Velocity Displacement / Time taken Newton’s First Law of Object will remain moving / rest unless acted by Motion (Inertia) unbalance fore Momentum Product of mass and velocity. mv Conservation of If there’s a collision, initial momentum = final momentum momentum Balanced force Do not affect an object’s motion. Eg, Engine speed up the car, air resistance slow down the car. But the force is balance. Therefore, car move in constant speed & direction. Unbalanced force Affect an object’s motion. Newton’s Second Law Acceleration directly proportional to net force but of Motion inversely proportional to mass. F=ma Impulsive force Rate of change of momentum Impulse Change in momentum Equilibrium force Zero net force Work Product of applied force and displacement. W=Fs Conservation of energy Energy can transform from one kind to another Hooke’s Law Force applied to a spring is directly proportional to spring extension Pressure Force / Area Pascal’s Principle Force applied = force produced . FA=FA Archimedes Principle Buoyant force = Fluid displaced by object Bernoulli’s Principle When speed increase, pressure decrease Thermal equilibrium No net heat flow Specific heat capacity Amount of heat needed to change temperature of 1 kg by 1 K Boyle’s Law Pressure increase, volume decrease (inversely proportional) PV Charles’ Law Volume increase, temperature increase (directly proportional) V/T Pressure Law Pressure increase, temperature increase (directly proportional) P/T Damping Oscillating system that loses energy to the surrounding Reflection of wave Constant frequency, wavelength, speed Refraction of wave Constant frequency. Change wavelength and speed. *in deep area, longer wavelength and less speed Diffraction of wave Constant frequency, wavelength, speed. Only direction of propagation changed. Coherent wave Same wavelength, frequency Interference Two wave meets Sound wave AmpLitude – Louder Frequency – Pitch Electromagnetic Range of low frequency to high frequency spectrum Ohm’s Law Current is directly proportional to potential difference Circuits Series Circuit Parallel Circuit Iman’s Property 2009 I=I=I I=I+I V=V+V V=V=V R=R+R 1/R=1/R+1/R Electromotive force (V) Work done by cell Electromagnet Magnet made by winding a coil round a soft iron core. Magnetic force is produced when current passed thru the coil. Induced current When a wire cuts magnetic flux Lenz’s Law Direction of induced current will opposed Faraday’s Law Magnitude of induced current is directly proportional to the rate of cutting the magnetic flux Direct current Current which flow in one direction Alternating current Current that flows to and fro in two opposite direction Thermionic emission Emission of electron when a metal surface is heated Doping Adding impurities to semiconductor to increase their conductivity Rectification Using diode to convert alternating current into direct current Capacitor To maintain a steady output voltage. (smoothing the capacitor) Transistor Amplify small current Logic gate Digital circuit that design to make decision Nucleon number Total proton & neutrons. Known as mass number. Isotopes Same proton, different nucleon Radioactivity Natural disintegration of unstable nucleus Radioisotopes Unstable isotopes that give out radioactivity emissions Nuclear fission Splitting a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei Nuclear fusion Combining of two lighter nuclei to form heavier nucleus