Form 4 Physics Chapter 1 & 2

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011
1.1 U N D E R S T A N D I N G P H Y S I C S
P E N G E N A L A N K E P A D A F I Z I K
Mengenali konsep Tandakan () dalam pernyataan yang berkaitan dengan fizik.
fizik dalam
kehidupan harian Tick () the statements that are related to physics.
dan fenomena
Blood circulation in our body is controlled by heart.
semulajadi.
Peredaran darah dalam badan yang dikawal oleh jantung.
Recognise the A large truck moves faster than a car because it has a more powerful engine.
concepts of  Lori yang besar bergerak dengan cepat berbanding kereta disebabkan enjin
physics in yang lebih berkuasa.
everyday objects We need water in our digestion system.
and natural Kita memerlukan air dalam sistem pencernaan.
phenomena Orange juice is acidic because its taste is sour.
Jus oren ialah asid disebabkan ia berbau masam.
An object on a high building has a large potential energy.
 Sesuatu objek di atas bangunan tinggi mempunyai tenaga keupayaan yang
besar.
When we heat water, its temperature increased.

Apabila kita memanaskan air, suhunya akan meningkat.
We are sweating when our body metabolism is high.
Kita berpeluh apabila badan kita mempunyai metabolism yang tinggi.
Pure water has pH 7.
Air yang tulen mempunyai pH 7.
We cannot see object in dark

Kita tidak dapat melihat objek dalam keadaan gelap.
A ship is floating in water.

Sebuah kapal sedang terapung di atas air.
Human body coordination is controlled by hormone system.
Koordinasi badan manusia dikawal oleh sistem hormon.
Oxidation will act faster in acidic medium.
Pengoksidaan bertindak dengan cepat dalam medium berasid.
1.2 U N DER S TA N D IN G B A SE AN D D ER IV E D QU A N TIT IE S
PENGENAL AN KUANT ITI AS AS DAN KUANT ITI T ERBIT AN
Recognise 1. Identify Physical quantities, Magnitude, Units and Measuring instrument from the
physical quantity statements below. Write them into the table below (next page).
and unit
A
Ismail weigh a wooden block that has mass of 500 gram using a lever beam balance.
B Ong Beng Hock measures the length of a building which is 100 meter long using a
measuring tape.
C Siew Mei measures her body’s temperature using a digital thermometer and obtains
38C.
1-1
D Bathumalai determines the volume of water using a measuring cylinder and obtains
150 milliliter.
E Hanisah measures the diameter of a wire which is 1.26 millimeter using a
micrometer screw gauge.
F Vinisha takes the time of 20 oscillations of a pendulum using a stopwatch and
obtains 24.6 seconds.
Statement Physical quantity Magnitude Unit Measuring instrument
Mass 500 Gram Lever beam balance

A
B Length 100 Meter Measuring tape
C Temperature 38 C Thermometer
D Volume 150 Milliliter Measuring cylinder
E Diameter 1.26 Millimetre Micrometer screw gauge
F time 24.6 Second stopwatch
Define base 2. Identify base quantities and derived quantity from the equation below.
quantities and
derived quantities (a) Volume = length x length x length
are
Base quantity length
= (i) _________________
volume
Derived quantity = (i) _________________
(b) Area = length x length
Base quantity length

= (i) _________________
Area
(c)
Base quantity Mass

= (i) _________________ length
(ii) ____________________
Density
cannot be derived from any quantities.

(i) Base quantity is physical quantity that __________
(ii) Derived quantity is physical quantity that ___________________

is derived from the base
quantities.
1-2
List base quantities

and their S.I unit PHYSICAL QUANTITY S.I UNIT
Pressure Time Current Second Newton Ampere
Length Area Temperature Kelvin kilogram Pascal
Weight Force Volume Joule m2 Watt
Work Energy Power m s-1 meter m3
Velocity Mass
3. Choose base quantities from the physical quantities given above and state their S.I
units.
No. Base Quantity S.I Unit

1. length meter
2. Mass kilogram
3. Time second
4. Electric current Ampere
5. temperature Kelvin
List some derived 4. Write 5 derived quantities from physical quantities given in the box above (previous
quantities and their page) and state their S.I units. [*any five]
S.I units
No. Derived Quantity S.I Unit
1. Pressure Pascal
2. Force / weight Newton
3. Work / energy Joule
4. Velocity m s-1
5. Area m2
6. Volume m3
\
Express quantities 5. Rewrite the values below in scientific notation (Standard notation)
using scientific
notation No. Original value Scientific notation
1. 12 000 m 1.2 x 104 m
2. 3 000 000 000 s 3.0 x 109 s
3. 0.000 000 000 56 N 5.6 x 10-10 N
4. 0.000 78 J 7.8 x 10-4 J
5. 0.0034 A 3.4 x 10-3 A
1-3
Express quantities 6. Arrange the prefixes given below in ascending order. Then, state their multiple / sub-
using prefixes multiple.
PREFIXES MULTIPLE / SUB-MULTIPLE

Nano (n) kilo (k) pico (p) 103 109 10-2
1
mega (M) centi (c) giga (G) 10 10-12 106
deci (d) deca (da) tera (T) 10-6 102 10-1
-9
hector (h) micro () milli (m) 10 10-3 1012
Multiple / Multiple /
No. Prefix No. Prefix
Sub-multiple Sub-multiple
1. Tera 1012 7. pico 10-12
2. Giga 109 8. nano 10-9
3. Mega 106 9. micro 10-6
4. kilo 103 10. milli 10-3
5. hecto 102 11. centi 10-2
6. deca 101 12. deci 10-1
Solving problem 1. Rewrite the values below using the suitable prefix.
involving
conversion of units (i) 4.1 x 1012 m 4.1 Tm
= __________ (vii) 3.8 x 102 K 3.8 hK
= __________
(ii) 9.3 x 101 s 9.3 das

= __________ (viii) 1.7 x 109 W 1.7 GW
= __________
(iii) 0.5 x 10-3 J 0.5 mJ
= __________ (ix) 4.1 x 103 C 4.1 kC
= __________
(iv) 11.2 x 10-2 N 11.2 cN

= __________ (x) 9.5 x 10-6 A 9.5 A
= __________
(v) 5.9 x 106 V = __________
5.9 MV (xi) 8.6 x 10-12 m = __________
8.6 pm
(vi) 6.6 x 10-9 m 6.6 nm
= __________ (xii) 2.2 x 10-1 s 2.2 ds
= __________
2. Replaced the prefix in the values below with the correct multiple or sub-multiple.
(i) 4.1Tm = 4.1 x 1012 m (vii) 3.8 daK = 3.8 x 101 K

(ii) 9.3 ms = 9.3 x 10-3 s (viii) 1.7 GW = 1.7 x 109 W
(iii) 0.5 kJ = 0.5 x 103 J (ix) 4.1 hC = 4.1 x 102 C
(iv) 11.2 cN = 11.2 x 10-2 N (x) 9.5 A = 9.5 x 10-6 A
(v) 5.9 MV = 5.9 x 106 V (xi) 8.6 pm = 8.6 x 10-12 m
(vi) 6.6 dm = 6.6 x 10-1 m (xii) 2.2 ns = 2.2 x 10-9 s
1-4
Check Yourself 1
1. Which physical quantity has the correct S.I 6.

unit? A radio station airs its programmes by
transmitting waves at a frequency of
Physical quantity S.I unit 102.3 MHz. How much is this frequency, in
Hz?
A Temperature Celcius
B Time minute A 1.023 x 102
C Mass Newton B 1.023 x 105
D Length metre C 1.023 x 106
D 1.023 x 108
2. Time, speed, density, and energy are ..............

