XU

^dh.

riilfiit

WIILISTON, ND

701-7:7+0697

il1Il1s ton, Norttr DaJcota

0ilPro S.W. 633- 6thAVE.

1230, AB. TzP2Y5 GALGARY

Texas 797& o 9151337'3571 Sivalls,lnc. . Box2792 o Odessa.

terna1 oilfield vlssel & Tank RROS I OTI- AN OVERVIEW'

:t 1

1.

. This short sunrnary is intended to be helpful t,o owners .i of facilities r e q u i r i n g c o r r o s i o n p r e v e n t i o n t n e a s u r e s ,a n d r r a n t a . . . b r i e f o v e r v i' e w of the causes of corrosion and alternaEive nethods '' with the corrosion problerir.. .. .-of dealing
herein to perform any design work, but it should allow at, leas! E h e t , a ki n g o f t h e f i r s t , s t e p s i n a n t , i c i p a t i n g a n d d i a g n o s i n g t h a t : there is a potential problem, and in conjuncEionwith experts in

T h e r e i s n o E n e a rl y e n o u g h i n f o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n e d

r h e { i e l d r . a r r i v e a E ,a q o s t - e f f e c t i v e

solution.

is Corrosion

'Corrosion '. ., is the' deterioration Jxicause of a reaction with its environnent.

of

-i}]e deterior.a-tion oJ nateriaf;

,_vooil, ceramr'cs, ta... . lt"*.:, ?" , ' At Present, there. are appro<fulately eighty elanants knqdnto -: 'natf of tl,reseelenrentsinye Ue9Lalloyeil to form ,: an in the form of netaLs. "u*
may dif fer from one to artother.

&u'40,000aI1oys.Unfortunate1ytheya1Icarrcorrode,aIthoughtJ,""ratearrd
tEnner a. Whv Do l"tetals' Corrode : .The three basic kinds of chernical' .' .' . '. : ..': electrrchenrical " , . . pbysical . '

JL@.
i ) ii) '. i i i )
. . :

Ialhen air ore is c'hanged frqn necessary for it to absorb and store is ig corrlound. This original netal fron its -h.e ' of heat. iarm ,

iepsed with tl.le rate of release depending on various factors such as tenPerature environnental conditions, stJess ard various other factors. l.Qt ntiut difference,
I\s this
tfoate-

energy is released,

the netal

returns

to its

natural

The energy difference betr,,een rretals and their ores can be exterrns r^#rich are related to heats of fornration of t}re rri:'ssd in electrical in stored DC voltage levels or gntentials. elq)ressed are These f,;ppounds. . While corrosion can take one or tlre otlrer of se'rera1 forms Preyfpusly nentione<], tJre nec]ranism of attack in acqueous solution will involve Fdrn. aspect of electrochernistry. frqn ceftain areas of a There wi}l be a flcmr of electricity of condgcling eleccapable solution a through to other areas surface rrFal itris ctrrrent etc. biinsr oilfield ,iter, water, hard such as sea ' tli.ity, to anot}er area one frqn or corrosion line short, can Ue rrplecular as in iipru netal content, torperature, in difference line Iong corrosion. Any i" ig differerrce or ccntact witlr its environnrent, wiII establish a cor.,rrvironn:ntaf plLsion cell on the netal surface.

-2Corrosion CelI

A T\pical

\-/-i-_.---.----'\

Steel surface t flour ( fitting ) Corrductive Electrolyte

DI}GRAM A .

