THE SURVEY
The main focus of the project is encouraging parents to take an active interest in their children’s
education by engaging directly with the school - for example, sitting on school boards of governors,
joining the Parent-Teacher Association or a less formal 'friends of the school' group. Many parents,
however, do not join in these activities and one aim of the project was to discover why some do and some
do not so participate.
There is already an extensive literature in the United Kingdom on this topic (for a summary of some of the
latest research see Clayton 2004), but the project team aimed to produce comparative data on three
primary schools, one each in Spain, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Hence, in 2002-3 the first phase of
the project, 'Sharing new adult training pathways for better schooling', carried out a small qualitative
survey at the same school (see Clayton 2003). In 2004 this was followed up by slightly larger quantitative
surveys in Ireland and the United Kingdom and a much larger quantitative survey in Spain.
In Spain the City Council of Quart de Poblet has put resources into providing free adult education classes
for parents with the intention of enhancing their participation in formal school activities.
The questionnaire was designed by the University of Valencia for Quart de Poblet and adopted, with
some omissions and amendments, by the University of Glasgow and Shanagolden Resource Centre,
County Limerick.
A total of 25 questionnaires (see annex) was distributed to parents at a primary school and 21 were
returned. The probable reason for this high rate of return was that they were given out by hand by the
researcher, who is also a parent at the school and who was able to remind people in person to return
them.
Since the respondents to the British survey do not constitute a random sample, the results cannot be
generalised but rather are suggestive of further avenues for research.
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Chart 1(a) Sex distribution Chart 1 (b) Place of birth compared with current residence
Men Women Same Same Nearby Same Overseas
area county city country
18 7
17 6
16 5
15 4
14 3
13 2
12 1
11
10 Chart 1 (c) Economic activity
9 Full-time Part-time Student Carer
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
The sample was composed of eighteen women and three men. Only seven had been born in the town
where they now lived but a further four had been born in the same county and had moved only a short
distance. Another six had moved from a nearby city. Only two came from a different part of the United
Kingdom and another two from different countries (Turkey and South Africa). Just four were working full
time (for an employer or self-employed) and only one of these was a man. Eight were working part time,
two were students (one man and one woman) and seven were full-time carers (including one of the men).
Chart 2 (a-b) shows the types of family unit of the respondents (N=21).
Chart 2 (a) Civil status* Chart 2 (b) Family type
Single Married/ Divorced Nuclear Lone- Extended
cohabiting family parent family
family
17
16
15 15
14 14
13 13
12 12
11 11
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
*Note that cohabitation is not a civil status in the United Kingdom but was merged with marriage in the
questionnaire to avoid any potential embarrassment.
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Seventeen were married or cohabiting, two were single and two were divorced. The average (mean,
median and modal) size of household unit was four, with a range of two to seven. Fifteen lived in nuclear
family units (with spouse/partner and children); four were lone-parent families; and two lived in an
extended family unit with parents. One had a disabled member of the family.
Ten lived in houses they owned, either outright or on a mortgage; two lived in houses owned by their
parents; and nine lived in rented accommodation.
Chart 3 (a-b) shows the type of employment and occupational sector of those who were carrying out paid
work (N=12).
Of the twelve in paid employment, eight worked in the public, three in the private and one in the voluntary
sector. One (the only man working) worked full time in the construction industry, four worked in services
(only one of them full time), five part time in the education sector and two worked full time in the health
service. Eleven worked in the town where they lived, except for one who worked both in his home town
and in another town in the same county.
Chart 4 shows how many respondents had or did not have qualifications and the types of qualifications
held (N=21).
Chart 4 Qualifications
None Secondary Vocational Profess- Degree Not stated
ional
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
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Twelve had qualifications, nine did not (note that there is no certificate awarded for primary education in
the United Kingdom). Of those with qualifications, the highest obtained by two were secondary level 2,
five had vocational qualifications such as City & Guilds and RSA, one had a professional qualification,
three had university degrees and one did not specify what their qualification was.
Respondents were also asked about the division of responsibilities in their households. The results are
summarised in Table 1.
