Pali Course Book

The New Pali Course Book I Table of Contents
Table of Contents I The Alphabet Pronunciation Parts of Speech Gender, Number and Case Declension of Nouns Conjugation of Verbs Conjugation of the Root Paca (to cook) Paca Different Conjugations The Seventh Conjugation Past Tense Personal Pronouns () Future Tense Declension of Feminine Nouns The Imperative The Optative or Potential () Absolutives or so-called Indeclinable Past Participles Neuter Gender The Infinitive Classification of Nouns Pronouns Adjectives (Pronominal) The Verbal Adjectives or Participles Past Participles "To" in the Sense of Ablative of Separation Adjectives Numerals Declension of Numerals Ordinal Numerals
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Adverbs Syntax () Order of Sentences Concord Enlarge and Analyse a Sentence Passive Voice Passive Participles Causal or Causative Verbs Vocabulary
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Table of Contents
Foreword Preface 1. Alphabet, Pronunciation, Parts of Speech, Declension, Conjugation The Alphabet Pronunciation Parts of Speech ) Gender, Number and Case Declension of Nouns Conjugation of Verbs Conjugation of the Root "Paca" paca 2. More conjugations, Masculine nouns, Past Tense Different Conjugations The Seventh Conjugation Masculine Stems Ending in i i Past Tense 3. Personal pronouns, Future Tense, Masculine nouns in and u Personal Pronouns Future Tense Masculine Nouns Ending in Masculine Nouns Ending in u u 4. Adjectival nouns, Masculine nouns in , Adverbs of time, Feminine nouns, Imperative mood, Optative mood, Indeclinable Past Participle Adjectival Nouns Ending in u u Masculine Nouns Ending in Adverbs of Time Declension of Feminine Nouns The Imperative The Optative or Potential () Feminine Stems Ending in i i Feminine Stems Ending in Indeclinable Past Participle 5. Feminine nouns in u, Adverbs of place, Neuter nouns, Infinitive
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Feminine Nouns Ending in u u Adverbs of Place Neuter Gender The Infinitive Neuter Nouns Ending in i i Neuter Nouns Ending in u u Some More Particles 6. Classification of nouns, Pronouns, Pronominal adjectives, Present participles Classification of Nouns Pronouns Adjectives (Pronominal) The Demonstrative Pronoun "Ta"Ta The Demonstrative Pronoun "Ima"Ima The Verbal Adjectives or Participles The Present Participle 7. Past participles, Usage of -to, Adjectives Past Participles "To" in the Sense of AblativeTo Adjectives 8. Numerals: Cardinal, Ordinal Numerals Declension of Numerals Ordinal Numerals 9. Adverbs, Syntax, Concord Adverbs Syntax Order of a Sentence Concord How to Enlarge and Analyse a Sentence 10. Passive voice, Passive participles, Causative Passive Voice Passive Participles Causal or Causative Verbs The Vocabulary: Pali-English | English-Pali
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The New Pali Course Book 1
By Prof. A. P. Buddhadatta, Maha Nayaka Thera

Seventh Edition 7 (Published by Singapore Buddhist Meditation Centre, 1998) Foreword By Dr. G. P. Malalasekara University College, Colombo I consider it a great honour that I should have been asked to write this foreword. The eminence of Rev. A. P. Buddhadatta Thera as a scholar is far too well-known in Ceylon and elsewhere for his work to need any commendation from others. His books, particularly the Plibhshvataraa, have for many years now been a great boon to students of Pali. The fact that they are written in Sinhalese has, however, restricted their use only to those acquainted with the language. Rev. Buddhadatta has by this present publication removed that disability. As a teacher of Pali, chiefly through the medium of English, I welcome this book with great cordiality for it would considerably lighten my labours. It fulfils a great need and I wish it success with all my heart. I would also congratulate the publishers on their enterprise in a new field. G. P. Malalasekara. University College, Colombo. 17th June, 1937.
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Preface Pali is the language in which the oldest Buddhist texts were composed. It originated in the ancient country of Magadha which was the kingdom which was the kingdom of Emperor Asoka and the centre of Buddhistic learning during many centuries. Pali is older than classical Sanskrit, and a knowledge of it is very useful to students of philology and ancient history. It is still the classical language of the Buddhists of Ceylon, Burma and Siam. During the latter half of the last century some European scholars became interested in the study of Pali and wrote some articles and books to encourage the study of it. At the same time the publication of Pali Texts in Europe was begun through the efforts of Professors V. Fausboll, H. Oldenberg and T. W. Rhys Davids. Thanks to the indefatigable labours of the last mentioned scholar and the Pali Text Society, which he established some fifty years ago, the whole of the Pali Canon (of the Theravda School) is now found in print. Pali is now taught in many universities both in the East and the West. There is also a desire all over the civilized world at the present day to read the original Pali Texts in order to find out what the Buddha has preached to mankind 25 centuries ago and to see what historical and philosophical treasures are enshrined therein. Therefore, to facilitate the study of Pali, some modern scholars have compiled Pali courses, grammars and readers according to modern methods. Of these the Pali Grammar by Chas. Duroiselle, formerly Professor of Pali at Rangoon College, still stands unrivalled. Gray's Pali Course has done much service for a long time to students in India and Burma; and S. Sumangala's Pali Course has done the same to students in Ceylon. Although such books were written in European languages hardly any appeared in Sinhalese. Here they studied Pali through books which were written many centuries ago. Therefore, about 1920, when some schools in Ceylon began to teach Pali, the great difficulty before them was the lack of suitable books. Then, requested and encouraged by Mr. P. de S. Kularatna, Principal, Ananda College, I compiled Plibhshvataraa (I, , I) in Sinhalese to teach Pali grammar and composition to beginners. It was a success; the demand for the first book necessitated the publisher to
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bring out three editions of it within eleven years from 1923 to 1934. (ed. Now it is in the eleventh edition) Many complimented the work. Recently there came a request from Burma for permission to translate the same into Burmese. Some suggested to me to write it in English as the books already mentioned did not satisfy them; but I dared not to do it as my knowledge of English was insufficient for such a task. But finally I was prevailed upon by Dr. G. C. Mendis to produce this volume. This is not a literal translation of the Sinhalese edition, but a different compilation on the same lines. To understand the nature of the work it is enough to quote from the report, sent to me by the "Text Book Committee" of the Education Department of Ceylon, on the Sinhalese one: "This is a book for teaching Pali to beginners through the medium for Sinhalese. The method adopted is the modern one of teaching the languages through composition. The lessons are well graded and practical. This supplies a long felt want... We should recommend it for use in schools as an introduction to the study of Pali". My thanks are due, first of all, to Dr. G. C. Mendis, who very kindly assisted me in many ways to bring out this volume; secondly to Dr. G. P. Malalasekara, Lecturer in Oriental Languages, Ceylon University College, for his Foreword, and lastly to the Colombo Apothecaries' Co., Ltd., for the publication of this volume. A. P. BUDDHADATTA Aggrma, Ambalangoda, 15th June, 1937.
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The New Pali Course-First Book
The Alphabet
1. The Pali alphabet consists of 41 letters, eight vowels and thirty-three consonants.
Vowels
a,
i,
u,
e,
Consonants
: : : : :
k, c, , t, p,
kh, ch, h, th, ph,
g, j, , d, b,
gh, jh, h, dh, bh,
n m
: y, r, l, v, s, h, , 2. Of the vowels a, i, u are short; the rest are long. Although e and o are included in long vowels they are often sounded short before a double consonant, e.g. mett, seh, okkamati, yotta[1].
*[1] Wide Book for further treatment of letters.
Pronunciation 3. Pronunciation
a is pronounced like a in what or u in hut is pronounced like a in father i is pronounced like i in mint is pronounced like ee in see u is pronounced like u in put
is pronounced like oo in pool e is pronounced like a in cage o is pronounced like o in no k is pronounced like k in kind kh is pronounced like kh in blackheath g is pronounced like g in game gh is pronounced like gh in big house is pronounced like ng in singer c is pronounced like ch in chance ch is pronounced like ch h in witch-hazel jh is pronounced like dge h in sledge-hammer is pronounced like gn in signore is pronounced like t in cat h is pronounced like th in ant-hill is pronounced like d in bad h is pronounced like dh in red-hot is pronounced like kn in know t is pronounced like th in thumb th is pronounced like th in pot-herb d is pronounced like th in then dh is pronounced like dh in adherent ph is pronounced like ph in uphill bh is pronounced like bh in abhorrence y is pronounced like y in yes s is pronounced like s in sight is pronounced like ng in sing
j, n, p, b, m, r, l, v and h are pronounced just as they are pronounced in English.
Parts of Speech
4. In English, there are 8 parts of speech. They are all found in Pali, but the Pali grammarians do not classify them in the same way. Their general classification is:
1. Nma = noun 2. khyta = verb 3. Upasagga = prefix 4. Nipta = indeclinable particle Pronouns and adjectives are included in the first group. Adjectives are treated as nouns because they are declined like nouns. Conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs and all other indeclinables are included in the fourth group.
Gender, Number and Case

5. There are in Pali as in English three genders and two numbers. Gender 1. Pulliga = Masculine 2. Itthiliga = Feminine 3. Napusakaliga = Neuter Number 1. Ekavacana = Singular 2. Bahuvacana = Plural 6. Nouns which denote males are masculine; those which denote females are feminine; but nouns which denote inanimate things and qualities are not always neuter, e.g. rukkha (tree), canda (moon) are masculine. Nad (river), lat (vine), pa (wisdom) are feminine. Dhana (wealth), citta (mind) are neuter. Two words denoting the same thing may be, sometimes, in different genders; psa and sil are both synonyms for a stone, but the former is masculine, and the latter is feminine. Likewise one word, without changing its form, may possess two or more genders; e.g. geha (house) is masculine and neuter, kucchi (belly) is masculine and feminine. Therefore, it should be remembered that gender in Pali is a grammatical distinction existing in words, it is called grammatical gender. 7. There are eight cases, namely: 1. Paham = Nominative
2. Dutiy = Accusative 3. (a) Tatiy = Ablative of agent, and (b) Karaa = Ablative of instrument 4. Catutth = Dative 5. Pa cam = Ablative of separation 6. Chah = Possessive or Genitive 7. Sattam = Locative 8. lapana = Vocative
The Ablative in English is here divided into Tatiy, Karaa and Pa cam. But, as Tatiy and Karaa always have similar forms both of them are shown under "Instrumental". Where only the "Ablative" is given the reader must understand that all (3) forms of the Ablative are included.
Declension of Nouns
8. Nouns in Pali are differently declined according to their gender and termination. Nara is a masculine stem, ending in -a. It is to be declined as follows:Case Singular Plural Nominative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative Vocative naro = man nara = man narena = by, through man with nar = men nare = men or narebhi, narehi = by, with or through men
narya, narassa = to or for narna = to or for men man nar, naramh, narasm = narebhi, narehi = from men from man narassa = of man narna = of men nare, naramhi, narasmi = naresu = on or in men on or in man nara, nar = O man nar = O men
Some of the stems similarly declined are:purisa = man gma = village manussa = human being Buddha = the Enlightened One hattha = hand dhamma = doctrine pda = leg; foot sagha = community kya = body loka = light rukkha = tree loka = world psa = rock; stone ksa = sky
suriya = sun vihra = monastery canda = moon dpa = island; lamp magga = path ma ca = bed putta = son hra = food kumra = boy sha = lion miga = deer; beast vija = merchant assa = horse cora = thief mitta = friend goa = ox dsa = slave sunakha = dog bhpla = king varha = pig kassaka = farmer sakua = bird lekhaka = clerk aja = goat deva = god; deity kka = crow vnara = monkey 9. Inflections or case-endings of the above declension are: Case Singular Plural
Nominative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative Vocative
o ena ya; ssa ; mh; sm ssa e; mhi; smi a;
e ebhi; ehi na ebhi; ehi na esu
The last vowel of the stem should be elided before an inflection which begins with a vowel.
Exercise 1
Suggested Solutions
Translate into English

1. Manussna.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Purise. Hattha. Pdamhi. Kyena. Buddhesu. Dhamma. Saghamh. Suriye. Rukkhassa. ksena. Bhplebhi. Dev. Canda. Gmasm. Goya. Shna. Asso. Sakuna. Ma casmi. The dogs. Of the hand. On the men. From the tree. In the islands. With the foot. By the hands. To the lion. Of the oxen. From the birds. By the king.
Translate into Pali
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
O deity. To the sun. In the sky. Through the body. On the bed. Of the moons. In the world. The monkey. Through the light.
Exercise 2
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Purisassa goo. Manussna hatth. ksamhi saku. Buddhassa dhammo. Ma cesu manuss. Assna pd. Rukkhe sakuo. Psamhi goo. Lokasmi manuss. Bhplassa dp. The body of the ox. The bird on the tree. The island of the world. With the feet of the man. By the hand of the monkey. Of the birds in the sky. In the doctrine of the Buddha.
Translate into Pali
8. The villages of the king. 9. The birds from the tree. 10. The horse on the path. Remark. In translating these into Pali, the articles should be left out. There are no parallel equivalents to them in Pali. But it should be noted that the pronominal adjective "ta" (that) may be used for the definite article, and "eka" (one) for the indefinite. Both of them take the gender, number, and case of the nouns they qualify. (See 46 and 48).
Conjugation of Verbs
10. There are three tenses, two voices, two numbers, and three persons in the conjugation of Pali verbs. Tense 1. Vattamnakla = Present Tense 2. Attakla = Past Tense 3. Angatakla = Future Tense Voice 1. Kattukraka = Active Voice 2. Kammakraka = Passive Voice Person 1. Pahamapurisa = Third Person 2. Majjhimapurisa = Second Person 3. Uttamapurisa = First Person The first person in English is third in Pali. Numbers are similar to those of nouns. 11. There is no attempt to conjugate the Continuous, Perfect, and Perfect Continuous tenses in Pali; therefore only the indefinite forms are given here.
Conjugation of the Root Paca (to cook) Paca

12. Indicative, Present Active Voice Person Singular Plural Third First
Person
(So) pacati = he cooks (Aha) pacmi = I cook

Singular
(Te) pacanti = they cook (Maya) pacma = we cook is similarly conjugated. ?

Plural
Second (Tva) pacasi = thou cookest (Tumhe) pacatha = you cook 13. The base bhava (to be) from the root bh
Third
(So) bhavati = he is
(Te) bhavanti = they are (Tumhe) bhavatha = you are (Maya) bhavma = we are
Second (Tva) bhavasi = thou art First (Aha) bhavmi = I am
The following are conjugated similarly:gacchati = goes tihati = stands nisdati = sits sayati = sleeps carati = walks dhvati = runs passati = sees bhu jati = eats bhsati = says harati = carries harati = brings kati = plays vasati = lives hanati = kills ruhati = ascends
hasati = laughs ycati = begs
Exercise 3
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Nar suriya passanti. Go pse tihanti. Manusso gme carati. Sakuo rukkhe nisdati. Buddho dhamma bhsati. Aha dpa harmi. Maya goe harma. Sagho gma gacchati. Tva sha passasi. Bhpl asse ruhanti. Dev ksena gacchanti. Ass dpesu dhvanti. Tva pdehi carasi. Tumhe hatthehi haratha. Maya loke vasma. Sunakh vnarehi kianti. Puriso ma ce sayati. Varh ajehi vasanti. Sh sakue hananti. Sunakh gme caranti. The horse stands on the rock. The goats walk in the village. You see the sun. The moon rises in the sky. The men sleep in beds. The oxen run from the lion. People live in the world. Thou bringest a lamp. We live in an island.
Translate into Pali
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
Thou art a king. You see the bird on the tree. The monkey plays with the pig. The king kills a lion. The deity walks in the sky. Trees are in the island. He carries the lamp. We see the body of the man. We eat with the hands.
Different Conjugations
14. There are seven different conjugations in Pali; they are called dhtugaas (= groups of roots). The Pali grammarians represent roots with a final vowel, but it is often dropped or changed before the conjugational sign. Each dhtugaa has one or more different conjugational signs, which come between the root and the verbal termination. The seven conjugations and their signs are: 1st Conjugation = Bhuvdigaa: a 2nd Conjugation = Rudhdigaa: -a 3rd Conjugation = Divdigaa: ya 4th Conjugation = Svdigaa: o, u, u 5th Conjugation = Kiydigaa: 6th Conjugation = Tandigaa: o, yira 7th Conjugation = Curdigaa: e, aya A great number of roots are included in the first and the seventh group. The roots paca and bh, given above, belong to the first conjugation. The last vowel of "paca" is dropped before the conjugation sign a. The monosyllabic roots like bh do not drop their vowel. It is guated or strengthened before the conjugational sign: i or strengthened becomes e u or strengthened becomes o e.g. N + a becomes Ne + a; Bh + a becomes Bho + a Then e followed by a is changed into ay and o followed by a is changed into av
e.g. Ne + a becomes naya; Bho + a becomes bhava It is not necessary for a beginner to learn how these bases are formed. But the bases will be given very often for the convenience of the students. The base is the root with its conjugational sign combined.
The Seventh Conjugation

15. The special feature of the first conjugation is that the last vowel of the base is strengthened before the First Personal endings. The same rule is applied for the bases ending with a of the 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 7th conjugations, in addition to their special features. The bases of the seventh conjugation are of two kinds as it has two conjugational signs, e.g. from the root pla two bases ple and playa are formed. Conjugation of Pla (to protect or govern) Indicative, Present, Active Voice Base: Ple Person Singular Plural Third Second First Base: Palaya Person Third Second pleti plesi plemi
Singular
plenti pletha plema

Plural
playati playasi
playanti playatha playma
First playmi Some of the similarly conjugated are: jleti = kindles mreti = kills oloketi = looks at coreti = steals deseti = preaches
cinteti = thinks pjeti = offers, respects ueti = flies peti = oppresses udeti = (the sun or moon) rises pteti = fells down hapeti = keeps
16. The conjugational sign of the fifth group is shortened in the Third Person plural. Base: Vikkina = To sell
Person Singular Plural
Third Second First
vikkiti vikkisi vikkimi
vikkianti vikkitha vikkima
The following are similarly conjugated:kiti = buys jnti = knows suti = hears jinti = wins miti = measures gahti = takes uggahti = learns ocinti = gathers (together), collects
Exercise 4
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Putt dhamma uggahanti. Sho miga mreti. Vijassa putto goe vikkiti. Maya vijamh ma ce kima. Lekhako mittena magge gacchati. Ds mittna sunakhe haranti.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Kassako goe kiti. Kk kse uenti. Vij Buddhassa dhamma suanti. Cor mayre* corenti. Aha Buddha pjemi. Tva dpa jlehi. Dso gona peti. Tumhe magge kassaka oloketha. Maya dhamma jnma.
Translate into Pali

