Real Numbers

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Concept 1. Real Numbers

C ONCEPT
Objective

Real Numbers

To familiarize students with the subsets of real numbers and review their properties. Review Queue 1. Write down one example of each of the following: a fraction, a decimal, an integer, and a square root. 2. Do you remember the Order of Operations from another math class? What is it? 3. Which fraction is larger? a) b) c)
5 6 1 4 6 7 1 2 1 3 7 9

or or or

Subsets of Real Numbers

Objective Identify the subsets of real numbers. Watch This

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James Sousa: Identifying Sets of Real Numbers Guidance There are several types of real numbers. You are probably familiar with fractions, decimals, integers, whole numbers and even square roots. All of these types of numbers are real numbers. There are two main types of numbers: real and complex. We will address complex (imaginary) numbers in the Quadratic Functions chapter.

TABLE 1.1:
Real Numbers Rational Numbers Any number that can be plotted on a number line. Symbol: R Any number that can be written as a fraction, including repeating decimals. Symbol: Q Real numbers that are not rational. When written as a decimal, these numbers do not end nor repeat. Examples: 8, 4.67, 1 3,
1 16 Examples: 5 9 , 8 , 1.3, 4

Irrational Numbers

3 Example: e, , 2, 5

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TABLE 1.1: (continued)

Real Numbers Integers Whole Numbers Natural Numbers Any number that can be plotted on a number line. Symbol: R All positive and negative counting numbers and zero. Symbol: Z All positive counting numbers and zero. All positive counting numbers. Symbol: N Examples: 8, 4.67, 1 3, Example: -4, 6, 23, -10 Example: 0, 1, 2, 3, ... Example: 1, 2, 3, ...

A counting number is any number that can be counted on your ngers. The real numbers can be grouped together as follows:

Example A What is the most specic subset of the real numbers that -7 is a part of? Solution: -7 is an integer. Example B List all the subsets that 1.3 lies in. Solution: 1.3 is a terminating decimal. Therefore, it is considered a rational number. It would also be a real number. Guided Practice 1. What type of real number is 5?

2. List all the subsets that -8 is a part of. 3. True or False: 9 is an irrational number. Answers 1. 5 is an irrational number because, when converted to a decimal, it does not end nor does it repeat. 2. -8 is a negative integer. Therefore, it is also a rational number and a real number. 3. 9 = 3, which is an integer. The statement is false. Vocabulary Subset A set of numbers that is contained in a larger group of numbers. Real Numbers Any number that can be plotted on a number line. 2

www.ck12.org Rational Numbers Any number that can be written as a fraction, including repeating decimals.

Concept 1. Real Numbers

Irrational Numbers Real numbers that are not rational. When written as a decimal, these numbers do not end nor repeat. Integers All positive and negative counting numbers and zero. Whole Numbers All positive counting numbers and zero. Natural Numbers or Counting Numbers Numbers than can be counted on your ngers; 1, 2, 3, 4, ... Terminating Decimal When a decimal number ends. Repeating Decimal When a decimal number repeats itself in a pattern. 1.666..., 0.98989898... are examples of repeating decimals. Problem Set What is the most specic subset of real numbers that the following numbers belong in? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 5.67 6
9 5

0 -75 16

List ALL the subsets that the following numbers are a part of. 7. 4 8. 6 9 9. Determine if the following statements are true or false. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Integers are rational numbers. Every whole number is a real number. Integers are irrational numbers. A natural number is a rational number. An irrational number is a real number. Zero is a natural number. 3

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Ordering Real Numbers

Objective Listing and comparing real numbers in order according to the directions given. Watch This Watch the middle part of this video, from about 3:15 to 7:30.

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James Sousa: Real Numbers Guidance Real numbers can be listed in order even if they are different types of real numbers. The easiest way to do this is to convert all the real numbers into decimals. Example A 7 , and 2 6 on a number line. Plot 1.25, 2 Solution: One way to compare numbers is to use a number line. To plot these numbers, convert them all to decimals. 7 1.25, 2 = 3.5, and 2 6 4.899 (The symbol means approximately.) Draw your number line and plot the points. Recall that 0 is called the origin.

Depending on your scale, you can have hash marks at half-values or only even values. The placement of each number on the number line is an approximate representation of each number. Example B List 3 4 , 1.23, 2 2, 3 , 1 and
8 7

in order from least to greatest.

Solution: First, write each number as a decimal. 3 8 2 1.4142, 2 4 = 0.75, 1.23, 3 = 0.66, 1, 7 = 1.142857. Now, write the decimals, in order, starting with the smallest and ending with the largest: 0.6667, 0.75, 1, 1.1428, 1.23, 1.4142 3 8 Finally, exchange the decimals with the original numbers: 2 2 3 , 4 , 1, 7 , 1.23, Example C
Replace the blank between 5 3 ______ 2 with <, >or =. Solution: Write both numbers in decimals. 5 3 = 1.66, 2 1.57079. This means that 2 is the larger number, 5 so 3 < 2 .

Guided Practice 4

www.ck12.org 3 3 1. List 1 4 , 2 , 3, 5 , and 2 in order from greatest to least. 2. Compare 7 and 2.5 by using <, >, or =.

