ANTONIO LUNA Antonio Luna de San Pedro y Novicio-Ancheta (October 29, 1866 June 5, 1899), an Ilocano born in Manila,

, was a Filipino pharmacist and general who fought in the PhilippineAmerican War. He was also the founder of the Philippines's first military academy, which existed during the First Philippine Republic. He was regarded as the most brilliant of the Filipino military officers during the war.[1] Succeeding Artemio Ricarte as commander of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, he organized professional guerrilla soldiers later to be known as the Luna sharpshooters. His three-tier defense, now known as the Luna Defense Line, gave the American troops a hard campaign in the provinces north of Manila. Family background[edit] Antonio Luna de San Pedro y Novicio-Ancheta was born on October 29, 1866 in Urbiztondo, Binondo, Manila. He was the youngest of seven children of Joaqun Luna de San Pedro, from Badoc, Ilocos Norte, and Spanish mestiza Laureana Novicio-Ancheta, from Luna, La Union (formerly Namacpacan).[3] His father was a traveling salesman of the products of government monopolies. His older brother, Juan, was an accomplished painter who studied in the Madrid Escuela de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. Another brother, Jos, became a doctor.[4] Education[edit] At the age of six, Antonio learned reading, writing, and arithmetic from a teacher known as Maestro Intong. He memorized the Doctrina Christiana (catechism), the first book printed in the Philippines.[3] Common Catholic vocal prayers were all included in the book. The primary goal of the book was to propagate the Christian teachings in the Philippines. He initially studied at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1881.[3] He went on to study literature and chemistry at the University of Santo Tomas, where he won first prize for a paper in chemistry titled Two Fundamental Bodies of Chemistry. He also studied pharmacy, swordsmanship, fencing, and military tactics, and became a sharpshooter. On the invitation of his brother Juan in 1890, Antonio was sent by his parents to Spain, to acquire a licentiate (at Universidad de Barcelona) and doctorate (at Universidad Central de Madrid) in Pharmacy.[3] Reform propagandist[edit] Luna with fellow propagandists Eduardo de Lete (center) and Marcelo H. del Pilar (right). Photo was taken in Spain in 1890. In Spain, he became one of the Filipino expatriates who mounted the Propaganda Movement and wrote for La Solidaridad, headed by Galicano Apacible. He wrote a piece titled Impressions which dealt with Spanish customs and idiosyncrasies under the pen-name "Taga-ilog". Also, like many of the Filipino liberals in Spain, Luna joined the Masonry where he rose to being Master Mason.[3] Luna was active as a researcher in the scientific community. After receiving his doctorate, Luna published in 1893 a scientific treatise on malaria entitled El Hematozoario del Paludismo (Malaria), which was favorably received in the scientific community. He then went to Belgium and France, and worked as assistant to Dr. Latteaux and Dr. Laffen. In recognition of his ability, he was appointed commissioner by the Spanish government to study tropical and communicable diseases.[3] In 1894, he went back to the Philippines where he took the competition for chief chemist of the Municipal Laboratory of Manila, came in first and won the position.[4] He and his brother Juan also opened the Sala de Armas, a fencing club, in Manila.[3] When he learned of the underground societies that were planning a revolution and was asked to join, he scoffed at the idea and turned down the offer. Like other Filipino migrs, he was in favor of reform rather than revolution as the way towards independence.[4] Nevertheless, after the existence of the Katipunan was leaked in August 1896, the Luna brothers were arrested and jailed in Fort Santiago for "participating" in the revolution.[4] His statement concerning the revolution was one of the many statements used to nail down the death sentence for Jos Rizal. Months later, Jos and Juan were freed but Antonio was exiled to Spain in 1897, where he was imprisoned at the Crcel Modelo de Madrid.[3] His more famous and controversial brother, Juan, who had been pardoned by the Spanish Queen Regent herself, left for Spain to use his influence to intercede for Antonio. Soon enough, Antonio's case was dismissed by the Military Supreme Court and he was released.[4] Antonio, repenting for his blunder during the first phase of the Philippine Revolution, which ended at the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, then prepared himself for the second phase, which began upon the return of Emilio Aguinaldo in Cavite, that he had decided to join. Upon his release, Luna studied field fortifications, guerrilla warfare, organization, and other aspects of military science under Gerard Leman, who would later be the commanding general of the fortress at Lige.[5] Upon arriving in Hong Kong, he was given a letter of recommendation to Emilio Aguinaldo and a revolver by Felipe Agoncillo. He returned to the Philippines in July 1898.[5] Personal life[edit] Luna also courted Nellie Boustead, a woman who was also courted by Jos Rizal.[4] Boustead was reportedly infatuated with Rizal. In a party held by Filipinos, a drunk Antonio Luna made unsavory remarks against Nellie Boustead. This prompted Rizal to challenge Luna into a duel. However, Luna apologized to Rizal, thus averting a duel between the compatriots.[6] Death[edit] On June 2, 1899, Luna received two telegrams. One asked for help in launching a counterattack in San Fernando, Pampanga, and the other, signed by Aguinaldo himself, ordered him to go to the new capital at Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, to form a new cabinet. Having high hopes that he would be promoted as Prime Minister and Secretary of War, Luna set off; first by train, then on horseback and eventually in three carriages to Nueva Ecija with 25 of his men.[7] During the journey, two of the carriages broke down and he proceeded in the only one left, with Colonel Francisco Romn and Captain Eduardo Rusca, having earlier shed his cavalry escort. Upon arriving at Cabanatuan on June 5, Luna proceeded to the headquarters alone, in haste to communicate with the President. As he went up the stairs, he ran into an officer whom he had previously disarmed for cowardice, and an old enemy, whom he had once threatened with arrest, a hated "autonomist", and was told that Aguinaldo had left for San Isidro in Tarlac. Enraged, Luna asked why he had not been told the meeting was canceled.[5] As he was about to depart, a single shot from a rifle in the plaza rang out. Still outraged and furious, Luna rushed down the stairs and met Captain Pedro Janolino, accompanied by some elements of the Kawit battalion whom he had previously dismissed for

