CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1

Findings

a. Cohesion in Through the Looking-g !ss "# Le$is C!rro One thing was certain, that the white kitten had had nothing to do with it: -- it was the black kitten's fault entirely %&'. For the white kitten had been having its face washed by the old cat for the last quarter of an hour (and bearing it pretty well, considering ! so you see that it couldn't have had any hand in the "ischief %('. #he way $inah washed her children's faces was this: first she held the poor thing down by its ear with one paw, and then with the other paw she rubbed its face all over, the wrong way, beginning at the nose: and %ust now, as & said, she was hard at work on the white kitten, which was lying quite still and trying to purr -- no doubt feeling that it was all "eant for its good %)'. 'ut the black kitten had been finished with earlier in the afternoon, and so, while (lice was sitting curled up in a corner of the great ar"-chair, half talking to herself and half asleep, the kitten had been having a grand ga"e of ro"ps with the ball of worsted (lice had been trying to wind up, and had been rolling it up and down till it had all co"e undone again! and there it was, spread over

the hearth-rug, all knots and tangles, with the kitten running after its own tail in the "iddle %*'. )Oh, you wicked little thing %+'*' cried (lice, catching up the kitten, and giving it a little kiss to "ake it understand that it was in disgrace %,'. )+eally, $inah ought to have taught you better "anners %-'* ,ou ought, $inah, you know you ought %.'*' she added, looking reproachfully at the old cat, and speaking in as cross a voice as she could "anage -- and then she scra"bled back into the ar"-chair, taking the kitten and the worsted with her, and began winding up the ball again %/'. 'ut she didn't get on very fast, as she was talking all the ti"e, so"eti"es to the kitten, and so"eti"es to herself %&0'. -itty sat very de"urely on her knee, pretending to watch the progress of the winding, and now and then putting out one paw and gently touching the ball, as if it would be glad to help, if it "ight %&&'. )$o you know what to-"orrow is, -itty %&('.' (lice began %&)'. ),ou'd have guessed if you'd been up in the window with "e -- only $inah was "aking you tidy, so you couldn't %&*'. & was watching the boys getting in stick for the bonfire -- and it wants plenty of sticks, -itty %&+'* Only it got so cold, and it snowed so, they had to leave off %&,'. /ever "ind, -itty, we'll go and see the bonfire to-"orrow %&-'.' 0ere (lice wound two or three turns of the worsted round the kitten's neck, %ust to see how it would look: this led to a scra"ble, in

which the ball rolled down upon the floor, and yards and yards of it got unwound again %&.'. )$o you know, & was so angry, -itty %&/',' (lice went on as soon as they were co"fortably settled again %(0', )when & saw all the "ischief you had been doing, & was very nearly opening the window, and putting you out into the snow %(&'* (nd you'd have deserved it, you little "ischievous darling %(('* 1hat have you got to say for yourself %()'. /ow don't interrupt "e %(*'*' she went on, holding up one finger %(+'. )&'" going to tell you all your faults %(,'. /u"ber one: you squeaked twice while $inah was washing your face this "orning %(-'. /ow you can't deny it, -itty: & heard you %(.'* 1hat that you say %(/'.' (pretending that the kitten was speaking %)0'. )0er paw went into your eye %)&'. 1ell, that's your fault, for keeping your eyes open -- if you'd shut the" tight up, it wouldn't have happened %)('. /ow don't "ake any "ore e2cuses, but listen %))'* /u"ber two: you pulled 3nowdrop away by the tail %ust as & had put down the saucer of "ilk before her %)*'* 1hat, you were thirsty, were you %)+'. 0ow do you know she wasn't thirsty too %),'. /ow for nu"ber three: you unwound every bit of the worsted while & wasn't looking %)-'* )#hat's three faults, -itty, and you've not been punished for any of the" yet %).'. ,ou know &'" saving up all your punish"ents for 1ednesday week -3uppose they had saved up all "y punish"ents %)/'*' she went on, talking

"ore to herself than the kitten %*0'. )1hat would they do at the end of a year %*&'. & should be sent to prison, & suppose, when the day ca"e %*('. Or -- let "e see -- suppose each punish"ent was to be going without a dinner: then, when the "iserable day ca"e, & should have to go without fifty dinners at once %*)'* 1ell, & shouldn't "ind that "uch %**'* &'d far rather go without the" than eat the" %*+'* )$o you hear the snow against the window-panes, -itty %*,'. 0ow nice and soft it sounds %*-'* 4ust as if so"eone was kissing the window all over outside %*.'. & wonder if the snow loves the trees and fields, that it kisses the" so gently %*/'. (nd then it covers the" up snug, you know, with a white quilt! and perhaps it says %+0', 56o to sleep, darlings, till the su""er co"es again %+&'.5 (nd when they wake up in the su""er, -itty, they dress the"selves all in green, and dance about -- whenever the wind blows -- oh, that's very pretty %+('*' cried (lice, dropping the ball of worsted to clap her hands %+)'. )(nd & do so wish it was true %+*'* &'" sure the woods look sleepy in the autu"n, when the leaves are getting brown %++'. )-itty, can you play chess %+,'. /ow, don't s"ile, "y dear, &'" asking it seriously %+-'. 'ecause, when we were playing %ust now, you watched %ust as if you understood it: and when & said 57heck*5 you purred %+.'* 1ell, it was a nice check, -itty, and really & "ight have won, if it hadn't been for that nasty -night, that ca"e wiggling down a"ong "y pieces %+/'. -itty, dear, let's

pretend 8 %,0'' (nd here & wish & could tell you half the things (lice used to say, beginning with her favourite phrase )9et's pretend %,&'.' 3he had had quite a long argu"ent with her sister only the say before -- all because (lice had begun with %,(' )9et's pretend we're kings and queens %,)'!' and her sister, who liked being very e2act, had argued that they couldn't, because there were only two of the", and (lice had been reduced at last to say %,*', )1ell, you can be one of the" then, and &'ll be all the rest %,+'.5 (nd once she had really frightened her old nurse by shouting suddenly in her ear %,,', )/urse (:; * $o let's pretend that &'" a hungry hyaena, and you're a bone %,.'.' 'ut this is taking us away fro" (lice's speech to the kitten %,/'. )9et's pretend that you're the +ed <ueen, -itty %-0'* $o you know, & think if you sat up and folded your ar"s, you'd look e2actly like her %-&'. /ow do try, there's a dear %-('*' (nd (lice got the +ed <ueen off the table, and set it up before the kitten as a "odel for it to i"itate: however, the thing didn't succeed, principally, (lice said, because the kitten wouldn't fold its ar"s properly %-)'. 3o, to punish it, she held it up to the 9ooking-glass, that it "ight see how sulky it was 8 %-*' )and if you're not good directly, %-+'' she added %-,', )&'ll put you through into 9ooking-glass 0ouse %--'. 0ow would you like that %-.'.' )/ow, if you'll only attend, -itty, and not talk so "uch, &'ll tell you all "y ideas about 9ooking-glass 0ouse %-/'. First, there's the roo" you can see through

the glass -- that's %ust the sa"e as our drawing roo", only the things go the other way %.0'. & can see all of it when & get upon a chair -- all but the bit behind the fireplace %.&'. Oh %.('* & do so wish & could see that bit %.)'* & want so "uch to know whether they've a fire in the winter: you never can tell, you know, unless our fire s"okes, and then s"oke co"es up in that roo" too -but that "ay be only pretence, %ust to "ake it look as if they had a fire %.*'. 1ell then, the books are so"ething like our books, only the words go the wrong way! & know that, because &'ve held up one of our books to the glass, and then they hold up one in the other roo" %.+'. )0ow would you like to live in 9ooking-glass 0ouse, -itty %.,'. & wonder if they'd give you "ilk in there %.-'. =erhaps 9ooking-glass "ilk isn't good to drink -- 'ut oh, -itty %..'* /ow we co"e to the passage %./'. ,ou can %ust see a little peep of the passage in 9ooking-glass 0ouse, if you leave the door of our drawing-roo" wide open: and it's very like our passage as far as you can see, only you know it "ay be quite different on beyond %/0'. Oh, -itty %/&'* 0ow nice it would be if we could only get through into 9ooking-glass 0ouse %/('* &'" sure it's got, oh %/)'* 3uch beautiful things in it %/*'* 9et's pretend there's a way of getting through into it, so"ehow, -itty %/+'. 9et's pretend the glass has got all soft like gau>e, so that we can get through %/,'. 1hy, it's turning into a sort of "ist now, & declare %/-'* &t'll be easy enough to get through 8 %/.'' 3he was up on the chi"ney-piece while she said this, though

she hardly knew how she had got there %//'. (nd certainly the glass was beginning to "elt away, %ust like a bright silvery "ist %&00'. &n another "o"ent (lice was through the glass, and had %u"ped lightly down into the 9ooking-glass roo" %&0&'. #he very first thing she did was to look whether there was a fire in the fireplace, and she was quite pleased to find that there was a real one, bla>ing away as brightly as the one she had left behind %&0('. )3o & shall be as war" here as & was in the old roo" %&0)',' thought (lice: %&0*' )war"er, in fact, because there'll be no one here to scold "e away fro" the fire %&0+'. Oh, what fun it'll be, when they see "e through the glass in here, and can't get at "e %&0,'*' #hen she began looking about, and noticed that what could be seen fro" the old roo" was quite co""on and uninteresting, but that all the rest was a different as possible %&0-'. For instance, the pictures on the wall ne2t the fire see"ed to be all alive, and the very clock on the chi"ney-piece (you know you can only see the back of it in the 9ooking-glass had got the face of a little old "an, and grinned at her %&0.'. )#hey don't keep this roo" so tidy as the other %&0/',' (lice thought to herself, as she noticed several of the chess"en down in the hearth a"ong the cinders: but in another "o"ent, with a little )Oh*' of surprise, she was down on her hands and knees watching the" %&&0'. #he chess"en were walking about, two and two %&&&'*

