a. Radioactivity
b. Radioactive detectors
i. Cloud Chamber
1. A cloud chamber is used to show the path of ionising radiation.
2. The tracks of the radioactive emission are formed in the same way as as
the condensation trails behind a high-flying aeroplane when the air in the
sky is cold and damp enough.
3. Different tracks are formed for each radioactive emission.
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iii. Photographic Film
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Alpha decay Beta decay Gamma decay
An alpha particle is A beta particle is emitted A gamma ray photon is
emitted emitted
The proton number is The proton number is The proton number and
reduced by two and the increased by one and the nucleon number are
nucleon number is nucleon number is unchanged
reduced by four unchanged
Table 1: Radioactive emissions
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Table 2: Nature and characteristics of radioactive emissions
d. Radioactive Decay
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i. Alpha decay
Beta decay usually occurs for nuclei that have an excess of neutrons.
Gamma decay occurs when an unstable nucleus releases its excess energy in
the form of high frequency electromagnetic waves called γ-rays.
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f. Half-life
The half-life of a radioactive nuclide is the time taken for the number of
undecayed nuclei to be reduced to half of its original number.
Questions:
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(b) A radioactive source emits β -particle and γ -rays. The following
figure shows how the two types of radiation are deflected when
traveling in a vacuum through a uniform magnetic field is applied at
right angles to the plane of the paper.
(i) Explain why the γ -rays are not deflected
(ii) Explain why the β -particles are deflected
[2]
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(ii) The nuclear equation that represents the decay of Radon-
220 is written as
Copy this equation and complete it by adding the missing nucleon number
and proton number for the α-particle and the missing proton number for
the polonium nucleus.
[5]
The figure shows the structure of a simple smoke detector. The α-particles
ionize the air between the plates. Positive ions and negative ions are
created in the air and, as a result, a current is produced in the circuit.
When smoke is present, the current decreases.
(a) State the nature of an α-particle.
[1]
(b) Explain why a source that emits β -particles is not used in
this detector. [1]
(c) State how a current is produced in the air between the
plates. [1]
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(b) The teacher measures the number of particles emitted in 1 minute
from three different sources. The measurements are repeated each
hour for four hours.
(i) State and explain which source has the shortest half-life.
(ii) The experiment continues until the time is 6 hours. For this
time of 6 hours, calculate the number of particles emitted in
1 minute from
1. source A,
2. source B.
[5]
Answers:
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(b) (i) γ-rays are neutral.
(ii) β-particles are negatively charged.
3.
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4. a. A helium nucleus consisting of two protons and two neutrons.
b. β-particles have weaker ionizing effects.
c. The electric field between the plates produces forces on the ions in
the air causing the ions to move. Since the ions carry charges, the
moving charges results in a current.
d. 95 Am → 93 Np + 2 α
241 237 4
5. a. Geiger-Muller tube.
b. i. Source B.
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ii. Source A; ( ) 3 .160 = 20 min −1
2
1 6
Source B; ( ) 1600 = 25 min −1
2
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