insubordination. Janolino swung his bolo at Luna, wounding him at the head. Janolino's men fired at Luna, while others started stabbing him, even as he tried to fire his revolver at one of his attackers.[5] He staggered out to the plaza where Romn and Rusca were rushing to his aid, but they too were set upon and shot, with Roman being killed and Rusca severely wounded. As he lay dying, Luna uttered his last words: "Cowards! Assassins!". He was hurriedly buried in the churchyard, after which Aguinaldo relieved Luna's officers and men from the field, including General Venacio Concepcin, whose headquarters in Angeles, Pampanga, Aguinaldo besieged the same day Luna was assassinated.[5] General Frederick Funston facilitated the capture of Aguinaldo in 1901 The death of Luna, the most brilliant and capable of the Filipino generals at the time, was a decisive factor in the fight against the American forces. Even the Americans developed an admiration for him.[5] General Frederick Funston, who received the credit of capturing Aguinaldo at Palanan, Isabela, stated that Luna was the "ablest and most aggressive leader of the Filipino Republic."[10] For General James Franklin Bell, Luna "was the only general the Filipino army had."[10] Subsequently, Aguinaldo suffered successive, disastrous losses in the field, as he retreated towards northern Luzon. General Jose Alejandrino, one of Luna's remaining aides, stated in his memoirs that if only Luna had finished the planned guerrilla camp in Mountain Province, Aguinaldo may have not been running for his life at the Cordillera Mountains.[5] For historian Teodoro Agoncillo, however, Luna's death did not directly attribute to the resulting fall of the Republic. In his book, Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic, Agoncillo stated that the loss of Luna showed the existence of a lack of discipline among the regular Filipino soldiers and it was a major weakness that was never remedied in the course of the war. Also, soldiers connected with Luna were demoralized and as a result eventually surrendered to the Americans.[7] On March 23, 1901, Aguinaldo was captured in Palanan, Isabela by American forces. He was later brought to Manila, and made to pledge allegiance to the United States on April 1.[7] Luna-Cojuangco Affair[edit] There were talks concerning Luna diverting millions of pesos from the Republic's treasury, particularly from Ilocos and Pampanga, to the hometown of his sweetheart, Ysidra Cojuangco. Ysidra was the aunt of Jose Cojuangco, father of Corazon Aquino. Luna's wealth was said to have been entrusted to Ysidra, resulting in the latter becoming one of the richest women in the Philippines by 1900.[11] However, the book The Rise and Fall of Antonio Luna by Vicencio Jose, the standard biography about Luna, does not cite anything about this affair. The book does mention the wealth of his family which was proved by a silk bag that Luna wore, which contained his inheritance of gold coins. It was this same bag that had saved Luna's life at the Battle of Santo Tomas on May 4, 1899, when it had stopped a bullet that hit it from completely penetrating Luna's body.[5]

PEDRO SERRANO LAKTAW Pedro Serrano Lawtaw (1853-1928) was a 19th-century reformist, Mason, and renowned lexicographer and educator. He is also known as the only Filipino tutor in the service of a Spanish king. Early Life Pedro Serrano Laktaw was born on 24 October 1853 in Kupang, Bulacan. His father was the lexicographer Rosalio Serrana, and his mother was Juana Laktaw, who from early on fostered a love of language and literature on their sixth child. Pedro Serrano Laktaw obtained his degree of "maestro elemental" at the Escuela Normal Superior de Maestros in Manila and began his teaching career in 1877 in San Luis, Pampanga. It was in Pampanga that he studied the local literature and folk traditions. His study entitled "Folklore Pampango" was included by Isabelo de los Reyes in the landmark book "El Folk-lore Filipino" and exhibited at the Exposicion Filipina held in Madrid in 1887. [edit] Involvement in the Propaganda Movement Moving back to his home provice of Bulacan, he became a director of a Malolos school. It was at this time that he joined activiely in civic causes. Together with Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Mariano Crisostomo, Jose Gatmaitan, Mariano Ponce, he formed a benevolent association called Caja de Jesus, Maria y Jose to give scholarships to indigent children. Together with Ambrosio R. Bautista, Deodato Arellano, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Doroteo Cortes, he helped form a Comite de Propaganda to extol democratic principles and expose friar abuses. Pedro Serrano Laktaw also co-authored with Rafael Enriquez and Marcelo H. del Pilar other satirical works, such as Dasalan at Toksohan, and Pasion dapat ipag-alab ng Puso ng taong babasa. This group continued to finance the publication of La Solidaridad, even when Marcelo H. del Pilar left Manila for Barcelona to escape arrest. In 1887 he was awarded a government scholarship to study at the Escuela Normal of Salamanca, Spain. He took up postgraduate studies at the Escuela Normal in Madrid. He achieved renown as a teacher and was hired as a private tutor to the Prince of Asturias, who later became King Alfonso XIII. He was acclaimed as the only Filipino tutor in the service of a Spanish king. In 1889 he compiled the first