SIGGRAPH 2011 PixelJunk Shooter 2 Notes

_11. August.27.
Saturday
PixelJunk Shooter 2
Fluid dynamics and lighting implementation
Jaymin Kessler Q-Games Technology Team twitter: @okonomiyonda
_11. August.27.Saturday
PixelJunk Shooter 2
Fluid dynamics
Shooter 2 for the uninitiated
!Environmental puzzle-based shooter !Puzzles based on interactions between solids, liquids,
gasses, and magnetics !Water cools magma to form rock, magma melts ice and rock, magma ignites gas, lasers melt rock into magma and ice into water, magnetics + water forms a poison gas !All Organically arising from physics, nothing is scripted
_11. August.27.Saturday 4
Verlet integration
!Good points !4th order accurate !Greater stability than Euler !Time-reversibility !Bad points !Bad handling of variable time steps !Needs 2 steps to start, and initial conditions are crucial !Time-corrected verlet helps
Fix for ow compression

!Flow is supposed to be incompressible !Give particles an adjustable radius bias and a
repulsive force !Based on the max ingression of surrounding particles !Lerp from current bias to desired bias !Bias contraction is 4x faster than expansion
Particle type differences

!Different masses !Some have rigid bodies and some dont !For different combinations of particle types (magma +
water, magma + rock, etc) !Different force of repulsion values !Different force of repulsion values !Different chemical reactions simulated !Different heat propagation
Heat propagation
!Each particle carries thermal data !When particles collide, heat is propagated !Warmer to cooler !Same algorithm used for intra-particle repulsive force !Particle types have different thermal transfer values
Fluid particle processing stages

!Collision detection, repulsive force calculation !Force unication across grid cells !For particles on the border of 2 or more cells !Verlet update !Also events, such as sudden change in uid direction !Particle deletion (one SPU used) !Grid calculation for next frame 2 2 !O(n /k) for k!1232 cells (44x28) is better than O(n )
Collision (via interactor particles)

!Characters, missiles, and other in-game objects are
surrounded by special particles called interactors !Uses the existing particle system !Any collision can be simply detected and tracked
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Collision (interactor particles)
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Collision (interactor particles)
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Collision (via distance eld)

!Uses signed distance elds !256x256 Chamfer distance with a 3x3
window was !0.5ms on a single SPU !Two distance elds: static for walls, dynamic for destructibles, results merged into nal distance eld !One lookup gets the distance and direction to closest object !Also reused for SPU lighting
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Collision (distance eld)
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Collision (distance eld)
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PixelJunk Shooter 2
Fluid rendering
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Fluid rendering
Grouped particles must be rendered as a smooth owing uid Existing example: marching squares Currently patented? Just not by us
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Fluid rendering
Render particles to a low-res offscreen buf with a
luminance texture Blur the offscreen buffer Scale up with bilinear lter and use the resulting brightness to color the liquid
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Water surface
Use a smooth step function when rendering water to
an offscreen buffer Two thresholds used for water surface and for tinting
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Cohesiveness
Particles move too far apart from each other in free

falling liquid Liquid loses cohesiveness Opposite problem as compression Fixed by not fully clearing the buffer Image lag effect maintains cohesiveness
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Cohesiveness (in motion)
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Cohesiveness (in motion)
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Depicting movement
Create a ow pattern to show movement Each particle gets a xed RG value Use a different color where RG is {0.5f, 0.5f}
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Refraction
From water and heat rising off magma Ping-pong between offscreen buffers Degree and direction depends on particles xed UV
(RG value mentioned on the movement slide)
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PixelJunk Shooter 2
SPU lighting
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SPU lighting
Four light types Spot light (ship light suit) Point light (enemy projectiles, light balls) Wall light (also called blacklight) Ice light (different light system) Can handle 40~60 lights depending on particle load Reuses same distance eld used for uid particle collision
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SPU lighting
Stage 1: Get ray length Gets the point on a ray where it hits its rst occluder Stage 2: Rasterize Write ray pixels out to texture (slowest pass) Stage 3: Merge with other lights Blend can be add, sub, min, max, avg, and others For rst pass, ofine-generated offset table maximizes coverage and minimizes redundant loads of source data
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SPU lighting: stage 1

Ray length: 0
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Ray length: 16
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Ray length: 32
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Ray length: 41
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real data 0 0 42 0 1 1 1
fake data (in this example) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
clgtbi $6, $35, 0 gbb $29, $6 shli $6, $29, 16 clz $73, $6 a $69, $73, $45 clgt $27, $49, $73 selb $45, $69, $45, $40 or $40, $27, $40
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real data 0 0 0 42 FF 0 0 1 1 1
FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
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real data 0 0 0 42 FF 0 0 1 1 1
0000000000000000 0010111111111111
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real data 0 0 0 42 FF 0 0 1 1 1
0000000000000000 0010111111111111
0010111111111111 0000000000000000
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real data 0 0 0 42 FF 0 0 1 1 1
0000000000000000 0010111111111111
0010111111111111 0000000000000000
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SPU lighting stage 2
The biggest bottleneck is writing out image data Not known at compile time if 2 pixels are in the same quadword The compiler must be conservative and read-insert-write read insert-write to avoid corrupting previously written values Optimizations Divide by angle range Create merging shufe masks
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SPU lighting stage 2: optimizations

