0.00010
0. 00021
0. 00044
0.00086

0.00912
01482
0.02308
0. 03457
0. 04994

0.00649
0. 01073
0.01700
0.02589
0. 03802

00460
00773
0. 01244
0. 01925
0.02874

0.00324
0.00553
0.00905
0.01423
0.02157

0.00227
0.00394
0.00655
0.01045
0.01609

0.00159
0.00279
0. 00471
0. 00763
0. 01192

06982
09471
0.12492
0.16054
0.20143

05403
07446
0. 09976
0.13019
0.16581

04148
0.05807
0.07900
0.10465
0.13526

0.03162
0.04494
0. 06206
0. 08343
0.10940

02394
03453
04838
06599
08776

0.01800
0.02635
0.03745
0.05180
0.06985

0.29306
0.34723
0.40381
0.46160
0.51937

0.24716
0.29707
0.35029
0.40576
0.46237

0.20645
0.25168
0.30087
0.35317
0.40760

0.17085
0.21123
0.25597
0.30445
0.35588

0.14015
0.17568
0.21578
0. 26004
0.30785

0.11400
14486
0.18031
0.22013
0. 26392

09199
0.11846
0.14940
0.18475
0.22429

0.57597
0.63032
0.68154
0.72893
0.77203

0.51898
0. 57446
0. 62784
0. 67825
0.72503

0.46311
0. 51860
0.57305
0. 62549
0.67513

0. 40933
0.46379
0.51825
0.57171
0.62327

0.35846
0.41097
0.46445
0.51791
0.57044

0.31108
0.36090
0.41253
0.46507
0.51760

0.26761
0.31415
0.36322
0.41400
0. 46565

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

00001
00&02

0.

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

16.0

16.5

17.0

17.5

18.0

18.5

19.0

19.5

20.0

7
8
9

0.00001
0.00003
0.00006
0.00014
0.00030

0.00001
0.00002
0.00004
0.00009
0.00020

0.00001
0.00003
0.00006
0.00013

0.00001
0.00002
0.00004
0.00009

0.00001
0.00003
0.00006

0.00001
0.00002
0.00004

0.00001
0. 00003

0.00001
0. 00002

0.

00001

0.00001

10
11
12
13
14

0.00059
0.00110
0.00197
0.00337
0. 00554

0. 00040
0.00076
0.00138
0.00240
0.00401

0.00027
0.00053
0.00097
0.00170
0.00288

0.00019
0.00036
0.00068
0.00120
0.00206

0.00012
0.00025
0.00047
0.00085
0.00147

0.00008
0.00017
0.00032
0.00059
0.00104

0.00006
0.00012
0. 00022
0.00041
0. 00074

0.00004
0.00008
0. 00015
0.00029
0.00052

00003
00005
0. 00011
0. 00020
0.00036

0.00002
0.00004
0.00007
0.00014
0.00026

15
16
17
18
19

0.00878
0. 01346
0.01997
0. 02879
0.04037

00644
0.01000
0.01505
0.02199
0.03125

00469
00739
0.01127
0. 01669
0.02404

0.00341
0.00543
0. 00840
0.01260
0.01838

0.00246
0.00397
0.00622
0.00945
0. 01397

0.00177
0.00289
0.00459
0.00706
0.01056

0.00127
0.00210
0.00337
0.00524
0.00793

0.00090
0.00151
0.00246
0.00387
0.00593

0. 00064
0.00109
0.00179
0. 00285
0.00442

0.00045
0.00078
0.00129
0.00209
0.00327

20
21
22
23
24

0.05519
0.07366
0.09612
0.12279
0.15378

0.04330
0.05855
0. 07740
0.10014
0.12699

0.

03374
04622
0.06187
0.08107
0.10407

0.02613
0. 03624
0.04912
0.06516
0.08467

0.02010
0. 02824
0. 03875
0.05202
0.06840

0.01538
0.02187
0.03037
0.04125
0.05489

0.01170
0.01683
0. 02366
0.03251
0. 04376

0.00886
0. 01289
0.01832
0.02547
0.03467

0.00667
0.00981
0.01411
0. 01984
0.02731

0.00500
0.00744
0.01081
0.01537
0. 02139

25

0.18902
0.22827
0.27114
0.31708
0.36542

0.15801
0.19312
0.23208
0.27451
0.31987

0.13107
0.16210
0.19707
0.23574
0.27774

0.10791
0.13502
0.16605
0.20087
0.23926

0. 08820
0.11165
0.13887
0.16987
0.20454

0.

26
27
28
29

07160
09167
0.11530
0.14260
0.17356

0.
0.

05774
07475
0. 09507
0.11886
0.14622

0.

04626
06056
0.07786
0.09840
0.12234

0.03684
04875
0. 06336
0.08092
0.10166

0. 02916
0.03901
0.05124
0.06613
0.08394

30

0.41541

0.36753

0.32254

0.28083

0.24264

0.20808

0.17714

0.14975

0.12573

0.10486

x
V

m = 15.5

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

983

PROBABILITY INTEGRAL OF x2-DISTRIBUTION, INCOMPLETE GAMMA FUNCTION

CUMULATIVE SUMS OF THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION
x2 =42
V

m=21

44
22

46
23

48
24

50
25

52

10
11
12
13
14

0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00006
0.00012

0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00006

0.00001
0.00001
0.00003

0.00001
0.00001

0.00001

15
16
17
18
19

0.00023
0.00040
0.00067
0.00111
0. 00177

0.00011
0.00020
0.00034
0.00058
0.00094

0.00005
0.00010
0.00017
0.00030
0.00050

0.00003
0.00005
0.00009
0.00015
0.00026

0.00001
0.00002
0.00004
0.00008
0.00013

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00004
0.00007

20
21
22
23
24

0.00277
0.00421
0.00625
0.00908
0.01291

0.00151
0.00234
0.00355
0.00526
0.00763

0.00081
0.00128
0.00198
0.00299
0.00443

0.00043
0.00069
0.00109
0.00167
0.00252

0C022
0.00036
0.00059
0.00092
0.00142

0.00011
0.00019
0.00031
0.00050
0.00078

25
26
27
28
29

0.01797
0.02455
0.03292
0.04336
0.05616

0.01085
0.01512
0.02068
0. 02779
0.03670

0.00642
0.00912
0.01272
0.01743
0.02346

0.00373
0.00540
C. 00768
0.01072
0.01470

0.00213
0.00314
0.00455
0.00647
0.00903

0.00120
0.00180
0.00265
0.00384
0.00545

0.

30

0.07157

0.04769

0.03107

0.01983

0.

01240

0.00762

0.

56
28

54
27

26

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002

00006
00010
00016
00027
00043

0.00003
0.00005
0.00009
0.00014
0.00023

0.00036
0.00056
0.00086
0.00129
0.00189

0.

0.

00066
00102
00152
00224
00324

0.

00460

0.00273

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

= 62

64

66

68

70

72

74

76

= 31
0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00006

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

21
22
23
24
25

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002

0.00001

26
27
28
29
30

0.00009
0.00014
0.00023
0.00035
0.00052

0.00005
0.00008
0.00012
0.00019
0.00029

0.00003
0.00004
0.00007
0.00011
0.00016

0.00001
0.00002
0.00004
0.00006
0.00009

x2
V

to

Q(* 2 )=1_P(X2 W = [*'(

d]

l i
2 2

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00005

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003

ra>

Jx2

dt=

0=!(*2 -

[']
A)

"7

oo

0.

0.
0.

>? (x

|,

3=0

= v co>0

-2) [*-/]+<?

(*

h)[l-*+H

Double Entry Interpolation

64H

oh-4)l>

0.

00001
00003
00004
00007
00012

0.

0.

0.

0.

00020
00031
00048
00073
00109

0.

00011
00017
00026
00041
00062

0.

00160

0.

00092

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

nmj/jl(v even ,

df=

00001

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

00001
00001
00002
00004
00006

0.00001

Interpolation on x 2

QX*V)=Q (x^o- 4)[^

0.

c-1

iXIV

00001
00001
00001

60
30

58
29

00001
00001
00002
00003

0.

Table 26.7

>v (4o-2)[*-*2 -*><2 (41 -o-i)[>- 4 +*]

('=,

m= |X2)

984

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE x2-DISTRIBUTIONVALUES OF

x2 IN TERMS OF Q AND

Table 26.8

0.995
1

2
3

4
5

(-5)3.92704
-2)1.00251
(-2)7.17212
0.206990
0.411740

0.975

0.99
(
(

-4)1.57088
-2)2.01007
0.114832
0.297110
0.554300

(
(

0.95

0.75

0.9

-4)9.82069 (-3)3.93214
-2)5.06356
0.102587
0.215795
0.351846
0.484419
0.710721
0.831211
1.145476

0.25

0.5

0.0157908
0.210720
0.584375
1.063623
1.61031

0.101531
0.575364
1.212534
1.92255
2.67460

0.454937
1.38629
2.36597
3.35670
4.35146

5.34812
6.34581
7.34412
8.34283
9.34182

1.32330
2.77259
4.10835
5.38527
6.62568

10

0.675727
0.989265
1.344419
1.734926
2.15585

0.872085
1.239043
1.646482
2.087912
2.55821

1.237347
1.68987
2.17973
2.70039
3.24697

1.63539
2.16735
2.73264
3.32511
3.94030

2.20413
2.83311
3.48954
4.16816
4.86518

3.45460
4.25485
5.07064
5.89883
6.73720

11
12
13
14
15

2.60321
3.07382
3.56503
4.07468
4.60094

3.05347
3.57056
4.10691
4.66043
5.22935

3.81575
4.40379
5.00874
5.62872
6.26214

4.57481
5.22603
5.89186
6.57063
7.26094

5.57779
6.30380
7.04150
7.78953
8.54675

7.58412
8.43842
9.29906
10.1653
11.0365

10.3410
11.3403
12.3398
13.3393
14.3389

13.7007
14.8454
15.9839
17.1170
18.2451

16
17
18
19
20

5.14224
5.69724
6.26481
6.84398
7.43386

5.81221
6.40776
7.01491
7.63273
8.26040

6.90766
7.56418
8.23075
8.90655
9.59083

7.96164
8.67176
9.39046
10.1170
10.8508

9.31223
10.0852
10.8649
11.6509
12.4426

11.9122
12.7919
13.6753
14.5620
15.4518

15.3385
16.3381
17.3379
18.3376
19.3374

19.3688
20.4887
21.6049
22.7178
23.8277

21
22
23
24
25

8.03366
8.64272
9.26042
9.88623
10.5197

8.89720
9.54249
10.19567
10.8564
11.5240

10.28293
10.9823
11.6885
12.4011
13.1197

11.5913
12.3380
13.0905
13.8484
14.6114

13.2396
14.0415
14.8479
15.6587
16.4734

16.3444
17.2396
18.1373
19.0372
19.9393

20.3372
21.3370
22.3369
23.3367
24.3366

24.9348
26.0393
27.1413
28.2412
29.3389

26
27
28
29
30

11.1603
11.8076
12.4613
13.1211
13.7867

12.1981
12.8786
13.5648
14.2565
14.9535

13.8439
14.5733
15.3079
16.0471
16.7908

15.3791
16.1513
16.9279
17.7083
18.4926

17.2919
18.1138
18.9392
19.7677
20.5992

20.8434
21.7494
22.6572
23.5666
24.4776

25.3364
26.3363
27.3363
28.3362
29.3360

30.4345
31.5284
32.6205
33.7109
34.7998

40
50
60
70
80

20.7065
27.9907
35.5346
43.2752
51.1720

22.1643
29.7067
37.4848
45.4418
53.5400

24.4331
32.3574
40.4817
48.7576
57.1532

26.5093
34.7642
43.1879
51.7393
60.3915

29.0505
37.6886
46.4589
55.3290
64.2778

33.6603
42.9421
52.2938
61.6983
71.1445

39.3354
49.3349
59.3347
69.3344
79.3343

45.6160
56.3336
66.9814
77.5766
88.1303

90
100

59.1963
67.3276

61.7541
70.0648

65.6466
74.2219

69.1260
77.9295

73.2912
82.3581

80.6247
90.1332

89.3342
99.3341

-2.5758

-2.3263

-1.9600

-1.6449

-1.2816

-0.6745

0.0000

6
7
8
9

Q(x 2 |")=[

From

*(ai"(:

2*2

7.84080
9.03715
10.2188
11.3887
12.5489

98.6499
:

L09.141

0.6745

dt

E. S. Pearson and H. 0. Hartley (editors), Biometrika tables for statisticians, vol.

Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954 (with permission) for Q > 0.0005

I.

Cambridge

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

PERCENTA GE POINTS
x2

,\q

0.1

0.05

IN

985

THE X2-D1 [STRIBUTIO? *VALUES OF

TERMS OF Q AND v

>F

0.025

0.01

0.005

Table 26.8

0.001

0.0005

0.0001

3.84146
5.99147
7.81473
9.48773
11.0705

5.02389
7.37776
9.34840
11.1433
12.8325

6.63490
9.21034
11.3449
13.2767
15.0863

7.87944
10.5966
12.8381
14.8602
16.7496

10.828
13.816
16.266
18.467
20.515

12.116
15.202
17.730
19.997
22.105

15.137
18.421
21.108
23.513
25.745

10

10.6446
12.0170
13.3616
14.6837
15.9871

12.5916
14.0671
15.5073
16.9190
18.3070

14.4494
16.0128
17.5346
19.0228
20.4831

16.8119
18.4753
20.0902
21.6660
23.2093

18.5476
20.2777
21.9550
23.5893
25.1882

22.458
24.322
26.125
27.877
29.588

24.103
26.018
27.868
29.666
31.420

27.856
29.877
31.828
33.720
35.564

11
12
13
14
15

17.2750
18.5494
19.8119
21.0642
22.3072

19.6751
21.0261
22.3621
23.6848
24.9958

21.9200
23.3367
24.7356
26.1190
27.4884

24.7250
26.2170
27.6883
29.1413
30.5779

26.7569
28.2995
29.8194
31.3193
32.8013

31.264
32.909
34.528
36.123
37.697

33.137
34.821
36.478
38.109
39.719

37.367
39.134
40.871
42.579
44.263

16
17
18
19
20

23.5418
24.7690
25.9894
27.2036
28.4120

26.2962
27.5871
28.8693
30.1435
31.4104

28.8454
30.1910
31.5264
32.8523
34.1696

31.9999
33.4087
34.8053
36.1908
37.5662

34.2672
35.7185
37.1564
38.5822
39.9968

39.252
40.790
42.312
43.820
45.315

41.308
42.879
44.434
45.973
47.498

45.925
47.566
49.189
50.796
52.386

21
22
23
24
25

29.6151
30.8133
32.0069
33.1963
34.3816

32.6705
33.9244
35.1725
36.4151
37.6525

35.4789
36.7807
38.0757
39.3641
40.6465

38.9321
40.2894
41.6384
42.9798
44.3141

41.4010
42.7956
44.1813
45.5585
46.9278

46.797
48.268
49.728
51.179
52.620

49.011
50.511
52.000
53.479
54.947

53.962
55.525
57.075
58.613
60.140

26
27
28
29
30

35.5631
36.7412
37.9159
39.0875
40.2560

38.8852
40.1133
41.3372
42.5569
43.7729

41.9232
43.1944
44.4607
45.7222
46.9792

45.6417
46.9630
48.2782
49.5879
50.8922

48.2899
49.6449
50.9933
52.3356
53.6720

54.052
55.476
56.892
58.302
59.703

56.407
57.858
59.300
60.735
62.162

61.657
63.164
64.662
66.152
67.633

40
50
60
70
80

51.8050
63.1671
74.3970
85.5271
96.5782

55.7585
67.5048
79.0819
90.5312
101.879

59.3417
71.4202
83.2976
95.0231
106.629

63.6907
76.1539
88.3794
100.425
112.329

66.7659
79.4900
91.9517
104.215
116.321

73.402
86.661
99.607
112.317
124.839

76.095
89.560
102.695
115.578
128.261

82.062
95.969
109.503
122.755
135.783

113.145
124.342

118.136
129.561

124.116
135.807

128.299
140.169

137.208
149.449

140.782
153.167

148.627
161.319

1
2

3
4

6
7
8
9

90
100

2.70554
4.60517
6.25139
7.77944
9.23635

107.565
118.498

1.2816

1.6449

1.9600

Q(x 2 |<0 = 22T

2.5758

2.3263

(i)

2 2

dt

3.0902

3.2905

3.7190

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

986
Table 26.9

PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE F-DISTRIBUTION VALUES

OF F IN TERMS OF Q, v
v,

<?( F|v 1 ,v2 )=0.5

J

12

15

20

30

60

CD

1.00
0.667
0.585
0.549
0.528

1.50
1.00
0.881
0.828
0.799

1.71
1.13
1.00
0.941
0.907

1.82
1.21
1.06
1.00
0.965

1.89
1.25
1.10
1.04
1.00

1.94
1.28
1.13
1.06
1.02

2.00
1.32
1.16
1.09
1.05

2.07
1.36
1.20
1.13
1.09

2.09
1.38
1.21
1.14
1.10

2.12
1.39
1.23
1.15
1.11

2.15
1.41
1.24
1.16
1.12

2.17
1.43
1.25
1.18
1.14

2.20
1.44
1.27
1.19
1.15

0.515
0.506
0.499
0.494
0.490

0.780
0.767
0.757
0.749
0.743

0.886
0.871
0.860
0.852
0.845

0.942
0.926
0.915
0.906
0.899

0.977
0.960
0.948
0.939
0.932

1.00
0.983
0.971
0.962
0.954

1.03
1.01
1.00
0.990
0.983

1.06
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01

1.07
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02

1.08
1.07
1.05
1.04
1.03

1.10
1.08
1.07
1.05
1.05

1.11
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.06

1.12
1.10
1.09
1.08
1.07

14
15

0.486
0.484
0.481
0.479
0.478

0.739
0.735
0.731
0.729
0.726

0.840
0.835
0.832
0.828
0.826

0.893
0.888
0.885
0.881
0.878

0.926
0.921
0.917
0.914
0.911

0.948
0.943
0.939
0.936
0.933

0.977
0.972
0.967
0.964
0.960

1.01
1.00
0.996
0.992
0.989

1.02
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00

1.03
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01

1.04
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.02

1.05
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.03

1.06
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.05

16
17
18
19
20

0.476
0.475
0.474
0.473
0.472

0.724
0.722
0.721
0.719
0.718

0.823
0.821
0.819
0.818
0.816

0.876
0.874
0.872
0.870
0.868

0.908
0.906
0.904
0.902
0.900

0.930
0.928
0.926
0.924
0.922

0.958
0.955
0.953
0.951
0.950

0.986
0.983
0.981
0.979
0.977

0.997
0.995
0.992
0.990
0.989

1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00
1.00

1.02
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01

1.03
1.03
1.03
1.02
1.02

1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.03

21

0.471
0.470
0.470
0.469
0.468

0.716
0.715
0.714
0.714
0.713

0.815
0.814
0.813
0.812
0.811

0.867
0.866
0.864
0.863
0.862

0.899
0.898
0.896
0.895
0.894

0.921
0.919
0.918
0.917
0.916

0.948
0.947
0.945
0.944
0.943

0.976
0.974
0.973
0.972
0.971

0.987
0.986
0.984
0.983
0.982

0.998
0.997
0.996
0.994
0.993

1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.00

1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02

1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03

0.468
0.467
0.467
0.466
0.466

0.712
0.711
0.711
0.710
0.709

0.810
0.809
0.808
0.808
0.807

0.861
0.861
0.860
0.859
0.858

0.893
0.892
0.892
0.891
0.890

0.915
0.914
0.913
0.912
0.912

0.942
0.941
0.940
0.940
0.939

0.970
0.969
0.968
0.967
0.966

0.981
0.980
0.979
0.978
0.978

0.992
0.991
0.990
0.990
0.989

1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01

1.03
1.03
1.02
1.02
1.02

0.463
0.461
0.458
0.455

0.705
0.701
0.697
0.693

0.802
0.798
0.793
0.789

0.854
0.849
0.844
0.839

0.885
0.880
0.875
0.870

0.907
0.901
0.896
0.891

0.934
0.928
0.923
0.918

0.961
0.956
0.950
0.945

0.972
0.967
0.961
0.956

0.983
0.978
0.972
0.967

0.994
0.989
0.983
0.978

1.01
1.00
0.994
0.989

1.02
1.01
1.01
1.00

2Yi
1
2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

40
60

120
OO

<?(F|v1| v2 )=0.25

12

15

20

30

60

5.83
2.57
2.02
1.81
1.69

7.50
3.00
2.28
2.00
1.85

8.20
3.15
2.36
2.05
1.88

8.58
3.23
2.39
2.06
1.89

8.82
3.28
2.41
2.07
1.89

8.98
3.31
2.42
2.08
1.89

9.19
3.35
2.44
2.08
1.89

9.41
3.39
2.45
2.08
1.89

9.49
3.41
2.46
2.08
1.89

9.58
3.43
2.46
2.08
1.88

9.67
3.44
2.47
2.08
1.88

9.76
3.46
2.47
2.08
1.87

9.85
3.48
2.47
2.08
1.87

10

1.62
1.57
1.54
1.51
1.49

1.76
1.70
1.66
1.62
1.60

1.78
1.72
1.67
1.63
1.60

1.79
1.72
1.66
1.63
1.59

1.79
1.71
1.66
1.62
1.59

1.78
1.71
1.65
1.61
1.58

1.78
1.70
1.64
1.60
1.56

1.77
1.68
1.62
1.58
1.54

1.76
1.68
1.62
1.57
1.53

1.76
1.67
1.61
1.56
1.52

1.75
1.66
1.60
1.55
1.51

1.74
1.65
1.59
1.54
1.50

1.74
1.65
1.58
1.53
1.48

11
12
13
14
15

1.47
1.46
1.45
1.44
1.43

1.58
1.56
1.55
1.53
1.52

1.58
1.56
1.55
1.53
1.52

1.57
1.55
1.53
1.52
1.51

1.56
1.54
1.52
1.51
1.49

1.55
1.53
1.51
1.50
1.48

1.53
1.51
1.49
1.48
1.46

1.51
1.49
1.47
1.45
1.44

1.50
1.48
1.46
1.44
1.43

1.49
1.47
1.45
1.43
1.41

1.48
1.45
1.43
1.41
1.40

1.47
1.44
1.42
1.40
1.38

1.45
1.42
1.40
1.38
1.36

16
17
18
19
20

1.42
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.40

1.51
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.49

1.51
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.48

1.50
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.47

1.48
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.45

1.47
1.46
1.45
1.44
1.44

1.45
1.44
1.43
1.42
1.42

1.43
1.41
1.40
1.40
1.39

1.41
1.40
1.39
1.38
1.37

1.40
1.39
1.38
1.37
1.36

1.38
1.37
1.36
1.35
1.34

1.36
1.35
1.34
1.33
1.32

1.34
1.33
1.32
1.30
1.29

21
22
23
24
25

1.40
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.39

1.48
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.47

1.48
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.46

1.46
1.45
1.45
1.44
1.44

1.44
1.44
1.43
1.43
1.42

1.43
1.42
1.42
1.41
1.41

1.41
1.40
1.40
1.39
1.39

1.38
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.36

1.37
1.36
1.35
1.35
1.34

1.35
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.33

1.33
1.32
1.32
1.31
1.31

1.31
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.28

1.28
1.28
1.27
1.26
1.25

26
27
28
29
30

1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38

1.46
1.46
1.46
1.45
1.45

1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.44

1.44
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.42

1.42
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.41

1.41
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.39

1.38
1.38
1.38
1.37
1.37

1.35
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.34

1.34
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.32

1.32
1.32
1.31
1.31
1.30

1.30
1.30
1.29
1.29
1.28

1.28
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.26

1.25
1.24
1.24
1.23
1.23

40
60

1.36
1.35
1.34
1.32

1.44
1.42
1.40
1.39

1.42
1.41
1.39
1.37

1.40
1.38
1.37
1.35

1.39
1.37
1.35
1.33

1.37
1.35
1.33
1.31

1.35
1.32
1.30
1.28

1.31
1.29
1.26
1.24

1.30
1.27
1.24
1.22

1.28
1.25
1.22
1.19

1.25
1.22
1.19
1.16

1.22
1.19
1.16
1.12

1.19
1.15
1.10
1.00

1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9

120
00

Compiled from E.

S.

statisticians,

I.

permission).

vol.

Pearson and H. O. Hartley (editors), Biometrika tables for

Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954 (with

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

987

PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE F-DISTRIBUTION VALUES

OF F IN TERMS OF Q, v
{

Table 26.9

v.

Q(F\v v2 ) = 3.1
l

w.