modern lexicography of the Tagalog language Diccionario Hispano-Tagalog to much notice. He issued the follow-up volume "Diccionario Tagalog-Hispano" in 1914. [edit] Masonic Activities He was attracted by the ideals of fraternity and enlightenment and he was recruited into Freemasonry, joining on 1 April 1889 the Lodge Revolucion in Barcelona, Spain with Graciano Lopez Jaena, Jose Rizal, Mariano Ponce, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Jose Alejandrino, Antonio Luna and Juan Luna. This lodge was later renamed to Solidaridad No. 5. The Masonic grandmaster Miguel Morayta of the Spanish Gran Oriente Espaol designated Pedro Serrano Laktaw and Antonio Luna to establish Freemasonry in the Philippines. Returning to Manila in 1890 he helped found other Masonic lodges throughout the country. Working with an early Masonic recruit Moises Salvador and Jose A. Ramos, who was based in London, he established the first all-Filipino lodge called Nilad, which became the motherhouse of all lodges. It was officially recognized by the Gran Oriente Espaol the following year, with Jose A. Ramos designated as head and Serrano as its first secretary. His Masonic name was Panday Pira, a legendary cannon maker of the 16th century. In Manila he was arrested for his masonic proselytizing and later released by Governor-General Ramon Blanco y Erenas. For having renounced the Masonic movement, he was expelled from the organization on 16 April 1893. Thereafter he wrote for Espaa Oriental and Revista Catolica de Filipinas. In the second half of the Philippine Revolution he resumed his propagandistic career, writing articles for El Heraldo de la Revolucion. He continued writing nationalistic articles under the American regime, for other organs such as Ang Bayan, Ang Kapatid ng Bayan and Kalayaan. He cemented his reputation as a lexicographer and grammarian when he pulished Diccionario Tagalog-Hispano in 1914. Together with his earlier volume Diccionario Hispano-Tagalog, the two books were described as the only lexicographical studies of scientific value by an American linguist Leonard Bloomfield. His Estudios Gramaticales Sobre la Lenga Tagalog was published posthumously published in 1929 and today he is remembered as one of the spelling reformers of the Tagalog language, along with Jose Rizal and Trinidad Pardo de Tavera. Pedro Serrano Laktaw married Roberta Buison in 1887 by whom had 13 children, including Rosalio, Jr., Pedro, Isidro, Jose, Manuel, Consuelo, Balbino, Hermenegildo, Pedring, Teresa, Patricio. He died on 22 September 1928 and was buried in Mandaluyong, Rizal.

ISABELO DELOS REYES Isabelo De Los Reyes, Sr. y Florentino,[1] also known as Don Belong (July 7, 1864 October 10, 1938), was a prominent Filipino politician, writer and labor activist in the 19th and 20th centuries. He was the original founder of the Aglipayan Church, an independent Christian Protestant church in the catholic tradition. Due to his widespread Anti-Catholic writings and activism with labor unions, he is sometimes dubbed as the "Father of Filipino Socialism". Pope Leo XIII formally excommunicated Reyes in 1903 as a schismatic apostate. As a young man, Reyes followed his mother's footsteps by initially turning to writing as a career; he won a prize at the age of 23 for his first written book. He later became a journalist, editor, and publisher in Manila, and was imprisoned in 1897 for revolutionary activities. He was deported to the Kingdom of Spain, where he was jailed for his activities until 1898. While living and working in Madrid, he was influenced by the writings of European socialists and Marxists. Returning to the Philippines in 1901, Reyes founded the first labor union in the country. He also was active in seeking independence from the United States. After serving in the Philippine Senate in the 1920s, he settled into private life and religious writing. He had a total of 27 children with three successive wives; he survived all his wives and 12 of his children. Early life and education [edit] Isabelo de los Reyes was born to Elias de los Reyes and Leona Florentino in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. His mother, of Spanish and Filipina descent, was recognized as the first woman poet of the Philippines. She wrote in both Spanish and Ilocano. Due to their troubled marriage, Elias entrusted his 6-year-old son Isabelo to the care of Don Meno Crisologo, a wealthy relative.[2] He was also writer in the vernacular. The boy was enrolled in a grammar school attached to the local seminary run by Augustinians; their harsh discipline made him a critic of the friars all his life. In 1880 at age 16, de los Reyes went to Manila, where he finished the Bachiller en Artes at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. After that, he studied law, history and palaeography at the Pontifical University of Santo Tomas. Early career [edit] In 1887, at the age of 23, de los Reyes won a silver medal at the Exposicin Filipina in Madrid for his Spanish-language book entitled El folk-lore filipino (Filipino Folklore). It was the same year that the Filipino writer Jose Rizal published his first novel, Noli Me Tangere in Berlin. As a teenager, de los Reyes had been intrigued by the growing interest in the "new science" of el saber popular (folklore). Manila's Spanish newspaper La Oceania Espaola asked readers to contribute articles on el folk-lore and offered directions on how to collect material. Two months later, de los Reyes set to work on the folklore of Ilocos, Malabon, and Zambales,what he called el folk-lore filipino. It became one of the greatest passions of his life. By 1886, as the French were starting serious study of folklore in relation to their own native traditions, de los Reyes at the age of 22 was completing a manuscript for publication. After his father died when Isabelo was 18, the young man had to earn money to supplement an allowance from his mother. He pursued his passion for writing, contributing articles to most of Manila's newspapers. In 1889 he founded El Ilocano, said to be the first newspaper written solely in a Philippine vernacular.