1. The robber steals an ox. 2. The clerk's son buys a horse. 3. Merchants sell lamps. 4. He knows the friend's son. 5. Boys learn in the village. 6. Peacocks are on the road. 7. The slave lights a lamp. 8. Lions kill deer. 9. The king governs the island. 10. Birds fly in the sky. 11. We see the sons of the merchant. 12. Look at the hands of the man. 13. You hear the doctrine of the Buddha. 14. They respect (or make offerings to) the community. 15. The monkey teases (or oppresses) the birds. * Mayra = peacock. 17. Masculine stems ending in i i Declension of Aggi (Fire) Case Singular Plural
Nominative, Vocative aggi Accusative Instrumental Dative, Genitive Ablative aggi aggin aggino, aggissa
aggi, aggayo agg, aggayo aggbhi, agghi aggna
aggin, aggimh, aggism aggbhi; aggh
aggimhi, aggismi The following are similarly declined:muni = monk kavi = poet isi = sage; hermit ari = enemy bhpati = king pati = husband; master gahapati = householder adhipati = lord; leader atithi = guest vydhi = sickness udadhi = ocean vhi = paddy kapi = monkey ahi = serpent dpi = leopard ravi = sun giri = mountain mai = gem yahi = stick nidhi = hidden treasure asi = sword rsi = heap pi = hand kucchi = belly muhi = fist, hammer bodhi = Bo-tree More verbs conjugated like pacati: khaati = digs chindati = cuts likhati = writes labhati = gets gacchati = comes hiati = wanders vandati = bows down paharati = beats asati = bites Locative
aggsu
Exercise 5
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Muni dhamma bhsati. Gahapatayo vhi mianti. Ahi adhipatino hatta asati. Isi pin mai gahti. Dpayo girimhi vasanti. Ari asin pati paharati. Kavayo dpamhi nidhi khaanti. Tva atithna hra desi. Tumhe udadhimhi katha. Vydhayo loke manusse plenti. Kapi ahino kucchi paharati. Kavino muhimhi maayo bhavanti. Ravi girimh udeti. Aha vhna rsi passmi. Maya gme hima.
Translate into Pali

1. Leopards kill deer. 2. The sage comes from the mountain. 3. There is* a sword in the enemy's hand. 4. There are** gems in the householder's fist. 5. We give food to the guest. 6. The farmer's sons measure a heap of paddy. 7. The serpent gets food from the poet. 8. The monks kindle a fire. 9. The householder gets a gem from the leader. 10. The monkeys on the tree strike the leopard. 11. The leader strikes the enemy with a sword. 12. The sages look at the sun. 13. We get paddy from the husband. 14. The sickness oppresses the sons of the guest. 15. I see the sun upon the sea. * There is = bhavati.
** There are = bhavanti. [20090723 ******]
Past Tense
18. Conjugation of Paca (to cook)

Past Indefinite, Active Person Singular Plural Third Second (Te) apacisu, pacisu, (So) apac, pac, apaci, paci apacu, pacu = they = he cooked cooked (Tva) apaco, paco = thou (Tumhe) apacittha, pacittha = you cooked didst cook
(Maya) apacimha, (Aha) apaci, paci = I First pacimha, apacimh, pacimh cooked = we cooked The following are similarly conjugated:gacchi = went kii = bought gahi = took vikkii = sold dadi = gave nisdi = sat khdi = ate sayi = slept hari = carried ruhi = ascended; climbed kari = did acari = walked; travelled hari = brought dhvi = ran The prefix a is not to be added to the bases beginning with a vowel. 19. The verbs of the seventh group are differently conjugated: Past Indefinite, Active Pla (to protect) Person Singular Plural Third plesi, playi plesu, playu, playisu
Second playo
playittha
First plesi, playi playimha, playimh The following are similarly conjugated:mresi = killed jlesi = kindled desesi = preached nesi = brought coresi = stole pjesi = offered; respected nesi = carried thapesi = kept cintesi = thought pesi = oppressed kathesi = told ptesi = dropped down or felled
Exercise 6
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Munayo ma cesu nisdisu. Aha dpamhi acari. Cor gahapatino nidhi coresu. Maya bhpatino asi olokayimha. Tva atithino odana adado. Adhipati vijamh maayo kii. Pati kassaka vh yci. Isayo kavna dhamma desesu. Kapayo girimh rukkha dhvisu. Vij udadhimhi gacchisu. Maya maggena gma gacchimha. Dpi kapi mresi. Tumhe patino padpe gahittha. Aha Buddhassa pde pjesi. Kavayo kapna odana dadisu. Arayo as nesu. Ahi kapino pi dasi.
18. Maya girimh canda passimha. 19. Tumhe munna hra adadittha. 20. Bhpati nidhayo plesi.
Translate into Pali

1. The slave struck the enemy with a sword. 2. We got food from the householder. 3. He carried a monkey to the mountain. 4. The merchants went to the village by the road. 5. Birds flew to the sky from the tree. 6. The thieves stole the gems of the king. 7. I gave food to the sages. 8. The sons of the poet heard the doctrine from the monk. 9. I saw the leopard on the road. 10. The lion killed the deer on the rock. 11. They saw the mountain on the island. 12. The boy went to the sea. 13. The dogs ran to the village. 14. The merchant bought a horse from the leader. 15. The guest brought a gem in (his) fist. 16. The monkey caught the serpent by (its) belly. 17. The householder slept on a bed. 18. We dwelt in an island. 19. The boy struck the monkey with (his) hands. 20. I saw the king's sword. N.B. -- The verbs implying motion govern the Accusative; therefore "to the mountain" in the 3rd, and "to the village" in the 13th must be translated with the Accusative as: giri, gma. But "to the sages" in the 7th must be in the Dative, because the person to whom some thing is given is put in the Dative.
Personal Pronouns ()
20. Two personal pronouns amha and tumha are declined here because of their frequent usage. There are of the common gender and have no vocative forms. The First Personal "Amha"
Case Singular Plural
Nom. Acc. Ins. Dat., Gen. Abl. Loc.

Case
aha = I ma, mama = me may, me mama, mama may mayi

The Second Personal "Tumha" Singular
maya, amhe = we amhe, amhka, no = us amhebhi, amhehi, no mayha, me, amha, amhka, no amhebhi, amhehi amhesu
Plural
Nom. Acc. Ins. Dat., Gen. Abl. Loc.
tva, tuva = thou
tumhe = you
ta, tava, tuva = thee tumhe, tumhka, vo = you tvay, tay, te tava, tuyha, te tvay, tay tvayi, tayi tumhebhi, tumhehi, vo tumha, tumhka, vo tumhebhi, tumhehi tumhesu
N.B. -- Te, me and vo, no should not be used at the beginning of a sentenced. Note. -- The word for "not" in Pali is na or no; the word for "is not" or "has not" is natthi.
Exercise 7
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Aha mayha puttassa assa adadi. Tva amhka gm gacchasi. Maya tava hatthe passma. Mama putt giri ruhisu. Tumhka sunakh magge sayisu. Amha mitt cora asin paharisu. Tumha ds arna asse harisu. Coro mama puttassa maayo coresi. Isayo mayha gehe na vasisu. Kavi tava puttna dhamma desesi. Amhesu kodho* natthi. Tumhe vijassa mayre kiittha. Maya bhpatino mige vikkiimha. Gahapatino putto ma pahari. Adhipatino ds mama goe paharisu. Aha tumhka vh na gahi. Dp gmamh na dhvi. Tumhe ahayo na mretha. Maya atithna odana pacimha. Kapayo ma hra ycisu. I sold my gems to a merchant. We gave our oxen to the slaves. You bought a sword from me. (You) don't beat monkeys with your hands. The leader brought a lion from the mountain. The monk preached the doctrine to you.
Translate into Pali
7. We gave food to the serpents. 8. The slaves of the householder carried our paddy. 9. You did not go to the sea. 10. There are no gems in my fist. 11. The poet's son struck the dog with a stick. 12. Our sons learnt from the sage. 13. Your monkey fell down from a tree. 14. My dog went with me to the house. 15. A serpent bit my son's hand. 16. The leopard killed a bull on the road. 17. My friends looked at the lions. 18. We did not see the king's sword. 19. I did not go to the deer. 20. Thou buyest a peacock from the poet. * kodha = anger (m)
Future Tense
21. Conjugation of Paca (to cook) Future indicative, Active.
Third Second First
(so) pacissati = he will (te) pacissanti = they will cook cook (tva) pacissasi = thou (tumhe) pacissatha = you will cook wilt cook (aha) pacissmi = I (maya) pacissma = we shall cook shall cook
The following are conjugated similarly:gamissati = he will go bhu jissati = he will eat
harissati = he will carry vasissati = he will live dadissati = he will give karissati = he will do passissati = he will see bhyissati = he will fear All verbs given in the Present Tense may be changed into Future by inserting issa between the base and the termination, and dropping the last vowel of the base, e.g. bhu ja + ti >> bhu j + issa + ti = bhu jissati. 22. Declension of masculine nouns ending in
III Pakkh (Bird)

Nom., Voc. Acc. Ins. Dat., Gen. Abl. Loc.
pakkh pakkhina, pakkhi pakkhin pakkhino, pakkhissa
pakkh, pakkhino pakkh, pakkhino pakkhbhi, pakkhhi pakkhna
pakkhin, pakkhimh, pakkhism pakkhbhi, pakkhhi pakkhini, pakkhimhi, pakkhismi pakkhsu
Some of the similarly declined are:hatth = elephant sm = lord kuh = leper dh = tusker bhog = serpent ppakr = evil-doer dghajv = possessor of a long live seh = millionaire
bhg = sharer sukh = receiver of comfort, happy mant = minister kar = elephant sikh = peacock bal = a powerful person sas = moon chatt = possessor of an umbrella ml = one who has a garland srath = charioteer ga = one who has a following
Exercise 8
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Mant hatthina ruhissati. Maya sehino geha gamissma. Tva smino puttassa kapi dadissasi. Gaino sukhino bhavissanti. Amhka smino dghajvino na bhavanti. Ppakr yahin bhogi mresi. Mama putt sehino gme vasissanti. Kuh srathino pda yahin pahari. Sikh chattimh bhyissati. Srath asse gmamh harissati. Tumhe mlhi sasina olokessatha. Bal dhino kya chindissati. Amhka mantino balino abhavisu. Sehino mlino passissanti. Maya gehe odana bhu jissma.
Translate into Pali

1. Our lord went to the minister. 2. The millionaire will be the possessor of a long life. 3. Evil-doers will not become* receivers of comfort. 4. The tusker will strike the leper. 5. The minister will get a peacock from the lord. 6. The charioteer will buy horses for the minister**. 7. My peacocks will live on the mountain. 8. The serpents will bite the powerful. 9. The lord's sons will see the lions of the millionaire. 10. We will buy a deer from the guest. 11. The elephant killed a man with (its) feet. 12. You will not be a millionaire. 13. The king's sons will eat with the ministers. 14. The monkeys will not fall from the tree. 15. I will not carry the elephant of the charioteer. * "will not become" = na bhavissanti. ** Dative must be used here. 23. Declension of masculine nouns ending in u
U IV Garu (teacher)
Nom., Voc. Acc. Ins. Abl. Dat., Gen. Loc.
garu garu garun
gar, garavo gar, garavo garbhi, garhi
garun, garumh, garusm garbhi, garhi garuno, garussa garumhi, garusmi
garna garsu
Some of the similarly declined are:bhikkhu* = monk bandhu = relation taru = tree bhu = arm sindhu = sea pharasu = axe pasu = beast khu = rat ucchu = sugar-cane veu = bamboo kaacchu = spoon sattu = enemy setu = bridge ketu = banner susu = young one * Bhikkhu has an additional form 'bhikkhave' in the vocative plural. Some nouns of the same ending are differently declined. 24. Bhtu (brother)
Nom. Acc. Ins., Abl. Dat., Gen. Loc.
bht bhtara bhtar bhtu, bhtussa bhtari
bhtaro bhtare, bhtaro bhtarebhi, bhtbhi, bhthi bhtuno, bhtarna, bhtna bhtaresu, bhtusu bhtarehi, bhtna,
Voc.
bhta, bht
bhtaro
Pitu (father) is similarly declined. 25. Nattu (grandson)

Nom. Acc. Ins., Abl. Dat., Gen. Loc. Voc.
natt nattra nattr nattu, nattussa nattari natta, natt
nattro nattre, nattro nattrebhi, nattrehi nattuno, nattrna, nattna nattresu nattro
Some of the similarly declined are:satthu = adviser, teacher kattu = doer, maker bhattu = husband gantu = goer sotu = hearer netu = leader vattu = sayer jetu = victor vinetu = instructor vitu = knower dtu = giver Remarks:26. The prepositions saha (with) and saddhi (with) govern the Instrumental case and are usually placed after the word governed by them. The Instrumental alone sometimes gives the meaning "with". The equivalent to the conjunction "and" is ca in Pali. Api or pi also is sometimes used in the same sense. The equivalent to "or" is v.
Exercise 9
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Bandhavo sushi saddhi amhka geha ga missanti. Sattu pharasun tava taravo chindissati. Garu mayha susna ucchavo adadi. Bhikkhavo nattrna dhamma desessanti. Tva bandhun saha sindhu gamissasi. Ass ca go ca gme hiissanti. Tumhe pasavo v pakkh v na mressatha. Maya netrehi saha satthra pjessma. Bht veun pakkhi mresi. Amhka pitaro sattna ketavo harisu. Jet dtra bhun pahari. Satth amhka net bhavissati. Maya pitar saddhi veavo harissma. Ahayo khavo bhu janti. Mama sattavo setumhi nisdisu. Amha bhtaro ca pitaro ca sindhu gacchisu. Aha mama bhtar saha sikhino vikkiissmi. Susavo kaacchun odana harisu. Gma gant tarsu ketavo passissati. Setu katt gmamh veavo hari. I shall cut bamboos with my axe. The teachers will look at the winner. They carried sugar-canes for the elephants. Hearers will come to the monks. Leopards and lions do not live in villages. I went to see the adviser with my brother.
Translate into Pali
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Our fathers and brothers were merchants. My brother's son killed a bird with a stick. Our relations will buy peacocks and birds. Monkeys and deer live on the mountain. He struck my grandon's arm. Enemies will carry (away) our leader's banner. Builders of the bridges* bought bamboos from the lord. Rats will fear from the serpents. I gave rice to my relation. The giver brought (some) rice with a spoon. My father's beasts were on the rock. Our brothers and grandsons will not buy elephants. The teacher's son will buy a horse or an ox. My brother or his son will bring a monkey for the young ones.
* Builders of the bridges = setu kattro or setuno kattro.
27. Adjectival nouns ending in -vantu and -mantu are differently declined from the above masculine nouns ending in -u. 1. They are often used as adjectives; but they become substantives when they stand alone in the place of the person or the thing they qualify. 2. There are declined in all genders. In the feminine, they change their final vowel, e.g. guavat, slavat; guavant, slavant.
***The New Pali Course Book 1********** 28. Masculine ending in -u
Declension of Guavantu (virtuous)

Nom. Acc. Ins. Dat., Gen. Abl. Loc. Voc.
guav guavanta guavat, guavantena guavato, guavantassa guavat, guavantasm
guavanto, guavant guavante guavantebhi, guavantehi guavata, guavantna
guavantamh, guavantebhi, guavantehi
guavati, guavante, guavantesu guavantamhi, guavantasmi guava, guava, guav guavanto, guavant
The following are declined similarly:dhanavantu = rich

balavantu = powerful bhnumantu = sun bhagavantu = the Exalted One, fortunate pa avantu = wise yasavantu = famous satimantu = mindful buddhimantu = intelligent pu avantu = fortunate kulavantu = of high caste
phalavantu = fruitful himavantu = the Himalaya, possessor of ice cakkhumantu = possessor of eyes slavantu = virtuous, observant of precepts bandhumantu = with many relations Those ending in -mantu should be declined as: cakkhum, cakkhumanto, cakkhumat and so on. 29. Declension of masculine nouns ending in Vid (wise man or knower) Case Singular Plural
Nom., Voc. Acc. Ins. Dat., Gen.
vid vidu vidun viduno, vidussa
vid, viduno vid, viduno vidbhi, vidhi vidna
The rest are similar to those of garu. The following are declined similarly:pabh = over-lord sabba = the omniscient one attha = knower of the meaning vada = charitable person vi = wise man matta = temperate, one who knows the measure 30. Adverbs of time kad = when? tad = then sad = ever, always idni = now ajja = today suve = tomorrow
hyo = yesterday yad = when, whenever ekad = one day, once pacch = afterwards pur = formerly, in former days sya = in the evening pto = in the morning parasuve = day after tomorrow parahyo = day before yesterday
Exercise 10&&&&
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Bhagav ajja sotrna dhamma desessati. Bhikkhavo bhagavanta vandisu. Cakkhumanto sad bhnumanta passanti. Tad balavanto vehi ar paharisu. Kad tumhe dhanavanta passissatha? Suve maya slavante vandissma. Bhagavanto sabba uno bhavanti. Viduno kulavato geha gacchisu. Himavati kapayo ca pakkhino ca isayo ca vasisu. Pu avato natt buddhim bhavi. Kulavata bhtaro dhanavanto na bhavisu. Aha Himavantamhi phalavante rukkhe passi. Pur maya Himavanta gacchimha. Hyo sya bandhumanto yasavata gma gacchisu. Vi uno pacch pabhuno gehe vasissanti
Translate into Pali

1. Sons of the wealthy are not always wise. 2. One who has relations does not fear enemies.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
The brothers of the virtuous will bow down to the Exalted One. Your grandsons are not intelligent. Tomorrow the wise men will preach to the men of the high caste. Today the rich will go to a mountain in the Himalayas. There are fruitful trees, lions and leopards in the garden of the rich man. When will the famous men come to our village? The sons of the powerful will always be famous. Once, the wise man's brother struck the virtuous man. Formerly I lived in the house of the over-lord. Yesterday there were elephants and horses in the garden. Now the man of high caste will buy a lion and a deer. Our fathers were mindful. Once we saw the sun from the rich man's garden.
Declension of Feminine Nouns

31. There are no nouns ending in -a in feminine. Vanit (woman)
Nom. Acc. Abl., Ins. Dat., Gen. Loc. Voc.
vanit vanita vanitya vanitya
vanit, vanityo vanit, vanityo vanitbhi, vanithi vanitna
vanitya, vanitya vanitsu vanite vanit, vanityo
The following are declined similarly:ka = girl gag = river
nv = ship amm = mother dis = direction sen = army, multitude sl = hall bhariy = wife vasudh = earth vc = word sabh = society drik = girl lat = creeper kath = speech pa = wisdom vaav = mare lak = Ceylon pips = thirst khud = hunger nidd = sleep pj = offering paris = following, retinue gv = neck jivh = tongue ns = nose jagh = calf of the leg shank guh = cave chy = shadow, shade tul = scale, balance sil = stone vluk = sand ma js = box ml = garland sur = liquor, intoxicant visikh = street skh = branch sakkhar = gravel devat = deity dol = palanquin godh = iguana
The Imperative
32. The Imperative Mood is used to express command, prayer, advice or wish. This is called Pa cam in Pali and includes the Benedictive. Paca (to cook)
3rd 2nd 1st
(so) pacatu = let him cook
(te) pacantu = let them cook
(tva) paca, pachi = cookest (tumhe) pacatha = cook you thou (aha) pacmi = let me cook (maya) pacma = let us cook
The following are conjugated similarly:hotu = let it be pivatu = let him drink jayatu = let him conquer rakkhatu = let him protect hapetu = let him keep bhavatu = let it be gacchatu = let him go pakkhipatu = let him put in bhsatu = let him say [090801]
The Optative or Potential ()