are?
CaLcareou.s coaLing fomed

the area wlpre t}e alrrent travels onto tle retal surface frcrn ' t}re electrolyte is called the cadlrode; at ttris Point, there is no. oorrosion . ( t h u s t h e t e i m c a t h o d i c p r o t e c t i o n ) . . ,. , . . .,i,i.',i .....t. ' In older for current, to f1q^r, it is necessary to have a con- and a driving vol.tage. The &iving voltage is the galvanic . duitive electrolyte potential letr^,een anode ard cathode. this voftage is the difference in stored lnergy betr,een trdo areas. There m.!st also be an electric PatI bettieen the anode and catlrale (this is usually tlre steel surface itself). differences betr^,eenanodic In tanks and treaters, the lptential ard cathodic areas is usually caused by rclecular differences in tle rctal Tlris can be influenced by different environnental cbanges such as itself. heat difference (ie, fire tubes E treater shell), coating defects (ie. e4posed and coated surfaces ) oxygen concentration cells (ie. top and bottorn of tanks), fto^r velocity and turbulance, disi.rniliar rr:tals or using new and old netals and various other factors. In all cases, the alea nore anoilic i.rill corrode by discharging rdich tlren flo,'rs onto the cat.}todic area. currents to the electrolyte
C. Cathodic Protection Prgtection

Iyte is called '

the anode, this is tlre point where the rEtal

corrodes- .

What, is Cathodic

is defined as the reduction or elirnirntion Cathodic protection over the entire area. cathode a the net:l by nraking of corrosion : Hovr Does Cathodic Protection tlork Since cprrosion only occurs at the anodic areas (r*trere current is discharged into the fluid) if crrrrent can be forced to collect at all points

' j*'--':*"

-: -a.-: -: * -::- -.'-"-::';.:t: :': -:' ..:' :' ^.:.-

a . l

-3I

on steel surface (nraking the errtire be elirninated.

A tVpical Cathodic Svstent

surface cathodic),

corroslon

Ctrrrent Source ,(anode): '

. . : 'protection There a) b) are tr+o basic tlpes of systerns :'

galvanic impressed current, C'alvanic ( Sacrif icial )

a)

netal contact, uirich The term galvanic refers to a dissirnilar potential. As previously nentioned, when netals are results in electrolyCic The rncre energ1l forrned, a certain anount, of energy is stored up in the netal. it takes to form tJre netal, the ncre energy that, is stored up. The follovring chart represents scrre ccmron rretals in the order of energy requ:ired to convcrE, tjreir ores to rretal,. l4cst, energy reguired Magnesium Aluminum Zinc Iron Tin Copper GoId volt neasurenent is relaBive -2.922 -l .67 -0.762 -0.440 -0. I 40 +0.345 +1.58 cell-

Least energ/ * The standard

reguired

tr)terttial

to tlre hydrogen half

-4connection if an electrical Basically, 'wiIIis rnade between tv'D difflcw frqn the nore crrrrent cohducting environnent, a in netals ferent positive rnaterial rnaking rpre the the electrolyte to into negative rnaterial zinc anodes are inor alurninum For reason, this cathcxle. this :naterial the qrrrent surface. steel Although protect the provide source to this stattrd to (cathodic potentials a various have specific areas on ttre steel sr:rface rnay or alunrinum. zLnc positive t}an overall rrpre anoaic aras on it) is still it corrosion but controlling In effect, you are not elirninating can be replaced or by setting up a corrosion- cell where the anodic rnaterial used without adverse harrn to your facility. . T\rpical Galvanic ( Sacrif icial ) Svstem Cathodic area

/Vrodic area

,9gJy:l:9

t
nippl

(-t"ttt-t'/

Calcareous coating

i)

F.ovantages of Galvanic Svstern -lirc outside -On a snall pcrger source i..: reE:ired. system, a galvdnic systern can be very cost effective. .

ii)

Disadvantaoes of Galvanic Svstem -lhe total currerrt output is limited to tlre potentiat difference between the anode and catlrode. . -On a large systern, a galvanic systern r^rould be veqf ecpensive ard in sqre irnpossible to supply tlre anrrunt of current cases, would be essentially .. reguired. -In high resistant fluids, the anode driving voltage or potenBial difresistance ancl ference may rrot be high enough to overcqne the circuit provide enough current output to full;. protect large surface areas.