[2] It was short-lived but influential. He continued to write and research extensively on Philippine history and culture, and was nicknamed Don Belong. Marriage and family [edit] At the age of 20, de los Reyes married in the Catholic Church, despite his personal feelings about its problems. He and his wife had children, but she died of illness in 1897 while he was in Bilibid Prison.[2] In late December 1898 in Madrid, he married Maria Angeles Lopez Montero, daughter of a retired Spanish infantry colonel. They also married in the Catholic Church. She died in 1910 during the birth of their ninth child.[2] De los Reyes married a third time in 1912, to Maria Lim, an 18-year-old mestiza of Chinese and Filipina descent, from Tondo. They married in the independent Aglipayan Church, which he had helped found. They also had several children before Maria died in childbirth in 1923. Before her death, she asked that they be married according to Catholic rites, which Don Belongo arranged. He and his three wives had a total of 27 children.[2] He survived all his wives and 12 of his children. With his own family spanning Catholic and Aglipayan traditions, Don Belong was tolerant of religious practice among his children. Isabelo de los Reyes, Jr., a son by his second marriage, was ordained as a priest and rose to Bishop of the Aglipayan Church. Four of his daughters: Angeles, Elisa, and Elvira by his second marriage, and Crescencia by his third marriage, became nuns of the Catholic Church.[2] Writing and exile [edit] As a journalist, de los Reyes almost faced the firing squad for attracting the ire of Spanish authorities in highlighting Spanish church and governmental abuses during the movement for independence. He criticized the large haciendas of the friars while so many peasants were landless. In January 1897 he was arrested and held in Bilibid Prison for his part in the revolution. During this period, the writer Jose Rizal was among those executed. A change in governors won de los Reyes a measure of leniency, and in April General Fernando Primo de Rivera ordered him deported to Spain and prison in Barcelona.[2] In 1898 de los Reyes was released and given a job in the Spanish government, as Counselor of the Ministry of the Colonies (Consejero del Ministerio de Ultramar), which he held until 1901.[2] While in Madrid, he published articles critical of the United States when they occupied the Philippines. He also published a biweekly newspaper, Filipinas ante Europa, which had the editorial logo: Contra Norte-America, no; contra el imperialismo, s, hasta la muerte! (Against the Americans, no; against Imperialism, yes, till death!) It ran for 36 issues between 25 October 1899 and 10 June 1901. After closing (probably due to trouble with the authorities), it briefly reappeared as El Defensor de Filipinas, which ran monthly from 1 July to 1 October 1901. Don Belong was not only a journalist, as he did much religious writing during his life, starting when he was first imprisoned. He helped to translate the Bible into the Ilocano vernacular. He became one of the few convicts to translate the Scriptures. The Philippines and politics [edit] On July 1, 1901, the Spanish government permitted Don Belong to return to the Philippines. He brought many books with him, among which were those written by Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Victor Hugo, Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Mikhail Bakunin, and other

socialists of Europe. These books inspired him to introduce socialism to the Philippines, where he became known as the first Filipino Marxist. After returning, de los Reyes was jailed for inciting labor strikes against American business firms. Influenced by anarchism and Marxism during his imprisonment in Barcelona, in 1902 de los Reyes founded the first labor union in the country, the Unin Obrera Democrtica. He wanted to protect Filipinos against what he perceived as the exploitation of labor by American capitalist institutions. In the same year, he and other UNO members launched the Philippine Independent Church, to create a national church independent of the Pope and the Catholic Church. He chose his fellow Ilocano compatriot, Gregorio Aglipay, as its first bishop. In 1912 at the age of 48, Don Belong was elected as councilor of the city of Manila, and began his political career. Winning reelection, he served as councilor until 1919. Beginning his campaign for the senate in 1922, in 1923, de los Reyes won a Senate seat in an election against Elpidio Quirino to represent the Ilocos region. After his term and the death of his third wife in childbirth, Don Belong returned to private life in the 1920s. He dedicated the remainder of his life to religious writings for the Aglipayan Church, in which he was made an honorary bishop. He wrote many sermons and other Christian literature, including the basic materials for the Aglipayan Church. Works [edit] Biblia Filipina (Philippine Bible); Oficio Divino (Mass-book); Catequesis (Catechism); Plegarias (Prayers); Genesis Cientifico y Moderno (Scientific and Modern Genesis); and Calendario Aglipayano (Aglipayan Calendar). Ang Singsing ng Dalagang Marmol (circa 1905), a novel[1] He also translated into Iloko the Gospels of the New Testament and the Acts of the Apostles.[2] Stricken with paralysis after a stroke in 1929, Don Belong was bedridden until his death in 1938. He was survived by 15 of his 27 children.[2]