12

15

20

30

60

OO

39.86
8.53
5.54
4.54
4.06

49.50
9.00
5.46
4.32
3.78

53.59
9.16
5.39
4.19
3.62

55.83
9.24
5.34
4.11
3.52

57.24
9.29
5.31
4.05
3.45

58.20
9.33
5.28
4.01
3.40

59.44
9.37
5.25
3.95
3.34

60.71
9.41
5.22
3.90
3.27

61.22
9.42
5.20
3.87
3.24

61.74
9.44
5.18
3.84
3.21

62.26
9.46
5.17
3.82
3.17

62.79
9.47
5.15
3.79
3.14

63.33
9.49
5.13
3.76
3.10

3.78
3.59
3.46
3.36
3.29

3.46
3.26
3.11
3.01
2.92

3.29
3.07
2.92
2.81
2.73

3.18
2.96
2.81
2.69
2.61

3.11
2.88
2.73
2.61
2.52

3.05
2.83
2.67
2.55
2.46

2.98
2.75
2.59
2.47
2.38

2.90
2.67
2.50
2.38
2.28

2.87
2.63
2.46
2.34
2.24

2.84
2.59
2.42
2.30
2.20

2.80
2.56
2.38
2.25
2.16

2.76
2.51
2.34
2.21
2.11

2.72
2.47
2.29
2.16
2.06

15

3.23
3.18
3.14
3.10
3.07

2.86
2.81
2.76
2.73
2.70

2.66
2.61
2.56
2.52
2.49

2.54
2.48
2.43
2.39
2.36

2.45
2.39
2.35
2.31
2.27

2.39
2.33
2.28
2.24
2.21

2.30
2.24
2.20
2.15
2.12

2.21
2.15
2.10
2.05
2.02

2.17
2.10
2.05
2.01
1.97

2.12
2.06
2.01
1.96
1.92

2.08
2.01
1.96
1.91
1.87

2.03
1.96
1.90
1.86
1.82

1.97
1.90
1.85
1.80
1.76

16
17
18
19
20

3.05
3.03
3.01
2.99
2.97

2.67
2.64
2.62
2.61
2.59

2.46
2.44
2.42
2.40
2.38

2.33
2.31
2.29
2.27
2.25

2.24
2.22
2.20
2.18
2.16

2.18
2.15
2.13
2.11
2.09

2.09
2.06
2.04
2.02
2.00

1.99
1.96
1.93
1.91
1.89

1.94
1.91
1.89
1.86

1.84

1.89
1.86
1.84
1.81
1.79

1.84
1.81
1.78
1.76
1.74

1.78
1.75
1.72
1.70
1.68

1.72
1.69
1.66
1.63
1.61

21

2.96
2.95
2.94
2.93
2.92

2.57
2.56
2.55
2.54
2.53

2.36
2.35
2.34
2.33
2.32

2.23
2.22
2.21
2.19
2.18

2.14
2.13
2.11
2.10
2.09

2.08
2.06
2.05
2.04
2.02

1.98
1.97
1.95
1.94
1.93

1.87
1.86
1.84
1.83
1.82

1.83
1.81
1.80
1.78
1.77

1.78
1.76
1.74
1.73
1.72

1.72
1.70
1.69
1.67
1.66

1.66
1.64
1.62
1.61
1.59

1.59
1.57
1.55
1.53
1.52

2.91
2.90
2.89
2.89
2.88

2.52
2.51
2.50
2.50
2.49

2.31
2.30
2.29
2.28
2.28

2.17
2.17
2.16
2.15
2.14

2.08
2.07
2.06
2.06
2.05

2.01
2.00
2.00
1.99
1.98

1.92
1.91
1.90
1.89
1.88

1.81
1.80
1.79
1.78
1.77

1.76
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.72

1.71

1.70
1.69
1.68
1.67

1.65
1.64
1.63
1.62
1.61

1.58
1.57
1.56
1.55
1.54

1.50
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.46

2.44
2.39
2.35
2.30

2.23
2.18
2.13
2.08

2.09
2.04
1.99
1.94

2.00
1.95
1.90
1.85

1.93
1.87
1.82
1.77

1.83
1.77
1.72
1.67

1.71
1.66

uO

2.84
2.79
2.75
2.71

1.66
1.60
1.55
1.49

1.61
1.54
1.48
1.42

1.54
1.48
1.41
1.34

1.47
1.40
1.32
1.24

1.38
1.29
1.19
1.00

"2\Vi

12

15

20

161.4
18.51
10.13
7.71
6.61

199.5
19.00
9.55
6.94

224.6
19.25
9.12
6.39
5.19

230.2
19.30
9.01
6.26
5.05

234.0
19.33
8.94
6.16
4.95

238.9
19.37
8.85
6.04
4.82

243.9
19.41
8.74
5.91
4.63

245.9
19.43
8.70
5.86
4.62

248.0
19.45

5.79

215.7
19.16
9.28
6.59
5.41

10

5.99
5.59
5.32
5.12
4.96

5.14
4.74
4.46
4.26
4.10

4.76
4.35
4.07
3.86
3.71

4.53
4.12
3.84
3.63
3.48

4.39
3.97
3.69
3.48
3.33

4.28
3.37
3.58
3.37
3.22

4.15
3.73
3.44
3.23
3.07

4.00
3.57
3.28
3.07
2.91

11
12
13
14
15

4.84
4.75
4.67
4.60
4.54

3.98
3.89
3.81
3.74
3.68

3.59
3.49
3.41
3.34
3.29

3.36
3.26
3.18
3.11
3.06

3.20
3.11
3.03
2.96
2.90

3.09
3.00
2.92
2.85
2.79

2.95
2.85
2.77
2.70
2.64

16
17
19
20

4.49
4.45
4.41
4.38
4.35

3.63
3.59
3.55
3.52
3.49

3.24
3.20
3.16
3.13

3.10

3.01
2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87

2.85
2.81
2.77
2.74
2.71

2.74
2.70
2.66
2.63
2.60

21
22
23
24
25

4.32
4.30
4.28
4.26
4.24

3.47
3.44
3.42
3.40
3.39

3.07
3.05
3.03
3.01
2.99

2.84
2.82
2.80
2.78
2.76

2.68
2.66
2.64
2.62
2.60

26
27
28

4.23
4.21
4.20
4.18
4.17

3.37
3.35
3.34
3.33
3.32

2.98
2.96
2.95
2.93
2.92

2.74
2.73
2.71
2.70
2.69

4.08
4.00
3.92
3.84

3.23
3.15
3.07
3.00

2.84
2.76
2.68
2.60

2.61
2.53
2.45
2.37

2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14

22
23
2d
25

26
27
28
29
30

40
60
120

1.60
1.55

Q(F\vl ,v2)=0.05
1

2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9

18

29
30

40
60
120

60

CD

8.66
5.80
4.56

250.1
19.46
8.62
5.75
4.50

252.2
19.4b
8.57
5.69
4.43

254.3
19.50
3.53
5.63
4.36

3.94
3.51
3.22
3.01
2.85

3.87
3.44
3.15
2.94
2.77

3.81
3.38
3.08
2.86
2.70

3.74
3.30
3.01
2.79
2.62

3.67
3.23
2.93
2.71
2.54

2.79
2.69
2.60
2.53
2.48

2.72
2.62
2.53
2.46
2.40

2.65
2.54
2.46
2.39
2.33

2.57
2.47
2.38
2.31
2.25

2.49
2.38
2.30
2.22
2.16

2.40
2.30
2.21
2.13
2.07

2.59
2.55
2.51
2.48
2.45

2.42
2.38
2.34
2.31
2.28

2.35
2.31
2.27
2.23
2.20

2.28
2.23
2.19
2.16
2.12

2.19
2.15
2.11
2.07
2.04

2.11
2.06
2.02
1.98
1.95

2.01
1.96
1.92
1.88
1.84

2.57
2.55
2.53
2.51
2.49

2.42
2.40
2.37
2.36
2.34

2.25
2.23
2.20
2.18
2.15

2.18
2.15
2.13
2.11
2.09

2.10
2.07
2.05
2.03
2.01

2.01
1.98
1.96
1.94
1.92

1.92
1.89
1.86
1.84
1.82

1.81
1.78
1.76
1.73
1.71

2.59
2.57
2.56
2.55
2.53

2.47
2.4b
2.45
2.43
2.42

2.32
2.31
2.29
2.28
2.27

2.15
2.13
2.12
2.10
2.09

2.07
2.06
2.04
2.03
2.01

1.99
1.97
1.96
1.94
1.93

1.90
1.88
1.87
1.85
1.84

1.80
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.74

1.69
1.67
1.65
1.64
1.62

2.45
2.37
2.29
2.21

2.34
2.25
2.17
2.10

2.18
2.10
2.02
1.94

2.00
1.92
1.83
1.75

1.92
1.84
1.75
1.67

1.84
1.75
1.66
1.57

1.74
1.65
1.55
1.46

1.64
1.53
1.43
1.32

1.51
1.39
1.25
1.00

30

988

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE F-DISTRIBUTION VALUES

OF F IN TERMS OF Q, v v

Table 26.9

x,

Q(F\ViV2) =0.025
3

12

15

20

30

647.8
38.51
17.44
12.22
10.01

799.5
39.00
16.04
10.65
8.43

864.2
39.17
15.44
9.98
7.76

899.6
39.25
15.10
9.60
7.39

921.8
39.30
14.88
9.36

956.7
39.37
14.54
8.98
6.76

976.7
39.41
14.34
8.75
6.52

984.9
39.43
14.25
8.66
6.43

993.1
39.45
14.17
8.56
6.33

1001
39.46

7.15

937.1
39.33
14.73
9.20
6.98

6.12

39.50
13.90
8.26
6.02

10

8.81
8.07
7.57
7.21
6.94

7.26
6.54
6.06
5.71
5.46

6.60
5.89
5.42
5.08
4.83

6.23
5.52
5.05
4.72
4.47

5.99
5.29
4.82
4.48
4.24

5.82
5.12
4.65
4.32
4.07

5.60
4.90
4.43
4.10
3.85

5.37
4.67
4.20
3.87
3.62

5.27
4.57
4.10
3.77
3.52

5.17
4.47
4.00
3.67
3.42

5.07
4.36
3.89
3.56
3.31

4.96
4.25
3.78
3.45
3.20

4.85
4.14
3.67
3.33
3.08

11
12
13
14
15

6.72
6.55
6.41
6.30
6.20

5.26
5.10
4.97
4.86
4.77

4.63
4.47
4.35
4.24
4.15

4.28
4.12
4.00
3.89
3.80

4.04
3.89
3.77
3.66
3.58

3.88
3.73
3.60
3.50
3.41

3.66
3.51
3.39
3.29
3.20

3.43
3.28
3.15
3.05
2.96

3.33
3.18
3.05
2.95
2.86

3.23
3.07
2.95
2.84
2.76

3.12
2.96
2.84
2.73
2.64

3.00
2.85
2.72
2.61
2.52

2.88
2.72
2.60
2.49
2.40

16
17
18
19
20

6.12
6.04
5.98
5.92
5.87

4.69
4.62
4.56
4.51
4.46

4.08
4.01
3.95
3.90
3.86

3.73
3.66
3.61
3.56
3.51

3.50
3.44
3.38
3.33
3.29

3.34
3.28
3.22
3.17
3.13

3.12
3.06
3.01
2.96
2.91

2.89
2.82
2.77
2.72
2.68

2.79
2.72
2.67
2.62
2.57

2.68
2.62
2.56
2.51
2.46

2.57
2.50
2.44
2.39
2.35

2.45
2.38
2.32
2.27
2.22

2.32
2.25
2.19
2.13
2.09

21
22
23
24
25

5.83
5.79
5.75
5.72
5.69

4.42
4.38
4.35
4.32
4.29

3.82
3.78
3.75
3.72
3.69

3.48
3.44
3.41
3.38
3.35

3.25
3.22
3.18
3.15
3.13

3.09
3.05
3.02
2.99
2.97

2.87
2.84
2.81
2.78
2.75

2.64
2.60
2.57
2.54
2.51

2.53
2.50
2.47
2.44
2.41

2.42
2.39
2.36
2.33
2.30

2.31
2.27
2.24
2.21
2.18

2.18
2.14
2.11
2.08
2.05

2.04
2.00
1.97
1.94
1.91

26

5.66
5.63
5.61
5.59
5.57

4.27
4.24
4.22
4.20
4.18

3.67
3.65
3.63
3.61
3.59

3.33
3.31
3.29
3.27
3.25

3.10
3.08
3.06
3.04
3.03

2.94
2.92
2.90
2.88
2.87

2.73
2.71
2.69
2.67
2.65

2.49
2.47
2.45
2.43
2.41

2.39
2.36
2.34
2.32
2.31

2.28
2.25
2.23
2.21
2.20

2.16
2.13
2.11
2.09
2.07

2.03
2.00
1.98
1.96
1.94

1.88
1.85
1.83
1.81
1.79

5.42
5.29
5.15
5.02

4.05
3.93
3.80
3.69

3.46
3.34
3.23
3.12

3.13
3.01
2.89
2.79

2.90
2.79
2.67
2.57

2.74
2.63
2.52
2.41

2.53
2.41
2.30
2.19

2.29
2.17
2.05
1.94

2.18
2.06
1.94
1.83

2.07
1.94
1.82
1.71

1.94
1.82
1.69
1.57

1.80
1.67
1.53
1.39

1.64
1.48
1.31

"2\"l

1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9

27

28
29

30
40
60

120
00

Q(F\v
V V1
2\

4052
98.50

34.12
21.20
16.26

4999.5
99.00
30.82
18.00
13.27

13.75
12.25
11.26
10.56
10.04

3
5403

5625

5764

99.17
29.46
16.69
12.06

99.25
28.71
15.98
11.39

99.30
28.24
15.52
10.97

10.92
9.55
8.65
8.02
7.56

9.78
8.45
7.59
6.99
6.55

9.15
7.85
7.01
6.42
5.99

8.75
7.46
6.63
6.06
5.64

9.65
9.33
9.07
8.86
8.68

7.21
6.93
6.70
6.51
6.36

6.22
5.95
5.74
5.56
5.42

5.67
5.41
5.21
5.04
4.89

19
20

8.53
8.4Q
8.29
8.18
8.10

6.23
6.11
6.01
5.93
5.85

5.29
5.18
5.09
5.01
4.94

21
22
23
24
25

8.02
7.95
7.88
7.82
7.77

5.78
5.72
5.66
5.61
5.57

26

7.72
7.68
7.64
7.60
7.56
7.31
7.08
6.85
6.63

4
5

6
7

8
9

10

11
12
13
14
15

16
17
18

27

28
29
30

40
60

120
00

6
5859
99.33

,v 2

39.48
13.99
8.36

00

1018

1.00

)=0.01

8
5982

12
6106

15
6157

20
6209

99.37
27.49
14.80
10.29

99.42
27.05
14.37
9.89

99.43
26.87
14.20
9.72

99.45
26.69
14.02
9.55

8.47
7.19
6.37
5.80
5.39

8.10
6.84
6.03
5.47
5.06

7.72
6.47
5.67
5.11
4.71

7.56
6.31
5.52
4.96
4.56

7.40
6.16
5.36
4.81
4.41

5.32
5.06
4.86
4.69
4.56

5.07
4.82
4.62
4.46
4.32

4.74
4.50
4.30
4.14
4.00

4.40
4.16
3.96
3.80
3.67

4.25
4.01
3.82
3.66
3.52

4.77
4.67
4.58
4.50
4.43

4.44
4.34
4.25
4.17
4.10

4.20
4.10
4.01
3.94
3.87

3.89
3.79
3.71
3.63
3.56

3.55
3.46
3.37
3.30
3.23

4.87
4.82
4.76
4.72
4.68

4.37
4.31
4.26
4.22
4.18

4.04
3.99
3.94
3.90
3.85

3.81
3.76
3.71
3.67
3.63

3.51
3.45
3.41
3.36
3.32

5.53
5.49
5.45
5.42
5.39

4.64
4.60
4.57
4.54
4.51

4.14
4.11
4.07
4.04
4.02

3.82
3.78
3.75
3.73
3.70

3.59
3.56
3.53
3.50
3.47

5.18
4.98
4.79
4.61

4.31
4.13
3.95
3.78

3.83
3.65
3.48
3.32

3.51
3.34
3.17
3.02

3.29
3.12
2.96
2.80

27.91
15.21
10.67.

14.08
8.46
6.23

60
1010

30

60

6261
99.47
26.50
13.84

6313
99.48

CO

bibb

9.38

26.32
13.65
9.20

99.50
26.13
13.46
9.02

7.23
5.99
5.20
4.65
4.25

7.06
5.82
5.03
4.48
4.08

6.88
5.65
4.86
4.31
3.91

4.10
3.86
3.66
3.51
3.37

3.94
3.70
3.51
3.35
3.21

3.78
3.54
3.34
3.18
3.05

3.60
3.36
3.17
3.00
2.87

3.41
3.31
3.23
3.15
3.09

3.26
3.16
3.08
3.00
2.94

3.10
3.00
2.92
2.84
2.78

2.93
2.83
2.75
2.67
2.61

2.75
2.65
2.57
2.49
2.42

3.17
3.12
3.07
3.03
2.99

3.03
2.98
2.93
2.89
2.85

2.88
2.83
2.78
2.74
2.70

2.72
2.67
2.62
2.58
2.54

2.55
2.50
2.45
2.40
2.36

2.36
2.31
2.26
2.21
2.17

3.29
3.26
3.23
3.20
3.17

2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87
2.84

2.81
2.78
2.75
2.73
2.70

2.66
2.63
2.60
2.57
2.55

2.50
2.47
2.44
2.41
2.39

2.33
2.29
2.26
2.23
2.21

2.13
2.10
2.06
2.03
2.01

2.99
2.82
2.66
2.51

2.66
2.50
2.34
2.18

2.52
2.35
2.19
2.04

2.37
2.20
2.03
1.88

2.20
2.03
1.86
1.70

2.02
1.84
1.66
1.47

1.80
1.60
1.38
1.00

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

989

PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE ^DISTRIBUTION VALUES

OF F IN TERMS OF Q, v, v

Table 26.9

Q(Fv i,v2) =0.005

v2\ "l
1

1
16211

3
20000

21615

4
22500

5
23056

6
23437

23925

12
24426

15
24630

20
24836

30
25044

60
25253

CO

25465

198.5
55.55
31.3*
22.78

199.0
49.80
26.28
18.31

199.2
47.47
24.26
16.53

199.2
46.19
23.15
15.56

199.3
45.39
22.46
14.94

199.3
44.84
21.97
14.51

199.4
44.13
21.35
13.96

199.4
43.39
20.70
13.38

199.4
43.08
20.44
13.15

199.4
42.78
20.17
12.90

199.5
42.47
19.89
12.66

199.5
42.15
19.61
12.40

199.5
41.83
19.32
12.14

18.63
16.24
14.69
13.61
12.83

14.54
12.40
11.04
10.11
9.43

12.92
10.88
9.60
8.72
8.08

12.03
10.05
8.81
7.96
7.34

11.46
9.52
8.30
7.47
6.87

11.07
9.16
7.95
7.13
6.54

10.57
8.b8
7.50
6.69
6.12

10.03
8.18
7.01
6.23
5.66

9.81
7.97
6.81
6.03
5.47

9.59
7.75
6.61
5.83
5.27

9.36
7.53
6.40
5.62
5.07

9.12
7.31
6.18
5.41
4.86

8.88
7.08
5.95
5.19
4.64

12.23
11.75
11.37
11.06
10.80

8.91
8.51
8.19
7.92
7.70

7.60
7.23
6.93
6.68
6.48

6.88
6.52
6.23
6.00
5.80

6.42
6.07
5.79
5.56
5.37

6.10
5.76
5.48
5.26
5.07

5.68
5.35
5.08
4.86
4.67

5.24
4.91
4.64
4.43
4.25

5.05
4.72
4.46
4.25
4.07

4.86
4.53
4.27
4.06
3.88

4.65
4.33
4.07
3.86
3.69

4.44
4.12
3.87
3.66
3.48

4.23
3.90
3.65
3.44
3.26

7.51
7.35
7.21
7.09
6.99

6.30
6.16
6.03
5.92
5.82

5.64
5.50
5.37
5.27
5.17

5.21

19
20

10.58
10.38
10.22
10.07
9.94

5.07
4.96
4.85
4.76

4.1
4.78
4.66
4.56
4.47

4.52
4.39
4.28
4.18
4.09

4.10
3.97
3.86
3.76
3.68

3.92
3.79
3.68
3.59
3.50

3.73
3.61
3.50
3.40
3.32

3.54
3.41
3.30
3.21
3.12

3.33
3.21
3.10
3.00
2.92

3.11
2.98
2.87
2.78
2.69

21
22
23
24
25

9.83
9.73
9.63
9.55
9.48

6.89
6.81
6.73
6.66
6.60

5.73
5.65
5.58
5.52
5.46

5.09
5.02
4.95
4.89
4.84

4.68
4.61
4.54
4.49
4.43

4.39
4.32
4.26
4.20
4.15

4.01
3.94
3.88
3.83

3.78

3.60
3.54
3.47
3.42
3.37

3.43
3.36
3.30
3.25
3.20

3.24
3.18
3.12
3.06
3.01

3.05
2.98
2.92
2.87
2.82

2.84
2.77
2.71
2.66
2.61

2.61
2.55
2.48
2.43
2.38

26
27
28
29
30

9.41
9.34
9.26
9.23
9.18

6.54
6.49
6.44
6.40
6.35

5.41

5.36
5.32
5.28
5.24

4.79
4.74
4.70
4.66
4.62

4.38
4.34
4.30
4.26
4.23

4.10
4.06
4.02
3.98
3.95

3.73
3.69
3.65
3.61
3.58

3.33
3.28
3.25
3.21
3.18

3.15
3.11
3.07
3.04
3.01

2.97
2.93
2.89
2.86
2.32

2.77
2.73
2.69
2.66
2.63

2.56
2.52
2.48
2.45
2.42

2.33
2.29
2.25
2.21
2.18

40
60
120

8.83
8.49
8.18
7.88

6.07
5.79
5.54
5.30

4.98
4.73
4.50
4.28

4.37
4.14
3.92
3.72

3.99
3.76
3.55
3.35

3.71
3.49
3.28
3.09

3.35
3.13
2.93
2.74

2.95
2.74
2.54
2.36

2.78
2.57
2.37
2.19

2.60
2.39
2.19
2.00

2.40
2.19
1.98
1.79

2.18
1.96
1.75
1.53

1.93
1.69
1.43
1.00

4
5

6
/

8
9

10
11
12

13
14
15

16
17
18

00

Q{Fv
tt "l
1
2
3
4
5

1
(5)4.053
998.5
167.0
74.14
47.18

2
(5)5.000
999.0
148.5
61.25
37.12

(5)5.625

(5)5.764

141.1
56.18
33.20

999.2
137.1
53.44
31.09

999.3
134.6
51.71
29.75

(5)5.404
999.2

6
(5)5.859
999.3
132.8
50.53
28.84

y-2)