quantities. 7. Which of the following values is equal to 470
pF?
A base C vector
B scalar D derived A 4.7 x 10-10 F
B 4.7 x 1011 F
C 4.7 x 10-7 F
3. Which of the following shows the correct D 4.7 x 102 F
relationship between the base quantities for -1
density? 8. Hamid cycles at a velocity of 3.1 km h .
-1
What is this velocity, in m s ?
M
A A 0.09 C 1.16
L L L
B 0.86 D 11.61
M L M
B
T
9. Which measurement is the longest?
T T
C A 2.68 x 103 m
L M
B 2.68 x 10-1 mm
M L C 2.68 x 103 cm
D D 2.68 x 10-4 m
L L T
10. Which of the following conversion of unit is

4. Which of the following is not a base S.I unit? correct?
A Gram C Ampere A 24 mm3 = 2.4 x 10-6 m3
B Kelvin D Meter B 300 mm3 = 3.0 x 10-7 m3
C 800 mm3 = 8.0 x 10-2 m3
D 1 000 mm3 = 1.0 x 10-4 m3
5.
Which of the following physical quantities is 11. Which of the following frequencies is the
not a base quantity? same as 106.8 MHz?
A Weight C Temperature A 1.068 x 10-4 Hz
B Time D Electric current B 1.068 x 10-1 Hz
C 1.068 x 102 Hz
D 1.068 x 106 Hz
E 1.068 x 108 Hz
1-5
1.3 UNDERSTANDING SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES
Define scalar and 1. Read the statements below to make a generalisation on scalar quantity and vector
vector quantities. quantity. Then classify the physical quantities into scalar quantity and vector quantity
in the table below.
A Hasan walks with a velocity of 2 m s-1 due West.

B Husna runs with a speed of 5 m s-1.
C Sangeetha walks along a displacement of 40 m due North.
D Jason runs along a distance of 30 m.
E Chin Wen push the table downwards with a force of 30 N.
F Wen Dee has a mass of 40 kg.
Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity

Speed Velocity
Distance Displacement
Mass Force
(i) magnitude
Scalar quantity is physical quantity that has _______________________.
magnitude
(ii) Vector quantity is physical quantity that has _______________________ and
direction
________________________.
Differentiate 2. Underline the correct physical quantity.

between distance
and displacement. (i) (Distance / Displacement) is the total length travelled by an object.
(ii) (Distance / Displacement) is the shortest length measured between the initial
point and the final point.
1-6
EXAMPLE:
A 4m B
A boy walks from A to C through B.
(i) Distance of the boy =4m+3m =7m

3m
(ii) Displacement of the boy = 42 + 32 = 5 m
Check Yourself 2
1. Which of the following quantities is a vector

3. Which quantity is a vector quantity?
quantity?
A Energy C Force A Area C Distance
B Power D Pressure B Length D Displacement
2. Diagram below shows the path travelled by a

4. Which of the following is group of vector
car from P to S.
quantities?
5 km A Velocity, mass, displacement
P Q
B Speed, time, acceleration
C Force, velocity, displacement
3 km D Area, temperature, momentum
S R
1 km
What is the displacement of the car?
A 5.0 km C 8.2 km
B 6.8 km D 9.0 km
1-7
1.4 U N D E R S T A N D I N G M E A S U R E M E N T S
Recognise 1. State the suitable measuring instrument for the physical quantities in the table below.
appropriate
instrument for MEASURING INSTRUMENT
physical quantities Metre rule Barometer Thermometer Lever balance
Spring balance Hydrometer Measuring cylinder Bourdon gauge
Ammeter Voltmeter Stopwatch Vernier calliper
Micrometer screw gauge
No. Physical Quantity Measuring Instrument

1. Temperature Thermometer
2. Length Metre rule
3. Time Stopwatch
4. Mass Lever balance
5. Electric current Ammeter
6. Voltage Voltmeter
7. Density Hydrometer
8. Atmospheric pressure Barometer
9. Pressure Bourdon gauge
10. Force Spring balance
11. Volume Measuring cylinder
12. Diameter of tube Vernier calliper
13. Diameter of wire Micrometer screw gauge
Measure physical 2. Label the part of vernier calliper below.

quantity using
vernier calliper. PART OF VERNIER CALLIPER
Inner jaws Outer jaws Main scale Vernier scale
Inner jaws
Main scale
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Vernier scale
Outer jaws
1-8
3. Take the reading from a vernier calliper:
EXAMPLE:
(i) 0.70
(i) Read the main scale.
cm
Main scale reading = 0.70 cm
0 1 2 (ii) Read the vernier scale.

0 Vernier scale reading = 0.02 cm
(iii) Total up the readings.
(ii) 0.02 Actual reading = 0.72 cm
cm
4. Read the vernier calliper below.
(i) 3 4 (ii) 2 3
0 0
3.10 cm 2.10 cm
Main scale = .................... Main scale = ....................
Vernier scale 0.03 cm
= .................... Vernier scale 0.06 cm
= ....................
Actual reading 3.13 cm
= .................... Actual reading 2.16 cm
= ....................
(ii) (iv)
8 9 0 1
Main scale 8.50 cm

= .................... Main scale 0.20 cm
= ....................
Vernier scale 0.06 cm
= .................... Vernier scale 0.04 cm
= ....................
Actual reading 8.56 cm
= .................... Actual reading 0.24 cm
= ....................
1-9
Measure physical 5. Label the part of micrometer screw gauge below.

quantity using
micrometer screw PART OF MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE
gauge. Anvil Spindle Sleeve Thimble Ratchet
Anvil Spindle Thimble Ratchet
Main scale
6. Take the reading from a micrometer screw gauge.
EXAMPLE:
(i) 3.00 mm (i) Read the sleeve scale (main scale).

Sleeve scale reading = 3.00 mm
0 50 (ii) Read the thimble scale.

(ii) 0.44 mm Thimble scale reading = 0.44 mm
40
(iii) Total up the readings.

Actual reading = 3.44 mm
7. Read the micrometer screw gauge below:
(i) (ii)
0 30 0
20
20 10
Sleeve scale 5.00 mm

= .................... Sleeve scale 3.00 mm
= ....................
Thimble scale 0.24 mm
= .................... Thimble scale 0.16 mm
= ....................
Actual reading 5.24 mm
= .................... Actual reading 3.16 mm
= ....................
(iii) (iv)
0 0
60
20
50
10
1-10
Sleeve scale 5.50 mm

= .................... Sleeve scale 3.00 mm
= ....................
Thimble scale 0.19 mm
= .................... Thimble scale 0.56 mm
= ....................
Actual reading 5.69 mm
= .................... Actual reading 3.56 mm
= ....................
Explain sensitivity. 8. Table below shows readings from three instruments J, K, and L that are used in
measuring the mass of a Petri dish.
Instrument J Instrument K Instrument L

20 g 19.4 g 19.42 g
A piece of dried leaf of mass 0.05 g is then put in the Petri dish.
(i) Which instrument is able to detect the small change of the mass? L
[...............]
L
(ii) Which instrument is the most sensitive? [................]
(iii) Which instrument has the highest sensitivity? L
[................]
detect small
(iv) Sensitivity of instrument is the capability of the instrument to ...............................
changes.
..................................................................................................................................
(v) Which instrument gives reading in the most decimal place? [.................] L
more
(vi) The ...................... higher
the decimal place, the ........................... sensitivity of the
instrument.
Explain accuracy. 9. Table below shows readings from three instruments P, Q, and R that are used in
measuring the length of a wire. The actual length of the wire is 10.0 cm.
Instrument P Instrument Q Instrument R

10.1 cm 10.4 cm 9.6 cm
(i) Which instrument gives the closest reading to the actual length of the wire?
P
[...............]
(ii) Which instrument gives the most accurate reading? P
[...............]
(iii) Which instrument has the highest accuracy? P
[...............]
give reading
(iv) Accuracy of instrument is the capability of the instrument to ..................................
close to the actual size.
...................................................................................................................................
1-11
Explain 10. Table below shows four readings from three instruments X, Y, and Z that are used in
consistency measuring the length of a wire. Each instrument repeats the measurement for four
(Precision) times.
Instrument X 10.0 cm 10.1 cm 10.1 cm 10.0 cm