JUAN LUNA Juan Luna y Novicio (October 23, 1857 December 7, 1899) was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution during the late 19th century. He became one of the first recognized Philippine artists. His winning the gold medal in the 1884 Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts, along with the silver win of fellow Filipino painter Flix Resurreccin Hidalgo, prompted a celebration which was a major highlight in the memoirs of members of the Propaganda Movement, with the fellow Ilustrados toasting to the two painters' good health and to the brotherhood between Spain and the Philippines. Regarded for work done in the manner of the Spanish, Italian and French academies of his time, Luna painted literary and historical scenes, some with an underscore of political commentary. His allegorical works were inspired with classical balance, and often showed figures in theatrical poses. Biography[edit] Early life[edit] Juan Luna, self-portrait. Born in the town of Badoc, Ilocos Norte in the northern Philippines, Juan Luna was the third among the seven children of Don Joaquin Luna de San Pedro y Posadas and Doa Laureana Novicio y Ancheta. In 1861, the Luna family moved to Manila and he went to Ateneo Municipal de Manila where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree. He excelled in painting and drawing, and was influenced by his brother, Manuel Luna, who, according to Filipino patriot Jos Rizal, was a better painter than Juan himself. Luna enrolled at Escuela Nautica de Manila (now Philippine Merchant Marine Academy) and became a sailor. He took drawing lessons under the illustrious painting teacher Lorenzo Guerrero of Ermita, Manila. He also enrolled in the Academy of Fine Arts (Academia de Dibujo y Pintura) in Manila where he was influenced and taught how to draw by the Spanish artist Agustin Saez. Unfortunately, Luna's vigorous brush strokes displeased his teacher and Luna was discharged from the Academy. However, Guerrero was impressed by his skill and urged Luna to travel to Spain to further pursue his studies. As an artist[edit] In 1883 Luna started the painting demanded of him by the Ayuntamiento. In May 1884, he shipped the large canvas of the Spoliarium to Madrid for the year's Exposicin Nacional de Bellas Artes. He was the first recipient of the three gold medals awarded in the exhibition and Luna gained recognition among the connoisseurs and art critics present. On June 25, 1884, Filipino and Spanish nobles organized an event celebrating Luna's win in the exhibition. That evening, Rizal prepared a speech for his friend, addressing the two significant things of his art work, which included the glorification of genius and the grandeur of his artistic skills. Luna developed a friendly relationship with the King of Spain and was later commissioned by the Spanish Senate to paint a large canvas which was called the La Batalla de Lepanto (The Battle of Lepanto).[3] He moved to Paris in 1885 where he opened his own studio and befriended Hidalgo. A year after, he finished the piece El Pacto de Sangre (The Blood Compact) in accordance with the agreement he had with the Ayuntamiento of Manila. Depicted in this piece was the blood compact ceremony between the Datu Sikatuna, one of the lords in Bohol island, and the Spanish conquistador Miguel Lpez de Legazpi.[4] It is now displayed in the Malacaan Palace. He also sent two other paintings in addition to the one required; the second canvas sent to Manila was a portrait of Lpez de Legazpi reconstructed by Luna from his recollection of a similar portrait he saw in the hall of the Cabildo, and the third was of Governor-general Ramn Blanco y Erenas. Spoliarium, 1884, National Museum of the Philippines. In 1887, Luna once again traveled back to Spain to enter in that year's Exposition two of his pieces, the La Batalla de Lepanto and Rendicin de Granada (Surrender of Granada), which both won in the exhibition. He celebrated his triumph with his friends in Madrid with Graciano Lpez-Jaena delivered Luna a congratulatory speech. Luna's paintings are generally described as being vigorous and dramatic. With its elements of Romanticism, his style shows the influence of Delacroix, Rembrandt, and Daumier. Final years[edit] In 1891 Luna moved back to the Philippines and traveled to Japan in 1896, returning during the Philippine Revolution of the Cry of Balintawak. Unfortunately, on September 16, 1896, he and his brother Antonio Luna were arrested by Spanish authorities for being involved with the Katipunan rebel army.[6] Despite his imprisonment, Luna was still able to produce a work of art which he gave to a visiting priest. He was pardoned by the Spanish courts on May 27, 1897 and was released from prison and he traveled back to Spain. In 1898, he was appointed by the executive board of the Philippine revolutionary government as a member of the Paris delegation which was working for the diplomatic recognition of the Repblica Filipina (Philippine Republic). In 1899, upon the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1898),[7] Luna was named a member of the delegation to Washington, D.C. to press for the recognition of the Philippine government. He traveled back to the Philippines in December 1899 upon hearing of the murder of his brother Antonio by the Kawit Battalion in Cabanatuan. On December 7, 1899, Luna suffered a heart attack and died there. His remains were buried in Hong Kong and in 1920 were exhumed and kept in Andrs Luna's house, to be later transferred to a niche at the Crypt of the San Agustin Church in the Philippines. Five years later, Juan would be reinstated as a world renowned artist and Peuple et Rois, his last major work, was acclaimed the best entry to the Saint Louis World's Fair in the United States.[8] Unfortunately some of his paintings were destroyed by fire in World War II. Paintings by Juan Luna[edit] Spoliarium, Tampuhan, Las Damas Romanas, 1882, La Burla, Roma, 1882, La Muerte de Cleopatra, Plaza de San Marcos, Odalisque, En el Balcon, Espaa y Filipinas, La Bulaquea, Picnic in Normandy, La Batalla de Lepanto, El Pacto de Sangre, The Parisian Life, Despues del Baile, El Violinista, Ramon Blanco y Erenas, Indio Bravo, Jos Rizal, La Marquesa de Monte Olivar, Manuel Luna, Mi Hijo Andres, Nena y Tinita, Puesta del Sol, Self portrait, Street Flower Vendor, Bay of Biscay

