Engineering Structures and Materials

Engineering Components and Machines Components Where Surface Matters

LaserEngineeredNetShaping
XRD

SCIENCE IS SUSTENANCE FOR HUMANITY

Science: KNOW-why? Curiosity driven irrespective of promise or scope of application (logical pursuance of understanding). Application or utility follows

MaterialsScience:
Understandingthegenesisof materialsbehavior

Engineering and Technology: KNOW-how? Skill driven urge to replicate, imitate or master nature and solve problems; Application of knowledge to practical aims of human life or to changing/manipulating the environment. Technology: Science + Engineering + Societal demands

Although the airplane was not invented until the early 20th century, Leonardo da Vinci sketched a flying machine four centuries earlier. It was based on the flight of birds.

MaterialsEngineering(or Technology):Designing, selectionandapplicationof materialsforusefuldevices, machinesandfunctions

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Constraint

100% 0

Cu

Ni

Concentration Profiles

100% 0 Concentration Profiles

Materials Metal Ferrous Non-Ferrous Non-metal

Composites

Ceramics

Plastics

CLASSIFICATIONOFENGINEERINGMATERIALS
BOHR ATOM BONDING
Energy (r)
1 n=3 2
unstretched length ro

ATOMIC AGGREGATE

Eo= bond energy

IONICBONDING
electron

COVALENT
H

METALLIC
+
H

+ Coulombic
Attraction

CH4
H

+ + +

+ + +

+ +

Ceramics(Ionic/Covalent,NonD) Directionalbonding Largebondenergy largeTm, largeE,small

H Polymers(Covalent/Ionic,D) Secondarybondingdominates smallTm,smallE,large

Metals(Metallic,NonD) Variablebondenergy moderateTm,E,and

PotteryandLowCostEarthenWares

AdvancedCeramics
SOFCstack

Ceramicbearing

Turbochargerrotor Jetenginenozzles

Gassensor forautomobile

Bioceramics

Cuttingtoolinserts

Ceramicknife

Honeycomb catalyticconvertor Highperformancebrake

MATERIAL PROCESSING

Melting/Casting

LaserProcessing

PowderProcessing

Compaction

Extrusion

Drawing

DEFENSE PRIMARY URGE TO SURVIVE AND EXIST

COMMUNICATION
MessengerLetterPigeonPostTelegraphNewspaperPhoneFAXCellphoneWWW

WWW

TRAVELLING
On foot/wheelSailShipAutomobileTrainAerolaneSpacecraft

MEDICAL TREATMENT AND DIAGNOSTICS

HerbalMedicine

Acupuncture

Traditional. Anesthesia, Diagnostics, X ray, ECG, EEG, CT scan, MRI, Remote

MONEY MATTERS Grains Coins - Currency Check Credit Card

SilverpunchofMaurya Empire,(wheel+elephant) 3rd centuryBCE

Silvercoin
GoldcoinsofChandraguptaII ofGuptaEmpire,400CE MarathaKingdomofBaroda, SayajiRaoIII,1870

MUSIC
Singer,Opera,Radio,TV,Gramophone,CD,Taperecorder,DVD,Ipod,Net

PHOTOGRAPHY

MaterialsandCivilization:
1.Stoneage Naturalmaterials(Wood,clay,skin,leaves,FIRE) 2.Bronzeage Winningofminerals 3.Ironage Engineeringandfabrication 4.Industrialage(aircraft,automobile,machinery,medicine,weapons) 5.Electronicsage(valves,ICs,transistors,devices) 6.Computerage(Internet,Database,ecommerce) Naturalmaterials Syntheticmaterials Industrial revolution/practices Engineeringmaterials Engineering&Technology (Stages:Procurement Winning Fabrication/manufacturing) Treatments/processing Marketing/Sales USE Drivingforce/Motivation Need
Protection(shelter,clothes,weapons) Survival/sustenance(food,healthcare,reproduction) Amenities(transportation,communication) Production(utilities,energy,material) Education(Informationstorageanddissemination) Recreation(sports,culture,entertainment)

DEVELOPMENT/APPLICATIONCYCLE:

Structureofengineeringmaterials:
Structuremeansthenatureofatomicaggregateresponsibleformaterialproperties Structureofsolids:Microstructure(mmnm)toMacrostructure(>0.1mm)

Structuralhierarchy:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Atomicandsubatomic(electronicstructure) Molecularstructure(nuclearstructure) Crystaloraggregatestructure(longrangeorder) Substructure(dislocation,vacancy,clusters) Microstructure(grain,boundaries,twins) Macrostructure(macroscopicaggregate)

Classificationofengineeringmaterials:
Metallicmaterials: Inorganicsubstancewithoneormoremetallicelements(maycontaindissolvednonmetallics) Characterizedbymetallicbonding(nondirectional) Typicalexample iron,copper,aluminum,steel,brass,inconel Mostlycrystalline(2/3rd FCCorHCP,restmostlyBCC) Hard,strong,ductile,amenabletoheattreatments Goodconductorofheatandelectricity Opaque,lustrous,pronetooxidationandcorrosion

Ceramicmaterials:
Inorganicmaterialscomprisingmetallicandnonmetallicelements Characterizedbyionic(nondirectional)orcovalent(directional) Crystalline(complex),noncrystalline,ormixtureofboth Highhardnessbutbrittle,hightemperaturestrengthandresistance Lowdensity,poorductility,highresistivity Stableandcorrosion/oxidationresistant

Polymericmaterials:
Bothorganicandinorganiccompoundswithlongmolecularchainsornetworks CharacterizedbycovalentandVander Waal bonding(within/acrossatoms) Mostlynoncrystalline,maycontainvaryingdegreeofcrystallinity Highlyplastic,formable,corrosionresistantandinexpensive Poorcreepstrengthandreproducibility Goodinsulators,lightandpoorconductorofheat

Semiconductormaterials:
Inorganicelements(GroupIVA)orcompounds(IIIVorIIVI) Characterizedbycovalentbondingandsemiconductingproperty Typicalexamples:silicon,germanium,tin,GaAs,CdS,ZnO Mostlycrystalline(diamondcubic,zincsulphide structures) Usedforelectronic,optical,electromagneticdevices

Compositematerials:
Bothoforganic/inorganicandnatural/syntheticorigin Combinationofthethreemajorclassesofengineeringmaterials(metals,ceramics,polymers) Characterizedbyamixednatureofbonding Typicalexamples wood,fiberglass,plywood,structuraltiles Basedonmostlythebestofboth andruleofmixture principles

Propertyofengineeringmaterials:
Property: Asetofcharacteristicsormaterialtraitsarisingoutoftheinteractionbetween material/componentandexternalstimuli(intermsofthekindandextentofthatinteraction). Engineeringproperties: Mechanical(strength,hardness,stress,strain,ductility,fatigue,creep) Electrical(conductivity,resistivity,capacitance,piezoelectricity) Thermal(conductivity,diffusivity,heatcapacity,specificheat) Magnetic(permeability,coercivity, Optical(wavelength,color,photoelectricity,luminescence) Chemical(melting/boilingpoints,vaporpressure,corrosion) Exampleofselectionhierarchy:Conductivity:Metal Semiconductor Ceramic Polymer Selectionofmaterials: 1.Properties.2.Availability.3.Economics. 4.Energy.5.Environmentalfactors 6.Scopeofrecycling.7.Servicerecord/history. 8.Marketing/politicalstrategy.