33. The Potential Mood - called "Sattami" in Pali - expresses probability, command, wish, prayer, hope, advice and capability. It is used in conditional or hypothetical sentences in which one statement depends upon another.
Verbs containing auxiliary parts may, might, can, could, should and would are included in this mood. Paca (to cook)
3rd 2nd 1st
(So) paceyya (would) cook
if
he (Te) paceyyu = if they (would) cook
(Tva) paceyysi = if thou (Tumhe) paceyytha = if you (would) cook (wouldst) cook (Aha) paceyymi = if I (Maya) paceyyma = if (would) cook we (would) cook
The following are conjugated similarly:bhu jeyya (if he eats) nahyeyya (if he bathes) katheyya (if he says) hareyya (if he brings) hapeyya (if he keeps) bhaveyya (if he becomes; if he would be) Note. Equivalents to "if" are sace, yadi and ce; but ce should not be used at the beginning of a sentence.
Exercise 11
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Vanityo nvhi gagya gacchantu. Tva slya kana odana pachi. Sace tumhe nahyissatha, aha pi nahyissmi. Yadi so sabhya katheyya, aha pi katheyymi. Lakya bhpatino senyo jayantu. Devat vasudhya manusse rakkhantu. Sace te vluka hareyyu aha (ta) kiissmi.
8. Tumhe drikya hatthe mla hapetha. 9. Slya chy vasudhya patati. 10. Cor ma jsyo guha harisu. 11. Kayo godha sakkharhi paharisu. 12. Hatth soya taruno skha chindi. 13. Sace maya guhya sayeyyma pasavo no haneyyu. 14. Tumhe mittehi saha sura m pivatha*. 15. Maya parisya saddhi odana bhu jissma. 16. Bhnumato pabh sindhumi bhavatu. 17. Drik kaya nsya sakkhara pakkhipi. 18. Tumhe parishi saddhi mama katha sutha. 19. Amhka amm dolya gma agacchi. 20. Sace tva vaava kieyysi, aha assa kiissmi. * M pivatha = do not drink. Particle m should be used in such a place instead of na.
Translate into Pali

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. The robber carried the box to the cave. Go to your village with your mothers. Let the women go along the river in a ship. If he buys a deer I will sell my mare. We heard the speech of the girl at the meeting. We utter words with our tongues. Do not strike the iguana with pebbles. May my following be victorious in the island of Lak. May our offerings be to the wise. Adorn* the maiden's neck with a garland. The shadow of the creeper falls on the earth. The woman brought a scale from the hall. Do not drink liquor with girls and boys. If you will cook rice I will give food to the woman. May the deities protect our sons and grandsons.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
The girls brought sand from the street. My following cut the branches of the tree. Let the elephant bring a stone to the street. The beasts will kill him if he will sit in the cave. There are gems in the maiden's box.
* Adorn -- alakarohi.
34. Declension of feminine stems ending in -i Bhmi (earth, ground or floor)

Nom., Voc. Acc. Abl., Ins. Dat., Gen. Loc.
bhmi bhmi bhmiy, bhmy bhmiy
bhmi, bhmiyo bhmi, bhmiyo bhmbhi, bhmhi bhmna
bhmiya, bhmiy bhmsu
The following are declined similarly:ratti = night aavi = forest doi = boat asani = thunder-bolt kitti = fame yuvati = maiden sati = memory mati = wisdom khanti = patience aguli = finger patti = infantry vuhi = rain yahi = (walking) stick ni = corn-measure
dundubhi = drum dhli = dust vuddhi = increase, progress 35. Declension of feminine stems ending in - Kumr (girl, damsel) Case Singular Plural
Nom., Voc. Acc. Abl., Ins. Dat., Gen. Loc.
kumr kumri kumriy kumriy
kumr, kumriyo kumr, kumriyo kumrbhi, kumrhi kumrna
kumriya, kumriy kumrsu
The following are declined similarly:nr = woman taru = young woman rjin = queen itth = woman sakh = woman-friend brhma = brahman woman bhagin = sister ds = slave woman dev = queen, goddess saku = bird (female) mig = deer (female) sh = lioness kukku = hen kk = she-crow nad = river vp = tank pokkhara = pond kadal = plantain gv = cow mah = earth, the river of that name hatthin = she-elephant
Absolutives or so-called Indeclinable Past Participles

/ 36. The words ending in tv, tvna, tna and ya, like katv (having done), gantvna (having gone), and dya (having taken), are called Absolutives, which cannot be declined. All other participles, being verbal adjectives, are declined. Some European Pali scholars have called them "gerunds"; but, as the Past Participles may be used in their place without affecting the sense, they resemble more in the Active Past Participle, e.g., In the sentence: So gma gantv bhatta bhu ji (Having gone to the village, he ate rice)... "gantv" may be replaced by Past Participle gato. In analysing a sentence, these go to the extension of the predicate, which in fact shows that they are neither gerunds nor participles. Examples: 1. pacitv = having cooked 2. bhu jitv = having eaten 3. pivitv = having drunk 4. sayitv = having slept 5. hatv = having stood 6. pacitna = having cooked 7. dya = having taken 8. vidhya = having commanded or done 9. pahya = having left 10. nahtv = having bathed 11. kitv = having played 12. okkamma = having gone aside Remark A. Tv, tvna and tna may be optionally used, and they are added to the base by means of a connection vowel i, when the base is not ending in a long . B. "Ya" is mostly added to the roots compounded with prefixes, e.g. + d + ya = dya, vi + dh + ya = vidhya.
In other cases it is sometimes assimilated with the last consonant of the base or sometimes interchanged with it, e.g., (1) Assimilated: + gam + ya = gamma (having come) ni + kham + ya = nikkhamma (having come out) (2) Interchanged: + ruh + ya = ruyha (having ascended) pa + gah + ya = paggayha (having raised up) o + ruh + ya = oruyha (having descended)
Exercise 12
Suggested Solutions

1. Brhma kumriy saddhi nadiya nahtv geha agami. 2. Nriyo odana pacitv bhu jitv kukkuna pi adasu. 3. Kumriyo sakhhi saha vpi gantv nahyissanti. 4. Rjin dp nikkhamma nvya gamissati. 5. Vnar itthiyo passitv taru ruyha nisdi. 6. Taru hatthehi skha dya kahi*. 7. Tumhe vpi taritv** aavi pavisatha***. 8. Dpayo aavsu hatv mig mretv khdanti. 9. Yuvatna pitaro aaviy gamma bhu jitv sayisu. 10. Hatthin pokkharai oruyha nahtv kadaliyo khdi. 11. Sh migi mretv susna dadissati. 12. Gviyo bhmiya sayitv uhahitv**** aavi pavisisu. 13. Mama mtuln puttassa dundubhi nessati. 14. Saku mahiya hiitv hra labhati. 15. Kk taruno skhsu nisditv ravitv***** ksa uessanti. * Pulled; dragged. ** Having crossed. *** (you) enter. **** Having risen. ***** Having crowed or having made a noise.
Translate into Pali

1. Having killed a deer in the forest the lioness ate it.
2.
Having gone to the village the brahman woman bought a hen yesterday. 3. The damsels went to the tank, and having bathed and played there, came home. 4. The she-monkey, having climbed the tree, sat on a branch. 5. The brothers of the girl, having played and bathed, ate rice. 6. Sisters of the boys, having bought garlands, adorned the neck of the queen. 7. Having crossed the river, the she-elephant ate plantain (trees) in the garden of a woman. 8. Having brought a boat, our sisters will cross the tank and enter the forest. 9. Having cooked rice for the father, the maiden went to the pond with her (female) friends. 10. Having come from the wood, the damsel's father fell on the ground. 11. The cows and oxen of the millionaire, having drunk from the tank, entered the forest. 12. Having bought a drum, the woman's sister gave (it) to her friend. 13. Having gone to the forest along the river, our brothers killed a lioness. 14. The queen, having come to the king's tank, bathed there* with her retinue and walked in the garden. 15. The she-crow, having sat on the branch slept there* after crowing**. * There = tattha. ** "Ravitv" may be used for "after crowing". ****The New Pali Course Book 1 37. Feminine nouns ending in -u Dhenu (cow [of any kind]) Case Singular Plural
Nom., Voc. Acc. Abl., Ins.
dhenu dhenu dhenuy
dhen, dhenuyo dhen, dhenuyo dhenbhi, dhenhi dhenna
Dat., Gen./ dhenuy
Loc.
dhenuya, dhenuy
dhensu
Some of the similarly declined are:ygu = rice gruel ksu = pit vijju = lightning rajju = rope
daddu = eczema kacchu = itch kaeru = she-elephant dhtu = element sassu = mother-in-law 38. Mtu is differently declined from the above. Mtu (mother) Case Singular Plural
Nom. Acc. Abl., Ins. Dat., Gen. Loc. Voc.
mt mtara mtar, (mtuy) mtuy mtari mta, mte mt,
mtaro mtare, mtaro mtarebhi, mthi mterehi, mtbbhi,
mtarna, mtna, mtna mtaresu, mtusu mtaro
Dhtu (daughter) and duhitu (daughter) are declined like mtu. 39. Adverbs of Place tattha = there ettha = here idha = here
upari = up, over tiriya = across kattha = where? tatra = there kuhi = where? anto = inside antar = between sabbattha = everywhere ekattha = in one place kuto = from where? tato = from there
Exercise 13
Suggested Solutions

Dsiy mt dhenu rajjuy bandhitv nesi. Mayha mtuln ygu pacitv dhtarna dadissati. Kaeruyo aaviya hiitv tattha kssu patisu. Dhanavatiy sassu idha gamma bhikkh vandissati. Rjiniy dhtaro rma gantv satthra mlhi pjesu. Kana pitaro dhtarna vuddhi icchanti. Kuto tva dhenuyo kiissasi? Kattha tava bhaginiyo nahyitv pacitv bhu jisu? Te gehassa ca rukkhassa ca antar kisu. Nriy duhitaro gehassa anto ma cesu sayissanti. Dhtuy jaghya daddu atthi. Yuvat ml pilandhitv sassuy geha gamissati. Amhka mtarna gviyo sabbattha caritv bhu jitv sya ekattha sannipatanti*. 14. Dhanavatiy nattro magge tiriya dhvitv aavi pavisitv nilyisu**. 15. Asani rukkhassa upari patitv skh chinditv taru mresi. * Sannipatati = assembles; comes together. ** Nilyati = hides oneself. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
Translate into Pali

1. 2. forest. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Having wandered everywhere in the island, the damsel's sister came home and ate (some) food. Where does your mother's sister live? My sister's daughters live in one place. When will they come to the river? The queen's mother-in-law came* here yesterday and went back** today. Having bathed in the tank, the daughters of the rich woman walked across the garden. Our aunts will cook* rice-gruel and drink it with women friends. The cows of the mother-in-law walk between the rock and the trees. When will your mothers and daughters go to the garden and hear the words of the Buddha? From where did you bring the elephant? Sons of the queen went* along the river*** to a forest and there fell in a pit. There is itch on the hand of the sister. The thunder-bolt fell* on a rock and broke it into two****. * Use absolutives like gantv. ** Went back = painivatti or paccyami. *** Along the river = nadi anu or nad passena. **** Breaks into two = dvidh bhindati. The girl's mother gave a garland to the damsel. Having tied the cows with ropes the woman dragged (them) to the
Neuter Gender
40. Declension of neuter nouns ending in -a
Nayana (eye)
Nom. nayana Acc. nayana
nayan, nayanni nayan, nayanni
Ins. Dat. Abl.
nayanena nayanya, nayanassa nayan, nayanamh, nayanasm
nayanebhi, nayanehi nayanna nayanebhi, nayanehi nayanna nayanni
Gen. nayanassa Voc. nayana, nayan The following are declined similarly:dhana = wealth phala = fruit dna = charity, alms sla = precept, virtue pu a = merit, good action ppa = sin rpa = form, image sota = ear ghna = nose pha = chair vadana = face, mouth locana = eye maraa = death ceti = shrine paduma = lotus paa = leaf susna = cemetery yudha = weapon amata = ambrosia tia = grass udaka = water jala = water pulina = sand sopa = stair hadaya = heart ara a = forest vattha = cloth suvaa = gold
Loc. nayane, nayanamhi, nayanasmi nayanesu
sukha = comfort dukkha = trouble, pain mla = root, money kula = family, caste kla = bank (of a river, etc.) bala = power, strength vana = forest puppha = flower citta = mind chatta = umbrella ada = egg kraa = reason a = wisdom khra = milk nagara = city
The Infinitive
41. The sign of the infinitive is -tu. It is used as in English: pacitu = to cook pivitu = to drink bhottu or bhu jitu = to eat laddhu or labhitu = to get dtu = to give ptu = to drink gantu = to go ktu = to do haritu = to carry haritu = to bring Tu is simply added to the roots of one syllable to form the infinitive. An extra -i- is added before tu in the case of the bases consisting of more than one syllable. Exercise 14
Suggested Solutions

1. Dhanavanto bhtarna dhana dtu na icchanti.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Dna datv sla rakkhitv sagge* nibbattitu** sakkonti***. Kumr alta netv bhatta pacitu aggi jlessati. Nriyo nagar nikkhamma udaka ptu vpiy kla gacchisu. Nattro ara phalni haritv khditu rabhisu****. Slav isi dhamma desetu phe nisdi. Coro yudhena paharitv mama pituno aguli chindi. Yuvatiyo padumni ocinitu***** nadi gantv kle nisdisu. Maya chattni dya susna gantv pupphni ocinissma. Ka vattha netu paa gamissati. Tumhe vana gantv gvna dtu pani haratha. Maya locanehi rpni passitv sukha dukkha ca labhma. Tva sotena suitu ghena ghyitu****** ca sakkosi. Kukkuiy ani rukkhassa mle santi. Viduno amata labhitv maraa na bhyanti. Manuss cittena cintetv******* puni karissanti. Tumhe dhamma sotu rma gantv puline nisdatha. Dhanavanto suvaa datv a laddhu na sakkonti. Drako chatta gahitu******** sopa ruhi. Mama bhagin pu a labhitu sla rakkhissati.
* Sagga = heaven. ** To be born. *** Are able. **** Began. ***** To gather, to collect. ****** To smell. ******* Having thought. ******** To take.
Translate into Pali

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The boys went to the foot of the tree to eat fruits. The maiden climbed the tree to gather flowers. I went into the house to bring an umbrella and a cloth. The girl asked for a fire-brand to make a fire. We are able to see objects (=forms) with our eyes. You smell with your nose and hear with your ears. Having gone to hear the doctrine, they sat on the sand. People are not able to purchase wisdom with (their) gold. Having divided* his wealth the rich man gave (them) to his sons and daughters.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
The maidens went out of the city (in order) to bathe in the river. There were umbrellas in the hands of the women on the road. Having struck her with a weapon, the enemy wounded** the hand of my mother-in-law. Having gone to the garden they brought flowers and fruits for the boys. He will go to the forest in order to bring leaves and grass for the cows. The girls and boys brought lotuses from the pond (in order) to offer to the shrine. Having bathed in the tank, our sisters and brothers came home to eat and sleep. Having seen a leopard the boy ran across the garden and crossed*** the river. You get merit through charity and virtue. Having grazed (eaten grass) in the cemetery, my aunt's cows went to the tank in order to drink water. The maidens bought flowers in order to make**** garlands for (their) sisters.
* Bhjetv. ** Vaita akasi. *** Tari. **** Ktu; paiydetu.
42. Neuter nouns ending in -i Ahi (bone, seed) Case Singular Nom., Voc. ahi Acc. Ins. Abl. ahi ahin
Plural
ah, ahni ah, ahni ahbhi, ahhi ahna
Dat., Gen. ahino, ahissa
ahin, ahimh, ahism ahbhi, ahhi
Loc. ahini, ahimhi, ahismi ahisu, ahsu The following are similarly declined: 1. vri = water 2. akkhi = eye
sappi = ghee 4. dadhi = curd 5. acci = flame 6. satthi = thigh 43. Neuter nouns ending in -u
3.
Case
Cakkhu (eye) Singular Plural cakkhu cakkhu cakkh, cakkhni cakkh, cakkhni
Nom., Voc. Acc.
Ins. cakkhun cakkhbhi, cakkhhi The rest are similar to those of garu. The following are declined similarly:yu = age dhanu = bow madhu = honey assu = tear jnu, jau = knee dru = firewood ambu = water tipu = lead vasu = wealth vapu = body vatthu = ground, base jatu = sealing wax 44. Some more particles Particles, named avyaya in Pali, consists of adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, indeclinable past participles ending in tv, tvna, tna and ya, and infinitives. ma = yes eva = thus, yes addh = certainly v, athav = or puna = again tath = in that way saki = once
sanika = slowly sgha = quickly, soon purato = in the front of, before yva, tva = till then, so long nn = separately vin = without katha = how? kasm = why? Exercise 15 Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Maya gviy khra, khramh dadhi, dadhimh sappica labhma. Mt dhtuy akkhsu assni disv (tass)* vadana vrin dhovi. Kasm tva ajja vpi gantv puna nadi gantu icchasi? Katha tava bhtaro nadiy padumni ocinitv harissanti? Addh te dhanni dya vana pavisitv miga mretv nessanti. Amhka pitaro tad vanamh madhu haritv dadhin saha bhu jisu. Maya suve tumhehi** vin ara a gantv drni bha jissma***. Kumr sgha dhvitv vpiya klitv sanika gehni agamisu. Tumhe khra pivitu icchatha, athav dadhi bhu jitu? Yva mayha pit nahyissati tva aha idha tihmi. Yath bhpati peti tath tva ktu icchasi? ma, aha bhpatino vacana atikkamitu**** na sakkomi.
* Of her. ** Ablative must be used with "vin". *** Bha jati = breaks. **** To surpass.
Translate into Pali

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Do you like to drink milk or to eat curd? First* I will drink gruel and then eat curd with honey. Go quickly to the market to bring some ghee. Having bathed in the sea why do you like to go again there now? Do you know how our fathers gathered honey from the forests?
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
* Pahama, adv. ** Jnhi patitv (don't use the locative). ****The New Pali Course Book 1
I will stay on the river bank till you cross the river and come back. My mother-in-law went to the city without her retinue and returned with a sister. The millionaire fell on (his) knees** before the king and bowed down at his feet. Is your horse able to run fast? Yes, certainly it will run fast. Having gone to the forest, with bows in hands, our brothers killed an elephant and cut its tasks. Why does your father walk slowly on the sand?
Classification of Nouns
45. Nouns are divided into 5 classes, viz:1. Nmanma = substantives and proper nouns 2. Sabbanma = pronouns 3. Samsanma = compound nouns 4. Taddhitanma = derivatives from nouns or substantives 5. Kitakanma = verbal derivatives [3] Compound nouns are formed by the combination of two or more words, e.g.,
nluppala = blue water-lily rjaputta = king's son hattha-pda-ssni = hands, feet and the head [4] Verbal derivatives, otherwise called Primary Derivatives, are formed from the verbal root itself by adding suffixes, e.g., paca (to cook) + a = pka (cooking) d (to give) + aka = dyaka (giver) n (to lead) + tu = netu (leader) [5] Taddhita nouns or Secondary Derivatives are formed from a substantive or primary derivative by adding another suffix to it, e.g., nv (ship) + ika (in the meaning of engaged) = nvika (sailor) [1] The first group of this classification includes concrete, common, proper, and abstract nouns other than that of Primary and Secondary Derivatives.
Pronouns
46. Pronouns admit of all genders as they stand for every person or thing which are in different genders. They become adjectives when they qualify other nouns. They have no vocative forms. Declension of relative pronoun ya (which, who) ya Masculine Case Singular Plural Nom. Acc. Ins. Dat., Gen. Abl. Loc.
Case
yo ya yena yassa yamh, yasm
ye ye yebhi, yehi yesa, yesna yebhi, yehi
yesu yamhi, yasmi Feminine Singular Plural y ya yya yass, yya y, yyo y, yyo ybhi, yhi ysa, ysn
Nom. Acc. Ins., Abl. Dat., Gen. Loc.
yassa, yya ysu Neuter Case Singular Plural Nom ya ye, yni
Acc. ye, yni ya The rest is similar to that of masculine. Similarly declined are:
sabba = all pubba = former, eastern itara = the other a atara = certain a a = other, another katara = which (one of the two) katama = which (one of the many) apara = other, western ubhaya = both para = other, the latter ka (ki) = who, which
Adjectives (Pronominal)
47. Adjectives in Pali are not treated separately from nouns, as they take all the inflections of the nouns. Almost all pronouns become adjectives when they are used before a substantive of the same gender, number and case. They are pronouns when they stand alone in a sentence. This difference will become clear from the following exercise.
Exercise 16
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Sabbesa nattro pa avanto na bhavanti. Sabb itthiyo vpiya nahtv padumni piandhitv gacchisu. A o vijo sabba dhana ycakna datv geha pahya pabbaji*. Mt ubhaysa pi dhtarna vatthni kiitv dadissati. Ko nadiy vpiy ca antar dhenu harati? Kassa putto dakkhia disa gantv vhi harissati? Ye ppni karonti te niraye** nibbattitv dukkha labhissanti. Ksa dhtaro vanamh drni haritv odana pacissanti? Katarena maggena so puriso nagara gantv bhani** kii? Itar drik vanitya hatth pupphni gahetv cetiya pjesi. Paresa dhana dha a v gahitu m cintetha.
12.
Aparo a issa vpiya nahtv pubbya disya nagara pvisi***.