=0.001

12

(5)5.981
999.4
130.6
49.00
27.64

(5)6.107
999.4
128.3
47.41
26.42

15
(5)6.158
999.4
127.4
46.76
25.91

20
(5)6.209
999.4
126.4
46.10
25.39

30
(5)6.261
999.5
125.4
45.43
24.87

60
(5)6.313
999.5
124.5
44.75
24.33

CO

(5)6.366
999.5
123.5
44.05
23.79

27.00
21.69
18.49
16.39
14.91

23.70
18.77
15.83
13.90
12.55

21.92
17.19
14.39
12.56
11.28

20.81
16.21
13.49
11.71
10.48

20.03
15.52
12.86
11.13
9.92

19.03
14.63
12.04
10.37
9.20

17.99
13.71
11.19
9.57
8.45

17.56
13.32
10.84
9.24
8.13

17.12
12.93
10.48
8.90
7.80

16.67
12.53
10.11
8.55
7.47

16.21
12.12
9.73
8.19

10

35.51
29.25
25.42
22.86
21.04

7.12

15.75
11.70
9.33
7.81
6.76

11
12
13
14
15

19.69
18.64
17.81
17.14
16.59

13.81
12.97
12.31
11.78
11.34

11.56
10.80
10.21
9.73
9.34

10.35
9.63
9.07
8.62
8.25

9.58
8.89
8.35
7.92
7.57

9.05
8.38
7.86
7.43
7.09

8.35
7.71
7.21
6.80
6.47

7.63
7.00
6.52
6.13
5.81

7.32
6.71
6.23
5.85
5.54

7.01
6.40
5.93
5.56
5.25

6.68
6.09
5.63
5.25
4.95

6.35
5.76
5.30
4.94
4.64

6.00
5.42
4.97
4.60
4.31

16
17
18
19
20

16.12
15.72
15.38
15.08
14.82

10.97
10.66
10.39
10.16
9.95

9.00
8.73
8.49
8.28
8.10

7.94
7.68
7.46
7.26
7.10

7.27
7.02
6.81
6.62
6.46

6.81
6.56
6.35
6.18
6.02

6.19
5.96
5.76
5.59
5.44

5.55
5.32
5.13
4.97
4.82

5.27
5.05
4.87
4.70
4.56

4.99
4.78
4.59
4.43
4.29

4.70
4.48
4.30
4.14
4.00

4.39
4.18
4.00
3.84
3.70

4.06
3.85
3.67
3.51
3.38

21
22
23
24
25

14.59
14.38
14.19
14.03
13.88

9.77
9.61
9.47
9.34
9.22

7.94
7.80
7.67
7.55
7.45

6.95
6.81
6.69
6.59
6.49

6.32
6.19
6.08
5.98
5.88

5.88
5.76
5.65
5.55
5.46

5.31
5.19
5.09
4.99
4.91

4.70
4.58
4.48
4.39
4.31

4.44
4.33
4.23
4.14
4.06

4.17
4.06
3.96
3.87
3.79

3.88
3.78
3.68
3.59
3.52

3.58
3.48
3.38
3.29
3.22

3.26
3.15
3.05
2.97
2.89

26
27

13.74
13.61
13.50
13.39
13.29

9.12
9.02
8.93
8.85
8.77

7.36
7.27
7.19
7.12
7.05

6.41
6.33
6.25
6.19
6.12

5.80
5.73
5.66
5.59
5.53

5.38
5.31
5.24
5.18
5.12

4.83
4.76
4.69
4.64
4.58

4.24
4.17
4.11
4.05
4.00

3.99
3.92
3.86
3.80
3.75

3.72
3.66
3.60
3.54
3.49

3.44
3.38
3.32
3.27
3.22

3.15
3.08
3.02
2.97
2.92

2.82
2.75
2.69
2.64
2.59

12.61
11.97
11.38
10.83

8.25
7.76
7.32
6.91

6.60
6.17
5.79
5.42

5.70
5.31
4.95
4.62

5.13
4.76
4.42
4.10

4.73
4.37
4.04
3.74

4.21
3.87
3.55
3.27

3.64
3.31
3.02
2.74

3.40
3.08
2.78
2.51

3.15
2.83
2.53
2.27

2.87
2.55
2.26
1.99

2.57
2.25
1.95
1.66

2.23
1.89
1.54
1.00

6
7

8
9

28
29
30

40
60

120
00

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

990
Table 26.10

PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE ^-DISTRIBUTION VALUES OF

IN

TERMS OF A AND

0.2

0.5

0.8

0.9

0.95

0.9* i

0.99

0.995

0.998

0.999

0.9999

0.99999

0.999999

0.325
0.289
0.277
0.271
0.267

1.000
0.816
0.765
0.741
0.727

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015

12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571

31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365

63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032

127.321
14.089
7.453
5.598
4.773

318.309
22.327
10.214
7.173
5.893

636.619
31.598
12.924
8.610
6.869

6366.198
99.992
28.000
15.544
11.178

63661.977
316.225
60.397
27.771
17.897

636619.772
999.999
130.155
49.459
28.477

10

0.265
0.263
0.262
0.261
0.260

0.718
0.711
0.706
0.703
0.700

1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372

1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812

2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228

3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764

3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169

4.317
4.029
3.833
3.690
3.581

5.208
4.785
4.501
4.297
4.144

5.959
5.408
5.041
4.781
4.587

9.082
7.885
7.120
6.594
6.211

13.555
11.215
9.782
8.827
8.150

20.047
15.764
13.257
11.637
10.516

11
12
13
14
15

0.260
0.259
0.259
0.258
0.258

0.697
0.695
0.694
0.692
0.691

1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341

1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753

2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131

2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602

3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947

3.497
3.428
3.372
3.326
3.286

4.025
3.930
3.852
3.787
3.733

4.437
4.318
4.221
4.140
4.073

5.921
5.694
5.513
5.363
5.239

7.648
7.261
6.955
6.706
6.502

9.702
9.085
8.604
8.218
7.903

16
17
18
19
20

0.258
0.257
0.257
0.257
0.257

0.690
0.689
0.688
0.688
0.687

1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325

1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725

2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086

2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528

2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845

3.252
3.223
3.197
3.174
3.153

3.686
3.646
3.610
3.579
3.552

4.015
3.965
3.922
3.883
3.850

5.134
5.044
4.966
4.897
4.837

6.330
6.184
6.059
5.949
5.854

7.642
7.421
7.232
7.069
6.927

21

22
23
24
25

0.257
0.256
0.256
0.256
0.256

0.686
0.686
0.685
0.685
0.684

1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316

1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708

2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060

2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485

2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787

3.135
3.119
3.104
3.090
3.078

3.527
3.505
3.485
3.467
3.450

3.819
3.792
3.768
3.745
3.725

4.784
4.736
4.693
4.654
4.619

5.769
5.694
5.627
5.566
5.511

6.802
6.692
6.593
6.504
6.424

26
27
28
29
30

0.256
0.256
0.256
0.256
0.256

0.684
0.684
0.683
0.683
0.683

1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310

1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697

2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042

2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457

2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750

3.067
3.057
3.047
3.038
3.030

3.435
3.421
3.408
3.396
3.385

3.707
3.690
3.674
3.659
3.646

4.587
4.558
4.530
4.506
4.482

5.461
5.415
5.373
5.335
5.299

6.352
6.286
6.225
6.170
6.119

40
60
20

0.255
0.254
0.254
0.253

0.681
0.679
0.677
0.674

1.303
1.296
1.289
1.282

1.684
1.671
1.658
1.645

2.021
2.000
1.980
1.960

2.423
2.390
2.358
2.326

2.704
2.660
2.617
2.576

2.971
2.915
2.860
2.807

3.307
3.232
3.160
3.090

3.551
3.460
3.373
3.291

4.321
4.169
3.997
3.891

5.053
4.825
4.573
4.417

5.768
5.449
5.102
4.892

vV4
1

2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

00

A=A( t\v)= rvB

l

From

'% (l<
{hll

(V+

E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley (editors), Biometrika tables for statistiCambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954 for A< 0.999,
cians, vol. I.
from E. T. Federighi, Extended tables of the percentage points of Student's
t-distribution, J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 54, 683-688 (1959) for ^>0.999 (with
permission)

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
250U

FIVE J J1G11 h lANDOJVj

991

NUMB ERS

Table 26.11

53479
97344
66023
99776
30176

81115
70328
38277
75723
48979

98036
58116
74523
03172
92153

12217
91964
71118
43112
38416

59526
26240
84892
83086
42436

40238
44643
13956
81982
26636

40577
83287
98899
14538
83903

39351
97391
92315
26162
44722

43211
92823
65783
24899
69210

69255
77578
59640
20551
69117

81874
19839
09337
31151
67619

83339
90630
33435
58295
52515

14988
71863
53869
40823
03037

99937
95053
52769
41330
81699

13213
55532
18801
21093
17106

30177
60908
25820
93882
64982

47967
84108
96198
49192
60834

93793
55342
66518
44876
85319

86693
48479
78314
47185
47814

98854
63799
97013
81425
08075

61946
04811
05763
73260
54909

48790
64892
39601
56877
09976

11602
96346
56140
40794
76580

83043
79065
25513
13948
02645

22257
26999
86151
96289
35795

11832
43967
78657
90185
44537

04344
63485
02184
47111
64428

95541
93572
29715
66807
35441

20366
80753
04334
61849
28318

55937
96582
15678
44686
99001

42583
27266
49843
29316
30463

36335
27403
11442
40460
27856

60068
97520
66682
27076
67798

04044
23334
36055
69232
16837

29678
36453
32002
51423
74273

16342
33699
78600
58515
05793

48592
23672
36924
49920
02900

25547
45884
59962
03901
63498

63177
41515
68191
26597
00782

75225
04756
62580
33068
35097

28708
13183
60796
13486
34914

84088
50652
76639
46918
94502

65535
94872
30157
64683
39374

44258
28257
40295
07411
34185

33869
78547
99476
77842
57500

82530
55286
28334
01908
22514

98399
33591
15368
47796
04060

26387
61965
42481
65796
94511

02836
51723
60312
44230
44612

36838
14211
42770
77230
10485

28105
59231
87437
29046
62035

04814
45028
82758
01301
71886

85170
01173
71093
55343
94506

86490
08848
36833
65732
15263

35695
81925
53582
78714
61435

03483
71494
25986
43644
10369

57315
95401
46005
46248
42054

63174
34049
42840
53205
68257

71902
04851
81683
94868
14385

71182
65914
21459
48711
79436

38856
40666
40588
78237
98247

80048
43328
90087
86556
67474

59973
87379
37729
50276
71455

73368
86418
08667
20431
69540

52876
95841
37256
00243
01169

47673
25590
20317
02303
03320

41020
54137
53316
71029
67017

82295
94182
50982
49932
92543

26430
42308
32900
23245
97977

87377
07361
32097
00862
52728

69977
39843
62880
56138
90804

78558
23074
87277
64927
56026

65430
40814
99895
29454
48994

32627
03713
99965
52967
64569

28312
21891
34374
86624
67465

61815
96353
42556
62422
60180

14598
96806
11679
30163
12972

79728
24595
99605
76181
03848

55699
26203
98011
95317
62582

91348
26009
48867
39264
93855

09665
34756
12157
69384
93358

44672
50403
73327
07734
64565

74762
76634
74196
94451
43766

33357
12767
26668
76428
45041

67301
32220
78087
16121
44930

80546
34545
53636
09300
69970

97659
18100
52304
67417
16964

11348
53513
00007
68587
08277

78771
14521
05708
87932
67752

45011
72120
63538
38840
60292

38879
58314
83568
28067
05730

35544
60298
10227
91152
75557

99563
72394
99471
40568
93161

85404
69668
74729
33705
80921

04913
12474
22075
64510
55873

62547
93059
10233
07067
54103

78406
02053
21575
64374
34801

01017
29807
20325
26336
83157

86187
63645
21317
79652
04534

22072
12792
57124
31140
81368

Compiled from Rand Corporation,

1955 (with permission).

million

random

digits with 100,000

normal deviates. The Free Press, Glencoe,

111.

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS

992
Table

26.11

2500

FIVE DIGIT

RANDOM NUMBERS

26687
60675
45418
69872
03765

74223
75169
98635
48026
86366

43546
24510
83123
89755
99539

45699
15100
98558
28470
44183

94469
02011
09953
44130
23886

82125
14375
60255
59979
89977

37370
65187
42071
91063
11964

23966
10630
40930
28766
51581

68926
64421
97992
85962
18033

37664
66745
93085
77173
56239

84686
91512
10737
54870
48967

57636
49670
49307
19676
49579

32326
32556
18307
58367
65369

19867
85189
22246
20905
74305

71345
28023
22461
38324
62085

42002
88151
10003
00026
39297

96997
62896
93157
98440
10309

84379
95498
66984
37427
23173

27991
29423
44919
22896
74212

21459
38138
30467
37637
32272

91430
92564
41734
25251
91657

79112
29567
12199
78110
11563

03685
47476
77441
54178
66036

05411
62804
92415
78241
28523

23027
73428
63542
09226
83705

54735
04535
42115
87529
09956

91550
86395
84972
35376
766L0

06250
12162
12454
90690
88116

18705
59647
33133
54178
78351

18909
97726
48467
08561
50877

00149
53250
25587
01176
83531

84745
73200
17481
12182
15544

63222
84066
56716
06882
40834

50533
59620
49749
27562
20296

50159
61009
70733
75456
88576

60433
38542
32733
54261
47815

04822
05758
60365
38564
96540

49577
06178
14108
89054
79462

89049
80193
52573
96911
78666

16162
26466
39391
88906
25353

19902
96516
99417
77699
32245

98866
78705
56171
57853
83794

32805
25556
19848
93213
99528

61091
35181
24352
27342
05150

91587
29064
51844
28906
27246

30340
49005
03791
31052
48263

84909
29843
72127
65815
62156

64047
68949
57958
21637
62469

67750
50506
08366
49385
97048

87638
45862
43190
75406
16511

12874
63899
16255
75553
41772

72753
41910
43271
30207
18441

66469
45484
26540
41814
34685

13782
55461
41298
74985
13892

64330
66518
35095
40223
38843

00056
82486
32170
91223
69007

73324
74694
70625
64238
10362

03920
07865
66407
73012
84125

13193
09724
01050
83100
08814

19466
76490
44225
92041
66785

09270
85058
80222
83901
36303

01245
17815
87572
88028
57833

81765
71551
62758
56743
77622

06809
36356
14858
25598
02238

10561
97519
36350
79349
53285

10080
54144
23304
47880
77316

17482
51132
70453
77912
40106

05471
83169
21065
52020
38456

82273
27373
63812
84305
92214

06902
68609
29860
02897
54278

91543
14415
82465
27306
91960

63886
33816
07781
39843
82766

60539
78231
09938
05634
02331

96334
87674
66874
96368
08797

20804
96473
72128
72022
33858

72692
44451
99685
01278
21847

08944
25098
84329
92830
17391

02870
29296
14530
40094
53755

74892
50679
08410
31776
58079

22598
07798
45953
41822
48498

59284
10428
65527
59688
44452

96108
96003
41039
43078
10188

91610
71223
79574
93275
43565

07483
21352
05105
31978
46531

37943
78685
59588
08768
93023

96832
55964
02115
84805
07618

15444
35510
33446
50661
12910

12091
94805
56780
18523
60934

36690
23422
18402
83235
53403

58317
04492
36279
50602
18401

87275
94155
26488
37073
83835

82013
93110
76394
34547
89575

59804
49964
91282
88296
55956

78595
27753
03419
68638
93957

60553
85090
68758
12976
30361

14038
77677
89575
50896
47679

12096
69303
66469
10023
83001

95472
66323
97835
27220
35056

42736
77811
66681
05785
07103

08573
22791
03171
77538
63072

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
2500

FIVE

E IGIT

993

R ANDOM NUMB ERS

Tab le

26.11

55034
25521
85421
61219
20230

81217
99536
72744
48390
03147

90564
43233
97242
47344
58854

81943
48786
66383
30413
11650

11241
49221
00132
39392
28415

84512
06960
05661
91365
12821

12288
31564
96442
56203
58931

89862
21458
37388
79204
30508

00760
88199
57671
05330
65989

76159
06312
27916
31196
26675

95776
07603
00645
62950
79350

83206
17344
17459
83162
10276

56144
01148
78742
61504
81933

55953
83300
39005
31557
26347

89787
96955
36027
80590
08068

64426
65027
98807
47893
67816

08448
31713
72666
72360
06659

45707
89013
54484
72720
87917

80364
79557
68262
08396
74166

60262
49755
38827
33674
85519

48339
05842
25855
25272
73003

69834
08439
02209
16152
29058

59047
79836
07307
82323
17605

82175
50957
59942
70718
49298

92010
32059
71389
98081
47675

58446
32910
76159
38631
90445

69591
15842
11263
91956
68919

56205
13918
38787
49909
05676

95700
41365
61541
76253
23823

86211
80115
22606
33970
84892

81310
10024
84671
29296
51771

94430
44713
52806
58162
94074

22663
59832
89124
21858
70630

06584
80721
37691
33732
41286

38142
63711
20897
94056
90583

00146
67882
82339
88806
87680

17496
25100
22627
54603
13961

51115
45345
06142
00384
55627

61458
55743
05773
66340
23670

65790
67618
03547
69232
35109

42166
78355
09552
15771
13231

56251
67041
51347
63127
99058

60770
22492
33864
34847
93754

51672
51522
89018
05660
36730

36031
31164
73418
06156
44286

77273
30450
81538
48970
44326

85218
27600
77399
55699
15729

14812
44428
30448
61818
37500

90758
96380
97740
91763
47269

23677
26772
18158
20821
13333

50583
99485
54676
99343
35492

03570
57330
39524
71549
40231

38472
10634
73785
10248
34868

73236
74905
48864
76036
55356

67613
90671
69835
31702
12847

72780
19643
62798
76868
68093

78174
69903
65205
88909
52643

18718
60950
69187
69574
32732

99092
17968
05572
27642
67016

64114
37217
74741
00336
46784

98170
02670
36934
56851
05464

25384
86155
42879
12778
28892

03841
56860
81637
24309
14271

23920
02592
79952
73660
23778

47954
01646
07066
84264
88599

10359
42200
41625
24668
17081

70114
79950
96804
16686
33884

11177
37764
92388
02239
88783

63298
82341
88860
66022
39015

99903
71952
68580
64133
57118

15025
95610
09026
81431
21431

20237
08030
40378
99955
59335

63386
81469
05731
52462
58627

71122
91066
55128
67667
94822

06620
88857
74298
97322
65484

07415
56583
49196
69808
09641

94982
01224
31669
21240
41018

32324
28097
42605
65921
85100

79427
19726
30368
12629
16110

70387
71465
96424
92896
32077

95832
99813
77210
13268
44285

76145
44631
31148
02609
71735

11636
43746
50543
79833
26620

80284
99790
11603
66058
54691

17787
86823
50934
80277
14909

97934
12114
02498
08533
52132

12822
31706
09184
28676
81110

73890
05024
95875
37532
74548

66009
28156
85840
70535
78853

27521
04202
71954
82356
31996

70526
88386
83161
50214
97689

45953
11222
73994
71721
29341

79637
25080
17209
33851
67747

57374
71462
79441
45144
80643

05053
09818
64091
05696
13620

31965
46001
49790
29935
23943

33376
19065
11936
12823
49396

13232
68981
44864
01594
83686

85666
18310
86978
08453
37302

86615
74178
34538
52825
95350

994

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
Table

26.11

2500

FIVE DIGIT

RANDOM NUMBERS

12367
38890
80788
02395
73720

23891
30239
55410
77585
70184

31506
34237
39770
08854
69112

90721
22578
93317
23562
71887

18710
74420
18270
33544
80140

89140
22734
21141
45796
72876

58595
26930
52085
10976
38984

99425
40604
78093
44721
23409

22840
10782
85638
24781
63957

08267
80128
81140
09690
44751

61383
39161
80907
09052
33425

17222
44282
74484
65670
24226

55234
14975
39884
63660
32043

18963
97498
19885
34035
60082

39006
25973
37311
06578
20418

93504
33605
04209
87837
85047

18273
60141
49675
28125
53570

49815
30030
39596
48883
32554

52802
77677
01052
50482
64099

69675
49294
43999
55735
52326

72651
04142
85226
54888
33258

69474
32092
14193
03579
51516

73648
83586
52213
91674
82032

71530
61825
60746
59502
45233

55454
35482
24414
08619
39351

19576
32736
57858
33790
33229

15552
63403
31884
29011
59464

20577
91499
51266
85193
65545

12124
37196
82293
62262
76809

50038
02762
73553
28684
16982

75973
90638
65061
64420
27175

15957
75314
15498
07427
17389

32405
35381
93348
82233
76963

82081
34451
33566
97812
75117

02214
49246
19427
39572
45580

57143
11465
66826
07766
99904

33526
25102
03044
65844
47160

47194
71489
97361
29980
55364

94526
89883
08159
15533
25666

73253
99708
47485
90114
25405

32215
54209
59286
83872
83310

30094
58043
66964
58167
57080

87276
72350
84843
01221
03366

56896
89828
71549
95558
80017

15625
02706
67553
22196
39601

32594
16815
33867
65905
40698

80663
89985
83011
38785
56434

08082
37380
66213
01355
64055

19422
44032
69372
47489
02495

80717
59366
23903
28170
50880

64545
39269
29763
06310
97541

29500
00076
05675
02998
47607

13351
55489
28193
01463
57655

78647
01524
65514
27738
59102

92628
76568
11954
90288
21851

19354
22571
78599
17697
44446

60479
20328
63902
64511
07976

57338
84623
21346
39552
54295

52133
30188
19219
34694
84671

07114
43904
90286
03211
78755

82968
76878
87394
74040
47896

85717
34727
78884
12731
41413

11619
12524
87237
59616
66431

97721
90642
92086
33697
70046

53513
16921
95633
12592
50793

53781
13669
66841
44891
45920

98941
17420
22906
67982
96564

38401
84483
64989
72972
67958

70939
68309
86952
89795
56369

11319
85241
54700
10587
44725

87778
96977
43820
57203
49065

71697
63143
13285
83960
72171

64148
72219
77811
40096
80939

54363
80040
81697
39234
06017

92114
11990
29937
65953
90323

34037
47698
70750
59911
63687

59061
95621
02029
91411
07932

62051
72990
32377
55573
99587

62049
29047
00556
88427
49014

33526
85893
86687
45573
26452

94250
68148
12208
88317
56728

84270
81382
97809
89705
80359

95798
82383
33619
26119
29613

13477
18674
28868
12416
63052

80139
40453
41646
19438
15251

26335
92828
16734
65665
44684

55169
30042
88860
60989
64681

73417
37412
32636
59766
42354

40766
43423
41985
11418
51029

45170
45138
84615
18250
77680

07138
21188
02154
90953
80103

12320
64554
12250
85238
91308

01073
55618
88738
32771
12858

19304
36088
43917
07305
41293

87042
24331
03655
36181
00325

58920
84390
21099
47420
15013

28454
16022
60805
19681
19579

81069
12200
63246
33184
91132

93978
77559
26842
41386
12720

66659
75661
35816
03249
92603

PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS
2500

FIVE I )IGIT

995

RANDOM NUMBERS

Table 26.11

92630
79445
59654
31524
06348

78240
78735
71966
49587
76938

19267
71549
27386
76612
90379

95457
44843
50004
39789
51392

53497
26104
05358
13537
55887

23894
67318
94031
48086
71015

37708
00701
29281
59483
09209

79862
34986
18544
60680
79157

76471
66751
52429
84675
24440

66418
99723
06080
53014
30244

28703
68108
99938
91543
42103

51709
89266
90704
73196
02781

94456
94730
93621
3^449
73920

48396
95761
66330
63513
56297

73780
75023
33393
83834
72678

06436
48464
95261
99411
12249

86641
65544
95349
58826
25270

69239
96583
51769
40456
36678

57662
18911
91616
69268
21313

80181
16391
33238
48562
75767

17138
28297
09331
31295
36146

27584
14280
56712
04204
15560

25296
54524
51333
93712
27592

28387
21618
06289
51287
42089

51350
95320
75345
05754
99281

61664
38174
08811
79396
59640

37893
60579
82711
87399
15221

05363
08089
57392
51773
96079

44143
94999
25252
33075
09961

42677
78460
30333
97061
05371

29553
23501
57888
55336
10087

18432
22642
85846
71264
10072

13630
63081
67967
88472
55980

05529
08191
07835
04334
64688

02791
89420
11314
63919
68239

81017
67800
01545
36394
20461

49027
55137
48535
11196
89381

79031
54707
17142
92470
93809

50912
32945
08552
70543
00796

09399
64522
67457
29776
95945

34101
53362
82975
54827
25464

81277
44940
66158
84673
59098

66090
60430
84731
22898
27436

88872
22834
19436
08094
89421

37818
14130
55790
14326
80754

72142
96593
69229
87038
89924

67140
23298
28661
42892
19097

50785
56203
13675
21127
67737

21380
92671
99318
30712
80368

16703
15925
76873
48489
08795

67609
44921
33170
84687
71886

60214
70924
30972
85445
56450

41475
61295
98130
06208
36567

84950
51137
95828
17654
09395

40133
47596
49786
51333
96951

02546
86735
13301
02878
35507

09570
35561
36081
35010
17555

45682
76649
80761
67578
35212

50165
18217
33985
61574
69106

15609
63446
68621
20749
01679

00475
25993
92882
25138
84631

02224
38881
53178
26810
71882

74722
68361
99195
07093
12991

14721
59560
93803
15677
83028

40215
41274
56985
60688
82484

21351
69742
53089
04410
90339

08596
40703
15305
24505
91950

45625
37993
50522
37890
74579

83981
03435
55900
67186
03539

63748
18873
43026
62829
90122

34003
53775
59316
20479
86180

92326
45749
97885
66557
84931

12793
05734
72807
50705
25455

61453
86169
54966
26999
26044

48121
42762
60859
09854
02227

74271
70175
11932
52591
52015

28363
97310
35265
14063
21820

66561
73894
71601
30214
50599

75220
88606
55577
19890
51671

35908
19994
67715
19292
65411

21451
98062
01788
62465
94324

68001
68375
64429
04841
31089

72710
80089
14430
43272
84159

40261
24135
94575
68702
92933

61231
72355
75153
01274
99989

13172
95428
94576
05437
89500

63819
11808
61393
22953
91586

4897

29740
96192
18946
02802

51732
81644
03227
99053
69471

54113
86610
32258
41690
68274

05797
10395
35177
25633
16464

43984
14289
56986
89619
48280

21575
52185
25549
75882
94254

09908
09721
59730
98256
45777

70221
25789
64718
02126
45150

19791
38562
52630
72099
68865

51578
54794
31100
57183
11382

36432
04897
62384
55887
11782

33494
59012
49483
09320
22695

79888
89251
11409
73463
41988

27. Miscellaneous Functions

Irene A. Stegun

Contents
27.1.

Cx

Debye Functions

Page

t"dt-

998

6D

71=1(1)4, x=0(.l)1.4(.2)5(.5)10,

Function x- B (e Ux 1) _1

27.2. Planck's Radiation

999

3D

x=.05(.005).l(.01).2(.02).4(.05).9(.l)1.5(.5)3.5,
^ma.X)

J (Xmax)

9 _ 1 Oo

>

27.3. Einstein Functions

999

x=0(.05)1.5(.l)3(.2)6,

27.4. Sievert Integral

5D

e~ x sec

1000

*d(f>

x=0(.l)l(.2)3(.5)10, 0=1O(1O )6O O (15 O )9O,

O

27.5.

jm (x) =

e~ t2 ~T dt and Related Integrals

/m (x),

m=l,2,

/a(*),

x=0(.2)8(.5)15(l)20,

27.6. ./(x)

j^t-\-x

Jo

/(x)+lnx,

27.7.

3;x=0(.01).05,

1003

4D

=- P
d<
J^-y

1004

9D
and Related Summations

1005

m(2-n|)*.g^

/(0)+0ln0,

0=0 (1) 15

0= 15 (1) 30 (2) 90 (5) 180,

/(0),

4D

x=0(.05)l

27.8. Clausen's Integral

/(,)=-/;

1001

4-5D

Dilogarithm (Spence's Integral) f(x)

x=0(.01).5,

27.9. Vector-Addition Coefficients

Decimal Values

6D

(j^mi^lj^jm)

Algebraic Expressions for j2 =l/2,

.1(.1)1,

dt

x=l(.l)3(.5)8,

f(x),

6D

for j2 =l/2, 1, 3/2,

1, 3/2,

1006

5D

National Bureau of Standards.

997

716-654

64

65

27. Miscellaneous Functions

27.1.

