Mohr's Circle 1

1
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Third Edition
LECTURE
22
7.4
Chapter
FAILURE CRITERIA: MOHRS
CIRCLE AND PRINCIPAL STRESSES
by
Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf
SPRING 2003
ENES 220 Mechanics of Materials
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
LECTURE 22. FAILURE CRITERIA: MOHRS CIRCLE AND PRINCIPAL STRESSES (7.4) Slide No. 1
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 2
The stresses shown in Figure 12a act at a
point on the free surface of a stressed
body. Determine the normal stresses
n
and
t
and the shearing stress
nt
at this
point if they act on the rotated stress
element shown in Figure 12b.
The Stress Transformation
Equations for Plane Stress
2
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 2 (contd)
MPa 70
MPa 40
MPa 10
n
nt
0
15
n t
Figure 12
(a) (b)
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 2 (contd)
The given values are as follows:
0 0 0
t
0
105 90 15 , 15
MPa 40 MPa, 70 MPa, 10
= + = =
+ = = =

n
xy y x
n
nt
0
15
n t
t
0
15
0
90
n
3
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 2 (contd)
Applying Eq. 12 for the given values
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(Tension) MPa 981 . 5 MPa 981 . 5
15 cos 15 sin ) 40 ( 2 15 sin 70 15 cos 10
cos sin 2 sin cos
2 2
2 2
= =
+ =
+ + =
n
xy y x n

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n) (comprssio MPa 86 MPa 98 . 85
105 cos 105 sin ) 40 ( 2 105 sin 70 105 cos 10
cos sin 2 sin cos
2 2
2 2
= =
+ =
+ + =
t
xy y x t

ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 2 (contd)
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
MPa 64 . 19
15 sin 15 cos 40 ) 15 cos( ) 15 sin( ) 70 ( 10
sin cos cos sin
2 2
2 2
=
+ =
+ =
nt
xy y x nt

MPa 70
MPa 40
MPa 10
MPa 98 . 5 =
n
MPa 86 =
t
MPa 64 . 19 =
nt
0
15
n
t
4
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Principal Stresses and Maximum
Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses
The transformation equations (Eq. 12 or
13) provides a means for determining the
normal stress
n
and the shearing stress
nt
on different planes through a point O in
stressed body.
Consider, for example, the state of stress
at a point O of the free surface of a
structure or machine component (Fig. 13).
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses
x
y
z
(b)
ksi 7
ksi 12
ksi 25
o
(a)
Surfaces perpendicular to z-axis

are stress-free.
Figure 13
5
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses
As the element is rotated through an angle
about an axis perpendicular to the stress-
free surface, the normal stress
n
and the
shearing stress
nt
on different planes vary
continuously as shown in Figure 14.
For design purposes, critical stress at the
point are usually the maximum tensile (or
compressive) and shearing stresses.
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses
The principal stresses are the maximum
normal stress
max
and minimum normal
stress
min
.
In general, these maximum and minimum
or principal stresses can be determined by
plotting curves similar to those of Fig. 14.
But this process is time-consuming, and
therefore, general methods are needed.
6
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Variation of Stresses as Functions of
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Angle (Degrees)
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
K
s
i
)
Stress sn
Stress tnt
nt
n
ksi 12
ksi 7
ksi 25
x
y
n
t
Figure 14
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses
Principal Stresses for Special Loading
Conditions:
Bar under axial load
Shaft under Pure Bending
A
P
A
P
2
and
max max
= =
(14)
J
c T
max
max max
= =
(15)
7
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses for Axially Loaded
Bar
P
P
F
Original Area, A
Inclined Area, A
n
Figure 15
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Bar
P
N
V
cos
sin
cos
A
A
P V
P N
n
=
=
=

( )
2 cos 1
2
cos
cos
cos
2
+ = = = =
A
P
A
P
A
P
A
N
n
n
Figure 16a
8
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Bar
P
N
V
cos
sin
cos
A
A
P V
P N
n
=
=
=