'

-5b) Irrpressed Cr:rrent

In an irnpressed current, system, an external source of D.C. pohpr is connected between tlre stmcture to be protected and the anodes. Cur:r:enl is discharged frqn the anodes through the electrolyte to be colLected at tfre cathode wittr the current returned to the por^ler source by neans of a negative electrical connection. Because you are @ntrolling the ctrrent flop erctergally the crrrent can be adjusted to wlntever output you wish. In this systernr .!ou do noL have to rely on ,the natr.rral potential differences between the anodJ and cathode .: .. . Cathodic area

ifie:

It, t{rnP
EI T:J

head fronr

\-

I
I

steell t,
There are several sourccjs used for the supply of po^,er to an i-mpressed ct:rrent syste:n. -batteries jenerators: engine driven -generators: thernrr-electric -fuel cells -rectifiers Advancaoes of Imoressed Current SvsLenr -tligh current outputs can b: generated by adjusting rectifier output. -Circuit resistance can l= easily overcure by increasing rectifier ouEputr. -lligher cr.rrrent, output per anode is available -Different anode rnaterials can be used increasing anode life span.

-6Disadvantaqbs of Irpresseil Current svsten -eC pcr^rerrust be available on site for IC rectifiers. -therrml electric r:nits or fuel cells are ver)r o<pensive -systen reguires rore maintenance -excessive or uncontrofled current outEnts can blister coatings or cause overgenelation of hy&ggen and resuft in blistering or erhrittlerEnt of the steeI. -fueL cost or electrical cost mlst be included. 4. ' .in ttre potential Criteria for Cathodic Protection If a current is flo^ting onto a structure, there nust be a clunge of U.lat structure with respect to t})e environrEnt.

Ttris is because the current. flc'r,r causes a potentiaL change on the rEtal surface r&ich is a ccnrbination of the voltage drop across the resistance betq,een the structure, the environnent a.rd the current'source as well potential developetl at t}te stncture as tle polarization surface. ' cathode surface. higher leve}. Polarization is the fornation of rnclecular hydrogen on t}le As h'e11, tl:.e PH leve1 at tlre cat}ode surface is changed to a being protecteil rdll beccce

The neL result is t}|at t}te structule nore negative with respec+, to its environfiEnt.

Therefore, .if just enough current l"ere collected at the cattpdic aleas to polarize thern exactly to the ol-n circrrit potential of tlre arndic areas, cnrrosion r+ould stop because tltere v,ould no longer be a &iving potential to cause corrosion current to flc^"r. it r.*ruld not be fn tlre actual cathodic protection application, feasible to apply current to cathodic areas only due to the very delicate balance- As a result, current, application is usually madeto aI1 areas of the structure (anodic e cathodic). Since the protectd structure beccnes nore negative htith res9ect to tlte envirorurEnt, this rnroulda5ryear to b-. tbe [Dst logical rEthod of deterndning the level of protection. With regards to steel structures, the ncst cotrronly used and widely rrccepEed criteria for protection is to achieve a stnrcture potential -0.850 of volts or lrcre relative to a copger-cgl4Er sul$rate reference electrode. vltren rasuring stncture potential, it is fuportant to urderstand that there are rnanv factors that rnlst be taken into consideration such as: i) It{ drop betaEen reference ceIl and stnrcture iil variations in strur;tr:re [Dtential due to temperatures attd flc't"' rates of reference cell in relation to the anodes iii)location

-7easy to . For these reasonsr on systefirs where it is relatively obtain higher leve1s of protection, this is usually done because of the lor^r additional cost to do so. costly to achieve a In sone cases where it becsres relatively structure potential of -0.850 volts, a -100 nv polarized potential shift, is is to deterrnine whether acceptable. The problem with accepting this criteria a -100 nv shift in polarizatiory potential exists.
a

5.

O:rrent

Requirenents

Generally, a weII coated vessel will regr:ire less current th.in poorly a coated vessel arrd a poorly coated vessel with reguire }ess current than a bare vessel. . The actr:al anount of current regr:ired for every sqLlare foot of structure sr-rface can vary frsn as much as 25 millianrps f/er sguare foot to as Iitt1e as 0 . 25 miliamps per sguare foot. this represents a carplex problem protection in designing a system. ' l
1 --^.--r ^C ^.--g^-! -^--:-^: E^-

The primary consideration determining:

in designing a systern will

j-nvolve

a ) condition of the protective cc:.eting if one is used b).use of irrhibitors wl'rich ttrngrcrarily passivate the walls of the structure. . c ) operating ternperature. d ) velocity and f 1o^r rates including chloride content, dissolved e) che'nical co,mlrcsition of the fluid solicls & resistivity.
f) I

lrsvels of depolarLzlng agents such as Il2S, o4ygen and carbon dioxide. including crevices, sharp angles, baffels and anocle access 6rcints.

g ) design of structure,

7.