MARIANO PONCE Mariano Ponce (March 23, 1863 May 23, 1918), was a Filipino physician, writer, and active member of the Propaganda Movement. In Spain, he was among the founders of La Solidaridad and Asociacion Hispano-Filipino. Among his significant works was Efemerides Filipinas, a column on historical events in the Philippines which appeared in La Oceania Espaola (1892 1893) and El Ideal (1911 1912). He wrote Ang Wika at Lahi (1917), a discussion on the importance of a national language. He served as Bulacan's representative to the National Assembly. Biography[ Ponce was born in Baliwag, Bulacan where he completed his primary education. He later enrolled at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran and took up medicine at the University of Santo Tomas. In 1881, he traveled to Spain to continue his medical studies at the Unversidad Central de Madrid. There he joined Marcelo del Pilar, Graciano Lpez Jaena, Jos Rizal and other Propagandists in an anti-Spaniard movement. This espoused Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes and reforms in the Spanish colonial authorities of the Philippines. He was the co-founder of La Solidaridad with fellow co-founder Graciano Lpez Jaena. Ponce was also the head of the Literary Section of the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina, created to aid the Propaganda Movement where he served as secretary.[1] In [La Solidaridad], his works included daily editorials on history, politics, sociology and travel. He also created himself many alias as well. His most common names are Naning, his nickname; Kalipulako, named after Lapu-Lapu; and Tigbalang, a supernatural being in Filipino folklore.[2] Ponce was imprisoned when the revolution broke out on August 1896 and was imprisoned for forty eight hours before being released. Fearing another arrest, he fled to France and later went to Hong Kong where he joined a group of Filipinos and FilipinoChinese, who served as the international front of the Philippine revolution. In 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo chose him to represent the First Philippine Republic. Ponce was tasked to draft a framework of the revolutionary government. In 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo selected him as a representative of the First Republic to Japan. He traveled to Japan to seek aid and purchase weapons. During his stay he met with the founder and First President of the Chinese Republic; Sun Yat-Sen. Through discussions and negotiations, Dr. Sun and Ponce became close friends. Dr. Sun introduces Ponce to a FilipinoJapanese man named Jos Ramos Ishikawa, who assists Ponce in purchasing weapons and munitions for the revolution. But the shipment did not reach the Philippines due to a typhoon off the coast of Formosa.[2] Mariano returned to Manila with his wife, a Japanese girl named Okiyo Udanwara.[3] In 1909, he was made director of "El Renacimiento" (The Renaissance). He also joined the "Nacionalista Partido" (National Party) and established "El Ideal" (The Perfect), the party's official organization. Ponce later ran for a seat in the Philippine Assembly and was elected assemblyman for the second district of Bulacan. Ponce wrote his memoirs, "Cartas Sobre La Revolucin" (Letters on the Revolution), he died in the Government Civil Hospital in Hong Kong, on May 23, 1918. His remains are now interred in the Cementerio del Norte, Manila.[4]

FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT Ferdinand Blumentritt (September 10, 1853, Prague September 20, 1913, Litomice), was a teacher, secondary school principal in Litomice, lecturer, and author of articles and books in the Philippines and its ethnography. He is well known in the Philippines for his close friendship with the writer and Propagandist, Jos Rizal, and the numerous correspondence between the two provide a vital reference for Rizal historians and scholars,[1] including his last letter from prison[2] before the execution. Biography[edit] Blumentritt was born in Prague (in the former Austro-Hungarian Empire). He is a nephew of the Hungarian German writer Ferenc Virghalmi (hu). He wrote expansively about the Philippines, although he never visited the islands. Blumentritt became one of Rizal's closest confidants although they met only once. He translated the latter's first book, Noli Me Tangere, into German and wrote the preface to Rizal's second book, El filibusterismo, although he was against its publication. These two novels are commentaries disguised as fiction which angered both the Catholic Church and the Spanish colonial government, and which eventually led to Rizal's 1896 trial and execution. Blumentritt died in Litomice (German: Leitmeritz), Czechia. He is memorialized in the Philippines by numerous public parks and streets. Among them are Avenida Blumentritt, Blumentritt LRT Station, Blumentritt railway station, the Blumentritt Market in Metro Manila and the Blumentritt Street in Naga City and Tuguegarao. Main works[edit] Alphabetisches Register der Reifeprfungsvorschriften. Leitmeritz (Czech: Litomice), 1909 Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der gebruchlichsten Aquarellfarben. Leitmeritz (Czech: Litomice), 1910 America and the Philippines (1900) Die Chinesen auf den Philippinen. Leitmeritz (Czech: Litomice), 1879 Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas. Madrid, 1895 Einige Manuskripte aus dem 17. und 18. Jahrhundert. Leitmeritz (Czech: Litomice), 1904 Einiges ber Juan Valera. Leitmeritz (Czech: Litomice), 1894 Introduction to the Noli me tangere of Rizal. Barcelona, 1889 Introduction to the Sucesos de las islas Filipinas of Antonio de Morga, annotated by Rizal. Paris, 1890 Die Erdbeben des Juli 1880 auf den Philippinen Die Goldfundstellen auf den Philippinen und ihre Ausbeutung Hollndische Angriffe auf die Philippinen im 16., 17., und 18. Jahrhundert. Leitmeritz (Czech: Litomice), 1880 Das Kaiserbild. Leitmeritz (Czech: Litomice), 1899 J. C. Labhart-Lutz. Ein Nachruf. Leitmeritz (Czech: Litomice), 1889 Die Philippinen. Eine bersichtliche Darstellung der ethnographischen und historischpolitischen Verhltnisse des Archipels. Hamburg, 1900 Die Sprachgebiete Europas am Ausgange des Mittelalters, verglichen mit den Zustnden der Gegenwart. Prague (Czech: Praha), 1883 Strmungen und Gezeiten an der Kste von Mindanao. Der "Tratado Anonimo" ber den Aufstand der Cumuneros gegen Knig Carl V. Leitmeritz (Czech: Litomice), 1878 Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen. Gotha, 1882 Vocabular einzelner Ausdrcke und Redensarten, welche dem Spanischen der philippinischen Inseln eigenthmlich sind. Leitmeritz (Czech: Litomice), 1882, 18831884|8, 1885|5.