Instrument Y 10.1 cm 10.4 cm 10.2 cm 9.8 cm
Instrument Z 9.8 cm 9.6 cm 9.9 cm 9.5 cm
(i) Which instrument gives readings with the smallest deviation (difference)?
X
[...............]
X
(ii) Which instrument gives the most consistence readings? [...............]
X
(iii) Which instrument has the highest consistency? [...............]
give reading
(iv) Consistency of instrument is the capability of the instrument to .............................
with small deviation/difference.
...................................................................................................................................
Explain type of 11. In an experiment, the readings of measurement taken may have slightly difference due
experimental error.
error
to some mistakes. The difference in the readings is called as .........................................
12. These errors can be caused by the change of environment, human factors or the
deficiency of measuring instrument.
13. Error that is caused by environment and human usually is (constant / changeable)*.
14. Error that is caused by the instrument is always (constant / changeable)*.
15. Type of Error:
Random Error Difference Systematic Error
Human factor and

Cause Instrument
environment
Magnitude /
Random Constant
value
Parallax error Example Zero error
Add or deduct the zero

error from the reading.
Method to
Take few readings and find
reduce the
the average reading Use different instrument
error
while taking readings and
find the average
1-12
Check Yourself 3
1. A, B, C, and D shows the shooting marks on a 4. A, B, C, and D show parts of four different
target. Which marks can explain the concept balance scales. Which balance is the most
. of precision of a measurement? sensitive?
A C A C
B D
B D
2. Diagram below shows the target board in a 5. The diagrams show the scales on a pair of
game. vernier callipers and a metre rule.
Target
board Target
Which result is consistent but not accurate?
A C Vernier calliper Metre rule
Which comparison is correct about the

sensitivity of the vernier callipers and the
metre rule when measuring the thickness of a
B D wire?
Vernier callipers Metre rule

A Low sensitivity Low Sensitivity
B Low sensitivity High sensitivity
C High sensitivity Low sensitivity
3. The diagram shows the scale of a micrometer D High sensitivity High sensitivity
screw gauge.
6. Table below shows the readings of the

thickness of a board which are taken by four
students.
Reading/cm
Student
1 2 3 4
What is the reading of the micrometer? A 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
B 2.53 2.53 2.53 2.53
A 7.02 mm C 7.03 mm C 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.53
B 7.52 mm D 7.58 mm 1-13
D 2.71 2.73 2.74 2.74
Each student made four measurements. If the 11. Diagram (a) shows the reading of a
actual thickness of the board is 2.53 cm, vernier calliper while its jaws are closed.
which of the students A, B, C, and D made Diagram (b) shows the reading of the vernier
the measurements that are accurate but not calliper when a metal sheet is placed between
consistent? the jaws.
7. The diagram shows the scale of a vernier

calliper.
(a) (b)
What is the thickness of the metal sheet?
A 0.46 cm C 0.38 cm
What is the reading of the vernier calliper? B 0.42 cm D 0.32 cm
A 2.16 cm C 1.86 cm 12.

Which of the following statements is correct
B 2.06 cm D 1.76 cm about zero error?
A Can be reduced by determining average

reading.
8. Atmospheric pressure can be measured by B The magnitude of error increases when
using the value of the reading increases.
C Exist either in positive or negative.
A hydrometer D The magnitude of error increases if the
B Bourdon gauge and manometer range of scale is large.
C Bourdon gauge and mercury barometer Diagram below shows two types of ammeters,
D manometer and mercury barometer 12. X and Y, that can be used to measure electric
current.
9. Four students, A, B, C, and D use a micrometer
screw gauge, a metre rule, and a vernier
calliper to measure the thickness of a board.
Which student records the reading correctly?
Micrometer Metre Vernier

screw rule/mm calliper/mm
gauge/mm
A 11.1 11 11.13
B 11.13 11.1 11.128
C 11.128 11.1 11.13
D 11.13 11 11.1
10. The diagram shows the scale of a micrometer

screw gauge. (a) Which ammeter is more sensitive?
Ammeter Y
...................................................................
(b) State one reason for your answer above.

Ammeter Y has smaller division of
...................................................................
scale
...................................................................
1-14
What is the reading of the micrometer?
...................................................................
A 4.95 mm C 4.50 mm
B 4.55 mm D 4.45 mm
13. Which of the following ways can reduce the 13.

parallax error while taking reading of current (a) The external diameters of the cylinder at
from an ammeter? four different places are shown in the
table below.
A Use a higher sensitivity ammeter.
B Repeat the measurement and calculate Relative
External diameter/cm
the average reading. deviation/%
C Take the reading using a magnifying 2.04 2.05 2.04 2.06 0.37
glass.
D Use ammeter that has plane mirror
below the pointer. (i) Why is the external diameter
measured four times?
To get average reading / To find

.............................................................
13. What is the function of the plane mirror under
the pointer in an ammeter? relative deviation
.............................................................
A To increase the consistency of the
measurement. (ii) What is the purpose of calculating the
B To increase the accuracy of the relative deviation?
measurement.
C To avoid parallax error. To.............................................................
determine the consistency of the
D To prevent zero error. measurement
.............................................................
.............................................................
14.
Figure below shows the meniscus of oil in a
measuring cylinder. P, Q and R are three eye
16. Figure below shows the scale of an ammeter. positions while measuring the volume of the
oil.
Mirror
(a) Name the physical quantity measured by

the ammeter. (a) Which position of the eye is correct while
taking the reading of the volume of oil?
Electric current
................................................................... Q. (but the direction must be 90)
...................................................................
(b) What is the value of the smallest division
on the scale? (b) Give one reason for the answer above.
Position of eyes is at the level of the
0.1 A
................................................................... ...................................................................
meniscus of the oil
(c) State the function of the mirror located ...................................................................
under the scale.
To avoid parallax error
................................................................... 18.
1-15
...................................................................
17. Figure below shows a vernier calliper used to

measure external diameter of a hollow (i) What is the zero error of the vernier
cylinder. calliper?
.............................................................
-0.04 cm
(ii) Calculate the thickness of the metal

sheet.
(b) Name the part labelled X.

Inner jaws
...................................................................
Zero error = - 0.04 cm
(c) What is the function of X?
To measure internal diameter of hollow Reading = 3.62 cm
...................................................................
object Actual reading = 3.62 – (-0.04) cm
...................................................................
= 3.66 cm
19. A student is assigned to measure the thickness
of a metal sheet. The student is provided with
a vernier calliper.
3.66 cm
Thickness = .................................
(a) The student uses the vernier calliper to
measure the thickness of the metal sheet.
Figure (i) shows the scale of the vernier
calliper while the jaws are closed. Figure
(ii) shows the scale of the vernier calliper
when the metal sheet is put between the
jaws.
(i)
(ii)
1-16
1.5 U N D E R S T A N D I N G S C I E N T I F I C I N V E S T I G A T I O N
Identify variables 1. Identify and state the variables that can be investigated from the situations below.
in a given situation
EXAMPLE:
The car moves faster when it is pushed harder.
Cause : pushed harder Manipulated variable : Force

Effect : moves faster Responding variable : Speed/Velocity/
Acceleration
Manipulated Responding
No. Situation
variable variable
1. The temperature of smaller block rises
Mass Temperature
faster when it is heated.
2. The pendulum system with longer string
Length Time
takes longer time to stop.
3. The loaded lorry is harder to stop than the
Mass Time to stop
empty lorry.
4. The trolley that falls from the higher place
Height Speed
moves faster.
5. The spring becomes longer when it is
Force Length
pulled harder.
1-17
Making inference 2. Write inference from the given variables.
EXAMPLE:
Manipulated variable : Length Responding variable: Time
Inference : The length affects the time taken.
No. Inference
variable variable
1. Force Acceleration The force affects the acceleration
2. Mass Temperature The mass affects the temperature
3. Force Extension The force affects the extension
4. Mass Time The mass affects the time
5. Force Pressure The force affects the pressure
6. Area Pressure The area affects the pressure
7. Temperature Volume The temperature affects the volume
1-18
Form hypothesis. 3. Write hypothesis from the given variables.
EXAMPLE:
Manipulated variable : Length Responding variable: Time
Hypothesis : The longer the length, the longer the time taken.
No. Hypothesis
variable variable
The larger the force, the higher the
1. Force Acceleration
acceleration
The larger the mass, the lower the
2. Mass Temperature
temperature
The larger the force, the longer the
3. Force Extension
extension
4. Mass Time The larger the mass, the longer the time
The larger the force, the higher the

