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ESTIMATE THE COST OF

Multi Stor y Building

Using Conceptual Estimate
submitted by Terry Ann Barnes, CPE

Terry Ann Barnes, CPE is a construction professional from Las Vegas, Nevada with over 15 years of experience. Terry is originally from the Philippines and has earned all her degrees in Manila, Philippines. She graduated with a degree in BS Civil Engineering and BS Sanitary/Environmental Engineering at the National University on October 1988 and April 1989 respectively, earned her Masters in Construction Management at the University of the East on March 1995 and nally a PhD in Development Education at the University of Santo Tomas on October 1999 and graduated Summa Cum Laude. Terry was a practicing Civil Engineer and Sanitary Engineer and was involved in both commercial and residential projects in the Philippines. She has built residential homes, commercial buildings, gasoline 1) Introduction stations and did some structural designing. 2) Types and Methods of Measurements She was an ocer of the Philippines Society of 3) Factors That May Affect Take-Off, Pricing, etc. Sanitary Engineers. She moved to the United 4) Overview of Labor, Equipment, Materials States in 2000 and has been very active in the eld of estimating in both residential and commercial. and Indirect Costs In Las Vegas, shes been with a Drywall, Painting 5) Special Risk Considerations and Insulation company (T and R Painting and 6) Ratio and Analysis - Test for Competence Drywall) as the Senior Estimator, an Estimating 7) Misc. and Pertinent Information Manager for one of the top three homebuilders 8) Sample Sketches on Fortune Magazines list of Americas 9) Sample Estimate Most Admired Companies (Centex Homes), 10) Glossary Cost Manager for an ENR Top 100 Ranked Construction Management Firm (Cumming 11) References Corporation) and currently with Architectural 12) Appendix Materials dba AMI Hospitality.
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Estimate tHe COst Of: Multi Story Building Using Conceptual Estimate

INTRODUCTION
The question a lot of builders and developers ask is how much it will cost them to build a multi story building? But they dont have the plans drawn yet by the architect, just sketches of their ideas. This question can be answered by a hand full of people in the field of estimating with a breadth of knowledge and technical skills, the answer CONCEPTUAL ESTIMATING. Conceptual estimating, as the name implies, is an estimate based on ideas or opinions. This method of estimating is a highly educated, well thought out technique and meticulously calculated analysis of available historical data of similar projects. Whether you just have a creative thought or a sketch of the project in mind, a conceptual estimate can be developed to project what it will likely cost to build it. The precision of the estimate can steer clear the owner of any potential disasters and will provide a budget that they can use to determine the feasibility of the project and as a baseline measurement to control costs as the design develops. An accurate conceptual estimate can make a big difference not only in the quality of the finished product, but in the financing part of it as well, since the overall soundness of the project affects the capital. The intent of this paper is to provide the readers basic understanding of how to prepare a conceptual estimate for a proposed multi story building that has limited information available, using the ASTM UNIFORMAT II system. The use of this system is preferred over the Master Format, to be able to convey in a clear concise manner the scope and relationship of major building systems and to expedite approval . Main CSI Divisions Since this estimate will be done at the conceptual stage of the project we will utilize the ASTM UNIFORMAT II system. All CSI Divisions (appendix 1) CSI Subdivisions All CSI Subdivisions (appendix 1)
July 2010

Brief Description In todays environment of enhanced and competitive business it is imperative that an effective method of predicting the cost of a project be available early in the planning stage. Conceptual estimating involves independent variables such as schematic drawings, specifications, features, functions or some other high level descriptive elements that can be used to define the scope of work at a very early stage of the cycle, where there is lack of detailed information to perform a detailed estimate. Conceptual estimating plays a vital role in the early stage of the project regardless of the contention that the results may lack the precision of a detailed estimate. This paper will illustrate how to make a conceptual estimate for a multi story hotel building using the ASTM UNIFORMAT II from building elements A thru F and shall exclude G - Building Sitework. Element A Substructure Element B Shell Element C Interiors Element D Services Element E Equipment & Furnishings Element F Special Construction & Demolition Element G Site Work This will provide a practical and simple method which the author hopes will provide great benefit to all those who are interested in learning the conceptual estimate technique. The information used in this paper are gathered from an actual Hotel and Casino project, but we will limit the presentation to just the Hotel part it.