)0ere are the +ed -ing and the +ed <ueen %&&(',' (lice said (in a whisper, for fear of frightening the" %&&)', )and there are the 1hite -ing and the 1hite <ueen sitting on the edge of the shovel -- and here are two castles walking ar" in ar" -- & don't think they can hear "e %&&*',' she went on, as she put her head closer down %&&+', )and &'" nearly sure they can't see "e %&&,'. & feel so"ehow as if & were invisible 8 %&&-' ' 0ere so"ething began squeaking on the table behind (lice, and "ade her turn her head %ust in ti"e to see one of the 1hite =awns roll over and begin kicking: she watched it with great curiosity to see what would happen ne2t %&&.'. )&t is the voice of "y child %&&/'*' the 1hite <ueen cried out as she rushed past the -ing, so violently that she knocked hi" over a"ong the cinders %&(0'. )?y precious 9ily %&(&'* ?y i"perial kitten %&(('*' and she began scra"bling wildly up the side of the fender %&()'. )&"perial fiddlestick %&(*'*' said the -ing, rubbing his nose, which had been hurt by the fall %&(+'. 0e had a right to be a little annoyed with the <ueen, for he was covered with ashes fro" head to foot %&(,'. (lice was very an2ious to be of use, and, as the poor little 9ily was nearly screa"ing herself into a fit, she hastily picked up the <ueen and set her on the table by the side of her noisy little daughter %&(-'.

#he <ueen gasped, and sat down: the rapid %ourney through the air had quite taken away her breath and for a "inute or two she could do nothing but hug the little 9ily in silence %&(.'. (s soon as she had recovered her breath a little, she called out to the 1hite -ing, who was sitting sulkily a"ong the ashes %&(/', )?ind the volcano %&)0'*' )1hat volcano %&)&'.' said the -ing, looking up an2iously into the fire, as if he thought that was the "ost likely place to find one %&)('. )'lew -- "e 8 up %&))',' panted the <ueen, who was still a little out of breath %&)*'. )?ind you co"e up -- the regular way -- don't get blown up %&)+'*' (lice watched the 1hite -ing as he slowly struggled up fro" bar to bar, till at last she said %&),', )1hy, you'll be hours and hours getting to the table, at that rate %&)-'. &'d far better help you, hadn't & %&).'.' 'ut the -ing took no notice of the question: it was quite clear that he could neither hear her nor see her %&)/'. 3o (lice picked hi" up very gently, and lifted hi" across "ore slowly than she had lifted the <ueen, that she "ightn't take his breath away: but, before she put hi" on the table, she thought she "ight as well dust hi" a little, he was so covered with ashes %&*0'. 3he said afterwards that she had never seen in all her life such a face as the -ing "ade, when he found hi"self held in the air by an invisible hand, and

being dusted: he was far too "uch astonished to cry out, but his eyes and his "outh went on getting larger and larger, and rounder and rounder, till her hand shook so with laughing that she nearly let hi" drop upon the floor %&*&'. )Oh %&*('* =lease don't "ake such faces, "y dear %&*)'*' she cried out, quite forgetting that the -ing couldn't hear her %&**'. ),ou "ake "e laugh so that & can hardly hold you %&*+'* (nd don't keep your "outh so wide open %&*,'* (ll the ashes will get into it -- there, now & think you're tidy enough %&*-'*' she added, as she s"oothed his hair, and set hi" upon the table near the <ueen %&*.'. #he -ing i""ediately fell flat on his back, and lay perfectly still: and (lice was a little alar"ed at what she had done, and went round the roo" to see if she could find any water to throw over hi" %&*/'. 0owever, she could find nothing but a bottle of ink, and when she got back with it she found he had recovered, and he and the <ueen were talking together in a frightened whisper -- so low, that (lice could hardly hear what they said %&+0'. #he -ing was saying %&+&', )& assure, you "y dear, & turned cold to the very ends of "y whiskers %&+('*' #o which the <ueen replied %&+)', ),ou haven't got any whiskers %&+*'.' )#he horror of that "o"ent %&++',' the -ing went on %&+,', )& shall never, never forget %&+-'*'

10

),ou will, though %&+.',' the <ueen said %&+/', )if you don't "ake a "e"orandu" of it %&,0'.' (lice looked on with great interest as the -ing took an enor"ous "e"orandu"-book out of his pocket, and began writing %&,&'. ( sudden thought struck her, and she took hold of the end of the pencil, which ca"e so"e way over his shoulder, and began writing for hi" %&,('. #he poor -ing look pu>>led and unhappy, and struggled with the pencil for so"e ti"e without saying anything! but (lice was too strong for hi", and at last he panted out %&,)', )?y dear %&,*'* & really "ust get a thinner pencil %&,+'. & can't "anage this one a bit! it writes all "anner of things that & don't intend 8 %&,,'' )1hat "anner of things %&,-'.' said the <ueen, looking over the book %&,.' (in which (lice had put )#he 1hite -night is sliding down the poker %&,/'. 0e balances very badly %&-0'' )#hat's not a "e"orandu" of your feelings %&-&'*' #here was a book lying near (lice on the table, and while she sat watching the 1hite -ing (for she was still a little an2ious about hi", and had the ink all ready to throw over hi", in case he fainted again %&-)' , she turned over the leaves, to find so"e part that she could read %&-(', ) -- for it's all in so"e language & don't know %&-*',' she said to herself %&-+'. &t was like this %&-,'.
YKCOWREBBAJ

11

sevot yhtils eht dna ,gillirb sawT` ebaw eht ni elbmig dna eryg diD ,sevogorob eht erew ysmim llA .ebargtuo shtar emom eht dnA

3he pu>>led over this for so"e ti"e, but at last a bright thought struck her %&--'. )1hy, it's a 9ooking-glass book, of course %&-.'* (nd if & hold it up to a glass, the words will all go the right way again %&-/'.5 #his was the poe" that (lice read %&.0'.
JABBERWOCKY

`Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe.

`Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The aws that bite, the claws that catch!

Beware the Ju ub bird, and shun The !rumious Bandersnatch!"

#e took his vor$al sword in hand% &ong time the man'ome !oe he sought (( )o rested he by the Tumtum gree,

12

And stood awhile in thought.

And as in u!!ish thought he stood, The Jabberwock, with eyes o! !lame, *ame whi!!ling through the tulgey wook, And burbled as it came!

+ne, two!

+ne, two!

And through and through

The vor$al blade went snicker(snack! #e le!t it dead, and with its head #e went galum$hing back.

`And has thou slain the Jabberwock, *ome to my arms, my beamish boy! + !rab ous day! *alloh! oy. *allay!

#e chortled in his

`Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe.

)&t see"s very pretty %&.&',' she said when she had finished it %&.(', )but it's rather hard to understand %&.)'*' (,ou see she didn't like to confess, ever to herself, that she couldn't "ake it out at all %&.*' )3o"ehow t see"s to fill "y

13

head with ideas -- only & don't e2actly know what they are %&.+'* 0owever, so"ebody killed so"ething: that's clear, at any rate 8 %&.,'' )'ut oh %&.-'*' thought (lice, suddenly %u"ping up %&..', )if & don't "ake haste & shall have to go back through the 9ooking-glass, before &'ve seen what the rest of the house is like %&./'* 9et's have a look at the garden first %&/0'*' 3he was out of the roo" in a "o"ent, and ran down stairs -- or, at least, it wasn't e2actly running, but a new invention of hers for getting down stairs quickly and easily, as (lice said to herself %&/&'. 3he %ust kept the tips of her fingers on the hand-rail, and floated gently down without even touching the stairs with her feet! then she floated on through the hall, and would have gone straight out at the door in the sa"e way, if she hadn't caught hold of the door-post %&/('. 3he was getting a little giddy with so "uch floating in the air, and was rather glad to find herself walking again in the natural way %&/)'.

b. T!" e o1 Cohesi2e Ite3 3entence /u"ber @ 7ohesive &te" One thing &t (AB A For &ts, it (AB #he old cat #ype + + 7 + + =resupposed &te" #he white kitten had had nothing to do with it Cnwinding and entangling the ball 3.@ #he white kitten $inah

14

(ny hand considering this 0er, she (AB &ts (AB all &t, its (ll over quite 'utFand soF! and there #he black kitten had been finished &t (EB again there its (ll (AB Oh, you wicked little thing JyouK &t (EB really JyouK better JyouK (EB ,ou know you ought *