GALICANO APACIBLE Galicano Apacible (June 25, 1864 March 2, 1949) was a Philippine politician. A cousin to Jose Rizal, he co-founded La Solidaridad and Nacionalista Party. He held the office of Governor of Batangas and was the representative of the first District of Batangas from 1909 to 1916. He is known for his piece To the American People, an Appeal, in which he tries to plead with the people of the United States to pressure its government not to invade his newly independent country.[1]

JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN Jose Ma. Panganiban y Enverga (February 1, 1863 - August 19, 1890) was a Bicolano propagandist, linguist and essayist whose life was tragically cut short, an event that caused great mourning in the Filipino community in Spain. He is one of the main writer and contributor for La Solidaridad, writing under the pen names "Jomapa" and "J.M.P." Early life[edit] Jose Ma. Panganiban was born on February 1, 1863 in Bangkal Phase II (Jose Panganiban), Camarines Norte, a town which was subsequently renamed after him. He was the eldest of the three sons of Vicente Panganiban, originally from Hagonoy, Bulacan, and Juana Enverga, a native of Mauban, Tayabas (now Quezon). Panganiban developed his interest in reading at an early age from reading the cartilla, caton and catecismo taught by his mother. Once, his mother found him under a tree, sleeping obviously from reading Don Quixote, the book of Baao, found beside him. Since his mother died when he was a little boy, Panganiban grew up in the care of his father, the clerk of court in Daet, the capital town of the province. His father sent him to the Holy Rosary Seminary (El Seminario del Santissimo Rosario) of Nueva Caceres (now Naga City, Camarines Sur) and became the protg of the seminary rector Fr. Santonja. He earned the praises of his teachers because of his aptitude to easily absorb his lessons. At 12, he mastered Latin and Spanish and at 15, the Classics and Natural Sciences. He was good at writing and was articulate in expressing his ideas. Because of this, the Spanish Governor-General Domingo Moriones who happened to be visiting the province and heard him speak during a school program commended him. In April 1878, he wrote A Nuestro Obispo in honor of Bishop Francisco Gainza who was on a visit to Mambulao. Unknown to many of his fellow Bicolanos was Panganibans superior academic credentials as a student at the seminary with grades of sobresaliente (excellent) in all subje cts. Father Santoja became instrumental for Panganibans studies in Manila. The priest recommen ded him to the Colegio de San Juan de Letran where he obtained his degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1883. Wanting to become a medical practitioner, he took up medical courses at the University of Santo Tomas and at the same time taking vocational courses in agriculture at Letran so that in 1885, he received the title of Agricultural Expert. While at the University in 1887, he wrote Anatomia de Regines which was recognized as one of his brilliant literary works. His papers on general pathology, therapeutics and surgical anatomy was also awarded prizes. An anthology of his works was gathered by Fr. Gregorio Echevarria, rector of University of Santo Tomas, and sent to be exhibited at the 1887 Exposicion General de Filipinas in Madrid. Activities for the Propaganda Movement[edit] In May 1888, Panganiban sailed for Spain and continued his medical studies at the University of Barcelona, Spain, where he met other Filipino propagandists agitating for reforms in the colony. He joined reformist groups such as the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina and La Solidaridad because he believed in instituting reforms in the Philippines, and used the pen names "Jomapa" and "J.M.P." On April 25, 1889 Panganiban signed a petition addressed to the Spanish Minister of Colonies, requesting Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes.While in Spain, he learned other languages like German, Italian, and French, adding to the Spanish and Latin he learned during his student days in the seminary of Nueva Caceres (Naga City, Camarines Sur). He was able to translate into Spanish the book of German author Carl Julius Weber entitled: Die Religio und Die Religionen (Religion and Other Religions). Being one of the writers of the La Solidaridad, he called the attention of the Spaniards on the freedom of the press and criticized the educational system in the Philippines. His works were recognized by Jose Rizal who even said "He was a true orator, of easy and energetic words, vigorous in concepts and of practical and transcedental ideas". Among the articles he published were "El Pensamiento", "La Universidad de Manila: Su Plan de Estudio", and "Los Nuevos Ayuntamientos de Filipinas". He continued to write popems and short stories, including "Ang Lupang Tinubuan", "Noches en Mambulao", "Sa Aking buhay", "Bahia de Mambulao", "La Mejerde Oro", "Amor mio", "Clarita Perez" and "Kandeng". Death[edit] Panganiban contracted tuberculosis and apologized to Rizal that he couldn't help further in the movement. He confided in Rizal that, "If I only have the strength I had before, I will work with you unto the bitter end". It is a measure of Panganibans patriotism and his dedication to the cause that despite the rigors of poverty and the ravages of tuberculosis, he persisted till the end in the struggle of reforms. On August 19, 1890, death came to him in his boarding house at No. 2 Rambla de Canaletas, Barcelona. He was buried in grave No. 2043 of the Southwest Cemetery of Barcelona. On his grave as the epitaph: Here lies the avenger of the honor of the Filipinos, written by Graciano Lopez Jaena." Dr. Domingo Abella, a historian, did a great service to this nation by locating the remains of his province mate in Spain and in bringing them back to the Philippines. His remains now lie inside the pedestal of the Jose Ma. Panganiban Monument, installed by the National Historical Institute at Jose Panganiban, Camarines Norte. The Filipino propagandists in Europe mourned Panganibans death.Jose Rizal eulogized Panganiban as an excellent companion of labor and difficulty... endowed with uncommon talent, with privileged intelligence, and with indefatigable industry, (he) was one of the sacred, legitimate hopes of his unfortunate country.... What should be grieved at is the thought that he died without finishing the noble mission which his exceptional faculties had destined for him.[1][2][3] Legacy[edit] The town of Mambulao, Camarines Norte was renamed after its great son by Act No. 4155 issued on 1 December 1934. Panganiban Drive (formerly Calle de Legaspi), Naga City- one of Naga City's main avenue at the very heart of the city connecting Elias Angeles Street (formerly Calle Real), and Pan Philippine Highway President Emilio Aguinaldo cited the country's appreciation of Panganiban's patriotic labors in his opening address at the Congress assembled at Malolos City, Bulacan on September 15, 1898, he (Pres. Aguinaldo) invoked the spirits of the departed heroes of the Fatherland, thus:[4] Illustrious spirits of Rizal, Lopez Jaena, of Marcelo del Pilar! August shades of Burgos, Pelaez and PANGANIBAN! Warlike geniuses of Aguinaldo (Crispulo-O.), and Tirona, of Natividad and Evangelista! Arise a moment from your unknown graves!