* Left the household life; became a monk. ** Bhaa = (n) goods. *** Entered.
Translate into Pali

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. All entered the city (in order) to see gardens, houses and streets. The daughters of all the women in the village walked along the path to the shrine. Another maiden took a lotus and gave (it) to the farmer. Which man will bring some milk for me? Who stands on the bank of the river and looks in the southern direction? Sons of all rich men do not always become wealthy. Whose grandsons brought the cows here and gave (them) grass to eat? Tomorrow, all women in the city will come out from there and wander in the forest. The other woman, having seen a leopard on the street, ran across the garden. Whosoever* acquires merit through charity will be born in heaven. A certain man brought lotuses from the pond, another man carried (them) to the market to sell. My brother's son broke the branches of the other tree (in order) to gather flowers, leaves and fruits.
* Yo koci.
48. Declension of demonstrative pronoun ta (that) Masculine Case Singular Plural Nom. Acc. Ins. Dat., Gen. so (he) ta, na (him) te (they) te, ne (them)
tena (by, with or through tebhi, tehi (by, with or through him) them) tassa (to him, his)
tesa, tesna
Abl. Loc.
tamh, tasm tamhi, tasmi

Case
tebhi, tehi tesu
Feminine Singular Plural s (she) t, tyo (those women) tbhi, thi tsa, tsna ta, na (her) t, tyo (them)
Nom. Acc.
Ins., Abl. tya Dat., Gen. tass, tyo Loc.

Case
tassa, tya tsu Neuter

Singular Plural
Nom. Acc.
ta (it) ta (it)
te, tni (those things) te, tni (those things)
The rest is similar to that of the masculine. Eta (that or this) is declined like ta. One has only to prefix an "e" to the forms of ta, e.g. eso, ete, eta, ena, and so on. 49. Declension of demonstrative pronoun ima (this) Masculine Case Singular Plural Nom. Acc. Ins. Dat., Gen. Abl. Loc. aya = this (man) ima anena, imin assa, imassa asm, imamh, imasm asmi, imasmi imamhi, ime = these (men) ime ebhi, ehi, imebhi, imehi esa, esna, imesna ebhi, ehi, imebhi, imehi esu, imesu imesa,
Feminine
Nom. Acc. Dat., Gen. Loc.
aya = this (woman) ima
im, imyo (women) im, imyo imbhi, imhi
these
Ins., Abl. imya
ass, assya, imiss, imissya, imsa, imsna imya imsu assa, imissa, imya Neuter Case Singular Plural Nom. ida, ima = this (thing) ime, imni = these (things)
Acc. ida, ima ime, imni The rest is similar to that of the masculine.
Exercise 17
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Aya sho tamh vanamh nikkhamma imasmi magge hatv eka itthi mresi. So tsa yuvatna tni vatthni vikkiitv tsa santik* mla labhissati. Imiss dhtaro tamh vanamh imni phalni harisu, a nriyo tni khditu gahisu. Im sabb yuvatiyo ta rma gantv dhamma sutv Buddha padumehi pjessanti. Ime manuss yni pu ani v ppni v karonti tni te anugacchanti***. Tass kaya mt dakkhiya disya ima gma gantv idha cira**** vasissati. Tassa natt imassa bhtar saddhi Koambanagara***** gantv tni bhanni vikkiissati.
8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
T nriyo etsa sabbsa kumrna hatthesu padumni hapesu******, t tni haritv cetiya pjesu. Tass rjiniy et dsiyo imehi rukkhehi pupphni ocinitv im mlyo karisu. Kesa so ima dhana datv sukha labhissati? Yo magge gacchati, tassa putto sura pivitv ettha sayati. Ke ta khetta******* gantv tia haritv imsa gvna datv khra labhitu icchanti? * Santika = near (but here: tsa santik = from them). ** Mla (n) money, cash. *** Anugacchati = follows. **** Cira (m) for a long time. ***** Koambanagara = Colombo. ****** 3rd person plural of the Past Tense. ******* Khetta (n) field.
Translate into Pali

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. A certain man having gone to that cemetery gathered those flowers and brought them here. This lioness having come out from those forest killed a cow in this place*. The husband of that woman bought these clothes from that market and gave them to his grandsons. Whose servants will go to Colombo to buy goods for you and me? Tomorrow his brothers will go to that forest and collect honey and fruits. Her sisters went to that field (in order) to bring grass for these cows. I got these lotuses and flowers from a certain woman of that village. Today all maidens of this city will go to that river and will bathe in it. They brought those goods to a merchant in that market. Having sold those cows to the merchants, they bought clothes, garlands and umbrellas with that money. Who are those men that** killed a lion yesterday in this forest? Which woman stole her garland and ran through this street? * Place = hna (n). ** Use the relative pronoun "ya".
The Verbal Adjectives or Participles

N36 50. Participles are a kind of adjectives formed from the verbal bases. Like verbs they are divided into Present, Past and Future; and each group is again divided into Active and Passive. Being adjectives they are declined in all the genders. The Present Active Participles are formed by adding "nta" or "mna" to the verbal base, e.g.,() "nta" "mna" gaccha + nta = gacchanta = going gaccha + mna = gacchamna = going paca + nta = pacanta = cooking paca + mna = pacamna = cooking 51. Declension of the Present Participle Gacchanta (going) Masculine Case Singular Plural Nom. Acc. Ins. Dat., Gen. Abl. Loc. gaccha, gacchanto gacchanta gacchat, gacchantena gacchato, gacchantassa gacchat, gacchantamh, gacchantasm gacchati, gacchante, gacchantasmi gacchantamhi, gacchanto, gacchant gacchante gacchantebhi, gacchantehi gacchata, gacchatna gacchantebhi, gacchantehi gacchantesu gacchanto, gacchant
Voc. gaccha, gaccha, gacch Feminine Case Singular Plural
Nom., Voc. gacchant Acc. Ins., Abl.
gacchant, gacchantiyo
gacchanti gacchant, gacchantiyo gacchantiy gacchantbhi, gacchanthi
and so on like kumr. N.35 Neuter Case Singular Plural Nom. gaccha gacchant, gacchantni Acc. gacchanta gacchante, gacchantni The rest is similar to that of the masculine. Remark: Here one should note that these participles change their endings in the feminine. The following are declined similarly:pacanta = cooking haranta = carrying karonta = doing kianta = buying caranta = walking tihanta = standing dhvanta = running haranta = bringing nahyanta = bathing viharanta = living, residing hasanta = laughing vikkianta = selling bhujanta = eating dadanta = giving sayanta = sleeping rodanta = crying passanta = looking at, seeing nisdanta = sitting 52. A. All of these have another form ending in -mna, like gacchamna. In that form, they are declined like nara(N.8) in the masculine, vanit(N.31) in the feminine, and nayana(N.40) in the neuter. B. These participles take the gender, number and case of the substantive in forming sentences, e.g. Tihanto goo tia khdati = The bull which is standing eats grass, or Goo tiha tia khdati = The bull eats the grass standing. C. Active Participles formed from the transitive bases often take an object, e.g. Bhatta bhu janto = eating rice.
Exercise 18
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Gma gacchanto drako eka goa disv bhyi. Drik rodant ammya santika gantv phe nisdati. Vij bhani vikkiant nadiya nahyante manusse passisu. Kyo hasamn nahyantiyo gacchanti vanita akkosisu. Puriso hasanto rukkha ruhitv phalni khdanto* skhya nisdi. Bhagav Svatthiya** viharanto devna manussna ca dhamma desesi. S sayanti itthi uhpetv*** hasamn tamh hn apagacchi****. Tumhe bhmiya kamna ima draka ukkhipitv***** ma ce hapetha. Sha disv bhyitv dhvamn te mig asmi vane vesu patisu. Imasmi gme vasantna purisna eko pharasu dya vana gacchanto ekya ksuya pati. Nisdantiy nriy putto rodamno tass santika gamissati. Ycak bhatta pacanti itthi disv ta hra ycant****** tattha nisdisu. Vanamh drn harant ka ekasmi pse udaka pivamn******* nsdi. Vij bhani kiant vikkiant ca gmesu nagaresu ca hianti. Dna dadanto so dhanav slavante gavesati********. * Khda = to eat hard food. "Bhu ja" is used in eating soft food. ** In the city of Svatthi. *** Having awakened or raised. **** Went away, moved aside. ***** Having raised up. ****** Begging. ******* Drinking. ******** Seeks.
Translate into Pali

1. fruits. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. tank. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. A certain man living in this village saw a leopard running to that mountain. Our fathers and brothers will wander through villages and towns, (while) selling and buying goods. Standing on the mountain that day, I saw a lioness sleeping in a cave. The boy came to see me, laughing and running. Carrying a drum for his aunt, the farmer sat on this rock, looking at these trees and fields. The Buddha, living in Svatthi for a long time, preached His doctrine to the people of that city. While cooking (some) rice, his sister sat singing* on a chair. Giving alms to the beggars the millionaire spent** all his wealth. Playing on the road the boys saw a man running from there.
* (Gta) gyant. ** Vissajjesi.
Going to the river the slave sat at the foot of a tree, eating (some) The mother, having raised the crying girl, gave her (some) milk. Walking on the river-bank we saw (some) people bathing in the river. Seeing us there a deer began to run and fell in a pit. Coming out of the forest the lion saw a cow eating grass on that field. Bringing firewood from this forest the maiden drank water from that
Past Participles
53. The Past Participles are formed in many ways. Their formation will be shown in the second book; only a few examples are given here. gata = gone bhinna = broken gata = come otia = descended kata = done, made haa = brought vutta = told, said
pahaa = beaten haa = carried mata = dead sutta, sayita = slept hita = stood nisinna = sat vuttha = lived
pakka, pacita = cooked laddha = received kta = bought bhutta = eaten vandita = worshipped hata = killed chinna = cut kuddha = enraged
daha = bitten N.B. -- These Participles are often used as complements of verbs, e.g., So Klakato (hoti) = he is dead. Sometimes the verb is understood.
"To" in the Sense of Ablative of Separation

to 54. Suffix "to" is sometimes added to the nominal bases to denote the ablative of separation. There is no distinction between the singular and plural in that form. These are included in the indeclinables: rukkhato = from the tree or trees gmato = from the village or villages purisato = from the man or men tato = from there, (therefore) kuto = from where? sabbato = from everywhere
Exercise 19
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Hyo araa gato so puriso ahin daho mari. Rukkhato oti pakkh drakena sakkharhi hat honti. Purisena pharasun chinno so rukkho tassa gehassa upari pati. Gmato nikkhant* t gviyo khette tia khditv vpito jala pivissanti. Vijehi nagarato hani bhani imesu gmesu manussehi ktni
(honti). 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Tya kaya pakka odana aavito gat tass bhtaro bhujitv sayissanti. Pitr vutta anussarant** s yuvat tya laddha dhana gahitu na icchi. Ekena hatthin chinna skha a hatthiniyo gahetv khdisu. Kuto tumhehi imni vatthni tni padumni ca ktni? Kuddho so bhpati tasmi nagare vutthe sabbe manusse tato nhari***. Sappena daho vijassa putto tassa dsehi ekassa vejjassa**** santika nto***** hoti. Idha imasmi phe nisinna kumri gehato gat a drik pahari. Tya paha s ka tass mtuy santika gat rodant ahsi. Magge gacchant te puris tya dhenuy bhinna ghaa****** passisu. Bhpati tehi manussehi katni gehni passitv tesa mla adsi.
* That have come out. ** Remembering. *** Ejected. **** Vejja (m) doctor, physician. ***** Carried. ****** Ghaa (m) water-pot.
Translate into Pali

1. 2. 3. 4. The peacock, having descended from the tree, has gone now to the rock. Having been bitten by a serpent the boy was carried to a physician. This woman does not like to take the money recieved from her sister. The man who has come* from that village bought (some) goods from this market. 5. Remembering his mother's words the boy did not go to the dead man. 6. My aunt's cows will come out of the forest and will eat the grass mowed and brought by the slave woman. 7. Having seen a man sleeping on the bed the householder told his boys not to go near him. 8. A deer was seen by the maiden who was cooking rice** for her mother. 9. The rice that was cooked by her is given to beggars and crows. 10. The house made by them was broken by an elephant.
11. The enraged king killed all men who came to the city. 12. The branch broken by the elephant fell on the ground, and afterwards your cows ate its leaves. 13. The garland received from the queen by that girl is given to another girl. 14. The rice given to them was eaten by the slaves and the beggars. 15. The horse bought by the millionaire is carried by a charioteer.
* Has come = gata. ** Who was cooking rice = bhatta pacantiy.
Adjectives
55. Pronominal ( 47) and verbal adjectives ( 50) are shown above. Ordinary adjectives are seta (=white), rassa (=short), mahanta (=big), and so on. As the adjectives qualify nouns, which are of different genders and numbers, they must agree with their substantives in gender, number and case. Examples:
Adj. Noun Adj. Noun Verb
1. Ratto
goo
rassni
tini
khdati
(= The red ox eats some short grasses.) 2. Set ka nla vattha paridahati
(= The fair girl wears a blue cloth.) Here is a list of adjectives which are frequently used: khuddaka = small ma = unripe mahanta = big, huge pakka = ripe dgha = long dahara = young rassa = short, dwarf mahallaka = elderly, old ucca = high, tall vitthata = wide, broad nca = low, vulgar seta = white majjhima = medium nla = blue appaka = few, a little ratta = red bahu, bahuka = many, much ka = black
pta = yellow paita = wise uttna = shallow balavantu = powerful gambhra = deep dubbala = feeble khara = rough, coarse surpa, dassanya = beautiful, mudu = soft handsome bla = foolish, young 56. The declension of adjectives will present no difficulties to the student who has mastered the declension of nouns. The declension of verbal and pronominal adjectives and those of ending in -vantu and -mantu is given above. The others are declined like nouns (in various genders) according to their endings. For instance: dgha, rassa and others ending in -a of the above list are declined in the masculine like nara, and in the neuter like nayana. In the feminine they lengthened their last vowel, and are declined like vanit. Those ending in -u, such as bahu and mudu are declined like garu, dhenu and cakkhu. Sometimes these, ending in -u, add k to their feminine stem, and then they are declined like vanit, e.g., mudu = muduk, bahu = bahuk. The words ending in , like ml (one who has a garland), take -in instead of in forming feminine stems, e.g., (Masculine) ml ... (Feminine) mlin Mlin and such others are declined like kumr.
Exercise 20
Suggested Solutions

Ratt gviyo khette hidantiyo bahu tia khdisu. Ucc kumr nla vattha paridahitv* mahanta nagara gamissati. Bahavo manuss dghhi rajjhi set dhenuyo bandhitv gambhra nadi harisu. Amhka bahna bandhavna putt dubbal honti**. Paitassa purisassa s bl bhagin pakkni phalni ocinitv appakna drakna adsi. Tass mahallikya itthiy daharo natt uttne jale nahyati. Tasmi ucce rukkhe hito vnaro imasmi nce tarumhi nisinne pakkhino
oloketi. Mlin nr rassena maggena khuddaka gma gacchi. Dahar ka mudun hatthena rattni padumni gahti. Balavanto appaka pi dhana labhitv dubbale manusse penti. Balavant k go uccesu girsu hiitv bahni tini khdanti. Bahunna*** blna putt tass nadiy gambhre jale patitv marisu. Mama bhtarna majjhimo nce phe nisditv ma phala khdati. Maya suve majjhima vpi gantv setni padumni nlni uppalni**** ca harissma. Tumhe mahallake dubbale ca purise disv m hasatha.
* Paridahati (v) wears. ** Hoti (v) is. *** There are two forms: "bahna" and "bahunna". **** Uppala (n) lily.
Translate into Pali

A white cow drank much water from that big tank. Wearing red clothes many girls are going to the big market in that large city. The sons of that elderly woman are neither powerful nor rich*. Our young ones always like to eat many unripe fruits. That foolish woman went to that long river and fell in its deep water. Water in this pond is not deep but shallow. My old (elderly) aunt brought a long rope to bind that red cow. The powerful man cut many tall and dwarf trees in that small garden. Sitting on a low chair the young girl eats a ripe mango** she got from her mother. Much grass is brought by the slaves from that small field on the bank of that wide river. White lotuses and blue lilies are bought by that feeble maiden from the elderly man. The black oxen are sleeping on the rough ground near that high mountain. The young boy's soft hand is burnt by the flame of that small lamp. Many people will cross the great ocean and come to see this beautiful little island. In this beautiful city there are big houses, wide streets, long paths, and many gardens.
* Neither ... nor = "v ... na": balavanto v dhanavanto v na honti. ** Mango (m,n) amba.
*****The New Pali Course Book 1
Numerals
57. Cardinals 1. Eka (= eka) 2. Dvi (= dve) 3. Ti (= tayo) 4. Catu (= cattro) 5. Pa ca 6. Cha 7. Satta 8. Aha 9. Nava 10. Dasa 11. Ekdasa 12. Dvdasa; brasa 13. Teasa; terasa 14. Cuddasa; catuddasa 15. Paarasa; pa cadasa 16. Soasa 17. Sattarasa; sattadasa 18. Ahrasa; ahdasa 19. Eknavsati 20. Vsati 21. Ekavsati 22. Dvvsati; bvsati 23. Tevsati 24. Catuvsati 25. Pa cavsati 26. Chabbsati 99 = Eknasata 100 = Sata 1000 = Sahassa 10,000 = Dassahassa 100,000 = Satasahassa; lakkha 1,000,000 = Dasalakkha 10,000,000 = Koi 100,000,000 = Dasakoi
27. Sattavsati 28. Ahavsati 29. Eknatisati 30. Tisati; tis 31. Ektisati 32. Dvattisati; battisati 33. Tettisati 39. Eknacatts 40. Cattsati; catts 49. Ekuapas 50. Pas; pas; pasati; pasati 59. Eknasahi 60. Sahi 62. Dvesahi; dvsahi; dvisahi 69. Eknasattati 70. Sattati 79. Eknsti 80. Asti 82. Dveasti; dvsti; dviysti 83. Teasti; tiysti 84. Catursti 89. Eknanavuti 90. Navuti 92. Dvenavuti; dvnavuti; dvinavuti
1,000,000,000 = Satakoi 58. Some of these numerals take all the genders, and some have their own. A. The stems eka, ti, catu are of all genders and declined differently in each gender. B. The stem dvi and those from pa ca to ahrasa do not show different inflections in different genders though they take all the genders. C. From vsati to navuti the numbers are feminine. So is koi. D. Stems sata, sahassa and the compounds ending with them are neuter. E. Eka (one) has only singular forms. The plural forms of it are used to express the meaning "some", e.g. eke manuss = some people. F. The stems from dvi to ahrasa have only the plural forms. From vsati upwards to navuti and from sata upwards to koi are in singular. But they take the plural form when it is required to show separate quantities, e.g. cattri satni = four (quantities) of hundred. G. Numerals are more often used as adjectives.
Declension of Numerals
59. "Eka" is declined like the relative pronoun "ya" given above ( 46). Declension of Dvi (= two) Plural (common to all genders) Nom., Acc. Abl., Ins. Dat., Gen. dve, duve dvbhi, dvhi dvinna, duvinna
Loc. dvsu Declension of Ti (= three)

