CONTENTS

Page

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 2 Geologic Terminology and Classifications for Geologic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Established References for Geological Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geologic Classification of Materials . . . . . . . Engineering Classification of Geologic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Application and Use of Standard Indexes, Terminology, and Descriptors . . . . . . . . . . Units of Measurements for Geologic Logs of Exploration, Drawings, and Reports . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 3 Engineering Classification and Description of Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classifications of Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abbreviated Soil Classification Symbols . . . Description of the Physical Properties of Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Narrative Descriptions and Examples . . . . . Use of Soil Classification as Secondary Identification Method for Materials Other Than Natural Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 4 Classification of Rocks and Description of Physical Properties of Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rock Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iii v 1

3 3 4 5 9 12 15 17 17 21 39 40 48 51 56

57 57 57

FIELD MANUAL Chapter 4 Classification of Rocks and Description of Physical Properties of Rock (continued)
Page

Description of Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 5 Terminology and Descriptions for Discontinuities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexes for Describing Fracturing . . . . . . . . Description of Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Descriptions of Shears and Shear Zones . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 6 Geologic Mapping and Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Responsibilities of the Engineering Geologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Development of a Study Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . Specific Mapping Requirements . . . . . . . . . . Global Positioning System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Site Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dozer Trench Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Backhoe Trench Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction Geologic Mapping . . . . . . . . . . Large Excavation Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Steep Slope Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canal and Pipeline Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . Underground Geologic Mapping . . . . . . . . . Underground Geologic Mapping Methods . . Photogeologic Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analysis of Aerial Photographs . . . . . . . . . .

59 86 90 91 91 94 98 114 126 129 129 130 133 135 153 157 161 167 168 169 170 171 185 196 198

viii

CONTENTS Chapter 6 Geologic Mapping and Documentation (continued)

Page

Photoanalysis for Reconnaissance Geologic Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Availability of Imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 7 Discontinuity Surveys . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 8 Exploration Drilling Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preparation of Drilling Specifications and Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 9 Groundwater Data Acquisition Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design and Installation of Observation Wells and Piezometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methods Used to Measure Groundwater Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methods and Techniques Used to Estimate Flows from Seeps, Springs, and Small Drainages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer-Based Monitoring Systems . . . . . Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

199 200 202 203 205 205 211 213 213 223 227 227 229 235 241 242 245 246 247

ix

FIELD MANUAL Chapter 10 Guidelines for Core Logging . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Format and Required Data for the Final Geologic Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Method of Reporting Orientation of Planar Discontinuities and Structural Features . Core Recovery and Core Losses . . . . . . . . . . Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Core Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment Necessary for Preparing Field Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Instruction to Drillers, Daily Drill Reports, and General Drilling Procedures . . . . . . . . Chapter 11 Instructions for Logging Soils General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Formats for Test Pits and Auger Hole Logs Format of Word Descriptions for Drill Hole Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exceptions to Test Pit and Auger Hole Format and Descriptions for Drill Hole Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment Necessary for Preparing the Field Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example Descriptions and Format . . . . . . . . Laboratory Classifications in Addition to Visual Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Word Descriptions for Various Soil Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reporting Laboratory Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special Cases for USCS Classification . . . . . Reporting In-Place Density Tests . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 249 252 284 285 287 288 291 294 313 313 325 333 339 347 349 349 351 351 363 364 366

CONTENTS
Page

Chapter 12 Hazardous Waste Site Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Terminology and Processes . . . . . . Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contaminant Characteristics and Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classification and Handling of Materials . . Field Sampling Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sample Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Safety at Hazardous Waste Sites . . . . . . . . . Sample Quality Assurance and Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sample Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

367 367 368 369 375 381 383 402 405 406 410 417

Appendix Abbreviations and Acronyms Commonly Used in Bureau of Reclamation Engineering Geology and Related to Hazardous Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

TABLES
Table Page

2-1 2-2 3-1

Ground behavior for earth tunneling with steel supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Useful conversion factors metric and English units (inch-pound) . . . . . . . . . Basic group names, primary groups . . .

10 14 26

xi

FIELD MANUAL TABLES (continued)

Table Page

3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-11 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-17 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5

Basic group names, 5 to 12 percent fines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Criteria for describing dry strength . . . Criteria for describing dilatancy . . . . . . Criteria for describing toughness . . . . . Criteria for describing plasticity . . . . . . Identification of inorganic fine-grained soils from manual tests . . . . . . . . . . . Criteria for describing angularity of coarse-grained particles . . . . . . . . . . . Criteria for describing particle shape . . Criteria for describing moisture condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Criteria for describing reaction with HCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Criteria for describing consistency of in-place or undisturbed fine-grained soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Criteria for describing cementation . . . Criteria for describing structure . . . . . . Particle sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Checklist for the description of soil classification and identification . . . . . Checklist for the description of in-place conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Igneous and metamorphic rock grain size descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sedimentary and pyroclastic rock particle-size descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . Bedding, foliation, or flow texture descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weathering descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . Durability index descriptors . . . . . . . . .