2 sin
2
cos sin
cos
sin
A
P
A
P
A
P
A
V
n
n
= = = =
Figure 16b
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Bar
n
is maximum when = 0
0
or 180
0
n
is maximum when = 45
0
or 135
0
Also
Therefore
2
max
max

=
A
P
A
P
2
and
max max
= =
(16)
(17)
Shearing Stress
9
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses for Shaft under Pure
Torsion
x
y
A
x
y
xy
xy
yx
yx
(a)
(b)
x
y
t
n
dA
n t
dA
yx
dA sin
x

y

d
A
c
o
s
(c)
Fig.17
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses for Shaft under Pure
Torsion
y
t
n
dA
n t
dA
yx
dA sin
x

y

d
A
c
o
s
( ) 2 cos sin cos

2 2
xy xy nt
= =
(18)
2 sin cos sin 2
xy xy n
= =
(19)
J
c T
max
max max
= =
(20)
10
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Development of Principal Stresses
Equations
Recall Eq 13

2 cos 2 sin
2
xy
y x
nt
+
=

2 sin 2 cos
2 2
xy
y x y x
n
+
+
+
= (13a)
(13b)
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Equations
Differentiating the first equation with
respect to and equate the result to zero,
gives
( ) 0 2 cos 2 2 sin
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
= + =
(
+
+
=

xy y x
xy
y x y x
n
d
d
d
d

2
tan 2 or
2
2 tan
or
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

y x
xy
p
y x
xy
p

(21)
set
11
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Equations
Substituting the expression for 2
p
into Eq.
13a, yields
Eq. 21 gives the two principal stresses in the
xy-plane, and the third stress
p3
=
z
= 0.
2
2
2 , 1
2 2
xy
y x y x
p p

+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
(22)
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Principal Stresses
Principal stresses
max
and
min
can be
computed from
where subscript p refers to the planes of
maximum and minimum values of
n
.
2
2
2 , 1
2 2
xy
y x y x
p p

+
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
= (22a)
12
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Location of the Plane of Principal
Stresses

2
tan
2
1
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

y x
xy
p

(22b)
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Notes on Principal Stresses Equation
1. Eq. 22 gives the angle
p
and
p
+ 90
0
between x-plane (or y-plane) and the
mutually perpendicular planes on which
the principal stresses act.
2. When tan 2
p
is positive,
p
is positive,
and the rotation is counterclockwise from
the x- and y-planes to the planes on
which the two principal stresses act.
13
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Notes on Principal Stresses Equation
3. When tan 2
p
is negative,
p
is negative,
and the rotation is clockwise.
4. The shearing stress is zero on planes
experiencing maximum and minimum
values of normal stresses.
5. If one or both of the principal stresses
from Eq.22 is negative, the algebraic
maximum stress can have a smaller
absolute value than the minimum stress.
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Development of Maximum Shearing
Stress Equation
Recall Eq 13b:

2 cos 2 sin
2
xy
y x
nt
+
=
( ) 0 2 sin 2 2 cos
2 cos 2 sin
2
= =
(
xy y x
xy
y x
nt
d
d
d
d

2
tan 2 or
2
2 tan
or
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=

xy
y x
xy
y x

set
(23)
Shearing Stress
14
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Development of Principal Shearing
Stress Equation
Substituting the expression for 2
into Eq.
13b, yields
Eq. 24 gives the maximum in-plane
shearing stress.
2
2
2
xy
y x
p

+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(24)
Shearing Stress
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Maximum In-Plane Shearing Stress
Maximum in-plane shearing stress can be
computed from
where the subscript p refers to the plane of
maximum in-plane shearing stress
p
.
(24a)
2
2
2
xy
y x
p

+
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
Shearing Stress
15
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Location of the Plane of Maximum
Shearing Stress