Debye Functions

Relation to

Riemann Zeta Function

Series Representations

27.1.1

f* tHt

Jo e'-l

--x

2(to

+S
+ 1) "*"=!

and

1-32 (1926).

(W<2t,>1)
(For Bernoulli numbers

tHt
e'-l
/;

Zr>y*dy 12 r-

chapter 23.)

2?2 *, see

i\)o

27.1.2

_ kxt x

n
.

nx

(n)(nl)x

n-2

+pn](x>0,n>l)

Table 27.1

^=T *

Jo

ydy

20 C*

t*dt

x*Jo

e'l

f*

tdt

0.0

1.

0. 1

0.

0.2
0.3
0.4

0.

0.

0.

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.

1.0

0.

1.

0.

1.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

1.3
1.4

0.

1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4

0.

2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

3.6

0.

0.

4.0
4.2
4.4

0.

3.

0.

0.

4.6
4.8
5.0

0.
0.
0.

0.

6.0

0.

6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5

0.

5.

9.0
9.5
10.0

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

000000
975278
951111
927498
904437
881927
859964
838545
817665
797320
777505
758213
739438
721173
703412
669366
637235
606947
578427
551596
526375
502682
480435
459555
439962
421580
404332
388148
372958
358696
345301
332713
320876
294240
271260
251331
233948
218698
205239
193294
182633
173068
164443

['- 4)6
5

2
fdt
x 2Jo e'l
1.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

000000
967083
934999
903746
873322
843721
814940
786973
759813
733451

707878
683086
659064
635800
613281
570431
530404
493083
458343
426057

3 C x t 3 di
x3Jc e'l
1.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

276565
257835
240554
224615
209916

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

109727
095707
084039
074269
066036

0.

0.

0.

059053
053092
047971

(-4)61
5
J

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

'

*=(- 01 ) 24,

6S.
.

l'

x=0(.l)13(.2) 18(1)20(2)52(4)80.

396095
368324
342614
318834
296859

196361
183860
172329
147243
126669

4x
ex

Debye Functions
xjo e'l

m mw

Zx

e~^I~e^l

Griineisen, Die Abhangigkeit des elektrischen

Widerstandes roiner Metalle von der Temperatur,
Ann. Physik. (5) 16, 530-540 (1933).

[27.2] E.

n~l

998

jci WH-D.

A. Beattie, Six-place tables of the Debye energy

specific heat functions, J. Math. Phys. 6,

[27.1] J.

Blitz

(2+n)(2&)!

chapter 23)

t rf1

J*,

- " n [

(see

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

000000
963000
926999
891995
857985
824963
792924
761859
731759
702615
674416
647148
620798
595351
570793
524275
481103
441129
404194
370137
338793
309995
283580
259385
237252
217030
198571
181737
166396
152424

4 r*
x*Jo

1.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

813846
779911
747057
715275
684551

654874
626228
598598
571967
546317
497882
453131
411893
373984
339218

307405
278355

0.

25187,9

0.

227792
205915

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

063604
052508
043655
036560
030840

0.

<-]

000000
960555
922221
884994
848871

0.

0.

139704
128129
117597
095241
077581

026200
022411
019296

t*dt

e'-l

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

186075
168107
151855
137169
123913

111957
101180
091471
071228
055677

043730
034541
027453
021968
017702

014368
011747
009674

|"(-4)6"
L 5 .

4S.

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

999

Planck's Radiation Function

/(x)=x-=(e ,/l -l)-

Table 27.2

0.050
0.055
0.060
0.065
0.070

0.007
0.025
0.074

0.

10

0.

11

0.

179

0.

12
13

0.372

0.

14

0.075
0.080
0.085
0.090
0.095
0. 100

0.682
1. 137
1.752
2. 531
3. 466
4. 540

0.

15
16
17
18
19

0.

"42)2

0.
0.
0.

0.

4. 540
6.998
9.662
12. 296
14. 710

0.30
0.32
0.34
0. 36
0.38
0. 40

15.
13.
12.
10.

0.
0.
0.

=21.20143

199
819
777
372
809

fix)

0.9
1.0

0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90

2.356
1.875
1. 508
1. 225
1.005
0.831

1.4
1.5
2.0

0.

0.
0.

40
45
50
55

- 2,s
5

fix)

8.733
6.586
5.009
3.850
2.995

0.

224
696
270
965
9. 787
8.733

- 2)5

[
/(x mM )

21.
20.
19.
18.
16.

0.

fix)

20
22
24
26
28

0.

780
446
692
539
025
199

16.
18.
19.
20.
21.
21.

0.20

x mai =. 20140 52353

/<*)

-|)7

1. 1
1. 2
1.3

2.

3.0
3.5

0.831
0. 582
0. 419
0.309
0.233
0.
0.

178
139

0.048
0.021
0.010
0.006

[<-!>']

58.

Planck's radiation
17 (U.S.
functions and electronic functions,
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,

27.3] Miscellaneous Physical Tables,

Table I:

MT

Rx
Rx max

Ro
Ro-co

Nx
N\ m ar

N -x

for

A'o-

X77 =[.05(.001) .1 (.005) .4(.01) .6(.02) 1 (.05)2]cm K.

1941).

x=ciX- s (e^Ar_i)-i

fio _ x

Nx=2Trc\- i (e^ T -l)-

-r

N -x=

1
,

Table II: Rx, R -x, Nx,

-x (T=1000 K)
for \=[.5(.01)1(.05)4(.1)6(.2)10(.5)20] microns.

Rxd\,

Table

f Nxd\

microns,

III:

Nx

for

X=[.25(.05)1.6(.2)3(l)10]
and 6000 K].

T= [1000 (500) 3500 K

Table 27.3

Einstein Functions
X
X

1.

0.

10
15

0.

0.20

0.

0.

25
30
0. 35
0. 40
0.45

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0. 50-

0.

55
0. 60
0. 65
0.70

0.

0.

75
80
0. 85
0. 90
0.95

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

1.

1.
1.

1.
1.

ex

ie'-lY

0.00
0.05
0.

x 2 e*

0.
0.
0.

00
05

0.

10
15
20

0.

25
30
1. 35
1. 40
1. 45
1.50

0.

0.

0.

1.

0.

1.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

00000
99979
99917
99813
99667
99481
99253
98985
98677
98329

97942
97517
97053
96552
96015
95441
94833
94191
93515
92807

92067
91298
90499
89671
88817
87937
87031
86102
85151
84178
83185

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

88020
85749
83519
81330
79182

0.

OO

CO

-3. 02063
-2. 35217
-1. 97118

3.

-1.70777

2.

50869

2.

-1.35023

2.

-1. 21972
-1. 10963

2.

1.

-1.01508

3.

2.

1.
1.

77075
75008
72982
70996
69050

-0.
-0.
-0-0.
-0.

93275
86026
79587
73824
68634

1.

67144
65277
63450
61661
59910

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

63935
59662
55759
52184
48897

1.

58198
56523
54886
53285
51722

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

45868
43069
40477
38073
35838

50194
48702
47245
45824
44436
43083

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

33758
31818
30008
28315
26732
25248

- 5)5
3

-In (1-e-*)

00000
97521
95083
92687
90333

1.

0.

515

['"a

In (1-e-*)

ex

1.

1.
1.
1.

1.

1.
1.

1.
1.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

99584
30300
89806
61110
38888
20771
05491
92293
80690
70350
61035
52569
44820
37684
31079
24939
19209
13844
08809

04065
99592
95363
91358
87560
83952
80520
77253
74139
71168
68331

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

1000
Table 27.3

Einstein Functions

x 2e*
(e*-l) s

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

0.

2. 1

0.

0.

2.3
2.4
2.5

0.

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

0.

2.

81143
79035
76869
74657
72406

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

0.
0.
0.

40
42
44

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

58589
56307
54049
51820
49627

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

15083
13290
11683
10247
08968

0.

0.

0.

70127
67827
65515
63200
60889

0.

0.

5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0

0.

0.

27264
24363
21704
19277
17074

0.

4.6
4.8
5.0

0.
0.

45363
41289
37429
33799
30409

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

[<t> ]
H. L. Johnston, L. Savedoff and

[27.4]

In (1-e-*)

e*-l

J. Belzer,

e*-l
-In (1-e-*)

40475
37998
35646
33416
31304

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

22552
20173
18068
16201
14541

29304
27414
25629
23945
22356

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

13063
11744
10565
09510
08565

20861
19453
18129
16886
15719

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

07718
06957
06274
05659
05107

13598
11739
10113
08695
07463

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

04162
03394
02770
02262
01849

06394
05469
04671
03983
03392

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

01511
01235
01010
00826
00676

02885
02450
02078
01761
01491

-0. 00553
-0. 00453
-0. 00370

0.

-0.00303

0.

-0. 00248

0.

t>

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

63027
58171
53714
49617
45845
42367
39158
36194
33455
30921
28578
26410
24403
22545
20826
17760
15133
12883
10958
09311

07905
06705
05681
04809
04068

03438
02903
02449
02065
01739

[C-4,6]
]

Representation in Terms of Exponential Integrals

Contri-

butions to the thermodynamic functions by a

-44H

0.

27.4.2

Planck-Einstein oscillator in one degree of free-

dom,

NAVEXOS

Department

search,

D.C. (1949).

In

(1

e~ x

646,

p.

of the

Naval Re-

Office of

Navy, Washington,

f e- xaee *d<t>=

-ga (cos )-^ +2 (^)

Values of x2 e*(e*-l)-2 x(e*-l)-\

x{e x

and

z=0(.001)3(.01) 14.99,

l) -1 In
5D

with

(1 e~ z )

for

(z>O,O<0<f)

first differences.

,
a -l,a
k-

27.4. Sievert Integral

(For
e~ x

sec

e- x *+d<l>

Jo

Jo

+d4>

2k +2(x),

(2k-l)
3 5
2.4.6... (2*)

see chapter 5.)

Relation to the Integral of the Bessel Function

K (x)

27.4.3
Relation to the Error Function
\

JO

27.4.1

~x

8ec

*d<t>='Ki 1 (x)

f
Jx

K (t)dt where

{C
1

,x eec

X'

<4

dfj)'

erf

(Vl)

"5+ia?

(a;->oo)

2655
1024a;

(For

erf,

see chapter 7.)

lOQ

(For Ki,(x), see chapter 11.)

301035 "
32768x 4

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
National Bureau of Standards, Table of the Sievert
integral, Applied Math. Series
(U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. In press).

[27.5]

[27.6]

R. M. Sievert, Die v-Strahlungsintensitat an der

Oberflache und in der nachsten Umgebung von
Radiumnadeln, Acta Radiologica 11, 239-301
(1930).

9D.

x=0(.01)2(.02)5(.05)10, 0=O(1)9O,

1001

+d<t>,

0=3O O (1)9O,

A=0(.01).5,

3D.

re

Sievert Integral

0.0

0.

0. 1

0.

0.

0.3
0.4

0.

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.

1.0

0.

0.

1.4
1.6
1.8

0.

2.0

0.

0.

2.4
2.6
2.8

0.

3.0

0.

0.

0.

1.

2.

3.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

4.

0.

5.0

0.

0.

4.

5.

0.

6.

6.

0.

7.

0.

7.5

0.

8.

0.

8.

0.
0.

9.

0.

10.0

0.

9.

174533
157843
142749
129099
116754

0.

105589
095492
086361
078103
070634

0.

063880
052247
042733
034951
028587

0.

023381
019123
015641
012793
010463

0.

008558
005178
003132
001895
001147

0.

000694
000420
000254
000154
000093

0.

000056
000034
000021
000012
000008

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

349066
315187
284598
256978
232040

0.

209522
189191
170833
154256
139289

0.

27.5. fm (x)= (

0.

064492
052329
042463
034460
027968

0.

022700
013477
008005
004756
002828

0.

001682
001001
000596
000355
000211

0.

000126
000075
000045
000027
000016

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

016347
009817
005896
003542
002127

0.

001278
000768
000461
000277
000167

0.

000100
000060
000036
000022
000013

0.

183579
148899
120780
097979
079488

0.

045335
036967
030145
024582
020045

"

0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

4' 5

309957
279118
251353
226354
203845

0.

0.

['"a

0.

0.

['t'

1,2

..

27.5.2

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

698132
625886
561159
503165
451198

0.

404629
362893
325486
291957
261901

0.

234956
189138
152298
122667
098829

0.

079644
064201
051766
041750
033680

0.

027177
015912
009330
005478
003221

0.

001896
001117
000659
000389
000230

0.

000136
000081
000048
000028
000017

0.

[(

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

- 3)l]

60

872665
777323
692565
617194
550154

1.

0.
0.
0.

0.

490508
437428
390178
348109
310642

0.

277267
221027
176336
140792
112497

0.

089954
071979
057635
046179
037024

0.

029702
017164
009951
005787
003374

0.

001972
001155
000678
000399
000235

0.

000139
000082
000048
000029
000017

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

[-(-3,1]

0.
0.
0.
0.

047198
923778
815477
720366
636769

0.
0.
0.

307694
242523
191533
151541
120105

0.

095342
075797
060342
048100
038387

0.

030670
017576
010128
005862
003407

0.

001986
001162
000681
000400
000235

0.

000139
000082
000048
000029
000017

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

90

308997
123611
968414
837712
727031

1.
1.
1.

0.
0.

632830
552287
483134
423535
371996

0.

327288
254485
198885
156087
122932

0.

097108
076905
061040
048541
038667

0.

030848
017634
010147
005869
003409

0.

001987
001162
000681
000400
000235

0.

000139
000082
000048
000029
000017

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

570796
228632
023680
868832
745203
643694
558890
487198
426062
373579

328286
254889
199051
156156
122961
097121
076911
061043
048542
038668

030848
017634
010147
005869
003409

001987
0.001162
0. 000681
0. 000400
0. 000235

0.
0.
0.

0.

000139
000082
000048
000029
000017

[C- 3]
1?

[(-]

[(-.]

Series Representations

2/i(x)=Z;

27.5.4

(ak ln

x+h)3*

k=0

2ak
ak

-2fe,- 2

h-

'~k{k-l){k-2)

a2

(m=l,2,...)

2fm =(m-l)fm - 2 +xfm - 3

1.

0.

(m>3)

(For

7, see

chapter

6.)

- (3F-6fr+2K

k(k-l)(k-2)

= K

6,= Vt

=l

Recurrence Relation
27.5.3

1.

563236
498504
441478
391204
346851

z/;"-(m-l)/;'+2/TO =0

fm =-fm -x

75

and

Differential Equations

27.5.1

0.

50

Power

m e- t2 ~fdt

Related Integrals

m=0,

Table 27.4

d4

40

523599
471456
424515
382255
344209

0.

125775
102553
083620
068183
055597

- 3)2

,x sec

30

20

10

x\e

62

=2

(17)

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

1002

Asymptotic Representation

27.5.5

2/

(x)

= 1 - Vix+ .6342x + .5908X 2

27.5.11

1431a;

g\) -f)

-.01968x5 +.00324x 6 +.000188x7

-x

lnx(l-.08333x2 +.001389x4 -.0000083x6 +.

.)

=^-x+^Z x - .3225x - .1477x + .03195x

2

exp

3(1)

sin

+ 5 cos e

27.5.12

g2 (x)=-(^j

27.5.6

2/2 (x)

JO10080 --88"

ex

p|~2W

*)

Li

-f.00328x

+x

In

- .0000235a:
+.000198x -

000491 x7

x{\. 01667

2/

.)

A~a -<H

[a,

QJ+I
8/3

2/3 ( x) =1 -

^ a;+~ .2954x + .1014x + .02954x

3

-.00578x 6 -. 00047 x 7 +.000064x 8

-x

(x

-...]

g)

*~
.

(|f

10/3

-a,(|) +a 5

27.5.7

-a

g)

/3
/ 2 Y +a2 /2\
(x)

V3 T

4/3

/2\ 8/3

Ki)

-<Hx)

ln x(.0833-. 00278^+ .000025x

-a

Asymptotic Representation

[27.7]

M.

a2 =. 148534

e-"

a 5 =-.000762

a 4 =.004594

Abramowitz,
f

(x^co)

+.-.J

(X>oo)

ax = 972222

=l

a 3 =-.017879

27.5.8

2 '
x/

"du,

J.

Evaluation

of

Math. Phys.

32,

the

integral

188-192

(1953).

Jo
[27.8]

H. Faxn, Expansion

in

of the

series

integral

/"CO
I

exp [x{tt-")]t

15, 13,

Ark. Mat., Astr., Fys.

M.

F. Kilpatrick, Discrete

energy levels associated with the LennardJones potential, J. Chem. Phys. 19, 7, 930-933

12(&+2)aft+2 =-(12F+36fc-3m 2 -3m+25)aft+1

(1951).
[27.10]

U. E. Kruse and N. F. Ramsey, The integral

>

+i(w 2ifc)(2A:+3 wi)(2ifc+3+2m)a*

(=0, 1,2

dt,

1-57 (1921).

E. Kilpatrick and

[27.9] J.

a =l, i=j2 (3m 2 +3m 1)

f" y*exp
.

(-y + i- )
2

dy, J.

Math. Phys.

30,

40 (1951).
Laporte, Absorption coefficients for thermal
neutrons, Phys. Rev. 52, 72-74 (1937).
[27.12] H. C. Torrey, Notes on intensities of radio frequency spectra, Phys. Rev. 59, 293 (1941).
1
[27.13] C. T. Zahn, Absorption coefficients for thermr
neutrons, Phys. Rev. 52, 67-71 (1937).
[27.11] O.

27.5.9

gi(z)+ig 2 (x)=f

2+i

e~'

^dt

27.5.10
0i (z)

= ^/s(c)

2 (x)

= -Jjziix)

'V* dy for

J"V--*'

n = 0,

i, 1;

s=0(.01).l(.l)l.

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

1003
Table 27.5

iM

Mx)

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

5000
4914
4832
4753
4676
4602

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

)5

Mx)

4431
4382
4333
4285
4238
4191

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

5000
4956
4912
4869
4826
4784

)6

0. 1

0.

0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.

0.
0.

0.

)6

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

0.

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1. 8

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

+ 0.

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.

2.8
3.0
3.2
3. 4
3.

-J?Mi*)

#/()

3.8

50000
49019
46229
41950
36543

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

30366
23746
16972
10288
03892

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

02062
0746

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

2233
2432
2565
2639
2657

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

34805
38122
40127
40910
40592

5.0

39314
3722
3448
3122
2759

6.0

1221
1629
1966

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

[(-,]

f
e

4.

2
4

5.6
5.

6.

6.4

6.

6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

0.
0.
0.

0.4580
0. 4204
0. 3864
0. 3557
0. 3278

3970
3573
3227
2923
2654

1.0

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

9.0

0.

0.

10.0

0.

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0

0.

12. 5

0.

0.
0.

0.

+0. 01654
0. 02889
0. 03707
0. 04146
0. 04259

00650
00259
00982
01517
01872

0.

15.0

+0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

0.

04109
03758
03268
02696
02089

16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

02118
01906
01435
00879
00360

+0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

00921
00022
00650
00965
01021

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

1507
1533
1535
1515
1476

13.0

+ 0.

00286
01749
03061
04220
05224

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

14211
13518
12709
11805
10830

8.

9.

1120
1263
1374
1455

0.
0.
0.

13.

14.0

14

[<-r]

Math. Phys.

-J^Mix)

06684
05507
04224
02937
01727

0896
0691
0493
0307
0132

dy, J.

0.

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

0.

+ 0.

3025
2793
2584
2392
2215

0.

06078
07562
08221
08191
07626

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

( -yt+i-

0.

8.0

0944

exp

0.

0430
0094
-0. 0214
-0. 0490
-0. 0734

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

0.

0.

2415
2202
2011
1839
1685

#3(;)

1945
1745
1536
1322
1108

0.

0.

0.

>x

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

0.

2255
2015
1807
1626
1466

-4)4]
[( -4)6] [(-4)4] [(

2626
2552
2441
2299
2132

0.

y*

0.

Mx)

Mx)

-J^Mix)

f]
integral

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

Compiled from U. E. Kruse and N. F. Ramsey, The

5.

0.

Mx)

l] [(-4,7] [<-4,5]

46
48

2371
1971
1569
1173
0792

0.

4.

5.

0.

Mx)

@Wx)

40

0.

00000
08754
16933
24139
30136

0.

4263
3697
3238
2855
2531

[<-

[<-i ] [ -f ] [<-i ]
X

fM

fi(x)

0.
0.
0.

-r]

09808
07131
04496
02082
00010

)7

-i

30, 40 (1951) (with permission).

Asymptotic Representation

-t 2

dt

27.6.4

Power

Series Representation

27.6.1

1-3

/(*)-+
2

-2M-1

2x 3 ^4x

1-3-5

5
'

8x7

V+x^x^x ^

(x)

27.6.2

= _ e Mn*+2~-

"" *
( 2)*r*+

+V"Sl^5
ra, wo
(For 7 and the

digamma

Note on the paper "On a definite integral" by R. H- Ritchie, Math. Tables Aids

[27.14] A. Erdelyi,
1

function ^(x), see chap-

ter 6.)

j(x)=

(For Ei
7.

(x)

-~1

_r2
"*"

t;

Ei

(x

)+Jre- x2

see chapter 5; e~

z2

t2

dt

4, 31,

179 (1950).
r<x>

[27.151 E. T.

Goodwin and

J.

Staton, Table of
J^

e -u

^^ du,

Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 1, 319 (1948).

Auxiliary function for
x=0(.02)2(.05)3(.l)10.

Relation to the Exponential Integral

27.6.3

Comp.

(2fc+l)

t2

dt

see chapt

a;=0(.01)l.
[27.16] R.

H. Ritchie, On a
Aids Comp. 4,

definite integral,

30, 75 (1950).

Math. Tables

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

1004
Table 27.6

><*>=f t+x

f(x)+lnx

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

2886
2081
1375
0735
0146

0.

50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

0.

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

+ 0.

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

0.

0.

0402
0915
1398
1856
2290

0.50

0.

2704

1.00

0.00
0.05
0.
0.

10
15

0.20

0.
0.
0.

+ hi

/(a:)

2704
3100
3479
3842
4192

1.0

0.

0.

1.2
1.3
1.4

0.

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.

0.

4529
4854
5168
5472
5766

0.

6051

2.0

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

1.

[<-?']

[<-!]
Compiled from E. T. Goodwin and

J. Staton,

Table of

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5

0.

0.

2944
2848
2758
2673
2594

0.

1468
1356
1259
1175
1102

0.

2519

8.0

0.

1037

-r]

0.

0.

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.

3543

3.0

0.
0.
0.

0.

2. 1
0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

J.

Mech. Appl. Math.

n2)

27.7.7

f \nt dt

27.7.1

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

2519
2203
1958
1762
1602

:<-?]

1, 319 (1948) (with permission).

O = -/(e')-!=f ^
t

..

0.

Relation to Debye Functions

Dilogarithm

(Spence's Integral for

0.

4460
4239
4040
3860
3695

0.

7- in, Quart.

u+x

3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

2.0
2.2
2.3
2.4

fix)

3543
3404
3276
3157
3046

6051
5644
5291
4980
4705

0.

fix)

[<-f]

Jo

27.7.

a;

dt

y(

[27.17] L. Lewin, Dilogarithms

Series Expansion

1di

and associated functions

(Macdonald, London, England, 1958).

27.7.2

f(x)=

(-1)*

tZjP

(2>*>0)

ic

fc=i

[27.18]

K. Mitchell, Tables of the function

Functional Relationships

related functions, Phil.

(l-x)+-

(l>x>0)

[27.19] E. O. Powell,

(l>x>0)

log y

L y
i

27.7.5

/(*)+/()=-!

(In x)

(0<x<l)

[27.20] A.

dy,

dy, x

40,

351-368 (1949).

9D.

integral related to the radiation

Mag.

7,

600-607

34,

= 0(.01)2(.02)6,

(1943).

7D.

van Wijngaarden, Polylogarithms, by the Staff

Computation Department, Report R24,
Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam, Holland

of the

27.7.6

/(x+l)-/(x) = -ln x

An

Phil.

integrals,

/(l-x)+./(l+x)=/(l-x

Mag.

x=-l(.01)l;a;=0(.001).5,

27.7.4
2

~ 1<3g 1- ^

with an account of some properties of this and

27.7.3

/(x)+/(l-x) = -ln x In

CO

In

(x+l)~-i/(x )
2

(2>x>0)

(1954).

F(z)=X!

z=x=-l(.01)l;

h~"z h for

ft=i

z=ix,
10D.

for

x=0(.01)l;

z=e ira 2
'

for =0(.01)2,

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

1005

Dilogarithm

64493
58862
54579
50789
47312

4067
5448
9712
9041
5860

1.

44063
40992
38068
35267
32572

3797
8300
5041
5161
8728

1.

29971 4723

0.00
0.01
0. 02
0.03
0.04

1.

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.

10

0.

fix)

1.
1.

1.
1.

1.
1.
1.

4723
9160
7584
0101
7961

0.20

1.

21

1.

22
0.23
0. 24

1.

0.

1124
6487
6560
8451
3088

0.

1.

18058
15851
13693
11580
09510

1.

07479 4600

10

1.

11

1.

0.

12
13
14

1.

15
16
17
18
19

1.

0.20

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

1.
1.

1.
1.

1.

0.

1.

Mitchell, Tables of the function

0.

2689
6024
3992
0483
9737

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.

0.

80608
79002
77415
75846
74293

0.

72758 6308

0.50

9393
6675
7798
0654
4053

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.

0.40

0.

