Impact Test OF MATERIALS

LAB REPORT #7

ASAD ALI

Submitted to: Sir Raees Fida Swati

Impact Test of Materials

Abstract:
This test method covers the determination of the amount of energy a material can absorb before fracturing. It becomes of engineering importance when the ability of material to withstand an impact load without fracturing is considered. It is one of the simplest method of measuring toughness by using the apparatus to place a Charpy V notch specimen across parallel jaws in the machine. In the impact test a heavy pendulum released from a known height strikes the sample on its downward swing, fracturing it.By knowing the mass of the pendulum and the difference between its initial and final heights the energy absorbed by the fracture can be measured.

Objective:
The objective of this study was

to determine the energy needed to fracture a material

to measure the toughness of the material and the yield strength.

to study the strain rate and analyzed for its effect on fracture. to determine the ductility of a material. the determination of notched bar impact work the Determination of notched bar impact strength Evaluation of fracture surface characteristics

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Impact Test of Materials

Apparatus:
Standard Impact Testing Apparatus

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Impact Test of Materials

Theory:
The impact tests are designed to measure the resistance to failure of a material to a suddenly applied force. The test measures the impact energy .The most common methods of measuring impact energy are the Charpy Test Izod Test

Charpy Impact Test

The Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy v-notch test, is a standardized high strainrate test which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. This absorbed energy is a measure of a given material's toughness and acts as a tool to study temperature-dependent brittle-ductile transition. It is widely applied in industry, since it is easy to prepare and conduct and results can be obtained quickly and cheaply. A major disadvantage is that all results are only comparative. The test was developed in 1905 by French scientist Georges Charpy. It was pivotal in understanding the fracture problems of ships during WWII. Today it is used in many industries for testing materials used in the construction of pressure vessels and bridges and to determine how storms will affect materials used in them.

Charpy Test

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Impact Test of Materials Izod Impact Test

In the Izod impact test, the test piece is a cantilever, clamped upright in an anvil, with a Vnotch at the level of the top of the clamp. The test piece is hit by a striker carried on a pendulum which is allowed to fall freely from a fixed height, to give a blow of 120 ftlb energy. After fracturing the test piece, the height to which the pendulum rises is recorded by a slave friction pointer mounted on the dial, from which the absorbed energy amount is read.

Izod impact test

Impact strength
It is the capability of the material to withstand a suddenly applied load and is expressed in terms of energy. Often measured with the Izod impact strength test or Charpy impact test, both of which measure the impact energy required to fracture a sample. Volume, modulus of elasticity, distribution of forces, and yield strength effect the impact strength of a material. In order for a material or object to have a higher impact strength the stresses must be distributed evenly throughout the object. It also must have a large volume with a low modulus of elasticity and a high material yield strength.

Toughness
It is also defined as the resistance to fracture of a material when stressed. Toughness requires a balance of strength and ductility.

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Impact Test of Materials

Mathematical definition
Toughness can be determined by measuring the area (i.e., by taking the integral) underneath the stress-strain curve and its energy of mechanical deformation per unit volume prior to fracture. The explicit mathematical description is:

Where

is strain is the strain upon failure is stress

Another definition is the ability to absorb mechanical (or kinetic) energy up to failure. The area covered under stress strain curve is called toughness. If the upper limit of integration up to the yield point is restricted, then the energy absorbed per unit volume is known as the modulus of resilience. Mathematically, the modulus of resilience can be expressed by the product of the square of the yield strain divided by two times the Young's modulus

Brittle Fractures
Much empirical evidence had been accumulated by the 1920/1930s which showed that high strain rates applied at temperatures close to or somewhat below room temperature in the presence of notches were more likely to result in brittle or sudden failure. This issue was highlighted in a number of catastrophic failures in ferritic steel structures and whilst the science of fracture mechanics increasingly allows a rigorous approach to designing against brittle fracture in steel structures, the Charpy test remains as a wellrecognized method of specifying steel quality. Empirical correlations have been shown between Charpy value and service performance.After the mid-1950s, welding techniques were improved and Charpy testing became an essential part of steel specification.

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Impact Test of Materials

Charpy test equipment

Due to the result of the ductile to brittle transition demonstrated by both the Charpy and the related but simpler Izod impact test, these methods were adopted widely as indicators of probable fracture behavior. The Charpy test uses a 10 mm square bar notched in the centre of one face. A standard length of 55 mm (0.1 mm) is used.The notch determines the direction of crack propagation and because of the directionality referred to in previous sections, the Charpy impact properties will depend on the orientation of this notch. In the Charpy test the falling weight is in the form of a pendulum, the weight and dimensions of the arc determine the amount of kinetic energy generated as the pendulum swings. Most Charpy testing machines are dimensioned to give an energy rating of 300 Joules. Recently as steels have improved larger machines with a greater striking energy have been manufactured, typically these have a capacity of 450 Joules. The maximum kinetic energy is reached at the lowest point of the swing and the test piece is placed very precisely at this point, after impact the test piece will either fracture or be severely deformed. The pendulum will continue to travel to a maximum height on the other side of the swing where a pointer records the energy lost (absorbed) in fracturing the test piece.

Procedure:
Adjust the zero point. Raise the pendulum to a specific height and lock it.so that it makes an angle a1with horizontal. Fit the notch specimen. Release the pendulum by pressing the lever. The pendulum breaks the specimen into two halves. The pendulum then swings up to a maximum height making angle a2with vertical. The scale shows the amount of energy (joules) of the impact.

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Impact Test of Materials

Calculations:
Force=F= 20.5 N Length=L=.385 m Fracture Area=A= 36 mm2 Potential Energy of the system when released=K K=FL(1+sin(a1-90)) Potential Energy after impact=T T=FL(1-cos(a2)) Energy consumed for fracture=E=K-T Impact strength is : KCU=E/A

Readings:

Specimen

a1

a2

K(J)

T(J)

E (J)

E (J)

Fracture KCU (J/mm

2)

theoretical practical Area (mm2) Mild Steel 1600 890 15.30 7.80 4.46 7.50 36

0.21

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Impact Test of Materials

Observations
From the results it is clear that the specimen fracture differently. The mild steel fracture but did not break completely and some part of the steel still attached therefore it behaves in the ductile manner. Moreover not observing the precautions of the experiment can cause serious injury as happened to our one fellow while performing the experiment.

Conclusion:
From the experiment we concluded that the mild steel undergoes ductile fracture. Greater energy is absorbed by mild steel which shows that it is more suitable to be use in the structural construction that expose to high load.

Sources of error :
1) Imbalanced Machine. i.e. the machine should be leveled. 2) Air resistance 3) Machine resistance

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Impact Test of Materials

Precautions:
1) Check two or more person that specimen is kept correctly. 2) Keep away all the persons so that the pendulum doesnt hit them while working. 3) Note the reading when the hammer is not moving.

Suggestion for improvement :

There should be a protective case around the apparatus so that no body get go closer to it. For reading digital methods should be used. Room temperature should be maintained.

Reference:
www.wikipedia.com http://www.worldoftest.com/plasticspendulum.htm Material science and engineering by William d cluster http://www.exova.com/industry-sectors/oil-a-gas/by-method/charpy-impact-test http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/charpy-impact-tester.html

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