Simterm 2013-Book of Abstracts

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia Sokobanja, Serbia, October 22 25, 2013
University of Ni, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Ni Society of Thermal Engineers of Serbia
ISBN 978-86-6055-044-8
Publisher: University of Ni, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Ni 2013
16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

under title:
Energy Ecology Efficiency

is organized by: University of Ni, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Ni and Society of Thermal Engineers of Serbia Under patronage of the GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT and supported by: General Sponsor SERBIAN CHAMBER OF ENGINEERS, Belgrade Grand Donor ENERGOPROJEKT ENTEL, Belgrade Sponsors and Donors UKOM, Knjaevac JUGOTERM, Meroina HERZ, Belgrade KGH INENJERING, Zajear FENIKS BB, Ni MIKOTERM, Ni RADING, Kraljevo TROX TECHNIK, Belgrade VIA OCEL, Belgrade RADIJATOR INENJERING, Kraljevo WILO, Belgrade HENCO, Belgium YUTKL, Ni
ENERGOPROJEKT ENTEL
International Scientific Committee Dr.GligorKaneve Dr.SlavtchoG.Slavtchev Dr.AgisM.Papadopoulos Dr.PetarNovak Dr.NevenDui Dr.LjubicaKaneve Dr.SaoMedved Dr.PeterStankov Dr.JordanHristov Program Committee Prof.Dr.MladenStojiljkovi Prof.Dr.MilanRadovanovi Prof.Dr.SimeonOka Prof.Dr.MiroljubAdi Prof.Dr.GradimirIli Prof.Dr.BratislavBlagojevi Prof.Dr.Dragoljubivkovi Prof.Dr.VelimirStefanovi Prof.Dr.DragoslavaStojiljkovi Dr.PredragStefanovi Prof.Dr.Dragoslavumarac Dr.MiodragMesarovi Prof.Dr.DuanGvozdenac Prof.Dr.MilunBabi Prof.Dr.VladanKaramarkovi Dr.arkoStevanovi Prof.Dr.ZoranStaji Prof.Dr.MiloBanjac Prof.Dr.MajaTodorovi Prof.Dr.GoranJankes Honoured Committee Prof.DrVlastimirNikoli, Prof.Dr.DraganAnti, Prof.Dr.JovanStepanovi, Prof.Dr.emalDolianin, Prof.Dr.MajauroviPetrovi, JaroslavUroevi, Organizing Committee Doc.Dr.DejanMitrovi Doc.Dr.MirjanaLakovi Prof.Dr.BranislavStojanovi Prof.Dr.MiaVuki Doc.Dr.JelenaJanevski Prof.Dr.GordanaStefanovi Dr.GoranVukovi Doc.Dr.PredragZivkovi Mr.DraganKutrimovi MirkoStojiljkovi MarkoIgnjatovi UniversityofNi,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinNi UniversityofNi,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinNi UniversityofNi,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinNi UniversityofNi,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinNi UniversityofNi,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinNi UniversityofNi,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinNi UniversityofNi,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinNi UniversityofNi,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinNi UniversityofNi,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinNi UniversityofNi,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinNi UniversityofNi,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinNi UniversityofNi,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinNi UniversityofNi,FacultyofElectronicEngineeringinNi UniversityofNi,FacultyofTechnologyinLeskovac StateUniversityofNoviPazar EuropeanUniversity,FacultyforInternationalEngineeringManagement EnergoprojektENTEL UniversityofNi,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinNi UniversityofBelgrade,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinBelgrade VinaInstitute,Belgrade UniversityofBelgrade,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinBelgrade UniversityofNi,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinNi UniversityofNi,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinNi UniversityofNi,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinNi UniversityofNi,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinNi UniversityofBelgrade,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinBelgrade VinaInstitute,Belgrade UniversityofBelgrade,FacultyofCivilEngineeringinBelgrade EnergoprojektENTEL,Belgrade UniversityofNoviSad,FacultyofTechnicalSciences UniversityofKragujevac,FacultyofEnginneringSciencesinKragujevac UniversityofKragujevac,FacultyofMechanicalandCivilEng.inKraljevo VinaInstitute,Belgrade UniversityofNi,FacultyofElectronicEngineeringinNi UniversityofBelgrade,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinBelgrade UniversityofBelgrade,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinBelgrade UniversityofBelgrade,FacultyofMechanicalEngineeringinBelgrade [MK] [BG] [GR] [SI] [HR] [MK] [SI] [BG] [BG] Dr.SophiaNataliaBoemi Dr.DuanGolubovi Dr.PetarGvero Dr.MariaIchim Dr.VesnaBarii Dr.DeanIvanovi Dr.UroKaradi Dr.GyulaGrf Dr.FriedrichDinkelacker [GR] [BA] [BA] [RO] [FI] [ME] [ME] [HU] [DE]
Disclaimer
The contents of the papers presented in this publication are the sole responsibility of theirauthorsandcaninnowaybetakentoreflecttheviewsoftheOrganizer.
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Contents
1.PlenarySession
1.01. UpgradebyanInnovativeInstallationofAdditionalEconomizeratthe620MWeLignite FiredPowerPlant VladimirStevanovic 1.02. TheMainStrategicObjectivesoftheRomanianEnergySectorinNationalandInternational Context MariaIchim 1.03. IntegralbalanceMethodtoTransientHeat,MassandMomentumTransferofIntegerand FractionalOrder JordanHristov 1.04. SomeControversialIssuesonEnergySustainability MiodragMesarovi 1.05. RankingLiteratureSourcesforMultidisciplinaryResearch MiodragMesarovi 1
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2.TechnologiesandPlants
2.01. DesignofabulbturbinestayvaneandrunnerforthesmallhydropowerplantGrkimlin nearProkuplje BoidarBogdanovi,DragicaMilenkovi,JasminaBogdanoviJovanovi,ivanSpasi 2.02. TheUseofPreheatedLowEnrichedAirinDowndraftGasifiers:EnergyandExergyAnalysis RadeKaramarkovi,VladanKaramarkovi,AnelaLazarevi,MiljanMaraevi,Nenad Stoji 2.03. EnergyandexergyanalysisofBraytoncyclewithworkingfluidoftemperaturedependent physicalproperties AntunGalovi,Marijaivi,MarioHolik,RuicaKoni 2.04. Alternativemodelingapproachestosulfationreactionsofcalciumbasedsorbentsinjected inthepulverizedcoalfurnace IvanD.Tomanovi,SranV.Beloevi,AndrijanaD.Stojanovi,DraganR.Tucakovi, TitoslavV.ivanovi 2.05. EnergyConsumptionofCompressedAirSystemsandPotentialofHeatRecoverywith example MilovanMedojevi,JovanPetrovi vii
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2.06. Analysisofdynamicbehaviourofhotwaterboilersduringstartup MilenaTodorovi,Dragoljubivkovi,MarkoMani,DraganMili 2.07. Technologyformanufacturingofturbinepartsformicroandminihydroelectricpower plants DraganTemeljkovski,StojaneNusev,DraganaTemeljkovski 2.08. VerticalLimitedFluidBedforBurningGranulatedBio,FossilandWasteFuelinPowerPlant BoilersandConversionofCoalbyBiomass RadislavVujadinovi 2.09. ThermalFatigueofMaterials DuanPetkovi,GoranRadenkovi
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3.NewandRenewableEnergySources
3.01. PotentialFireHazardsofRenewableEnergyHorizonsofTomorrow MiloBanjac,BarbaraVidakovi 3.02. PossibilitiesandDirectionsforParticipationofAvailableRESinMacedoniawithScenarios forAchievingthe20/20/20GoaloftheEC MileDimitrovski 3.03. OpticalDesignofaSolarParabolicConcentratorBasedonSquareFlatFacets SaaR.Pavlovi,VelimirP.Stefanovi,IvanStojanovi,SuadSuljkovi,DraganKutrimovi 3.04. TechnoeconomicAnalysisofPhotovoltaicbasedStandalonePowerSystemforSupplyof MetrologicalMastsEquipment SaaStojkovi,VukmanBaki 3.05. SolarDryingofFruitsandVegetables FilipMojsovski 3.06. ComparativeAnalysisBetweenTwoMethodsforTemperatureMeasurementofPVpanels UgljeaJovanovi,IgorJovanovi,ZoranPetrui,DraganMani 3.07. TechnicalandEconomicAnalysisofHybridWindphotovoltaicPowerSystemforSupplyof MeteorologicalMastsMeasuringEquipment SaaStojkovi,VukmanBaki 3.08. TechnicalFeasibilityandFinancialAnalysisofHybridWindphotovoltaicSystemforSupply ofOneEducationalInstitution SaaStojkovi,SneanaDragievi 3.09. CurrentStateWindEnergyUtilisationintheRepublicofMacedonia MonikaLutovska,VladimirMijakovski,CveteDimitrieska,VangeleMitrevski 3.10. Agriculturalbiomassutilizationforenergypurposes Dejanurovi,BranislavRepi,DragoljubDaki,AleksandarEri,StevanNemoda 3.11. BiogasOverviewofthePossibilitiesforImplementationintheMacedonianAgricultural Sector DameDimitrovski,MileDimitrovski,GordanaPopsimonova,DoneTashevski 3.12. Utilizationofcrudeglycerolfortheproductionofbiofuels BojanaDanilovi,DragiaSavi,VladaVeljkovi viii