the planning stage where there are no detailed plans available yet for the estimators to do detailed estimating. The variables involved are all conceptual and sketches by the owner/ architect. Method Used in Estimating We will be using the elemental cost approach for this paper. Elemental costs include material costs, labor costs and sub contractor overhead and profit. An elements costs is calculated by (a) multiplying the unit cost (also called the unit rate) times the quantity of the element, (b) summing the cost of the assemblies that constitute the element, or (c) summing the material and labor costs of the system components that make up the element. At any stage of cost estimating, elemental estimates can be based on elemental rates or quantities or the summing of assemblies or components costs or both . The accuracy of this method will depend on how far the design has developed. The quantities are based on the planned construction and not a previous job and realistic allowances are made for plan shape, height of building, type of ground, quality of finishes etc. Units of Measure
Element Cost, $/sf = Unit Cost, $ x Area, sf Element Cost, $/ea = Unit Cost, $ x Quantities, ea/leaf Element Cost, $/ls = Unit cost, $ x 1ls item

FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT ACCURATE TAKE-OFF AND PRICING

Available Level of Information There is a direct relation between levels of design information available to estimate the future cost of a project and the accuracy range. Since a conceptual estimate is done at a very early stage of a project, detailed information about the design is normally not available. In the absence

TYPES AND METHODS OF MEASUREMENT

The units of measure that we will use in this paper will be very simple and will involve square footage (sf), cubic yard (cy), leaf (lf), each (ea) and lump sum (ls). It must be remembered that conceptual estimating is done during

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of such crucial information, steps can be taken to improve the conceptual estimating process. With technological support, increase in the accuracy of the estimates is possible. The following technological tools can help increase accuracy: Capture and retention of historical information Ease of manipulation of a cost database Application of algorithm Statistical validation Execution and reporting Estimators Competency The accuracy of the estimate is higher if the estimator has a significant number of years of experience in the field and has been involved in repetitive type projects. The estimator must have full understanding of the interpretation of the historical cost information available which is one of the most vital components of this exercise. Another important factor that may affect a cost estimate is the reliance on the algorithm to generate an estimated value, and then not adequately adjusting the calculated cost for the unique features of the project being estimated. Early communication must exist between the estimator and the owner/architect on the expectations for the estimate, and the estimators abilities to meet those expectations is extremely important. In most cases the owner/architect may have a preconceived cost value for the project. The estimator must ensure that the estimate that he will prepare is unbiased and realistic based on the information provided and scope to be accomplished, and must not in any way become prejudiced by any preconceived estimate values.

Duration of Project The risk of cost accuracy is increased for long duration projects. Some of the factors that influence the cost growth are: 1. Introduction of new technologies; 2. Changes in the scope of the project; 3. Changes in the specification; 4. Fluctuations in the marketplace; 5. Changes in the project schedule. The longer the duration of the project, the greater the probability of one of these elements having an effect on the costs. Number of Bidders Once the conceptual estimate is completed there is a big responsibility of maintaining the accuracy of the numbers submitted. There is a significant correlation between the conceptual estimate ratios and the number of bids received for each contract. The fact remains that the more bids submitted, the greater the probability that the lower bidder will be 5% to 8% under the conceptual estimate. Geographical Location The location of the project has an influence in forecasting future cost increases in addition to reporting past performance. Indexes are commonly used in this situation; however, several considerations must be kept in mind. A project scope and type of construction may not be a useful tool in conceptual estimating if the location of the project is an unknown variable. Once the location is established, the use of the appropriate index can be selected and consideration must be given to differences between the local market and national or regional averages then use the trend during costing. There are numerous sources of cost indexes used in the construction industry. They range in diversity in both the type of construction they measure and in the region of application. The following are commonly used: 1. ENR Construction Cost Index 2. ENR Building Cost Index

3. Lee Saylor - Material and Labor Index 4. RS Means Building Cost Index Political Climate In todays market where we are in the middle of the deepest recession since the depression, as claimed by some economist, it will be tricky to prepare a conceptual estimate in this climate. This pattern is absolutely true for the periods of good and bad days for building constructions. Changes in the state of the market as economic circumstances occur, unexpected material price trend variations and construction labor availability, considered minimal or normal, plays a vital role in this exercise. The cost estimate in a booming construction market is generally lower than those made in the years or geographical locations with a depressed economy. On the other hand, the accuracy of the estimates, in general, is higher when only a few projects are available for bidding in a specific area.