5. Force Pressure
pressure
6. Area Pressure The larger the area, the lower the pressure
The higher the temperature, the larger the

7. Temperature Volume
volume
Analyse the data. 4. Data obtained from an experiment can be analysed by plotting a line graph.
Manipulated variable is on the x-axis, and responding variable is on the y-axis.
The variables must be stated together with the correct unit.
Time/min
EXAMPLE:
Manipulated variable : Mass

Responding variable : Time
Mass/kg
1-19
5. Sketch a graph to analyse the following variables:
(i) Manipulated variable : Force (ii) Manipulated variable : Mass

Responding variable : Acceleration Responding variable : Temperature
Acceleration/m s-2 Temperature/C
Force/N Mass/kg
(iii (iv) Manipulated variable : Mass

Manipulated variable : Force
)
Responding variable : Extension Responding variable : Time
Extension/cm Time/s
Force/N Mass/kg
1-20
(v) Manipulated variable : Force (vi) Manipulated variable : Area

Responding variable : Pressure Responding variable : Pressure
Pressure/Pa Pressure/Pa
Area/cm2
Interpret data to 6. The conclusion of an experiment is made based on the line graph obtained.
draw a conclusion.
EXAMPLE:
Time/min Pressure/Pa
1
/m-2
Mass/kg 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Conclusion: Conclusion:
The time is directly proportional The pressure is inversely proportional
to the mass. to the area.
Temperature/C
Time/min
Conclusion:
The temperature is linearly
increasing with the time.
1-21
Interpret data to 7. Write a conclusion based on the line graphs below:

draw a conclusion.
(i) Period2/s2 (ii) Temperature/C
1
/kg-2
Length/cm 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
The square of period is directly The temperature is inversely
proportional to the length proportional to the mass
(iii) (iv)
Volume/m3 Extension/cm
Pressure/kPa Force/N
The volume is linearly increasing The extension is directly
with the pressure proportional to the force
1-22
Check Yourself 4
1. Which of the following graphs obeys the 4. Diagram below shows an investigation about
equation F = kx, where k is a constant? the stretching of a spring. Babies of different
masses are supported by identical springs.
A C
B D
Which of the following variables are correct?
Manipulated Responding Constant

variable variable variable
A Mass of the Length of Diameter of
baby the spring the spring
B Length of Mass of the Diameter of
the spring baby the spring
C Diameter of Length of Mass of the
the spring the spring baby
D Mass of the Diameter of Length of
baby the spring the spring
1-23
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
2. Table below shows the results of an experiment

to investigate between load and extension when
a spring is stretched.
Load, F/N 100 150 200 250 300
Extension,
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
x/cm
5. The graph shows the relationship between
The original length of the spring is l 0 = 15.0 cm. physical quantities P and Q.
What is the manipulated variable?
A Load, F
B Extension, x
C Original length of the spring, l0
D Material used to make the spring
3. The graph shows the relationship between v

and t.
Which statements about the graph is correct?
A If Q = 1, then P = 2.
B The gradient of the graph is 1.
C P is directly proportional to Q.
D The equation of the graph is P = 1 + 3Q
The relationship between v and t is

represented by the equation
𝑝 𝑝
A 𝑣 𝑡+𝑝 C 𝑣 − 𝑡+𝑝
𝑞 𝑞
𝑝 𝑝
B 𝑣 𝑡+𝑞 D 𝑣 − 𝑡+𝑞 2-24
𝑞 𝑞
Physical Quantity Definition, Quantity, Symbol and unit
Distance is the total path length travelled from one location to another.
Distance, s Quantity: scalar SI unit: meter (m)
(a) The distance in a specified direction.

(b) the distance between two locations measured along the shortest path
Displacement, s connecting them in a specific direction.
(c) The distance of its final position from its initial position in a
specified direction.
Quantity: vector SI unit: meter (m)
Speed is the rate of change of distance

Speed,v
Dis tan ce
Speed =
time
Quantity: scalar SI unit: m s -1

Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.
Velocity, v
Displacement
Velocity = time
Direction of velocity is the direction of displacement

Quantity : Vector SI unit: m s -1
Average speed TotalDis tan t Example: A car moves at an average

v= speed / velocity of 20 ms -1
TotalTime
On average, the car moves a distance/
displacement of 20 m in 1 second for the
whole journey.
Average velocity Displacement
v
TotalTime
Uniform speed Speed that remains the same in magnitude without considering its direction
Uniform velocity Velocity that remains the same in magnitude and direction
An object has a non- (a) T he direction of motion changes or the motion is not linear.
uniform velocity if
(b) The magnitude of its velocity changes.
Acceleration, a When the velocity of an object increases, the object is said to be accelerating.
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity
2-25
v u Change in velocity
a Acceleration=
t Time taken
Final velocity,v - Initial velocity,u
=
Time taken,t
Unit: ms-2
The velocity of an object increases from an initial velocity, u, to a higher final
velocity, v
Acceleration is positive
Deceleration
acceleration is negative. The rate of decrease in speed in a specified direction.
The velocity of an object decreases from an initial velocity, u, to a lower final

velocity, v.
Zero acceleration An object moving at a constants velocity, that is, the magnitude and direction of
its velocity remain unchanged – is not accelerating
Constant acceleration Velocity increases at a uniform rate.

When a car moves at a constant or uniform acceleration of 5 ms -2, its velocity
increases by 5 ms -1 for every second that the car is in motion.
1. Constant = uniform
2. increasing velocity = acceleration
3. decreasing velocity = deceleration
4. zero velocity = object at stationary / at rest
5. negative velocity = object moves in opposite direction
6. zero acceleration = constant velocity
7. negative acceleration = deceleration
2-26
Comparisons between distance and displacement Comparisons between speed and velocity
Distance Displacement
Total path length travelled The distance between two Speed Velocity
from locations measured The rate of change of The rate of change of
one location to another along the shortest path distance displacement
connecting them in Scalar quantity Vector quantity
specific direction
It has magnitude but no It has both magnitude and
direction direction
Scalar quantity Vector quantity SI unit : m s-1 SI unit : m s-1
It has magnitude but no It has both magnitude

direction and direction
SI unit meter SI unit : meter
Fill in the blanks:
1. A steady speed of 10 ms -1 = A distance of 10 m is travelled every second.

2. A steady velocity of -10 ms -1 = A displacement of 10 m is travelled every 1 second to the left.
3. A steady acceleration of 4 ms -2 = Speed goes up by 4 ms-1 every 1 second.
4. A steady deceleration of 4 ms -2 = speed goes down by 4 ms-1 every 1 second
5. A steady velocity of 10 ms -1 = A displacement of 10 m is travelled every 1 second to the right.
2-27
Example 1 Example 2
Every day Rahim walks from his house to the junction Every morning Amirul walks to Ahmad’s house
which is 1.5km from his house. which is situated 80 m to the east of Amirul’s house.
Then he turns back and stops at warung Pak Din which is They then walk towards their school which is 60
0.5 km from his house. m to the south of Ahmad’s house.
(a)What is the distance travelled by Amirul