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3.13. RenewableenergypotentialintheRusandarehabilitationcenter MilanaPeri,MilovanMedojevi 3.14. GuideVanePositionControloftheMiniHydroPowerPlantbyDigitalSlidingModewith AdditionalIntegralAction VladislavBlagojevi,MiodragStojiljkovi,ivanSpasi 3.15. RecentProgressinBiomassPyrolysis/GasificationTechnologies VelimirStefanovi,AndrijanaStojanovi,SaaPavlovi
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4.MathematicalModelingandNumericalSimulation
4.01. DimensioningofUndergroundVerticalHeatExchangersforGeothermalHeatPump MiloBanjac,ZaraKomneni 4.02. Heatexchangerscomparation KirePopovski,IgorAndeevski 4.03. ModelingThermalProcessesUsingBondGraphs GordanaJanevska 4.04. ReferentWindSpeedandTurbulenceIntensityEstimationandonSiteWindTurbines Classification arkoStevanovi,NikolaMirkov,anaStevanovi,BorislavGrubor,MajauroviPetrovi 4.05. WindLoadModelingandStructuralResponseofGuyedMast VukmanBaki,MiladaPezo,GordanaKastratovi,NenadVidanovi 4.06. NumericalInvestigationofThermalProcessesinShellandTubeHeatExchanger MiaVuki,Predragivkovi,MladenTomi,IvanStojanovi 4.07. CFDAnalysisofForcedConvectionHeatTransferCuWaterNanofluidsinCircularTube KamilArslan 4.08. FlowSimulationandNoisePredictioninAxialFans AltinDorri 4.09. NumericalInvestigationoftheInfluenceofTipClearanceonReversibleAxialFan Characteristics ivanSpasi,BoidarBogdanovi,VladislavBlagojevi,JasminaBogdanoviJovanovi 4.10. ReviewofCriticalHeatFluxPredictions AndrijanaStojanovi,VladimirStevanovi,Dragoljubivkovi,MiladaPezo,Ivan Tomanovi 4.11. Determinationofcentrifugalpumpoperatingparametersinturbineoperatingregime ivojinStamenkovi,JasminaBogdanoviJovanovi,JelenaManojlovi 4.12. EulerEulerGranularFlowModelAppliedonNumericalSimulationofLiquidFuels CombustioninaFluidizedBed Stevan.Nemoda,MilicaR.Mladenovi,DragoljubV.Daki,MirkoS.Komatina, AleksandarM.Eri,MilijanaJ.Paprika 4.13. AParametricStudyonCorrelationsforTransportParametersinFixedBedRegenerators Milanorevi,efikBajmak,MarkoMani 4.14. NumericalPredictionofDragCoefficientforLatticeStructures MiladaPezo,VukmanBaki,GordanaKastratovi,NenadVidanovi ix
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4.15. Comparisonbetweentheenergyintegrationofprocessesfor1G/2Gethanolproduction andbioelectricity CssiaM.Oliveira,AntonioJ.G.Cruz,CalianeB.B.Costa 4.16. Mathematicalmodelsforevaluatingevaporationratesfromfreewatersurfaceofindoor swimmingpools MarkoMani,Dragoljubivkovi,JelenaManojlovi,MilenaTodorovi 4.17. SoftwareforTestingtheHeatTransferandPressureDropinVerticalThermosiphon Reboiler SonjaStefanov,DraganSkobalj 4.18. NumericalSimulationofFrictionStirWelding MiroslavMijajlovi,DraganMili,MiodragMili
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5.ExperimentalInvestigationofProcesses
5.01. ExperimentalPlantforTestingofAgriculturalBiomassCombustion Zoranepi,BiljanaMiljkovi,BrankaNakomiSmaragdakis,Nevenaenk,Duan Markovi 5.02. InvestigationofWoodChipsCombustioninExperimentalCombustionChamber BranislavStojanovi,JelenaJanevski 5.03. ExperimentalandNumericalStudyofBiomassCombustionin50kWCigarFurnace AleksandarM.Eri,Stevan.Nemoda,DragoljubV.Daki,MirkoS.Komatina,BranislavS. Repi 5.04. ExperimentalandnumericalresearchofthermalprocessesintheTSTtankswiththermal oilandaphasechangemedium Goranivkovi,NedadRudonja,MirkoKomatina,BranislavRepi 5.05. DeterminingtheTheoreticalReliabilityFunctionsoftheThermalPowerSystemsinPower Plant"NikolaTeslaA" DraganKalaba,Milanorevi,DuanAdamovi 5.06. AnExperimentalResearchofEffectsofAddingaSupplementaryComponentGeneratedby aCatalyticReactorontheCombustionofthePrimaryFuelatInternalCombustionEngines MiloMiloevi,JovicaPei,BobanNikoli,MiodragMilenkovi 5.07. Experimentalinvestigationofflowthermalandoperatingpropertiesofadsorptionfilter prototypeunderclimate MiomirRaos,Ljiljanaivkovi,Nenadivkovi,JasminaRadosavljevi,MilenaJovanovi
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6.EnergyEfficiencyinIndustry,CivilEngineering,CommunalSystemsandTraffic
6.01. SurveyofPotentialEnergySavingsintheBuildingSectorinSerbiaandNeededInvestments MajaN.Todorovi,DragoslavM.umarac,RadoslavD.Gali 6.02. Heatpumpapplicationforhotwaterproductioninahotel SofiaNataliaBoemi,ElliKyriaki,ThomasAslanidis,AgisM.Papadopoulos 6.03. Possibilitiesofapplyinghetalowertemperatureslevelforheatingbyusingtwostageheat pump efikM.Bajmak,Milanorevi x
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6.04. Analysisofthepossibilitiesofusinggeothermalheatpumpsintheheatingandcooling systemswithspecialemphasisspaIlidainPe efikM.Bajmak 6.05. UsageofLowtemperatureEnergyfromtheCoolingTowerbyapplyingCascadeHeat Pumps VladimirI.Mijakovski,VangeleB.Mitrevski 6.06. RefurbishmentofResidentialBuildingsAccordingtoRegulationandPolicy VladimirJovanovic,KarinStieldorf 6.07. ImpactofInsulationonSchoolBuildingEnergyConsumption SnezanaDragievi,SasaStojkovic 6.08. Determiningimportantfactorsforimprovingtheenergyefficiency,optimaleconomicand ecologicalcharacteristicsofabuilding BiserkaMarkovi,VladaNikoli,MilicaStojanovi,OliveraNikoli,VukMiloevi,Stevan Markovi 6.09. BuildingFacadewithTemperatureBarrierinContextofIncreasingBuildingEnergy Efficiency BranislavStojanovi,JelenaJanevski,MilicaStojanovi,MarkoIgnjatovi 6.10. Energyefficiencyofthermalpowerplantdependingonthehydraulicloadofcoolingtower MirjanaLakovi,MilicaJovi,SlobodanMitrovi 6.11. EndogenousandExogenousExergyDestructionandExergoeconomicEvaluationof ThermalProcessesinaComplexIndustrialPlant GoranVukovi,MirkoM.Stojiljkovi,GradimirIli,MiaVuki,MiloSimonovi 6.12. IntroducingcurriculaofenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergysourcesbyTEMPUS projectENERESE emalDolianin,BojanKovai,EdinDolianin 6.13. Energyefficiencyincreasingofindoorswimmingpoolsusingsolartechnology Dragoljubivkovi,MarkoMani,PeaMilosavljevi,MilenaTodorovi,DobricaPejovi, BojanStankovi 6.14. EnergyEfficiencyMeasuresImplementedthroughProjectsinSerbia DraganPavlovi,PedjaMilosavljevi,AndjelaLazarevi 6.15. CalibratingBuildingEnergyModelsFBBBuildingCaseStudy BratislavBlagojevi,MarkoIgnjatovi 6.16. EnergyEfficiencyofanElementarySchoolPrvaVojvoanskaBrigada DuanSavi 6.17. EnergyEfficientTechnologiesAppliedinZeroEnergyBuildings SuadSuljkovi,VelimirStefanovi,SaaPavlovi,IvanStojanovi 6.18. AnalysisoftheNaturalLightingandEnergyDemandintheStudentDormitoryinTermsof ArchitecturalDesign PetarPeji,DuanPetkovi,MarkoIgnjatovi,SonjaKrasi 6.19. Principlesofdesignandconstructionofpassivehouses SanjaSpasi xi
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6.20. Applicationofpassivesolarsystemsinarchitecture SanjaSpasi
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7.ExpertSystems
7.01. Governanceofenergytransitionofnonresidentalbuildingsbypolicyintervention MiroslavKljaji,DuanGvozdenac,JovanPetrovi,AleksandarAndjelkovi 7.02. EnergysystemsandtheiruseinpublicsectorinAutonomusProvinceofVojvodina IgorMujan,AleksandarAnelkovi,JovanPetrovi,MiroslavKljaji 7.03. RiskAnalysisMethodsforSmallHydroPowerPlantsinCreatingInsurancePolicy AndjelaLazarevic,RadeKaramarkovic,VladanKaramarkovic,DragoljubLazarevic 7.04. OptimizationofTrigenerationSystems:ACombinatorialMetaheuristicApproach MirkoM.Stojiljkovi,MladenM.Stojiljkovi,BratislavD.Blagojevi 7.05. CogenerationandHeatStorageinOptimizedDistrictHeatingPlants.ImpactonHeatCosts andPrimaryEnergyConsumption MirkoM.Stojiljkovi,GoranD.Vukovi,DejanM.Mitrovi 7.06. ParticleSwarmOptimizationfortheoptimaltiltangleofsolarcollectors EminaPetrovi,MilicaJovi,VlastimirNikoli,DejanMitrovi,MirjanaLakovi 7.07. Intelligentcontemporaryheatingcontrolofanamphitheatre arkoojbai,MilanRistanovi,VlastimirNikoli,SlavicaStojiljkovi,NemanjaMarkovi 7.08. IntelligentControlSystemforThermalVisionBasedPersonFollowingRobotPlatform Ivaniri,arkoojbai,VlastimirNikoli,TomislavIgi 7.09. ClassificationofMobileObjectsAccordingtoShapeandSizebyApplyingtheTechniqueof DigitalImageProcessing AcaMici,Biljanaorevi,BobanAndjelkovi 7.10. Nonlinearcontrastimageenhancement BiljanaDjordjevi,BobanAndjelkovi
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8.FluidFlow,HeatandMassTransfer,andCombustion