OVERVIEW OF LABOR, EQUIPMENT, MATERIAL AND INDIRECT COSTS

The costs associated with each element are based on the historical cost data from similar projects in the past. The estimator shall determine a preliminary baseline cost estimate range, using the historical cost database covering all expenses that will be incurred in carrying out the task which includes labor, material, equipment and indirect costs. Statistical analysis shall be performed on data to find correlations between cost drivers (complexity, historical data, etc.) and other system parameters such as the design or performance. This will produce a cost estimating relationship that the estimator can use in assigning cost to the elements. In an environment of continuing cost increases, it is necessary to have techniques and tools readily available that can rapidly and accurately estimate the costs of projects and services. The

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Estimate tHe COst Of: Multi Story Building Using Conceptual Estimate

increasing cost of labor, materials and equipment are compounded by the facts that money is more costly to borrow and that the materials required and skills needed to construct projects are becoming sophisticated and costly over a period of time. Good cost estimating will keep the price to be charged for work activities or work outputs, abreast of changing market condition. It is also helpful to establish a work breakdown schedule tailored for conceptual estimating. This ensures that no portions of the estimate are omitted and makes it easier to make comparisons to similar systems and programs.

Inflation should be properly recognized during the process. The estimator should ensure that economic changes, such as inflation, are properly and realistically reflected in the life cycle of the cost estimate. Historical cost data used as a basis for computing estimates are sometimes invalid, unreliable and unrepresentative and therefore must be accurate and maintained at all times. Inexperienced estimators or lack of formal education or training of people developing the conceptual estimates and pricing arrangements is involved in the preparation. Although, this type of estimate is an estimators best educated guess of the cost of a project, it should be an experts judgment essentially drawing on the experience of a subject matter that should be in-charge. Contingency must be sufficiently applied to the estimate. However, good judgment shall be considered because a contingency that is too large could over inflate the budget cost and make it infeasible.

SPECIAL RISKS CONSIDERATIONS

Conceptual estimate, as mentioned previously, is a method used in predicting cost during the conceptual stage of design where potential risks are at its highest, for the simple reason that the information available is very limited. Project description is one of the basic and most important elements that are needed in this type of estimate. The amount and quality of project information provided by the owner/ architect is strongly correlated to cost growth. It is important that the estimates constraints and conditions must be clearly identified to ensure the preparation of a well documented estimate. Level of technology plays a vital role. Unforeseen design, engineering, construction or start up problems that were not considered during the estimate will pose a risk during the actual construction. The range of the newness of technology considered in the estimating parameters is one of the most important cost growth drivers. Uncertainties should be identified and allowance developed to cover the cost effect. Known costs should be included and unknown costs should be allowed for. However, be extra careful in assigning allowance because you dont want to end up over pricing the project.

in mind for this project, and a finish similar to an already existing product that is a good starting point. But most important is to establish a baseline, try to meet with the owner/architect and discuss what information you need and what is it that they have in mind at this stage. You can also, present some of your ideas or pictures of existing hotel projects that you have already worked on to assure that you are both on the same page. Also, try to get a copy of the meeting minutes from the design and owner team. Once, you have all this information, transfer it to a checklist form as shown below. Meet with the owner or send a copy to the owner for their review. If they agree to those parameters to be used in the conceptual estimate, have them sign it and this will then be put in a file as part of a historical data for future use.

Digitize Directly
on your screen
from files with . . .

RATIOS AND ANALYSIS TEST FOR COMPETENCE

For accurate cost estimating in the initial design stage of a project, various factors related to the characteristics of the project should be reflected in the cost planning. Although it is impossible to obtain all the detailed information relative to the construction cost, we have to utilize historical information that is available from similar projects. A quantity estimate in conceptual estimating is pretty simple; it is however, the gathering of the pertinent information, analyzing data and costing that is challenging and risky. The first step is to have a checklist of all the available information that you can get from the owner/architect. Normally, the information at this stage of the project is all generic. Most of the time, you will be provided of the hotel star rating of what they have

BidScreen

eTakeoffs of ePlans in Microsoft Excel. The drawing and measurement are saved with any cell.

Calculate your cuts & fills by digitizing on screen.

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www.vertigraph.com You dont work for our software, it works for you.