16 bytes / 16 aligned
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safe angle range "y > "x
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unsafe angle range
"x # "y
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unsafe angle range
"x # "y
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unsafe angle range
"x # "y
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unsafe angle range
"x # "y
problem
problem
If two adjacent pixels in a ray can occur in the same HW vector, we must read, insert, write, read, insert, write...
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values occur in different quadwords
8 6 7 x 8 6 x 5
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8 6 7 x 8 6 x 5
non-merging masks
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8 6 7 x 8 6 x 5
non-merging masks 8 6 7 x 8 6 x 5
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8 6 7 x 8 6 x 5
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8 6 7 x 8 6 x 5
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8 6 7 x 8 6 x 5 8
values occur in same quadword

6 7 x 8 6 x 5
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8 6 7 x 8 6 x 5 8

6 7 x 8 6 x 5
merging masks
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8 6 7 x 8 6 x 5 8

6 7 x 8 6 x 5
non-merging masks 8 6 7 x 8 6 x 5 8 6
merging masks
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8 6 7 x 8 6 x 5 8

6 7 x 8 6 x 5
merging masks
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8 6 7 x 8 6 x 5 8

6 7 x 8 6 x 5
merging masks
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SPU Lighting: future improvements
Ray marching the distance eld Huge speedup in some cases Integrating the SPA version Gave about 15%~20% back Write out linear, and swizzle later (on GPU?) SPU outputs geometry info / vertex array for light, and let the
GPU render it Line info could also help with antialiasing But the GPU is too busy
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Frame overview
collision + update
GameMonkey
render
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Frame overview
start df start light start skinning start particle fx

collision + update GameMonkey render
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Frame overview

collision + update GameMonkey render
wait prev uid
wait distance eld
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Frame overview
start uid

collision + update
GameMonkey
render
wait prev uid
wait distance eld
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Frame overview
start uid

collision + update
GameMonkey
render
wait prev uid
wait distance eld
wait light wait skinning wait particle fx
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Tuner capture
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Tuner capture
distance transform
distance xform post process
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Tuner capture
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Tuner capture
point light
point light merge
black light
black light merge
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Tuner capture
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Tuner capture
particle fx
particle fx
particle fx
particle fx
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Tuner capture
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Tuner capture
antialiasing
antialiasing
mesh skinning mesh skinning
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Tuner capture
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Tuner capture
uid particle hit test uid particle calc grid
uid particle update
uid particle draw
uid particle merge acc
uid particle delete
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_11. August.27.

Shooter 2 for the uninitiated

!Environmental puzzle-based shooter !Puzzles based on interactions between solids, liquids,

Fix for ow compression

Particle type differences

Fluid particle processing stages

Collision (via interactor particles)

Collision (interactor particles)

Collision (interactor particles)

Collision (via distance eld)

Collision (distance eld)

Collision (distance eld)

Particles move too far apart from each other in free

Cohesiveness (in motion)

Cohesiveness (in motion)

SPU lighting: stage 1

SPU lighting: stage 1

SPU lighting: stage 1

SPU lighting: stage 1

fake data (in this example) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

fake data (in this example) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

fake data (in this example) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

fake data (in this example) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

fake data (in this example) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

SPU lighting stage 2

SPU lighting stage 2: optimizations

SPU lighting stage 2: optimizations

safe angle range "y > "x

SPU lighting stage 2: optimizations

safe angle range "y > "x

SPU lighting stage 2: optimizations

safe angle range "y > "x

SPU lighting stage 2: optimizations

safe angle range "y > "x

SPU lighting stage 2: optimizations

safe angle range "y > "x

SPU lighting stage 2: optimizations

SPU lighting stage 2: optimizations

SPU lighting stage 2: optimizations

SPU lighting stage 2: optimizations

SPU lighting stage 2: optimizations

SPU lighting stage 2: optimizations

values occur in same quadword

SPU lighting stage 2: optimizations

values occur in same quadword

SPU lighting stage 2: optimizations

values occur in same quadword

SPU lighting stage 2: optimizations

values occur in same quadword

SPU lighting stage 2: optimizations

values occur in same quadword

SPU Lighting: future improvements

start df start light start skinning start particle fx

start df start light start skinning start particle fx

wait prev uid

wait distance eld

start df start light start skinning start particle fx

wait prev uid

wait distance eld

start df start light start skinning start particle fx

wait prev uid

wait distance eld

wait light wait skinning wait particle fx