and his displacement from his house?
Distance = (80 +60 ) m = 140 m
Displacement = 100 m
80
tan θ = =1.333 θ = 53.1º
60
(b)If the total time taken by Amirul to travel
from his house to Ahmad’s house and then
to school is 15 minutes, what is his speed
and velocity?
140m
(a)What is Rahim’s displacement from his house Speed = =0.156 in ms-1
• when he reaches the junction. 1.5 km to the 15  60 s
right
• When he is at warung Pak Din. 0.5 km to the 100m
Velocity = = 0.111 ms-1
left. 15  60 s
(b)After breakfast, Rahim walks back to his house.
w hen he reaches home,
(i) what is the total distance travelled by
Rahim?
(1.5 + 1.5 + 0.5+0.5 ) km = 4.0 km
(ii) what is Rahim’s total displacement from
his house?
1.5 +( -1.5) +(- 0.5 )+0.5 km = 0 km
Example 3 Example 4
Salim running in a race covers 60 m in 12 s.
An aeroplane flies towards the north with a
(a) What is his speed in ms-1
velocity 300 km hr -1 in one hour. Then,
60m the plane moves to the east with the
Speed = = 5 ms-1
12 s velocity 400 km hr -1 in one hour.
(b) If he takes 40 s to complete the race, what is his (a)What is the average speed of the plane?
distance covered? Average speed = (300 km hr -1 +
4 00 km hr -1 ) / 2 = 350 km hr -1
distance covered = 40 s × 5 ms-1 = 200 m (b)What is the average velocity of the plane?
Average velocity = 250 km hr -1
400
Tan θ = = 1.333 θ =
300
2-28
(c)What is the difference between average speed

and average velocity of the plane?
Average speed is a scalar quantity.

Average velocity is a vector quantity
Example 5
The speedometer reading for a car travelling due north
shows 80 km hr -1. Another car travelling at 80 km hr -
1
towards south. Is the speed of both cars same? Is
the velocity of both cars same?
The speed of both cars are the same but the velocity of
both cars are different with opposite direction
A ticker timer
 Use: 12 V a.c. power supply

 1 tick = time interval between two dots.
 The time taken to make 50 ticks on the ticker tape is 1 second. Hence, the time interval between 2
consecutive dots is 1/50 = 0.02 s.
 1 tick = 0.02 s
2-29
Relating displacement, velocity, acceleration and time using ticker tape.
VELOCITY FORMULA
Time, t = 10 dicks x 0.02 s
= 0.2 s
displacement, s = x cm
velocity =
2
ACCELERATION
Initial velocity, u =
2
2
final velocity, v =
2
acceleration, a =
Elapsed time, t = (5 – 1) x 0.2 s = 0.8 s or
t = (50 – 10) ticks x 0.02 s = 0.8 s
TICKER TAPE AND CHARTS TYPE OF MOTION
Constant velocity
– slow moving
Constant velocity
– fast moving
 Distance between the dots increases uniformly

 the velocity is of the object is increasing uniformly
 The object is moving at a uniform / constant
acceleration.
2-8
- Distance between the dots decrease uniformly
- The velocity of the object is decreasing Uniformly
- The object is experiencing uniform / constant
decceleration
Example 6
The diagram above shows a ticker tape chart for

a moving trolley. The frequency of the
ticker-timer used is 50 Hz. Each section has
10 dots-spacing.
(a) What is the time between two dots.
Time = 1/50 s = 0.02 s
(b) What is the time for one strips.
0.02 s × 10 = 0.2 s
(c) What is the initial velocity
2 cm / 0.2 s = 10 ms-1
(d) What is the final velocity.
12 cm / 0.2 s = 60 ms-1
(e) What is the time interval to change from

initial velocity to final velocity?
( 11 - 1) × 0.2 s = 2 s
(f) What is the acceleration of the object.
vu 60  10 -2
a= = ms = 25 ms-2
t 2
THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION
v  u  at u = initial velocity
1 v = final velocity
s  ut  at 2 t = time taken
2 s = displacement
v  u  2as
2 2
a = constant acceleration
2.2 M O T I O N G R A P H S
2-9
DISPLACEMENT – TIME GRAPH Velocity is obtained from the gradient of the graph.
A – B : gradient of the graph is positive and constant

velocity is constant.
B – C : gradient of the graph = 0
the velocity = 0, object is at rest.
C – D : gradient of the graph negative and constant.
The velocity is negative and object moves
in the opposite direction.
VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH Area below graph Distance / displacement
Positive gradient Constant Acceleration

(A – B)
Negative gradient Constant Deceleration
(C – D)
Zero gradient Constant velocity /
zero acceleration
(B – C)
GRAPH s versus t v versus t a versus t

Zero velocity
Negative
constant
velocity
Positive Constant
velocity
GRAPH s versus t v versus t a versus t

2-10
Constant acceleration
Constant deceleration
2-11
Example 1
Example 2
Contoh 11
(a) Calculate the acceleration at:

Based on the s – t graph above: (i) JK (ii) KL (iii) LM
(a) Calculate the velocity at (i) 2 ms-2 (ii) -1 ms-2 (iii) 0 ms-1
(i) AB (ii) BC (iii) CD
-1
(i) 5 ms (ii) 0 ms-1 (iii) - 10 ms-1
(b) Describe the motion of the object at:
(b) Describe the motion of the object at: (i) JK (ii) KL (iii) LM
(i) AB (ii) BC (iii) -1 CD
(i) constant velocity 5 ms (i) constant acceleration of 2 -2ms-2
(ii) at rest / 0 ms-1 (ii) constant deceleration of 1ms
(iii) constant velocity of 10 ms-1in opposite (iii) (iii) zero acceleration or constant
direction velocity
(c)Find: Calculate the total displacement.

(i) total distance 50 m + 50 m = 100 m Displacement = area under the graph
= 100 m + 150 m + 100 m + 25 m
= 375 m
(ii) total displacement 50 m + (- 50 m) = 0
(c) Calculate the average velocity.
(d) Calculate Average velocity = 375 m / 40 s
100m = 9.375 ms-1
(i) the average speed = 2.86 ms-1
35s
(ii) the average velocity of the moving
particle.
0
2-10
2.3 I N E R T I A
Inertia The inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if
moving, to continue its motion.
Newton’s first law Every object continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion unless
it is acted upon by an external force.
Relation between inertia and The larger the mass, the larger the inertia
mass
SITUATIONS INVOLVING INERTIA

SITUATION EXPLANATION
EEEEEEEEJNVJLKN
When the cardboard is pulled away quickly, the coin drops straight into the
glass. DNFLJKVNDFLKJNB
VJKL;DFN BLK;XC
NB[F
The inertia of the coin maintains its state at rest.
NDPnDSFJ[POJDE]O-
The coin falls into the glass due to gravity.
JBD]AOP[FKBOP[DF
LMB NOPGFMB
LKFGNKLB
FGNMNKL’ MCVL
BNM’CXLB
Chilli sauce in the bottle can be easily poured out if the bottle is moved
NFGNKEPLANATION
down fast with a sudden stop. The sauce inside the bottle moves
together with the bottle.
When the bottle stops suddenly, the sauce continues in its state of motion
due to the effect of its inertia.
Body moves forward when the car stops suddenly The passengers were in a state
of motion when the car was moving.
When the car stopped suddenly, the inertia in the passengers made them
maintain their state of motion. Thus when the car stop, the passengers
moved forward.
A boy runs away from a cow in a zig- zag motion. The cow has a large inertia
making it difficult to change direction.
2-11
 The head of hammer is secured tightly to its handle by

knocking one end of the handle, held vertically, on a hard
surface.
This causes the hammer head to continue on its

downward motion.
When the handle has been stopped, so that the top
end of the handle is slotted deeper into the hammer
head.
• The drop of water on a wet umbrella will fall when the

boy rotates the umbrella.
• This is because the drop of water on the surface of the

umbrella moves simultaneously as the umbrella is
rotated.
• When the umbrella stops rotating, the inertia of
the drop of water will continue to maintain its motion.
1. Safety in a car:
Ways to reduce the negative (a)Safety belt secure the driver to their seats.
effects of inertia When the car stops suddenly, the seat belt provides the
external force that prevents the driver from being
thrown forward.
(b)Headrest to prevent injuries to the neck during rear-
end collisions. The inertia of the head tends to
keep in its state of rest when the body is moved
suddenly.
(c)An air bag is fitted inside the steering wheel.
It provides a cushion to prevent the driver from hitting
the steering wheel or dashboard during a collision.
2. Furniture carried by a lorry normally are tied up together by

string.
When the lorry starts to move suddenly, the furniture are
more difficult to fall off due to their inertia because their
combined mass has increased.
2-23
Relationship between mass and • Two empty buckets which are hung with rope from the
inertia ceiling.
• One bucket is filled with sand while the other bucket is
empty.
• Then, both pails are pushed.
• It is found that the empty bucket is easier to push.
Push and compared to the bucket with sand.