Plural
Masculine Nom., Acc. tayo Abl., Ins. tbhi, thi
Feminine Neuter tisso tni tbhi, thi tbhi, thi
Dat., Gen.
tinna, tinnanna
tissanna tsu
tinna, tinnanna tsu
Loc. tsu Declension of Catu (= four)

Plural
Masculine Abl., Ins.
Feminine
Neuter cattri catunna catusu
Nom., Acc. cattro, caturo catasso Dat., Gen. catunna Loc. catusu Declension of Pa ca (= five) Nom., Acc. pa ca Abl., Ins. Loc. pa cabhi, pa cahi pa casu Dat., Gen. pa canna catassanna catusu
catbhi, cathi catbhi, cathi catbhi, cathi
Plural (similar in all genders)
Cha, satta, aha and all up to ahdasa are declined like pa ca, e.g. Nom. Acc. Abl. Dat., Gen. Loc. cha cha chahi channa chasu 60. Vsati and other numerals ending in -i are declined like bhmi ( 34). Tis and others ending in - are declined like vanit. Vsati itself has another form ending in -, i.e., vs. "Sata" (100) and "sahassa" (1000) are declined like nayana ( 40).
Exercise 21
Suggested Solutions

Cattro puris cathi pharashi cattri rukkhni chinditv harissanti.
T tisso itthiyo imehi thi maggehi ta aavi gantv tissanna kana ti phalni adasu. Ekissa slya sata puris, pas itthiyo ca nisdissanti. Maya ito navahi divasehi* pa cahi kumrehi saddhi Koambanagara gamissma. Pa ca ds dasanna assna bahu tia, appaka udaka ca harisu. Vsati puris dasahi goehi cattri khettni kasanti. Vijo kahpana** dvhi satehi*** aha asse kiitv te catunna dhanavantna vikkii. Tsa channa itthna cha bhtaro mahanta pabbata ruhitv cha kapayo nesu. Tsa mt dasa ambe kiitv catassanna dhtarna dadissati. Idni Lakya pa ca-cattsa-satasahassa manuss vasanti. Pubbe Svatthinagare manussna satta koiyo**** vasisu. Tumhe ito dvhi vassehi Anurdhapura***** gantv tattha nava divase vasant mahante cetiye passissatha. Dso ekena hatthena dve nikere****** itarena eka panasa ca******* harati. Aha cattri vassni********* nagare vasitv tato pacch tayo mse********* gme vasissmi.
* After nine days. ** 'Kahpaa' is a square coin extensively used in former days, the purchasing power of which is said to have been about that of a florin (2 shillings). *** With two hundreds (of kahpaas). **** Seven crores of people. ***** The sacred city of the Buddhists in Ceylon. ****** Nikere (m/n) coconut. ******* Panasa (m/n) jackfruit. ******** Vassa (m/n) year. ********* Msa (m) month,
Translate into Pali

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Four women bought eight mangoes and gave them to the two daughters. Tomorrow five men will go to the forest and cut ten trees with their five axes. Three girls went separately* to three tanks and each** brought thirty flowers. In this hall there are five hundred men and three hundred women. There are five thousand people, one thousand cattle*** and five hundred
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
* Visu. ** Ek'ek. *** Gvo. **** Use the Instrumental.
houses in this town. The seven brothers of the five girls went to that forest and killed eight deer. We lived in Colombo for eight years and nine months. They will go to live there again three years and two months hence. Having bought three clothes the father gave them to his three daughters. Ten men with twenty oxen are ploughing these five fields. Sixty elephants came out of the city and thirty of them entered the forest. Of the twelve horses bought by me one is sold to another man. The slave having brought 25 coconuts sold 20 of them to a woman. Two merchants bought two horses for three hundred**** pieces (of kahpaas). Five million people live in the island of Ceylon.
Ordinal Numerals
61. Ordinal Numerals Terasama = thirteenth Pahama = first Cuddasama = fourteenth Dutiya = second Vsatima = twenieth Tatiya = third Tisatima = thirtieth Catuttha = fourth Pa cama = fifth Cattsatima = fortieth Chaha = sixth Pasatima = fiftieth Sattama = seventh Sahima = sixtieth Ahama = eighth Sattatima = seventieth Navama = ninth Astima = eightieth Dasama = tenth Navutima = ninetieth Ekdasama = Eleventh Satama = hundredth Dvdasama = twelfth All these are treated as adjectives. In the masculine they are declined like nara . In the feminine their last vowel is changed into or and are declined like vanit and kumr respectively. Their declension in the neuter is like that of nayana.
Remark. "The first among the eight men" and such other phrases should be translated with the locative or genitive forms, as: (1) Ahasu purisesu pahamo or (2) Ahanna purisna pahamo.
Exercise 22
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Gacchantesu dasasu purisesu sattamo vijo hoti. Tassa sattam dht ahamya eka vattha adsi. Catassanna yuvatna tatiyya bht pa ca asse nesi. Mayha pit sattatime vasse pa came mse kla aksi*. Maya ito chahe divase cathi purisehi saddhi dutiya nagara gamissma. Idni ahamo Edwardnmo bhpati rajja karoti**. Pubbe chaho Parakkamabhu-bhpati Jayavaddhanapure rajja kari. Phaslya*** astiy sissesu pa cavsatimo hyo gambhre udake pati. Amhka pitro ito pa came vasse bahhi manussehi Anurdhapura gamissanti. Dvsu phaslsu pahamya tisata siss**** uggahanti. Dvinna dhanavantna dutiyo tisatiy ycakna dna adsi. Nahyantsu pa casu nrsu tatiyya bht dhanav hoti. Bhatta pacantna tissanna itthna dutiy nahyitu gamissati. Bhagav pahama vassa Brasiya Isipatanrme vihari. Tad so pa canna bhikkhna bahunna manussna ca dhamma desesi.
* Kla karoti = dies. ** Rajja karoti = reigns. *** Phasl (f) school. **** Sissa (m) student.
Translate into Pali

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The fifth of the ten merchants will buy the gem. On the third day the four rich men will give alms to a hundred beggars. There are eight hundred students in the first of the three schools. My fourth brother lives in the sixth house of the fifth street in Colombo. We will go to the city in the third month of the second year.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
His tenth son will come here on the 25th day of this month. The sixth of the seven women wears a red cloth, and the fifth a blue one. King Edward V died 26 years ago*. His son, King George V reigned for 25 years and 10 months. I will buy the second of these ten horses with one hundred florins. Out of the eighty students in this school the 20th died yesterday. His dead body was carried to the cemetery by 15 students. My sixth brother will come here with the fourth one. His third brother's second daughter learns at this school. The first sister of the queen will visit Anurdhapura after three months.
* Ago (ni) upari. Use the genitive with this.
Adverbs
62. The adverb proper in Pali is stated to be in the accusative singular of the neuter, e.g., "Sukha sayati" = sleeps comfortably. "Sdhuka karoti" = does (it) well. But many other indeclinables like tad (then) may be taken under this heading. Of the numerical adverbs ordinals take the form of the neuter singular, e.g. Pahama = at first; for the first time. Dutiya = for the second time. Cardinals form their adverbs by adding suffixes -kkhattu and dh. Catukkhattu = four times. Catudh = in four ways. A List of Adverbs
visu = severally, separately dukkha = with difficulty sama = evenly sanika = slowly sgha = quickly
eva = thus, so sahas = suddenly daha = tightly, strictly ekadh = in one way dvikkhattu = twice saki = once
pacadh = in five ways katha = how? tath = in that way sdhuka = well Exercise 23 Suggested Solutions
abhiha = constantly ekamanta = aside

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Imesa dasanna dhanavantna pa camo sukha jvati. Aya dpi sanika gantv sahas gviy upari pati. Ahanna kana chah gvi daha bandhitv vpi nesi. Ime pa ca drak abhinha magge dhvant kanti. Imesu navasu sissesu sattamo sdhuka uggahti. Bhikkh Bhagavato santika gantv ta vanditv ekamanta nisdisu. So seh (attano*) dhana pa cadh vibhajitv pa canna dhtarna adadi. Tassa chahya dhtuy putto dvikkhattu ima nagara gacchi. Pahama te ass ratha sama kahisu, dutiya sgha dhvisu. Mama ahanna bhtarna catuttho dukkha jvati. Katha te cattro vij tattha vasanti? So dhtara eva vatv sahas tato a a hna gacchi. * His own.
Translate into Pali

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. well. 6. These twelve merchants went to the Buddha and sat aside to hear His preaching***. 7. Suddenly a thief came to me and tried**** to take my umbrella. 8. Slowly they went together***** to the bank of the river and came back separately.
Those ten boys are constantly playing at this place. The fifth of these seven merchants lives happily (or comfortably). The king twice came out of the city and once bathed in this tank. The horses will run quickly drawing evenly the carriages after them. The fourth of the seven monks does not observe* the precepts**
9. 10. 11.
The third of the five sons of my friend learns with difficulty. How did he enter the city and come out of it quickly? The second daughter of his sixth brother lives (with difficulty) or miserably. 12. Thus he spoke to his third sister and went aside.
* Na rakkhati. ** Slni or sikkhpadni. *** Desana. **** Ussahi. ***** Ekato.
Syntax ()
63. A sentence may contain any number of words; but one cannot make a sentence without a verb. Even the shortest sentence must have two portions: the subject (katt) and the predicate (kriy). (One may say "Go" without any subject, but there the subject is understood.) (1) "Puriso sayati." (The man sleeps), is a complete sentence. Here "puriso" is the subject and "sleeps" is the predicate. (2) The above sentence has no object as intransitive verbs do not take an object. But transitive verbs always take an object; therefore a sentence formed with a transitive verb consists of three portions, viz.:- katt (subject), kamma (object), and kriy (predicate), e.g.
Subject Object Predicate
Puriso
rukkha
chindati
= The man cuts the tree.
Order of Sentences
64. In the sentence, "Puriso rukkha chindati", the subject comes first, the object second, and the predicate last. (In an English sentence, the object must come after the predicate.)
This is the general way of forming sentences which a beginner must follow. But there are no definite rules about the order of the words in a Pali sentence. The above sentence may be written in four ways:(1) Puriso rukkha chindati. (2) Rukkha puriso chindai. (3) Chindati puriso rukkha. (4) Puriso chindati rukkha. In any way the meaning is the same; and one has no difficulty in finding the subject and the object as they are always in different cases.
Concord
65. (1) The predicate must agree with the subject in number and person. (2) An adjective (participle included), must agree with the noun it qualifies in gender, number and case, e.g. Balav puriso sayanta goa bandhati. (3) A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender, number and person, e.g., (A) Ye pu a karonti te sagge nibbattanti. (B) Yo magge gacchati tassa pit hyo mari.
Exercise 24
Suggested Solutions
Point out subjects, objects and predicates in the following sentences:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Bht vpi gacchanto ekassa rukkhassa mle nisdi. Tassa pit pto geh nikkhamitv vana gamissati. Te pakkhino tesa rukkhna skhsu nisditv ravanti. Catasso kumriyo pupphni ocinitu eka rukkha ruhisu. Dasa hatthino imassa taruno aha skh bha jitv khdisu. S yuvat dve ml piandhitv hasant tihati. Suve maya ta nagara gantv bahni bhani kiissma. Magge dhvant pa ca drak ekasmi ve patisu. Paarasa vij dasa asse haritv sehino vikkiisu. Dve kassak cattro ke goe haritv tassa nadiya nahpesu.
Insert suitable subjects, objects and predicates where necessary.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. ............... rukkha ruhitv phalni ocinti. Magge gacchanto ............... dhvante ............... passi. Tuyha bhagin draka dya hasant ................ Dso ............... rajjuy bandhitv nahpeti. ............... paamh vatthni kiitv netha. Maya nahtv gantv bhatta ................ Aha suve tay saddhi gma ................ Yuvatiyo ............... ocinitu ............... gamissanti. Amhka ............... tasmi nagare bhani vikkianti. Cattro ............... padumni dya vihra gamissanti. ............... suve paa gantv ............... harissma. Tva sakkharhi godha m ................ Vnar ............... ruhitv ............... bha janti. T itthiyo ............... pacitv bhu jitv ................
Enlarge and Analyse a Sentence

How to Enlarge and Analyse a Sentence
66. It is stated that a sentence consists of two parts, the subject and the predicate, or sometimes three parts: the subject, the object and the predicate. (Note that the object belongs to the predicate.) In enlarging a sentence one must enlarge the subject or the object, or both of them. They may be enlarged with one or more adjectives, adjectival phrases, or clauses, or with a noun in the genitive, which is in the nature of an adjective, as it separates the thing possessed, from others. The enlargement of a predicate is called its extension. It may be done by adding one or more adverbs or adverbial phrases, or words in the Instrumental, Ablative (of separation) or Locative cases. Now let us enlarge the sentences: (A) Puriso rukkha chindati. Enlargement Enlargement Enlargement Subject Object Predicate of subject of object of predicate Balav puriso mahanta
rukkha pharasun
chindati.
So seto, balav
puriso
ucca, mudu
hatthehi rukkha pharasu dya
chindati.
pupphehi Pa av, ca rukkha tasmi vane, chindati. puriso phalehi dhanav, bal idni yutta, ta (B) Goo tia khdati. Enlargement of Enlargement of Enlargement Subject Object subject object of predicate Ratto Balav seto goo goo bahu tia idni
Predicate
khdati.
khette jta, tatta hatv, khdati. tia bahu sgha khuddak visu visu khettamh khdati. tia katv dya dsena nta
Catuppado*, sigi**, blo, goo rukkhe baddho,
* Quadruped or that which has four feet. ** That which has horns, or possessed of horns.
Exercise 25
Suggested Solutions
Enlarge the following sentences.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Kumri bhatta pacati. Drako magge kati. Vnar rukkhe nisdanti. Kassak khetta kasisu. Sho vanamhi vasati. Bhpati nagare carati. Pit gehe sayati. Dhtaro nadiya nahyanti. Bhtuno putto uggahti. Vanityo padumni haranti. Tumhe pakkhino m mretha. Tva cetiya vandhi.
13. 14. 15.
Aha sla rakkhissmi. Bhikkhavo dhamma desenti. Maya Anurdhapura gamissma.
Analyse the following sentences.

1. 2. vasanti. 3. 4. kasanti. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Cattro puris balavante aha goe ta mahanta khetta harisu. Imasmi gme ahasu gehesu pa catisati manuss dukkha Te dhanavant mahantesu ma cesu sukha sayissanti. Pa canna dsna dasa putt vsatiy balavantehi goehi khetta
Ek itth dvinna puttna rattni vatthni haritv adsi. Dhanavanto vij sakaehi bhani dya gme gantv tni sgha vikkiissanti. Bhpatino pahamo putto bahhi manussehi saddhi suve uyyna gamissati. Mayha mtuln ratta gvi dghya rajjuy daha rukkhe bandhi. Sehino balavanto aha putt kakkhaa cora ashi paharitv tatth'eva* mresu. Gma gacchant vanit a iss bla dhtara disv tass tayo ambe adsi. * Tatth'eva = on the spot.
Passive Voice
67. The verbs given so far in this book are of the Active Voice. To form the passive, one must add "ya", sometimes preceded by i or , to the root before the verbal termination, e.g., paca + ti > paca + ya + ti = pacyati (is cooked) kara + ti > kara + ya + ti = karyati (is done) Often, the "ya" is assimilated by the last consonant of the base, e.g., pac + ya + ti = paccati (is cooked) vuc + ya + ti = vuccati (is told)
68. In forming a sentence with a verb in the passive voice, the subject stands in the Ablative of Agent and the object in the Nominative. The verb takes the number and the person of the Nominative (object). This is the way Pali grammarians stated it. But in English, the subject always take the Nominative form; therefore the object becomes the subject when a sentence is turned from active to passive. Vanit odana pacati. turned into passive, becomes:Vanitya odano pacyati (or paccati). Here, "vanitya" is named anuttakatt (the agent, subject) and "odano" uttakamma (the object in the Nominative) in Pali. 69. Conjugation of Paca (to cook) Present Tense, Passive Person Singular Plural 3rd 2nd 1st (so) paccati = it is cooked (te) paccanti = they are cooked (tva) paccasi = thou are (tumhe) paccatha = you are cooked cooked am (maya) paccma = we are cooked
Plural
(aha) paccmi = I cooked Conjugation of Pahara (to beat) Person Singular 3rd 2nd 1st
(so) paharyati = he is beaten
(te) paharyanti = they are beaten
(tva) paharyasi = thou art (tumhe) paharyatha = you are beaten beaten
(aha) paharymi = I am (maya) paharyma = we are beaten beaten The following are conjugated like "paharyati":karyati = is done or made kahyati = is dragged or gahyati = is taken drawn haryati = is carried dyati = is given haryati = is brought kasyati = is ploughed bandhyati = is tied desyati = is preached bhujyati = is eaten mryati = is killed
vandyati = is worshipped kiyati = is bought vikkiyati = is sold
rakkhyati = is protected bhsyati = is told dhovyati = is washed
Exercise 26
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Kaya odano pacyati. Te Go dsehi paharyanti. Tva balin purisena kahyasi. Maya amhka arhi mryma. Te mig tya dsiy bandhyanti. Imin vahakin* imasmi gme bahni gehni karyanti. Tumhe tasmi gme manussehi bandhyatha. Amhka bhani tesa dsehi gma haryanti. Ahahi vijehi cattro ass nagara haryanti. Maya amhka dhtarehi nattrehi ca vandyma. Ta mahanta khetta pa cahi kassakehi kasyati. Vanitya bahni vatthni tassa pokkharaiya dhovyanti. Sehin bahunna ycakna dna dyati. Tasmi rme vasantehi bhikkhhi slni rakkhyanti. Chahi bhikkhhi pa casatna manussna dhammo desyati. Pasya manussehi tasmi pae bahni bhani kiyanti. Dasahi vanithi dvisata ambna vikkiyati. Dsiy pakko odano gahapatin bhu jyati. Magge hito drako tassa mtuy hatthehi gahyati. Buddhena devna manussna ca dhammo bhsyati. * Vahak (m) carpenter.
Translate into Pali