Desiqn Considerations

If not totally familiar witi cathodic protection, mistakes are easy to m:ke and usually costly. For onple, in an lrnpressed current syste$, the DCpositive terminal power.source nrust always b: connected to the arodes which are tlren forced to discharge as rnuchcrrrent as is desirable. If a n:stake is made and the lnsitive tefidral is conrrected erroneously to t}!e structure to be protected, the structure will beccne an ancde instead of a cathoile ani wil.I corrode actively - just t}le o;4rosite of the desired result. There are limitations to vrhat, cathodic protection can do. The iat}odic protection crrrent nust be able to flcrw t}rough a oorducting environrtEnt onto t]re retaLlic surface being protected. Taking a tank as an exalrp]e' .r lxsic internal cathodic protecti.on j r;itallation can protect only those interna] surfaces of the tark whictr are in contact with a conductive er,vironment, Tttis will Tlre external surface of tie tank floor will receive no prolectj.on. be tnle e\ren tlrough t}|e t.Tik floor is also a conductive naterial r since the currcnt is intercepted { ttre internal surface ard carried back to its source.

-8-

used to s('par;tte ar(r oItcn In .'ttrcacerr baffels comParCm('nE,s or arc;ls. A Baneral guiclelint. Co attodr' current flow is clt;rL r.hc anoclc will proEe.cc only whac ic can scc. If a baff lc or wall i.s placcd in front of an ;lnod<., f l o w w i 1 l b e p r e d o m i n a n c ly L o c h ; r L s u r f a c e . leaving thc wiclr I iccle or no protecrion. chc w;rll. or baffle

the current area bchind

/-" /t"

:..1n ---i |*
J:

-j-l
i'-:

lj.

S I I I E L D E DA R E A LITTEL OR NO C T ' R R E N TP I C K - I J P FROM ANODE

_--._ t

l
"':">fr

i l o l : I ) ! :; E
.

. \.\- -.: S T E E LSTRUCTTfNE

t i;

/ ' i (-'{Txr:

A s w c l, l , t l r t : i n c o r n i n g ,l i n t . s . o r p i p c s w i l l only hrr ( o r i n i t i a l c h c f e w i n c h e s i n c e r n a l l y , gcnr'rally [or a ProE,ecE('d discance equal I ing t'wice the circumf erence of thc pipa or opening. For chese reasonsi Anodes should be ptaccd irr clre c e r r c c r o f c o m P a r L m e n c sa n d a r r a n g e d E o c l i r n i n a c e a n y s h i c l d i n g by baf fcls nr obscructIons. As wcll, i n p l a c i n g a n o d < . s b y L h r - ,f i r c Eubes, clrey should be inscalled on boch sicles of che fire tubr's to Idc.ally arranged, chere Providc evcn currenc flow co boch sides. s h o u l d h c E w o a n o d e s b y c h e f i r e t u b e a n d o r r r :a n o d c . i r r c a c h o f c h e ocher compartmencs if shielding is a problern. For Lank circumfercnce reguirc arrangemcn levels of che cank tanks, Bhc co providc E aE dif ferc as well as anodes should bc spaced ;lrotrnd ghe even currcnt, f 1ow. Thcy also m.1,v nc heighc Ievels co proEecE che cop the boccorn f loor.

Accommodarion should be. mada Eo avoid pl.;rcing tht' ;rnodcs oll or f.o n(rilr Co incomirrg lin('s oS sprrr.trltrt's. Itltrt.trr;rt irrng in fluid lcv<'ls should :rlso br' considLrr(.d.

