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-1Paragraplt

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Paragraph is a r-rrrit of orarrizatiorr o1-lvrittcn langr-rage which serves to iridicatehow the maitr ideas irr a wriltcu text arc grollpcd. ln tcxt linguistics paragraphs are treated as indicatols o1'thc uricro-stnrctr-rr"c o1'a tcxt. 'lhcy group seutcttccs which belong together, generally those which deal with the same toptc. A new paragrapl-r thus indicatcs a cltangc in topic or sLtb. topic.

Tcxt
A tcxt is a segnrcit'.. olsltol<cn or rvrittcn langr-ragc thert has thc lollowing featr,rrcs: L. it is nornrally nrarlc u1t o1'scvcral scntcnccs tiral togclhor crcalc a stn;cturc or unit such as a leiter, a report, a paragrapir or an essay' Z. It iras distinctive structural and discolu'se characteristics. 3. It has a particular comlrLu'licativc function or pllrposc. 4. It can often only be fully understood iri rclation to the context in which it occurs.

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P*rts of a tr'aragraPh

1, 2.

3.'l'crrrirtator -

Topic setrtcnce (lntroduction) Developers - (tsody)

(CorrclLision)

. . Tottic Stlltcrtcc
A topic sentence is thc seltteuce which describcs thc topic, purpose or main idea of a paragraph. That is, which stales what the paragraph rs alrout.
,S{rnctions of a t

A Topic scntcncc l. nray start or in sotttc cascs tllty ctttl a llaragraph. 2. contains the rvritcr''s spcci{lc attitudc towards the pal'agrapir. 3. conveys sonre cleat'and conct'cte tllessage 4. demands subsequerit developrnent throiigh supporting sentetrces. 5. makes the reader eager to leartl what ls being deveioped.
So in order to write a good topic setltetlce we have to: a) llat'row c.lor,r'lt thc ttlllic, b) copccltritic it op sollc spccific aspcct o1't[c toilic, c) state thc topic ip a clcar and unambiguous nlanner, d) consider the expectation of the target reader, and e) avoid unnecessaly and irrelcvant elaboratron of the tooic sentence.

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f,)eveloPers

sentence through elaboration, topic th: develop Developers detail, exPand, and so forth' That is' they tlo'iif"ution exenrplification,

;;ffi;p.rt the idea put forward in the topic

sentcnce

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Factors to be considered

Whilc writing aPProPriate develoPers: iet fortl'r by the topic sentence' being confined to the idea 1) extent O.^fing the idea to a possible 2) and exailples' ignt^t1l" by necessary facts supporting the 1) u"a t""'t:,T: to expand 'opit effect'' and .uu"' 4\ exhibiting 'onliuti'o" contatns' idea the tgnic seltence and explain the 'pttlnt aud cohesion and so on' col-tc"uce tltnruini,lg s)

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Terminato!'

concludcs the a para$aph'^lt logically in sentence last the Terminator is of the- paragraph' So tire

the ideas developed through

d;":i;ilts^

terminator-

1) 2)
3) 4)

5)

L---:^ ^^hran^p into the topic sentence' put ideas the restate can becn discr-rssed' summary quick a can present constn-rcti-1l::o:*tntt' irelp the writei to pass so]xe t""'':'T: to expand cff ects' comparisor-r ar-rd exhibiting';;t;;''ancl cootalns' idea the topic sentence and explai" titt tptcific ou' ttftitnce and cohesiou' and so

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maintaini"g

T'RANSXTEONAI. WORDS Oi{ PHRASES

In a paragraph to bridge the gaps between the supporting sentences some words or phrases are necessary to use. And these words or phrases are known as Transitional words or phrases. They are also known as "Connectives" Because they heip to connect one sentence to another. The most commonly used transitional words or phrases are: And, then, also, thcrcl'orc, howcvcr, besidcs, morcover, once again, firstly, secondly, because, as since last of all, in brief, of course, on the contrary, to
conclude.

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Scntcncc E?unrfiolls in !)aragrap!i Dcvclonmcnt

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The sentence in most rvell writtcn paragraphs nray be ar-ralyzeC into for-rr general functions' First, there are paragraph introducers, which are sentences that establistrr the topic focus of tlic paragraph as a whole. Sccond, therc arc paragraplr dcvclopers, whicir prcsent exanrples or details of various kincls that support thc ideas set forth by the paragraph inlroducers. Tirird, there are viewpoint or context modulators which are sentences that provide a smooth transition between different set ol ideas. Fourtir, there are paragl'apli tern-iinators, which logicaliy conclude the ideas discussed in the paragraph in a psychologically satisfyirig manner. Not all pieccs of writirrg will conlbnir to this analysis; however, most successfr-rl paragraphs usually contain sonre combination of these four sentence types.