97846
96012
94205
92425
90669

0.30

0.

88937 7624

0.

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.

0.
0.

7624
1733
7404
6261
0471

0.30
0.31
0. 32
0.33
0.34

0.

fix)

88937
87229
85542
83877
82233

4600
9830
7934
0062
9088

25

fix)

07479
05485
03527
01603
99709

0.26
0. 27
0. 28
0.29

[c-u]

["(-3)2~|

From

0.

fix)

29971
27452
25008
22632
20316

0.
0.

0.

fix)

Table 27.7

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

[(-5,5]

6308
5042
1058
9725
6644

0.

65315
63870
62439
61021
59616

7631
8705
6071
6108
5361

0.

58224 0526

0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

-?*]

72758
71239
69736
68247
66774

0.

['"Pi

dy, with an account of some properties of this and related functions, Phil. Mag. 40, 351-368

(1949)

JO
(with permission).

27.8.

Summable

Clausen's Integral and Related

Series

27.8.6

Summations

cos nd

27.8.1

j(6)=-f

dt= ^~

In (2 sin

-In

(O<0<2tt)

sin

(2

(O<0<tt)
"

hi

cos nd _ir2

ir9 ,_0

+4
2

~6

(O<0<2tt)

Series Representation

- COS

27.8.2
Q2k+1

'

/(<?)= -0 in [fli+0+ib

tJ,1*.
(2k)\

2k

2ki2!c+l)

27.8.3
m

/(tt- 0)=0 In

2-S
U

1\*-1

/
l

ft

(2*-l)

(2k)\

2&(2&+l)

ri

sinjtf

7T0

+ 12
12

90

{w

(O<0<2tt)
48

_ e)

i0<e<2T)

SE?
r =^-5?+5
S
s

71

sin n9

tt^ 3

=1

[27.21] A.

tt

90

(0<<2.)

12

tt0

Ashourand A.

54,

(o<0<|)

(O<0<2tt)

36^48

240

Sabri, Tabulation of the function

Math
*(0)=S ^1T>
n
n=i

Functional Relationship

/(7r-0)=/(0)-i/(20)

7T

7T

/)2X+1

/0/i,

(tt/2<0O)

27.8.4

^
_

hi
n=i

(^<f)

710

Tables Aids Comp.

57-65 (1956).

[27.22] T. Clausen,

Uber

die Zerlegung reeller gebrochener

Funktionen, J. Reine Angew. Math.

16D.
(1832). x=0(l)180,

Relation to Spence's Integral

W.

Jolley,

Summation

of series

8,

298-300

(Chapman

Publishing Co., London, England, 1925).

[27.24] A. D. Wheelon, A short table of summable

27.8.5
e

;/(0)=0( c

[27.23] L. B.

)+J

C*dt

where g(x)=\

7 M*+*l

10,

series,

Report No. SM-14642, Douglas Aircraft Co.,

Inc., Santa Monica, Calif. (1953).

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

1006
Table 27.8

Clausen's Integral

f(e)

f(o)

0.
i

0.

0.

3
4
5

0.

0.

0.

8
9
10

0.

11

0.

12
13
14
15

0.

0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

+ e in

000000
017453
034908
052362
069818
087276

15
16
17
18
19

0.

20

0.

104735
122199
139664
157133
174607

21

0.

22
23
24
25

0.

192084
209567
227055
244549
262049

26
27
28
29
30

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

["(-7)81

/()

612906
635781
657571
678341
698149
717047

30
32
34
36
38
40

0.

735080
752292
768719
784398
799360

42
44
46
48
50

0.

813635
827249
840230
852599
864379

52
54
56
58
60

1.

In (2 sin l)dt

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
1.

1.
1.
1.
1.

(Wigner

60

1.

62
64
66
68

1.

70

1.

966174
977020
986357
994258
000791

72
74
76
78
80

0.

006016
009992
012773
014407
014942

82
84
86
88
90

0.

of the function

27.9.

864379
886253
906001
923755
939633
953741

1.
1.
1.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.

<l>(fi)=

014942
014421
012886
010376
006928
002576

90
95
100
105
110
115

0.

997355
991294
984425
976776
968375

120
125
130
135
140

0.

959247
949419
938914
927755
915966

145
150
160
170
180

0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

0.

0.

0.
0.
0.

Math. Tables Aids Comp. 10.

915966
883872
848287
809505
767800
723427
676628
627629
576647
523889
469554
413831
356908
240176
120755
000000

|"(-4)4"|
6 J

[<-?>]

^}

f(e)

['-^"i

-f]

Compiled from A. Ashour and A. Sabri, Tabulation

54. 57-65 fl956')

(with permission).

Vector-Addition Coefficients
Clebsch-Gordan

coefficients or

coefficients)

Definition

27.9.1
(JiJ2m 1

\j1j2jm)

= 5 (to m +m
,

2-jy.(J+Ji-J2)KJ+J2-ji)K2j+l)
O'+ii+ia+l)!

/ 0'i+ji
2)

(-l)V(ji+m

y,
ft

k\

(Ji+J2-j-k)

(ii

)!(i1

-m

- nH-k)

)!(i2
2

+m )!(j -m )!(i+m)!(i- m)!

+m

-k) (j-j2 + m, +k) (j-Ji - ro 2 +fc)

!

i=k

*k
Conditions
27.9.2

ji,

27.9.8

j2 ,j=+nor+2

(w=integer)
27.9.9

M<iu

\m 2 \<J2, \m\<j

m +m .^in

{jiJ2mim a \jij3 jm)=0

jl+J2+j= n

27.9.3

Special Values

27.9.4

jl+j?~j

27.9.5

3lJ2+j

jl+J2+j^

27.9.6

27.9.7

>0

To],

m m=zkn
2

or

= 50"

27.9.10

0'iOm 1 0|i1 Oim)

27.9.11

0'ii200|i^0)=0

27.9.12

(jijim 1

1)

j)5(m

1 ,

to)

ji+J2+j=2n+l

n
1

\jlj1

jm)=0

2ji+j=^2n+l

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
Symmetry

Relations

1007

27.9.17

27.9.13
:

Vf!+I (-l)

;i

~ mi+i - m

O'i2m-m 2
\JJ2J1m1)

=
27.9.14

(iyi+h ~ j (ji32m

= {j j m m
2

27.9.18
l

m2\jiJ2Jm)

j2 jx j m)
27.9.19

27.9.15

2j + l
2j' +l
-V21

= (-l)*+*-'( j&Wiiml j&jm)

-m

(-i)^1_mi (iiiw 1

\jijJ2-m 2 )

27.9.16

27.9.20

2i+i

+1

'

(-l) J 2+m2 (ii2

-mm

\jJ2Jimi)
I

0'iM
TO2

toi

lii

Hi

=H

mi=y2

yi+TO+y2

ji-w+H

'

2J.+1

'ji

m+yj
2ji+l

(jl 1 TO! TO 2

3=

i.+i

Q"i

j] 1

+ TO)(ji + TO+l)
+ 1)(2ji + 2)

Q'l

0'i

2ii+i

271+1

TO

V;.0'.+

VO'i

=0

+ l)(?i + m+l)

(27.+ l)(j'i+D

+ to)(Ji TO+1)
2j,0'.+

1)

to)Q"i TO+l)
2ji(2i,+

l)

/ Q'l

to)

Table 27.9.2

j TO)

TO 2

(2j,

V
i.-i

TO3=1

Table 27.9.1

m)

jjiJ2m 2 )

Q'i

+ to)

ii(2ji+l)

TO 2

Q'i to) Q'i TO+1)

(2i,+ l)(2j

Q'l

0'i

+ 2)

TO) 0".+ TO+1)

2ji0".+ l)

+ to+1)Q'i + to)
2ji(2ji+l)

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

1008
Table 27.9.3

O'i

mi

\ji

%j

m)

m =/
3

(j

3 Q",

2)

+m-y

2 ) (j,

- m + H) (ji - m + /a)
l)(2i,+2)

-.+-V^= ^;" w +
1)

(ji+3m+

>M m+H +

(2j,

/i

3)

+ 2)

3Q-t+m-H)(j. + w+^)Q'i-m-^)
2j,(2j,-l)(2j,+

l)

+ l)(2ji + 2)(2ii + 3)

+ w+^)Q-.-ot-H)0'i-w"+?5
2ji(2j +l)(2j, + 3)
1

/,

V
V

+ m+ H) Q'i + w+ A) (j.-m^)
3

Sf

0'i--Ji)0'i-n+Ji)0'i-n+J

(2j,+ l)(2j,
3

2 (jj-m- /
2 0\-m-i-H)
2^(2^- l)(2ji+l)

2j.(2j 1 +1)(2j 1

i.- /2

m = %

+ m+ / )(j,-m+/ )0" -m + ^)
(2ii+l)(2i, + 2)(2j, + 3)
2

w- /

+H

2j i (2j l -l)(2j i +l)

2)

3Q",+

V
3Q-

(2j

(2i l -l)(2j,+

2 ) (j, + m + h) ( j. - wi +
+l)(2j, + 2)(2i, + 3)

+ m+ y

+ m-y )(j, + m + y )(j ,n+y

2j {2j +l)(2j + 3)
l

3 Q-,

jt-H

+ m-y2)(j + m+y )(j + m + y

(2j +l)(2j, + 2)(2j, + 3)

^ (j

J.+ H

m =y

(2ii-l)(2/i+l)(2i,+2)
!

+ m -H)0'. + TO+M)0'. + OT+H)

ViCSfi- i)(2j.+i)

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

1009

-H

+
g

- CM

5+
(
"

CO

tf>

f+

<-a

II

C?

j ^H

*;S

^
x

^^

CM

i-H

++
+

CO

CO
1

<^

CT
cm"

c^

^3

c?

'^a

~g

O
eo

i-H

l_

'^

+
i

*^*

+
+ + g
^ 1g
y~^

'^

CO

'^i

+
^
+
i

>

CO

<"

i-H

CM

1
1

C?

CM

CM

^!

>cm
?

+ +

CO

0?

+ +

1
g

i"

4"

>g
H
-j

+
;g

'<~1

++

4."e*

'^i

<^>

11

>
CM

Tt

?
+g
e^

ri

+
^^

CM

g "^
1

^5

^^

'/5

CM

+
g

l_

ri

^5

S
i-H

1
1

i-H

CO

^^

CM

CO

1f

^5
1

CM

i-H

+g
g

+
+ ?g
^
s +

CM

i-H

+g
g

i-H

11

|
1

l_

e?

O
^

CO

+
+g

CM

i-H

r-l
1

CM

cm"

++

""

~"^^

+
'>

1
1

+
CM

CM

s
CM

l^

CM

^"^

4)

A
58

II

*o

CM

i-4

"->

" -i

1-1

CM

II

'~>

->

'^i

CO

'cm

g
1

i_

1
[

T-H

"^-1

CM

^5?

i-H

*-i

'-j

++

!_

CO

^.

t-H

++

~r~%

CM

"T

'^
CM

^>

1
"'-i

i-H

<~s
s

,,

4
Os

7
"#

*<^

1
^3 v^

CM

+
CM

++

'/jj

g +g g

cm"

+
3+

6?

^;

^j

^
+ ^ CO
+
+

l_

CO

CM
II

^->

CM

>

^I

+^

"^

CM

N
1

<^

p+

'c-a

i
1

l_

C<1

I e?
'^

CO

^I

^^

^+

'~>

cs

1
CM

CO

CM

+
^2

II

rH

g
CM

'A

*e-

co

CM

+
CM

l_

;3

r +

l_

"^>

^5

??

cm

^-J i-H

II

+
++ +
X ;5

CM

^^

[***

H
1:

(N

* ->

T>

CM

CM

+
e *

+
"c- >

7
*r>

'**

>

*r* 1

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS

1010

Table 27.9.5
coefficients

[By use of symmetry relations,

be put in standard form ji<j2 <j

may

and m>0]
Wl2

UiJ2m

Jl

m2 \j J2Jm)
i

3*=)A

-y*

y2

V*

y*

VX
vy
2

0.
0.
1.

70711
70711
00000

J2=l

-1

1
1

%
%
%

y2

-1

y*

%
1
1

1
1

H
%

y2
y2
y2

y2
3
A

%
%

-y

/2
/2

y2

y*

Yi

y2

%
3
-%
/2

H
y2
%
H
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

-y

y2
3
/2

-%

y*

%
%
%

2
2

-%

y*

X
y2

-vy>
VYz

-VK
v%
v%
v%
v%
v%
v%

2
2
2
2
2
2

%
%
%
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5

/2
/2

70711
00000
-0. 70711
0. 70711
-0. 70711
0. 81650
0. 57735
- 1. 00000
0. 40825
0. 81650
0. 40825
0. 70711
0. 70711
1. 00000
0.

0.

%
%
%

32

-y

V>i

vy

=4
]

VYib

-v%s

-V%
V%
-Vh

VH
VY2

y2 v3

0.

0. 63246
-0. 77460
0. 70711
0. 70711
0. 86603
0. 50000
1. 00000
0. 50000
0. 50000

-0.50000
VY2

-VY*

v%

-vx

VHo

V%

-0. 50000
0. 70711
0. 00000
-0. 70711
0. 70711

-0.70711
0.
0.
0.

>2

0.

/2

%
%

73030

-0.25820
-0.63246

0.
1.

54772
77460
31623
77460
63246
00000

Compiled from A. Simon, Numerical tables of the Clebsch-Gordan coeffiLaboratory Report 1718, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

cients, Oak Ridge National

(1954) (with permission).

U. Condon and G. A. Shortley, Theory of

atomic spectra (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1935).
127 26] M. E. Rose, Elementary theory of angular momemtum (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1955).
[27.27] A. Simon, Numerical tables of the Clebsch-Gordan
coefficients,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Report 1718, Oak Ridge, Tenn. (1954).
C(Jij 2j; m,\m 2 m) for all angular moments <i%,
10D.
[27.25] E.

28. Scales of Notation

S.

Peavy,

A. Schopp 2

Contents
Representation of Numbers

1012

Numerical Methods

1013

References

1015

Table

28.1.

2 B in Decimal, w=0(l)50, Exact

Table

28.2.

2 X in Decimal,

Table

28.3.

10 n in Octal, ra=0(l)18,

Table

28.4.

n log

Table

28.5.

Addition and Multiplication Tables, Binary and

2,

x=. 001 (.001)

1016

.01 (.01). 1(.1).9,

15D

1017

Exact or 20D

log2 10 in Decimal,

n= 1(1)10,

1017

10D

....

1017

Octal

1017

Scales

Table 28.6.

Mathematical Constants

The authors acknowledge the assistance of David

checking of the tables.

1017

in Octal Scale

S.

National Bureau of Standards.

Guest worker, National Bureau of Standards,

Liepman

in the preparation

and

from The American University

(deceased)

1011

28. Scales of Notation

Representation of Numbers

Any

number

positive real

6>1

^W-ia-2

w,

X /b=X +Afi,
Xg/l^O+Ak/b,

The

integer 6

called the base or radix of the scale.

The sequence for x in the

minate, i.e., a__i=a_ n _ 2 =
n > 1 so that

X={A

A\J\q

where A^, A[,

Xi,

scale of 6
.

=0

may
for

ter-

some

where X,
by 6 in the

1}

.,

are the remainders

X%-i, respectively are divided

Then convert the remainders

<L-n) ()>

Q._i<Z_2

(A))(6)

-<4o>

\Ai)tf,)=Ai,

X {A^

1}

arithmetic.

6-scale

(II)

.,

Am

AiA

_i

Nonary

Proper fractions x=(0.a-ia-2

Decimal

11

Undenary
Duodenary

To

Hexadecimal

convert a proper fraction

in the 6-scale, to the scale of

can be converted from the scale

some integer

65^6,

6>1, by

using arithmetic operations in either the 6-scale

or

the

methods

number

6-scale.

Accordingly,

of conversion, depending

to be converted

fraction.

1012

is

there

(6)

given to n digits
such that inverse

yield the same n

conversion from the 6-scale
digits in the 6-scale, the representation

of x in the 6-scale

Any number

x,

6^6
may

rounded

General Conversion Methods

of 6 to the scale of

Octal

10
12
16

_2,

then

Scale

5)

X=X b+A
8
9

Convert 6 and A
and define, using

Xm-2 Xm b + Am
X =X b+A

of Scales

Binary
Ternary
Quaternary
Quinary
Senary
Septenary

the 6-scale

to

2
3
4
5
6

=Am

X'm -i A mb -f- A TO 1,

Base

Scale

(A^)(^)

.,

arithmetic operations in the 6-scale,

represents an irrational number.

Base

and obtain

Names

and

the quotients (in the 6-scale)

6-scale.

.,

Xm

.,

to the 6-scale,

then x is said to be a finite 6-adic number.

A sequence which does not terminate may have
the property that the infinite sequence a_i, a_ 2
becomes periodic from a certain digit
a_ n (tt>l) on; according as n1 or n>l the
sequence is then said to be pure or mixed recurring.
A sequence which neither terminates nor recurs
.

infinite series converges.

the 6-scale

.,

where the

6 to

Xfb=X +2ffi,

x=AJ> m +

is

Convert

6-scale arithmetic.

) (i)

and define

where every A and a- t is one of the integers 0,

61, not all At, a,- } are zero, and
1,
A m ^>0 if x>l. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the number and the sequence
.

AiA

as
(I)

{A %

X=(4,

Integers

x can be uniquely

represented in the scale of some integer

are

four

digits

where n

(Ill)

6-scale

must be obtained

satisfies

6-scale

6">6 n

arithmetic.

n rounded

Convert

and define
xb=Xi-j-aLi

on whether the

an integer or a proper

to

xib=X2-\-al 3

xS_i5=ar-fol

to

the

SCALES OF, NOTATION

where

a_i, a'- 2
-, Q>-n are the integral parts and
thejxactional
parts _(in the 6-scale)
x
x
xu 2
.,
of the products xb, xib,
a^_i6, respectively.
.,
,

Then convert the

1013

(IV) 6-scale arithmetic.

Convert b and a_ lf
the 6-scale and define, using
arithmetic operations in the 6-scale,

d-2,

.,

to

a,-n

integral parts to the 6-scale,

-+!

(^-l)(6) = ^-l,

(a-2)(6)=-2,

(a'-n)ifi)=a-n,

-,

x - ra+2

and obtain

= _/& + a- n+l,
= X- b + Q>- n+2>
ra+1 /

x_ 1 =x2 /6+a_ 1

then

x=(0.a- a-2

a_) (6).

x=x-i/b.

Numerical Methods
The examples
8,

are restricted to the scales of 2,

10 because of their importance to electronic

computers.

2.

By

scale.

octal scale

In

an octal

fact,

is

a power of the binary-

digit corresponds to

2531/12=210 + 11/12

210/12

binary digits. Then, binary arithmetic

may be used whenever a number either is to be
converted to the octal scale or is given in the octal
triplet of

and

scale

Convert Z=(2531) (8) to the

(I) we have 6=10=(12) (8) and

hence, using octal arithmetic,

Note that the

scale.

Example
decimal

is

to

be converted to some other

Decimal

1234567

Octal

12

Binary

15/12=1+3/12
1/12=0 + 1/12

scale.

Thus, converting to the decimal

8

10

10

11

12

2
5

= 15 + 6/12

I =6

=(11)(8)=9,

(8)

=6,

scale,

2 =3
2

)=3,

(8

A =l,
3

and so
10 11 100 101 110 111

Example

By

scale.

000

001

010

1.

Convert X=(1369) a0 to the octal

(I)

we have 6=10, b=8 a0 and

so,

using decimal arithmetic,

X=(1369) (10

).

By

(II) we have 6=10, and the octal digits of

unchanged in the decimal scale.
Hence,

are

using decimal arithmetic,

1369/8=171 + 1/8,

Z =2.8 + 5=(21)
2

(10 ),

171/8=21+3/8,

^=21-8+3= (171) a0

21/8=2+5/8,

X= 171 -8+1= (1369)

),

2/8=0+2/8;

Using binary arithmetic we have, by (II),

6=8=(1000) and A =\,A ={\\) m ,At ={XQl) m
Then,
^3=(10)

then

Z=(2531) {8)

(8 ,

By (II) we have 6=(12) (8) and yl 3 =l

=3(8) ^=6(8), A = (11) 8). Hence, using
,

(g)

octal

( 8)

whence, on converting to the decimal

001 000-1010

scale,

X=(1369W
Observe that in both examples above, octal
is used as an intermediate step to

arithmetic
2 ),

-Xi= 1101 -1010+ 110= (10 001 000) a),

X=10

001) ),

(8 ).

Thus

Z =l- 1010+11= (1101)(

101)( 2)

(2 ),

Using binary arithmetic we have, by (II),

6=(1010) (2) and ^=1(2), ^2= (H)(2), ^i=(110) 2),
(1001) i2)

Z =10-1000+101 = (10
1

Z=210-12 + ll=(2531)

^=10 10M000 + 11 = (10 101 011)

Z=10 101 01M000 + = (10 101 011

(8 ),

(3 ).

arithmetic,

Z =1.12 + 3=(15)
X = 15 -12+6= (210)

(10).

+ 1001 = (10

101 011 001)(2 )f

whence, on converting to the octal

Z=(2531)( 8)

convert, according to (II), the given number to

the binary scale. If, instead, the given number is
first

converted to the binary

arithmetic
scale,

scale,

may

then binary

be applied directly to convert,

(I), the given number from the

according to
binary scale to the scale desired.

SCALES OF NOTATION

1014

decimal scale,

we

find first

and then obtain, using

10

X=(2531)

in converting

For example,

(8)

to the

X= (1010101 1001) ,

with 6=10=(1010) (2)

(I)

Alternatively,

(0.010 110

= 10 001 000+1001/1010,
001 000/1010 = 1101 + 110/1010,
1101/1010=1 + 11/1010,
1/1010 = + 1/1010.

Thus, on converting to the decimal

A=(1001)

(2)

=9,

A =(ll0)
1

(0.011

=(ll) m =3,A 3 =l,

By

(0.355)

(III),

x= (0.355)

we

-8=2 + 0.840,

= 6 + 0.720,
(0.720) -8 = 5 + 0.760,
(0.760) -8 = 6 + 0.080,

(0.840) -8

to the bi-

(10)

x= (0.010

=8

find with 6
(0.080)

a_ 4 =(100) (2) =4,

and thus

= 5 + 0.120
(0.120) -8 = + 0.960
(0.960) -8=7 + 0.680
.

.) (8)

> n.

Hence, to obtain

by inverse conversion,

The

binary scale to

must be rounded

(10)

in the

desired representation

z=(0.266) (8)

by the

Accordingly,

and k are

to

(10)

10

-9

is

a_

re

)( 2 )-2

_fc

Example

rule stated in

3,

be chosen so as to satisfy n Jrk> 15

From Table
2~ 29

28.1

we

find

< (3.141593)

cl0)

-10- 9 <2- 28

Thus, we must take A: =29 and, consequently,

choose 7i>21. The conversion on a desk calculator thus proceeds as follows.
First, we obtain
of

Table 28.1
2 29x= (1.686 629 899) (10)

we can

first

and then apply (IV) with 6=8, using decimal

arithmetic:

Then,

for

convenience's sake,

we

convert this

number to the octal scale, using the method of

Example 3 and rounding as required, to at least
7 octal (=21 binary) digits. We find

x= (1.537

2 29

4337) (8)

Hence

*-2=6/8 + 6 = 6.75,

= 6.75/8 + 2 = 2.84375,
x=2.84375/8 = 0.355 46875.

*_,

to

= 50.

110 110 0) )

carry out the inverse conversion

convert to the octal scale,

0.

x= (3. 141593)

where n and k are such that inverse conversion

from the binary scale to the decimal scale will
produce x to the same given 15 decimal digits.

by use

Thus,

To

Convert

4.

n> 3 = 10 digits

x= (0.010

or

is 1

x=(l.a- a_2

.)(2>.

x= (0.355)

neglected digit

the binary scale.

Thus, on con-

110 101 110 000 101 000 111

take n

(10)

Note that the fractional part in any step is the

unconverted remainder. Thus, to round at any
step, it is only necessary to ascertain whether the
unconverted portion to be neglected is greater or
less than \; i.e., whether, in the binary scale, the

Example

In order that inverse conversion of x from the

binary to the decimal scale yield again x to the
given number n of decimal digits, we must round x
in the binary scale to at least n digits where n is
chosen such that 2 n >10". As a working rule, we

may

scale,

find

first

-8=0 + 0.640

(0.640) -8

x= (0.26560507
verting to the binary scale,
whence

1).

convert to the octal scale, using decimal

arithmetic.

11),

scale.

We first

1),

Converting the integral parts to the decimal

x= (0.3554)
Convert

(2)

=6,

Z=(1369) 0)
nary

= 101 + (0.011

11)-1010=100+(0.101

whence

3.

6= (1010)

a_ =(ll)(2 )=3, a_ 2 =a_3=(101)(2)=5,

l2)

A
Example

with

1)-1010=101 + (0.100 011),

(0.100 011)-1010

we

scale,

(III)

11)-1010=11 + (0.100 011

(0.100 011

101 Oil 001/1010

10

we can apply

using binary arithmetic:

x= (1.537

433 7) (8)

-2-

29

and, consequently,

x=(l. 101 011 111 100 011 011 lll) (2) -2-

SCALES OF NOTATION
x back to the decimal scale we only
from Table 28.1 the various powers
obtain
need to
appear
in the above representation and
of 2 which
However,
since 2~ m =2~ m+1 2~ m for
them.
sum

To convert

m,

real constant

any

reduce

it

more convenient

is

to

the binary representation of x to the

first

We first

x=2-

o-33 2"
o-39_l_9-42
2+2

o-45

39

33

and then sum these powers

and find from Table

Hence

x=277+

of 2.