8.01. ProtectiveMeasuresAgainstWaterHammerinaLongPipelineHydropowerPlantwith PeltonTurbine DragicaMilenkovi,DraganSvrkota,MilicaNikodijevi 8.02. FlowandHeatTransferofThreeImmiscibleFluidsinthePresenceofUniformMagnetic Field DragiaNikodijevi,ivojinStamenkovi,MiloKoci,MilicaNikodijevi 8.03. InfluenceofWaterinLiquidFuelontheCombustionStabilityinFluidizedBed MilicaR.Mladenovi,Stevan.Nemoda,DragoljubV.Daki,MilijanaJ.Paprika,AnaD. Marinkovi,BranislavS.Repi,MirkoS.Komatina 8.04. InfluenceofBurnerOperatingParametersandFuelPropertiesOnPulverizedFuel Combustion BranislavRepi,DejanDjurovi,AnaMarinkovi,AleksandarEri,Goranivkovi,Milica Mladenovi xii
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8.05. CombustionExperimentswithGranularBiomassinaFluidizedBedFacility MilicaR.Mladenovi,Stevan.Nemoda,DragoljubV.Daki,MilijanaJ.Paprika,DejanM. urovi,BranislavS.Repi,SranB.Uzelac 8.06. Determinationofaheattransfercoefficientforthebacksurfaceofaperforatedplate MladenTomi,Predragivkovi,AnicaMiloevi,BiljanaMilutinovi,Petareki 8.07. Determinationofaperforatedplateconvectiveheattransfercoefficientforwiderangeof Prandtlnumbers MladenTomi,MiaVuki,Predragivkovi,GradimirIli 8.08. ResearchofEffectivenessofHHOProductionforUseinInternalCombustionEngines MiodragMilenkovi,MiloMiloevi,DuanStamenkovi,MilanPavlovi 8.09. LongwavelengthMarangoniinstabilityinabinarymixturelayerwithnonlinearSoret effect SlavtchoSlavtchev,PenkaKalitzovaKurteva,AlexOron 8.10. Analysisofthermodynamicparametersintheinjectionmoldwithmetalinserts SaaRanelovi,SaaNikoli,MladomirMilutinovi
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9.EnvironmentalProtection
9.01. CarbonDioxideEmissionfromTPPNikolaTeslaAandBunits ZoranMarkovi,MiliEri,DejanCvetinovi,PredragStefanovi,VukSpasojevi,Predrag Skobalj 9.02. ReductionofParticulateMatterEmissionoftheUpgradedElectrostaticPrecipitatorsat UnitB2oftheTPPNikolaTesla MiliEri,PredragStefanovi,ZoranMarkovi,Predragkobalj,Nikolaivkovi,Vuk Spasojevi,DejanCvetinovi 9.03. Indoorairparametersmeasurementsinkindergartenslocatedindifferenturban environments IvanLazovi,SandraStefanovi,anaStevanovi,Marijaivkovi,MajauroviPetrovi, arkoStevanovi 9.04. TheEnvironmentalIndicatorsRelatedtoIndoorAirQualityinSchools ValentinaTuranjanin,BiljanaVuievi,MarinaJovanovi,SandraStefanovi 9.05. IndoorAirPollutionModelingofBelgradeTypicalDwelling SandraStefanovi,Marijaivkovi,IvanLazovi,anaStevanovi,MajauroviPetrovi, BorislavGrubor,arkoStevanovi 9.06. AHPmethodforwastetreatmentsrankingintermsofimpactontheenvironment BiljanaMilutinovi,GordanaStefanovi,GoranVukovi,MladenTomi,PetarDjeki 9.07. EffectiveandEnvironmentalParametersofDieselEnginesUsingBiodieselandBiodiesel PetroDieselBlends DameDimitrovski
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1.
Plenary Session

Sokobanja, Serbia, October 2225, 2013
Society of Thermal Engineers of Serbia Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Ni
Upgrade by an Innovative Installation of Additional Economizer at the 620 MWe Lignite-Fired Power Plant Vladimir Stevanovic Abstract: Increase of energy efficiency and power upgrade was achieved at the Unit B1 of the 620 MWe lignitefired Thermal Power Plant Nikola Tesla B by the installation of an additional economizer. A new type of connection of the additional economizer with existing economizer sections was applied, which enablestheutilizationofmorethan30MWthofthefluegaswasteheatandtheincreaseoftheUnitgross efficiency by 0.53 percentage points, which leads to 9.0 MWe of the electric power production. In addition, the applied parallel connection of the additional economizer with the first section of the originally existing economizer leads to the partial feedwater bypass of the high pressure heaters, which enables an increase of the plant electric power up to 30 MWe. The accompanying effects are the reduction of the pressure drop in the feedwater line and the economizers, which leads to the decrease of the energy consumption for the main feedwater pump operation. Also, the change of the feedwater flow through the additional economizer leads to the change of the turbine power; hence, this effect enables the utilization of the thermal power plant for the primary control of the electric power system. The appliedtechnicalsolutionispresentedtogetherwiththemeasuredandcalculatedenergyeffects. Keywords:wasteheat,fluegas,economizer,boiler. Correspondingauthor:VladimirStevanovic,email:vstevanovic@mas.bg.ac.rs

The Main Strategic Objectives of the Romanian Energy Sector in National and International Context Maria Ichim Abstract:ThispapershowsthatthemainstrategicobjectivesofRomania'senergy.Oursymposiumtheme with reference to energy efficiency and ecological objectives fit very well in EU Directive on energy efficiencynr.27/2012. Energy efficiency is a central element of the EU strategy Europe 2020 is a very important strategy for Europeancountriesforsmart,sustainableandinclusivegrowthandthetransitiontoaneconomyinwhich resourcesareusedefficientlyandecologically. InallthisenergyobjectivescontainedintheCommission'scommunication"Energy2020"representsakey stepinachievinglongtermEUcountriesinenergyandclimate. Keywords:energyefficiency,ecology,resources,renewableenergy. Correspondingauthor:MariaIchim,email:ichim52@gmail.com

Integral-balance Method to Transient Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer of Integer and Fractional Order Jordan Hristov Abstract: The communication collates results on approximate solutions of evolution equations involving integer order derivatives (parabolic equations) and fractionaltime derivative of RiemannLiouville. The example encompasses transient heat conduction, subdiffusion equations, and transient flows of viscoelastic fluids and transient diffusion of mass with nonlocal integral conditions. The approximate solutions are in closed forms and allow seeing clearly the controlling parameter; in case of fractional order the retarding effect of the fading memory. Additional example demonstrating the method with a heat conduction equation with fading memory based on the Jeffreys kernel demonstrates that the final approximate solution clearly distinguishes the longtime and the rapidly decaying memory effects in the heatdiffusion. Keywords: Integralbalance method; heat conduction, Subdiffusion; Viscoelastic fluid; Memory kernel; Approximatesolution. Correspondingauthor:JordanHristov,email:jordan.hristov@mail.bg

Some Controversial Issues on Energy Sustainability Miodrag Mesarovi Abstract: Energy sustainability is a long exploited issue by many organizations and individuals worldwide. The notions of sustainability, its real meaning, frameworks, goals and even philosophical background are very often misunderstood, misused or neglected. To achieve sustainability goals in energy field proves to be a very difficult task in many parts of the world, particularly as different indigenous energy sources are to be addressed, so that a few countries only are close to achieve it. The World Energy Council (WEC), a UN accredited international organization, celebrating 90th anniversary this year, keeps energy sustainability in its logo in an effort to ensure sustainable energy supply for the greatest benefit of all. HerethemajormessagesofWEContheenergysustainabilityareincorporatedintoareviewofnumerous controversiespresentintodaysenergyandclimatepolicy,andelsewhere. Keywords:Energysustainabilityindex,climatechange,renewableenergy,energytrilemma. Correspondingauthor:MiodragMesarovi,email:mmesarovic@epentel.com

Ranking Literature Sources for Multidisciplinary Research Miodrag Mesarovi Abstract: Multidisciplinary research often proves to be a very difficult task, particularly as different literature sources are to be addressed. Researchers in thermal science and engineering have at their disposal different methods which guide them towards the higher ranked academic journals. However, therearequitenoticeabledifferencesinranksofjournalsindifferentacademicfieldsevenwhenthesame ranking method is applied. There are different quantitative ranking indicators, ranging from simple and easy to calculate (Journal Impact Factor JIF), to rather complex ones, that employ iterative calculation procedure (Scimago Journal Ranking SJR). Here the major ranking indicators for a sample of 40 journals arepresentedandcompared,includingtheirmutualstatisticalcorrelationtests. Keywords:Citationindex,journalimpactfactor,journalrankingindicator,correlationtests. Correspondingauthor:MiodragMesarovi,email:mmesarovic@epentel.com
2.