+ D + + + + + D + 7 D

#he "ischief 7onsidering it pretty well First Fand then : and %ust nowF $inah $inahGs children faces #he way $inah washed her children #he white kitten $inahGs children faces still 3. E #he black kitten had been finished by the old cat

+ 7 + + D D + + D + + + D

($inah #he ball of worsted #he ball of worsted had all co"e undone 3pread over the hearth-rug, all knots and tangles #he black kitten 8 the kitten #he ball 3.H &t 8 the kitten #he kitten ,ou are wicked little thing &t 8 the kitten #he "anner #he old cat 8 $inah ,ou know you ought to have taught hi" better "anners *

: ; L

15

3he (EB , her (sFas 3he added #he old cat again

+ + D + 7 7 + + + + + D + D + + D + + 7 + + + D + + + + 7

(lice #he cross of voice that (lice could "anage 3he added her re"ark $inah (lice began winding up the ball of worsted 3.M #he ti"e 3he was talking (lice &t would be glad to help =utting out one paw and gently touching the ball &f it "ight be glad to help #he kitten 8 the black kitten 8 -itty (lice began to ask -itty -itty 3he 8 her 8 (lice (so you couldnGt "aking yourself tidy (lice #he bonfire 3.@I 7old and snowed #he bonfire #he boys 3.@: (lice and -itty 3.@; #he worsted round the kittenGs neck #he ball 8 the worsted #he ball got unwound

@N @@

'ut all as 0er (s if &t (AB &f it "ight JyouK (lice began JyouK (HB J"eK (so you couldnGt J&K it only 3o (AB &t (AB they /ever "ind, -itty JweK 0ere it it again

@A @E @H

@I @:

@; @L

16

this

(lice wound two or three turns of the worsted round

@M AN

JyouK J&K so they (sFas again

+ + + + + 7 D + + 7 + + + + 7 + + D + + + 7 + + 7 + + +

the kittenGs neck &t 8 -itty 3he 8 (lice (ngry (lice and -itty #he soon that (lice were co"fortably settled again #hey were co"fortably settled ,ou had been doing to "e (lice -itty 3.A@ -itty =utting the kitten out into the snow -itty -itty 3.AE (lice J"eK -- (lice 3he went on saying 3he -- (lice -ittyGs faults -itty 3.A: -itty ?orning 3.A; -itty 3.A; (lice

A@ AA

,ou had been doing J&K (AB JyouK (AB (nd JyouK (AB it 9ittle "ischievous

AE AH AI A: A; AL

darling JyouK /ow J"eK she 3he went on J&G"K all JyouK, JyourK /u"ber one : JyouK, JyourK this /ow JyouK (AB it J&K

17

AM EN E@

JyouK 0er paw went into your eye . JherK JyourK 1ell #hatGs JyourK (EB the" it

+ D + + 7 + + + + 7 + D 7 + + + D + + + + 7 + + + D + + 7 +

-itty 3.AM $inah -itty 3.E@ 0er paw went into your eyes . -itty ,our eyes 0er paw went into your eyes . 3.EA 8 3.E@ e2cuses 'ut listen on "e * 3.A; -itty (lice $inah 3.EH -itty -itty 0er 8 $inah ,ou wasnGt thirsty 3he wasnGt thirsty 3.E: 8 3.EI -itty (lice #he worsted & wasnGt looking at you * 3.A; 8 3.EH 8 3.E; #hree faults 3.A; 8 3.EH 8 3.E; -itty

EA

EE EH

EI

/ow (ny "ore 'ut listen * /u"ber two : JyouK J&K JherK 1hat, you were thirsty, were you. JyouK (AB JyouK she 3he wasnGt thirsty too /ow for nu"ber three JyouK J&K Dvery bit & wasnGt looking * #hatGs the" yet JyouK, JyourK

E:

E;

EL EM

18

HN H@ HA

they all all J"yK F"oreFthanF she they & should be sent to prison, & suppose, when the day ca"e J&K (AB OrFthenF J"eK 1ell J&K that "uch

+ + + + + + + D

1ednesday week ,our punish"ent ?y punish"ent & 8 (lice talking (lice 1ednesday week 3.H@

HE HH

+ 7 + 7 + + + + + + + + + + + + + 7 + + + 7 7

(lice 3.HA (lice 3.HE (lice #o go without fifty dinners at once #o go without fifty dinners at once 6o without dinner (lice Fifty dinners -itty #he snow against the window-panes Outside the window (lice #he snow 6ently #he trees and the fields 3.HM #he snow #he trees and the fields -itty #he su""er co"es 3.I@

HI H: H; HL HM

&Gd far ratherFthan J&GdK #he" (AB JyouK it (ll over J&K it so the" (nd then &t (AB the" JyouK again (nd

IN

I@ IA

19

#hey (AB all #hatGs

+ + +

#he trees and the fields green #hey dress the"selves all in green, and dance about 8

IE IH

II I: I; IL

IM

her (nd J&K so it J&G"K JyouK /ow J&G"K it 'ecause JweK 1e were playing JyouK (EB it J&K ,ou purred * 1ell J&K, J"yK &t +eally & "ight have won it that 9etGs pretend (nd & (AB you 0alf the things her 3he, her quite all

+ 7 + + + + + 7 + + 7 + D + + + D 7 + + 7 D + + D 7 D+ D+ + + + + +

whenever the wind blowsF (lice 3.IE 8 3.IA (lice wish 3.IA (lice -itty 3.I: (lice 3.I: 3.I; (lice and -itty 1e were playing chess -itty =laying chess (lice ,ou purred on it * 3.IL (lice J7heck *K & "ight have won & "ight have won the ga"e & "ight have won #he /asty -night 9etGs pretend to be 3.:N #he storyteller #he storytold 9etGs pretend (lice (lice 9ong argu"ent 3he had quite a long

:N :@

:A

20

:E :H

1eGre (nd there her #hey, the" (t last #hey couldnGt 1ellFthen JyouK J&GllK the rest (nd once 3he, her her /urse * J&G"K JyouGreK 'ut this us JyouGreK JyouK (HB her /ow $o try there (nd it &t, its (lice said 3o &t (HB (nd JyouGreK 3he 3he added

+ 7 + + + 7 D 7 + + + 7 + + D + + 7 + D+ + + + 7 D + 7 + + D 7 + 7 + + D

argu"ent (lice and her sister 3.:E (lice and her sister (lice (lice and -itty 3.:E #hey couldnGt pretend to be -ings and <ueens 3.:H (liceGs sister (lice -ings and <ueens 3.:I (lice (the old nurse 3.:: (lice 3.:; 3.:L 3.:L #he storyteller and the storytold -itty -itty #he +ed <ueen 3.;@ $o try to be the +ed <ueen -itty 3.;A #he +ed <ueen -itty (lice said to herself 3.;E -itty 3.;H -itty (lice 3he added her re"ark

:I

:: :; :L :M

;N ;@ ;A ;E

;H ;I ;:

21

;; ;L ;M

J&GllK JyouK JyouK that /ow JyouK (AB &f youGll only attend not J&K, J"yK First there JyouK #hatGs #he sa"e JourK #he other J&K (AB all it #he bit

+ + + + 7 + D 3 + 7 + + + + + + + + + D D + + D + + + D + + +

(lice -itty -itty 9ooking-glass house 3.;L -itty &f youGll only attend to the 9ooking-glass house ,ou will not talk so "uch (lice 3.;M 9ooking-glass house -itty #he roo" (lice and -ittyGs drawing roo" (lice and -itty #he things are different (lice #he things in 9ooking-glass house #he roo" 8 the lookingglass house #he things behind the fireplace 3.L@ 1ish #he roo" #he roo" (lice #o know -itty ,ou never can tell about it (lice and -itty #hey had a fire 3"oke co"es in our roo"

LN

L@

LA LE LH

Oh * so that bit J&K 3o "uch JyouK (AB ,ou never can tell JourK (s if Ftoo

22

LI

#hat (AB it 1ell then JourK (AB J&K (AB one that

+ + 7 + + 3 +

3"oke co"es in that roo" #he roo" #he glass-roo" 3.LH (lice and -itty (lice #he book #he book are so"ething like our books, only the words

L: L; LL LM MN

JyouK J&K JyouK there 'ut, oh * /ow JweK JyouK (HB ( little peep JourK (AB &ts, it <uite different (sFas JyouK Oh, -itty * it JweK J&G"K &tGs &tGs got Oh * such

+ + + + D 7 + + + + + + + + D + + + + D D +

go the wrong way -itty (lice -itty #he 9ooking-glass house 3.L; 3.LL 8 3.L; (lice and -itty (lice #he passage (lice and -itty #he passage in lookingglass house #he passage 3o far that we can see -itty 3.MN #he passage in 9ookingglass house (lice and -itty (lice 9ooking-glass house &tGs got trough into 9ookingglass house 3.MA 'eautiful things in 9ooking-

M@ MA

ME

MH

23

MI M:

it there it so"ehow all JweK 1e can get through &tGs 1hy, itGs turning into a sort of "ist now, & declare* J&K & declare *

+ + + 7 + + D + D

glass house 9ooking-glass house ( way 9ooking-glass house 3.MH #he glass (lice and -itty 1e can get through the 9ooking-glass house #he glass 3.M:

M;

+ D + + D + + + 7 7 7 + + 3 3 + + 7 +

(lice & declare itGs turning into a sort of "ist now* #he glass has got all soft like gau>e soft Dasy enough to get through the 9ooking-glass house (lice 3.ML 8 3.M; 8 3.M: #he 9ooking-glass house 3.MM 3.@NN 3.@N@ (lice ( real fireplace ( real fireplace #he fireplace #he brightly fireplace pleased 3.@NA (lice

ML

&tGll all Dasy enough to get

MM @NN @N@ @NA

@NE

through 3he (HB this there (nd &n another "o"ent #he very first thing she there ( real one #he one (sFas quite 3o J&K (AB

24

@NH @NI

@N:

@N;

@NL

@NM

@@N

here (sFas war"er &n fact #hereGll here J"eK &tGll they J"eK (AB 0ere #henFandFbutF she quite $ifferent as possible (ll the rest For instance all ,ou (AB it her this several #he other 3oFas 3he (AB , her the" as #wo and two 0ere the" (nd there here

+ + D 7 + + + + + + + 7 + + + + 7 + D+ + + + + D + + + + D + + 7 + +

#he looking-glass house (lice shall be war" 1ar"er house 3.@NE #he 9ooking-glass house #he 9ooking-glass house (lice 3.@NI (nyone (lice #he 9ooking-glass house 3.@N: (lice 7o""on and uninteresting (ll the rest #he old roo" 3.@N; #he pictures on the wall #he storytold #he pictures on the wall (lice #he roo" #he chess"en #he other roo" #idy (lice 3everal chess"en 3he noticed several of the chess"en #wo and two person 3.@@@ #he +ed -ing and the +ed <ueen 3.@@A #he 1hite -ing and the 1hite <ueen #wo castles

@@@ @@A @@E @@H

25

J&K, J"eK they

+ +

(lice #he +ed -ing, the +ed <ueen, the 1hite -ing and the 1hite <ueen, and the

@@I

3he (AB , her as closer (lice went on

+ + + D 7 + +

two castles (lice 3he put her head closer down head (lice went on saying to herself 3.@@H (lice #he +ed -ing, the +ed <ueen, the 1hite -ing and the 1hite <ueen, and the

@@:

(nd J&G"K they

@@; @@L

J"eK J&K (AB (s if so"ehow here 0er (EB it it J"yK 3he (AB hi" as so ?y precious 9ily * J"yK

+ + + 7 + + + + + + + + + D +

two castles (lice (lice & were invisible 3.@@: 3.@@; (lice #he white pawns roll over and began kicking #he voice #he white king #he white king #he -ing 3he rushed pass the -ing violent 3.@@M #he white queen

@@M @AN

@A@

26

@AA @AE @AH @AI @A: @A;

?y i"perial kitten * J"yK (nd she &"perial fiddlestick * his 0e (AB little 3he, her as little her 3he, her two quite 3he (AB , her (sFas ?ind the volcano * 1hat volcano . he that one #he "ost likely (s if 'lew 8 "e 8 up * ( little ?ind you co"e up 8 the regular way 8 donGt get blown up JyouK as he she

D + 7 + D + + + + + + + + D + + + D D + + 3 + + D + D

3.@A@ 8 3.@@M #he white queen 3.@AA #he white queen 3.@AN #he white king #he white king annoyed (lice #he poor little 9ily was nearly screa"ing herself 9ily #he white queen #he white queen #wo "inutes #aken away #he white queen #he soon that she had recovered her breath away 3.@AM 3.@EN #he white king #he fire Oolcano =lace 0e thought 3.@E@ #he breath 3.@EE

@AL @AM

@EN @E@ @EA

@EE @EH @EI

@E:

+ + + +

#he white king #he king slowly struggled up #he white king (lice

27

@E;

1hy, youGll be hours and hours getting to the table JyouGllK (t that rate that J&K (AB &Gd far better JyouK 0adnGt & . 'ut he 0er (AB FneitherFnorF quite

3.@E:

@EL

@EM

+ 7 + + + + D 7 + + 7 + 7 + + + + + + D + + + D D 7 D + + +

#he white king 3.@E: rate (lice 0elping the king #he white king 0adnGt & far better help you. 3.@EL #he white king (lice 0e couldnGt see her 0e couldnGt hear her 0e couldnGt hear nor see her 3.@EM #he white king (lice #o dust hi" a little 6ently 3he lifted hi" across #he king is covered with the ashes ( little dust (lice #he white king astonished 9arger eyes and "outh +ounder eyes and "outh 3.@HN 3.@H@ #he white kingGs faces (lice (lice

@HN

3o 0i" (HB , he, his 3he (HB (s well very ?ore slowly than so ( little 3he (EB , her (AB 0e (AB , his (AB , hi" 0e was far too "uch 9arger and larger +ounder and rounder afterwards Oh * such J"yK 3he, her

@H@

@HA @HE @HH

28

@HI @H: @H;

@HL

JyouK (AB J"eK J&K (nd JyourK so (ll it J&K there JyouGreK as 3he (AB 0is, hi" 0is, hi" 3he (AB ( little any 0owever 3he (EB it 0e (AB so they JyouK J&K (AB , J"yK (AB #o which JyouK any that #he king went on & shall never, never forget J&K ,ou will

+ + + 7 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 7 + + + + + + + 7 + + + D D + D

#he white king (lice (lice 3.@HI #he white king 1ide open #he ashes ,our "outh (lice 3.@H: #he white king (lice s"oothed the white kingGs hair (lice #he white king #he white king (lice (lar"ed #he water 3.@HM (lice ( bottle of ink #he white king low #he white king and the white queen #he white queen #he white king 3.@IA #he white king 1hiskers 3.@H@ #he king went on saying & shall never, never forget the horror of that "o"ent #he white king ,ou will forget the horror of

@HM

@IN

@I@ @IA @IE @IH @II @I: @I;

@IL

29

@IM @:N @:@

JyouK though #he queen said JyouK it his as 3he, her 0is, hi" 0e, hi" too ?y dear * J"yK J&K thinner really J&K (AB #his one a bit it this & donGt intend ( bit all &n which he very #hatGs not a "e"orandu" of your feeling #hatGs JyourK there 3he (EB 3o"e part

+ 7 D + + + + + + + + D + + + 7 + 3 + + D + + 7 + + D

that "o"ent #he white king 3.@I; #he queen said to the king #he white king 3.@II #he white king #he king took an enor"ous "e"orandu"-book (lice #he white king #he white king 3trong 3.@:E #he white king #he white king ( pencil 3.@:E #he white king ( pencil ( pencil ( pencil & donGt intend to write #he writing #he "anner of things 3.@:L 8 3.@:; #he white knight 'adly 1hat "anner of things . (3.@:;

@:A @:E @:H @:I @::

@:; @:L @:M @;N @;@

@;A

+ + + + D

3.@:M 8 3.@:L #he white king #he table (lice 3o"e part of the book

30

@;E

@;H @;I @;: @;; @;L

For she ( little again 0i" (AB , he For &tGs all J&K she it this 3he, her this 1hy, itGs looking-glass book * Of course &tGs (nd J&K it again all this it Oery pretty 3he (AB it 'ut &tGs +ather hard 3he (AB you 3he didnGt like to confess it (t all

7 + + 7 + 7 + + + + + + + + D 7 + 7 + + 7 + + + + + + 7 + + + D+ D + +

3.@;A (lice (n2ious #he white king fainted #he white king 3.@;E #he book 3o"e language (lice (lice #he book #he poe" (lice #he poe" 3.@;; 3.@;; #he looking-glass book 3.@;L (lice #he looking-glass book #he words will go the right away #he words 3.@;M #he poe" #he poe" (lice +eading the poe" 3.@LA #he poe" Cnderstand the poe" (lice #he storytold 3he didnGt like to confess about the poe" #he poe" 7onfessing the poe"

@;M

@LN @L@ @LA @LE @LH

31

@LI @L: @L; @LL @LM @M@

@MA @ME

3o"ehow J&K, J"yK they 0owever #hatGs (t any rate 'ut 'ut oh * J&K (EB #he rest she it ( new invention of hers as 3he (EB , her (EB &n the sa"e she again

7 + + 7 + 7 7 D + + + + D + + + + 7

3.@LE (lice #he ideas 3.@LI 3o"ebody killed so"ething 3.@LI 3.@L: 3.@L: (lice #he house (lice +an down stairs ( new invention of her run ( new invention of hers (lice 6one straight the door (lice Find herself walking for getting downstairs quickly