• The bucket filled with sand offers more resistance to
movement.
• When both buckets are oscillating and an attempt is

made to stop them, the bucket filled with sand offers
more resistance to the hand (more difficult to bring
to a standstill once it has started moving)
• This shows that the heavier bucket offers a greater

resistance to change from its state of rest or from
its state of motion.
An object with a larger mass has a larger inertia.
2.4 M O M E N T U M
2-24
Definition Momentum = Mass x velocity = mv

SI unit: kg ms-1
Principle of Conservation of Momentum In the absence of an external force, the total

momentum of a system remains unchanged.
Elastic Collision Inelastic collision
ƒ Both objects move independently at their ƒ The two objects combine and move together
respective velocities after the collision. with a common velocity after the collision.
ƒ Momentum is conserved. ƒ Momentum is conserved.
ƒ Kinetic energy is conserved. ƒ Kinetic energy is not conserved.
Total energy is conserved. ƒ Total energy is conserved.
Total Momentum Before = total momentum after Total Momentum Before = Total Momentum After
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 m1 u1 + m2 u2 = ( m1 + m2 ) v
Explosion
Before explosion both object stick together and at rest.
After collision, both object move at opposite
direction.
Total Momentum Total Momentum after

before collision is collision :
zero m1v1 + m2v2
2-25
From the law of conservation of momentum:

Total Momentum = Total Momentum
Before collision after collision
0 = m1v1 + m2v2
m1v1 = - m2v2
Negative sign means opposite direction
EXAMPLES OF EXPLOSION (Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum)

When a rifle is fired, the bullet of mass m,
moves with a high velocity, v. This creates a
momentum in the forward direction.
From the principle of conservation of
momentum, an equal but opposite
momentum is produced to recoil the riffle
backward.
Application in the jet engine:

A high-speed hot gases are ejected from the back
with high momentum.
This produces an equal and opposite momentum
to propel the jet plane forward.
The launching of rocket

Mixture of hydrogen and oxygen fuels burn
explosively in the combustion chamber.
Jets of hot gases are expelled at very high speed
through the exhaust.
These high speed hot gases produce a large
amount of momentum downward.
By conservation of momentum, an equal but
opposite momentum is produced and acted on
the rocket, propelling the rocket upwards.
2-26
In a swamp area, a fan boat is used.

The fan produces a high speed movement of air
backward. This produces a large momentum
backward.
By conservation of momentum, an equal but opposite
momentum is produced and acted on the boat. So the
boat will move forward.
A squid propels by expelling water at high velocity.

Water enters through a large opening and exits
through a small tube. The water is forced out at a
high speed backward.
Total Mom. before= Total Mom. after
0 =Mom water + Mom squid
0 = mwvw + msvs
- mwvw = msvs
The magnitude of the momentum of water and
squid are equal but opposite direction. This
causes the quid to jet forward.
Example
Example
Car A of mass 1000 kg moving at 20 ms -1 collides
with a car B of mass 1200 kg moving at 10 m s -1 Before collision After collision
in same direction. If the car B is shunted MA = 4 kg
forwards at 15 m s -1 by the impact, what is the MB = 2 kg
velocity, v, of the car A immediately after the UA = 10 ms -1 r i g h t
UB = 8 ms -1 l e f t VB 4 ms-1 right
crash?
1000 kg x 20 ms -1 + 1200 kg x 10 ms -1 =
Calculate the value of VA .
1000 kg x v + 1200 kg x 15 ms -1
[4 x 10 + 2 x (-8)]kgms -1 =[ 4 x v + 2 x 4 ]kgms -1
v= 14 ms -1
VA = 4 ms -1 right
2-27
Example
Example
A truck of mass 1200 kg moving at 30 ms-1 collides
with a car of mass 1000 kg which is travelling in A man fires a pistol which has a mass of 1.5 kg. If
the opposite direction at 20 ms-1. After the collision, the mass of the bullet is 10 g and it reaches a
the two vehicles move together. What is the velocity of 300 ms -1 after shooting, what is the
velocity of both vehicles immediately after recoil velocity of the pistol?
collision?
0 = 1.5 kg x v + 0.01 kg x 300 ms -1
-1
1200 kg x 30 ms + 1000 kg x (-20 ms ) -1
v = -2 ms -1
= ( 1200 kg + 1000kg) v
v = 7.27 ms -1 to the right Or
it recoiled with 2 ms -1 to the left
2.5 F O R C E
2-28
Balanced Force Example:

When the forces acting on an object are
balanced, they cancel each other out. The
net force is zero.
Effect : the object is at rest

[velocity = 0]
or
moves at constant velocity
[ a = 0]
Weight, W = Lift, U Thrust, F = drag, G

Unbalanced Force/ Resultant Force When the forces acting on an object are not balanced, there
must be a net force acting on it.
The net force is known as the unbalanced force or the
resultant force.
Effect : Can cause a body to

- change it state at rest (an object will
accelerate
- change it state of motion (a moving object
will decelerate or change its direction)
Newton’s Second Law of Motion The acceleration produced by a force on an object is

directly proportional to the magnitude of the net
force applied and is inversely proportional to the
mass of the object. The direction of the acceleration
is the same as that of the net force.
Force = Mass x Acceleration
F = ma
Experiment to Find The Relationship between Force, Mass & Acceleration

2-29
Relationship between a& F a& m
Situation
Both men are pushing the same mass but Both men exerted the same strength. But
man A puts greater effort. So he moves man B moves faster than man A.
faster.
Inference The acceleration produced by an The acceleration produced by an object

object depends on the net force depends on the mass
applied to it.
Hypothesis The acceleration of the object The acceleration of the object decreases
increases when the force applied when the mass of the object
increases increases
Variables: Manipulated
: Force Mass
Responding :
Acceleration Acceleration
Constant : Mass Force

Apparatus and Ticker tape, elastic cords, ticker timer, trolleys, power supply, friction compensated
Material runway and meter ruler.
2-30
Procedure : An elastic cord is hooked over the An elastic cord is hooked over a trolley.
- Controlling trolley. The elastic cord is stretched The elastic cord is stretched until the
manipulated until the end of the trolley. The trolley end of the trolley. The trolley is pulled
variables. is pulled down the runway with the down the runway with the elastic cord
elastic cord being kept stretched by being kept stretched by the same
the same amount of force amount of force
-Controlling Determine the acceleration by Determine the acceleration by analyzing the

responding analyzing the ticker tape. ticker tape.
variables. Acceleration
v u
v u Acceleration a 
Acceleration a t
t
-Repeating
Repeat the experiment by using two , Repeat the experiment by using two,
experiment.
three, four and five elastic cords three, four and five trolleys.
Tabulation of data Force, F/No of Acceleration, a/ ms-2 Mass, m/ Mass 1/m, Acceleration/
elastic cord no of , g- ms-2
1
1 trolleys m
2 /
g
3
4 1
5 2
3
4
Analysing Result 5
2-31
1. What force is required to move a 2 kg 2. Ali applies a force of 50 N to move a 10 kg

object with an acceleration of 3 m s-2, table at a constant velocity. What is the
if frictional force acting on the table?
(a) the object is on a smooth surface?
(b) The object is on a surface where the Answer: 50 N
average force of friction acting on the
object is 2 N?
(a) force = 6 N
(b) net force = (6 – 2) N
= 4N
3. A car of mass 1200 kg travelling at 20 ms -1 4. Which of the following systems will

is brought to rest over a distance of 30 m. produce maximum acceleration? D
Find
(a) the average deceleration,
(b) the average braking force.
(a) u = 20 ms -1 v = 0 s = 30 m a =?
a = - 6.67 ms-2
(b) force = 1200 x 6.67 N
= 8000 N
2-32
2.6 I M P U L S E A N D I M P U L S I V E F O R C E
Impulse The change of momentum mv - mu m = mass