-9-

9:--9gs!fng:
thc Protect ivc Eouched on earl ier, As brief1y and in the r e q u i r e d plays a large parE, in chc cocaI currcnE r : f f e c t i v c t ' t e s . so l ' c h i s c u r r e n c , . coaci ng

Tlrc idcal .coacing is one wlricl'ris a good cl.cctrical will insg'iacor, can be econotnically applied (in shop or field)' and wil I r c s i s E m c c h n n i c a . l d ; r m a g ed u r i n g h a r r d l i n g a n d i n s r a l l a c i o n maincain a ccnacious bond co chc scruccure' If any coacing could mcec che above.cricerla noc btr neccssary' Clrcn c.auhodic proceccion will Eo

perfcction,

RuE sincc wc live in an imperfecr worl As a rt'sulr, a welI applied proEcccivc is :he casc. che majoricy of proEecrion, wich cathodic proteccion c l r t . . . ' o r r o si o n p r ( ' v e n L i o n s y . s c c m s a c t h t : d a m a g t , d c o a E i barc arc;ls.

d, this nevcr coaCi.ng provides supplirnencing ng ;rre:ls or

Thc quesclon rnaybc askr:d: If wcll colted on;rt least 997"of fhc srrrf ac<. a rtr . why all thc concrrrn for Isss lhan t? of barr: s u r f a c c ? S t a t i s L i c ; r l l y . s l r o u l d n r L9 9 2 o f t h c P o t c n t l a l c o r r o s i o n problcms bc clirrrin tr.d by insLall'ing ;r g,ood co:rcirrg .rrrd torS('trin8, .rbout catlrodic prot cction? In ono uord N O I! !

I I wondcr r.rhy Jrtsl a few pln holcs herc' Onr. may r.re rnd thcrr. could bc any particular signillicirnccr ParEicularly if againsc b c t t c r t l r ; r n 9 9 . l ,o f r l r e s u r f a c e i s p r o E c c c c d s u b s t a n t i a l l y Assume for thc m,rm(rnt corrosion. Ic is a mittcr of concen!ration. c o n d i t i o n s w hi c h w o u l d b e e x p c c l e d t o f a v o u r E l r c c s t n b l l s h t n ( ' n ( o f n srnall anodic arca and a large cachodlc arct such as a hcutt'r Lrc tcr. l . J i t h o u Ea c o a t i n g , c h c e n c i r e f i r e t u b c s u r f a c e d u e c o e l c v a t c d uould cend to dlscharge currcnt (anr! corrode) wich n cemp.:r;rcurcs current Ilowing tlrrough tlru brine to Lht' t reaE('rshttll surf :tc('s in coolcr cJchodic arc';rs. Cotlvcrsoly' if rlrc onl irrr f lrc cubc tras c o s c . ' d , a t c n d c n cy f o r c u r r c ' n t t o d i s c h a r g e r , r i l l s r i l I o x i s ! n t l d ln thls harnful dischargc can occur only ac breaks in thc coat ing. be dischargcd than would have lr.'enthc case. less tocal currcnt, wlll Thc currt'nt dcnsity (currcns c e n t r a c c d a E t h e s n . r - l - c o . 1I ! 1 C - ! f S g ! 9 . i ; l t y t r t g n c r becgusc thc *xposed nrea ls F;;;Ti-;;;t-ffi;-il-ilb;Eil; m i . r c hs r n a I lr.r chnn worrld have becn Lhc caEc h:rd the f lrc crtbc bcr'n barc. l!'ak cntt dev<'lop s,roncr on n co;tLcrl strrf itco This ncans tlrat thr. t'irst it w;rs blrr'. L t r n n t h r . y r . r o rt rd h n v c o t l t h c s n t c ' s u r l , ; t c r r i f
'flrr.ro ls ourr slttrtttlon t.hnt ls rrpi.lly bccomi ng .'t ut'll rrr'.rdIor.t p r o b t c m l n d r e h i c h d c n r . r r r s rt r L ' s t l l ( i c r l t l c . . r I s('rious and remaitrs of co;rtLng bccomc's dlsbondcd a scction lf bond,.d co tinri. lt c n n " s h t r . I d " t l r r r s ! ( ' . r1 . surfxcr off). flako ln r.rcr (to. docs not

case with che bare srrrface'!gl-l!9-9gf::.1!.-!!gg-!Sge-!!eC-y1!f-!S-Sgl:

-10-

This is PoEenEial ty disasEerous fron caChodic prot,ection currenE,. indtcate t h e r e f e r e n ce access poinCs will a C as fhe readings Caken i n c h e s e locaI n o proCecCion buC Chere rnay be overall ProC,ection arees with disbonde.d coaE,ings.

