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Prediction of the parameters of an impulse generator for transformer testing

S.R.Kannan,M.Tech.,and Y.Narayana Rao,Dr.-Ing. Indexing terms: Transformer testing, Impulse testing, Pulse generators

ABSTRACT Simple expressions have been developed by which it is possible to predict the parameters of an impulse generator required to produce the standard lightning-impulse waveshape for the testing of transformers. The formulas also help to determine the limiting testing capability of a given generator. A simple method of extending the testing capability of a given resistance-front-control generator is also proposed.

LIST OF SYMBOLS Cx = generator capacitance, (iF R 3 , R 3 = damping resistors, J2 = discharge resistor, fi = measuring resistor, Q = generator-load capacitance, /JF = transformer capacitance, /JF = transformer inductance, fiH = total load capacitance C2 + C T , y.F = charging voltage,kV u(t) = instantaneous output voltage, kV t = time, jis

Fig. 2 shows the single-stage equivalent circuit of the most commonly used type of generator for the production of lightning impulses, together with the transformer under test. In practice, variations would be obtained by omitting (a) either R 3 or R 3 and (b) RM,when C2 is also used as a measuring capacitor. The divider resistance may be neglected for the

1 INTRODUCTION Several methods are available for the prediction of the parameters of a capacitively loaded impulse generator required to produce the standard lightning-impulse waveshape. 1 " 3 These methods, however, cannot be used while impulse testing a transformer, as this introduces a capacitive and inductive loading on the generator. The former,when large, interferes with the production of an oscillation-free front and the latter,while offering an alternative discharge path to the generator discharge resistor, reduces the time-tohalf peak value of the output-voltage wave. The effect of transformer loading on the output of the impulse generator has been studied in the literature, 4 " 8 but no direct expressions are available by which generator parameters may be predicted so as to deliver the standard wave for the impulse testing of transformers. It is only by trial and error that these are arrived at during the actual testing. It is proposed in this paper to obtain simple expressions for day-to-day use in any laboratory. For this purpose, the transformer under test is represented by the parallel combination of a capacitance and an inductance. An exact representation of the transformer by the familiar ladder network would make the analysis too complicated and would be unjustifiable for the objectives stated above. The equivalent inductance and capacitance presented by the transformer at the generator output terminals may be measured by simple resonance methods. The former may also be derived from the short-circuit impedance of the transformer, taking into consideration the actual mode of connection during testing; e.g. secondary open circuited, short circuited and earthed, loaded and earthed,etc.

0 0 time

Fig.l Standard lightning-impulse wave present purposes, as its value will be too large to have any appreciable effect on the wave characteristics. Lead inductances have been omitted from the equivalent circuit, since, except when the load capacitance is too high and the leads from the generator to transformer are too long, the damping resistance required to obtain the prescribed front time is large enough to minimise the effect of the lead inductance on the wavefront. Moreover, as their effect on the wavetail is negligible, their inclusion would only complicate the analysis of the equivalent circuit without greatly improving the accuracy. A straightforward analysis of Fig. 2 yields U(s) = where U(s) = Z.{u(t)} U c K lS s 3 + K 2 s 2 + K3s + K4
(2)

ANALYSIS OF THE TEST CIRCUIT K, = (R2R3 + R 3 R 3 + R 2 R 3 )C L

The standard 1-2/50 fis lightning impulse, as specified by the IEC,is shown in Fig. 1. The virtual front time T t and the tail time T 2 are obtained by simple geometrical consideration of the Figure: Tx = 1-67(T9O - T 30 ) = 1-2 MS 30% T2 = T 5 0 - T
0-3
30

Ko =

R2R3 + R3R3 + R2R3


R

= 50 jxs 20/

(1)

3 ~

(3)

(R2R3 + R 3 R 3 + R 2 R 3 )C X 1
KQ

Paper 6989 P, first received 5th February and in revised form 22nd May 1973 Dr.Narayana Rao and Mr.Kannan are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras 36, India PROC. IEE, Vol. 120, No. 9, SEPTEMBER 1973

K ,

(R2R3 + R 3 R 3 + R 2 R 3 )L 0 C 1 C L

s
1001

However, in practice, the exact form of the output voltage u(t) is decided by the damping in the circuit. (a) overdamped a exp (at) (b-a)(c-a)
where a + b + c = K2 ab + be + ca = K 3 abc = KA (4a)

Since TX <C T 2 for the type of waves under consideration, the second half of the expression for K2 in eqns. 3 may be neglected, and combining eqns. 3, 7 and 8 we have

b exp (bt) (a-b)(c-b)

c exp (ct) (a-c)(b-c)