( little 3o "uch rather

+ + +

and easily giddy floating 3he was glad

4.2 4.2.1

Dis4ussions An! #sis o1 Cohesi2e Ite3

a. Re1eren4e -

Person! Re1eren4e

32

'ased on the data, the writer found @I ite"s of personal reference that are &, you, we, they, he, she, it, its, "e, the", our, your, her, hi", and "y. (lso, the writer found three ite"s of e2ophoric reference (&, you, and us . =ersonal reference of P&G was found in HA sentences. EL of the" (3.@I, 3.@M, 3.A@, 3.A:, 3.AL, 3.EH, 3.E;, 3.EM, 3.HA, 3.HH, 3.HI, 3.HM, 3.IH, 3.II, 3.I;, 3.IL, 3.IM, 3.:I, 3.:L, 3.;;, 3.;M, 3.L@, 3.LH, 3.LI, 3.L;, 3.ME, 3.M;, 3.@NE, 3.@@H, 3.@@:, 3.@@;, 3.@EL, 3.@HI, 3.@H;, 3.@;H, 3.@;M, 3.@LI, and 3.@LM were refer back to P(liceG. 1hereas, in 3.@IA, 3.@I;, 3.@:I, 3.@:I, and 3.@::, P&G were refer back to Pthe 1hite -ingG. =ersonal reference of PyouG was found in HA sentences. EN of the" (3.I, 3.;, 3.@A, 3.@H, 3.@M, 3.A@, 3.AA, 3.AE, 3.A:, 3.A;, 3.AL, 3.AM, 3.EI, 3.E:, 3.E;, 3.EM, 3.H:, 3.IN, 3.I:, 3.IL, 3.;N, 3.;@, 3.;I, 3.;;, 3.;L, 3.;M, 3.LN, 3.LH, 3.L:, 3.L;, and 3.MN were refer back to the -itten (-itty , PyouG in 3.L was refer back to P$inahG, PyouG in 3.:I was refer back to P(liceGs sisterG, PyouG in 3.:L was refer back to P/urseG, PyouG in 3.@EI, 3.@E;, 3.@EL, 3.@H;, 3.@IH, 3.@IL and 3.@:N were refer back to Pthe 1hite -ingG, whereas in 3.@IH, PyouG was refer back to Pthe 1hite <ueenG =ersonal reference of PweG was found in : sentences. Five of the", in 3.@;, 3.IL, 3.LM, 3.MA and 3.M: were refer back to P(lice and -ittyG, whereas in 3.:E, PweG was refer back to P(lice and her sisterG.

33

=ersonal reference of PtheyG was found in @N sentences. PtheyG in 3.AN and 3.:H were refer back to P(lice and -ittyG. PtheyG in 3.@: was refer back to Pthe boysG. PtheyG in 3.EM and 3.H@ were refer back to P1ednesday weekG. PtheyG in 3.IA (AB was refer back to Pthe trees and the fieldsG. PtheyG in 3.@N: was refer back to PanyoneG. (nd the last, PtheyG in 3.@@H and 3.@@: were refer back to Pthe +ed -ing, the +ed <ueen, the 1hite -ing, the 1hite <ueen, and two castlesG. =ersonal reference of PheG was found in @N sentences. #he whole sentences (3.@A:, 3.@EA, 3.@E:, 3.@EM, 3.@HN, 3.@H@, 3.@IN, 3.@:E, 3.@;N and 3.@;E were clearly refer back to Pthe 1hite -ingG. =ersonal reference of PsheG was found in EH sentences. AL of the" (3.M, 3.AI, 3.HN, 3.:A, 3.::, 3.;:, 3.MM, 3.@NA, 3.@@N, 3.@@I, 3.@A;, 3.@E:, 3.@HN, 3.@H@, 3.@HH, 3.@HL, 3.@HM, 3.@IN, 3.@:A, 3.@;A, 3.@;E, 3.@;I, 3.@;;, 3.@LA, 3.@LH, 3.@M@, 3.@MA and 3.@ME were refer back to P(liceG. #wo of the", in 3.E and 3.E:, PsheG were refer back to P$inahG, and four of the", those were 3.@AN, 3.@AE, 3.@AL and 3.@AM, PsheG were refer back to Pthe 1hite <ueenG. =ersonal reference of PitG was found in H; sentences. PitG in 3.A and 3.E were refer back to Pthe white kittenG. PitG in 3.: and 3.;H were refer back to Pthe -itten (-itty G. PitG in 3.@I and 3.@: were refer back to Pthe bonfireG. 'oth PitG in

34

3.@ were refer back to Punwinding and entangling the ballG. PitG in 3.H was refer back to Pthe ball of worstedG. PitG in 3.@@ was refer back to Pputting out one paw and gently touching the ballG. PitG in 3.@L appeared twice which were refer to Pthe worsted round the kittenGs neckG and Pthe ball of worstedG. PitG in 3.AA was refer back to Pputting the kitten out into snowG. PitG in 3.AL was refer back to 3.A;. PitG in 3.EA was refer back to Pher paw went into your eyes .G. PitG in s.H; was refer back to Pthe snow against the window-panesG. PitG in both 3.HM and 3.IN were refer back to Pthe snowG. PitG in 3.IH was refer back to 3.IA and in 3.I;, PitG was refer back to 3.I:. PitG in 3.IL was refer back to Pplaying chessG. PitG in 3.IM was refer back to J7heck *K. PitG in 3.;E were both refer back to Pthe +ed <ueenG and P-ittyG. PitG in 3.L@ was refer back to Pthe roo"-the lookingglass houseG. PitG in 3.LH was refer back to Pthe glass-roo"G. PitG in 3.MN and 3.MA were refer back to Pthe passage in looking-glass houseG. PitG in 3.ME, 3.MH, 3.MI, 3.@;L and 3.@;M were refer back to Pthe looking-glass house. PitG in 3.M; was refer back to Pthe glassG. PitG in 3.ML was refer back to Pthe glass has got all soft like gau>eG. PitG in 3.@N: was refer back to 3.@NI. PitG in 3.@NL was refer back to Pthe pictures on the wallG. PitG in 3.@@L was refer back to Pthe white pawns roll over and began kickingG. PitG in 3.@@M was refer back to Pthe voiceG. PitG in 3.@H; was refer back to Pyour "outhG. PitG in 3.@IN was refer back to Pa bottle of inkG. PitG in 3.@:N was refer back to 3.@II. PitG in 3.@:: was refer back to Pa pencilG. PitG in 3.@;H and 3.@;: were both refer back to Pthe bookG. PitG in 3.@L@, 3.@LE and 3.@LH were refer back to Pthe poe"G. PitG in 3.@LA was

35

refer back to Preading the poe"G. (nd lastly, PitG in 3.@M@ was refer back to Pran down stairsG =ersonal reference of PitsG was found in I sentences. PitsG in 3.A was refer back to Pthe white kittenG. GitsG in 3.E was refer back to P$inahGs children facesG. PitsG in both 3.H and 3.;E were refer back to Pthe kitten (-itty G, and PitsG in 3.MN was refer back to Pthe passage in looking-glass houseG. =ersonal reference of P"eG was found in L sentences. #he whole

sentences (3.@H, 3.AH, 3.HE, 3.@NI, 3.@N:, 3.@@H, 3.@@:, and 3.@HI were clearly refer back to P(liceG. =ersonal reference of Pthe"G was found in ; sentences. Pthe"G in 3.EA was refer back to Pyour eyesG. Pthe"G (AB in 3.HI were both refer back to Pthe fifty dinnersG. Pthe"G in both 3.HM and 3.IN were refer back to Pthe trees and the fieldsG. Pthe"G in 3.:H was refer back to P(lice and -ittyG. Pthe"G in 3.@@N was refer back to Pseveral chess"enG. (nd Pthe"G in 3.@@E was refer back to Pthe +ed -ingG. =ersonal reference of PyourG was found in ; sentences. Five of the" (3.A:, 3.A;, 3.E@, 3.EA and 3.EM were refer back to P-ittyG and another two, those were in 3.@H: and 3.@;@ both refer back to Pthe 1hite -ingG. =ersonal reference of PourG was found in H sentences. #he whole

sentences (3.LN, 3.LH, 3.LI and 3.MN were refer back to P(lice and -ittyG.

36

=ersonal reference of PherG was found in AN sentences. 'oth PherG in 3.:: were refer back to P(liceG and Pthe old nurseG, whereas in @H sentences (3.M, 3.@@, 3.IE, 3.:A, 3.@NL, 3.@@N, 3.@@I, 3.@@L, 3.@EM, 3.@H@, 3.@HH, 3.@:A, 3.@;;, and 3.@MA PherG were refer back to P(liceG. 'oth PherG in 3.@A; were refer back to P(liceG and Pthe 1hite <ueenG. PherG in 3.E and 3.E@ both were refer back to P$inahG. (nd the last, PherG in both 3.@AL and 3.@AM were refer back to Pthe 1hite <ueenG. =ersonal reference of Phi"G was found in ; sentences. #he whole

sentences (3.@HN, 3.@H@, 3.@HL, 3.@HM, 3.@:A, 3.@:E, and 3.@;E were refer back to Pthe 1hite -ingG. =ersonal reference of P"yG was found in M sentences. Four of the" (3.EM, 3.IM, 3.;M and 3.@LI were refer back to P(liceG. #hree of the" (3.@@M, 3.@IA and 3.@:H were refer back to Pthe 1hite -ingG. (nd the last two, 3.@A@ and 3.@AA were refer back to Pthe 1hite <ueenG. D2ophoric reference of P&G (AB were found in 3.:@, which referred back to Pthe storytellerG. Four of PyouG were found 3.:@, 3.@NL and 3.@LH, which referred back to Pthe storytoldG. 1hereas PusG in 3.:M was clearly refer back to Pthe storyteller and the storytoldG.