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Table 1 Division of household tasks between mother, father, child and others (N=21)
Task: Cleaning / Cooking Shopping Washing / House Helping
Carried out tidying ironing repair / with
by: gardening homework
Mother 21 21 21 21 9 21
Father 7 8 11 4 14 9
Child 7 1 1 2 0 2
Others 1 0 0 0 0 0
The majority of 'indoor' tasks were carried out mainly by women, while men were more likely to carry out
'outdoor' tasks such as house repairs, gardening and accompanying the family in shopping. Nevertheless,
over two-fifths of the seventeen fathers referred to (bearing in mind that four respondents were lone
mothers) carried out cleaning/tidying and cooking, and over half helped with homework.
A third of respondents stated that their children helped with housework; and two children helped their
younger sibling(s) with homework.
Eighteen said that they always, and three that they usually, asked their child if he or she seemed sad or
serious. On the other hand, only eight always and eight usually checked when their child seemed
particularly happy. One rarely and three sometimes asked why (one did not answer the question).
Asked how they tackled their children's problems, five chose more than one option and one did not
respond. Ten chose the option 'I listen'; five chose 'I tell him/her what to do and then we talk about it' and
two chose 'I tell him to talk it over with his/her dad/mum'. Those who offered other options emphasised
that they tried to solve the problems jointly with their children. One answer sums up this approach: 'I listen
and then we talk about it. Sometimes he decides what to do, sometimes I do and sometimes we decide
together.'
Respondents were asked how they reacted with their children asked them awkward questions, such as
where babies came from. Seventeen chose the option 'I answer clearly', while two chose 'I change the
subject' and two 'I say those are adult issues'. Several gave further clarification. Five mentioned or implied
that the age of the child was important: for example, 'To the level I feel the child can cope with, dependent
on age and maturity'. One added that she had explained where babies come from and her children had
also learnt about this at school.
One always, eight usually, ten sometimes, one rarely and one never asked what the child would like to do
after school. On the other hand, all said they knew the kinds of games their child liked to play. Fourteen of
the children liked 'traditional games', sixteen 'board games', sixteen 'video or computer games' and
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thirteen liked 'sports'. Fourteen of the children liked at least three different kinds of game. In addition, one
respondent mentioned 'imagination games'.
Asked whether their children were concerned about the environment and the future of the planet, five
answered 'a lot', thirteen 'a bit', two said they had 'no opinion' and one said 'very little'.
Respondents were very likely to attend formal meetings with their child's class teacher or sometimes to
speak to the class teacher. Contacts with the head teacher were less common but occurred much more
frequently than attendance at parents' association meetings. On the other hand, asked how often they
talked to other parents with children at the school, seven said 'sometimes', eight 'quite often' and six 'a
lot'.
In order to test the hypothesis that fear of public speaking inhibits parents from attending parents'
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association meetings, respondents were asked if they had ever spoken in public, for example, in a
meeting, and if not whether they would be willing to do so. None who answered 'no' to the first question
answered 'yes' to the second. In table 5 the answers are cross-tabulated with answers to the question
about attendance at parents' association meetings.
Table 5 Relationship between public speaking and attendance at parents' association meetings
(N=21)
Attends parents' Often or quite Sometimes Rarely or never Total
association meetings: often
Spoken in public /
willing to do so
Yes 3 1 4 8
No 2 2 6 10
No response 1 0 2 3
Total 6 3 12 21
Of the eight who had already spoken in public, half attended at least some of the parents' association
meetings and half rarely or never did so. Those who had not spoken in public (and none were willing to
do so) were less likely to attend the meetings. On the other hand, two were regular attenders.
Asked where they would go to find information if there was a problem at school, fourteen respondents
would go to the head teacher's office, fifteen to the class teacher and four to another member of staff,
such as the school secretary or the special support worker. Two said that it depended on the type of
problem. None would go to the parents' association or to anyone outside the school. One chose none of
the options but stated, 'I feel there is no-one I can talk to about problems at my children's school.'
When a problem involved schoolmates, seventeen respondents chose the option ' I discuss it and I help
him/her to resolve the problem', two ' I solve the problem directly, confronting the schoolmates' (as a last
resort) and one chose ' I tell him/her not to do anything'. In addition, six added that if the problem were
serious and was upsetting their child, they would inform the school, in particular the class teacher.