Technologies and Plants

Design of a bulb turbine stay vane and runner for the small hydro power plant Grki mlin near Prokuplje Boidar Bogdanovi, Dragica Milenkovi, Jasmina Bogdanovi-Jovanovi, ivan Spasi Abstract: Turbine stay vane (SV) and runner blades (TR), of existed bulb turbine in a small hydro power plant Grcki mlin near the town Prokuplje, are produced from the plane steel panels with the same profileinclinationangleforallflowsurfaces.Suchbladeshapecausessmallturbineefficiency(=0.56).By designing new SV and TR, keeping the basic dimensions of the turbine (as owners requirement), the powerofthebulbturbinecanbeincreasedforapproximately34%(fromthecurrent19.2kWto25.8kW). As is shown in the paper, to design a new SV and a new TR, it should be increased turbine number of revolution, from the current 278 rpm to 400 rpm. It can be achieved only by replacing one belt pulley (weather on the turbine shaft or on the generator shaft). The hydraulic calculation of profile cascades in elementary stages of turbine is presented in the paper, and here is explained the basic principles of stay vanes and runner blades modeling. Runner blades are modeled according to blade profiles obtained in 9 chosen flow surfaces. For modeling of turbine stay vanes, profiles obtained in 7 chosen flow surfaces are used. The paper is illustrated with characteristic drawings, as a part of technical documentations in the productionofturbinestayvanesandrunnerblades. Keywords:Smallhydropowerplant(SHP),bulbturbine,runnerblade,stayvane. Correspondingauthor:BoidarBogdanovi,email:bozidar@masfak.ni.ac.rs

The Use of Preheated Low-Enriched Air in Downdraft Gasifiers: Energy and Exergy Analysis Rade Karamarkovi, Vladan Karamarkovi, Anela Lazarevi, Miljan Maraevi, Nenad Stoji Abstract: In comparison with air, the use of oxygen as a gasifying agent is less exergetically efficient. For smallscale cogeneration plants, smaller than 1MW of thermal power, the use of oxygen is expensive and inefficient.Theimprovementinthetechnologyofmembraneseparationofgasesgivesrisetothepossible inclusion of oxygenenriched air as a gasifying medium. The article aims at presenting a numerical study analyzingthegasificationoftreatedwoodindowndraftgasifierswithpreheatedlowenrichedair(from21 vol% to 30 vol%). The analyzed system consists of three subsystems: (i) for air enrichment by polymeric membrane,(ii)forpreheatingofenrichedairbyheatexchangewiththeproductgas,and(iii)adowndraft gasifier. The increase of oxygen level in enriched air increases the temperature at the carbon boundary point(optimalgasificationpoint),theamountsofcombustiblegasesintheproductgas,energyandexergy efficiencies and decreases the amount of air (oxygen) required for complete gasification as well as the amountof N2inthe productgas.The preheatingofenrichedair byheatexchangewith theproduct gasis morebeneficialforthegasificationwithlowerlevelsofenrichment. Keywords:Biomassgasification,Exergyanalysis,Mediumpreheating,Oxygenenrichment,Treatedwood. Correspondingauthor:RadeKaramarkovi,email:karamarkovic.r@mfkv.kg.ac.rs

Energy and exergy analysis of Brayton cycle with working fluid of temperature dependent physical properties Antun Galovi, Marija ivi, Mario Holik, Ruica Koni Abstract: In this paper, energy and entropy analysis of Brayton cycle with ideal gas of constant physical properties and with flue gases of temperature dependent physical properties is given. The cycles are analyzed in dependence of the pressure ratio p2/p1 and the ratio (T3/T1) of turbine inlet temperature T3 and the compressor inlet temperature T1. Irreversibility of the adiabatic processes in the turbine and compressor is taken into account using the values of the isentropic efficiencies comp = 0.88 and turb = 0.92. In the adiabatic combustion chamber, methane completely burns by a factor of excess air, which is determined by the temperature of flue gases on the turbine inlet. All relevant expressions are given in an analytical form, and results are shown in diagrams and interpreted for the values of pressure ratio1.0 p2/p1 22.0 and the values of the temperature ratio T3/T1 = 3.0; 4.0 and 5.0. We studied the lower and higher the pressure ratios and the temperature ratios than those that occur in the real performances of thedevice,withtheaimofquantifyingtheinfluenceofthevariablesonborderlinevaluesofanamountof thenetworkpercycle,thethermalefficiencyandtheentropychangeoftheoverallsystem. Keywords: Brayton cycle, temperature dependent physical properties, net work per cycle, thermal efficiency. Correspondingauthor:Marijaivi,email:mzivic@sfsb.hr
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Alternative modeling approaches to sulfation reactions of calcium based sorbents injected in the pulverized coal furnace Ivan D. Tomanovi, Sran V. Beloevi, Andrijana D. Stojanovi, Dragan R. Tucakovi, Titoslav V. ivanovi Abstract: Past researches of desulfurisation by direct furnace sorbent injection of pulverized sorbent into pulverized coalfired boiler furnaces resulted in development of a number of mathematical models. Reaction mechanism of sulfur reduction by injection of calcium based sorbent can be simulated by use of different models, varying in complexity, precision and use of computational resources. In this paper, different approaches to modeling complex calcinationsinteringsulfation reactions are analyzed, like shrinking unreacted core models, grain models and pore models. In addition, we compare Borgwardts semiempirical approach (shrinking unreacted core model) with partially sintered spheres model (belongingtothegroupofgrainmodels).Borgwardtsmodelusessimplifiedchemicalkinetics,resultingin need for alteration of reaction parameters for each change of sorbent parameters or particle size. The partially sintered spheres model is more complex and it requires some physical and structural parameters of sorbent to be known. Its capability to simulate reactions of wide range of different particles and sorbentsmakesitmoreversatile,becauseitsimulatesprocessesingrain,andtakesintoaccountdifferent particlereactantdistributionandkinetics.Possibilityofapplicationofbothmodelsisevaluated,withtheir advantagesandlimitationsemphasized. Keywords:desulfurisation,calcium,sorbent,furnaceinjection,modeling. Correspondingauthor:IvanD.Tomanovi,email:ivan.tomanovic@vinca.rs
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Energy Consumption of Compressed Air Systems and Potential of Heat Recovery with example Milovan Medojevi, Jovan Petrovi Abstract: Compressed air is one of the most important utilities for industry. It is also one of the largest consumersofenergy.Therefore,anysavingsmadeincompressedairsystemshaveasignificantimpacton costs and on the environment. While compressed air systems in general account for about 10% of total industrial electricity consumption, this can amount to as much as 40% of the electricity bill for certain plants. In view of this, the aim of this paper is to point out the possibilities for smart compressed air utilizationandmeasurestoincreaseenergyefficiency,potentialenergysavingsincompressedairsystems in Serbia will be shown, while the special emphasis is devoted to heat recovery from air compressors. In addition to previously mentioned, a method for quick assessment of available heat will be shown, as well assmalltechnoeconomicanalyses. Keywords:CompressedAir,EnergyConsumption,Heatrecovery. Correspondingauthor:MilovanMedojevi,email:medojevicmilovan@gmail.com
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Analysis of dynamic behaviour of hot water boilers during start up Milena Todorovi, Dragoljub ivkovi, Marko Mani, Dragan Mili Abstract: Hot water boilers, as the most commonly used central units in district heating system, require further analysis of reliability, safety and efficiency. Considerable exploitation experience and former development have indicated new demands and possibilities of using hot water boilers, both in the municipal heating plants and in the process industry. Today, it is not only expected to have efficient operation in terms of energy efficiency of primary fuel, but also there are many strict requirements when itcomestocosteffective,reliableandsafeoperation.Thispaperpresentsmathematicalempiricalmodel of a hot water boiler manufactured by Minel Kotlogradnja. The dynamic behaviour of the object will bediscussesinstartupregime,asoneofthemostcriticaltransientregimes. Keywords:DynamicBehaviour,HotWaterBoiler,Startup,TransitionalOperatingModes. Correspondingauthor:MilenaTodorovi,email:milenatod1@yahoo.com
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Technology for manufacturing of turbine parts for micro and mini hydroelectric power plants Dragan Temeljkovski, Stojane Nusev, Dragana Temeljkovski Abstract: Turbine parts of micro and mini hydroelectric power plants can be manufactured using: conventional casting, structuredirected casting, and single crystal casting. The paper presents the above technologies with an insight into the welding specificities of corrosionresistant steels. The examples of acquired parts of turbine blades produced by domestic manufacturers are also presented. The evaporativepattern casting method provides for objects of very complex shapes with excess material for surface finishing of 0.3 to 2 mm, high casting hardness, surface quality with average surface roughness from 0.4 to 6.0 m Ra, with the achieved measurement tolerance of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. Apart from these advantages, the basic characteristics of the process are: high productivity, high usage of materials, successful application in both small and largescale serial production, low tool and equipment costs, and lowreworking. Keywords: Manufacturing technology, Evaporativepattern casting, Control device blades, Mini and micro hydroelectricpowerplants. Correspondingauthor:DraganTemeljkovski,email:temelj@masfak.ni.ac.rs
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Vertical Limited Fluid Bed for Burning Granulated Bio, Fossil and Waste Fuel in Power Plant Boilers and Conversion of Coal by Biomass Radislav Vujadinovi Abstract: In this work is presented invented Vertical Limited Fluid Bed (VLFB) combustion systems intended for burning granulated 340mm, bio , fossil and waste fuel. Furthermore, here are presented some VLFB solutions in new and in existing industrial and power plant boilers and some solutions for conversion of coal by biomass. The base of VLFB combustion system makes Gravity Grate (GG) with characteristic zigzag form and moving and burning fuel provided due to gravity. Thanks to constant moving fuel in GG, good mutual mixture of fuel was achieved, with the air simultaneously as the presumptionofgoodcombustion.ThroughthezigzagpillaroffuelinGG,intensiveblowingbyprimaryair isapplied.Ontherightsideby GGislocatedobliqueplatewiththearrangednozzlesforsecondaryair,at the same time providing burning flown fuel particles from GG and stimulating the final combustion of unburnt gases produced in GG. GG is modular system, so by combining modular units is possible to achievecombustionchamberneededcapacities,rangingfrom1to300MWth,asshowninFig.2,3,4,6. Correspondingauthor:RadislavVujadinovi,email:vurad58@gmail.com
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Thermal Fatigue of Materials Duan Petkovi, Goran Radenkovi Abstract: This paper describes the basic mechanisms that lead to the thermal fatigue phenomenon. Thermal fatigue is a process of damage origination and growth in machine parts and structural components due to changes in internal energy caused by multiple cyclic or periodic changes of temperature. This phenomenon is produced basically by cyclic or periodic temperature changes and complete or partial restriction of thermal deformation. The restriction may be due to external or internal factors. The results obtained so far suggest that thermal fatigue has much in common with creep and mechanical fatigue. At this time it is not possible to present a complete general mechanism for damage growth in thermal fatigue, so that further research is needed. This complex phenomenon requires further researchefforts.Theaimofthispaperistohighlightthethermalfatiguephenomenon,itsimportanceand consequences which these thermal stresses can cause. In this paper the main concepts which appear in this field was mentioned and pointed out the importance of thermal stresses. Mechanisms of initiation andpropagationofthethermalfatiguecracksarealsobrieflymentioned. Keywords:Thermalfatigue,Thermalstress,Crackpropagation,Failuremechanism. Correspondingauthor:DuanPetkovi,email:dulep@masfak.ni.ac.rs
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3.