000

290
661
415
818
227
028

.000

000

298
287
322
989
374
422
888

3.141

592

764

_ 2 -33 = _
_ 2 -39=_

_n6

+2" 42 =+

.000

.001

_ 2 -45 = _
_ 2 -5o ==
x=

Now
tain

(1.1419)

=277+log 2

io)

= (1.110516)

Example

of

3 to ob-

where octal nota-

l8 )

io10" 9
10" 9

10" 9

must be rounded
binary) digits. As a result,

10~ 9

x=(1.1105) (8r 2 277 =(11105) (8)

10"

1.1419

is

10" 9

10~ 9

(1.110516) (8

= (1

to 4 octal

(=12

-2 205

001 001 000 101) (2) 2 265

Conversion back to the decimal scale proceeds

as follows,

we

write

find
logio

x=(3.141593) (10 ,-10- 9

To

1 419

used for the sake of convenience.

To round such that inverse conversion will yield
the same decimal digits of x, observe that the last
non-zero decimal digit of x is 3 10 80
Table 28.4
80
266
265
shows that 2 <10 <2
Hence, in the binary
265
scale, x must be a binary integer times 2
i.e.,

Nine decimal digits are used for sufficient accuracy

Hence, rounding to seven significant

we

we apply the methods

reserve.
figures,

10 1
;

z=(1.1419W2 277

tion

+2- = +3.725
-2- 31 = .465

l0g

.05764=log 10 1.1419.

4.1,

and so

(Note that the

number of summands is thereby decreased from
From Table 28.1 we have
16 to 7.)
28

4.1,

10

iog 2
Q-31
.2-31

compute, using 4.1.19 and Table

83
-^! 5 =277 + 5764
Iog^=^log 2
.30103
.30103

form
-28

1015

number such

convert a

x=logio 2 log2 x

=log 10 2{265+log2 (11105)

as

=logio 2

log10 (11105) m
logio 2

265-

=265log 10 2+log10
where k is a positive integer
Table 28.1 cannot be used, apply the

(8) }

(11105)

( s)

to the binary scale,

so large that

following device:

Hence, converting
scale

Compute

by any

of the

to

(11105) (8)

methods

the

decimal

Example

of

2,

we

obtain
log 10 X
log2 a^= ii n
log 10 2

log 10

=k+ logXi
1

which
where k
i

yields, using

the quotient and xi the remainder, the

division being carried out in the decimal scale.

Then

x=265

log 10

2+log10 4677

10

Table

4.1

is

find 17=10*1,

l0&

i.e.,

Xi=log 10

17,

so that

x=k+l

^l=i+^'

logio

a;

=83. 44292

Thus, by Table

4.1,

we

find,

rounded

to four

significant figures,
'

z=(2.773) aor 10 83

whence

References

x= (v) (io)2*.

Now

[28.1] J.

convert

(17)00 to

the binary scale

by any

of

the methods described above.

similar device

may

be used to convert to the

decimal scale a binary number that

range of Table 28.1.

Example

Convert

5.

binary scale.
716-654

64

66

x= (2.773)

is

Malengreau, Etude des Ventures binaires, Bibliotheque Sci. 32 Mathematique. Edition Griffon,

[28.2]

Neuchatel, Suisse (1958).

D. D. McCracken, Digital compute- programming
(John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.,

[28.3]

R.

outside the

1957).
(10)

-10 83 to the

K. Richards, Arithmetic operation in digital

computers (D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1955).

SCALES OF NOTATION

1016

2 IN

Table 28.1
2"

DECIMAL

2 -n

1.0

0.5
0.25

16
32

4
5

0.125
0. 0625
0.03125

64

128
256

6
7
8

0.01562 5
0.00781 25
0.00390 625

512
1024
2048

10
11

0.00195 3125
0.00097 65625
0.00048 82812

4096
8192
16384

12
13

14

0.00024 41406 25
0.00012 20703 125
0.00006 10351 5625

32768
65536
31072

15
16
17

0.00003 05175 78125

0.00001 52587 89062 5
0.00000 76293 94531 25

62144
24288
10 48576

18
19
20

0.00000 38146 97265 625

0.00000 19073 48632 8125
0.00000 09536 74316 40625

20 97152
41 94304
83 88608

21
22
23

0.00000 04768 37158 20312 5

0.00000 02384 18579 10156 25
0.00000 01192 09289 55078 125

167 77216
335 54432
671 08864

24
25
26

0.00000 00596 04644 77539 0625

0.00000 00298 02322 38769 53125
0.00000 00149 01161 19384 76562

1342 17728
2684 35456
5368 70912

27
28
29

0.00000 00074 50580 59692 38281 25

0.00000 00037 25290 29846 19140 625
0.00000 00018 62645 14923 09570 3125

10737 41824
21474 83648
42949 67296

30
31
32

0.00000 00009 31322 57461 54785 15625

0.00000 00004 65661 28730 77392 57812 5
0.00000 00002 32830 64365 38696 28906 25

85899 34592
71798 69184
43597 38368

33
34
35

0.00000 00001 16415 32182 69348 14453 125

0.00000 00000 58207 66091 34674 07226 5625
0.00000 00000 29103 83045 67337 03613 28125

13 74389 53472
27 48779 06944

36
37
38

0.00000 00000 14551 91522 83668 51806 64062 5

0.00000 00000 07275 95761 41834 25903 32031 25
0.00000 00000 03637 97880 70917 12951 66015 625

54 97558 13888
109 95116 27776
219 90232 55552

39
40
41

0.00000 00000 01818 98940 35458 56475 83007 8125

0.00000 00000 00909 49470 17729 28237 91503 90625
0.00000 00000 00454 74735 08864 64118 95751 95312

439 80465 11104

879 60930 22208
1759 21860 44416

42
43

44

0.00000 00000 00227 37367 54432 32059 47875 97656 25

0.00000 00000 00113 68683 77216 16029 73937 98828 125
0.00000 00000 00056 84341 88608 08014 86968 99414 0625

3518 43720 88832

7036 87441 77664
14073 74883 55328

45
46
47

0.00000 00000 00028 42170 94304 04007 43484 49707 03125

0.00000 00000 00014 21085 47152 02003 71742 24853 51562 5
0.00000 00000 00007 10542 73576 01001 85871 12426 75781 25

28147 49767 10656

56294 99534 21312
112589 99068 42624

48
49
50

0.00000 00000 00003 55271 36788 00500 92935 56213 37890 625
0.00000 00000 00001 77635 68394 00250 46467 78106 68945 3125
0.00000 00000 00000 88817 84197 00125 23233 89053 34472 65625

1
2
5

1
3

6 87194

76736

SCALES OF NOTATION
2* IN

A"

1.00069
1.00138
1.00208
1.00277
1.00347
1.00416
1.00486
1.00556
1.00625

0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009

33874
72557
16050
64359
17485
75432
38204
05803
73234

62581
11335
79633
01078
09503
38973
23785
98468
97782

1.00695
1.01395
1.02101
1.02811
1.03526
1. 04246
1.04971
1. 05701
1.06437

05

0.

0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

10.. IN

10"
1

12

303
3 641
46 113
575 360
346 545

240
100
200
400
000

1
2

3
4
5

6
7

8
9

Table 28.2

55500
94797
21257
38266
49238
57608
66836
80405
01824

56719
90029
07193
56067
41377
41121
23067
61380
53360

000
146
075
406
032

000
314
341
111
155

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

002
000
000
000
000

476 132 610

206 157 364
015 327 745
001 257 143
000 104 560

000
631
217
564
613

000
463
270
570
530

C. 7

0.8
0.9

34625
83549
44133
79107
35623
65665
47927
11265
59830

000 00

651 77
704 15

706 64
055
152
561
276

34
434
5 432
67 405

37
75
06

Table 28.3
10"

112 402 762

1 351 035 564
16 432 451 210
221 411 634 520
657 142 036 440

724
115
413
164

327
157
127
553

32192
6. 64385
9.96578
13.28771
16.60964
3.

000
000
000
000
000

461 500
760 200
542 400
731 000

10
11
12
13

14

000
000
000
000

15

16
17
18

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

000
000
000
000
000

000
000
000
000
000

006
000
000
000
000

676 337 66
537 657 77
043 136 32
003 411 35
000 264 11

0.000
0. 000
0.000
0.000

000
000
000
000

000
000
000
000

000
000
000
000

000 022 01
000 001 63
000 000 14
000 000 01

41

DECIMAL

n lo S2 10 IN

Table 28.1
n logo 10

n logio 2

n log2 10

n logio 2

36293
97035
44916
72894
73095
10398
12471
92248
73615

OCTAL

146 31
243 66

logio 2,

99957
99913
99870
99827
99783

1.07177
1.14869
1.23114
1.31950
1.41421
1.51571
1.62450
1.74110
1.86606

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6

10"

1.000
0.063
0.005
0.000
0. 000

0.30102
0.60205
0.90308
1.20411
1.50514

2*

10"

144
1 750
23 420

DECIMAL
2

0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1017

80949
61898
42847
23795
04744

1.80617
2.10720
2.40823
2.70926
3.01029

7
8
9

10

19.93156
23.25349
26.57542
29.89735
33.21928

99740
99696
99653
99610
99566

ADDITION AND MULTIPLICATION TABLES

85693
66642
47591
28540
09489

Table 28.5

Multiplication

Addition

Binary Scale
+
+

0=0

0x0
1x1

0x1=1x0

0=

= 1 +
1
1 + 1 = 10

Octal Scale
01

02

03

04

05

06

07

02

03

04

05

06

07

02

03

04

05

06

07

10

04

06

10

12

14

16

03

04

05

06

07

10

11

06

11

14

17

22

25

06

07

10

11

12

10

14

20

24

30

34

36

43

04

05
06

07

10

11

12

13

12

17

24

31

06

07

10

11

12

13

14

14

22

30

36

44

52

07

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

25

34

43

52

61

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

05

5
6

MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS
e=

OCTAL SCALE

IN

(3.11037 552421)

--'=

(0.24276 301556)

e -l = (0.27426 530661),

X=

(1.61337 611067)

y e= (1.51411 230704)

111

x= (1.11206

404435)

l0g2 *= (1-51544 163223)

\'I0= (3.12305 407267)

logio

e=

10=

(3.24464 741136)

(0.44742 147707)

In 7= -(0.43127 233602)

logo

(0-33626 754251)

10g2 e= (1.34252 166245)

l0g 2

y=

(2.55760 521305),

i--

Table 28.6

= -(0.62573 030645)

\2=

(1.32404 746320)

2=

(0.54271 027760)

10=

(2.23273 067355)

In

(8

(e

In

29. Laplace Transforms

Contents
Page
29.1. Definition of the Laplace

Transform

1020

29.2.

Operations for the Laplace Transform

1020

29.3.

Table of Laplace Transforms

1021

29.4.

Table of Laplace-Stieltjes Transforms

1029

References

1030

1019

29. Laplace Transforms

29.1. Definition

of the Laplace Transform

function of

One- dimensional Laplace Transform

in the half -plane %s^>s

29.1.2

f( UtV ) == y>{F{x,y)}=[
Jo Jo

a function of the real variable t and s is a

complex variable. Fit) is called the original funcF{t)

is

tion and/(s)

is

image function.

called the

integral in 29.1.1 converges for a real

Two-dimensional Laplace Transform

f(s)=&{F(t)}=f\-<F{t)dt

29.1.1

If

s=sQ

Definition of the Unit Step Function

the

(KO)
=o)
>0)

i.e.,

e --F(x,y)dxdy

uity-

29.1.3

lim
lim (' e~ s otF(t)dt
JA
I

A-*0
l->0

B->co

exists,

then

it

with <%s^>s and

a single valued analytic

converges for

the image function

is

all s

29.2.

In the following tables the factor u(t) is to be

understood as multiplying the original function
F(t).

Operations for the Laplace Transform

Image Function / (s)

Original Function F(t)

e~ st F{t)dt

F{t)

29.2.1

Formula

Inversion

29.2.2
e

2iiL.

"

mds

Linearity Property

AF(t)+BG(t)

29.2.3

Af(s)+Bg(s)

Differentiation

29.2.4

sf(s)-F(+0)

F'(t)

29.2.5

(n)

(t)

n- 1

f(s)-s

F(+0)-s n - 2F'(+0)-

,(n - 1)

-^

(+0)

Integration

29.2.6

f F(r)dr

29.2.7

J/

F(\)d\dr

p-^w

Convolution (Faltung) Theorem

29.2.8

'
!

F (t-T)F (r)d T =F *F.

1

/l(*)/2()

Differentiation

-tF(t)

29.2.9

29.2.10

{-\)n n F{t)

f(s)

n)

(s)

Adapted by permission from R. V. Churchill, Operational mathematics, 2d

York, N.Y., 1958.
1

1020

ed.,

McGraw-Hill Book

Co., Inc.,

New

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1021

Original Function F(t)

Image Function

\m

29.2.11

f(s)

Integration

f"f(z)dx
Linear Transformation

29.2.12

e"F{t)

29.2.13

H9

29.2.14

l'""f(^)

f(s-a)
<<>>

f(cs)

(><>)

f(es-b)

Translation

29.2.15

F(t-b)u(t~b)

(6>0)

Periodic Functions

P e~

F(t+a)=F{t)

29.2.16

F(t)dt

e~

as

st
f" e~ F{t)dt

F(t+a) = -F(t)

29.2.17

st

Half- Wave Rectification of F(t) in 29.2.17

29.2.18

F(t)

S i-l) u(t-na)
n

1 e

n=0

Full- Wave Rectification of F(t) in 29.2.17

29.2.19

TO)

f(s) coth

as

Heaviside Expansion Theorem

P^L

29.2.20

P()

a
e nt

n-i 2 (a)

p(s) a

29.2.21

eQ

^^
JM

(r

" n)
()

2(s)

= (s a.|)(s

2)

(s

cr

m)

2()

polynomial of degree<m

n -'

(r-w)! (n-1)!

(s-aY
p(s) a

29.3.

polynomial of degree<r

Table of Laplace Transforms 2

For a comprehensive table of Laplace and other integral transforms sec

dimensional Laplace transforms see [29.11].

[29.9].

For

a table of

two-

F(t)

29.3.1

1
1

29.3.2

2
The numbers in bold type in the/(s) and F(l) columns indicate the chapters in which the properties of the respective
higher mathematical functions are given.
3
Adapted by permission from R. V. Churchill, Operational mathematics, 2d. ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New

York, N. Y., 1958.

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1022
/()

ftt)

29.3.3
s

(n=l,2,-3,...)

(n-l)l

29.3.4

29.3.5

-M

2V^
2**" _ *

29 3 6

s -(.n+i)

(=1,2,3,...)
1-3-5... (2w l)VJr

r(*J

29.3.7

(&>0)

*-i

29.3.8

-a<

s+a
1

29.3.9

fee"?/

(s+a) 2

fn-l fi -at

^-1

29.3.10

(n=l,2,3,...)

?(s+a)"

t^t%

29.3.11

29.3.12

(*>0)

ln
(s+a)(s+6)

(fl^b)

w .,
(s+a)(s+6)

(a*b)

(n 1)!

k- l

e~ al

6
'

29.3.13

_,

a b
(&-c)e- a( + (c-a)e- 6 + (a-6)s(a-6)(6-c)(c-a)

29.3.14

'

(s+a)(s+6)(s+c)
(a,

6,c distinct constants)

29.3.15

+a

-y-;

sin a

29.3.16

+a

cos a

-5-;

29.3.17

-a

-=,

-a

- sinh

,
2

29.3.1*3

cosh at

5
2

29.3.19

/.

s{s

+a

-^(1-cosaO

29.3.20
s

+a

-\(a*-sina)

2
)

1
*

29.3.21
(s

+a

at

2
)

2a-g
:

(sin

atat cos

af)

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1023

/()

29.3.22

sin at

-^f^

29.3.23

29.3.24

+a 2V2

-f-*~\
2

(s

+a )(s +b
2

-.

v
v(o

29.3.28

e_a( cos 'fa

-^s +a
3

4a3
.

29.3.30
s

29.3.31

29.3.32

+4a

+4a

-,

-.

sa

-x

-a

29.3.33

TTT^rs

29.3.34

!(*=!)"

29.3.35

cosat-cosbt
j2_ a 2
a
r e~ sin

29.3.29

6 .)'
v

Zlu_ A
(s+aF+b
/-

a>t

'

s-\-a

29.3.27

c s

fa

--e^(cos^-V3sin^)
2
2 /
V

sin ai cosh a

a< sin

s-j (sinh
2a?

^
2a2

sin

1
yjirt

2^

(l

s+a

29.3.40

Vs(s a 2)

-2at)

M__ e -)

v
3

ae aH

erfc

ae an

erfa-ft

a-y/f

^TTt

29.3.39

a*-a< cos

2a
Jo

\ir

-e a2t

a*

22

- al

sa

at)

Ln (t)
,(<)

29.3.37

29.3.38

a*)

at cos

(cosh

(1+a2 * 2 )

sinh ai

2a

(s+a)i

V*+a V*+6

cos at

=-2 sin a * sinn at

29.3.36

fi

29.3. 25

^n at + at cos a

o~

a 2)2

(s

29.3.26

F{t)

erf

a V*

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1024

F(t)

/()

29.3.41

,_,

^s(s-\-a

29.3.42

b
"

-.

-a

^e- J'a
2*

,_,

-= ^=

(s+a)Vs+&
&2

-=

29.3.45

~.a

29.3.47

^=^

22

n+i yi)

22

{at)\

<T^ +6 ></ (^

*>0>

erfc6-v^

t)

*(*)" <*WI"(cT

(V^+Vi)

(F

>_i)

VsVs+ a
-=5==

iJ2B (V*)

ae- at [h(at)+I

5+Hw

+ - ^)

(V&^V*)

erf

at

^-^H

/-T^rrr

(Vg

<erfcaV*

-^

29.3.49

29.3.56

fl2

erlcbfi
v

e^T-erf (aVi)-ll+e 62(

Vs+2g

29.3.55

t[b-aerfa^-beW

-yjba

^=f"

29.3.54

d\

'

29.3.46

29.3.48

L= e~

?-==

29.3.44

(s or)(o+vs)

29.3.43

aj:

ie-^(|ai)

(ai)

a'7,(aO

a"

(>_i)

V^+^

ij
29 - 3 - 57

pqbp

* >0)

m(f~

at)

M0

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
/(*)

29.3.59

F(t)

Y+tf-s) k

29.3.58

(^/s

*7gzf
is a?

(jfc>0)

(s

~a

(at)

)y

(>-l)

29.3.60

(k>0)

2 k
)

a'I,(at)

V*-

6,10

T(k)

29.3.61

u(t-k)

29.3.62

(t-k)u(t-k)

29.3.63

1025

<r* s

M >0)

(t-k) M-l

u(t~k)

rfcO

1 e-

29.3.64

_ l+coth %ks

29.3.65

u{t)-u(t-k)

s(l-e~ ks )~

2s

y*.

u(tnk)

n=Q
2k

29.3.66

sie^a)

Sa

n~ l

u{t-nk)

n=l

3k

2k

29.3.67

- tanh ks

u(t)+2

29.3.68

29.3.69

2 (-l) M(i-2n^)
n

n=l

s{l+e- ks )

-5

tanh &s

n=0

tu(t)+2J2 {-l) n (t-2nk)u{t-2nk)

n=X
2k

29.3.70
s

sinh ks

29.3.71
s

cosh ks

6k

2S*-(2+l)ii
re=0

OK

_L

4k

(-l)tt[<-(2/i+l)&]
22
n=0

3k

5k

Ok

3k

s*

8k

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1026

F(f)

/()

it()+2S u(t-2nk)

coth ks

29.3.72

n=\
4k

2k

29.3.73
s

+k

coth

ITS

\&mkt\

2k

29.3.74
(s

X)

+l)(l-e~")

-*

29.3.75

u(tn-n) sin

ra=0

Jo(2V^)

-*

F= COS 2-y/H

29.3.76

7r

-l

29.3.77

cosh 2-^kt

e>
7T<

-*

29.3.78

,,3/2

sin 2-\/H

sinh

29.3.79
c.3/2

2VH

29.3.80
s"

\^

29.3.81

(|)^

(m>0)

(|)^/,_ (2VH)
1

fc

exp

(k>0)

29.3.82

2^Tt
1

29.3.83

-k-fs

J,_ 1 (2VH)

(m>0)

(k>0)

/it

erfc

2V^
29.3.84

29.3.85

-ftV*

S1

29.3.86

(k>0)

(k>0)

exp

V;

k2 \

V~W

exp

(-&-* erfc ^r 2V

' i

erfc

27?

y-

fe

(n=0,l,2,

.;k>0)

(4i) *"

re

erfc

2V*
29.3.87

-i
,

s 2

29.3.88

exp

22

(n=0, 1,2,... ;ifc>0)

<r V~s
fe

a+V

(&>0)

L
v^

exp

(-)--** erfc (aV*+^)

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1027

/(*)

29.3.89

F(t)

,-kyT'

(a+V)
29.3.90

-*VT

(&>0)

'erfc

2-sft

aV?+
2-7r)

,-iV^J

29.3.91

(*>0)

Vs(s+a)

e-^h{^t -k )u(t-k)
2

--W*+d

29.3.92

Vs 2 +a2
29.3.93

a ^2lip )u ^_ k)

(*>0)

(k>0)

I (ajt*-k 2)u(t-k)

-k-y/l^fi

Vs 2 -a 2
t(Viq^_ s )

29.3.94

(*>0)
^/s

29.3.95

_ ,_
g
ft

29.3.96

2-fi)

+tf

_*V^

(/:>())

-*V- e -*

(a^t 2 +2kt)

-^L.J^a-Jt^Mt-k)
ffl/:

(>o)

I^a-Jtt-k^ujt-k)

29.3.97

- In

29.3.98

29.3.99

29.3.100

-7 In

~]ns

(*)

(a>0)

(y=. 57721 56649

^[*(*)-ln*]
e

0(

[ln

a+#,(a*)]

Euler's constant)

-^r
+l

cos<Si(<)-sin*Ci()

29.3.102

^5J

-siniSi(<)-cos*Ci(0

29.3.103

iln(l+ifcs)

El

29.3.101

29.3.104

ln?T

29.3.105

iln(l+*V)

29.3.106

In (s 2

+a

2
)

(fc>0)

(j)

,l -7 (-

(*>0)

(a>0)

_2Ci
2 In

<

(l)

a- 2

Ci

(a*)

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1028

F(t)

/()

29.3.107

\ In

(s

+a

(a>0)

[a

29.3.108

-T

-a

29.3.109

in

cos at)

(1

cosh at)

-j

k
arctan -

29.3.110

j sin

s
1
k
- arctan -

a+sin at--ai Ci

(1

t
2

In

(ai)

&

29.3.111

29.3.112

29.3.113

Si

(k>0)

erfc ks

k2 2

(Jet)

erfc ks

(fc>0)

6rf

exp

("S?)

2l

29.3.114

ks

erfc

(k>0)

V^s

7
7T

29.3.115

^erfcV^s

(*>0)

#(*+&)

29.3.116

-^

e**

erfc

29.3.117

(&>0)

V^s

erl

-=

7-

Mt+k)

sin 2&y

wt

-p

29.3.118

29.3.119

ifc

erfc -=

J_
l

(ks)

(k>0)

V
29.3.120

29.3.121

29.3.122

29.3.123

3 Xmt
2QJ J
124
*-

3 125
29
A/'UiXAV

(k^Js)

(k>0)

^e ksK,{ks)

(k>0)

^K^k^/s)

(k>0)

**.
Tre-

ks

g-2*VT

(*>0)

27

-p u(t

eXp

(~^)

1^+2
i

k)

exp

-|=

f\

\~t)

K (2^2kt)

y/irt

(ks)

e-^I^ks)

(&>0)

(k>0)

i\

V^J^)^
k~t
*V*(2ifc t)

"

/j

o/M
2Ar)

v ( f ) -%(i 2fc)]

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

29.3.126

29.3.129

E {as)
1

(s)~l

(a>0)

(as)

(o>0;n=0,l,2

tf-'e^Enias)

f~| Si

(a>0)

--se atE

29.3.127

29.3.128

as

cos s+Ci(s) sin

(*+a) 2
1

.)

29.4.

1029

+l

Table of Laplace-Stieltjes Transforms

<i>(s)

29.4.1

e-"d&(t)

*(0

29.4.2

e~ ks

29.4.3

1_ g-to

(&>0)

t*( jfc)

X) u(tnk)

(*>0)

11=0

S {-l) u{t-nk)

29.4.4
1

(*>0)

+ e"**

71=0

29.4.5

2j}u[t-(2n+l)k]

(*>0)

sinh &s

n=0

29.4.6

29.4.7

cosh &s

tanh &s

(&>0)

'

2 (-l) u[t~(2n+l)k}
n

n=0

u{t)+2

29.4.8

sinh (&s+a)

(*>0)

2 (-l) u(t-2nk)
n

2J2
n=0

e- (2n+1)a u[t-(2n-\-l)k}

e-

-fts

29.4.9

sinh (&s-fa)

29.4.10

sinh (As +6)

sinh (fe+a)

(&>0, A>0)

XI

(2n+1)a

u[t-h-(2n+l)k]

n=0

(0<h<k)

e- l2n+l)a {e

u[t+h-(2n + l)k]
-e-"u[t h(2n+l)k]}

29.4.11

00

ae"**

(0<& <i<

ra=0

For the definition of the Laplace-Stieltjes

transform see [29.7]. In practice, Laplace-Stieltjes
transforms are often written as ordinary Laplace
transforms involving Dirac's delta function 8(t).
This "function" may formally be considered as

the derivative of the unit step function, du(t)

Jr

du(t)

fx

The correspondence
assumes the form

e~

y'

6(t)dt=4

29.4.2,

= S(t)

fQ (x<0)
'
1

Adapted by permission from P. M. Morse and H. Feshbach, Methods

Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1953.

