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Mitosis is the process in which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical

sets in
two daughter nuclei.[1] It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis, which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm,
organelles and cell membrane into two daughter cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components.
Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle - the division of the mother cell into two
daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.

Prophase: The two round objects above the nucleus are the centrosomes. The chromatin
has condensed.

Metaphase:The nuclear membrane has degraded, and microtubules have invaded the
nuclear space. These microtubules can attach to kinetochores or they can interact with opposing microtubules. The
chromosomes have aligned at the metaphase plate.

anaphase: Kinetochore microtubules shorten. Early anaphase is usually defined as


the separation of the sister chromatids, while late anaphase is the elongation of the microtubules and the microtubules
being pulled farther apart. At the end of anaphase, the cell has succeeded in separating identical copies of the genetic
material into two distinct populations.

The decondensing chromosomes are surrounded by nuclear membranes. Note


cytokinesis has already begun, the pinching is known as the cleavage furrow.
• The chromosomes condense and become visible
• The centrioles form and move toward the poles
• The nuclear membrane begins to dissolve
• The homologs pair up, forming a tetrad
o Each tetrad is comprised of four chromotids - the two homologs, each with their sister chromatid
• Homologous chromosomes will swap genetic material in a process known as crossing over (abbreviated as
XO)
o Crossing over serves to increase genetic diversity by creating four unique chromatids

• Microtubules grow from the centrioles and attach to the centromeres


• The tetrads line up along the cell equator

The centromeres break and homologous chromosomes separate (note that the
sister chromatids are still attached)
• Cytokinesis begins

• The chromosomes may decondense (depends


on species)
• Cytokinesis reaches completion, creating two haploid daughter cells
• Centrioles form and move toward the poles
• The nuclear membrane dissolves

• Microtubules grow from the centrioles and attach to the


centromeres
• The sister chromatids line up along the cell equator

• The centromeres break and sister chromatids separate


• Cytokinesis begins
• The chromosomes may decondense (depends on
species)
• Cytokinesis reaches completion, creating four haploid daughter cells

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