Unit : kgms-1 or Ns u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
Impulsive Force The rate of change of momentum in a t = time
collision or explosion
Impulsive force =
change of momentum mv  mu

time t
Effect of time Impulsive force is Longer period of time →Impulsive force decrease
Unit = N
inversely
proportional toShorter period of time →Impulsive force increase
time of contact
Situations for Reducing Impulsive Force in Sports
Situations Explanation
Thick mattress with soft surfaces are used in events such as high jump so
that the time interval of impact on landing is extended, thus reducing
the impulsive force. This can prevent injuries to the participants.
Goal keepers will wear gloves to increase the collision time. This will
reduce the impulsive force.
2-33
A high jumper will bend his legs upon landing. This is to increase the time
of impact in order to reduce the impulsive force acting on his legs.
This will reduce the chance of getting serious injury.
A baseball player must catch the ball in the direction of the motion of the
ball. Moving his hand backwards when catching the ball prolongs the
time for the momentum to change so as to reduce the impulsive force.
Situation of Increasing Impulsive Force

Situations Explanation
A karate expert can break a thick wooden slab with his bare hand that
moves at a very fast speed. The short impact time results in a large
impulsive force on the wooden slab.
A massive hammer head moving at a fast speed is brought to rest upon

hitting the nail within a short time interval.
The large change in momentum within a short time interval produces a
large impulsive force which drives the nail into the wood.
A football must have enough air pressure in it so the contact time is

short. The impulsive force acted on the ball will be bigger and the
ball will move faster and further.
Pestle and mortar are made of stone. When a pestle is used to pound
chillies, the hard surfaces of both the pestle and mortar cause the pestle
to be stopped in a very short time. A large impulsive force is resulted
and thus causes these spices to be crushed easily.
2-34
Example 1 Answer:
(a) Impulse = 60 kg x ( 6 ms-1 - 0 )
A 60 kg resident jumps from the first floor of a burning house.
= 360 Ns
His velocity just before landing on the ground is 6 ms-1. 360 Ns
(a) Calculate the impulse when his legs hit the ground.
(b) Impulsive force = 0.5s
(b) What is the impulsive force on the resident’s legs if he =7200 N
bends upon landing and takes 0.5 s to stop? (c) He experienced a greater
(c) What is the impulsive force on the resident’s legs if Impulsive force of 7200 N and he
might injured his legs
he does not bend and stops in 0.05 s?
(d) Increase the reaction time so as to
(d) What is the advantage of bending his legs upon landing? reduce impulsive force
Example 2
Rooney kicks a ball with a force of 1500 N. The time of contact (a) Impulse = 1500N x 0.01 s
of his boot with the ball is 0.01 s. What is the impulse = 15 Ns
delivered to the ball? If the mass of the ball is 0.5 kg, what is
the velocity of the ball? 15 Ns
(b) velocity = = 30 ms-1
0.5kg
2.7 S A F E T Y V E H I C L E
Safety features in vehicles

Component Function
Head rest
Crash resistant door Windscreen

pillars
Crumple zones
Anti-lock brake system
(ABS)
Traction control Front bumper

Air bags
2-35
Headrest To reduce the inertia effect of the driver’s head.

Air bag Absorbing impact by increasing the amount of time the driver’s head to come to the
steering. So that the impulsive force can be reduce
Windscreen To protect the driver (shattered proof)
Crumple zone Can be compressed during accident. So it can increase the amount of time the car takes
to come to a complete stop. So it can reduce the impulsive force.
Front bumper Absorb the shock from the accident. Made from steel, aluminium, plastic or rubber.
ABS Enables drivers to quickly stop the car without causing the brakes to lock.
Side impact bar Prevents the collapse of the front and back of the car into the passenger compartment.
Also gives good protection from a side impact
Seat belt To reduce the effect of inertia by avoiding the driver from thrown forward.
2-36
2.8 G R A V I T Y
Gravitational Objects fall because they are pulled towards the Earth by the force of gravity.
Force
This force is known as the pull of gravity or the earth’s gravitational force.
The earth’s gravitational force tends to pull everything towards its centre.
Free fall  An object is falling freely when it is falling under the force of gravity
only.
 A piece of paper does not fall freely because its fall is affected by air
resistance.
 An object falls freely only in vacuum. The absence of air means
there is no air resistance to oppose the motion of the object.
 In vacuum, both light and heavy objects fall freely.
 They fall with the same acceleration i.e. The acceleration
due to gravity, g.
Acceleration due to  Objects dropped under the influence of the pull of gravity with
gravity, g constant acceleration.
 This acceleration is known as the gravitational acceleration,
g.
-2
 The standard value of the gravitational acceleration, g is 9.81 m s .
-2
The value of g is often taken to be 10 m s for simplicity.
 The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity depends on the
strength of the gravitational field.
Gravitational field The gravitational field is the region around the earth in which an object experiences
a force towards the centre of the earth. This force is the gravitational
attraction between the object and the earth.
The gravitational field strength is defined as the gravitational force which acts on
a mass of 1 kilogram.
F -1
g= Its unit is N kg .
m
2-27
-1
Gravitational field strength, g = 10 N kg
-2
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m s
-2
The approximate value of g can therefore be written either as 10 m s or as
-1
10 N kg .
Weight The gravitational force acting on the object.

Weight = mass x gravitational acceleration
W = mg SI unit : Newton, N and it is a vector quantity
Comparison Mass Weight

between weight &
The mass of an object is the amount The weight of an object is the force of gravity
mass
of matter in the object acting on the object.
Constant everywhere Varies with the magnitude of gravitational

field strength, g of the location
A scalar quantity A vector quantity

A base quantity A derived quantity
SI unit: kg SI unit : Newton, N
The difference
between a
fall in air and
a free fall in a vacuum of
a coin and a feather.
Both the coin and the

feather are released
simultaneously from
the same height.
At vacuum state: There is no air At normal state: Both coin and feather will
resistance. fall because of gravitational force.
The coin and the feather will fall Air resistance effected by the surface area of a
freely. fallen object.
Only gravitational force The feather that has large area will have more
acted on the objects. Both will fall at air resistance.
the same time. The coin will fall at first.
2-28
(a) The two spheres are falling The two spheres are falling down
with an acceleration. with the same acceleration
The distance between two The two spheres are at the same level
successive images of the at all times. Thus, a heavy object
sphere increases showing that and a light object fall with the
the two spheres are falling same gravitational acceleration
with increasing velocity; Gravitational acceleration is
falling with an acceleration. independent of mass
Two steel spheres are

falling under
gravity. The two
spheres are dropped
at the same time
from the same
height.
Motion graph for free fall object

Free fall object Object thrown upward Object thrown upward and fall
Example 1 (a) t = 2 s u = 0 g = 10 v=?