New and Renewable Energy Sources

Potential Fire Hazards of Renewable Energy - Horizons of Tomorrow Milo Banjac, Barbara Vidakovi Abstract: Dramatic climate change, caused by over consumption of coal, oil and other traditional energy sources,aswellasexhaustionoftheirreserves,imposedtechnologicalneedtolookfortheirsubstitution with new, renewable energy sources. The exploitation of these new forms of energy, solar, wind, earth and biofuels, initiated the development and application of new technologies, so far unused in practice. Rapid development and wide application of installations for use of renewable energy in many households and companies opened a whole new risk and danger in the fire protection field. With the purpose of introducing this problem to engineers in the area of fire protection, health and safety at work, this paper systematically presents various types of facilities for exploitation of renewable energy sources as well as potentialdangers,risksandissuesrelatedtotheirsafeoperation. Keywords:firehazard,renewableenergysources,riskassessment,protection. Correspondingauthor:MiloBanjac,email:mbanjac@mas.bg.ac.rs
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Possibilities and Directions for Participation of Available RES in Macedonia with Scenarios for Achieving the 20/20/20 Goal of the EC Mile Dimitrovski Abstract: Protection of the environment and in particular to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, energy import dependency of Macedonia, as well as providing greater diversity and thus security of supply of energy,imposethenecessityoffurther increasing theshareofrenewableenergysources. Macedoniahas a certain amount of nonrenewable energy sources, which are limited and also has available large amounts of renewable energy sources, which are used only to a certain extent and the country has relatively high utilization of renewable energy sources in total final energy consumption. The 20/20/20 Goal of the EC could be partly achieved by the energy generated from renewable sources consisting of electricity (generated from hydro, wind and solar plants, biomass and biogas plants) and with the heat generatedfromrenewablesources(biomass,solarenergyandgeothermalenergy)andbiofuels. Keywords:Biofuels,ClimaticEnergyscenario20/20/20,EnergyBalance,RenewableEnergySources. Correspondingauthor:MileDimitrovski,email:mile.dimitrovski@mf.edu.mk
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Optical Design of a Solar Parabolic Concentrator Based on Square Flat Facets Saa R. Pavlovi, Velimir P. Stefanovi, Ivan Stojanovi, Suad Suljkovi, Dragan Kutrimovi Abstract: We present a procedure to a design a square facet concentrator for laboratory scale research on medium temperature thermal processes. The facet concentrator approximates a parabolic surface withanumberofflatsquarefacetssupportedbyaparabolicframeandhavingtwoedgesperpendicularto the concentrator axis. The optimum size of facets and their position of each facet are found by employing Monte Carlo ray tracing analysis to achieve desired flux characteristics in the focal plane. A square facet parabolic solar concentrator with realistic specularly surface and facet positioning accuracy will deliver up to 19.628 kW of radiative power over a 25cm radius disk located in the focal plane on the focal length of 150 cm with average concentrating ratio exceeding 1200. The parabolic concentrator approximates an ideal truncated circular paraboloid with square flat facets supported on a parabolic frame and having two edges perpendicular to the concentrator axis. Analytical geometry and the Monte Carlo ray tracing method are used to analyze the optical performance of the concentrator and to identify the set of geometric concentrator parameters that allow for ux characteristics suitable for medium and high temperatureapplications. Keywords: Monte Carlo method, Parabolic concentrator, Focal flux, Ray tracing analysis, TracePro software. Correspondingauthor:SaaR.Pavlovi,email:sasap208@yahoo.com
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Techno-economic Analysis of Photovoltaic-based Stand-alone Power System for Supply of Metrological Masts Equipment Saa Stojkovi, Vukman Baki Abstract: The paper presents the results of technoeconomic analysis of photovoltaicbased system for power supply of meteorological masts for wind assessment. Electrical load consists of modern digital technology measuring equipment (anemometers, wind vanes, temperature and pressure sensors, hygrometers, and so on), characterized as practically constant load. The obstacle lights are switched on during night due to air traffic security. Power system consists of a certain number of photovoltaic (PV) panels, batteries for electric energy storage, as well as charge controllers. Technical constraint is that power supply of met masts must not be interrupted due to huge importance of measuring data for wind assessment, which are to be used for wind farm dimensioning. Economic analysis is carried out by Life Cycling Costs (LCC) method, and optimization criterion is the lowest cost of the power system. Optimization variables were components sizes (number of units for PV panels and batteries), and PV slopes. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was carried out, and influence of the elements prices, interest rates and panels slopes was analyzed. The analysis was done using HOMER software tool. The results of the analysis show that for standalone PV/battery power system feeding 40 W during day, and 80 W during night the number of panels and batteries is relatively high, thus making the system considerably expensive. Keywords: Standalone system, Photovoltaic (PV) system, HOMER, Solar power system, Meteorological mast. Correspondingauthor:SaaStojkovi,email:sasa.stojkovic@EUnet.rs
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Solar Drying of Fruits and Vegetables Filip Mojsovski Abstract: For onfarm drying of small quantities of agricultural products, convective dryer with shelves was developed. A prototype solar farm dryer for fruits and vegetables was produced. Test runs with the dryer were carried out over a long period of time, at many locations across the country, in effort to reach thecorrectdryingconditions. Keywords:psychrometrics,fooddrying,solardryer,thermalstorage,tomato,raspberry. Correspondingauthor:FilipMojsovski,email:filip.mojsovski@mf.edu.mk
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Comparative Analysis Between Two Methods for Temperature Measurement of PV panels Ugljea Jovanovi, Igor Jovanovi, Zoran Petrui, Dragan Mani Abstract: In this paper a comparative analysis between two methods for temperature measurement of photovoltaic (PV) panels is presented whereas these methods are contact and noncontact. For contact method a DS18S20 temperature sensor is selected and for noncontact it is a MLX90614. Both sensors wereimplementedinasinglemicrocontrollerbased testsystem. Avirtualinstrument made inLabVIEWis created to monitor the operation and data acquisition as well as data storage. The accuracy of sensors is not in issue hence it has not been evaluated, but their sensitivity to thermal gradient and ability to measure temperature of PV panels. The main purpose of this study is to properly evaluate the sensors beforeimplementingtheminthesystemfortemperaturemeasurementofPVpanels. Keywords: Contact and noncontact temperature sensors, microcontroller, temperature measurement, virtualinstrument. Correspondingauthor:UgljeaJovanovi,email:ugljesa.jovanovic@elfak.ni.ac.rs
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Technical and Economic Analysis of Hybrid Wind-photovoltaic Power System for Supply of Meteorological Masts Measuring Equipment Saa Stojkovi, Vukman Baki Abstract: The paper presents the results of both technical and economic analysis of the hybrid power system which supplies measuring equipment and obstacle lights of the meteorological masts for wind assessment. The system consists of a certain number of photovoltaic (PV) panels, batteries for electrical energy storage and one small power wind generator. The system is standalone, with no possibility of connection to distribution network. The second technical constraint is absence of diesel or gasoline generator, while the third constraint relates to operation continuity. It is demanded that electrical energy must beavailableduring100%oftime due tohugeimportanceofwindmeasuringdata.The loadconsists of meteorological equipment for measuring, acquiring, and sending data remotely by the modem, as well asobstaclelightsforairtraffic.Itissupposedthatloadis40Wduringthe dayand80Wduringnight.The basic goal of the analysis is to determine the advantage of hybrid windphotovoltaic power system over PV system alone, regarding the time complementarity of power resources (wind and sun). Economic analysis is carried out using Life Cycling Costs (LCC) method, as optimization criterion is minimum system cost. The analysis was done using HOMER software tool. Results of the analysis show that hybrid wind/PV/battery power system is much more efficient than the system which would consist of PV panels andbatteriesalone,sincealowernumberofstoragebatteriesareneeded. Keywords: Hybrid power system, Windphotovoltaic (PV) system, HOMER, Meteorological mast, Renewableenergy. Correspondingauthor:SaaStojkovi,email:sasa.stojkovic@EUnet.rs
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Technical Feasibility and Financial Analysis of Hybrid Wind-photovoltaic System for Supply of One Educational Institution Saa Stojkovi, Sneana Dragievi Abstract: The paper presents the results of analysis of technical feasibility of the gridconnected hybrid system for power supply of one educational institution. The system consists of a certain number of photovoltaic (PV) arrays, as well as small wind generators with total power of 1 kW, 3 kW and 5 kW. The system is connected to distribution network via appropriate inverter. The basic goal is to determine reducing the bill for electric energy, as well as pollutant emission reduction in the case of predefined load diagram. Detailed economic analysis is carried out using Life Cycling Costs (LCC) method. The money saving is determined in the cases of normal conditions about wind and solar energy (Belgrade). Typical meteorological year data (TMY2) were used by HOMER software tool. Results of the analysis show that hybridwind/PVpowersystemiseconomicallyviable. Keywords:Energyefficiency,Renewableenergysource,Solarenergy,Windenergy,SystemAdvisorModel software,HOMERsoftware. Correspondingauthor:SaaStojkovi,email:sasa.stojkovic@EUnet.rs
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Current State Wind Energy Utilisation in the Republic of Macedonia Monika Lutovska, Vladimir Mijakovski, Cvete Dimitrieska, Vangele Mitrevski Abstract: Wind energy as renewable energy source with the highest growth rate in the last two decades, is considered as a very important source of electricity for the future. According to the study WIND FORCE which is funded and conducted by the EU, the share of wind energy in the global world electricity generationin2020isestimatedat12%.Sofar,severalstudiesfordeterminationofmostsuitablelocations for construction of wind farms have been made in Macedonia. According to a study prepared by AWS Truewind, atlas of wind energy potential of Macedonia is made. 15 most suitable locations for building of wind farms determined out of this study. According to the wind map and according to conducted measurementsat4locations,projectedinstalledcapacitybylocationvariesfrom20MWto30MW.State owned electricity producing company (JSC Macedonian Power Plant ELEM), earlier this year, on a locationnearBogdanci,startedwithconstructionoffirstwindfarminthecountry. Keywords:Wind,Energy,Windfarm. Correspondingauthor:MonikaLutovska,email:sahdooel@hotmail.com