De3onstr!ti2e Re1eren4e

37

'ased on the table of data, the writer found H; ite"s of de"onstrative reference, including @N ite"s of PthisG, @I ite"s of thatG, @A ite"s of PthereG, and ; ite"s of PhereG. (ll referred cataphorically and anaphorically. $e"onstrative reference of PthisG found in @N ten sentences. PthisG in 3.E was refer cataphorically to PfirstFand then : and %ust nowG. PthisG in 3.@L was refer anaphorically to P(lice wound two or three turns of worsted round the kittenGs neckG. PthisG in 3.A; was refer cataphorically to P"orningG. PthisG in 3.:M was refer anaphorically to 3.:L. PthisG in 3.MM was refer anaphorically to 3.ML 8 3.M; 8 3.M:. PthisG in 3.@NM was refer cataphorically to Proo"G. PthisG in 3.@:: was refer cataphorically to P a pencilG. PthisG in 3.@;: was refer

cataphorically to Pthe poe"G. PthisG in 3.@;; was refer anaphorically to Pthe poe"G, and PthisG in 3.@LN was refer anaphorically to 3.@;M. $e"onstrative reference of PthatG found in @: sentences. PthatG in 3.EA was refer anaphorically to Pher paw went into your eyes .G. PthatG in 3.EL was refer anaphorically to 3.A; 8 3.EH 8 3.E;. PthatG in 3.HH was refer

anaphorically to Pto go without fifty dinners at onceG. PthatG in 3.IA was refer anaphorically to Pthey dress the"selves all in green, and dance about 8 whenever the wind blowsFG. PthatG in 3.IM was refer cataphorically to Pthe /asty -nightG. PthatG in 3.;L was refer anaphorically to P9ooking-glass houseG. PthatG in 3.LN, 3.LE and 3.LH were refer anaphorically to Pthe roo"G. PthatG in 3.LI was refer anaphorically to Pthe books are so"ething like our books, only

38

the words go the wrong wayG. PthatG in 3.@EA was refer anaphorically to Pthe fireG. PthatG in 3.@E; was refer cataphorically to Pthe rateG. PthatG in 3.@II was refer anaphorically to 3.@H@. PthatG in 3.@;@ was refer anaphorically to 3.@:M 8 3.@:L. (nd PthatG in 3.@L: was refer cataphorically to Pso"ebody killed so"ethingG. $e"onstrative reference of PthereG found in @A sentences. PthereG in 3.H was refer cataphorically to Pspread over the hearth-rug, all knots and tanglesG. PthereG in 3.:H was refer anaphorically to P(lice and her sisterG. PthereG in 3.;A was refer anaphorically to P-ittyG. PthereG in 3.LN, 3.@L;, 3.MM and 3.@NI were refer anaphorically to Pthe looking-glass houseG. PthereG in 3.MI was refer

cataphorically to Pa wayG. PthereG in 3.@NA was refer cataphorically to Pa real fireplaceG. PthereG in 3.@@H was refer cataphorically to Pthe +ed -ing and the +ed <ueenG. PthereG in 3.@H; was refer anaphorically to 3.@H:, and PthereG in 3.@;A was refer anaphorically to Pthe tableG. $e"onstrative reference of PhereG found in ; sentences. PhereG in 3.@L was refer anaphorically to 3.@;. PhereG in 3.@NE, 3.@NI and 3.@N: were refer anaphorically to Pthe looking-glass houseG. anaphorically to 3.@@@. PhereG in 3.@@A was refer

PhereG in 3.@@H was refer cataphorically to Ptwo

castlesG. (nd PhereG in 3.@@L was refer anaphorically to 3.@@;.

39

Co35!r!ti2e Re1eren4e 'ased on the research above, the writer found @NN ite"s of

co"parative reference. Pone thingG in 3.@ was refer cataphorically to Pthe white kitten had had nothing to do with itG. Pthe old catG in 3.A and 3.M were refer cataphorically to P$inahG. Pany handG in 3.A was refer cataphorically to Pthe "ischiefG. PallG in 3.E was refer anaphorically to Pthe way $inah washed her children facesG. PbetterG in 3.; was refer cataphorically to P"annerG. PasFasG in 3.M was refer cataphorically to Pthe cross of voice that (lice could "anageG. PallG in 3.@N was refer cataphorically to Pthe ti"eG. PasG in 3.@N was refer

cataphorically to Pshe was talkingG. Pas ifG in 3.@@ was refer cataphorically to Pit would be glad to helpG. 'oth PsoG in 3.@: were refer cataphorically to Pcold and snowedG. PsoG in 3.@M was refer cataphorically to PangryG. PasFasG in 3.AN was refer cataphorically to Pthe soon that (lice were co"fortably settled againG. Plittle "ischievous darlingG in 3.AA was refer cataphorically to P-ittyG. PallG in 3.A: was refer cataphorically to P-ittyGs faultsG. Pany "oreG in 3.EE was refer cataphorically to Pe2cusesG. Pevery bitG in 3.E; was refer cataphorically to Pthe worstedG. 'oth PallG in 3.EM were refer cataphorically to Pyour punish"entG and P"y punish"entG. PF"oreFthanG in 3.HN was refer cataphorically to PtalkingG. P"uchG in 3.HH was refer anaphorically to Pto go without fifty dinners at onceG. P&Gd far ratherFthanFG in 3.HI was refer cataphorically to Pgo without dinnerG. Pall overG in 3.HL was refer cataphorically to Poutside the windowG. PsoG in 3.HM

40

was refer cataphorically to PgentlyG. PallG in 3.IA was refer cataphorically to PgreenG. PsoG in 3.IH and 3.LE were refer cataphorically to PwishG. Phalf the thingsG in 3.:@ was refer anaphorically to PletGs pretendG. PquiteG in 3.:A was refer cataphorically to Plong argu"entG. PallG in 3.:A was refer anaphorically to Pshe had quite a long argu"entG. Pthe restG in 3.:I was refer anaphorically to P-ings and <ueensG. Pthe sa"e asG in 3.LN was refer cataphorically to P(lice and -ittyGs drawing roo"G. Pthe otherG in 3.LN was refer anaphorically to Pthe things are differentG. PallG in 3.L@ was refer cataphorically to Pthe things in 9ooking-glass houseG. Pso "uchG in 3.LH was refer cataphorically to Pto knowG. Pas ifG in 3.LH was refer cataphorically to Pthey had a fireG. PFtooG in 3.LH was refer cataphorically to Ps"oke co"es in ourQs"oke co"es in that roo"G. Pa little peepG and Pquite differentG in 3.MN were refer cataphorically to Ptha passageG. PasFasG in 3.@NA was refer cataphorically to Pthe brightly fireplaceG. PsuchG in 3.MH was refer cataphorically to Pbeautiful things in looking-glass houseG. PallG in 3.M: was refer cataphorically to Pthe glassG. PallG in 3.ML was refer cataphorically to PsoftG. PasFasG in 3.@NE was refer cataphorically to P(lice shall be war"G. PquiteG in 3.@N; was refer cataphorically to Pco""on

and uninterestingG. Pdifferent as possibleG in 3.@N; was refer cataphorically to Pall the restG. Pall the restG in 3.@N;G was refer cataphorically to Pthe old roo"G. PallG in 3.@NL was refer cataphorically to Pthe pictures on the wallG. PseveralG, Pthe otherG and PsoFasG in 3.@NM respectively were refer cataphorically to Pchess"enG, Pthe looking-glass houseG and PtidyG. PasG in 3.@@N was refer

41

cataphorically to Pshe noticed several of the chess"enG. PasG in 3.@@I was refer cataphorically to Pshe put her head closer downG. PcloserG in 3.@@I was refer cataphorically to PheadG. Pas ifG in 3.@@; was refer cataphorically to P& were invisibleG. PasG in 3.@AN was refer cataphorically to Pshe rushed pass the -ingG. PsoG in 3.@AN was refer cataphorically to PviolentG. PlittleG in 3.@A: was refer cataphorically to PannoyedG. PasG in 3.@A; was refer cataphorically to Pthe poor little 9ily was nearly screa"ing herselfG. PlittleG in 3.@A; was refer

cataphorically to P9ilyG. PquiteG in 3.@L was refer cataphorically to Ptaken awayG. PasFasG in 3.@AM was refer cataphorically to Pthe soon that she had recovered her breath awayG. Pthe "ost likelyG in 3.@EA was refer cataphorically to PplaceG. Pas ifG in 3.@EA was refer cataphorically to Phe thoughtG. Pa littleG in 3.@EH was refer cataphorically to Pthe breathG. PasG in 3.@E: was refer cataphorically to Pthe -ing slowly struggled upG. P&Gd far betterG in 3.@EL was refer cataphorically to Phelping the -ingG. PquiteG in 3.@EM was refer cataphorically to Phe couldnGt hear her nor see herG. Pas wellG, PveryG, P"ore slowly thanG and PsoG in 3.@HN were respectively refer cataphorically to Pto dust hi" a littleG, PgentlyG, Pshe lifted hi" acrossG and Pthe -ing is covered with the ashesG. PsuchG in 3.@HE was refer cataphorically to Pthe 1hite -ingGs faceG. PsoG in 3.@H: was refer cataphorically to Pwide openG. PallG in 3.@H; was refer cataphorically to Pthe ashesG. PasG in 3.@HL was refer cataphorically to P(lice s"oothed the 1hite -ingGs hairG. Pa littleG in 3.@HM was refer cataphorically to Palar"edG. PanyG in 3.@HM was refer cataphorically to Pthe waterG. PsoG in 3.@IN was refer

42

cataphorically to PlowG. PanyG in 3.@IH was refer cataphorically to PwhiskersG. PasG in 3.@:@ was refer cataphorically to Pthe -ing took an enor"ous "e"orandu"-bookG. PtooG in 3.@:E was refer cataphorically to PstrongG.