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The cows are tied with long ropes by the slaves. Two black horses are bought by the two rich men. You are beaten by four men. This house is built (made) by eight carpenters. Nine cows are killed by two tigers in that forest. Thou art dragged to the field by those powerful men. Many goods are sold in this village by those two merchants.
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
You are tied fast by the people of the city. The baby is carried to a physician by his mother. The rice is well cooked by the second daughter of the merchant. The doctrine is preached to the people of this village by the monks residing in that monastery*. The rice cooked by the slave woman is eaten by her son and brothers. Many red clothes are washed in the tank by those women. Three hundred mangoes are sold by six tall women. Much wealth is given to his relations by that rich man. All grass in this field is eaten by eight oxen and four cows. The Buddha is worshipped everywhere in this island. Two fields are ploughed by 12 farmers and six oxen. Those who went by that path are killed by a lion. The son of the man who walks on the road is beaten by that powerful man. * Vihra (m) monastery. 70. The past and future forms of the Passive Voice are formed by adding " + ya" to the root before the verbal termination, e.g., Past 3rd singular: - pahara + > pahara + -ya + = pahary = (he) was beaten Future 3rd singular: - paca + issati > paca + -ya + issati = pacyissati = (it) will be cooked
Passive Participles
71. The participles, like verbs, are divided into two classes, that of Active and Passive. The Active Present Participles are shown above ( 50). The Passive Present Participle is formed by adding " + ya" to the root before the active termination, e.g., (1) paca + mna > paca + -ya + mna = pacyamna = being cooked (2) pahara + nta > pahara + -ya + nta = paharyanta = being beaten Forms like pacamna (being cooked) and vuccamna (being told) also are formed by assimilating "ya" with the last consonant of the root. (The rules of assimilation will be given in the Second Book.) 72. The Declinable Active Past Participles are very few. The Passive Past Participles are formed in various ways; the most common way to form them is to add "ta" or "ita" to the root or the verbal base, e.g.,
paca + ita = pacita (cooked) hara + ita = harita (carried) nah + ita = nahta (bathed) n + ta = nta (carried) n + ta = ta (known) bh + ta = bhta (become, been) su + ta = suta (heard) Here one notices that "ita" is added to the roots ending in a, and ta is added to the roots ending in vowels other than a. But this rule is not without exceptions. A list of some Passive Past Participles is given above ( 53). The words therein are formed in various ways; but the student should not bother at present about their formation. Another form of Passive Past Participles much common in use is formed by adding 'inna' to the root and by dropping the last syllable or the vowel of the root, e.g., chida + inna = chinna (cut) bhida + inna = bhinna (broken) d + inna = dinna (given) tara + inna = tia (crossed, gone ashore) ni + sda + inna = nisinna (sat) 73. The Potential (or Future) Passive Participles are formed by adding 'tabba' and 'anya' to the verbal base, e.g., ktabba / karaya (must be, fit to be, or should be done) haritabba / haranya (must be, fit to be, or should be carried) pacitabba / pacanya (must be, fit to be, or should be cooked) bhu jitabba (fit to be or should be eaten) dhovitabba (fit to be or should be washed) bhavitabba (fit to be or should become or happen) nisditabba (fit to be or should be sat) vattabba (fit to be or should be told) vanditabba (fit to be or should be worshipped) dtabba (fit to be or should be given) chinditabba (fit to be or should be cut) rakkhitabba (fit to be or should be observed or protected) uggahitabba (fit to be or should be learnt)
Exercise 27
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Kaya bhu jiyamna bhatta sunakhassa dtabba (hoti). Purisena chindiyamno rukkho gehassa upari patissati. Purisehi khettni kasitabbni, vanithi tesa bhatta pacitabba. Puttehi dhtarehi ca pitaro mtaro ca vanditabb honti. Dsena haryamno asso vijna vikkiitabbo hoti. Corehi paharyamn puris a a kattabba adisv* aavi dhvisu. Srathin paharyamno asso ratha kahanto sgha dhvati. Tumhehi dnni dtabbni, slani rakkhitabbni, puni ktabbni (honti). Sissehi dhammo sotabbo** satthni*** uggahitabbni. May dyamna**** bhu jitabba bhu jitu bah ycak gacchanti. Vanit dhovitabbni vatthni dya vitthata nadi gamissati. Yuvatiyo vandanyni cetiyni disv ekya kaya ociniyamnni padumni ycisu. Mama bht tasmi vane hianto chindanye bah rukkhe passi. May ovadiyamno blo vattabba apassanto khinno***** nisdi.
* Not seeing. ** Should be heard. *** Sciences. **** Given by. ***** Dejected.
Translate into Pali

1. one. 2. 3. The field should be ploughed by the farmers with their oxen. Being beaten by an enemy and not knowing what should be done*, the man ran across the field. 4. Many beggars came to receive the alms given by the rich merchant. 5. Your parents** are to be worshipped and protected by you. 6. Being admonished*** by the teacher the student began to learn what should be learnt.
The fruit that is being eaten by the boy should not be given to another
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
The horses that are being carried by the merchants are to be sold tomorrow. Ths horse being beaten by the slave ran quickly to the field. Precepts should be oberved and alms should be given by you. Many clothes are to be washed by our friends. Ten men cut many trees that should be cut in that garden. The trees which are being cut by them will fall on other trees. The merchants did not get any food that should be eaten by them. What should happen will happen**** to us and the others. The rice is to be cooked and carried to the field by us.
* Kim ktabban ti ajnanto. ** Mtpitaro (is a compound noun). *** Ovadito. **** Bhavissati = will happen.
Causal or Causative Verbs

74. Causative verbs are formed by adding to the root the suffixes, (1) e, (2) aya, (3) pe, or (4) paya, before the verbal termination. The radical vowel of the root is lengthened or changed before these suffixes, when it is followed by one consonant, and remains unchanged if it is followed by a double consonant, e.g., pac + e + ti = pceti (causes to cook) pac + aya + ti = pcayati (causes to cook) pac + pe + ti = pcpeti (causes to cook) pac + paya + ti = pcpayati (causes to cook) N.B. -- There is a similarity between 'pceti', 'pcayati' and 'coreti', 'corayati'; but the former are causal and the latter are simple verbs. 75. The group of verbs 'coreti', etc., called Curdi Group (see 15), always take 'e' and 'aya' in their simple forms and their causal bases are formed with 'pe' and 'paya', e.g., Simple: coreti, corayati = steals Causal: corpeti, corpayati = causes to steal 76. (A) Intransitive verbs become transitive when they take causal forms, e.g., Drako sayati. (The baby sleeps.) Mt draka saypeti. (The mother makes her baby sleep.)
(B) Transitive verbs take one or two more objects in their causal forms, e.g., Simple: Goo tia khdati. Causal: Dso goa tia khdpeti. (The slave causes the ox to eat grass.) 77. A list of causatives krpeti = causes to (or makes one) do gahpeti = causes to (or makes one) take nahpeti = causes to (or makes one) bathe bhojpeti = causes to (or makes one) eat nisdpeti = causes to (or makes one) sit harpeti = causes to (or makes one) carry harpeti = causes to (or makes one) bring gacchpeti = causes to (or makes one) go chindpeti = causes to (or makes one) cut mrpeti = causes to (or makes one) kill
Exercise 28
Suggested Solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Seh vahaki geha krpeti. Mt draka pokkharaiya nahpessati. Amhka pitaro bhikkh bhojpesu. Vanityo dsi bhatta pcpesu. Ppakrino dsehi* bah mige mrpenti. Gahapatayo purisehi* drni gahpenti. Garu sisse dhamma uggahpesi. Adhipati purisehi rukkhe chindpessati. Aha kahi bhani harpessmi. Tumhe bhtarehi kapayo gma harpetha. Maya dasahi goehi khetta kaspessma. Mt putta phe nisdpetv bhatta pacitu taule** harpesi. * Instrumental is also used with the causal forms. ** taula (m, n) (uncooked) rice.
Translate into Pali

