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  • Drought Impact Mitigation

    Diunggah oleh

    Ryan Ward
    22 tayangan3 halaman
    A special note must be made of the phonetic qualities of the short � vowel when it occurs after the first syllable of a word, and in particular in final position. Its pronunciation in initial syllables is [U], but after the first syllable its phonetic quality is unrounded and somewhat fronted, i.e. more like IPA [ '065 ] or [ '124 ]. This is similar in quality to the short `oo' vowel in `book' as pronounced in southern American English, to the Russian y (jery) or to the final [u] in Japanese. Since it is again totally predictable when a Tamil � will be pronounced in this way, we do not represent it as different from phonetically rounded [u]. This pronounciation is not different from the spelling pronunciation of Literary Tamil u, so anyone with a knowledge of the pronunciation of Literary Tamil will have no trouble predicting this. This situation is complicated by the fact that in ST, many short i vowels (phonetically [I] also merge with [ '124 ]. For example, the vowel of the past tense-marker of Class 3 verbs spelled ɨ as in ������ƨ `I bought, acquired, fetched' is pronounced like [ '124 ] in ST: [vaang '124 neen]. Some linguists who have worked on ST have regularly substituted [ '124 ] in these positions, but since this pronunciation is predictible, and differs from the spelling of Literary Tamil, we do not give either [u] or [ '124 ] here, but transcribe it as i, leaving it to the knowledge of the speaker to provide the correct phonetic realization. The Literary Tamil diphthong �� is rare even in Literary Tamil, and does not occur in our data except in loan words, e.g. English `pound', which we would represent as paundu or pavndu.

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    A special note must be made of the phonetic qualities of the short � vowel when it occurs after the first syllable of a word, and in particular in final position. Its pronunciation in initial syllables is [U], but after the first syllable its phonetic quality is unrounded and somewhat fronted, i.e. more like IPA [ '065 ] or [ '124 ]. This is similar in quality to the short `oo' vowel in `book' as pronounced in southern American English, to the Russian y (jery) or to the final [u] in Japanese. Since it is again totally predictable when a Tamil � will be pronounced in this way, we do not represent it as different from phonetically rounded [u]. This pronounciation is not different from the spelling pronunciation of Literary Tamil u, so anyone with a knowledge of the pronunciation of Literary Tamil will have no trouble predicting this. This situation is complicated by the fact that in ST, many short i vowels (phonetically [I] also merge with [ '124 ]. For example, the vowel of the past tense-marker of Class 3 verbs spelled ɨ as in ������ƨ `I bought, acquired, fetched' is pronounced like [ '124 ] in ST: [vaang '124 neen]. Some linguists who have worked on ST have regularly substituted [ '124 ] in these positions, but since this pronunciation is predictible, and differs from the spelling of Literary Tamil, we do not give either [u] or [ '124 ] here, but transcribe it as i, leaving it to the knowledge of the speaker to provide the correct phonetic realization. The Literary Tamil diphthong �� is rare even in Literary Tamil, and does not occur in our data except in loan words, e.g. English `pound', which we would represent as paundu or pavndu.

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    22 tayangan3 halaman

    Drought Impact Mitigation

    Diunggah oleh

    Ryan Ward
    A special note must be made of the phonetic qualities of the short � vowel when it occurs after the first syllable of a word, and in particular in final position. Its pronunciation in initial syllables is [U], but after the first syllable its phonetic quality is unrounded and somewhat fronted, i.e. more like IPA [ '065 ] or [ '124 ]. This is similar in quality to the short `oo' vowel in `book' as pronounced in southern American English, to the Russian y (jery) or to the final [u] in Japanese. Since it is again totally predictable when a Tamil � will be pronounced in this way, we do not represent it as different from phonetically rounded [u]. This pronounciation is not different from the spelling pronunciation of Literary Tamil u, so anyone with a knowledge of the pronunciation of Literary Tamil will have no trouble predicting this. This situation is complicated by the fact that in ST, many short i vowels (phonetically [I] also merge with [ '124 ]. For example, the vowel of the past tense-marker of Class 3 verbs spelled ɨ as in ������ƨ `I bought, acquired, fetched' is pronounced like [ '124 ] in ST: [vaang '124 neen]. Some linguists who have worked on ST have regularly substituted [ '124 ] in these positions, but since this pronunciation is predictible, and differs from the spelling of Literary Tamil, we do not give either [u] or [ '124 ] here, but transcribe it as i, leaving it to the knowledge of the speaker to provide the correct phonetic realization. The Literary Tamil diphthong �� is rare even in Literary Tamil, and does not occur in our data except in loan words, e.g. English `pound', which we would represent as paundu or pavndu.