Concept 1. Real Numbers

3 3 1. Write all the real numbers as decimals. 1 4 = 0.25, 2 = 1.5, 3 1.732, 5 = 0.6, 2 In order, the numbers 3 1 are: 2, 3 2, 5,4, 3 2. 7 2.646. Therefore, it is larger than 2.5. Comparing the two numbers, we have 7 > 2.5. Problem Set Plot the following numbers on a number line. Use an appropriate scale. 1. 1, 0.3, 2 1 2. 1 4 , 2 2 , 3.15 5 3. 1.4, 6 , 9 4. 6, 4 3, Order the following sets of numbers from least to greatest.
1 1 5. 4, 9 2 , 3 , 4 , 1 1 4 1 6. 0, 2 , 5, 6, 3

Answers

Order the following sets of numbers from greatest to least. 1 11 7. 3.68, 4 2 , 5, 3 12 , 10 11 8. 2, 6 5 , 3 , , 5 4 Compare each pair of numbers using <, >, and =. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 1 4 8 2 8 9 3 8 2.9 2.75
8 12

50 5 2 15 1.95 6 Calculator Challenge Locate the button e on your scientic calculator. e is called the natural number and will be used in the Exponential and Logarithmic Functions chapter. a. b. c. d. Press the e button. What is e equivalent to? What type of real number do you think e is? Which number is larger? e or ? Which number is larger? e or 7?

10 15

Algebraic Properties
Objective To become familiar with the properties of algebra and the Order of Operations. Watch This

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James Sousa: The Order of Operations Guidance The properties of algebra enable us to solve mathematical equations. Notice that these properties hold for addition and multiplication.

TABLE 1.2:
Property Commutative Associative Identity Inverse Distributive Example a + b = b + a, ab = ba a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c, a(bc) = (ab)c a + 0 = a, a 1 = a 1 a + (a) = 0, a a =1 a(b + c) = ab + ac

From the Identity Property, we can say that 0 is the additive identity and 1 is the multiplicative identity. Similarly, 1 from the Inverse Property, a is the additive inverse of a and a is the multiplicative inverse of a because they both equal the identity. Example A Identify the property used in the equations below. a) 2(4x 3) = 8x 6 b) 5 1 5 =1 c) 6 (7 8) = (6 7) 8 Solution: a) is an example of the Distributive Property, b) is an example of the Inverse Property, and c) is an example of the Associative Property. More Guidance Going along with the properties of algebra, are the Order of Operations. The Order of Operations is a set of guidelines that allow mathematicians to perform problems in the exact same way. The order is as follows: Parenthesis Do anything in parenthesis rst. Exponents Next, all powers (exponents) need to be evaluated. Multiplication/Division Multiplication and division must be done at the same time, from left to right, because they are inverses of each other. Addition/Subtraction Addition and subtraction are also done together, from left to right. Example B Simplify 22 + 6 3 (5 1). 6

www.ck12.org Solution: Parenthesis 22 + 6 3 4 Exponents 4 + 6 3 4 Multiplication 4 + 18 4 Add/Subtract 18 Example C Simplify

942+13 . 22 37

Concept 1. Real Numbers

Solution: Think of everything in the numerator in its own set of parenthesis as well as everything in the denominator. The problem can be rewritten as (9 4 2 + 13) (22 3 7). When there are multiple operations in a set of parenthesis, use the Order of Operations within each set.

(9 4 2 + 13) (22 3 7) (9 2 + 13) (4 3 7) (7 + 13) (12 7) 20 5 4 Parenthesis can also be written within another set of parenthesis. This is called embedding parenthesis. When embedded parenthesis are in a problem, you may see brackets, [ ], in addition to parenthesis. Guided Practice 1. What property is being used? a) 5(c 9) = 5c 45 b) 6 7 = 7 6 2. Use the Order of Operations to simplify 8 + [42 6 (5 + 1)]. Answers 1. a) 5 is being distributed to each term inside the parenthesis, therefore the Distributive Property is being used. b) Here, order does not matter when multiplying 6 and 7. This is an example of the Commutative Property. 2. This is an example of embedded parenthesis, as discussed above. Start by simplifying the parenthesis that are inside the brackets. Then, simplify what is inside the brackets according to the Order of Operations.

8 + [42 6 (5 + 1)] 8 + [42 6 6] 8 + [16 6 6] 8 + [16 1] 8 + 15 23 Vocabulary Additive Inverse A number that is the opposite sign of a given number, such that, when added, their sum is zero. 7

www.ck12.org Multiplicative Inverse A number that is the reciprocal (and same sign) of a given number, such that, when multiplied, their product is 1. Additive Identity The additive identity is zero. Multiplicative Identity The multiplicative identity is 1. The Order of Operations A set of guidelines used to simplify mathematical expressions. When simplifying an expression, the order is perform all operations inside any parenthesis rst, followed by evaluating all exponents. Third, do all multiplication and division at the same time, from left to right. Lastly, do all addition and subtraction at the same time, from left to right. Evaluate Solve. Simplify To combine like terms within an expression to make it as simple as possible. Problem Set Determine which algebraic property is being used below. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 8+5 = 5+8 7(x 2) = 7x 14 2 3 32 =1 4 (5 2) = (4 5) 2 1 +0 = 1 4 4 6 + 6 = 0 What is the additive inverse of 1? 1 What is the multiplicative inverse of 5 ? Simplify 6(4 9 + 5) using: a. the Distributive Property b. the Order of Operations c. Do you get the same answer? Why do you think that is? Simplify the following expressions using the Order of Operations. 10. 12 4 + 33 2 10 11. 8 4 + (15 3 22 ) 6 42 12. 10 72+2 13.
1+201642 (53)2 +122

14. [3 + (4 + 7 3) 5]2 47 44 15. 76 42 18 +5 16. 62 [9 + (7 5)3 ] + 49 7 32 +(622 ) 17. 27 (328+1)3 8

2

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Concept 1. Real Numbers

18. 6 + 5 2 9 3 + 4 19. Using #18 above, insert parenthesis to make the expression equal 1. You may need to use more than one set of parenthesis. 20. Using #18 above, insert parenthesis to make the expression equal 23. You may need to use more than one set of parenthesis.