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Agricultural biomass utilization for energy purposes Dejan urovi, Branislav Repi, Dragoljub Daki, Aleksandar Eri, Stevan Nemoda Abstract: Biomass is one of key renewable energy sources in the Republic of Serbia. This is the reason for the development of cheap thermal devices burning biomass from agricultural production as quite available and cheap energy source. Researches in this area are very complex and in order to obtain reliable data it is necessary to carry out theoretical and experimental research of the process. Therefore, efforts have been made in the Laboratory for Thermal Engineering and Energy of the "Vina" Institute to developatechnologyforutilizingbalesofvarioussizesandshapesforenergyproduction.Satisfactorytest results with low CO emission levels and stable thermal output of the 1.5 MW hot water boiler with cigarette type of biomass combustion, for the purposes of greenhouse heating led to the new project for building up the first combined heat and power (electricity) production facility (CHP), which will use agricultural biomass as a fuel, in Serbia. This project will be financed by Swiss government. CHP plant will beusedforheatingprimaryschool,hospitalandonehectareofgreenhouse. Keywords:Biomass,CHP,cigarettecombustion,COemission,greenhouse. Correspondingauthor:Dejanurovi,email:dejan2004@vinca.rs
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Biogas Overview of the Possibilities for Implementation in the Macedonian Agricultural Sector Dame Dimitrovski, Mile Dimitrovski, Gordana Popsimonova, Done Tashevski Abstract:Thesubjectoftheinvestigationofthearticleisdeterminingthepossibleproductionofbiogasin the rural areas of the Republic of Macedonia and determining specific biogas application having in mind the state of the art in the field, and the state of development of the agricultural sector. In the past years Macedonian agriculture had few failed projects for production and utilization of biogas. The paper is observing the potentials of biogas production, pros and contras for production and utilization of the biogas. Integrated approach for utilization of biogas in the rural area has specific value in the time of degradation of agricultural land and nonfunctional energy communities in the country. Few suggested applications are developed that can influence the bust of the agricultural production, lower the expenses andcontributetopositiveenvironmentalimpact. Keywords:Biogas,EnergyConversion,GHG. Correspondingauthor:DameDimitrovski,email:dame.dimitrovski@mf.edu.mk
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Utilization of crude glycerol for the production of biofuels Bojana Danilovi, Dragia Savi, Vlada Veljkovi Abstract: The production of biodiesel provides few byproducts which can be further processed into valuable products. Crude glycerol obtained from biodiesel production has great potential as the source of carbon in different microbial processes. Besides for the production of chemicals it can be used for the production of biofuels. This paper reviews the possibilities of the use of crude glycerol as sole or co substrate in the production of biofuels. The addition of crude glycerol to the process of anaerobic digestion can contribute to the increase of both biogas production rate and methane yield. In some processes the fourfold increase of biogas yield can be achieved by the addition of 4% of glycerol. Also, crudeglycerolcanbeusedinordertoovercomethebarriersoflowproductionratesandyieldsduringthe production of biohydrogen. Additionally, these processes offer advantage in the terms of municipal solid wasteandmanuretreatment. Keywords:crudeglycerol,biogas,biohydrogen. Correspondingauthor:DragiaSavi,email:savic@tf.ni.ac.rs
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Renewable energy potential in the Rusanda rehabilitation center Milana Peri, Milovan Medojevi Abstract:EnergyefficiencyandtherationaluseofenergyisoneofdevelopmentprioritiesoftheRepublic of Serbia, while the reduction of energy consumption from conventional sources and exploitation of renewable energy sources is an imperative for achieving this goal. The aim of this paper is to show the possibilities and potential of applicable measures to increase energy efficiency as well as integration of renewableenergysourcestheincurrentenergysystemofRusandarehabilitationcenterfacility,locatedin Melenci near Zrenjanin .This paper analyzes the existing energy systems of center and upon that analysis the corresponding energy indicators were created. These indicators offer a quick insight into the manner ofoverallsystemfunctioning.Centerhasrecognized thepotential ofrenewableenergysourcesutilization andspecialattentionwaspaidtosolarandgeothermalenergy. Keywords:renewablesources,potential,geothermalenergy,solarenergy,energyefficiency. Correspondingauthor:MilanaPeri,email:milanaperic@gmail.com
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Guide Vane Position Control of the Mini Hydro Power Plant by Digital Sliding Mode with Additional Integral Action Vladislav Blagojevi, Miodrag Stojiljkovi, ivan Spasi Abstract:Thepaperdeals with thetaskofachieving the desiredpositionofthehydraulic cylinder's piston that is connected to the guided vane ring of the mini hydro power plant no matter on disturbances. The purposes of the guide vanes are to control the water flow through the turbine. By varying the position of theguidevanesthewaterflowisalteredandthespeedofthemachinecanthenbecontrolled.Inorderto representasbestaspossiblearealphysicalmodel,themathematicalmodeloftheservohydraulicsystem with a hydraulic cylinder and proportional valve is designed. The control system is designed by applying the variable structure system theory. The applied control algorithm is based on the digital sliding mode with additional integral action. The conducted simulations have demonstrated that this control algorithm providesasatisfactorypositioningandgreatrobustness. Keywords:Minihydropowerplant,GuideVane,Hydraulicsystem,Digitalslidingmode,Integralaction. Correspondingauthor:VladislavBlagojevi,email:vlada@masfak.ni.ac.rs
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Recent Progress in Biomass Pyrolysis/Gasification Technologies Velimir Stefanovi, Andrijana Stojanovi, Saa Pavlovi Abstract: The conversion of biomass by gasification into a fuel suitable for use in a gas engine increases greatly the potential usefulness of biomass as a renewable resource. Gasification is a robust proven technology that can be operated either as a simple, low technology system based on a fixedbed gasifier, orasamoresophisticatedsystemusingfluidizedbedtechnology.Thepropertiesofthebiomassfeedstock and its preparation are key design parameters when selecting the gasifier system. Electricity generation using a gas engine operating on gas produced by the gasification of biomass is applicable equally to both thedevelopedworld(asameansofreducinggreenhousegasemissionsbyreplacingfossilfuel)andtothe developing world (by providing electricity in rural areas derived from traditional biomass). In this review we will be discussing existing techniques and recent progress in gasification and pyrolysis techniques for the conversionofcellulosicbiomassintoaviablesourceofenergy. Thefocusisgiventobiomasspyrolysis for production of biooil, cofiring of biomass and coal and the use of cogasification and copyrolysis, the combination of pyrolysis and gasification to process pyrolysis products to syngas through gasification and liquifactionofsyngas. Keywords:biomassgasification,biomasspyrolysis,cofiring,biofuels,syngas. Correspondingauthor:AndrijanaStojanovi,email:andrijana@vinca.rs
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4.
Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation

Dimensioning of Underground Vertical Heat Exchangers for Geothermal Heat Pump Milo Banjac, Zara Komneni Abstract: Ground source heat pump or a geothermal heat pump is a central heating system that transfers thermal energy from the ground as a heat source, to the heating object as a heat sink, against a temperature gradient.Groundsourceheatpumpemploysaheatexchangerin contactwith thegroundor groundwater to extract thermal energy from the soil. These underground heat exchangers (GHE) are consisted of a system of tubes that form the socalled closed outer loop in which a mixture of water and antifreeze circulates. Closed loop tubing can be installed horizontally as a loop field in trenches or verticallyasaseriesoflongUshapesinwells.Thesizeistheone ofthelooptubing,i.e.thedimensioning of underground heat exchanger is the most demanding and the most sensitive part of the calculation. Besides heating load of the building being heated, the dimension of underground heat exchanger also depends on the soil type and moisture content, the ground temperature and the dynamics and duration ofextractionofthermalenergyfromsoil.Threeanalyticalmethodsfordimensioningverticalunderground heat exchanger are presented in this work. The results obtained through analysis and comparisons have shown that different calculation methods lead to variations in dimensioning in accordance to the applied method. Keywords: geothermal energy, ground source heat pump, dimensioning methods, vertical underground heatexchanger. Correspondingauthor:MiloBanjac,email:mbanjac@mas.bg.ac.rs
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Heat exchangers comparation Kire Popovski, Igor Andeevski Abstract: Extended surface heat exchangers are used for water and air as operating mediums, and can be differentiatedbytheribsshape.Theonehassinuoustyperibs,whiletheotheronehasflatlamellaribs.In thispapercomparisonbetweenbothtypesofheatexchangersismadewithreferencetoairvelocityinthe minimum flow cross section and Reynolds' number. Better heat transfer can be provide using exchanger with higher values of coefficient r and factor ja. Computer program for mathematical model is made and graphicalrepresentationortheresultsisgiven. Keywords:heatexchanger,heattransfer. Correspondingauthor:KirePopovski,email:kire.popovski@tfb.uklo.edu.mk
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Modeling Thermal Processes Using Bond Graphs Gordana Janevska Abstract: Bond graphs represent a systematic method for the modeling of systems in physics and engineering. It is an advantage that systems from different domains (electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, thermodynamic) are described in the same way. Bond graphs are a domainindependent graphical descriptionofdynamicbehaviorofphysicalsystems.Thepaperintroducesanapproachofthebondgraph modeling applied to thermal processes. The fundamental theory of bond graph focused on thermal process is explored by considering the example of bath heated by hot fluid. Furthermore, a method to systematically build a bond graph starting from an ideal physical model is given. In addition, procedure to generatemathematicalequationsandblockdiagramoutofacausalbondgraphispresented. Keywords:BondGraphs,Modelingdynamicsystems,Thermalprocesses. Correspondingauthor:GordanaJanevska,email:gordana.janevska@tfb.uklo.edu.mk