JOSE ALEJANDRINO Jos Alejandrino (18701951) was one of the Filipino generals during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War. He was also a senator of the Twelfth Senatorial District of the Philippines.[1] Early life[edit] Alejandrino was born to a wealthy family from Arayat, Pampanga, on 1 December 1870 in Manila. He initially studied at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, and his contemporaries there included Jos Rizal, Juan Araneta, Cayetano Arellano, and Apolinario Mabini, among others. He acquired his Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Santo Tomas, and pursued studies in Spain and at the University of Ghent, where he graduated with a degree in Chemical engineering.[2] Propaganda movement[edit] While in Spain, he was one of the members of the Propaganda Movement which demanded equality, especially equal opportunities in the colonial administration, for Spaniards and Filipinos. He was also a contributor to La solidaridad, an organization composed of Filipino liberals living abroad since 1872, mostly attending different universities across Europe. The group aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony, the Philippines, and to foster a closer relationship between the archipelago and Spain.[3] Alejandrino helped Jos Rizal in correcting errors in the El filibusterismo, which was published in Ghent, Belgium. He also helped distribute copies of the said manuscript.[2] Philippine Revolution[edit] Accompanied by Feliciano Jocson, Alejandrino went to Kawit, Cavite, on 21 November 1896 to meet with General Emilio Aguinaldo. Edilberto Evangelista, Alejandrino's old schoolmate at the University of Ghent, had proposed and offered to acquire arms for the revolutionaries from either China or Japan.[2] When Aguinaldo accepted the offer, Evangelista proceeded to Hong Kong, where he helped organise the Consejo Revolucionario along with Felipe Agoncillo, Jos Maria Basa and Mariano Ponce. Later, he became part of the group in the Hong Kong Committee, which included Agoncillo and Galicano Apacible, who was the head of La solidaridad, which advocated Philippines independence, as opposed to the circle led by Basa and Doroteo Cortes, who were for annexation by the United States. In February 1897, Alejandrino went to Japan in hopes of acquiring more weapons for the revolutionaries.[2] He was with Aguinaldo when the latter was exiled to Hong Kong in accordance to the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, which was signed on 14 December 1897.[4] Philippine-American War and postwar life[edit] In 1898 Alejandrino served in the Malolos Congress, becoming a member of the two committees that draughted the Malolos Constitution. On 26 September, he was given the post of Director of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. Later, Aguinaldo designated Alejandrino Chief of the engineers of the Army, and he directed the building of trenches in several areas, including Bulacan and Caloocan.[2] Alejandrino and his friend, General Antonio Luna, suggested to Aguinaldo that they build a defensive line from Novaliches to Caloocan to delay the northward advance of American troops intent on capturing the railway. This was however not implemented, as Aguinaldo surrendered unconditionally to General Frederick Funston on 29 April 1901.[5] In August of the same year, Alejandrino accepted an offer to serve as the second city engineer of Manila.[5] In 1925, Governor-General Leonard Wood made him senator of the Twelfth Senatorial District of the Philippines. He died on June 1, 1951.[5] Written works[edit La Senda del Sacrificio (1949)[6]

ANASTACIO CARPIO A filipino freemason and lawyer in the late 1800's early 1900's. Responsible for managing the family's coffee and tobacco investments in the Tarlac region. Member of the Katipunan along with other members of the Carpio house (one notable being Miguel Malvar). At the end of the revolution, Anastacio was already an old man. He died before Philippine independence from colonial rule was fully realized (due to complications introduced during the Philippine-American War) at the age of 82. Much of Anastacio's life (along with a majority of the Katipunan) has been shrouded in mystery due to the strict oath of secrecy with society members. Failure to adhere to the oaths of the society typically resulted in death and in some cases, extended to close friends and family. However, historical title documents show that Anastacio's branch of Carpio still survives with substantial, active land investments within the Tarlac region and surrounding areas. ANTONIO MARIA REGIDOR Si Antonio Ma. Regidor ay ipinanganak noong Abril 16, 1845. Siya ay nag-aral sa Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas at dito nakamir ang katibayan ng pagiging doktor. Sa Central Madrid naman niya nakamit ang katibayan sa Derecho Civil at Cananico. Siya ay naging kalihim ng audencia at Piskal ng Artilyera at Inhinyeros at naging Consehal Sindinco at Ayuntamiento ng Maynila. Si Regidor ang nagpanukala ng pagkakaroon ng Unibersidad ng Pilipinas. Bilang isang manananggol, ipinagtagumpay niya ang usaping ipinagharap ng sakdal ng mga Kastila laban sa Gobernador Heneral na si Don Maria la Torre bilang isang mamamahayag, siya ay naging manunulat ng El Comersio at Diario de Manila sa sagisag na Luis V. Rances. Itinatag niya ang Assemblea Filipina na pinaglalathalaan ng panunuligsa sa mga prayle, at binatikos niya ana mga Kastila. Siya ay naging sugo upang makipag-ayos sa Pamahalaang Kastila at siya ay nakipagkita kay Don German Gamozo at tagumpay ang kanilang pakikipag-ayos. Noong 1872, ipinatapon siya sa Guam sa pag-aakalang siya ang nagpapalikos sa lihim na kilusan sa San Felipe, Cavite. Siya ay tumakas at napadpad sa Londres, Gran Britanya at doon nanirahan. Kinupkop ni Regidor sr Rizal nang pinag-iinitan ito ng mga Kastila sa Pilipinas. Nagsikap siya na mailigtas si Rizal ng ito ay makulong sa isang sasakyan sa Hong Kong. Siya ay namatay noong Disyembre 28, 1910 sa Nice, Pransya.