PthinnerG in 3.@:I was refer cataphorically to PpencilG. Pa bitG in 3.@:: was refer cataphorically to Pthe writingG. PallG in 3.@:: was refer cataphorically to Pthe "anner of thingsG. PveryG in 3.@;N was refer cataphorically to PbadlyG. Pa littleG in 3.@;E was refer cataphorically to an2iousG. PallG in 3.@;H was refer

cataphorically to Pso"e languageG. PallG in 3.@;M was refer cataphorically to Pthe wordsG. Pvery prettyG in 3.@L@ was refer cataphorically to Pthe poe"G.

Prather hardG in 3.@LE was refer cataphorically to Punderstand the poe"G. Pat allG in 3.@LH was refer cataphorically to Pconfessing the poe"G. Pthe restG in 3.@LM was refer cataphorically to Pthe houseG. PasG in 3.@M@ was refer cataphorically to Pa new invention of hersG. Pin the sa"eG in 3.@MA was refer cataphorically to Pgone straight the doorG. Pa littleG in 3.@ME was refer cataphorically to PgiddyG. Pso "uchG in 3.@ME was refer cataphorically to

PfloatingG. (nd the last, PratherG in 3.@ME was refer cataphorically to Pshe was gladG.

b. Su"stitution

'ased on the table above, the writer found : ite"s of substitutive e2pression. #hey were classified into three "a%ors classifying, but the data

43

were found on the research were only two of the", that are no"inal substitution and clausal substitution. First, the word one in sentence they hold up one in the other room (3.LI substitutes for the book in preceding sentence. #his one type of substitution is called no"inal substitution. #he phrases a real one and the one in she was quite pleased to find there was a real one, blazing away as brightly as the one (3.@NA substitutes to a fireplace. &t is also classified in no"inal substitution. 3i"ilar with another two, the word one in 3.@EA substitutes to volcano, and the phrase this one in 3.@:: substitutes for a pencil. ?eanwhile, the word not in 3.;M is a clausal substitution of youll not only talk so much.

c. E i5sis -

No3in! E i5sis &n no"inal ellipsis found @@ ite"s of ellipsis e2pression. #he phrase Pall overG in 3.E presupposed Pall over of her children facesG, PbitG in 3.LE presupposed Pbit in the old roo"G, Pwar"erG in 3.@NI presupposed of Pwar"er houseG. Pthe otherG in 3.@NM presupposed for Pthe other roo"G. Ptwo and twoG in 3.@@@ presupposed Ptwo and two personsG. PtwoG in 3.@AL presupposed

44

Ptwo "inutesG. Pa littleG in 3.@HN presupposed Pa little dustG. Plarger and largerG in 3.@H@ presupposed Plarger eyes and "outhG. Prounder and rounderG in 3.@HA presupposed Prounder eyes and "outhG. Pso"e partG in 3.@;A

presupposed of Pso"e part of the leaves in the bookG. Pa new invention of hersG in 3.@M@ presupposed Pa new invention of her runG.

Ver"! E i5sis &n verbal ellipsis found EH ite"s of ellipsis e2pression. #hose were

divided into two, narrative and dialogue. #he narratives were found in M sentences whereas another AH are dialogue for"s. &n narrative for"s, the 3.A PconsideringG was ellipsis of Pconsidering it pretty wellG. #he 3.H Pthe black kitten had been finishedP presupposed Pthe black kitten had been finished by the old catG. Pshe addedG in 3.M and 3.;: presupposed Pshe added her

re"arkG. Pif it "ightG in 3.@@ presupposed Pif it "ight be glad to helpG. P(lice beganG in 3.@E presupposed P(lice began to ask -ittyG. Pshe went onG in 3.AI presupposed Pshe went on sayingG. &n 3.:H Pthey couldnGtG presupposed P they couldnGt to be pretend to be -ings and <ueensG. P(lice saidG in3.;E

presupposed P(lice said to herselfG. G(lice went onG in 3.@@I presupposed P(lice went on saying to herselfG. Pthe -ing went onG in 3.@I: presupposed Pthe -ing went on sayingG. Pthe <ueen saidG in 3.@IM presupposed Pthe <ueen

45

said to the -ingG and lastly, Pshe didnGt like to confessG in 3.@LH presupposed Pshe didnGt like to confess about the poe"G. ?eanwhile, in dialogue for"s, the 3.L Pyou know you oughtG presupposed Pyou know you ought to have taught hi" better "annersG, Pso you couldnGtG in 3.@H presupposed Pso you couldnGt "aking yourself tidyG. &n 3.A@ Pyou had been doingG presupposed to Pyou had been doing to "eG. P& wasnGt looking *G in 3.E; presupposed to P& wasnGt looking at you *G. Pwe were playingG in 3.IL presupposed to Pwe were playing chessG. 3till, in 3.IL P you purred *G presupposed to Pyou purred on it *G. P& "ight have wonG in 3.IM presupposed to P& "ight have won the ga"eG. PletGs pretendG in 3.:N

presupposed to PletGs pretend to beG. Pdo tryG in 3.;A presupposed to Pdo try to be the +ed <ueenG. Pif youGll only attendG in 3.;M presupposed to Pif youGll only attend to the looking-glass houseG. Pyou never can tellG in 3.LH presupposed to Pyou never can tell about itG. PitGs gotG in 3.ME presupposed PitGs got through into the looking-glass houseG. PGwe can get throughG in 3.M: presupposed to Pwe can get through the looking-glass houseG. P& declare *G in 3.M;

presupposed to P& declare itGs turning into a sort of "ist now *G. Peasy enough to get throughG in 3.ML presupposed to Peasy enough to get through the looking-glass houseG. Pblew 8 "e 8 upG in 3.@EE presupposed to 3.@E@.

PhadnGt & .G in 3.@EL presupposed to PhadnGt & far better help you .G. P& shall never, never forget *G in 3.@I; presupposed to P& shall never, never forget the

46

horror of that "o"ent *G. P"ind you co"e up 8 the regular way 8 donGt get blown upG in 3.@I; presupposed to 3.@EE. Pyou willG in 3.@IL presupposed to Pyou will forget the horror of that "o"entG. (nd P& donGt intendG in 3.@:: presupposed to P& donGt intend to writeG.

C !us! E i5sis &n clausal ellipsis found @: ite"s of ellipsis e2pression. #hose were

Poh, you wicked little thing *G in 3.I presupposed to 3.H. Pher paw went into your eyes .G in 3.E@ presupposed to 3.AM. Pwhat, you were thirsty, were you .G in 3.EI presupposed to 3.EH. P& should be sent to prison, & supposeG in 3.HA presupposed to 3.H@. Poh *G in 3.LA and 3.@HA presupposed to 3.L@ and 3.@H@. Pbut oh *G in 3.LL and 3.@L; presupposed to 3.L; and 3.@L:. Poh, -itty *G in 3.M@ presupposed to 3.MN. Pwhy, itGs turning into a sort of "ist now *G in 3.M; presupposed to 3.M:. Pwhat volcano .G in 3.@E@ presupposed to 3.@EN. P"y precious 9ily *G in 3.@A@ presupposed to 3.@@M. P"y i"perial -itten *G in 3.@AA presupposed to 3.@A@ and 3.@@M. Pi"perial fiddlestick *G in 3.@AH

presupposed to 3.@AN. Pwhy, youGll be hours and hours getting to the tableG in 3.@E; presupposed to 3.@E:. P"y dear *G in 3.@:H presupposed to 3.@:E. PthatGs not a "e"orandu" of your feeling *G in 3.@;@ presupposed to 3.@:;. (nd finally, Pwhy, itGs looking-glass book *G in 3.@;L presupposed to 3.@;;.