(4) 0-688 0-683 0-678 0673 0-668 3-20 3-16 3-12 308 304

(9)

u(t)

Fig. 2 Equivalent circuit of impulse generator and transformer under test (b) critically damped
u(t) =
Ll

0-663 - 3 00 D 0-658 o O 0-653 (5) 2 96 2-92 2-88 2-84 2-80 2-76 2-72
1 1

(b - a)

j exp (-bt) - exp (-at)

+ (b/a)(b - a) t exp (-bt)} where a + 2b = K2 2ab + b 2 = K 3 ab 2 = KA ) )

0-648 O643 -

(5a)
0-638 0-633 -

(c) underdamped
u(t) = U C K X

( a - b ) 2 + c2

[a exp (at) + exp (bt){a cos ct

0-628 (6)

0 Fig. 3

10

20

30
T2 T1

40
/

50

60

70 75

where a + 2b = K2 (6a) b 2 + c 2 + 2ab = K, 2 2 a(b + c ) = K4 In eqns. 4-6, I/a represents the front time constant, and 1/b and 1/c are the tail time constants. For the type of wave under consideration (Tx < C T 2 ),it is obvious that a will be much larger than either b or c. Hence,from eqns. 4a, 5a and 6a, we may define three additional parameters P,Q and R, such that K 2 T, = P (7) (K3/K2)T2 = Q (K 4 /K 2 )T|=R It may be noted that P,Q and R are functions of T 2 /T 1 and the damping. A plot of P,Q and R against Tg/T^ for the critically damped condition, obtained by solving eqn. 5 by the Newton-Raphson technique for simultaneous equations (Appendix 8), is given in Fig. 3. It is not possible to obtain such a unique curve for any damping condition, as the number of variables involved would be one more than can be solved by using eqn. 1. P,Q and R may now be used to relate the wave characteristics to the generator parameters. 3 PREDICTION FORMULAS Referring again to the circuit in Fig. 2, the charging time constant TX and the discharging time constant T2, may be defined as
T-, =

P, Q and R for a critically damped wave

A further condition to be considered for critically damped conditions is


R
4T 2

(10)

Eqns. 9 and 10, used in conjunction with Fig. 3, will now enable, for a given loading L 0 C L , an accurate prediction of the parameters of the impulse generator needed to produce the required Tx and T 2 ,or vice versa. The minimum generator capacity required to give a critically damped wave may be found from eqns. 3 and 7 for the condition Ro = oo as = T 2 /R
(ID

RoRr R 2 + Ro
+ CL)

Ci + C,

(8)

T 2 = (R 2 + R'3)(C1

1002

The procedure for wave shaping may be considerably simplified if it is only necessary to decide quickly the generator constants to obtain the standard wave within the permissible tolerances, and also when the generator capacity is not high enough to give a critically damped wave under certain loading conditions. These simplifications are possible, if the following facts are considered: (a) The wavefront is not greatly affected by the inductive loading on the generator and the tail damping conditions. Further, it may be seen from Fig. 3 that P varies by only 3% from a mean value of 2-96 over the entire range of Tx and T 2 under consideration. Hence, a constant value of 2-96 may be assumed for P in the expression for TX in eqns. 9. (b) For specified Tx and T 2 ,Q will be determined by the damping in the circuit, and hence mainly by LO(CX + CL). An empirically determined curve for Q,for various L 0 (C 1 + CL), is shown in Fig. 4 for a 1-2/50 us wave. PROC.IEE, Vol. 120, No. 9, SEPTEMBER 1973

Keeping in mind these two aspects, and that in most practical impulse generators R 3 = 0 and C1 ^> C L , eqns. 9 may be rewritten as

2-96 (Q/T2) - (R 3 /L 0 )

(9a)

R2C1 =

The prediction methods described so far can be used for the production of switching impulses of waveshapes 175/2500, 60/2500 and 375/1500 jxs* by giving new values to P,Q and R, provided the load inductance L o remains constant over the entire duration of the wave. Since under switching-surge test conditions, owing to the long tail of the wave, core saturation might lead to a variation in L o ,further investigations are needed to decide the extent of the modification necessary to eqns. 9 to take this into account.