A coconut takes 2.0 s to fall to the ground. What is v = u + gt = 0 + 10 x 2 = 20 ms-1
(a) its speed when it strikes the ground
(b) s = ut + ½ at2 = 0 + ½ (10) 22 = 20 m
(b) ) the height of the coconut tree
2-29
2.9 F O R C E S I N E Q U I L I B R I U M
Forces in Equilibrium When an object is in equilibrium, the resultant force acting on it is zero.
The object will either be
1. at rest
2. move with constant velocity.
rd Action is equal to reaction

Newton’s 3 Law
Examples( Label the forces acted on the objects)
Paste more picture
Paste more picture
Resultant Force A single force that represents the combined effect of two of more forces in
magnitude and direction.
Addition of Forces
Resultant force, F = F1 + F2
2-30
Resultant force, F = F1 + - F2
2-31
Two forces acting at a point at an angle [Parallelogram method]
STEP 1 : Using ruler and protractor, draw theSTEP 3

two forces F1 and F2 from a point. Draw the diagonal of the parallelogram. The
diagonal represent the resultant force, F in
magnitude and direction.
STEP 2
Complete the parallelogram
scale: 1 cm = ……
A force F can be resolved into components which

Resolution of Forces are perpendicular to each other:
(a) horizontal component , FX
(b) vertical component, FY
Inclined Plane
Fx = F cos θ
Component of weight parallel to the plane = mg sin θ
Fy = F sin θ Component of weight normal to the plane = mg cos θ
2-32
2-33
Find the resultant force
17 N
5N
(d) (e)
7N
FR
2-34
Lift
Stationary Lift Lift accelerate upward Lift accelerate downward
Resultant Force = Resultant Force = Resultant Force =
The reading of weighing The reading of weighing The reading of weighing

scale = scale = scale =
Pulley
1. Find the resultant force, F 40 -30 = 10 N 30-2 = 28 N
2. Find the moving mass, m 4 + 3 = 7 kg 3+ 4 = 4 kg
3. Find the acceleration, a 40 -30 = (3+4)a 30 -2 = (4+3 )a

10 =7a 28 = 7a
a =10/ 7 ms-2 a = 4 ms-2
4. Find string tension, T T- 3 (10) = 3 a 30 – T = 3 (a)

T = 30 + 3 (10/7) T =30- 12
=240 /7 N = 18 N
2-35
2.1 WORK, ENERGY, POWER & EFFICIENCY
0
Work Work done is the product of an applied force and the
displacement of an object in the direction of the applied
force
W = Fs W = work, F = force s = displacement
The SI unit of work is the joule, J

1 joule of work is done when a force of 1 N moves an object
1 m in the direction of the force
The displacement , s of the object is

The displacement, s of the object is in the direction of the force, F not in the direction of the force,
F
W = Fs
s F
W= F s
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

A boy pushing his bicycle with a A girl is lifting up a 3 kg flower A man is pulling a crate of fish
force of 25 N through a distance pot steadily to a height of 0.4 along theWfloor
= (Fwith
cos aθ)force
s of
of 3 m. m. 40 N through a distance of 6 m.
Calculate the work done by the What is the work done in

boy. 75 Nm What is the work done by the girl? pulling the crate?
12 Nm 40 N cos 50º x 6 Nm
Concept D Formula & Unit

2-36 e
f
i
n
Power The rate at which work is W

P=
done, or the amount of
t
work done per second. p = power, W = work / energy
t = time
Energy  Energy is the capacity to do work.
 An object that can do work has energy
 Work is done because a force is applied and the objects
move. This is accompanied by the transfer of energy
from one object to another object.
 Therefore, when work is done, energy is transferred
from one object to another.
 The work done is equal to the amount of energy
transferred.
Potential Energy Gravitational potential m = mass

energy is the energy of
h = height
an object due to its
higher position in the g = gravitational acceleration
gravitational field.
E = mgh
Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy is the energy m = mass

of an object due to its v = velocity
motion.
2
E = ½ mv
No force is applied on the object in

the direction of displacement
(the object moves because of its
own inertia)
A satellite orbiting in space.
There is no friction in space. No force
is acting in the direction of
No work is done when: The direction of motion of
the object is movement of the satellite.
The object is stationary.
perpendicular to that of
A student carrying his bag while waiting at the the applied force.
bus stop
A waiter is carrying a tray

of food and walking
2-37
Principle of Conservation of Energy Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it
cannot be created or destroyed.
The energy can be transformed from one form to another, total
energy in a system is constant.
Total energy before = total energy after
Example 4
A worker is pulling a wooden block of weight W, with a
force of P along a frictionless plank at height of h. The
distance travelled by the block is x. Calculate the work
done by the worker to pull the block.
[Px = Wh]
Example 5
A student of mass m is climbing up a flight of

stairs which has the height of h. He takes t
seconds.
What is the power of the student?
mgh
[
t
Example 6 Example 7
A stone is thrown upward with initial

-1
velocity of 20 ms .
What is the maximum height which can be
reached by the stone?
[ 10m ]
A ball is released from point A of height 0.8 m so that it can roll

along a curve frictionless track. What is the velocity of the ball
when it reaches point B?
[4 ms-1]
2-38
Example 8
A trolley is released from rest at point X along

a frictionless track. What is the velocity of
the trolley
at point Y?
[ v2 = 30( ms-1)2]
[ v = 5.48 ms-1]
Example 9
A ball moves upwards along a

frictionless track of height 1.5 m
-1
with a velocity of 6 ms . What is its
velocity at point B?
[v2 = 30( ms-1)2

v = 5.48 ms-1]
Example 10
A boy of mass 20 kg sits at the top of a concrete slide of height 2.5 m. When he slides down the slope, he does
work to overcome friction of 140 J. What is his velocity at the end of the slope?
[6 ms-1]
2-39

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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1.2 U N DER S TA N D IN G B A SE AN D D ER IV E D QU A N TIT IE S

PENGENAL AN KUANT ITI AS AS DAN KUANT ITI T ERBIT AN

Statement Physical quantity Magnitude Unit Measuring instrument

Mass 500 Gram Lever beam balance

D Volume 150 Milliliter Measuring cylinder

E Diameter 1.26 Millimetre Micrometer screw gauge

F time 24.6 Second stopwatch

(b) Area = length x length

Base quantity length

Base quantity Mass

cannot be derived from any quantities.

(ii) Derived quantity is physical quantity that ___________________

List base quantities

No. Base Quantity S.I Unit

4. Electric current Ampere

PREFIXES MULTIPLE / SUB-MULTIPLE

(ii) 9.3 x 101 s 9.3 das

(iv) 11.2 x 10-2 N 11.2 cN

(i) 4.1Tm = 4.1 x 1012 m (vii) 3.8 daK = 3.8 x 101 K

1. Which physical quantity has the correct S.I 6.

2. Time, speed, density, and energy are ..............

10. Which of the following conversion of unit is

1.3 UNDERSTANDING SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

A Hasan walks with a velocity of 2 m s-1 due West.

C Sangeetha walks along a displacement of 40 m due North.

D Jason runs along a distance of 30 m.

E Chin Wen push the table downwards with a force of 30 N.

F Wen Dee has a mass of 40 kg.

Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity

Differentiate 2. Underline the correct physical quantity.

(i) Distance of the boy =4m+3m =7m

(ii) Displacement of the boy = 42 + 32 = 5 m

1. Which of the following quantities is a vector

2. Diagram below shows the path travelled by a

What is the displacement of the car?

No. Physical Quantity Measuring Instrument

Measure physical 2. Label the part of vernier calliper below.

3. Take the reading from a vernier calliper:

0 1 2 (ii) Read the vernier scale.

4. Read the vernier calliper below.

Main scale 8.50 cm

Measure physical 5. Label the part of micrometer screw gauge below.

Anvil Spindle Thimble Ratchet

6. Take the reading from a micrometer screw gauge.

(i) 3.00 mm (i) Read the sleeve scale (main scale).

0 50 (ii) Read the thimble scale.

(iii) Total up the readings.

7. Read the micrometer screw gauge below:

Sleeve scale 5.00 mm

Sleeve scale 5.50 mm

Instrument J Instrument K Instrument L

Instrument P Instrument Q Instrument R

Instrument X 10.0 cm 10.1 cm 10.1 cm 10.0 cm

14. Error that is caused by the instrument is always (constant / changeable)*.

15. Type of Error:

Random Error Difference Systematic Error

Human factor and

Parallax error Example Zero error

Add or deduct the zero

Which result is consistent but not accurate?

A C Vernier calliper Metre rule

Which comparison is correct about the

Vernier callipers Metre rule

Form 4 Physics Chapter 1 & 2

Form 4 Physics Chapter 1 & 2