Similarly, if the child faced problems with a teacher, most (fifteen) respondents chose the option 'I discuss
it and I help him/her to resolve the problem'. One of these would 'speak to the teacher if I thought it would
help the situation', four of these would also ' solve the problem directly, confronting the teacher' and this
would be the first resort for two respondents. Two said they would go to the head teacher and one said
she had never faced that problem. One did not answer this question.
INTERPRETATION
The hypothesis to be explored was that parents who do not participate in school activities such as
parents' associations have certain characteristics. There is a sub-text to the official concern about lack of
formal parental involvement: perhaps these parents are uninterested in their children or their education. In
other words, they are 'bad parents'. Others are not 'bad parents' but are 'deficient' in terms of education or
social class. Others are simply too busy. It is often said that British workers work the longest hours in
Europe, and British women do not have access to the kind of pre-school childcare available in, for
example, the Nordic countries (and nor do Irish or Spanish women). Other inhibiting factors might include
personality (for example, shyness), and social isolation due to geographical mobility.
The sub-hypotheses explored here are that parents who do not attend parents' association meetings at
the school:
• are too busy working (including housework) and commuting;
• include lone parents, those with pre-school age children, those with large families and those with
disabled or older family members to care for;
• are too busy to take much notice of their children;
• are not interested in their children's education or schoolwork;
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• have no academic, vocational or professional qualifications;
• work in low-grade occupations;
• live in rented accommodation rather than owning their own houses;
• are afraid of public speaking, including speaking in meetings;
• come from another area and do not get involved in the new area.
Examination of these sub-hypotheses are clustered into four sections: 'bad' parents; deficient people; shy
people; outsiders.
'Bad' parents
Busy, busy, busy
Unusually, of the men, only one was working full time, one was a student and one was a carer (not a lone
parent). The full-time male worker was the only parent who commuted as part of his job and this was
short-distance travelling. Most of the parents were women, but only six were full-time carers. The others
were employed full time or part time, with one studying part time. (See Chart 1.)
Four were lone parents and one had a disabled member of the family. Nearly all had more than one child
and some had at least one pre-school child. (See Chart 2 and following.) The women either carried out
most of the household tasks or shared them with their husbands or partners (see Table 1). It is
reasonable to categorise the respondents as busy people.
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Attenders versus non-attenders (1)
In order to assist comparison between attenders and non-attenders, percentages are used in the
following analyses, even though in general these are meaningless in such a small sample.
A sub-hypothesis tested was that many parents are too busy to attend such meetings. Of the nine who
'often', 'quite often' or 'sometimes' attended the meetings:
• All were women;
• None was working full time but five were working part-time, one was a part-time student and only one
was a full-time housewife (eleven per cent of the attenders, compared with fifty per cent of those who
rarely or never attended meetings);
• Seven were living in nuclear families with partners/spouses, one in an extended family and only one
was a lone parent; but the number of children they had ranged from one to five;
• Four (forty-four per cent) had children under four as well as school-age children, compared with four
(thirty-three per cent) of the twelve who rarely or never attended meetings;
• Four did all the cleaning and tidying; seven did all the cooking; four did all the shopping; six did all the
washing and ironing; two did all the house repairs and gardening; and seven gave their child all the
help with homework.
Conclusion 1
The hypothesis that lack of attendance at parents' association meetings is a sign of disinterest in their
children or their education, or leading busy lives, is not borne out by this survey. All were interested in
their children and their education and involved in their children's lives. Life was certainly busy for most,
possibly all, the parents, but this did not diminish their concern for and interest in their children's lives and
well-being, including their schooling. Furthermore, the hypothesis that those who came to meetings had
time on their hands is not borne out. In some ways the attenders were 'busier' than the non- or infrequent
attenders.
Deficient people
Social class and its proxy variables, occupation, qualifications and accommodation arrangements, are
generally held to be influential in determining participation in parents' associations and other formal
school activities.
Of those who were in paid employment, most worked in the public sector, where pay is on average lower
than in the private sector, but two of the three private sector workers were in low-paid jobs. Income was
not asked about but since most of those working for wages did so part time it can probably be assumed
that personal incomes were overall not high.