080

4
0-70

MODIFIED IMPULSE-GENERATOR CIRCUIT

060

050

0-40

0-30

0-20

010

In eqns. 9, the expression for r 2 clearly shows the limitations of the resistance-front-control type of impulse generator. While testing windings with very low leakage inductances, the generator capacitance will discharge mainly through the windings, and the tail time will depend considerably on the damping resistors. Since,from the point of view of limiting the high-frequency oscillations on the impulse wave, the damping resistor cannot be made too small, the generator capacitance required for such cases will be too high, as an example of the testing of the 11 kV winding of a transformer rated 30 MVA, 11/33 kV, connected star delta and with 12% impedance voltage,will show. The inductive load L o is approximately 1500 juH, and since the discharge resistor R2 will have little effect on tail time in such cases, it may be made infinite. Even assuming a load capacitance as large as 15000 pF,the minimum damping resistor that will be required to limit the oscillations on the impulse wavefront to the permissible limit of 5% will be about 50 ft. Hence a 4 jiF generator capacitance will be required to produce a 40 jxs tail time. By reducing the damping resistor to 20 ft, this tail time may be produced even with a 1-5 nF generator capacitance, but this will be at the expense of a smooth-fronted impulse wave.
10-

10

10e

Fig. 4 Q for a standard wave for any damping condition Eqns. 9a may now be used for the prediction of the generator constants for a standard-wave output within permissible tolerances. The Table 1 compares,for a few representative transformers, the measured values of Tx and T 2 with those calculated by using eqns. 9a.
TABLE 1

This effect of the damping resistor R3 on the tail time may be minimised by connecting an inductance hx across it (Fig. 5), where R2 has been neglected for the reasons already given. The series inductance Lx should be chosen with due consideration to limiting the oscillations it causes,the condition for critical damping being given approximately by 1 ,/L, 2V\CI (13)

Comparison of predicted and measured values of front and tail times Winding rating 30 MVA/132 kV 0-033 171000 0-0023 0 210 4392 1-34/51-2 1-47/49-5 7-5 MVA/33 kV 1-0 65000 0-0021 0 225 122 1-39/52-0 1-36/47-6 25 kVA/22 kV 1-2 350000 0-0020 0 215 61 1-27/49-6 1-25/50 With a view to achieving the standard front time of 1-2 /JS, eqns. 9 and 13 may be combined to give LXCL ^ 0-64 (14)

R3 R3 R2 T x /T 2 (predicted) T a /T 2 (measured)

In all the cases considered in Table 1, the windings not under test were short-circuited and earthed, and L o was derived from the leakage impedance of the transformer. Such a representation for L o holds good even when the high-voltage windings are earthed during the testing of the low-voltage windings of the transformer,through resistors of the order of 500 ft. If, however, during the testing of the high-voltage winding, the low-voltage windings are similarly loaded, the inductive loading on the generator may even be neglected and only a resistive loading amounting to n^R^ where n is the turns ratio of the transformer and RL the loading resistor, need be considered. For a given loading, the minimum generator capacity required to produce a 1*2/50 jxs wave may also be found from Fig. 4. Conversely, the limiting inductive loading on a given generator may be found from L 0 ( C i + C L ) = T2 PROC.IEE, Vol. 120, No. 9, SEPTEMBER 1973 (12)

Hence, hx = 400 jxH will provide good damping for all load capacitance in the range 1500-15000 pF. Under well damped conditions,the expression for T-, in eqns. 9 holds good for the present circuit also. The tail time that may be obtained from the modified circuit is given by

(15)

*BS 923:1972 1003

Table 2 compares the performance of the modified circuit with that of the conventional circuit. TABLE 2 COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE OF MODIFIED IMPULSE CIRCUIT WITH CONVENTIONAL CIRCUIT Winding rating
L o R3

obtained with the conventional and the modified circuit, respectively, shows that the chopping time is also not adversely affected by the presence of L x . The above-modified circuit also has an advantage over the inductance-front-control circuit proposed in BS923 :1972, where R3 in the conventional circuit (Fig. 2) is replaced by L 2 , and R3 is zero. In this circuit, a low R2 is necessary to damp out oscillations due to L2 and C L . Hence, the maximum tail time that can be generated by this method is said to be +C L )(L 0 + L2) (16)

7-5 MVA/11 kV 3450 100 1-0 0-00513


00

7-5 MV A/6-6 kV 1850 33 1-0 0-0154


00

Ci

CL R2
L T

3450 20 1-0 0-0154


00 00

1850 33 1-0 0-0154


00 00

i l

0-93 40-1

450 1-3 55-0

1-135 20-0

450 1-37 36-0

It may be noticed that for the 11 kV winding, although a standard wave was obtained even with the conventional circuit, this could be achieved only with a low damping resistor, which caused heavy oscillations and an overshoot at the peak of the wave (Fig. 6). These are considerably reduced with the modified circuit, where a larger R 3 has been used (Fig. 7), which, however,has not caused any reduction in the tail time. A comparison of the chopped waves, shown in Figs. 6 and 7, Li

In contrast, in the method proposed here, the discharge resistor may be made infinite, which enables the generator to be used to its maximum capacity as given by eqn. 15, representing an improved utility of 40%. Another advantage of this modified circuit is perhaps its adaptability to the generation of switching-surge waveshapes. This aspect is still under investigation, and the results will be reported in due course.