Hill

ra=0

for

e-"5(t

instance,

then

k)dt.

of theoretical physics, vols.

1,

2,

McGraw-

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1030

References
Texts
[29.1]

[29.2]

[29.3]

H.

C. Jaeger, Operational
S. Carslaw and J.
methods in applied mathematics, 2d ed. (Oxford
Univ. Press, London, England, 1948).

R. V. Churchill, Operational mathematics, 2d ed.

(McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.,
Toronto, Canada, London, England, 1958).
G. Doetsch,
tion, vols.

[29.7]

Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1941).

Tables
[29.8]

Germany,

Toronto, Canada;
[29.9] A.

Erdelyi et

Princeton,

al.,

Tables of integral transforms,

M. Morse and H. Feshbach, Methods

1954).
[29.10]

W. Magnus and
theorems

of theoret-

(McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

N.Y., Toronto, Canada,

New York,
London, England, 1953).

[29.6] B.

York, N.Y.

(McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New

York, N.Y., Toronto, Canada, London, England,

van der Pol and H. Bremmer, Operational

F. Oberhettinger,

for the special

Formulas and
of mathe-

functions

matical physics (Chelsea Publishing Co.,

York, N.Y., 1949).

ical physics, vols. I, II

Inc.,

New

vols. I, II

G. Doetsch, Einfuhrung in Theorie und Anwendung der Laplace-Transformation (Birkhauser,

Basel, Switzerland, Stuttgart, Germany, 1958).

[29.5] P.

G. Doetsch, Guide to the applications of Laplace

transforms (D. Van Nostrand, London, England;
N.J., 1961).

1955, 1956).
[29.4]

D. V. Widder, The Laplace transform (Princeton

Handbuch der Laplace-TransformaIIII (Birkhauser, Basel, Switzerland,

1950; Basel, Switzerland, Stuttgart,

(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cam-

calculus, 2d. ed.

bridge, England, 1955).

[29.11]

New

D. Voelker and G. Doetsch, Die zweidimensionale

Laplace-Transformation
(Birkhauser,
Basel,
Switzerland, 1950)

Subject Index
A

Page

Adam's formulas

895
Airy functions
367,446,510,540, 689
ascending series for
445
ascending series for integrals of
447
asymptotic expansions of
448
asymptotic expansions of modulus and phase
449
asymptotic forms of integrals of
449
asymptotic forms of related functions
450
complex zeros and associated values of Bi(z) and
Bi'(z)

computation of
computation of zeros of
definitions
differential equations

graphs of
integral representations of
integrals involving

modulus and phase

related functions
relations

between

representations in terms of Bessel functions

tables of

tables of integrals of

Wronskian for products of

Wronskian relations
zeros and their asymptotic expansions
Airy functions and their derivatives
zeros and associated values of
Airy integrals
Aitken's 5 2 -process
Aitken's iteration method
Anger's function.,
relation to Weber's function

Antilogarithm

Approximate values
Approximation methods

478
454
454
446
446,448
446
447
448
449
448
446
447
475
478
448
446
450
446
478
447
18

879
498
498
89
14
18

Aitken's 5 2 -process

18

Newton's method

18

regula

18

falsi

successive substitution

Argument

18
16

826
840
table of
Arithmetic-geometric mean___ 571, 577, 578, 580, 598, 601
10
Arithmetic mean.l
10
Arithmetic progression
331
Associated Legendre functions
(see Legendre functions)
15
Asymptotic expansions
Arithmetic functions

Page

Basic numbers

822
510
804
810
803
804
809
804
804
804
805
804
805
805
804
806
805
806
804

Bateman function
Bernoulli numbers
table of

Bernoulli polynomials
as

sums

of

powers

coefficients of

derivatives of
differences of

expansions of
Fourier expansions of
generating function for
inequalities for

integrals involving

multiplication theorem for

relations with Euler polynomials
special values of

symbolic operations

symmetry

relations

Bessel functions
as parabolic cylinder functions

692, 697

485

definite integrals

modified
notation for

374, 509

representations in terms of Airy functions

358
437
358, 509
358, 509
358, 510
485
447

spherical

437, '509

of fractional order
of the first kind

of the second kind

of the third kind

orthogonality properties of

Bessel functions of half-integer order

zeros
zeros

437, 497

and associated values

of the derivative and associated values

Bessel functions, integrals

asymptotic expansions
computation of
convolution type
Hankel-Nicholson type
involving products of
polynominal approximations
recurrence relations
reduction formulas

repeated
simple
tables of

Weber-Schafheitlin type
Bessel functions /,(), F(8>__J

addition theorems for

467
468
479, 485
480, 482
488
485
488
484
481, 482
480, 483
483
482
480
492
487
358,379,381,385
363
1031

716-654

64

67

INDEX

1032
Bessel functions Jv(z), Yv(z)
analytic continuation of

Continued

Page

361

ascending series for

asymptotic expansion for large arguments
asymptotic expansions for large orders
asymptotic expansions for zeros
asymptotic expansions in the transition region

360
364
365
371
367

for large orders

asymptotic expansions of modulus and phase for

large arguments
connection with Legendre functions
continued fractions for
derivatives with respect to order
differential equation
differential equations for products
formulas for derivatives

365
362
363
362
358
362
361
361
generating function and associated series
graphs of
359, 373
362
in terms of hypergeometric functions--.
integral representations of
360
limiting forms for small arguments
360
modulus and phase
365
multiplication theorem for
363
Neumann's expansion of an arbitrary function.363
358
notation
362
other differential equations
369
poly nomi al approximations
361
recurrence relations
361
recurrence relations for cross-products
358
relations between
390
tables of
uniform asymptotic expansions for large orders..
358
362
upper bounds
360
Wronskian relations
370
zeros of
372
zeros, complex
370
zeros, infinite products for
371
zeros, McMahon's expansions for
374
zeros of cross products of
zeros, tables of
371, 409, 414
371
zeros, uniform expansions of
881
Bessel's interpolation formula
258
Beta function
885
Biharmonic operator
1017
Binary scale
Binomial coefficients
10, 256, 822
table of
10, 828
960
Binomial distribution
14
Binomial series
10
Binomial theorem
936
Bivariate normal probability function
955
Computation of..
937
l
graphs of
937
special values of_\
886
Bode's rule
i

Page

Chebyshev integration
abscissas for

Chebyshev polynomials
orthogonal polynomials)
and x n in terms of
graphs of
values of
Chebyshev's inequality
Chi-square distribution function
(see

Cartesian form
Catalan's constant
Cauchy-Riemann equation
Cauchy's inequality

807
17

Characteristic function

928

16

11

795
778
795

coefficients for

11

computation of

958
940

Chi-square probability function

approximations to
asymptotic expansion
continued fraction for

941
941
941

940
942
941
940

cumulants for
non-central
recurrence and differential properties of
relation to the

normal distribution

relation to other functions

941

expansions for

941
943
785

series

statistical properties of

Christoff el-Darboux formula

71, 91

Circular functions

72
72
76
75
78
74
77
74
75
72
72
77
75
75
75
74
72
72
72
76

addition and subtraction of

addition formulas for

Chebyshev approximations
continued fractions for
definite integrals

.
:

DeMoivre's formula
differentiation formulas

Euler's formulas
expansion in partial fractions
graphs of
half-a ngle formulas
indefinite integrals

inequalities for
infinite

products

limiting values

modulus and phase

multiple angle formulas
negative angle formulas
periodic properties of

polynomial approximations
products of
real and imaginary parts
reduction to first quadrant
relations between

'2

74
73
74

relation to hyperbolic functions

series

'"*

expansions for

'"*

signs of

142

tables of

Circular normal distribution

calculation over an offset circle

Clausen's integral

Clebsch-Gordan

887
920
486, 561, 774

coefficients

936
957
1005
1006
9

Cologarithm
Combinatorial analysis

822
*"

Complex numbers
"'

logarithm of
multiplication

and

division of

90
>

INDEX

1033

Page

powers

of

jg
if
262

roots of

Confluent hypergeometric functions

298, 300, 362, 377, 486, 503, 686, 691, 695, 780
alternative notations for
504
analytic continuation of
504

asymptotic expansions and limiting forms

Barnes-type contour integrals
calculation of zeros

and turning points

508
506
513
511
506
506
506
505
513
513
514
505
504
504
505
506
509
516
535
505
505
505
510
642
337

of

computation of
connections with Bessel functions
differential properties of

expansions in series of Bessel functions

general confluent equation
graphing of

graph of zeros of
graphs of
integral representations of

Kummer's equation
Kummer's functions
Kummer's transformations
recurrence relations
special cases of

table of
table of zeros of

Whittaker's equation
Whittaker's functions

Wronskian relations
zeros and turning values
Conformal mapping
Conical functions
Constants

Page

general solution

533

graphs of

5 39j 541

integral representations of
recurrence relations

539
539
533
542
545
539
17, 20
928

series expansions for

special values of

tables of

Wronskian relations
Cubic equation, solution of

Cumulants
Cumulative distribution function
multivariate

927
927
510
361

univariate

Cunningham function
Cylinder functions

D
Dawson's integral
graph of
table of

Debye functions
DeMoivre's theorem

262,298,305, 692
297
319
998
74, 84

Derivatives

11

of algebraic functions

11

of circular functions

77
85
82
88
69
883
877
877
877
877
883
877
878
896
450
896
896
896
896
896
896
896
896
897
882
883
882
883
882
914
258

of hyperbolic functions
of inverse circular functions

of inverse hyperbolic functions

of logarithmic functions
partial

Differences
central

mathematical

divided

physical, miscellaneous

forward
in terms of derivatives

Continued fractions

19, 22,68, 70,

75, 81, 85, 88, 229, 258, 263, 298,-363, 932, 941,

Conversion factors
mathematical

944

mean
reciprocal

physical
Cornish-Fisher asymptotic expansions
Correlation

935
936
Cosine integral
231, 510
asymptotic expansions of
233
computation of
233
definitions
231
graphs of
232
integral representation of
232
232
integrals involving
233
rational approximations
232
relation to the exponential integral
232
series expansions for
232
symmetry relations
tables of
238, 243
Coulomb wave functions
509, 537
542
asymptotic behavior of
540
asymptotic expansions of
543
computation of
538
differential equation
540
expansions in terms of Airy functions
539
expansions in terms of Bessel-Clifford functions.
540
expansions in terms of spherical Bessel functions.
,

Differential equations
of second order with turning points

ordinary

first

order

by Adam's formulas
by GUI's method
by Milne's method
by point-slope formula
by predictor-corrector methods
by Runge-Kutta method
solution by trapezoidal formula

solution

system

of

Differentiation

Everett's formula

Lagrange's formula
Markoff's formula

--

Differentiation coefficients
table of

Digamma

function

(see psi function)

Dilogarithm function
Distribution functions
asymptotic expansions of
characteristics of

continuous

004
927
935
928
927

INDEX

1034
Distribution functions

Continued

Page

927
931
927
930
929
827
840

discrete
inequalities for
lattice

one-dimensional continuous:
one-dimensional discrete
Divisor functions
table of

Double precision operations

21

E
Economization of series
Edgeworth asymptotic expansion

791
935,

Einstein functions

955
999

Elliptic functions

Jacobian
(see Jacobian

567
elliptic functions)

Weierstrass

627

(see Weierstrass elliptic functions)

Elliptic integrals

amplitude
canonical forms
characteristic
definition

graphs
graphs
graphs
graphs
graphs

of the complete
of the first kind

592,

of the incomplete

593,

of the second kind

592,

of the third kind

modular angle
modulus
of the first kind
of the

second kind

of the third kind

590,

parameter

590,

reduction formulas
reduction to canonical form

589,
.

relation to Weierstrass elliptic functions

tables of complete

tables of the incomplete

tables of the third kind
Elliptic integrals,

complete

computation of
infinite series for

Legendre's relation
limiting values
of the first kind
of the second kind
of the third kind
polynomial approximations

587
590
589
590
589
592
593
594
594
600
590
590
589
589
599
602
597
600
649
608
613
625
590
601
591
591
591

590
590
599, 605

^-series for

59
591

relation to hypergeometric functions

59

Elliptic integrals, incomplete

amplitude of any magnitude

amplitude near x/2
complex amplitude
computations involving
imaginary amplitude
Jacobi's imaginary transformation
negative amplitude
negative parameter
numerical evaluation of

592
592
593
592
595, 602,605
594
592
592
593
595

Page

parameter greater than unity

Elliptical coordinates

593
594
752

Equianharmonic case

652

special cases of

Error
absolute
percentage
relative

14
14
14

Error function
262, 297, 301, 304, 306, 509
altitude chart in the complex plane
298
asymptotic expansion of
298
complex zeros of
329
continued fraction for
298
definite and indefinite integrals related to
302
derivatives of
298
graphs of
297
inequalities for
298
infinite series approximation for the complex
function
299
integral representation of . ^
297
rational approximations
299
relation to the confluent hypergeometric function.
298
299
repeated integrals of
297
series expansions for
symmetry relations
297
325
table for complex arguments
317
table of repeated integrals of
tables of
310, 312, 316
298
value at infinity
577
Eta functions
826
Euler function
840
table of
Euler-Maclaurin formulas
806
Euler-Maclaurin summation formula
16, 22, 806, 886
804
Euler numbers
810
table of
803
Euler polynomials
804
as sums of powers
809
coefficients of
804
derivatives of
804
differences of
804
expansions of
805
Fourier expansions of
804
generating function for
805
inequalities for
805
integrals involving
804
multiplication theorem for
806
relations with Bernoulli polynomials
805
special values of
806
symbolic operations
804
symmetry relations
806
Euler summation formula
826
Euler-Totient function
255
Euler's constant
74, 255
Euler's formula
255
Euler's integral
Euler's transformation of series
Everett interpolation coefficients
relation to Lagrange coefficients

Everett's formula

Excess

16, 21

880
880
880,883
928

INDEX

1035

Page

Expected value operator

Exponential function
Chebyshev approximation

69, 90,

71

continued fractions for

differentiation formulas
Euler's formula

70
71

74
70
70
71
70

graph of
identities

928
509

indefinite integrals

inequalities for

limiting values

tables of

Exponential integral
asymptotic expansion of
computation of
continued fraction for

71

69
116, 140, 219
227, 262, 510

231

233
229
definite integrals
230
derivatives of
230
graphs of
228
indefinite integrals
230
inequalities for
229
interrelations
228
polynomial approximations
23
rational approximations
231
229
recurrence relations
230
relation to incomplete gamma function
230
relation to spherical Bessel functions
229
series expansions for
tables of
238, 243, 245, 248, 249, 251

946

F-distribution function

approximations to
computation of
limiting forms
non-central
reflexive

elation

relation to the x 2 -distribution

relation to Student's ^-distribution
series

expansions for

statistical properties of

Factorial function
(see

gamma

947, 948

961

948
947
946
946
947
946, 948
946
255

947,

function)

Factorization
table of

Faltung theorem
Filon's quadrature formula
coefficients for

Floquet's theorem
Fresnel integrals
asymptotic expansions of
auxiliary functions

complex zeros of
definition

derivatives of

329
302
relation to spherical Bessel functions
301
relation to the confluent hypergeometric function.
301
relation to the error function
301
series expansion for
301
symmetry relations
301
table of
321, 323
value at infinity
301
Fundamental period parallelogram
629
rational approximations

844,864
1020
890
924
727
262, 300, 440
302
300, 323
329
300
301

G
Gamma function

255, 263

257
256
258
definite integrals
258
duplication formula
256
255
Euler's formula
255
Euler's infinite product
255
Euler's integral
255
fractional values of
256
Gauss' multiplication formula
255
graph of
255
Hankel's contour integral
256
in the complex plane
255
integer values of
256
Pochhammer's symbol
257
polynomial approximations
256
power series for
256
recurrence formulas
256
reflection formula
256
series expansion for l/r(z)
257
Stirling's formula
267, 272, 274, 276
tables of
256
triplication formulas
-258
Wallis' formula
556
Gauss series
887
Gaussian integration
916
abscissas and weight factors for
920
for integrands with a logarithmic singularity
921
of moments
931
Gaussian probability function
573
Gauss' transformation
561
Gegenbauer polynomials
(see orthogonal polynomials)
794
coefficients for and a;" in terms of
776
graphs of
362, 377, 556
Generalized hypergeometric function
asymptotic formulas
binomial coefficient
continued fraction for

Generalized Laguerre polynomials

(see orthogonal polynomials)
Generalized mean

Geometric mean
Geometric progression

771

10
10
1
89 6

method
Gudermannian
Gill's

77

integrals involving

301
303

Hankel functions

interrelations

300

Harmonic

graph of

of

70
70

periodic property of

polynomial approximations
series expansions for

Page

maxima and minima

Hankel's contour integral

analysis

358, 379, 510

25 5
202, 881

INDEX

1036

Page

Harmonic mean

10

Haversine
Heaviside expansion theorem

Hermite functions
Hermite integration
abscissas and weight factors
Hermite polynomials
(see

78
1021
509, 691
for

890
924
300, 510, 691, 775

orthogonal polynomials)
and x" in terms of

coefficients for

801

graph of

780
802
595
595
622

values of

Heuman's lambda function

graph of
table of

Hh function
Holder's inequality for integrals
sums
Horner's scheme
for

11

and subtraction

of

addition formulas for

continued fraction for

DeMoivre's theorem
differentiation formulas

graph of
half -angle formulas
indefinite integrals
infinite

products

modulus and phase

multiple angle formulas
negative angle formulas
periodic properties of
products of

and imaginary parts

relations between
real

relation to circular functions

series

expansions for

tables of

Hypergeometric

11

788

Hyperbolic functions
addition

300, 691

differential

equation

solution of

Hypergeometric functions

83
84
83
85
84
85
83
83
86
85
84
84
83
83
84
84
83
83
85
213, 219
562
563
332,

335, 336, 362, 377, 487, 555, 779

as Legendre functions

561
561

as polynomials
as reductions of Riemann's P-function
asymptotic expansions of
differentiation formulas
Gauss series
Gauss' relations for contiguous functions
integral representations
special cases of
special elementary cases
special values of the

argument

transformation formulas

565
565
557
556
557
558
561
556
556
559

Incomplete beta function

approximations to
asymptotic expansions of
computation of
continued fraction for

Page

recurrence formulas
relation to other functions
relation to the binomial expansion
relation to the x 2 -distribution
relation to the hypergeometric function
series expansion for

945
263
944
263
944
symmetry relation
263
Incomplete gamma function
230, 260, 486, 509
as a confluent hypergeometric function
262
asymptotic expansions of
263
computation of
959
continued fraction for
263
definite integrals
263
derivatives and differential equations
262
graph of
261
Pearson's form of
262
recurrence formulas
262
series developments for
262
special values of
262
table of
978
Indeterminate forms (L'Hospital's rule)
13
Inequality, Cauchy's

945
945
959
944

11

Chebyshe v's

11

Holder's for integrals

Holder's for sums

11

11

Minkowski's for integrals

Minkowski's for sums
Schwarz's

11

triangle

11

11

11

Integral of a bivariate normal distribution over a

polygon

956

Integrals
of circular functions

77

of exponential functions

71

of hyperbolic functions

86
82
88

of inverse circular functions

of inverse hyperbolic functions

of irrational algebraic functions

of logarithmic functions
of rational algebraic functions

Integration

Bode'srule

by parts

five-point rule for analytic functions

Gaussian type formulas

iterated integrals

Lagrange formula
Lobatto's integration formula
multidimensional
Newton-Cotes formula
Radau's integration formula
Simpson's rule
Interpolation

Aitken's iteration
Bessel's formula

bivariate

Everett's formula

12
69
12
885
886
12

Chebyshev's equal weight formula

Euler-Maclaurin summation formula
Filon's formula

trapezoidal rule
263, 944

263, 944

method

887
886
890
887
887
891
886
888
891
886
888
886
885
878
879
881
882
880

INDEX

1037

Page

harmonic analysis

881
881
878
880
880
880
881
880
881
629

inverse

Lagrange formula
Newton's divided difference formula
Newton's forward difference formula
Taylor's expansion
Thiele's formula

throwback formulas
trigonometric
Invariants
tables of

Inverse circular functions

22,

addition and subtraction of

Chebyshev approximations
continued fractions for
differentiation formulas

graph of
indefinite integrals

logarithmic representation

negative arguments
polynomial approximations
real and imaginary parts
relation to inverse hyperbolic functions
series expansions for

between squares of the functions

relation to the copolar trio

relation with Weierstrass functions

series

expansions in terms of the

special

Jacobi's polynomials

793

coefficients for

graphs of
Jacobi's theta function (see theta functions)

773, 776

Jacobi's zeta function

578, 595

graph of

88
87
87
87
88
221

negative arguments
relation to inverse circular functions

expansions for

tables of

J
functions

addition theorems for

approximations in terms of circular functions

approximations in terms of hyperbolic functions.
of the

567
574
573
574

arithmetic-geometric

571

mean
calculation of

change of argument
change of parameter
classification of

complex arguments
definitions

derivatives of

double arguments
graphs of
half-arguments
integrals

integrals of the squares

Jacobi's imaginary transformation

Landen transformation
leading terms of series in powers of w
parameter
principal terms

569
573
573
570
649
575
571
577
561, 773

(see orthogonal polynomials)

82
80
80
81
80
80

87
88
88

logarithmic representations

by use

Jacobi's eta function

addition theorem for

86

elliptic

nome

arguments

81
82
79

86, 93

graphs of
indefinite integrals

calculation

relations

calculation

by use

576

595
of the arithmetic-geometric

mean
Jacobi's imaginary transformation
g-series for

relation to theta functions

special values

table of

578
595
595
595
578, 595
595
619

203

table of

Jacobian

reciprocal parameter

81

Inverse hyperbolic functions

addition and subtraction of
continued fractions for
differentiation formulas

series

680
79, 92
80
82

Page

quarter periods

579, 581

572
573
570
575
569
574
574

"0
574
575
576
574
573
575
^69
0iil

379,387,509
Kelvin functions
379
ascending series for
381
ascending series for products of
381
asymptotic expansions for large arguments
383
asymptotic expansions for large zeros
383
asymptotic expansions of modulus and phase
383
asymptotic expansions of products
379
definitions
379
differential equations
381
expansions in series of Bessel functions
382
graphs of
380
indefinite integrals
382
modulus and phase
380
of negative argument
384
polynomial approximations
380
recurrence relations
380
recurrence relations for products
379
relations between
430
tables of
384
uniform asymptotic expansions for large orders
381
zeros of functions of order zero
822
Kronecker delta
504
functions
Kummer
16
Kummer's transformation of series

L
Lagrange differentiation formula
Lagrange integration coeffi cients
table of

Lagrange interpolation

coefficients

table of

Lagrange interpolation formula

Lagrange's expansion
Laguerre integration
abscissas and weight factors for

882
886
915
878
900
878
90

92 3

1038

INDEX
Page

Laguerre polynomials
(see orthogonal polynomials)
coefficients for and x" in terms of
graph of
values of

Lamp's equation
Landen's transformation
ascending
descending
Laplace transforms

509, 510, 773

799
780
800
641
573. 598, 604
573, 597, 604

1019
1020
1020
1021
1029
1029

definition

operations
tables of

Laplace-Stieltjes transforms

tables of

Laplace's equation

Laplacian
in spherical coordinates

Laurent

series

Least square approximations

Legendre functions
asymptotic expansions of

computation of
explicit expressions for

graphs of
integral representations of
integrals involving

notation for
of negative argument
of negative degree
of negative order
recurrence relations

relation to elliptic integrals

relations between

Rodrigues' formula
special values of

summation formulas
tables of

trigonometric expansions of
values on the cut

Wronskian relation
Legendre polynomials
(see

17

885
752
635
790
332, 362, 377, 561, 774
335
339
333
338, 780
335
337
332
333
333
333
333
337
333
334
334
335
342
335
333
333
332, 486, 773

orthogonal polynomials)
and x n in terms of

coeffi cients for

graph of
values of
Legendre's differential equation
solutions of

798
338, 780

342
332
332

Leibniz' theorem for

differentiation of a product

12

differentiation of an integral

Lemniscate constant
Lemniscatic case

11

658
658

L'Hospital's rule

Lobatto integration
abscissas and weight factors for
Logarithmic function
change of base
characteristic