This estimate is partly based on the educational level of the set (see Chart 4.) About two-fifths had no
formal qualifications and a further third had school level or lower vocational qualifications. Only a fifth had
a degree or professional qualifications and none of these was currently in the labour market.
Just over two-fifths lived in rented accommodation and the rest, a slight majority, in property owned by
themselves, with the exception of two who lived in houses owned by their parents.
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Conclusion 2
It appears that education and occupation were, as found in other surveys, more important indicators than
'busyness' as to who is likely to attend parents' association meetings. Housing status, however, was
immaterial.
Conclusion 3
Shyness can certainly inhibit people from attending meetings but being new to the area appears to have a
positive effect on attendance.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Clayton, P. (2003), Sharing New Adult Training Pathways for Better Schooling: Final Report (Grundtvig
project)
Clayton, P. (2004), Summary of Research on Family Support for Children in England and Wales
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ANNEX
Note that the font of the original questionnaire was Verdana 10 pt and the line spacing was wider.
PERSONAL DATA
1 Gender
Male ( ) Female ( )
2 Age
Range:
16 -24
25 – 44
45 -64
65 and +
3 Place of Residence
(e.g. Gravesend) _______________
6 Birthplace
Same as town where you now live? 1
Another city in your home country: If so, which one?_______________ 2
Another EU member country: If so, which one? __________________ 3
Rest of the world: If so, which country?_________________ 4
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7 What is your current situation?
Working full time for an employer or self-employed 1
Working part time for an employer or self-employed 2
Retired 3
Unemployed but worked before 4
Unemployed and seeking first job 5
Student 6
Housewife 7
Other: Specify:______ ____________________________ 8
11
11 Marital status
Single 1
Married / cohabiting 2
Separated / Divorced 3
Widowed 4
No answer 5
15 Housing
Owning your own house (outright or on a mortgage) 1
Living with your parents in a home that they own 2
Rented (private or council) 3
Accommodation provided by your employer 4
Accommodation provided free by your parents 5
Homeless/ no fixed residence 6
16 If your child seems sad and serious do you ask him or her why?
1 Never 2 Rarely 3 Sometimes 4 Usually 5 Always
17 If your child seems particularly happy, do you ask him or her why?
1 Never 2 Rarely 3 Sometimes 4 Usually 5 Always
18 Do you ask him or her what s/he would like to do after school?
1 Never 2 Rarely 3 Sometimes 4 Usually 5 Always
12
19 Do you ask him or her what has happened in school that day?
1 Never 2 Rarely 3 Sometimes 4 Usually 5 Always
21 Do you ask him or her about his/her relationship with teachers, the head teacher and
other staff members?
1 Never 2 Rarely 3 Sometimes 4 Usually 5 Always
25 Could you describe the kind of games your children like playing?
a) Traditional games
b) Board games
c) Video or computer games
d) Sports
e) Others. Which ones? ____________________
If the answer does not fit above, please write in here: _______________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
13
27 When your children ask awkward questions (e.g. Where do babies come from?), how
do you deal with them?
I tell him/her to ask at I say those are adult
I change the subject I answer clearly
school issues
If the answer does not fit above, please write in here: _______________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
28 How interested are you in knowing about how your children are educated?
Not at all Very little No opinion A bit A lot
29 Are your children concerned about the environment and the future of the planet?
Not at all Very little No opinion A bit A lot
34 How often do you talk to other parents who have children at this school?
1 Never 2 Rarely 3 Sometimes 4 Quite often 5 A lot
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35 If there is a problem at school where do you go to find information?
Parents’ association
Head teacher’s office
Class teacher
Other member of staff (please specify)
Someone outside the school (please specify)
37 When your children face problems with school work, how do you react?
With patience, discussing it with him/her
I look for help from someone else
I tell him to speak to his teacher
I lose my temper
Other (please specify) ___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
38 When your children face problems with schoolmates, what do you do?
I discuss it and I help him/her to resolve the problem
I tell him/her not to do anything
I solve the problem directly, confronting the schoolmates
Other (please specify) ___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
39 When your children face problems with a teacher, what do you do?
I discuss it and I help him/her to resolve the problem
I tell him/her not to do anything
I solve the problem directly, confronting the teacher
Other (please specify) ___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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AND FINALLY …
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