47

d. Con6un4tion

'ased on the te2t, the writer found EN ite"s indicating the con%unctive e2pression. #he writer shall e2plain the" respectively as follows :
-

Additi2e %!nd7 or7 !g!in7 in !nother 3o3ent7 1or inst!n4e' #he word and occurred in @H sentences. And was functioned to link a

series of two kinds between dialogue and narrative and dialogue and dialogue. #he basic "eaning is Pthere is so"ething "ore to be said. And in 3.AA was presupposing the 3.A@, linking a series of the dialogue. 3i"ilarly, the 3.IA was presupposing the 3.I@, the 3.IH was presupposing the 3.IA, the 3.@@H presupposed the 3.@@A, the 3.@@: presupposed the 3.@@H, the 3.@H: presupposed the 3.@HI, and last the 3.@;M presupposed the 3.@;L. #hose all linked a series of dialogue. ?eanwhile, the 3.:@, 3.:H, 3.::, 3.;E, 3.;I, 3.@AE were linking between dialogue and narrative. 1hereas the 3.@NN was linking a series of narrative. Or was only occurred in 3.HE. &t was "eant PalternativeG or Pco"prising a single sentenceG. 7on%unctive e2pression of really was perfor"ed in three sentences, they were 3.;, 3.IM, and 3.@:I. &ts "eaning was so"ething like Pas against

48

what the current state of co""unication process would lead us to e2pect, the fact of the "atter isFG. &n 3.;, really was presupposing Pyou are wicked little thingG, really in 3.IM was presupposing P& "ight have wonG. (nd the last, in 3.@:I, really presupposed the sentence in 3.@:E, the white king disoriented with his own pencil. 7on%unctive e2pression of only was perfor"ed in 3.@:, (lice invited -itty to go outside for seeing the bonfire, but the weather got worst. 7on%unctive e2pression of yet was perfor"ed in 3.ML, (lice hadnGt punished -itty for its "istakes. 7on%unctive e2pression of somehow was perfor"ed in 3.MI, 3.@@;, and 3.@LI. #he basic "eaning of the" was Pno "atter whatG. &n 3.MI, (lice tried to "ake sure -itty that they could pretend to get through into the looking-glass house, si"ilar with 3.@@; that (lice thought she was invisible and in 3.@LI (lice struggled to find the "eaning of the poe". 7on%unctive e2pression of in fact was in 3.@NI. &t was the sa"e with really Pin spite of the factG. &n 3.@NI, the situation in the looking-glass house was war"er because there was a fireplace. 7on%unctive e2pression of at that rate/at any rate occurred in 3.@E; and 3.@L:. &ts "eaning equally PletGs leave that aside, and turn to so"ething elseG. 3.@E; presupposed the -ing would took a long ti"e to get on the table,

49

and 3.@L: presupposed (lice thought that so"ebody had killed so"ething, based her "isunderstanding about the poe". 7on%unctive e2pression of however was in 3.@IN and 3.@L:. &n 3.@IN, however presupposed 3.@HM, as (lice couldnGt find the water and in 3.@L:, its presupposed the 3.@LI, (lice thought there was a "urdering. 7on%unctive e2pression of again was occurred in ; sentences. #hese were 3.M, 3.@L, 3.AN, 3.I@, 3.@;E, 3.@;M, and 3.@ME. #he basic "eaning of it was Pthere is yet another point to be taken in con%unction with the previous oneG. 1e saw fro" the 3.M that the word again was a con%unction of P(lice began winding up the ball of worstedG. &n 3.@L, again presupposed Pthe ball got unwoundG. &n 3.AN, it presupposed Pthey were co"fortably settledG. &n 3.I@, it presupposed Pthe su""er co"esG. &n 3.@;E, it presupposed P the 1hite -ing faintedG. 9astly, the word again in 3.@ME presupposed Pfind herself walking for getting downstairs quickly and easilyG. 7on%unctive e2pression in another moment in 3.@NN was "eant Pin contradistinctionG. &t presupposed the 3.@NN. 7on%unctive e2pression for instance perfor"ed in 3.@NL. &t was "eant Pe2e"plificatory senseG. &t presupposed the 3.@N;.

50

Ad2ers!ti2e %"ut7 re! #7 on #7 #et7 so3eho$7 in 1!4t7 !t th!t r!te8!t !n# r!te7 ho$e2er7 though' 7on%unctive e2pression of but was perfor"ed in : sentences. #hey

were 3.H, 3.@N, 3.:M, 3.@EM, 3.@LE, and 3.@L;.

ut in 3.H was Pcontrary

e2pectationG of 3.A, where $inah washed her childrenGs faces with hard work, but the black kitten (one of her children had been finished earlier. &n 3.@N, but was contrary to the 3.M, where (lice got angry to the kitten for entangling the ball, but she didnGt get on very fast to wind the ball. 3i"ilar with the 3.:M, which was contrary to the dialogue in 3.:L (the storyteller was over e2plained telling the story , the 3.@EM was contrary to the dialogue in 3.@EL (the -ing took no notice of the (liceGs question, for he didnGt hear nor see her , the 3.@LE was contrary to the 3.@L@ (based on (liceGs "onologue, she thought that the poe" was pretty but hart to be understood , and the last, (liceGs dialogue in 3.@L; was contrary with her dialogue in 3.@L: (she soon awared that she would get late back to her old roo" . 9astly, con%unctive e2pression of though in 3.@IL was presupposing the 3.@I;, the <ueen felt opti"istic to ease the -ingGs horror"ent.

51

C!us! %1or7 "e4!use7 so7 then' 7on%unctive e2pression of for was found in 3.A, 3.@;E, and 3.@;H,

si"ilar with because that found in 3.LI. #he basic "eaning of those was Pthe reason was thatG. &n 3.A, the writer did found for to presuppose the 3.@, that the 1hite -itten had no act "istakes. #he 3.@;E presupposed the 3.@;A, the continuing story of the storyteller. #he 3.@;H presupposed (liceGs dialogue in 3.@;A, who" she didnGt understand the book. 0owever, because which was found in 3.IL presupposed 3.I;, is a reason fro" previous sentence. 7on%unctive e2pression of so had basic "eaning Pas a result of thisG, Pfor this reasonG, and Pfor this purposeG. &t was found in 3.;H, 3.@NE, and 3.@HN. !o in 3.;H presupposed 3.;E, result for (lice to punish the kitten. 3.@NE presupposed 3.@NA, as (lice thought for the condition of the lookingglass house which was war"er. #he 3.@HN presupposed the 3.@EM, based on the narrative e2plained, the -ing took no notice about (liceGs question, as a result, she picked hi" on the table. 7on%unctive e2pression of then had a basic "eaning Punder these circu"stancesG found in 3.@N;, which presupposed the 3.@N:, (liceGs dialogue continued with the narrative.

52

Te35or! %nu3"er one7 nu3"er t$o7 !t !st7 1irst7 the 2er# 1irst thing7 to $hi4h7 in $hi4h' 7on%unctive e2pression of number one in 3.A;, number two in 3.EH,

first in 3.LN and 3.@MN, and the very first thing 3.@NA had the sa"e basic "eaning Pne2t in the course of discussionG. 3.A; presupposed the 3.A:

(-ittyGs fault , 3.EH presupposed the 3.A; (the ne2t -ittyGs fault , 3. LN presupposed the dialogue in 3.;M ((liceGs idea about the looking-glass house , 3.@MN presupposed the dialogue in 3.@LM. (nd the narrative in 3.@NA was clearly presupposed the narrative in 3.@N@ (after (lice got through the looking-glass house . 7on%unctive e2pression of to which and in which both found in 3.@IE and 3.@:M. "o which in 3.@IE presupposed the dialogue in 3.@IA (the

<ueenGs response to the -ingGs re"ark , and in which in 3.@:M presupposed the narrative in 3.@:M (the <ueen looked over the book .

Other Con6un4ti2e Ite3s %Continu!ti2e' #he writer found @H ite"s of other con%unctive ite". Dight of the"

were now, five of the" were well and the rest was of course (one ite" . #ow

53

in 3.AH presupposed the 3.AE, now in 3.AL presupposed the 3.A;, now in 3.EE presupposed the 3.EA 8 3.E@, now in 3.E; presupposed the 3.E: 8 3.EI, now in 3.I; presupposed the 3.I:, now in 3.;A presupposed the 3.;@, now in 3.;M presupposed the 3.;L, and now in 3.LM presupposed the 3.LL 8 3.L;. $ell in 3.EA presupposed to 3.E@, well in 3.HH presupposed to 3.HE, well in 3.IM presupposed to 3.:I and well then in 3.LI presupposed to 3.LH. Of course in 3.@;L clearly presupposed to 3.@;;.

4.2.2

An! #sis o1 Coheren4e (s the data have been researched chronologically, the writer found

that the above te2t had "uch less incoherence. #he cohesive devices were actually sufficient in building the te2t, but the unity of paragraph did not support those well. 1e "ight see on four sentences below : 1. POh, you wicked little thing *G cried (lice, catching up the kitten, and giving it a little kiss to "ake it understand that it was in disgrace. (3.I 8 3.: &t was contrary if we saw that (lice tried to punish her cat by kissing it. 2. P1ell, you can be one of the" then, and &Gll be the rest.G (3.:I . 9ogically, -ings and <ueens that (lice supposed to talk were "ore than two persons, whereas she and her sister were only two persons. &f she said that her sister could be one of the", and she would be the rest of all,

54

it "eant that (lice would take "ore than two persons. /oticed that (lice was %ust herself. 3. P&t see"s very pretty *G (3.@L@ . (lice consider that confusing poe" was very pretty. thought. 4. 0owever, so"ebody killed so"ething : thatGs clear, at any rate 8P (3.@L: . (lice directly took conclusion that, even she did not understand about the poe", she bravely took a risk that there was a "urdering 8between so"ebody and so"ething. &t was illogical

55