1. The sinner causes his brothers to kill birds.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
The rich men make their sons gave alms. The king makes the carpenters build five houses. The charioteer makes the slave bring two horses near the chariot. The women get their daughters cook rice for the guests. The carpenter gets the work* done by the servants. The leader gets his men cut many trees in his garden. They will get the field ploughed by 20 oxen. I will make my son eat some food. We will cause our slaves to go to the town. They make the cows eat grass. Do not allow him do that work*.
* work = kamma (n), kammanta (m).
Vocabulary
Pali - English -
Abbreviations
m. Masculine f. Feminine n. Neuter ind. Indeclinable adv. Adverb v. Verb adj. Adjective inf. Infinitive pr.p. Present Participle p.p. Past Participle pot.p. Potential Participle pron. Pronoun ger. Gerund 3. Of the three genders
[a]
akkhi (n) eye. agacchi (v) went. aggi (m) fire. aguli (f) finger. acari (v) walked, travelled. acci (n) flame. aja (m) goat. ajja (ind) today. a a (adj) another, other. a atara (adj) certain. aavi (f) forest. aha (3) eight. ahama (adj) eighth. ahavsati (f) twenty-eight. ahasata (n) 800. ahdasa (3) eighteen. ahrasa (3) eighteen. ahsi (v) stood. ahsti (f) eighty-eight. ahi (n) bone, seed. aa (n) egg. atikkamitu (inf) to surpass. atithi (m) guest. atthi (v) is, has. atha (ind) then, after that.
attha (m) knower of the meaning. adsi (v) gave. addh (ind) certainly. adhipati (m) lord, leader. anugacchati (v) follows. anussarati (v) remembers. anussaranta (pr.p) remembering. antar (ind) between. anto (ind) in, inside. apagacchati (v) goes away. apaci (v) cooked. apara (adj) another, western. apassanta (pr.p) not seeing. api (ind) and, also. appaka (adj) few, a little. abhavi (v) was. abhiha (adv) constantly, often. amata (n) ambrosia, the supreme bliss. amba (m) mango. ambu (n) water. amm (f) mother. amhe (pron) we. amhka (pron) to us, our. aya (m, f) this [man, woman]. ara a (n) forest.
ari (m) enemy. alakaroti (v) decorates, adorns. asani (f) thunderbolt. asi (m) sword. asti (f) eighty. assa (m) horse. assa (pron) his, to him. ass (pron) her, to her. assu (n) tear. ahi (m) serpent. aha (pron) I.
[ ]
kahati (v) drags, pulls. kaddhyati (v) is dragged, is pulled. ksa (m) sky. khu (m) rat. gacchati (v) comes. gacchi (v) came. gata (p.p) come. gantv (ger) having come. gantu (inf) to come. gamma (ger) having come. dya (ger) having taken. neti (v) brings. nesi (v) brought. netv (ger) having brought. paa (m) shop, market. ma (adj) unripe. ma (ind) yes.
yu (n) age. yudha (n) weapon. rabhati (v) begins. rabhi (v) began. rma (m) grove, monastery. ruyha (ger) having ascended. ruhati (v) ascends. ruhi (v) ascended. ruhitv (ger) having ascended. loka (m) light. va (m) pit. haa (p.p) brought. harati (v) brings. haranta (pr.p) bringing. harpeti (v) causes to bring. hari (v) brought. haritu (inf) to bring. haryati (v) is brought. hra (m) food. hiati (v) wanders.
[i]
icchati (v) wishes. itara (adj) the other. ito (ind) hence. itth (f) woman. ida (n) this [thing]. idni (ind) now.
idha (ind) here. ima (adj) this. im (pron) these [women]. ime (pron) these [men]. isi (m) sage. isipatanrma (m) the grove of Isipatana (at Sarnath).
[e]
eka (adj) one, certain. ekakkhattu (adv) once. ekacattsati (f) forty-one. ekatisati (f) thirty-one. ekato (ind) together. ekad (adv) one day, once. ekadh (adv) in one way. ekattha (adv) in one place. ekamanta (adv) aside. ekavsati (f) twenty-one. ekasahi (f) sixty-one. ekdasa (3) eleven. ekdasama (adj) eleventh. eksti (f) eighty-one. eknacattsati (f) 39. eknatisati (f) 29. eknapasati (f) 49. eknanavuti (f) 89. eknavsati (f) 19. eknasahi (f) 59. eknasattati (f) 69. eknasata (n) 99. eknsti (f) 79. eta (3) that, this. ettha (adv) here. eva (ind) thus, yes. es (f) that [woman]. (stem: eta) eso (m) that [man]. (stem: eta)
[u]
ukkhipitv (ger) having raised up. uggahti (v) learns. uggahitabba (pot.p) that should be learnt. ucca (adj) high, tall. ucchu (m) sugarcane. uhahati (v) rises up. uhahitv (ger) having risen up. uhpetv (ger) having awaken. ueti (v) flies. uttara (adj) northern. uttna (adj) shallow. udaka (n) water. udadhi (m) ocean. udeti (v) rises up. upari (ind) above. uppala (n) water-lily. ubhaya (3) both. ussahati (v) tries.
[o]
okkamma (ger) having moved aside. ocinti (v) gathers, collects. ocinitv (ger) having collected. ocinitu (inf) to gather, to collect. otarati (v) descends. otaritv (ger) having descended. odana (m/n) [boiled] rice. otia (p.p) descended. oruyha (ger) having descended. oruhati (v) descends. oloketi (v) looks at. olokenta (pr.p) looking at.
[k]
kacchu (f) itch. ka (f) girl. kaacchu (m) spoon. kaeru (f) she-elephant. kata (p.p) made, done. katama (3) which of the many. katara (3) which of the two. kattu (m) doer, compiler. kattha (adv) where. katv (ger) having done. katha (ind) how.
kath (f) speech, talk. katheti (v) says. kathesi (v) said, told. kadal (f) plantain. kad (adv) when? kapi (m) monkey. kamma (n) work. kammanta (m) work. kammakra (m) worker. karaya (pot.p) that should be done. kari (v) did. karissati (v) will do. kar (m) elephant. karyati (v) is done. karoti (v) does. karonta (pr.p) doing. kavi (m) poet. kasati (v) ploughs. kasyati (v) is ploughed. kassaka (m) farmer. kka (m) crow. kk (f) she-crow. ktabba (pot.p) that should be done. ktu (inf) to do. kraa (n) reason. krpeti (v) causes to do. kya (m) body. kla (m) time. kla karoti (v) dies. ksu (f) pit.
ka (adj) black. kianta (pr.p) buying. kiti (v) buys. kii (v) bought. kiitv (ger) having bought. kiyati (v) is bought. kitti (f) fame. ki (3) what? kati (v) plays. kitv (ger) having played. kukku (f) hen. kucchi (m/f) belly. kuh (m) leper. kuto (ind) from where? kuddha (p.p) enraged, angry. kumra (m) boy. kamr (f) girl. kula (n) family, caste. kulavantu (adj) of the high caste. kuhi (adv) where? kla (n) [river] bank. ketu (m) banner. ko (m) who? (Nom.) kodha (m) anger. koambanagara (n) city of Colombo.
khara (adj) rough, coarse. khdati (v) eats. khdanta (pr.p) eating. khdi (v) ate. khditv (ger) having eaten. khinna (p.p) dejected. khra (n) milk. khuddaka (adj) small. khud (f) hunger. khetta (n) field.
[g]
gacchati (v) goes. gacchanta (pr.p) going. gacchpeti (v) causes to go. gacchi (v) went. gacchissati (v) will go. gag (f) river. ga (m) one who has a following. gahi (m) knot. gahti (v) takes. gahpeti (v) causes to take. gahi (v) took. gahitu (inf) to take. gahyati (v) is taken. gata (p.p) gone. gantu (m) goer. gantu (inf) to go. gantv (ger) having gone. gamissati (v) will go. gambhra (adj) deep.
[kh]
khaati (v) digs. khanti (f) patience.
garu (m) teacher. gavesati (v) seeks. gahapati (m) householder. gahita (p.p) taken. gahetv (ger) having taken. gma (m) village. gyati (v) sings. gyanta (pr.p) singing. gv (f) cow. giri (m) mountain. gv (f) neck. guavantu (adj) virtuous. guh (f) cave. geha (m, n) house. goa (m) ox. godh (f) iguana.
[gh]
ghaa (m) water-pot. gha (n) nose. ghyitu (inf) to smell.
catutth (f) Dative. catuddasa (3) fourteen. catuppada (m) quadruped. catursti (f) eighty-four. catuvsati (f) twenty-four. carati (v) walks. caranta (pr.p) walking. caritv (ger) having walked. citta (n) mind. cinteti (v) thinks. cintetv (ger) having thought. cintesi (v) thought. cira (adv) [for a] long time. cuddasa (3) fourteen. cuddasama (adj) fourteenth. cetiya (n) shrine, pagoda. cora (m) thief. coreti (v) steals. coresi (v) stole.
[c]
ca (ind) and. cakkhu (n) eye. cakkhumantu (adj) possessor of eyes. canda (m) moon. cattisati (f) forty. catu (3) four. catuttisati (f) thirty-four. catuttha (adj) fourth.
[ch]
cha (3) six. chaha (adj) sixth. chah (f) Genitive. chattha (n) umbrella. chattisati (f) thirty-six. chatt (m) one who has an umbrella. channavuti (f) ninety-six. chabbsati (f) twenty-six.
chy (f) shade, shadow. chsti (f) eighty-six. chindati (v) cuts. chindanta (pr.p) cutting. chindpeti (v) causes to cut. chinditabba (pot.p) that should be cut. chinna (p.p) cut.
hapeti (v) keeps. hapetu (v) let him keep. hapesi (v) kept. hna (n) place. hita (p.p) stood.
[ ]
asati (v) bites, stings. asitv (ger) having bitten or stung.
[j]
jagh (f) shank, calf of the leg. jau (m) knee. jatu (n) sealing wax. jayatu (v) let him conquer. jala (n) water. ju (m) knee. jnti (v) knows. jleti (v) kindles. jlesi (v) kindled. jinti (v) wins. jivh (f) tongue. jetu (m) victor.
[t]
ta (3) that. taula (n) rice [uncooked]. tatiya (adj) third. tato (ind) thence, from there. tattha (adv) there. tatra (adv) there. tath (ind) so, likewise, in that way. tad (adv) then. tarati (v) crosses. taritv (ger) having crossed. taru (m) tree. taru (f) young woman. tava = thine, your. tassa = his. tass = of her, to her. tahi (adv) there. t (f) those women. tni = those things.
[ ]
a (n) wisdom. ta (p.p) known. tu (m) knower.
[]
hatv (ger) having stood. hapita (p.p) kept.
ti (3) three. tihati (v) stands. tihanta (pr.p) standing. tia (n) grass. tia (p.p) crossed, gone ashore. tinavuti (f) ninety-three. tipu (n) lead. tiriya (adv) across. tisati (f) thirty. tisatima (adj) thirtieth. tis (f) thirty. tumhe = you. tuyha = to you, your. tul (f) scale, balance. te (m) they. te-asti (f) eighty-three. tettisati (f) thirty-three. tenavuti (f) ninety-three. tepas (f) fifty-three. terasa (3) thirteen. terasama (adj) thirteenth. tevsati (f) twenty-three. tesahi (f) sixty-three. tesattati (f) seventy-three. teasa (3) thirteen. tva = thou.
[d]
dakkhia (adj) southern. daha (p.p) bitten. datv (ger) having given.
dadanta (pr.p) giving. dadamna (pr.p) giving. dadti (v) gives. dadi (v) gave. daddu (f) eczema. dadhi (n) curd. dant (m) tusker, elephant. dasa (3) ten. dasakoi (f) hundred million. dasama (adj) tenth. dasalakkha (n) million. dasasata (n) thousand. dasasahassa (n) ten thousand. dassanya (adj) handsome, beautiful. daha (adv) tightly. dh (m) tusker, serpent. dtabba (pot.p) that should be given. dtu (m) given. dtu (inf) to give. dna (n) alms, charity. dyaka (m) giver. draka (m) young one, boy. drik (f) girl. dru (n) firewood. dsa (m) slave. ds (f) slave woman. dinna (p.p) given. divasa (m) day.
div (ind) day-time. dis (f) direction. disv (ger) having seen. dgha (adj) long. dghajv (m) possessor of long life. dpa (m) island, lamp. dpi (m) leopard. dyati (v) is given. dyamna (pr.p) being given. dukkha (n) pain, misery, trouble. dukkha (adv) with difficulty, miserably. dutiya (adj) second. dundubhi (f) drum. dubbala (adj) feeble. deti (v) gives. deva (m) rain, deity. devat (f) deity. dev (f) queen, goddess. desan (f) preaching. desita (p.p) preached. deseti (v) preaches. desesi (v) preached. desyati (v) is preached. doi (f) canoe, boat. dol (f) palanquin. dvattisati (f) thirty-two. dvdasa (3) twelve. dvdasama (adj) twelfth.
dvnavuti (f) ninety-two. dvvsati (f) twenty-two. dvsahi (f) sixty-two. dvsattati (f) seventy-two. dvsti (f) eighty-two. dvi (3) two. dvikkhattu (adv) twice. dvicattsati (f) forty-two. dvidh (ind) in two ways, into two. dvinavuti (f) ninety-two. dvisattati (f) seventy-two. dvisata (n) two hundred. dveasti (f) eighty-two. dvepas (f) fifty-two. dvesattati (f) seventy-two.
[dh]
dhana (n) wealth. dhanavantu (adj) rich. dhanu (n) bow. dhamma (m) doctrine. dhtu (f) element, relic. dhvati (v) runs. dhvanta (3) running. dhvi (v) ran. dhvitv (ger) having run. dhtu (f) daughter. dhli (f) dust. dhenu (f) cow [of any kind]. dhovati (v) washes.
dhovitabba (pot.p) that should be washed. dhovyati (v) is washed.
nidhi (m) hidden treasure. nibbattitu (inf) to be born. nibbattitv (ger) having born. niraya (m) hell. nilyati (v) hides. nisinna (p.p) sat. nisdati (v) sats. nisdpeti (v) causes to sit. nisdi (v) sat. nisditabba (pot.p) should be sat. nisditv (ger) having sat. nca (adj) low, vulgar. nta (p.p) led, carried. nla (adj) blue. nharati (v) ejects. neti (v) leads, carries. netu (m) leader. nesi (v) led, carried.
[n]
na (ind) not, no. nagara (n) city. nattu (m) grandson. natthi (v) is not. nad (f) river. nayana (n) eye. nara (m) man. nava (3) nine. navama (adj) ninth. navasata (n) nine hundred. navuti (f) ninety. na santi = are not. nahta (p.p) bathed. nahtv (ger) having bathed. nahpeti (v) causes to bathe. nahyati (v) bathes. nahyanta (pr.p) bathing. nma (n) name. nr (f) woman. nv (f) ship. ns (f) nose. ni (f) corn measure, tube. nikera (m) coconut. nikkhanta (p.p) got out. nikkhamati (v) goes out. nikkhamma (ger) having come out. nidd (f) sleep.
[p]
pakka (p.p) cooked, ripe. pakkhipati (v) puts in. pakkh (m) bird. paggayha (ger) having raised up. pacati (v) cooks. pacatu (v) let him cook. pacanta (pr.p) cooking. pacamna (pr.p) cooking. pacanya (pot.p) that should be cooked.
paci (v) cooked. pacita (p.p) cooked. pacitabba (pot.p) that should be cooked. pacitu (inf) to cook. pacitv (ger) having cooked. pacch (ind) afterwards. pa ca (3) five. pa cadasa (3) fifteen. pa cama (adj) fifth. pa catisati (f) thirty-five. pa cadh (ind) in five ways. pa cavsati (f) twenty-five. pa casata (n) five hundred. pa avantu (adj) wise. pa (f) wisdom. pasati (f) fifty. pas (f) fifty. painivatti (v) went back. paiydetu (inf) to make, to prepare. pahama (adj) first. paa (n) leaf. paarasa (3) fifteen. pasati (f) fifty. paita (m) wise man. patati (v) falls. pati (m) husband, master. pati (v) fell down. patti (f) infantry. paduma (n) lotus. panasa (m) jack-fruit.
pabbata (m) mountain. pabbajati (v) becomes a monk, renounces. pabh (m) overlord. para (adj) other, latter. parasuve (ind) day after tomorrow. parahyo (ind) day before yesterday. paridahati (v) wears. paris (f) retinue, following. pavisati (v) enters. pavisitv (ger) having entered. pasu (m) beast. passati (v) sees. passanta (pr.p) seeing, looking at. passitu (inf) to see. pahaa (p.p) beaten. paharati (v) beats. paharitv (ger) having beaten. paharyati (v) is beaten. pahya (ger) having left. pka (m) cooking, boiling. pcayati (v) causes to cook. pcpayati (v) causes to cook. pcpeti (v) causes to cook. pceti (v) causes to cook. phasl (f) school.
pi (m) hand. pteti (v) fells, makes to fall. ptesi (v) felled. ptu (inf) to drink. pto (ind) in the morning. pda (m) foot, leg. ppa (n) sin. ppakr (m) sinner, evil-doer. pleti (v) protects, governs. plesi (v) protected. pvisi (v) entered. psa (m) stone, rock. pitu (m) father. pips (f) thirst. pivati (v) drinks. pivatu (v) let him drink. pivamna (pr.p) drinking. pivitu (inf) to drink. pivitv (ger) having drunk. piandhitv (ger) having donned. ptha (n) chair. pta (p.p) drunk. pta (adj) yellow. pita (p.p) oppressed. peti (v) oppressed. pu a (n) merit, fortune. pa avantu (adj) fortunate, meritorious. putta (m) son.
puna (ind) again. puppha (n) flower. pubba (adj) former, eastern. purato (ind) in front. pur (ind) before, formerly. purisa (m) man. pulina (n) sand. pj (f) offering. pjeti (v) offers, honours. pjesi (v) respected, offered. pjetv (ger) having offered. pokkharan (f) pond.
[ph]
pharasu (m) axe, hatchet. phala (n) fruit, nut. phalavantu (adj) fruitful.
[b]
battisati (f) thirty-two. bandhati (v) binds, ties. bandhyati (v) is bound. bandhu (m) relation. bandhumantu (adj) one who has relations. bala (n) power. balavantu (adj) powerful, strong. bal (m) powerful. bahu (adj) many. bahuka (adj) many. bras (f) Benares [city].
bla (adj) young, foolish. bhu (m) arm. buddha (m) the Enlightened One. buddhi (f) wisdom. buddhimantu (adj) wise. bodhi (m/f) Bo-tree. brhma (f) brahmin woman.
bhsyati (v) is told, is said. bhikkhu (m) Buddhist monk. bhindati (v) breaks. bhinna (p.p) broken. bhu jati (v) eats. bhu janta (pr.p) eating. bhu jitabba (pot.p) that should be eaten. bhu jitu (inf) to eat. bhu jyati (v) is eaten. bhutta (p.p) eaten. bhpati (m) king. bhpla (m) king. bhmi (f) earth, ground. bhog (m) serpent. bhojpeti (v) feeds. bhottu (inf) to eat.
[bh]
bhagavantu (m) the Buddha, the Exalted One. (adj) the fortunate. bhagin (f) sister. bha jati (v) breaks. bhaa (n) goods. bhattu (m) husband, supporter. bhariy (f) wife. bhavati (v) is, becomes. bhavatu (v) let it be. bhavitabba (pot.p) that should happen. bhg (m) sharer. bhjetv (ger) having divided. bhtu (m) brother. bhnu (m) sun. bhnumantu (m) sun. bhyati (v) fears. bhyitv (ger) having feared. bhsati (v) says.
[m]
magga (m) path. majjhima (adj) medium, central. ma ca (m) bed. ma js (f) box. mai (m) gem. mata (p.p) dead. mati (f) wisdom. matta (adj) temperate, one who knows the measure. madhu (n) honey.
manussa (m) man, human being. maya = we. mayha = to me, my. mayra (m) peacock. maraa (n) death. marati (v) dies. mahanta (pr.p) big, large, great. mahallaka (adj) elderly, old. mah (f) earth, the river of that name. m (ind) [do] not. mtu (f) mother. mrpeti (v) causes to kill. mrita (p.p) killed. mryati (v) is killed. mreti (v) kills. mresi (v) killed. ml (f) garland. ml (m) possessor of a garland. msa (m) month. miga (m) deer, beast. mig (f) she-deer. miti (v) measures. mitta (m) friend. muhi (m) fist, hammer. mudu (adj) soft. muni (m) monk. mla (n) root, money.
[y]
ya (3) which (relative). yaihi (m/f) stick, walking stick. yattha (adv) where (relative). yad (adv) whenever. yasavantu (adj) famous. ygu (f) rice, gruel. ycaka (m) beggar. ycati (v) begs. ycanta (pr.p) begging. yci (v) begged. yva (ind) as far as. yva ... tva (ind) until. yuvati (f) maiden. yojeti (v) harnesses, joins, composes.
[r]
rakkhati (v) protects. rakkhatu (v) let him protect. rakkhitabba (pot.p) that should be observed or protected. rakkhyati (v) is protected. rajja (n) kingdom. rajju (f) rope. ratta (adj) red. ratti (f) night. ratha (m) chariot. ravi (m) sun. ravitv (ger) having crowed.
rassa (adj) short. rsi (m) heap. rukkha (m) tree. rpa (n) form, image. rodati (v) cries. rodanta (pr.p) crying.
[l]
lakkha (n) hundred thousand. lak (f) [island] of Ceylon. lat (f) creeper. laddha (p.p) got. laddh (ger) having got. laddhu (inf) to get. labhati (v) gets, receives. labhitu (inf) to get. likhati (v) writes. lekhaka (m) clerk. loka (m) world. locana (n) eye.
[v]
vaita (p.p) wounded. vaitamaksi (v) wounded. vahak (m) carpenter. vattabba (pot.p) that should be told. vattu (m) sayer. vattha (n) cloth. vatthu (n) base, site, ground. vada (adj) charitable.
vadati (v) says. vadana (n) face, mouth. vana (n) forest. vanit (f) woman. vandati (v) bows down, worships. vandita (p.p) worshipped. vanditabba (pot.p) that should be worshipped. vandyati (v) is worshipped. vapu (n) body. varha (m) pig. vasati (v) dwells. vasanta (pr.p) living. vasu (n) wealth. vasudh (f) earth. vassa (m/n) year, rain. vassati (v) rains. vaav (f) mare. v (ind) or, either - or. vc (f) word. vija (m) merchant. vnara (m) monkey. vp (f) tank. vri (n) water. vluk (f) sand. vikkianta (pr.p) selling. vikkiti (v) sells. vikkii (v) sold. vikkinyati (v) is sold. vijju (f) lightning. vitu (m) knower.
vi u (m) wise man. vitthata (p.p) broad, wide. vid (m) wise man. vidhya (ger) having done or commanded. vin (ind) except, without. vinetu (m) instructor. visikh (f) street. visu (ind) severally, separately. viharanta (pr.p) residing, living. vihra (m) monastery. vsati (f) twenty. vsatima (adj) twentieth. vhi (m) paddy. vuhi (f) rain. vutta (p.p) said. vuttha (p.p) dwelt, lived. vuddhi (f) increase, progress. ve (ind) certainly. vejja (m) doctor, physician. veu (m) bamboo. veu (m) bamboo. vydhi (m) sickness.
[s]
saki (adv) once. sakua (m) bird. saku (f) she-bird. sakkoti (v) is able.
sakkhar (f) sugar, gravel. sakh (f) woman-friend. sagga (m) heaven. sagha (m) community. sace (ind) if. sahi (f) sixty. sata (n) hundred. satakoi (f) thousand million. satama (adj) hundredth. satalakkha (n) ten million. satasahassa (n) hundred thousand. sati (f) memory. satimantu (adj) mindful. satta (3) seven. sattadasa (3) seventeen. sattati (f) seventy. sattatisati (f) thirty-seven. sattama (adj) seventh. sattam (f) Locative. sattarasa (3) seventeen. sattavsati (f) twenty-seven. sattsti (f) eighty-seven. sattu (m) enemy. sattha (n) science. (m) caravan. satthi (m/n) thigh. satthu (m) teacher, adviser. sad (ind) ever, always. saddhi (ind) with. sanika (adv) slowly.
santi (v) are. santi (f) peace, relief. santika (adj) near. sannipatati (v) assembles. sappi (n) ghee. sabba (adj) all, every. sabbattha (adv) everywhere. sabba (m) the Omniscient One. sabbad (adv) ever, always. sabh (f) committee, society. sama (adv) equally, evenly. sayati (v) sleeps. sayanta (pr.p) sleeping. sayita (p.p) slept. sayi (v) slept. sayitv (ger) having slept. sas (m) moon. sassu (f) mother-in-law. saha (ind) with. sahas (adv) suddenly. sahassa (n) thousand. s = she. skh (f) branch. sdhuka (adv) well. sm (m) master, lord. sya (ind) in the evening. srath (m) charioteer. sl (f) hall.
svatth (f) city of that name. sikkhpada (n) precept. sikh (m) peacock. sindhu (m) sea. sil (f) stone. sissa (m) student. sigha (adv) quickly. sla (n) virtue, precept. slavantu (adj) observant of precepts, virtuous. sha (m) lion. sh (f) lioness. sukha (n) comfort. sukha (adv) comfortably. sukh (m) receiver of comfort, happy. suti (v) hears. suta (p.p) heard. sutta (p.p) slept. sutv (ger) having heard. sunakha (m) dog. sur (f) liquor, intoxicant. suriya (m) sun. surpa (adj) handsome, beautiful. suvaa (n) gold. suve (ind) tomorrow. susna (n) cemetery. susu (m) young one. seh (m) millionaire. seta (adj) white.
setu (m) bridge. sen (f) army, multitude. so = he (stem: ta) sota (n) ear, stream. sotabba (pot.p) that should be heard. sotu (m) hearer. sopa (n) stair. soasa (3) sixteen.
hotu (v) let it be. The New Pali Course Book 1
English Pali -
Abbreviations
m. Masculine f. Feminine n. Neuter indec. Indeclinable adv. Adverb v. Verb adj. Adjective inf. Infinitive pr.p. Present Participle p.p. Past Participle pron. Pronoun ger. Gerund 3. Of the three genders
[h]
haa (p.p) carried. hata (p.p) killed. hattha (m) hand. hatthin (f) she-elephant. hatth (m) elephant. hadaya (n) heart. harati (v) carries. haraya (pot.p) that should be carried. haranta (pr.p) carrying. harpeti (v) causes to carry. hari (v) carried. harita (p.p) carried. haritu (inf) to carry. haryati (v) is carried. hasati (v) laughs. hasanta (pr.p) laughing. himavantu (m) the Himalayas. hyo (ind) yesterday. hoti (v) is, becomes.
[a]
across tiriya (adv) adorns alakaroti (v) adviser satthu (m) afterwards pacch (adv) again puna (indec) age yu (n) all sabba (adj) alms dna (n) always sad, sabbad (adv) and ca, api (indec)
anger kodha (m) another a a, apara (adj) arm bhu (m) army sen (f) ascended ruhi (v) ascends ruhati (v) aside ekamanta (adv) assembles sannipatati (v) ate khdi (v) axe pharasu (m)
[b]
balance tul (f) bamboo veu, veu (m) bank [of a river] kla (n) banner ketu (m) base vatthu (n), bhmi (f) bathed nahta (p.p) bathing nahyanta (pr.p) beast pasu, miga (m) beaten pahaa (p.p) beats paharati (v) beautiful dassanya, surpa (adj) becomes hoti, bhavati (v) becomes a monk pabbajati (v) bed ma ca (m) sayana (n) been bhta (p.p) before pur, purato (indec) begging ycanta (pr.p) begs ycati (v)
begins rabhati (v) began rabhi (v) belly kucchi (m/f) Benares [city] brnas (f) between antar (indec) big mahanta (adj) bird sakua, pakkh (m) bitten daha (p.p) black ka (adj) blue nla (adj) boat doi (f) body vapu (n), kya (m) boiled rice odana (m/n), bhatta (n) bone ahi (n) Bo-tree bodhi (m/f) bow dhanu (n) box ma js (f) boy draka, kumra (m) brahman woman brhma (f) branch skh (f) breaks bha jati (v) bridge setu (m) bringing haranta (pr.p) broad vitthata (p.p) broken bhinna (p.p) brother bhtu (m) brought haa (p.p) brought hari, nesi (v) Buddha bhagavantu, buddha (m)
buying kianta (pr.p) buys kiti (v)
[c]
carpenter vahak (m) carried hari, nesi (v) carried haa, harita, nta (p.p) carries harati, neti (v) carrying haranta (pr.p) cash mla (n) caste kula (n) cave guh (f) causes to bathe nahpeti (v) causes to bring harpeti (v) causes to carry harpeti (v) causes to cook pcpeti, pceti, pcayati (v) causes to cut chindpeti (v) causes to do krpeti (v) causes to go gacchpeti (v) causes to kill mrpeti (v) causes to sit nisdpeti (v) causes to take gahpeti (v) cemetery susna (n) certainly addh, ve, ekanta (indec) Ceylon lak (f) charitable vada (adj) charioteer srath (m) charity dna (n) city nagara, pura (n)
clerk lekhaka (m) climbed ruhi (v) climbs ruhati (v) coarse khara (adj) coconut nikera (m) collects ocinti (v) Colombo [city of] koambanagara (n) come gata (p.p) comes gacchati (v) comfort sukha (n) comfortably suka (adv) community sagha (m) constantly abhiha (adv) cook sda (m) cooked pakka, pacita (p.p) cooked apaci, paci (v) cooking pacanta (pr.p) cooking pka (gerund) (m) cooks pacati (v) corn dha a (n) corn measure ni (f) cow gv (f) cow [of any kind] dhenu (f) creeper lat (f) cries rodati (v) crossed tia (p.p) crow kla (m) crying rodanta (pr.p) curd dadhi (n) cut chinna (p.p) cutter chettu (m)
cutting chindanta (pr.p) cuts chindati (v)
[d]
daughter dhtu (f) day divasa (m) day after tomorrow parasuve (indec) day before yesterday parahyo (indec) day time div (indec) dead mata (p.p) death maraa (n) decorates alakaroti (v) deep gambhra (adj) deer miga (m) deity deva (m) devat (f) descended otia (p.p) descends oruhati, otarati (v) did kari, akari (v) dies marati, kla karoti (v) digs khaati (v) direction dis (f) doctor vejja (m) doctrine dhamma (m) doer kattu (m) does karoti (v) dog sunakha (m) done kata (p.p) doing karonta (pr.p) [do] not m (indec) drags kahati (v)
drinking pivamna (pr.p) dropped ptesi (v) drum dundubhi (f) dust dhli (f) dwarf rassa (adj) dwells vasati (v) dwelt vuttha (p.p)
[e]
ear sota, gha (n) earth vasudh, bhmi, mah (f) eastern pubba (adj) eat khdati, bhu jati (v) eaten bhutta, khdita (p.p) eating khdanta, bhu janta (pr.p) eczema daddu (f) egg aa (n) eight aha (3) eighteen ahrasa, ahdasa (3) eighth ahama (adj) eighty asti (f) eighty-eight ahsti (f) eighty-four catursti (f) eighty-nine eknanavuti (f) eighty-one eksti (f) eighty-six chsti (f) eighty-three teasti (f) eighty-two dvsti, dveati (f)
ejects nharati (v) elderly mahallaka (adj) elephant dant, hatth, kar (m) eleven ekdasa (3) eleventh ekdasama (adj) enemy ari, sattu (m) Enlightened One buddha, bhagavantu (m) enraged kuddha (p.p) enters pavisati (v) entered pvisi (v) [in the] evening sya (indec) ever sad, sabbad (adv) evenly sama (adv) every sabba (adj) everywhere sabbattha (indec) evil-doer ppakr (m) Exalted One bhagavantu (m) eye akkhi, nayana, locana, cakkhu (n)
[f]
face vadana, mukha (n) fame kitti (f) family kula (n) famous yasavantu (adj) farmer kassaka (m) father pitu (m) feeble dubbala (adj)
feeds bhojeti, bhojpeti (v) felled ptesi (v) fells pteti (v) few paritta, appaka (adj) field khetta (n) fifth pa cama (adj) fifteen paarasa, pa cadasa (3) fifty pas, pas, pasati (f) fifty-nine eknasahi (f) fifty-one ekapas (f) finger aguli (f) fire aggi (m) firewood dru (m) first pahama (adj) five pa ca (3) flame acci (n) flies ueti (v) flower puppha (n) follows anugacchati (v) food hra (m), bhojana (n) foolish bla (adj) foot pda (m) for a long time cira (adv) forest vana, ara a (n) aavi (f) form rpa (n) formerly pur (indec) fortunate pu avantu, bhagavantu (adj)
forty cattsati, cattrsati (f) forty-nine eknapas (f) forty-one ekacattsati (f) four catu (3) fourteen cuddasa, catuddasa (3) friend mitta (m) from there tato (indec) from where kuto (indec) fruit phala (n) fruitful phalavantu (adj)
going gacchanta; gacchamna (pr.p) gold suva a (n.) gone gata. (p.p) gone ashore ti a. (p.p.) got laddha ( p.p.) got out nikkhanta (p.p) grandson nattu (m) grass ti a (n) gravel sakkhar (f) ground bhmi (f) vatthu (n) grove of ispatana isipatan rma (m) gruel ygu (f)
[g]
garland ml (f) gathers ocinti (v) gave dadi, adsi (v) gem mai (m) ghee sappi (n) girl drik, ka, kumr, kumrik (f) given dinna (p.p) giver dtu dyaka. (m) gives deti dadti. f. giving dadanta (pr.p) goat aja (m) god deva (m) goddess dev (f) goes gacchati (v) goes away apagacchati (v) goes out nikkhamati (v)
[h]
hall s l (f) hand hattha; pni (m) handsome dassanya; surpa. (adj) happy sukh (m) having awakened uh petv (abs) having born nibbattitv (abs) having climbed ruyha (abs) having come gamma (abs) having come out nikkhamma (abs) having commanded vidh ya
(abs)
having cooked pacitv (abs) having crossed taritv (abs) having crowed ravitv (abs) having divided bh jetv (abs) having done katv ; vidh ya (abs) having donned piandhitva (abs) having drunk pivitv (abs) having eaten bhu jitv ; kh ditv . (abs) Having got laddh ; labhitv .(abs) having left pah ya (abs) having moved aside apakkamma (abs) having raised up paggayha; ukkhipitv (abs) having risen up uhahitv (abs) having slept sayitv (abs) having stood hatv (abs) having taken d ya; ga hitv (abs) he so (stem ta) (m) heap r si (m) heard suta (p.p) hearer sotu (m) hears su ti (v) heart hadaya (n) heaven sagga (m) hell niraya (m) hen kukku (f) here idha; ettha (ad) hermit isi; tapass (m) hidden treasure nidhi (m)
hides nilyati (v) high ucca (adj) Himalayas himavantu (m) Honey madhu (n) Horse assa (m) House geha (n) Householder gahapati (m) Human being manussa (m) Hunger khud (f) Husband pati; bhattu (m) How katham. (ind)
[i]
I aha . Iguana godh (f) Image r pa (n) Increase vuddhi (f) Infantry patti (f) Instructor vinet ; satthu (m) In that way tath (ind) In front purato (ind) In one place ekattha (ind) Intelligent buddhimantu (adj) In two ways dvidh (ad) Intoxicant majja (n) sur (f) Is hoti; bhavati (v) Is able sakkoti (v) Is beaten paharyati (v) Is bought ki yati (v) Is brought haryati (v) Is carried haryati (v) Is done karyati (v)
Is drawn ka hyati (v) Is eaten bhu jyati (v) Is given dyati (v) Is killed m ryati (v) Island dpa (m) Is made karyati (v) Is not natthi (v) Is ploughed kasyati (v) Is preached desyati (v) Is protected rakkhyati (v) Is sold vikki yati (v) Is taken ga hyati (v) Is tied bandhyati (v) Is told bh syati (v) Is worshipped vandyati (v) Is washed dhovyati (v) It ta . (n) Itch kacchu (f)
Known ta (p.p) Knower tu (m) Knower of the meaning attha (m) Knows j n ti (v)
[l]
Lamp dpa; padpa (m) Large mahanta (adj) Laughing hasanta (pr.p) Laughs hasati (v) Lead tipu (n) Leader netu; adhipati (m) Leads neti; nayati (v) Leaf patta; pa a (n) Learns ugganh ti; sikkhati (v) Leg p da (m) Leopard dpi (m) Leper kuh (m) Let him conquer jayatu (v)
[j]
Jack (fruit) panasa (m)
Let him cook pacatu (v) Let him drink pivatu (v) Let him go gacchatu (v)
[k]
Keeps hapeti (v) Kept hapesi (v) Killed m resi (v) Kills hanati; m reti (v) Kindled j lesi (v) Kindles j leti (v) King bh p la; bh pati (m) Knee j u; ja u (m) Knot ga hi (m)
Let him keep hapetu (v) Let him protect rakkhatu (v) Let him say bh satu (v) Let him put in pakkhipatu (v) Let it be bhavatu; hotu (v) Light loka (m) Lightning vijju (f) Lion sha (m) Lioness sh (f)
Liquor sur (f) Little appaka; paritta (adj) Lived vuttha (p.p) Living vasanta (pr.p) Long dgha (adj) Looks at oloketi; passati (v) Looking at passanta; olokenta (pr.p) Lord adhipati; s m (m) Lotus paduma (n) Low nca (adj)
Monkey v narakapi (m) Month m sa (m) Moon canda; sas (m) Morning (in the )p to (ind) Mother amm ; m tu (f) Mother-in-law sassu (f) Mountain giri (m) Mouth mukha; vadana (n) Multitude paris (f)
[m]
Maiden yuvati; taru ; kum r (f) Man nara; purisa; manussa (m) Many bahu; bahuka (adj) Mare valav (f) Market pa a (m) Measures mi ti (v) Medium majjhima (adj) Memory sati (f) Merchant v ija (m) Merit pu a (n) Meritorious pu avantu (adj) Milk khra (n) Million dasalakkha (n) Millionaire seh (m) Mind citta (n) Mindful satimantu (adj) Minister mant (m) Monastery vih ra r ma (m) Money m la (n) Monk bhikkhumuni (m)
[n]
Near santika (adj) Neck gv (f) Night ratti (f) Nine nava (3) Nineteen ek navsati (f) Ninth navama (adj) Ninety navuti (f) Ninety-nine ek nasata (n) Ninety-six channavuti (f) Nose n s (n) gh a (f) Not na (ind) Not seeing apassanta (pr.p) Now idni (ind)
[o]
Observer of precepts slavantu (adj) Ocean udadhi; jalanidhi; sindhu (m) Of the high caste kulavantu (adj) Offered p jesi (v) Offering p j (f)
Offers p jeti (v) Old mahallaka (adj) Omniscient sabba (adj) One eda ( ) Once saki ; ekakkhattu (ad) One day ekad (ad) One who has a following ga (m) Oppressed plesi (v) plita.(p.p) Oppresses pleti (v) Or v ; atha; v (ind) Other a a; apara; para (adj) Over upari (ad) Over-lord pabh (m) Ox go a (m)
Possessor of an umbrella chatt (m) Power bala (n) Pouwerful balavantu; bali (adj) Preached desita (p.p) Preached desesi (v) Preaches deseti (v) Preaching desan (f) Precept sikkh pada (n) Progress vuddhi (f) Protects p leti; rakkhati (v) Pulls ka hati (v)
[q]
Queen dev; r jin (f) Quickly sgha ; khippa . (ad)
[p]
Paddy vhi (m) Palanquin dol (f) Path magga (m) Patience khanti (f) Peacock may ra; sikh (m) Physician vejja (m) Pig var ha (m) Pit v a (m) k su (f) Place h na (n) Plantain kadal (f) Poet kavi (m) Pond pokkhara (f) Possessor of eyes cakkhumantu (adj) Possessor of long life dghajv (m) Possessor of garlands m l (m)
[r]
Rain vuhi (f) deva (m) Rains vassati (v) Ran dh vi (v) Rat khu (m) Reason k ra a (n) Received laddha (p.p) Reigns rajja karoti (v) Relation bandhu (m) Remembering anussaranta (pr.p) Renounces pabbajati (v) Residing vasanta (pr.p) Respects p jeti (v) Retinue paris (f) Rice ta ula (n)
Rice (boiled) odana (m.n.) Bhatta (n) Rice gruel y gu (f) Rich dhanavantu (adj) Ripe pakka (p.p) Rises up udeti; u eti (v) River ga g ; nad (f) Rock sela; p s a (m) Root m la (n) Rope rajju (f) Rough khara (adj) Running dh vanta (pr.p) Runs dh vati (v) . m.
Sells vikki t. v. Sends peseti. v. Separately visu ; n n . ind. Serpent ahi; d h; sappa; bhog. Seven satta. . Seventeen sattarasa; sattadasa. Seventh sattama. adj. Seventy sattati. f. Seventy-nine ek sti. f. Seventy-two dvesattati; dvisattati. f. Severally visu . ind. Shade ch y . f.
[s]
Said vutta; kathita. p.p. Sand pulina. n., v luk . f. Sat nisinna. p.p. Sat nisdi. v. Sayer vattu. m. Says vadati; bh sati; katheti. v. Scale tul . f. School p has l . f. Science sattha. n. Sea sindhu; udadhi. m. Sealing wax jatu. n. Seat asana. n. Second dutiya. Adj Seeks gavesati. v. Seeing passanta. pr.p. Sees passati. v. Selling vikki anta. pr.p.
Shadow ch y . f. Shallow utt na. adj. Shank ja gh . f. Sharer bh g. m. She s . f. She-bird saku . f. She-crow k k. f. She-deer mig. f. She-elephant hatthin; ka eru. f. Ship n v . f. Shop pana. m. Short rassa. adj. Shrine cetiya. n. Sickness vy dhi. m. Sin p pa. n. Sinner p pak r. m. Sister bhagin. f.
Sitting nisdanta. pr.p. Sits nisdati. v. Six cha. 3. Sixteen soasa. 3. Sixteenth soasama. adj. Sixth chaha. adj. Sixty sahi. f. Sixty-nine ek nasattati. f. Sixty-two dv sahi; dvisahi .f. Sky k sa. m. Slave d sa. m. Slave woman d s. f. Sleep nidd . f. Sleeping sayanta. pr.p. Sleeps sayati. v. Slept sutta; sayita. p.p. Slept sayi. v. Slowly sanika . ad. Small khuddaka. adj. Society sabh . f. So eva ; tath . ind. So far t va. ind. Soft mudu. adj. Sold vikki i. v. Some eka. (plur.) . Son putta. m. Soon sgha ; khippa . ad. Speech kath . f. Spoon kaacchu. m. Stair sop a. n. Standing tihanta. pr.p. Stands tihati. v.
Steals coreti. v. Stick yahi. m.f., da a.m. Stole coresi. v. Stone sil . f., p s a. m. Stood hita. p.p. Stood ah si. p.p. Street visikh ; vhti. f. Strength bala. n. Strictly dalha . ad. Strong balavantu. adj. Student sissa. m. Suddenly sahas . ad. Sugar sakkhar . f. Sugar-cane ucchu. m. Sun suriya; ravi; bh nu; bh numantu. m. Sword asi. m.
[t]
Takes ga h ti. v. Tall ucca. adj. Tank v p. f. Teacher garu; satthu; cariya. m. Tear assu. n. Temperate matta adj. Ten dasa. 3. Ten million koi. f. Ten thousand dasasahassa. n. Tenth dasama. adj. That ta; eta. adj. The other itara. adj. Then tad . ad.
Thence tato. ind. There tattha; tatra; tahi . ad. They te. m. Thief cora. m. Thigh satthi. m.n. Thinks cinteti. v. Thine tava; tuyha . Third tatiya. adj. Thirst pip s . f. Thirteen terasa;telasa. Thirteenth terasama. adj. Thirty-nine ek nacatt lisati. f. Thirty-three tetti sati. f. Thirty-two batti sati;dvatti sati. f. This ima; eta. adj. This person aya . m.f. This thing ida . n. Those things t ni. n. Thou tva . Thought cintesi. v. Thousand sahassa. n. Thousand million satakoi. f. Three ti. 3. Three hundred tisata. n. Thunderbolt asani. f. Thus eva . ind. Tightly daha . ad. Till then t va. ind. To be born nibbattitu . in. To bring haritu . in. To carry haritu . in.
To collect ocinitu . in. To cook pacitu . in. To-day ajja. ind. To do k tu . in. To drink pivitu ; p tu . in. To eat bhottu ; bhu jitu . in. To gather ocinitu . in. To get laddhu . labhitu . in. Together ekato. ind. To give d tu . in. To go gantu . in. Told vutta; kathita. p.p. Told kathesi. v. Tomorrow suve. ad. Tongue jivh . f. Took ga hi. To prepare paiy detu . in. To smell gh yitu . in. To surpass atikkamitu . in. To take ga hitu . in. Travelled acari. v. Tree rukkha; taru. m. Tries ussahati. v. Trouble dukkha; kasira. n. Tusker d h. m. Twelve dv dasa. adj. Twelfth dv dasama. adj. Twentieth vsatima. adj. Twenty vsati. f. Twenty-eight ahavsati. f. Twenty-five pa cavsati. f. Twenty-four catuvsati. f. Twenty-nine ek nati sati. f.
Twenty-one ekavsati. f. Twenty-six chabbsati. f. Twenty-three tevsati. f. Twenty-two b vsati; dv visati. f. Twice dvikkhattu . ad. Two dvi. . Two hundred dvisati. n.
We maya ; amhe. Wealth dhana. n. Weapon yudha. n. Well s dhuka .ad. Went agacchi; gacchi; agami; gami.v. Went back painivatti. v. When kad . ad. Whenever yad . ad. Where kattha; kuhi ? ad.
[u]
Umbrella chatta. n. Unripe ma. adj. Up upari. ind. Us amhe.
Wherever yattha. ad. Which ya.(relative). . Which of the many katama. . Which go gamissati; gacchissati. v. White seta. adj. Who ko?(Stem ka). . Whose kassa? Why kasm ? ind. Wide vitthata. adj. Wife bhariy . f. Wins jin ti. v. Wisdom na. n., mati; pa ; buddhi. f. Wise pa avantu; pa ita. adj.
[v]
Victor jetu. m. Village g ma. m. Virtue sla. n. Virtuous slavantu; gu avant u. adj. Vulgar nca. adj.
[w]
Walked acari.v. Walking caranta. pr.p. Walking stick yahi. f. Walks carati. v. Water jala; udaka ambu; v ri. n. Water-lily uppala. n. Water-pot ghaa. m.
Wise man vid ; vi . m. With saha; saddhi . ind. With difficulty dukkha . ad. With many relations bandhumantu. adj. Woman itth; n r; vanit ; vadh . f. Woman friend sakh. f.
Word v c . f. Work kamma; kammanta. n. World loka. m. Worshipped vandita. p.p. Wounded va ita. p.p. Wounded va itam ak si. n. Writes likhati. v. Written likhata. p.p.
[y]
Yellow pta. p.p. Yes ma; eva . ind. Yesterday hyo. ad. You tumhe. Young taru a; b la; dahara. adj. Young one susu. m. Young woman taru ; yuvati. f. Your tumh kam.