2
tan
2
1
1
|
|
.
|
\
|

=

xy
y x
(24b)
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Notes on Principal Stresses and
Equation
1. The two angles 2
p
and 2
differ by 90
0
,
therefore,
p
and
are 45
0
apart.
2. This means that the planes in which the
maximum in-plane shearing stress occur
are 45
0
from the principal planes.
16
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Notes on Principal Stresses and
Equation
3. The direction of the maximum shearing
stress can be determined by drawing a
wedge-shaped block with two sides parallel
to the planes having the maximum and
minimum principal stresses, and with the
third side at an angle of 45
0
. The direction of
the maximum shearing stress must oppose
the larger of the two principal stresses.
ENES 220 Assakkaf
p
xy
1 p
2 p
max
max
1 p
2 p
2 1 P p
>
0
45
0
45
x
y
Wedge-shaped Block Fig.18
Shearing Stress
17
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Useful Relationships
The maximum value of
nt
is equal to one half
the difference between the two in-plane
principal stresses, that is
For plane stress, the sum of the normal
stresses on any two orthogonal planes through
a point in a body is a constant or in invariant.
2
2 1 p p
p

=
y x p p
+ = +
2 1
(25)
(26)
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Useful Relationships
When a state of plane exists, one of the
principal stresses is zero.
If the values of
p1
and
p2
from Eq. 25
have the same sign, then the third principal
stress
p3
equals zero, will be either the
maximum or minimum normal stresses.
Three possibilities:
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 / 0 max , 2 / 0 max , 2 / max
2 1 2 1 p p p p
= = =
18
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Example 3
Normal and shearing stresses on
horizontal and vertical planes through a
point in a structural member subjected to
plane stress are shown in Figure 19.
Determine and show on a sketch the
principal and maximum shearing stresses.
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Example 3 (contd)
ksi 4
ksi 12
ksi 6
Fig.19
The given values for use
in Eqs. 22 and 24 are:
x
= +12 ksi
y
= - 4 ksi
xy
= - 6 ksi
19
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Example 3 (contd)
Using Eq. 22a for the given values:
Therefore,
( )
( ) 10 4 6
2
4 12
2
) 4 ( 12

2 2
2
2
2
2
= + |
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
xy
y x y x
p

0
(C) ksi 6 ksi 6 10 4
(T) ksi 14 ksi 14 10 4
3
2
1
= =
= = =
= + = + =
z p
p
P

ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Example 3 (contd)
Since the
p1
and
p2
have opposite sign,
the maximum shearing stress is
The location
p
of the principal stresses is
computed from Eq. 22b
( )
ksi 10
2
20
2
6 14
2
2 1
max
+ = =

=
=
p p

( )
( )
0 1
18.43
4 12
6 2
tan
2
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

=

y x
p
20
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Example 3 (contd)
Sketch of principal and max
shearing stresses
ksi 6
ksi 12
0
43 . 18
ksi 4
ksi 10
ksi 4
ksi 14
ksi 6
0
45
x
y
ksi 6
max
ksi 10 = =
p
(T) ksi 4
2
4 12
2
=
=
+
=
y x
n

ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Example 4
Normal and shearing stresses on
horizontal and vertical planes through a
point in a structural member subjected to
plane stress are shown in Figure 20.
Determine and show on a sketch the
principal and maximum shearing stresses
21
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress
Example 4 (contd)
MPa 36
MPa 72
MPa 24
Fig.20
The given values for use
in Eqs. 22 and 24 are:
x
= +72 MPa
y
= +36 MPa
xy
= - 24 MPa
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 4 (contd)
Using Eq. 22a for the given values:
Therefore,
( )
( ) 30 54 24
2
36 72
2
) 36 ( 72

2 2
2
2
2
2
= + |
.
|
\
| +
+ +
=
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
xy
y x y x
p

0
(T) MPa 24 ksi 24 30 54
(T) MPa 84 ksi 84 30 54
3
2
1
= =
= + = =
= + = + =
z p
p
P


