Jessica Jiang Mrs. Thiel Gifted Chemistry p.

. 4 18 March 2013 Lab Report: How much salt can you make? Question How much sodium chloride is produced when you combine a known amount of sodium bicarbonate with hydrochloric acid? Hypothesis Using the atomic mass of each element, using dimensional analysis, we can accurately calculate the theoretical yield of sodium chloride, given a known amount of sodium bicarbonate. Materials List 3 18 150 mm test tubes Dry-erase marker for labeling Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) 3M Hydrochloric acid Electronic balance Beaker Bunsen burner

Data Table Beaker 1 2 3 average Initial mass with beaker (g) 15.94 15.80 15.77 15.84 Initial mass (g) 0.44 0.30 0.27 0.34 Observations fizzes until clear fizzes until clear fizzes until clear Mass with beaker (g) 15.80 15.71 15.66 15.72 Mass after reaction (g) 0.30 0.21 0.16 0.22

Data Processing NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 1 mol NaHCO3 = 22.99 g + 1.01 g + 12.01 g + 3 16.00 g = 84.01 g 1 mol NaCl = 22.99 g + 35.45 g = 58.44 g

0.34 g NaHCO3 = 0.24 g

1.0 mol NaHCO3 84.01 g NaHCO3

1.0 mol NaCl 1.0 mol NaHCO3

58.44 g NaCl 1.0 mol NaCl

Moles of sodium bicarbonate reacted: 0.0041 mol Theoretical moles of NaCl: 0.0041 mol Theoretical grams of NaCl: 0.24 g Percent yield: 92% Percent error: 8.3%

Conclusion Calculating the mass of sodium chloride after reacting sodium bicarbonate with hydrochloric acid proved to be fairly accurate compared to the actual result. We started out with 0.34 g of sodium bicarbonate, or NaHCO3, and ended up with 0.22 g of NaCl once the reaction was finished. Our calculated theoretical yield for this initial mass, using the atomic masses of each of the elements, was 0.24 g. The percent yield in this case was 92%, meaning that the experiment was fairly accurate when compared to the calculation. The 0.02 g discrepancy meant that during the experiment, we had lost some mass. Because the procedure involved quite a few steps, there are a few reasons why this discrepancy might exist. One of the steps in the procedure involved swirling the solution over an open flame on a Bunsen burner, and with three of us conducting the experiment in triplicate at the same time, each test tube would have received varying heat conditions, perhaps leaving some water intact in the test tube, or splattering the solution out. We also put the test tube down on its side more than once, which would have made it easy for the sodium chloride to splatter out. And finally, when we checked for condensation, we were not particularly thorough, meaning parts of the product might have been aqueous. Some suggestions to improve the procedure would include doing each round of experimentation separately, so that it would be easier to have more consistent repetitions of the procedure. Averaged data from other groups would also help ensure consistency.