U n e x p e c r e da n d c a t a s E r o p h i c f a i t u r e s h a v e o c c u r r e d i n increasing frequency, which reinforces all the more the need for a properly specified and inscalled coarinB sysCern.

e:-- t =I gsg:g!-9!-s-!:ggs9!f
of c;tth,rdic

9!-!r:gse

discussed, chere are mainly Ewo EyPtls As previously currenE,. and impressed prot,ccc,ion .systerns,galvanic

Thc galvanic systern involvcs ln uslng nagncsium, zlnc . This is the , i n o d c s i . m r n c r s r .w di t h i n t h e s a l c w a c c r a r e a s . or aluninrrm r c q u i r c m enc Eanks for low currcnt most connon cypc of installacion v i t h l n t a r n r l coirtlngs and croatcrs, prcdominantly srnall scruccurcs l .l r r i d s . Anodcs can bc nounBcd 1n t rcatcrs by n n d l o r . rr c s i s ! i v i r y m c a n s o f a m o u l d c d c a p ( r e d h c a d ) p e r m a n e n tl y e p o x l c d o n t o t h c e n d of Lhc anodc and sccurcd by mcanso( a victall ic clamp to an acccss .nlpplc - or by screving thc anodc dlrcct ly onto a rt:usablc lnsul;tt<'d f a g h e a d a s s c m b l y , c h c n s c c u r i n g c h c a n o d c a n d I a g h e a d b y m , : a n so f clamp co an access point. 4't serics 150 flange or victallic block anodes can be lnid on thc As an alterna!ive' floor of thc treacer or tank on top of cind.or blocks or ribbon ;rnode The ribbon anode would bc ttached Iaid dircccl.y on che tanh floor. AII block anodes in 20' scct ions dirctt ly to the floor by welding. nrc providcd with a wlre to ac!ach to che oucsldc shalI of thc scruclurc.
Tank anodes arc hung frorn clrc roof by 5/8.' supporE T l t t ' .r o d s b e c o m t ' r o d s a n d i r r s ul . a c e d s u p p o r c h e a d s o n t l r e t a n k r o o f . is accached oucsi.dc che c h c n e g a t i v c ' r e E u r n c o n n e c ci o n a n d a w i r c t o t h e E a n k s h e 1 l c o c o m pl c c e t h e c i r c u i t cank frorn clre supporE, head reusablc supporr sysccm. inscalled, This syscem providcs an casily chc mosc cost ; r n o r l t .s ) r s C e r ni s u s u a l l y Thc galvanic r e m ( r n c ions or tn I r e q u i s i t u a E s o u c l o w i o n t o c u r r e n c f f c c c i v a e on sice. areas wherc AC power is noc available

In high current rcqulrcmcnt siEuationsr an lmpresscd By using an cxternal current systcm may bccomenoro ros! cIfective. ( l c . highc.r cltrrcnc outputs can bc rcct ificr), currcnt sourcc Imprcsscd current anodcs for tliis rcason maingaincd f rorncach tnodc. f arc made rora elloys or spccific miccrlals whlch are consumcd;rc lifc Somocxaraplcs span. rcl.rtlvely low rntosr thus irrcreaslnB rhcir p l a c i n u r n clad, g r a p h l t e . c n s t o r iron arc lrlgh s i I icon chromiutr by n.'ans a n o d e s b c . l t d s u l r s c r ; l c ( . f l n o d ( . s . T h c s c c l n t n s c a l nlobir|n g ;tlv ntc n s s c n b l l c s t o t h r ' ol rr.dhcad or .lohnson t'aghcad slmillar
inrrdr.s. lly lr;trrging ilrt.;urotlr.s frorn !lrc'rool'by means of
.'l

c.rbla

'.:{ - j- :.:--: '.-.'::r.:.!:'

r.!:.'i-":'::-.'-a

:
llli-lji'-}'--:.1::'i_s;'_-i-';'i--1i,

-11-

supporC or by anchoring Che plaCinum wire anodes Eo the tank wall by means of insulaCed suPPort, brackeCs around che circumIerance of che cank wa11.