Shearing Stress
22
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 4 (contd)
Since the
p1
and
p2
have the same sign,
the maximum shearing stress is
The location
p
of the principal stresses is
computed from Eq. 22b
MPa 42
2
84
2
0 84
2
0
1
max
+ = =
=
p
0 1 1
57 . 26
36 72
) 24 ( 2
tan
2
1
2
tan
2
1
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

y x
xy
p


Shearing Stress
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 4 (contd)
Sketch of principal and max
shearing stresses
ksi 6
MPa 72
0
57 . 26
MPa 36
MPa 30
MPa 54
MPa 84
MPa 24
0
45
x
y
MPa 24
MPa 42
MPa 30
2
24 84
2
max
2 1
max
=
=

p p
p
p
(T) MPa 54
2
36 72
2
=
+
=
+
=
y x
n

0
45
MPa 42
MPa 84
0
3
=
p
MPa 42
Shearing Stress
23
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress
Introduction
Mohrs circle is a pictorial or graphical
interpretation of the transformation
equations for plane stress.
The process involves the construction of a
circle in such a manner that the
coordinates of each point on the circle
represent the normal and shearing
stresses on one plane through the stressed
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Maximum Shearing Stress
Maximum shearing stress occurs for
ave x
=
2
45 by from offset
and 90 by separated angles two defines : Note
2
2 tan
2
o
o
2
2
max
y x
ave
p
xy
y x
s
xy
y x
R

+
= =
=
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
24
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Introduction
Point, and the angular position of the
radius to the point gives the orientation of
the plane.
The proof that normal and shearing
components of stress on arbitrary plane
through a point can be represented as
points on a circle follows from Eqs. 13a
and 13b.
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Plane Stresses using Mohrs Circle
Recall Eqs. 13a and 13b,
Squaring both equations, adding, and
simplifying gives

2 cos 2 sin
2
xy
y x
nt
+
=

2 sin 2 cos
2 2
xy
y x y x
n
+
+
+
= (13a)
(13a)
2
2
2
2
2 2
xy
y x y x
n
nt

+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= +
|
|
.
|
\
| +
(27)
25
ENES 220 Assakkaf
The previous equation is indeed an
equation of a circle in terms of the variable
n
and
nt
. The circle is centered on the the
axis at a distance (
x
-
y
)/2 from the
axis, and the radius of the circle is given by
2
2
2
xy
y x
R

+
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
(28)
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Normal stresses are plotted as horizontal
coordinates, with tensile stresses (positive)
plotted to the right of the origin and
compressive stresses (negative) plotted to
the left.
Shearing stresses are plotted as vertical
coordinates, with those tending to produce
a clockwise rotation of the stress element
26
ENES 220 Assakkaf
plotted above the -axis, and those tending
to produce counterclockwise rotation of the
stress element plotted below the -axis.
Sign conventions for interpreting the
normal and shearing stresses will be
provided, and illustrated through examples.
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Mohrs circle for any point subjected to plane
stress can be drawn when stresses on two
mutually perpendicular planes through the point
are known.
x
y
n
t
xy
yx
xy
yx
A
A
27
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Mohrs Circle
yx
2 p
2
y x
+
x
1 p
2
p
2
p
nt
xy
2
y x

) , (
yx y
H
) , (
xy x
V
Fig.21
C
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Mohrs Circle
Maximum shearing stress occurs for
ave x
=
2
45 by from offset
and 90 by separated angles two defines : Note
2
2 tan
2
o
o
2
2
max
y x
ave
p
xy
y x
s
xy
y x
R

+
= =
=
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
28
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Drawing Procedure for Mohrs Circle
1. Choose a set of x-y coordinate axes.
2. Identify the stresses
x
,
y
and
xy
=
yx
and list
them with proper sign.
3. Draw a set of -coordinate axes with and
positive to the right and upward, respectively.
4. Plot the point (
x
, -
xy
) and label it point V
(vertical plane).
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Drawing Procedure for Mohrs Circle (contd)
5. Plot the point (
y
,
yx
) and label it point H
(horizontal plane).
6. Draw a line between V and H. This establishes
the center and the radius R of Mohrs circle.
7. Draw the circle.
8. An extension of the radius between C and V
can be identified as the x-axis or reference line
for the angle measurements (I.e., =0).
29
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Sign Conventions
In a given face of the stressed element, the
shearing stresses that tends to rotate the
element clockwise will be plotted above the
-axis in the circle.
In a given face of the stressed element, the
shearing stresses that tends to rotate the
element counterclockwise will be plotted
below the -axis in the circle.
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Sign Conventions
(a) Clockwise Above
(b) Counterclockwise Below