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Estimate tHe COst Of: Multi Story Building Using Conceptual Estimate

CONCEPTUAL ESTIMATE CHECKLIST

GROUP ELEMENT
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

DESCRIPTION
4 Star Hotel Resort 2 Towers (Spa and Business) Tower GFA is 249,654sf Minimum floor area per room is 450sf Exterior Faade is 232,414sf Number of Floors = 8 Floor to Floor Height = 12ft Room Height = 9ft Concrete spread & strip footing 4 concrete slab on grade Normal soil condition N/A CIP Concrete Structural steel frame Floor - open web bar joists Deck - steel joist and beams Steel columns

GROUP ELEMENT
C30 Interior Finishes (continued)

DESCRIPTION
* Business suite w/ conference/ study space * Carpet and tiles finishes * Wall finishes - painting, vinyl wall covering, ceramic tiles * 3,500lbs 9 stop traction passenger elevator * 5,000lbs 9 stop traction service elevator * Trash/linen chutes * * * * * * Fixtures and equipment Supply, waste, vent Roof and Storm drainage Condensate drainage Natural gas service & distribution Electric water heater - commercial

General Information

D10 Conveying

A10 Foundations A20 Basement Construction

D20 Plumbing

B10 Superstructure

D30 HVAC

B20 Exterior Enclosure

* Stone panels, glass and copper materials to be used on the exterior finish * Alucabond metal panels * EIFS Infinity system by Dryvit (Fog coat application) * 18ga Hollow Metal doors * Aluminum and glass doors * Insulated sliding glass doors at balconies * Storefront glazing with bleak metal at guestrooms * Alucabond metal panels * 6 18ga. metal studs w/ drywall (DGG) sheathing * Metal railing at balconies * Waterproofing at balconies * 3 Ply on lightweight insulating concrete * Roof expansion bellow joints between hotel & podium * Aluminum wall joint between hotel and atrium * Metal roofing system with ice and water shield * Lightweight concrete block partitions * Gypsum board on metal furring * Sky light in the porte cochere * Waterproofing at elevator pits * Concrete filled metal pan * Contemporary design * VIP lobby with hotel check-in desk and luggage with fireplaces * Front desk with ledge similar to Green Valley Ranch, NV * Stone tile at balconies * Premium finish on East Tower * Glass showers * Multi head shower system * Center bar arrangements at suites * Solid opaque shower * Single shower head

* CHW (Chilled Water) System * Air side equipment and distribution * HVAC controls * Commercial building heating system, fin tube radiation, forced hot water * * * * Fire pumps Wet pipe sprinkler system Fire alarms Steel fireproofing

D40 Fire Protection

D50 Electrical

B30 Roofing

* Lighting concepts similar to blue light beacons at the Red Rock Casino, NV * Service installation including breakers, metering, conduits & wires * Feeder installation including RGS conduit * Switchgear installation including swithcboard, panels and circuit breakers * Emergency service and distribution * HVAC equipment connection * Convenience power * Snowmelt system * Lightning protection system * Telephone/Data system/CATVCCTV (Closed circuit TV)/Security System, Mainframe, etc. * Generator sets with battery, charger, muffler and transfer switch, diesel engine with fuel tank * Window washing equipment * Electronic door opening system * Baggage handling equipment * Food and beverage equipment * Department equipment (bell desk, front desk, valet, receiving, warehouse, housekeeping, etc) * Operating equipment * * * * * FF&E Window draperies Window blinds Vanities Plumbing fixtures

C10 Interior Construction

C20 Stairs

E10 Equipment

C30 Interior Finishes

E20 Furnishings

F10 Special Construction F20 Selective Building Demolition

* Signage - Marquee * Surveying * Excavation, backfill & haul-off of foundation spoils

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Estimate tHe COst Of: Multi Story Building Using Conceptual Estimate

Once you have established the checklist, verified by the owner, you can now proceed with gathering of the historical data and all other pertinent information that you will need in costing the project. The second step is creating your prototype using the available conceptual estimate sheet as your guide, the checklist to populate it and the ASTM UNIFORMAT II Classification for Building Elements (Appendix 2). Make sure to include separate line items for the contractors overhead and profit, design and project managers cost, pre-opening expenses, financial, taxes and other legal services and contingency. It is important to treat these items as separate from your construction cost because you want to keep your elemental costs exclusive for materials, labor and equipment only so that you can continue using it for the next projects. It is not wise to build it in your elemental cost because it will limit your use of this information in the future. As soon as the estimate sheet is populated with the quantities and with its corresponding unit of measure, you can now enter the elemental costs using the historical data from a similar project. Once the estimate sheet is complete you are now ready to assess the project cost for its accuracy. Using the following steps will help you finalize your costing: 1. Analyze carefully your elements; 2. Go out and visit the different hotels that the owner has in mind for the finish or specification. In this way you will have a better judgment of your cost; 3. Use an estimating software (if available) capable of calculating cost per square foot/conceptual estimate such as Means Cost Work (Appendix 3), or use the Means Assemblies Cost Data. This will give you an idea if your number is in the ball park; 4. Consult with the other team members; Adjust the numbers accordingly after careful consideration of the different variables. You have to remember that data from one project may not be