In all cases vlch an imPrcssed current syscen, all t s u r f a c e s c o n n e c e d t o t h c p o s l c i v e o r a n o d e t c r r n i n al o f r h e r c c t i f l e r r uill T h1 s i n c l u d e s n o t o n l y c h e a n o d e s , b u t a n y c o P P c corrode. uirc exposed to che f lut_d. C ar e m u s t b e t a k e n t h e t E h e s y s E e r n i s c.onnectlons. us lng t'aterproof lnscalled properly

lncluding

The lnsulaced rod running through tie Johnson faghead fatt on eicher assembly is also suscepri.ble to corrosion lf the seals Currcnt. would be enEers the nlPPle. end of the assembly and fluid from che 5/8" dlscharged on an lmpressed curren! syscem directly tf this rod in this slruacion, resulting in separaEionof the rod. h a p p e n s , t h e a n o d e m a y b e c o m e d i s c o n n e c t c d f r o m t h e s u p p or t h e ad a n d The rod would be forced out of the strpport hcad and a fall off. 5/8't hole direccly co the ouEside of the creaBer would proceed to f I u i d f r o m drain tho !reatcr. l ' o r t h i s r e a s o n . a l l J o l t n s o n f n g h t a d s s l t r r r t l dh c w i t h a n e p o x y c o r n p o u n dE o p e r r n a n c n c l y s e a l c h c i . n s i d c o I E h e ftlled a s s e r n b l y s o i t r r i l l n o t b a s u s c e p c i b l c i f t h e s e a l s f a l .l o r t h e r o d or af tt'r rtr.flchlnB t h r o u g h t l r c c c n c c r i s l n s c a . l l o d l o o s < l. y i n i t i a l l y the r"rircs to che oucsidc cna of chc rod. voltage lcvel should btr rnalncaincd a! Thc rectifier as low a Icvel as possible. T h l s r . r o u l du s u a l l y b c 6 . ( ) v o l E s D C d n d belor.r. Excesslve volcage oucputs nay rcsult' in excrrrmc lryd/ogen gcncration ac cha cathodic (stcel surface). Undr.rspeclf lc condltions rhis nay causc hydrogcn blisccring or cmbrittlernent of thc str.cl, Excessiiveoutputs may a Iso bliscer surface coagings. , A n i m p r e s s e d c u r r e n E s y s ! e m r e q u i r e s r n u c h m or e a!!en!ion than a galvanic sysccrn. If properly rnaintained, howevcr, a l o r g er a n o d e l i f e span can be anticipaced aE rnuchhighor currenc outDuE lcve I s.

I9:__4c c e s:_!g:*:
For cank syscems, anodes should be evcnly spaced around che diameter of chc tank, genecally ll3 the radius in frorn the outside edge of che Eank. The numbel of access poinEs would dcpend on currcnc requiremcnt,s. lliping arrangement in Lho boctom of che Eank and condicion The of che coacing if any is appIit.d. in mosc cases. fol.lowing c:rble rnay bt: applic:rblc

-12-

Tank Diamec,er

Access Points for Coaced Tank B ar e T a n k

15.45"
21 29 38 54 r6'r r9. 5'' '7.5,t t L1.5rt

3 4 5-6
6-8r't

8-10*

3 4 6-8 8-12'! t2-l 7:'r

*l,,rrge diamctcr canks rnay have turo rings of access poinEs; one near Che otrcside diamet,er'and one closer Lo che cencer of t.he Eank.