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Referent Wind Speed and Turbulence Intensity Estimation and on-Site Wind Turbines Classification arko Stevanovi, Nikola Mirkov, ana Stevanovi, Borislav Grubor, Maja urovi-Petrovi Abstract:Thecorrectpredictionofthemaximumwindspeedaswellaswindturbulenceintensitythatare expectedtooccuronalargetimeintervalandconsecutivelythedefinitionofthewindturbineclassthatis to be installed in a given wind farm site is of crucial importance to the wind farm development. The maximumwindspeedisdefinedasextremewindorreferencewindspeedbythestandardIEC614001.A turbinedesignedforawindturbineclasswithareferencewindspeedandestimatedturbulenceintensity, is designed to withstand climates for which the extreme ten minutes average wind speed with a recurrenceperiodoffuture50yearsatturbinehub heightislowerthanorequaltoreferencewindspeed forthespecificsite. This paper is dealing with uncertainty analyses of different methodologies for estimating the extreme wind as well as turbulence intensity from available experimental datasets and uses it to guide the wind turbine class definition. Obtained results from datasets based on two and three years measurement period respectively have been compared and perform costbenefit analysis related to uncertainty of calculatedextremewindandturbulenceintensity,crucialfordefinitionofrequiredperiodforefficientsite characteristics measurement campaign. Uncertainty assessment as well as methodology of extreme wind calculationisbasedonstatisticaltoolsfromGeneralExtremeValuetheory. Furthermore,fromthegivenclimatologydataatthemastlocation,anddigitalterraindata,itispresented how wind turbine class can be estimated at different wind turbines locations inside the wind farm using ComputationalFluidDynamicstechniquecoupledwithGeneralExtremeValuetheory. Keywords:WindEnergy,ExtremeWind,WindTurbulenceIntensity. Correspondingauthor:arkoStevanovi,email:zare@vinca.rs
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Wind Load Modeling and Structural Response of Guyed Mast Vukman Baki, Milada Pezo, Gordana Kastratovi, Nenad Vidanovi Abstract:Guyedmastsareusedforwirelesscommunication,meteorological measurements,andevenfor power transmission. The behavior of the mast is nonlinear due to its slenderness and compliant guy supportsystem.Foraguyedmast,windloadisthemainfactoraffectingthestabilityofthestructure.This paper presents the results of modeling wind characteristics and associated dynamic response of a 139 m tallguyedmastinambientwindconditions.Modelingwereperformedforfourwindvelocities,10m/s,20 m/s, 30 m/s and 40 m/s. The commercial finite element software ANSYS was used for finite element modelingandnumericalsimulationofaguyedmastexposedtowindaction. Keywords:Modeling,guyedmast,windloading. Correspondingauthor:MiladaPezo,email:bakicv@vinca.rs
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Numerical Investigation of Thermal Processes in Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Mia Vuki, Predrag ivkovi, Mladen Tomi, Ivan Stojanovi Abstract: Shell and tube heat exchangers (STHE) are one of the most often used apparatuses in chemical industry. One of STHE manufacturers main goals is to improve their exploitation reliability and efficiency. Two approaches in STHE design improve are possible: experimental investigation, which is very expensive and longlasting, because of shell side complex geometry, and numerical investigations. Numerical simulations can be used to check the old and to develop new, more efficient STHE designs. In this paper, the results of the numerical simulations of fluid flow and heat transfer in laboratory experimental STHE are presented. Numerical simulation has been performed by using PHOENICS code. The tube bundle has beenmodeledbyusingtheconceptofporousmedia.Standardk turbulencemodelhasbeenused. Keywords:Heatexchanger,Localheattransfer,Numerical. Correspondingauthor:MiaVuki,email:micav@masfak.ni.ac.rs
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CFD Analysis of Forced Convection Heat Transfer Cu-Water Nanofluids in Circular Tube Kamil Arslan Abstract: A nanofluid is defined as a stable, uniform suspension of nanometer sized solid particles (<100 nm) in conventional liquids such as water. Solid particles have greater thermal conductivity than fluids. Therefore, using nanofluids in engineering devices mostly enhance heat transfer. Nanofluids are expected to be used mostly in numerous applications in industry such as heat exchanger and cooling devices in the future. In this study, forced convection heat transfer flow of Cuwater nanofluid for different volume fractionsinacirculartubeisnumericallyinvestigated.WaterwithCunanoparticleswithasphericalsizeof 100 nm diameter is used as the heat transfer medium. Circular tube is heated at uniform heat flux. The study is performed under laminar and turbulent flow condition. The threedimensional flow with negligible buoyancy effects and viscous dissipation is regarded as steadystate. The results of numerical study are validated with experimental data in literature. Flow fields and temperature profiles in the circular tube are investigated detail. New engineering correlations are obtained for threedimensional numericalstudies. Keywords:CFD,CircularTube,CuWaterNanofluid,ForcedConvection,HeatTransferEnhancement. Correspondingauthor:KamilArslan,email:kamilarslan@karatekin.edu.tr
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Flow Simulation and Noise Prediction in Axial Fans Altin Dorri Abstract: Flow field around an axial fan surrounded by a round canal and noise propagation from it were numerically studied. The numerical simulation was carried out by a Large eddy simulation (LES) and the noise propagation is predicted by a hybrid method where LES provided acoustic sources to a acoustic analogy. Results of the LES showed that maximum surface pressures occurred at blade tips which can be consideredasthemainsourceofthenoisegeneration. Keywords:Axialfans,Noiseprediction,Simulations. Correspondingauthor:AltinDorri,email:adorri@fim.edu.al
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Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Tip Clearance on Reversible Axial Fan Characteristics ivan Spasi, Boidar Bogdanovi, Vladislav Blagojevi, Jasmina Bogdanovi-Jovanovi Abstract: Aerodynamic characteristics of reversible axial fans are mainly defined by the choice of basic design parameters of the impeller and its blades. Aerodynamic characteristics of reversible axial fans are significantly affected by tip clearance which is the minimum distance between the tip of the fan blades andtheshroud.Thesizeoftipclearanceaffectstheflowstructurewhichisalsoreflectedontheoperating characteristics. This paper numerically investigates the influence of tip clearance on the characteristics of alowpressurereversibleaxialfanwiththecasingdiameterDe=635mm,andflowparameters:volumetric flow Q = 3.61 m3/s, total pressure rise ptot=180 Pa and rotation speed n=1405 min1. Numerical simulations were performed only for the reversible axial fan with an impeller, with blades that have straight profiles, for three values of tip clearance: 1mm, 2mm, and 3 mm. Software package ANSYS CFX was used for the numerical simulation of flow. The results of numerical simulations are presented in graphs p(Q), (Q and P(Q, for different sizes of tip clearance. On the basis of simulation and analysis of the obtained characteristics, it is concluded that the increase in radial clearance of 1 mm causes a drop in total pressure increment in the fan for about 3%, a drop in the fan efficiency of about 0.8 % and power reductionofabout2%forthewholerangeofsimulatedflow. Keywords:AxialFan,TipClearance,Characteristics,NumericalSimulations. Correspondingauthor:ivanSpasi,email:zivans@masfak.ni.ac.rs
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Review of Critical Heat Flux Predictions Andrijana Stojanovi, Vladimir Stevanovi, Dragoljub ivkovi, Milada Pezo, Ivan Tomanovi Abstract: Understanding the CHF phenomenon, and in particular, the accurate prediction of flow conditions that can lead to CHF, are important for the safe and efficient operation of many heat transfer unitsincludingnuclearfissionpowerreactors,fossilfuelboilers,fusionreactors,electronic chips,etc.CHF is expected to occur during transients than steadystate conditions. Therefore, knowledge of transient CHF is of great importance for the safety evaluation of heat transfer units under transient conditions. The crucial and practical importance of the CHF and the extreme physical complexity of the critical phenomenon justify the tremendous number of experimental CHF studies that have been carried out during the last 50 years. More research came to pay attention to the numerical simulation of boiling and tried to find more information, which may be difficult to be found by experiments. In this paper, the existingCHFmodelingstudiesarediscussedinordertounderstandthephenomenaleadingtoCHF. Keywords:criticalheatflux,burnout,boilingcrisis. Correspondingauthor:AndrijanaStojanovi,email:andrijana@vinca.rs
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Determination of centrifugal pump operating parameters in turbine operating regime ivojin Stamenkovi, Jasmina Bogdanovi-Jovanovi, Jelena Manojlovi Abstract: In recent times pumpasturbine (PAT) systems have become very popular. In such a system a pump is operated in reverse so that it functions as a turbine. This is especially popular in areas where the availability of turbines is limited as pumps are typically easier to get hold. An investigation showing the possibility of incorporation PAT aggregate in water supply system of city of Nis has been done recently. Sincethistopichasbecomeveryinterestingintheworld,inthispaperpresentsareviewofBUTUmethod and also the usage of CFX software in order to determine operating parameters of a pump operating in turbine regime. It is presented an example of centrifugal pump operating in turbine regime and comparisonofresultsobtainedusingBUTUmethodandnumericalsimulationsoffluidflow. Keywords:PATsystem,BUTUmethod,numericalsimulation. Correspondingauthor:ivojinStamenkovi,email:zikas@masfak.ni.ac.rs
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Euler-Euler Granular Flow Model Applied on Numerical Simulation of Liquid Fuels Combustion in a Fluidized Bed Stevan . Nemoda, Milica R. Mladenovi, Dragoljub V. Daki, Mirko S. Komatina, Aleksandar M. Eri, Milijana J. Paprika Abstract:InthepresentstudyatwofluidEulerianEulerianformulationincorporatingthekinetictheoryof granular flow (KTGF) was applied to gas and solid phase flow prediction in the fluidized bed reactor. Despite rigorous mathematical modeling of the associated physics, the drag laws used in the model continue to be semiempirical in nature. Primarily, the semiempirical procedure is proposed for prediction the drag law coefficients that correspond to real minimum fluidization conditions. In adopted CFD two phase model of bubbled fluidization the energy and chemical reactions (species transport) equations have been included. A series of numerical experiments was performed with combustion of the liquid fuels without, and with significant water content. These estimates are unsteady, and they modeled the time period which corresponds to flow passing time throw reactor column. Obtained results are of interestforstartoffluidizationreactorswhenCOemissioniscritical.Also,thecalculationswerecompared withtheexperimentsonafluidizedbedpilotfurnacewithinbedfeedingofliquidwastefuels. Keywords:CFDmodel,combustion,fluidizedbed,granularflow,liquidfuels. Correspondingauthor:Stevan.Nemoda,email:snemoda@vinca.rs
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A Parametric Study on Correlations for Transport Parameters in Fixed Bed Regenerators Milan orevi, efik Bajmak, Marko Mani Abstract:Severaltypesofmathematicalmodelsapproximatingcomplexphysicalprocessestakingplacein packed bed heat regenerators are considered. Complexity of these phenomena makes an exact mathematical description virtually impossible and simplified mathematical models in terms of averaged quantities have been developed for their description. A number of theoretical and experimental correlations are presented for evaluation of the effective thermal properties of packed beds. Presented comparisons between the predictions from these correlations over a range of physical parameters and working conditions assumed that the bed geometry is cylindrical with spherical particles of random arrangement,thefluidandthesolidthermophysicalpropertiesaretemperatureindependents,thereisno chemical reactions and heat generation within the bed and there are some heat losses to the ambient. Results indicate that there is no universal packed bed regenerator model and each problem should be carefullyanalyzedtoidentifyallowedsimplifyingassumptionsandcorrelationsfortransportparameters. Keywords: Correlations for Transport Parameters, Mathematical Modeling, Packed Bed Heat Regenerators. Correspondingauthor:Milanorevi,email:milan.djordjevic@pr.ac.rs