READ a .b,T cr ,T3o,x and y


R3 compute
9a)9f2/9a,e1

Fig. 5 Modified impulse-generator circuit


1O|JS

compute

a = o+6a

b=b+6b

i r
30 kV

T c r = T c r +6 T C r, T3Q=T3O + 6 T 3O

e4 =

e2=O-OO1 b , e 3 =OOO1T c r , e 5 =OOOOOOOO1

<0

50 kV

Fig. 6 Full and chopped -waves applied to 11 kV winding of a 7'5 MVA transformer with conventional impulse generator

50 kV

WRITE x , y a , b , T c r , T30, K2, K 3 and K4

50kV

Fig. 7 Full and chopped waves applied to 11 kV winding of a 7-5 MVA transformer with modified impulse generator 1004

Fig. 8 Flowchart for solution of a critically damped impulse wave PROC. IEE, Vol. 120, No. 9, SEPTEMBER 1973

CONCLUSIONS

A method has been described which allows the parameters of an impulse generator, required to produce the standard lightning-impulse wave within permissible tolerances during impulse testing of a transformer, to be rapidly determined. The method also enables the limiting impulse-testing capability of a given generator to be determined. Further, it has been shown that the conventional resistance-front-controlled impulse-generator circuit can be advantageously modified by the inclusion of a series inductance across the damping resistor. 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

WIDMANN, W.: 'Stossspanntings-Generatoren, ATM Blatt Z., 1962, pp.44-48 APPENDIX 8 Eqn. 5 may be solved for a and b, subject to the conditions stipulated in eqns 1,'but the application of the Newton-Raphson technique for simultaneous equations Introducing two auxiliary parameters x and y,with x = iyi-67 y = T 2 - 0-3T! the set of simultaneous equations to be solved becomes ix = U(T3O) - 0-3u(Tcr) = 0 f2 =u(T 3 0 + X )-0-9u(T c r ) = 0 f3 = u(T3O + y)-0-5u(T c r ) = 0

The authors are indebted to Prof. P.Venkata Rao and Prof. M. Venugopal, of the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,Madras,for their encouragement.

REFERENCES
ETZEL,O.,and HELMCHEN,G.: 'Berechnung der Elemente des Stossspannungs Kreisen fur die Stossspannungen 1-2/50,1.2/5,1-2/200, Electrotech. Z.A,85,pp.578-582 RUTLOH,F. W.,and MARHEINEKE,H.: 'Allgemeine Berechnung von Stossschaltungen mit zwei Energiespeichern,' ibid., 1967,88,pp. 237-241 CREED, F.C., and COLLINS,M. M.C.: 'Shaping circuits for high voltage impulses', IEEE Trans., 1971, PAS-90, pp.2239-2246 BELLASCHI,P.L.: 'Characteristics of surge generators for transformer testing',Trans. Am.Inst.Elec.Eng., 1932,51,pp.936-951 THOMPSON, J.L.: 'Impulse generator circuit formulas', ibid., 1934, 53,pp. 169-176 HORTOPAN.,G.: 'A novel expression concerning transformer impulse tests',CIGRE, Report 125,1960,pp. 1-15 RUTLOH,F.W.: 'Ein Beitrag zur Stossspannungserzeugung mit mehr als zwei Energiespeichern',(Habilitationsschrift, T. U. Hanover, 1968)

*4=!?(Tcr> = 0
dt

The successive corrections to be made to the iterates a,b, T 3 0 and T c r are "6a 6b 6T cr
6T 30 n
a

Sf-^/Ba di-^/db Sf-^/dTgj. c


=

3f 2 /3a 3f 2 /3b 3f 2 /3T c r 3f 3 /3a 3f 3 /3b di^dT^ _9f4/9a 9f4/9b 9f 4 /9T c r

3f 2 /3T 3 0 3f 3 /3T 30 df4/dT3Q]n_x

n = a n-i + 6 a n = bn _i + 6b J n un -i
3O r , =

n
3 0,

Tcr n = T c r n-i + 6Tcr f


T

The iteration is stopped when the corrections are less than 0-1% of the respective iterate, and f 1 ,f 2 ,f 3 and f4 are less than 10" 8 . The flow chart for the solution is given in Fig. 8.

PROC. IEE, Vol. 120, No. 9, SEPTEMBER 1973

1005

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