consistent or comparable with data from another project. Unit costs for the same operation vary from project to project for several reasons such as escalation, regulatory changes, geographical location, etc., hence, no cost per square foot will be exactly the same.

SAMPLE SKETCHES
These are available online: www.aspenational.org

MISCELLANEOUS AND PERTINENT INFORMATION

The benefit of conceptual estimating is its use as an estimating model for determining potential resource requirements during the pre-planning and conceptual phase. Although there are still a lot of owner/developers who proceed on a project on a basis of no more than a feeling that the project will succeed, most of the people and organizations who wants to build would still avail of the conceptual estimating idea despite the lack of detailed information available. This is for the simple reason of value of the development and cost of the development is significant to the success of their business. Estimating is an art, a good estimator has to be creative, and that is why there are several ways of estimating techniques that you will encounter as you grow in this field. For as long as the estimating principle and best judgment based on experience is taken into consideration, the output should be satisfactory. This paper illustrates one way of preparing a conceptual estimate although several other procedures are currently being used in the industry. There is also computer software available in the market that will do the work for you, as long as you can provide some basic information. When using software make sure that you still conduct field survey and most importantly, analyze carefully the cost that was produced, make an intelligent judgment and adjust accordingly. The key to a successful conceptual estimate is a dependable historical data, experience and good judgment.

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Estimate tHe COst Of: Multi Story Building Using Conceptual Estimate

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Estimate tHe COst Of: Multi Story Building Using Conceptual Estimate

Project: Type of Estimate: Estimator: Date: GFA, sf: GROUP ELEMENTS A10 A1010 A1020 B10 B1010 B1020 B20 B2010 B2020 B2030

Multi Story Hotel Building Conceptual Estimate Terry Barnes April 1, 2009 249,654 UNIT COST $8.90 $4.74 $14.70 $5.50 $20.49 $23.64 $3,500.00 $2,000.00 $5.59 $5.22 $9.87 $15.75 $12,180.00 $3.84 $9.23 $6.75 $320,625.00 $1,900.00 $13.02 $7.31 $4.16 $0.18 $3.58 $3.00 $9.18 $55.08 $0.47 $10.18 $0.11 $3.58 $0.52 $3.23 $7.28 $3.15 $1,205,034.00 $2,000,000.00 $7,713,341.00 $477,037.00 $50.15 2.00% 12.00% 7.00% 2.00% 10.00% TOTAL COST $425,663.48 $277,742.30 $147,921.18 $3,841,552.30 $3,669,913.80 $171,638.50 $5,381,190.46 $3,571,611.90 $1,373,578.56 $28,000.00 $408,000.00 $174,447.13 $174,447.13 $7,699,329.36 $1,303,193.88 $2,464,084.98 $3,932,050.50 $341,040.00 $341,040.00 $4,948,142.28 $958,671.36 $2,304,306.42 $1,685,164.50 $2,595,400.00 $2,565,000.00 $30,400.00 $6,158,964.18 $3,250,495.08 $1,824,970.74 $1,038,560.64 $44,937.72 $20,371,766.40 $893,761.32 $748,962.00 $2,291,823.72 $13,750,942.32 $117,337.38 $2,541,477.72 $27,461.94 $1,023,581.40 $893,761.32 $129,820.08 $4,615,307.64 $806,382.42 $1,817,481.12 $786,410.10 $1,205,034.00 $2,000,000.00 $2,000,000.00 $7,713,341.00 $7,713,341.00 $477,037.00 $477,037.00 $130,390.00 $130,390.00 $65,897,152.63 $1,317,943.05 $7,907,658.32 $4,612,800.68 $1,317,943.05 $6,589,715.26 $1.91 $0.52 $263.95 $5.28 $31.67 $18.48 $5.28 $26.40 0.72% 0.20% 100.00% COST PER SF $1.71 %AGE OF TOTAL 0.65%