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The New Pali Course Book I Table of Contents

The New Pali Course Book 1

By Prof. A. P. Buddhadatta, Maha Nayaka Thera

The New Pali Course-First Book

kh, ch, h, th, ph,

gh, jh, h, dh, bh,

Gender, Number and Case

Nominative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative Vocative

o ena ya; ssa ; mh; sm ssa e; mhi; smi a;

e ebhi; ehi na ebhi; ehi na esu

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12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

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Conjugation of the Root Paca (to cook) Paca

(So) pacati = he cooks (Aha) pacmi = I cook

(Te) pacanti = they cook (Maya) pacma = we cook is similarly conjugated. ?

Second (Tva) bhavasi = thou art First (Aha) bhavmi = I am

hasati = laughs ycati = begs

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10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

The Seventh Conjugation

plenti pletha plema

playanti playatha playma

Third Second First

vikkiti vikkisi vikkimi

vikkianti vikkitha vikkima

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7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

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aggi, aggayo agg, aggayo aggbhi, agghi aggna

aggin, aggimh, aggism aggbhi; aggh

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** There are = bhavanti. [20090723 ******]

18. Conjugation of Paca (to cook)

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The New Pali Course Book 1

Nom. Acc. Ins. Dat., Gen. Abl. Loc.

aha = I ma, mama = me may, me mama, mama may mayi

Nom. Acc. Ins. Dat., Gen. Abl. Loc.

tva, tuva = thou

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Third Second First

III Pakkh (Bird)

Nom., Voc. Acc. Ins. Dat., Gen. Abl. Loc.

pakkh pakkhina, pakkhi pakkhin pakkhino, pakkhissa

pakkh, pakkhino pakkh, pakkhino pakkhbhi, pakkhhi pakkhna

pakkhin, pakkhimh, pakkhism pakkhbhi, pakkhhi pakkhini, pakkhimhi, pakkhismi pakkhsu

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Nom., Voc. Acc. Ins. Abl. Dat., Gen. Loc.

garu garu garun

gar, garavo gar, garavo garbhi, garhi

garun, garumh, garusm garbhi, garhi garuno, garussa garumhi, garusmi

Nom. Acc. Ins., Abl. Dat., Gen. Loc.

bht bhtara bhtar bhtu, bhtussa bhtari

Pitu (father) is similarly declined. 25. Nattu (grandson)

Nom. Acc. Ins., Abl. Dat., Gen. Loc. Voc.

natt nattra nattr nattu, nattussa nattari natta, natt

There are = bhavanti. [20090723 ****]

*The New Pali Course Book 1******** 28. Masculine ending in -u