Fig.22
The following jingle may
be helpful in remembering
this conventions:
In the kitchen, the clock
is above, and the counter
is below.
Beer and Johnston (1992)
30
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Points of Interests on Mohrs Circle
1. Point D that provides the principal stress
p1
.
2. Point E that gives the principal stress
p2
.
3. Point A that provides the maximum in-
plane shearing stress -
p
and the
accompanied normal stress
avg
that acts
on the plane.
ENES 220 Assakkaf
With the physical significance of Mohrs circle
for plane stress established, it may be applied
with simple geometric considerations. Critical
values are estimated graphically or calculated.
For a known state of plane stress
plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
xy y x
, ,
2
2
2 2
xy
y x y x
ave
R

+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
+
=
The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.
y x
xy
p
ave
R

=
=
2
2 tan
min max,
The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is
the same as CX to CA.
31
ENES 220 Assakkaf
With Mohrs circle uniquely defined, the state
of stress at other axes orientations may be
depicted.
For the state of stress at an angle with
respect to the xy axes, construct a new
diameter XY at an angle 2 with respect to
XY.
Normal and shear stresses are obtained
from the coordinates XY.
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Mohrs circle for centric axial loading:
0 , = = =
xy y x
A
P

A
P
xy y x
2
= = =
Mohrs circle for torsional loading:
J
Tc
xy y x
= = = 0 0 = = =
xy y x
J
Tc

32
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 5
The stresses shown in Figure 23 act at a point
on the free surface of a stressed body. Use
Mohrs circle to determine the normal and
shearing stresses at this point on the inclined
plane AB shown in the figure.
ksi 14
ksi 20
B
A
12
5
Fig.23
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 5 (contd)
The given values for use in
drawing Mohrs circle are:
( ) ksi 89 . 14 ) 7 . 0 ( 3 17 24 . 45 cos
3
2
14 20
radius
ksi 17
2
14 20
76 . 134
5
12
tan 2 2 0
ksi 14
ksi 20
0 1
3
2
1
= = =
=
= =
=
+
=
= |
.
|
\
|
= = =
= =
= =
R C
R
C
n
p z
p y
p x

0
76 . 134
24 . 45
3 = R
C
3 = R
n
( ) ( ) ksi 13 . 2 24 . 45 sin 3 24 . 45 sin = = = R

nt
nt
33
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 6
For the state of plane stress shown,
(a) construct Mohrs circle,
determine (b) the principal planes,
(c) the principal stresses, (d) the
maximum shearing stress and the
corresponding normal stress.
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 6 (contd)
SOLUTION:
Construction of Mohrs circle
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) MPa 50 40 30
MPa 40 MPa 30 20 50
MPa 20
2
10 50
2
2 2
= + = =
= = =
=
+
=
+
=
CX R
FX CF
y x
ave

34
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 6 (contd)
Principal planes and stresses
50 20
max
+ = + = = CA OC OA
MPa 70
max
=
50 20
max
= = = BC OC OB
MPa 30
max
=
=
= =
1 . 53 2
30
40
2 tan
p
p
CP
FX
= 6 . 26
p
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 6 (contd)
Maximum shear stress
+ = 45
p s

= 6 . 71
s
R =
max
MPa 50
max
=
ave
=
MPa 20 =

Mohr's Circle 1

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Surfaces perpendicular to z-axis

( ) 2 cos sin cos

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Principal Stresses and Maximum

(a) Clockwise Above

(b) Counterclockwise Below

( ) ( ) ksi 13 . 2 24 . 45 sin 3 24 . 45 sin = = = R

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Mohr&#39;s Circle 1

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Mohr&#39;s Circle 1

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1

Surfaces perpendicular to z-axis

( ) 2 cos sin cos

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Principal Stresses and Maximum

(a) Clockwise Above

(b) Counterclockwise Below

( ) ( ) ksi 13 . 2 24 . 45 sin 3 24 . 45 sin = = = R

Anda mungkin juga menyukai

Mohr's Circle 1

Mohr's Circle 1