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    Impact Assessment Committee Agency Reports Version for 11-27-12 Meeting Impact Response/Current Status Agency

    DROUGHT IMPACTS -- AGRICULTURE Economic - Crop The New Mexico Department of Agriculture (NMDA) Loss of production collaborates with U.S. Department of Agricultures (USDA) Farm Service Agency on the drought declaration process. Farmland left fallow due to lack of water. USDA disaster declaration automatically triggers for counties in the US Drought Monitor level of D2 for 8 Decreased yields. consecutive weeks or any time under D3 or D4. The Increased cost of Governor can also initiate a disaster request. production for NMDA communicates among stakeholders declaration pumping ground status, governors executive orders, program water in areas where information and resources available. surface water is short. ***With the expiration of the 2008 Farm Bill, there are Costs associated with currently no programs available previously utilized. A deepening wells due majority of the programs actually expired in 2011. Until to lowering of water Congress passes a new Farm Bill there are no safety net table. provisions for agriculture. Economic - Livestock Private sector insurance coverage are available for some Loss of Production areas of production. Policies are not available for all Decrease in cattle commodities; areas of the state; can be costly; have some numbers due to lack systematic flaws in uniformly covering losses. of grass production. NMDA and NMSU evaluated a pilot forage insurance Lower weaning program designed to manage risks associated with weights. forage loss due to drought. Information was provided to Decreased conception producers to help them make informed decisions about rates leading to poor the program. calf crops. Increased cost of NMSU/CES workshops to inform producers about tax production due to implications due to liquidation/culling and pasture heavy supplemental management/recovery after drought. NMDA works in feeding (compounded conjunction to disseminate information. by high commodity and hay prices). Increase in production NMDA collaborates with agricultural organizations to locate sources of hay. During emergency situations (fire) costs due to water dependence is placed on donated hay as the state antihauling costs. donation clause precludes the use of state funds for hay Tax liabilities from purchases. herd liquidations. Decreased tax roles for counties. Management - Crop Changes in crop rotation patterns. Movement to less Agricultural sector (crop and livestock producers) will be kept informed of current and long-range climatic conditions in order to facilitate farm/ranch management plans. Tools used for monitoring include: Page 1 of 3

    USDA/FSA, NMDA, NMSU/CES , agricultural organizations

    NMDA

    Impact Assessment Committee Agency Reports Version for 11-27-12 Meeting Impact water consumptive crops. Soil salinity problems associated with decreased surface water availability. Response/Current Status U.S. Drought Monitor -- input provided to supplement limited climatic data and/or unique situations. USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service New Mexico Weekly Crop and Weather bulletin, reports the following: county comments, status of crop production, livestock, soil moisture and range/pasture conditions, and precipitation statewide. Departure from Average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The NDVI is a measure of photosynthetic activity on the earths surface calculated using infrared and near-infrared data from satellite sensors. The departure from average index is the deviation from average for a specific time period. VegDRI (http://vegdri.unl.edu/Home.aspx). VegDRI maps provide regional to sub-county scale information about drought's effects on vegetation. The VegDRI calculations integrate satellite-based observations of vegetation conditions, climate data, and other biophysical information such as land cover/land use type, soil characteristics, and ecological setting. NMDA provides technical assistance in developing range management plans. Including communication, consultation and cooperation between state, federal and industry organizations to develop monitoring and mitigation strategies prior to grazing on federal land. Soil and Water Conservation Districts coordinate assistance from all available sources - public and private, local, state and federal - in an effort to develop locally-driven solutions to local natural resource concerns. Cooperative Weed Management Areas are a partnership of federal, state, and local government agencies, tribes, individuals, and various interested groups cooperating to manage noxious weeds or invasive plants in their area. NMDA coordinates ESF-11 activities in the state when initiated by the Emergency Operations Center (EOC). NMDA may initiate response activities under a department Emergency Response Plan under situations separate from or in conjunction with ESF-11 activities. NMDA worked with county emergency responders to develop an agricultural component into the County EOP. NMDA, SWCDs, NMLB Agency

    Management - Livestock Drought must be incorporated into range management plans. Reduced forage production increases need for range improvements to improve livestock distribution.

    Natural Resources Decreased forage production. Increased erosion from wind and water. Increased fire frequency and severity. Burn scars are slow to recover without adequate precipitation. Increased likely hood of watershed health problems. Increased potential of invasive species establishment.

    Page 2 of 3

    Impact Assessment Committee Agency Reports Version for 11-27-12 Meeting Impact Response/Current Status Agency

    Page 3 of 3

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