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LOCUS.CONICS.

LOCUS(Lugar geomtrico).

A locus is a set of points that satisfy a certain condition or criteria.
The criteria that defines the locus has to be translated to an algebraic
language in order to solve problems involving types of locus.

Perpendicular bisector: The perpendicular bisector of a line segment
is the locus of points on the plane that are equidistant from the endpoints.




Angle bisectors The bisector of an angle is the locus of points on the plane
that are equidistant from the rays that form the angle.




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CIRCLE.
Definition.
The equation of a circle is the locus of points on the plane that are
equidistant from a fixed point called the centre .This common distance is
called radius
Equation.
The equation of the circle whose centre is point O(a,b) and radius r is:
( ) ( )
2 2 2
r b y a x = + .
An equation of the type 0
2 2
= + + + + C By Ax y x can be a circle if
0
2 2
2 2
>
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
C
B A
, then its centre is point |
.
|

\
|

2
,
2
B A
and its radius is
C
B A

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
2 2
2 2
.

Circle passing through three non-aligned points.
Given three non-aligned points, there is a unique circle passing through
them. In order to determine its centre, we have to calculate the point of
intersection of the perpendicular bisector of the line segments determined for
the three points. The radius will be the distance from the centre to one of
these points.

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Circle-line intersection (Posiciones relativas de recta y
circunferencia).

To find the common points of a circle and a line, solve the systems
formed by the equations of both.
In general, a quadratic equation is obtained, which will have a sign for the
discriminant, , depending on the following solutions:


Secant Line

> 0 .

Two solutions: There are two points
of intersection.



Tangent line

= 0.

One solution: the line is a tangent to
the circle.




< 0.

No solution: There is no intersection
between the line and circle.



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ELIPSE.
Definition.
The ellipse is the locus of points on the plane whose sum of distances to two
fixed points, foci, are always constant.



Elements of the Ellipse
Foci
The foci are the fixed points of the ellipse which are located on the major axis. They are
denoted by F and F'.
Major Axis
The major axis of the ellipse is the line segment , which has a length of 2a.
Minor Axis
The minor axis of the ellipse is the line segment , which has a length of 2b.
Focal Length
The focal length of the ellipse is the line segment , which has a length of 2c.
Centre
The centre of the ellipse is the point of intersection of the axes. It is the centre of
symmetry of the ellipse.
Vertices
The vertices of the ellipse are the points of intersection of the ellipse with the axes. They
are denoted by A, A', B and B'.
Focal Radii
The focal radii are the line segments that join a point on the ellipse with both foci. They
are denoted by PF and PF'.
Semi-Major Axis
The semi-major axis is the line segment that runs from the centre of the ellipse, through a
focus, and to a vertex of the ellipse. Its length is a.

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Semi-Minor Axis
The semi-minor axis is the line segment, perpendicular to the semi-major axis, which
runs from the centre of the ellipse to a vertex. Its length is b.
If a = b, an ellipse is more accurately defined as a circle.
Axes of Symmetry
The axes of symmetry are the lines that coincide with the major and minor axes.
Relationship between the Semiaxes



Centre Major
axis
Graph Equation Foci


(0,0)


Horizontal







F'(-c, 0) and
F(c, 0)



(0,0)


Vertical






F'(0, -c) and
F(0, c)


(x
0,
y
0
)


Horizontal


F(x
0
-c,y
0
) and
F(x
0
+c,y
0
)


(x
0,
y
0
)


Vertical

F'(x
0
,y
0
c)
and F(x
0
,y+c)

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The eccentricity (excentricidad) of an ellipse is a number that expresses the
degree of roundness of the ellipse.


HYPERBOLA.
Definition.
The hyperbola is the locus of points on the plane whose difference of
distances to two fixed points, foci, are constant.
|d(P,F)-d(P,F)|=2a



Elements of the Hyperbola
Foci
The foci are the fixed points of the hyperbola. They are denoted by F and F'.
Transverse Axis or real axis
The transverse axis is the line segment between the foci. Conjugate Axis or
imaginary axis
The conjugate axis is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment
(transverse axis).
Centre
The centre is the point of intersection of the axes and is also the centre of
symmetry of the hyperbola.
Vertices
The points A and A' are the points of intersection of the hyperbola with the
transverse axis.
Focal Radii
The focal radii are the line segments that join a point on the hyperbola with
the foci: PF and PF'.
Focal Length
The focal length is the line segment , which has a length of 2c.
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Semi-Major Axis
The semi-major axis is the line segment that runs from the centre to a vertex
of the hyperbola. Its length is a.
Semi-Minor Axis
The semi-minor axis is a line segment which is perpendicular to the semi-
major axis. Its length is b.
Axes of Symmetry
The axes of symmetry are the lines that coincide with the transversal and
conjugate axis.
Asymptotes
The asymptotes are the lines with the equations:

The Relationship between the Semiaxes:





Eccentricity measures the degree of the opening of the branches of the
hyperbola.


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Centre,Real
axis
Graph Equation Foci

C(0,0)

Horizontal







F'(-c, 0) and
F(c, 0)


C(0,0)

Vertical






F'(0, -c) and
F(0, c)

(x
0,
y
0
)

Horizontal



F(x
0
-c,y
0
) and
F(x
0
+c,y
0
)

(x
0,
y
0
)

Vertical


F'(x
0
,y
0
c) and
F(x
0
,y+c)



PARABOLA.
Definition.
The parabola is the locus of points on the plane that is equidistant from
a fixed point called the focus and a fixed line called the directrix.




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Elements of the Parabola.

Focus
The focus is the fixed point F.
Directrix
The directrix is the fixed line d.
Focal Parameter
The focal parameter is the distance from the focus to the directrix. It is
denoted by p.
Axis
The axis is the line perpendicular to the directrix that passes through the
focus.
Vertex
The vertex is the point of intersection of the parabola with its axis.

Vertex, focus
and directrix
Axis Graph Equation


V(0,0)

F(p/2,0)

d:x=-p/2



x-axis

V(0,0)

F(-p/2,0)

d:x=p/2



x-axis

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V(a,b)

F(a+p/2,b)

d:x=a-p/2



Parallel to
x-axis
=2p(

V(0,0)

F(0,p/2)

d:y=-p/2



y-axis

V(0,0)

F(0,-p/2)

d:y=p/2



y-axis

V(a,b)

F((a, b+p/2)

d: y=b-p/2



Parallel to
y-axis