DESCRIPTION FOUNDATIONS Concrete Spread and Strip Footing 4" PT Slab on Grade SUPERSTRUCTURE Floor Construction Deck Construction EXTERIOR ENCLOSURE Exterior Walls - EIFS assumed 75% Exterior Windows - assumed 25% Glass Exterior Doors HM Doors, Frames and Hardwares Sliding Glass Doors ROOFING Roof Covering INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION Partitions Interior Doors Accessories and Fixtures STAIRS Stair Construction INTERIOR FINISHES Wall Finishes Floor Finishes Ceiling Finishes CONVEYING Elevators and Lifts - 9 stops Other Conveying System PLUMBING Plumbing Fixtures Domestic Water Distribution Sanitary Waste Rain Water Drainage HVAC Energy Supply Heat Generating System Cooling Generating System Distribution System Terminal and Package Units Controls and Instrumentation Stystems Testing and Balancing FIRE PROTECTION Sprinklers Standpipe ELECTRICAL Electrical Service and Distribution Lighting and Branch Wiring Communication and Security Other Electrical System EQUIPMENT Other Equipment FURNISHINGS Fixed Furnishings Movable Furnishings SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION Special Structures SELECTIVE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Building Elements Demolition TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COST Building Permit Design and PM Costs Pre-Opening Expenses Financial, Taxes & Legal Services Contingency

QTY 31,207 31,207 249,654 31,207 174,310 58,104 8 204 31,207 249,654 249,654 249,654 28 249,654 249,654 249,654 8 16 249,654 249,654 249,654 249,654 249,654 249,654 249,654 249,654 249,654 249,654 249,654 249,654 249,654 249,654 249,654 249,654 1 1 1 1 2,600

UOM sf sf sf sf sf sf leaf ea sf sf sf sf flt sf sf sf ea ea sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf ls ls ls ls cy

$15.39

5.83%

$21.55

8.17%

B30 B3010 C10 C1010 C1020 C1030 C20 C2010 C30 C3010 C3020 C3030 D10 D1010 D1030 D20 D2010 D2020 D2030 D2040 D30 D3010 D3020 D3030 D3040 D3050 D3060 D3070 D40 D4010 D4020 D50 D5010 D5020 D5030 D5090 E10 E1090 E20 E2010 E2020 F10 F1010 F20 F2010

$0.70 $30.84

0.26% 11.68%

$1.37 $19.82

0.52% 7.51%

$10.40

3.94%

$24.67

9.35%

$81.60

30.91%

$4.10

1.55%

$18.49

7.00%

$30.90

11.71%

GRAND TOTAL
COMMENTS: This estimate excludes the following: 1. Working Capital 2. Land Costs 3. Capitalized Interest 4. Site Condition

$87,643,213.00

$351.06

133.00%

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Estimate tHe COst Of: Multi Story Building Using Conceptual Estimate

GLOSSARY
Algorithm Basic estimating calculation or method ASTM UNIFORMAT II A format classifying building elements and related sitework Baseline Measurement Data measurement suggesting the level of process functionality as it was currently or in the past - operating at the start of a process improvement, before any solutions are applied Cost Drivers Any activity that causes a cost to be incurred Elements Major components common to most buildings EIFS Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems EIFS Infinity System Infinity is the ultimate in an exterior insulation and finish system, offering the most comprehensive built-in method for eliminating the potential for water entering a building by Dryvit Systems Inc. Historical Data Data from previous time periods, used for trend analysis and for comparisons to previous periods Hotel Star Rating A symbol used for classification purposes, used by reviewers for ranking hotels Technological Support A label for an emerging trend in product development that provides assistance for improvement of a system Work Breakdown Schedule A tool use to define and group a projects discreet work elements (or tasks) in a way that helps organize and define the total work scope of the project

REFERENCES MeansCostWorks.com Means Estimating Handbook RS Means Assemblies Cost Data, 33rd Annual Edition RS Means Square Foot Costs, 29th Annual Edition Robert P. Charette and Harold E. Marshall, UNIFORMAT II Elemental Classification

for Building Specifications, Cost Estimating and Cost Analysis Cyrill M. Harris, Dictionary of Architecture & Construction, 3rd Edition Dave Ogershok & Richard Pray, 2005 National Construction Estimator, 53rd Edition

APPENDIXES 1 - 3
These are available online: Click Here

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