Cheby shev approximations

common

13

888
920
67, 89
89
89
69
68, 89

67,

Page

continued fractions for

68

definite integrals

69

differentiation formula

limiting values

69
67
69
68
68

mantissa
polyn omial approximations
series expansions for

89
68
68

graph of
indefinite integrals

inequalities for

tables of

95

Logarithmic integral
graph of

228, 231, 510

231

M
Markoff 's differentiation formula
Mathematical constants

883
1

in octal scale

Mathieu functions
asymptotic representations of
comparative notation for
expansions for small q
expansions in terms of parabolic cylinder functions

graphs of
integral equations for

1017
721
740
744
730
742

725, 734

735
736
joining factors, table of
748
normalization of
732
orthogonality properties of
732
other properties of
735, 738
power series in q for periodic solutions
725
proportionality factors
735
recurrence relations among the coefficients
723
special cases of
728
special values of
740
table of coefficients for
750
table of critical values of
748
zeros of
739
Mathieu's equation
722
characteristic exponent
727
generation of
727
graphs of
728
characteristic values
722, 748
asymptotic expansions of
726
determination of
722
graph of
724
power series for
724
Floquet solutions
727
other solutions
730
relation to spheroidal wave equation
722
solutions involving products of Bessel functions.
731
stability regions of
728
Mathieu's modified equation
722
radial solutions of
732
integral representations of

Maxima
Mean

14

928

arith metic

10

generalized

10

geometric

10

harmonic

10

INDEX

1039

Page
Milne's

method

Minima
Minkowski's inequality for integrals .
for

sums

896
14

table of

11

997
826
K
374
376
375
377
377
377
374
376
376
374
377
376
375
377
Neumann series for Kv (z)
377
other differential equations
377
378
polynomial approximations
376
recurrence relations
375
relations between
416
tables of
378
uniform asymptotic expansions for large orders.
375
Wronskian relations
377
zeros of
722
Modified Mathieu functions
734
graphs of
443, 453, 498
Modified spherical Bessel functions
445
addition theorems for
443
ascending series for
453
computation of
443
definitions
445
degenerate forms
445
derivatives with respect to order
443
differential equation
444
differentiation formulas
445
duplication formula
445
formulas of Rayleigh's type
445
generating functions for
444
graphs of
444
recurrence relations
443
representations by elementary functions
469
tables of
443
Wronskian relations
498
Modified Struve functions
498
asymptotic expansion for large \z\
499
computation of
498
graph of
498
integral representations of
498
integrate
498
power series expansion for
498
recurrence relations
498
relation to modified spherical Bessel functions-501
tables of
16

823
831

coefficients

11

Miscellaneous functions
Mobius function
Modified Bessel functions, I{z),
v (z)
analytic continuation of
ascending series for
asymptotic expansions for large arguments
connection with Legendre functions
derivatives with respect to order
differential equation
formulas for derivatives
generating function and associated series
graphs of
in terms of hypergeometric functions
integral re presentations of
limiting forms for small arguments
multiplication theorems for

Modulus

Page

Multinomial

Neumann's polynomial
Neville's notation

Neville's theta functions

expression as infinite products

expression as infinite series

graphs of
tables of

Newton

coefficients

relation to Lagrange coefficients

Newton

interpolation formula
Newton's method of approximation
Newton-Cotes formula

Nome
table of

363
578
578
579
579
578
582
880
880
880, 883
18
886
591, 602
608, 610, 612

Normal probability density function

derivatives of

Normal probability function

asymptotic expansions of

bounds for
computation of
continued fraction for
error curves for

polynomial and rational approximations

power

series for

relation to other functions

values of x for extreme values of P(x) and Q(x)_values of x in terms of P(x) and Q(x)
values of Z(x) in terms of P(x) and Q(x)

Normal probability functions and derivatives

tables of

Normal probability

integral

934
826

repeated integrals of

Number

933
931
932
933
953
932
933
932
932
934
977
976
975
933
966

theoretic functions

O
Oblate spheroidal coordinates
Octal scale
Octal tables
Operations with series
Orthogonal polynomials
as confluent hypergeometric functions
as hypergeometric functions
as Legendre functions
as parabolic cylinder functions

change of interval of orthogonality

coefficients for

definition
differential equations
differential relations

evaluation of
explicit expressions for
generating functions for

graphs of
inequalities for

integral representations of

Moments

928

integrals involving

Multidimensional integration

89

interrelations

752
1017
1017
15
771

780
779
780
780
790
793
773
773, 781

783
788
775
783
773,776-780
786
784
785
777

INDEX

1040

Continued

p age

Orthogonal polynomials

787
788
of a discrete variable
774
orthogonality relations
powers of x in terms of
793, 794-801
recurrence relations, miscellaneous
773, 782
782
recurrence relations with respect to degree n
Rodrigues' formula
773, 785
777
special values of
785
sum formulas
tables of
795, 796, 800, 802
787
zeros of

limit relations

P
Parabolic cylinder functions U(a,

Pearson's form of the incomplete

Pentagamma function
(see

polygamma

x),

V(a, x)

300,

gamma

Point-slope formula
Poisson-Charlier function

Poisson distribution
table of cumulative sums of
Polar form
Polygamma functions
asymptotic formulas
fractional values of
integer values of
multiplication formula for
recurrence formula
reflection formula
series expansions for
tables of

Polynomial evaluation
Powers
computation of
general

graph of
of complex numbers
of two
ofx n /nl
tables of

Predictor-corrector

method

Primes
table of
Primitive roots
table of
Probability density function

asymptotic expansion of
Probability functions

Probability integral
of the x 2 -distribution, table of
Progressions

arithmetic
geometric
Prolate spheroidal coordinates
Pseudo-lemniscatic case
Psi function

asymptotic formulas
definite integrals

duplication formula
fractional values of

graph of
in the complex plane
integer values of

recurrence formulas
reflection

function

825
262
260

functions)

Percentage points of the x2-distribution

values of x 2 in terms of Q and v
Percentage points of the F-distribution
values of F in terms of Q, v\, v 2
Percentage points of the ^-distribution
values of t in terms of A and v
Planck's radiation function
Plane triangles, solution of

Pochhammer's symbol

509, 685, 780

689
asymptotic expansions of
697
computation of
connection with Bessel functions
692, 697
connection with confluent hypergeometric func691
.
tions
connection with Hermite polynomials and func69
tions
with probability integrals and
connection
691
Dawson's integral
689
Darwin's expansions
686
differential equation
689
expansions for a large, x moderate
689
expansions for x large a moderate
689
expansions in terms of Airy functions
687
integral representations of
690
modulus and phase
686
power series in x for
recurrence relations
688
687
standard solutions
700
table of
687
Wronskian and other relations
zeros of
696
Parabolic cylinder functions W(a, x)
692
asymptotic expansions of
693
complex solutions
693
computation of
699
connection with Bessel functions
695
confluent
hypergeometric
connection
with
functions
695
Darwin's expansions
694
differential equation
686, 692
expansions for a large x moderate
694
expansions for x large, a moderate
693
expression in terms of Airy functions
693
integral representations of
693
modulus and phase
695
power series in x for
692
standard solutions
692
table of
712
Wronskian and other relations
693
zeros of
696
Parameter m
569, 602
table of
612
Partitions
825
into distinct parts
825
tables of
831, 836
,

Page

unrestricted

formula

984
986

990
999
78, 92

256
896
509
959
978
16

260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
267, 271
788
19,

90
69
19

16

1016
818
24
896
231
870
827
864
931
935
927
262, 691
978
10
10
752
662
258, 264
259
259
259

258
258
259
258
258
259

INDEX

1041

Page
series

expansions for

259
267, 272, 276, 288
259

tables of

zeros of

Page

Kummer's transformation

of

16

Lagrange's expansion
logarithmic
operations with

14
68
15
16
14
74
774

reversion of

Quadratic equation, solution of

Quartic equation, resolution into quadratic factors. .

17,

19

17,

20

R
Radau's integration formula

Random deviates,
Random numbers
methods

888
949
949
949
991
299
299
300
299
300
299
300
299
299
300
300

generation of

of generation of

table of

Repeated integrals

of the error function

as a single integral

asymptotic expansion of
definition

derivatives of
differential

equation

graph of
power series for
recurrence relations
relation to

Hermite polynomials

relation to parabolic cylinder functions

relation to the confluent hypergeometric func-

tion
relation to the

Hh

function

table of

value at zero
Representation of numbers
Reversion of series
Riccati-Bessel functions
definitions
differential equation

Wronskian relations

Riemann

zeta function

special values of

Riemann's

differential equation

solutions of

Riemann's

P function

transformation formulas

Ring functions
Rodrigues' formula
Roots
computation of
graph of
of complex numbers

Taylor's

trigonometric
Shifted Chebyshev polynomials
(see orthogonal polynomials)
Shifted Legendre polynomials
(see

Sievert integral

Simpson's rule
Sine integral

asymptotic expansions of
computation of

definitions

graphs of
integral representation of
integrals

rational approximations
relation to exponential integral
series

expansions for

symmetry

relations

tables of

Skewness

300
300
317
300
1012
16, 882
445
445
445
445
256, 807
807
564
564
564
565
336
334, 773, 785

774

orthogonal polynomials)

Spence's integral
Spherical Bessel functions
addition theorems for
analytic continuation of

ascending series for

complex zeros of h(z), h(z)

computation of
cross products of
definitions

degenerate forms
derivatives with respect to order
differential equation
differentiation formulas
duplication formula

1000
886
231, 510
233
233
231
^
232
232
232
233
232
232
232
238, 243
928
1004
230, 301, 435, 540
440
439
437
441
452
439
437
440
440
437

Gegenbauer's generalization for

generating functions for

graphs of
infinite series involving jl(z)

2>0
modulus and phase

limiting values as
19*

89
19

20
24 223
896
17,

tables of

>

Runge-Kutta methods

general conversion methods

Schwarz's inequality
Sectoral harmonics

1011

1012

H
332
I4

Series

binomial
Euler-Maclaurin summation formula
Euler's transformation of
exponential

Rayleigh's formula for

recurrence relations
relation to Fresnel integrals
representations

S
Scales of notation

Poisson's integral for

16,
16,

22

by elementary functions

tables of

Wronskian relations
zeros and their asymptotic expansions
Spherical polynomials (Legendre)
(see orthogonal polynomials)

Spherical triangles, solution of

Spheroidal wave functions

behavior of

21

asymptotic

"9

asymptotic expansions of

439.

440
438
439
438
440
437
439
438
439
439
440
437
457
4 ">

440
332
79
'

51

'

OD

INDEX

1042

Continued
Spheroidal wave functions
characteristic values for
differential equations
evaluation of coefficients for
expansions for
joining factors for

normalization of
tables of

table of eigenvalues of
table of prolate joining factors
Stirling

numbers

kind
table of the second kind
Stirling's formula
table of the

first

Struve's functions

asymptotic expansions for large orders

asymptotic expansions for large \z\
computation of
differential equation
graphs of

497,

integral representations of

496,

integrals

497,

modified

power

series

expansion for

496,

recurrence relations

496,

relation to Weber's function

special properties of

tables of

Student's ^-distribution

approximations to
asymptotic expansion of
limiting distribution

non-centra)
series

expansions for

statistical properties of

Subtabulation

Summable series
Summation of rational series
Sums of positive powers
Sums of powers
Sums of reciprocal powers
Systems of

differential equations of first order

Thiele's interpolation formula

881

753
755
755
757
755
766

Toroidal functions
Toronto function
Trapezoidal rule
Triangle inequality
Trigamma function

336
509
885

760
769
824
833
835
257
495
498
498
499
496
496
498
498
498
498
498
498
497

Trigonometric functions

501
948
949
949
949
949
948
948
881
1005
264
813
804
807, 811
897

T
Taylor expansion
Taylor's formula
Tesseral harmonics

880
14

332
934
260

Tetrachoric functions
Tetragamma function
(see

polygamma

functions)

Theta functions
addition of quarter-periods
calculation by use of the arithmetic-geometric

mean

Neville's notation for

relations

576
577

577, 580

expansions in terms of the nome q

Jacobi's notation for
logarithmic derivatives of
logarithms of sum and difference

between squares of the functions

relation to Jacobi's zeta function

relation with Weierstrass elliptic functions

Page

Paee
753, 756

576
577
576
577
578, 582
576
578
650

(see

polygamma

11

260

functions)
71

(see circular functions)

Truncated exponential function

70,

262

U
774

Ultraspherical polynomials

orthogonal polynomials)
coefficients for and a " in terms of
graphs of
Unit step function
(see

. _

794
776
1020

V
Variance
Variance-ratio distribution function
(see F-distribution function)
Vector-addition coefficients

928
946
1006

W
WalhV formula
Wave equation

258

and oblate spheroidal coordinates

752
498
498
relation to Anger's function
498
relation to Struve 's function
627
Weierstrass elliptic functions
addition formulas for
635
651
case A =
663
computation of
conf or mal mapping of
642, 654, 659
629
definitions
640
derivatives of
665
determination of periods from given invariants..
determination of values at half-periods, etc., from
664
given periods
differential equation
629, 640
629
discriminant
652
equianharmonic case
expressing any elliptic function in terms of ^and
0>'
651
629
fundamental period parallelogram
630
fundamental rectangle
631
homogeneity relations
641
integrals
629
invariants
634
Legendre's relation
658
lemniscatic case
maps of
642, 654, 659
635
multiplication formulas
639
other series involving &, &' f
662
pseudo-lemniscatic case
631
reduction formulas
649
relation with complete elliptic integrals
649
relations with Jacobi's elliptic functions
650
relations with theta functions
in prolate

Weber's function.:

INDEX

1043

Page

reversed series for large \0>\, g?'

reversed series for small |cr|
series expansions for
\

special values

and

relations

|f|

638
640
635
633

Page

Whittaker functions
Wigner coefficients

505
1006

Z
Zeta function

symbolism

629

Jacobi's

tables of

673

Riemann's

578
256, 807

Index of Notations
Page

=T(a+n)lr(a) (Pochhammer's symbol)

(o) n

characteristic value of Mathieu's equation-.

a T (q)

= 2P(x) l

normal probability function

Airy function
A.G.M. arithmetic-geometric mean
am z amplitude of the complex number z
antilog antilogarithm (log -1 ),.
A(x)

Ai(z)

z, arccos z
inverse circular functions
arctan z, arccot z

arcsin

arcsec

z,

z,

arcsech

arg

z,

arccsch

argument

Kelvin functions
Airy function
cd, sd, nd
Jacobian elliptic functions
c.d.f.
cumulative distribution function
Bi(z)

Mathieu function
en Jacobian elliptic function
Cn, Dn, Sn integrals of the squares of Jacobian

ce T (z, q)

functions

cs, ds,

ns

C(x)

Fresnel integral

C n (x)
Ce r (z,

q)

(z)

Chi(z)
Ci(z)

Cin(z)

Cinh(z)
colog

of the second kind..

generalized Fresnel integral

Ci(z),
(a)

functions

Chebyshev polynomial

C(x, a)

Cn

elliptic

modified Mathieu function

Fresnel integrals
ultraspherical (Gegenbauer) polynomial..
hyperbolic cosine integral
(z)

cosine integral
cosine integral

hyperbolic cosine integral

cologarithm

covers A,

coversine

dc, nc, sc

Jacobian elliptic functions

delta amplitude (Jacobian

dn = A(^>)

elliptic

(x)

cylinder

function

576
570
300
774
262
732
300
774
231
231
231
231
89
78
570

(Whittaker's

roots of a polynomial (Weierstr ass form)..

exponential function
truncated exponential function
E(<p\a)
elliptic integral of the second kind
E{a,x)
parabolic cylinder function
E(z)
Weber's function
i? (m) (z)
Weber parabolic cylinder function
E(m) complete elliptic integral of the second
kind

e2

e(z)

1044

g(x)

modified exponential integral

Euler number
n
E n (x) Euler polynomial
E n (z) exponential integral
erf z
error function
erfc z
complementary error function
exp z = e* exponential function
exsec A, exsecant A
Ein(z)

joining factors for

687
629
69
262
589
693
498
509
590

Mathieu functions

F(a,b;c;z)

hypergeometric function
elliptic integral of the first kind

F(<p\ot)

Coulomb wave function

Fl(v:p)

FPP fundamental
a n &i,
n F m (a u

(regular)

period parallelogram
generalized hyper.,
., b m ; z)
;
geometric function
g 2 g 3 invariants of Weierstrass elliptic functions.
joining factors for Mathieu functions...
ffe.r. ffo.r
g{x, y, p)
bivariate normal probability function
.

Gi(z)

related Airy function

p)

228
228
928
228
804
804
228
297
297
69
78
735
556
589
538
629

G L (v,

569

parabolic

form)
Ci 2> ?3

722
804
804
379
446
570
927
725
569

func-

tion)

Page

exponential integral
E (z) exponential integral
E[g(X)] expected value operator for the function
Ei(x)

fe.r, fo.r

berx, bei^x,

Jacobian

86

16

B n Bernoulli number
B n {x) Bernoulli polynomial

elliptic

89
79

of z

characteristic value of Mathieu's equation..

b r (q)

16

arccsc z

arccosh z inverse hyperbolic functions..

arctanh z, arccoth z

arcsinh

256
722
931
446
571

Coulomb wave function

556
629
740
936
448

(irregular or loga-

538
774
Gudermannian
gd(z)
77
h^(z)
spherical Bessel function of the third kind.
437
hav A haversine A
78
H(z)
Struve's function
496
Hi(z)
related Airy function
448
He n (z) Hermite polynomial
775
H<">(z)
Bessel function of the third kind (Hankel)
358
Hh n (x) HA (probability) function
300,691
Hermite polynomial
775
n (x)
695
Him, n, x) confluent hypergeometric function
I(z)
modified Bessel function
374
VT^/z/n+HC 3 ) modified spherical Bessel function
443
of the first kind
ViT/ z ^-n-H( 2 ) modified spherical Bessel function
443
of the second kind
incomplete gamma function (Pearson's
/(, p)
262
form)
263
Ix {a, b)
incomplete beta function
16
^z imaginary part of z( = y)
299
repeated integral of the error function
i" erfc z
437
spherical Bessel function of the first kind
j n (z)
498
Anger's function
Jv(z)
358
J r (z) Bessel function of the first kind
590
k modulus of Jacobian elliptic functions
590
complementary modulus
k'
510
Bateman's function
k y (z)
rithmic)

(j n (p,q<x)

Jacobi polynomial

INDEX OF NOTATIONS

1045

Page

repeated integrals of
(z)
VIWz K+x(z) modified spherical Bessel function of the third kind
modified Bessel function
K,(z)
K(m) complete elliptic integral of the first kind_Kelvin functions
keTyX, kei>x

Ki-(z)

logarithmic integral

li(x)

lim

limit

common

logioz

logarithm of

logz
In

(Briggs) logarithm

= log

to base a

natural,

e 2)

m
mean
m parameter

functions)

complementary parameter
M(a, b, z) Kummer's confluent

modified Mathieu function

Ms r (z, q) modified Mathieu function
Whittaker function
tili {z)
n characteristic of the elliptic integral of the third
q)

{i)

o(v n )

of the order of

vn

(ujv n

is

bounded)-

= u n lim^=0

S (m)

Stirling

Stirling

(m)

p(ra)

Weierstrass elliptic function

ph 2 phase of the complex number 2
incomplete gamma function
P(a,x)
F(x2 k) probability of the x 2 - distribution
associated Legendre function of the
Pt{z)
0>{z)

S(z)

elliptic function
Fresnel integral

Si(z),

S 2 (z)

Se r (z,

q)

kind
P(x)
normal probability function
P(z)
Legendre function (spherical polynomials)

Shi(z)

S n (x)

P*(j) shifted Legendre polynomial

fV "' (x) Jacobi polynomial
Pr\X<x\ probability of the event X
q

<x

nome

Q(x)

= l P(x)
area)

normal probability function

Chebyshev polynomial

hyperbolic sine integral

angular spheroidal wave function
Sml(c, v)
sine integral
cos

2,

cot

tan

2,

sec

2,

2,

2,

Kummer's

b, z)

confluent

Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind.

shifted Chebyshev polynomial of the second

Ul(x)

kind
U(a,x) Weber parabolic cylinder function
versine A
vers A,

Weber parabolic

V(a, x)

cylinder function

error function

W(a,

x)

Wk,h(z)

Weber parabolic

[x

*>91

Y,{z)

931

Z(x)

cylinder function

Whittaker function

W\'f(x), g(x)

774
774
927

(=/(x)ff'(x) -f'(x)g(x))

divided difference
spherical Bessel function of the second kind.
Bessel function of the second kind

,x k ]

xu

y n {z)

surface harmonic of the first kind

normal probability density function

Y"(d,<p)

504
774
774
687
78
687
297
692
505

Wronskian re-

lation
,

72
83
83
509
774

hypergeometric

function

U n (x)

774
231
753
232

774

kind
U(a,

16

753
824
824
725
569
300
300
733
262
231

71

circular functions

cse 2

cosh z, tanh z hyperbolic functions

coth 2, sech z, csch 2
Toronto function
T(m,n,r)
T n (x) Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind;.-.
T'n (x)
shifted Chebyshev polynomial of the first

sinh

w(z)

(tail

of the first kind

Sih(z)

si(2)

332
334

231

sine integral

Si(2)

15

332
931
_ 333, 774

Fresnel integrals
modified Mathieu function

generalized Fresnel integral

hyperbolic sine integral

S(x, a)

sin

first

number of the first kind

number of the second kind

Jacobian

sn

363
825
629
16
260
262,940

wave function

Mathieu function

se r (z, q)

n->0

Neumann's polynomial
number of partitions

integer

825

radial spheroidal

13

259

O n (z)

distinct

kind
Legendre function of the second kind
Sftz
real part of z (=x)

68
67

590
is

into

Q n (x)

504
733
733
505

partitions

associated Legendre function of the second

R^lic,

hypergeometric

function

kind
0(v n)=u n u n

Ql(z)

936
775
775
498
928
569
569

mi

Mc^iz,

443
374
590
379
228

68
1020

fix'

(elliptic

q(n)

Naperian or hyperbolic

logarithm
Laplace transform
JZ\F(t)]=f(s)
L(h, k, p)
cumulative bivariate normal probability function
L n (x) Laguerre polynomial
L M (x) generalized Laguerre polynomial
modified Struve function
\-,{z)

Page

number of
summands

483

5 5
877
437
358
332
931

Notation

Greek Letters
Page

modular angle

=\

*(z)

(elliptic

590

function)

m
fe-'tdt

228

Page

Q(u\m) Jacobi's theta function

nth cumulant
Kn
joining factor for spheroidal

k.%1

= /-!

Pn(z)

228

'dt.

wave functions. _

A(n)=XJ(2*+l)-

577
928
757
807

fe=o

= S(-l)*(2fc+l)-"

0()

807

\ mn

characteristic value of the spheroidal

B x (a,

incomplete beta function

B(z, w)
beta function
y Euler's constant
7 (a, x) incomplete gamma function (normalized)

263
258
255
260

7i=

928

b)

skewness

coefficient of

0-3

3
7 2 =-4
tr*

gamma
x)

da

Kronecker delta

&n(fn)

A
A

function
incomplete gamma function
(

if

i?*k;

=1

if

i=k)

central difference

difference operator

discriminant of Weierstrass' canonical form

A(/)

Ax

forward difference

Riemann

807
629
578

zeta function
Weierstrass zeta function
Z(u\m) Jacobi's zeta function
f (2)

=S (-l)*- ^"

807

u(n)

255
260
822
877
822
629
877
14

absolute error

f(x)

mean

ju(/ n )

=f (o) Weierstrass elliptic function.

H(u), Hi(w) Jacobi's eta function
# n (z) theta function
& c (e\a) ,& d (e\a)
Neville's notation
va

631
577
576
578

difference

Mobius function

/i(n)

nth central moment

nth moment about the origin
ir(x)
number of primes <x
v n (x) = (x x )(x xO
(xx)
At n

n' n

n (n

the third kind

factorial function

correlation coefficient

p n (x ,Xi,

.,x) reciprocal difference

Poisson-Charlier function

p(v, x)

standard deviation

<r
o-

elliptic integral of

<p\a)

11(2)

variance
Weierstrass sigma function
divisor function

a (z)
a

k (n)

t(x)

tetrachoric function

p=am

u,

amplitude

Euler-Totient function
itX
characteristic function of
<p{t) = E(e
)
z)
confluent hypergeometric function
*(a; b;
logarithmic
derivative
of
gamma
the
^(2)
<p{ri)

c; 2)

confluent hypergeometric function

629

period of Weierstrass elliptic functions

uk,h(x)

878
5C0
255
936
878
509
298
928
629
827
934
569
826
928
504
258
504

function

*(o;
co

for

theta functions

& (e\a) ,d s (i\a)

753
595
877
826
928
928
231

Heuman's lambda function

(^>\a)

928

coefficient of excess

r (z)
r (a
i

wave

equation

fc=o

Cunningham function

510

Miscellaneous Notations
Page

Page

[an]
[a,-]

V"
A*

determinant
column matrix
Laplacian operator
forward difference operator

19
19
752
877

<x>

nearest integer to x
complex conjugate of 2 (=x

z
z=x-\-iy

(?)

n\

(=

J/-1)

binomial coefficient
factorial function.

(2n)!!

=2-4-6

(m,n)

greatest

(2n)=2"ra!.

common

divisor

70
10
255
258
822

n sum or product taken over all prime numbers p.

sum or product overall positive divisors d of n

826

(n;
[x]

Tii,

=
nf,

k\T(y2 +n-k)
.

.,

n,

m)

largest integer

1046

(Hankel's symbol)

multinomial coefficient.

<x

437

66

summation
restricted summation

2'

~
823

(polar form)

overall

-j-

(n, k)

T(V2 +n+k)

if

absolute value or modulus of

16

complex number (Cartesian form)

16
16
16
822
755
807

= re
\z\

883

r partial derivative

222

iy)

II

14
15
10
12

approximately equal
asymptotically equal

<, >, < >

9^

228

Cauchy's principal value of the integral.

inequality, inclusion

unequal
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