26 31 32 33 34 36 41 42 43 43 44 44 45 46 48 49 70 71 74 77 79

xii

CONTENTS TABLES (continued)

Table Page

4-6 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 6-1 6-2 11-1 12-1 12-2 12-3

Rock hardness/strength descriptors . . . Fracture density descriptors . . . . . . . . . Fracture spacing descriptors . . . . . . . . . Fracture continuity descriptors . . . . . . . Descriptors for recording fracture ends in joint surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fracture openness descriptors . . . . . . . . Fracture filling thickness descriptors . . Fracture healing descriptors . . . . . . . . . Fracture roughness descriptors . . . . . . . Fracture moisture conditions descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. State plane coordinate systems 1927 datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. State plane coordinate systems 1983 datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Checklist for the description of soils in test pit and auger hole logs . . . . . . . . EPA recommended sampling containers, preservation requirements, and holding times for soil samples . . . . . . Summary of soil sampling devices . . . . Common laboratory testing methods . .

83 97 102 102 103 104 104 107 109 110 137 143 326 385 388 404

FIGURES
Figure Page

3-1 3-2

Modifiers to basic soil group names . . . Flow chart for inorganic fine-grained soils, visual method . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22 23

xiii

FIELD MANUAL FIGURES (continued)

Figure Page

3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9

Flow chart for organic soils, visual method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow chart for coarse-grained soils, visual method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plasticity chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sample of test results summary . . . . . . Field classification of igneous rocks . . . Field classification of sedimentary rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Field classification of metamorphic rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Field classification of pyroclastic rocks . Charts for estimating percentage of composition of rocks and sediments . Descriptor legend and explanation example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Permeability conversion chart . . . . . . . . Rock Quality Designation (RQD) computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparison of true and apparent spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Examples of roughness and waviness of fracture surfaces, typical roughness profiles, and terminology . . . . . . . . . . Uniform shear zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structured shear zone (two zones or layers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structured shear zone (three layers) . . Uniform shear zone with veinlets . . . . . Uniform shear zone (composite) . . . . . . Standard descriptors and descriptive criteria for discontinuities . . . . . . . . .

24 25 35 53 60 61 62 63 64 67 87 96 101 108 115 116 116 116 117 121

xiv

CONTENTS FIGURES (continued)

Figure Page

Process of engineering geology mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2 Sample trench log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 Sample completed trench log . . . . . . . . . 6-4 Tunnel mapping form with key alphanumeric descriptors and mapping data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5 Tunnel mapping form with blocks for title and geologic data . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6 As-built summary geology tunnel map . 6-7 Full periphery mapping method layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8 Full periphery geologic map example . . 6-9 Map layout of a tunnel for geologic mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10 Relationship of planar feature trace to map projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 Equatorial equal area net . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2 Discontinuity log field sheet . . . . . . . . . 10-1 Drill hole log, DH-123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2 Drill hole log, B-102, for Standard Penetration Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3 Drill hole log, DH-SP-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4 Drill hole log, SPT-107-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5 Drill hole log, DH-DN/P-60-1 . . . . . . . . . 10-6 Daily drill report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7 Water testing record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8 Use of half-round to protect core . . . . . . 10-9 Standard N-size core box . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10 Log of concrete and rock core . . . . . . . . . 11-1 Log of test pit or auger hole . . . . . . . . . . 11-2 Clean coarse-grained soils . . . . . . . . . . .

6-1

131 160 165 173 174 179 186 188 191 192 209 210 253 255 259 261 270 292 299 301 303 308 314 315

xv

FIELD MANUAL FIGURES (continued)

Figure Page

11-3 11-4 11-5 11-6 11-7 11-8 11-9 11-10 11-11 11-12 11-13 11-14 11-15 11-16 11-17 11-18 11-19 11-20 11-21 11-22 11-23 11-24

Fine-grained soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soil classifications based on laboratory test data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Auger hole with samples taken . . . . . . . Reporting laboratory classification in addition to visual classification . . . . . Undisturbed soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coarse-grained soils with fines . . . . . . . Coarse-grained soils with dual symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reporting in-place density tests and percent compaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soil with measured percentages of cobbles and boulders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Field form - soil logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soil with more than 50 percent cobbles and boulders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borderline soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Test pit with samples taken . . . . . . . . . Disturbed samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two descriptions from the same horizon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drill hole advanced by tri-cone rock bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Log showing poor recovery . . . . . . . . . . . Log of landslide material (a) . . . . . . . . . Log of landslide material (b) . . . . . . . . . Log of bedrock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geologic interpretation in test pit (sheet 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geologic interpretation in test pit (sheet 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 329 334 335 336 337 338 340 342 343 344 345 350 352

xvi

CONTENTS FIGURES (continued)

Figure Page

11-25 Geologic interpretation in test pit using a geologic profile (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-26 Geologic interpretation in test pit (sheet 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-27 Geologic interpretation in test pit (sheet 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-28 Geologic interpretation in test pit using a geologic profile (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-29 Geologic interpretation in test pit (sheet 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-30 Geologic interpretation in test pit (sheet 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-31 Geologic interpretation in test pit (sheet 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-32 Geologic interpretation in test pit (sheet 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-33 Geologic interpretation in test pit using a geologic profile (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1 Aquifer types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2 Typical monitoring well construction for water quality sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3 Soil and water sample identification labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4 Chain-of-custody record . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5 Custody seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 379 399 412 413 415

xvii