F o r ! r e a t e r p r o t e c t l o n , a c c es s p o i n i s a r e u s u a l l y inscallt'd only drrring manufaccuring of cho treaEer shcll ro rnaincaln pressure code specif lcacions. G e n e r a l l y , a c c e s s s h o uI d b c p r o v l d a d for cach salEwacer compa r t m en t ' o r e a c h a r e a s h l c l d e d b y b a f f c l s . A c c es s p o i n t s s h o u l d p r c f a r a b l y b e ' i n t h c s i d e o f ! h c t r e a t c r o p p o s l t e 'fhe thc flrc cubes. areA near chc fire tubos usual ly raguires two a c c e s s p o i n c s t o p r c v e n E s h i e l d i n g b y t h e f i r c t u b e s c h c r n s lev u s . T h i s a r c a i s u s u a l l y t h c m o s! a c ! i v c c o r r o s i o n a r c a d u c t o c h c h i g h tenpcraturcs tnvolved. . Tf no access points are originally insEallcd in rhe trcirt{'rr ncw acccss poinEs can bc velded ln chc clcan out hatches or a block nnodc can be laid on a cindor block on the vesiel floor. C o n si d c r a c i o n s h o uI d b e g l v e n t o p r o v i d l n g a n a c c e s s p o i n t f o r a r f e r ( . n c e c c l l c o c h e c k p o t e n t i q l m ca s u r c m cn t s i n s i d c rhc vcssel Lo cnsure full procecclon.

'

!!:--Ig::i!e
progrins

rtgE
V<.ry oftcn rnoneyis al locutcd brrt no follou up act ion Is planncd co corroslon control

After prrrchasing and insral I ing a cathodlc procection syscenr a rcBularly s c h e d u l c d m a i n t e n a n c ( .p r o g r a m l s a l u r n y s r r c c c c s s r y . 'loosc A brokcn or r . rr io or conneccion can rcsulc in your invcsting tn corrosion conCrol eguipncnt which rnaybc standing tdly by du(' to ir brokcn wi re while corrosion conrinues co dcEcriorato your faciliLias. A n y c h a n g e s o r r n o d l f t c a E l o n s c o y o ur f a c i l i t l c s or ro the inrcrnal c o n d i t i o n s ( i e . c o oc i n g d e t e r i o r a E i o n . E e r n p c r a ! u r e c h a n g e s , i n h l b l c o r c o n t e n B o r r . l a E c rc h e m l s t r y ) u i l l affecc the anodc llfe span and p o s s i b l y t h e p r o t e c t .l o n l e v e l s , a n d a l r t a y s t h e c u r r e n t o u ! p u t s . A potcnclrl survcy .nd .orllotc lnspcction for tank systcms shorrld bc conducted annually. Irnprcssed cdrrcnt sys!cms s h o u I d a l s o b e c o r n p l e t c l y l n s p e c c c d a n n u at l y . Anodc currenE outp - ucs rcadlnE3 should be rccordcd on all irnd pernfln(!nLr(r(r'rcncc ccll on a rnont.hly blsls on lrnprcsscd currcn! illrd. or tnnks and trclr(rrs quar!crly on s,rcrlf ical anodcs. '

'

-13-

rdlll

cventually

on ratcs wi ll varyr all anodcs A l t h o u g h a n o d e c o n s u r i P lE deceriorate co a Polnc rcqul ring thcir rcp laccmcn!.

I t l s u s u a l l y m u c h c h e a p er t o m o n l t o r a n o d e c u r r e n E ouEpuEsand replace thcrnwhen they no longer Senerate currenc, !hen to insEall new anodes in conjunction r,rlth replaclng a corroded fire too long wlthout tube or treater shell or- repairlng a tank lefl procectton. l n t r o d u c t i o n c o t h e c a us e s o f t h e This ls a brlef corroslon probI em, alEernaElve soluclons and sorneindust ry wide accep!ed sgandards . sclentific mitigacion O n l y u n d e r s t . r n d i r r gt h e p r o b l c m , a P P l l c a t l o n o f mcehods and years of expcrience allou the successful of the corrosion process.