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Numerical Prediction of Drag Coefficient for Lattice Structures Milada Pezo, Vukman Baki, Gordana Kastratovi, Nenad Vidanovi Abstract: Wind load is the main factor affecting the stability of the structure for guyed masts. Determination of drag coefficient forlattice structure has not been sufficiently investigate in past. There are numerous results concerning simplified structures such as sphere or cylinder, but lattice structures have been neglected in previous research. Numerical simulations of a flow around one segment of the mast are presented in this paper. Threedimensional numerical simulations of the segment of a mast exposed to a wind action with three models of turbulence are performed. Modeling were performed for four wind velocities, 10 m/s, 20 m/s, 30 m/s and 40 m/s. Reynolds number for those velocities corresponds to turbulence flow. Three models of turbulence: standard k model, RNG k model and Reynolds stress model were used and compared with available experimental results. Drag coefficient was calculated based on the knowledgeof pressure field, flow fieldanda reference area. The angle of attack wasalsotakenintoaccountfordeterminethedragcoefficient. Keywords:Dragcoefficient,latticestructure,CFD. Correspondingauthor:MiladaPezo,email:milada@vinca.rs
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Comparison between the energy integration of processes for 1G/2G ethanol production and bioelectricity Cssia M. Oliveira, Antonio J. G. Cruz, Caliane B. B. Costa Abstract: The increase in demand for biofuels has driven the development of new technologies such as ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis. This work performed energy integration in processes for 1G/2G ethanol and electric power production using Pinch analysis. Four different scenarios were considered in these biorefineries, since two different types of pretreatment for bagasse (hydrothermal and diluted acid ones) and inclusion or not of pentose fermentation step were considered. The processes with hydrothermal and diluted acid pretreatments which include pentose fermentation step have higher ethanol production when compared to processes that do not make use of pentose fraction to produce ethanol, but steam consumption increases in the same order of magnitude of ethanol production. For the four scenarios evaluated the application of energy integration demonstrated a reduction in energy consumption of more than 50% compared to the corresponding cases without integration and of more than 30% compared to partially integrated processes, as commonly found in Brazilianindustrialplants.Besidestheeconomicaladvantage,due tothedecreaseincostsofhotandcold utilities, energy integrated processes increase bagasse availability for production of second generation ethanol. Keywords:Biorefinery,EnergyIntegration,Ethanol,Pinch,Pretreatment. Correspondingauthor:CalianeB.B.Costa,email:caliane@ufscar.br
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Mathematical models for evaluating evaporation rates from free water surface of indoor swimming pools Marko Mani, Dragoljub ivkovi, Jelena Manojlovi, Milena Todorovi Abstract: Indoor swimming pool buildings are significant energy consumers. Energy consumption of a typical indoor swimming pool consists of: indoor swimming pool hall ventilation 45%, swimming pool water heating 33%, heating and airconditioning for the rest of the building 10%, electric equipment and lighting 9% and sanitary hot water 3%. The greatest energy consumer is the swimming pool hall where free water surface evaporation takes place, increasing air humidity in the hall and causing a demand of freshwatersupplyforthe pool.Thisincreasesenergyconsumptionforheating andventilationofthehall, andformaintainingpoolwatertemperaturewiththefreshwatersupply.Mathematicalmodelingofwater evaporation from free water surface of the swimming pool has brought much attention in research over the years. In this paper, an energy model of a swimming pool hall was made, with a special focus on mathematical models for prediction of free water surface evaporation rates in swimming pools. A review of mathematical models of water surface evaporation has been made, with special consideration to determination of the evaporation coefficient. A general mathematical model of water evaporation from the swimming pool water surface is presented in the paper. Mathematical model of the swimming pool hallisdesignedtobeusedforsimulationoftheindoorswimmingpoolmultizonebuildingmodel. Keywords:evaporationrate,indoorswimmingpool,mathematicalmodel. Correspondingauthor:MarkoMani,email:markomancic@yahoo.com
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Software for Testing the Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Vertical Thermosiphon Reboiler Sonja Stefanov, Dragan Skobalj Abstract: Vertical thermosiphon reboilers are ofen used in the chemical industry, especially in petrochemical facilities. Many authors have dealt with the estimations of the pressure drop and heat transfer in these devices. This work will present a program and estimation of the vertical thermosiphon reboiler, using the FORTRAN77 programming language that is based on the method of Sarm and al. Unlike previously proposed approaches and the literature this method in the estimation of the pressure drop in pipes apparatus, takes into account the mechanism of the twophase flow. The results of the programareanalyzedindetailanddiscussedintheexploitationofrealexamples. Keywords:Software,HearTransfer,PressureDrop,VerticalThermosiphonReboiler. Correspondingauthor:SonjaStefanov,email:stefanov.sonja@gmail.com
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Numerical Simulation of Friction Stir Welding Miroslav Mijajlovi, Dragan Mili, Miodrag Mili Abstract: Friction stir welding is a solidstate welding technique that utilizes thermomechanical influence of the rotating welding tool on parent material resulting with monolith joint weld. On the contact of welding tool and parent material, significant stirring and deformation of parent material appears, and during this process mechanical energy is partially transformed into heat. Generated heat affects the temperature of the welding tool and parent material so proposed analytical model for estimation of the amount of generated heat can be verified by temperature: analytically determined heat is used for numerical estimation of the parent material's temperature and this temperature is compared to the experimentally determined temperature. Numerical solution for analytical estimation of welding plates temperature is estimated using finite difference method explicit scheme with adaptive grid, considering influence of temperature on material's conductivity, contact conditions between welding tool and parent material,materialflowaroundweldingtooletc. Keywords:NumericalSimulation,FrictionStirWelding. Correspondingauthor:MiroslavMijajlovi,email:mijajlom@masfak.ni.ac.rs
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5.
Experimental Investigation of Processes

Experimental Plant for Testing of Agricultural Biomass Combustion Zoran epi, Biljana Miljkovi, Branka Nakomi-Smaragdakis, Nevena enk, Duan Markovi Abstract: Agricultural biomass has great potential, but in our country it is used in a very small percentage for energy purposes. Considering the intense market fluctuations of fossil fuels, and the obligations that our country has in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol, the use of agricultural biomass as a renewable energysourcebecomessignificant.Thereareanumberofwaysofusingbiomassforenergypurposes,but combustion is certainly the most dominant one. Devices for combustion of agricultural biomass arestillin the development stage, and today the world market doesn't have a satisfactory solution. In order to optimize the combustion process, an experimental plant for agricultural biomass combustion was designed and built. In this experimental plant, it is possible to vary the biomass density and quantity and the temperature of air used for combustion, because the measured parameters during combustion are mass and temperature change in combustion chamber. The paper presents the relevant results of combustionofwheatstraw. Keywords:Agriculturalbiomass,combustion,experimentalplant,wheatstraw. Correspondingauthor:Zoranepi,email:zorancepic@uns.ac.rs
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Investigation of Wood Chips Combustion in Experimental Combustion Chamber Branislav Stojanovi, Jelena Janevski Abstract:Woodchipsareproducedfromforestingresiduesandbymechanicaltreatmentitispreparedas fuel for fully automated boilers. Their main advantage over other fuel types is that they have the shape and dimensions that are very suitable for transport, storage and dispensing. Also if an automation of the plant is requested, pellets provide the opportunity to manage such plant operation. By analyzing a number of pellet combustion boilers solutions, it has been shown that there are some specific constructionalsolutionsthataredifferentfromtraditionalboilersforcombustionofsolidfuels.Therefore, fortheexperimentalcombustionchamberthefuelsupplyfrombelowisadopted.Thistypeofcombustion ischaracterizedbyasteadysupplyoffuelandairforcombustion.Thispaperpresentstheinvestigationof pellets combustion in an experimental combustion chamber. The focus of this research was on the elimination of CO in the combustion products by lowering the temperature in the boiler combustion chamber. This was achieved through the varying refractory surface of combustion chambers. The results show that by increasing the refractory surface of combstion chamber, higher quality of fuel combustion is achieved, which also allows for a uniform composition of the combustion products during the discontinuous operation of the boiler. By increasing the combustion chamber wall lining, lower values of carbonmonoxideincombustionproductswerealsoobtained. Keywords:woodchips,combustion,refractorysurface. Correspondingauthor:BranislavStojanovi,email:banes@masfak.ni.ac.rs
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Experimental and Numerical Study of Biomass Combustion in 50 kW Cigar Furnace Aleksandar M. Eri, Stevan . Nemoda, Dragoljub V. Daki, Mirko S. Komatina, Branislav S. Repi Abstract: This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations of baled agricultural biomass combustion in the furnace capacity of about 50 kW with cigarette combustion method. In experimental testsmeasuredthecharacteristicvaluesneededtodeterminethematerialandenergeticbalance,andthe quality of combustion process. As a result of numerical work, 3D CFD model of the combustion process in the combustion chamber of this type of combustion was developed. The model includes complex thermo mechanical processes that occur during combustion within a porous layer of bales of biomass and in the fluidspacearoundit.Combustionprocessesareconsideredasstationary,andwastakenintoaccountand the impact of the environment on the temperature field within the model domain. Comparison of the resultsshowedsatisfactoryagreement withnumericalresults,sothatthedevelopedmathematical model couldbeusedtoanalyzetheeffectsofstructuralandparametricchangestothefacility. Keywords:Biomass,Combustion,Experimental,Numerical. Correspondingauthor:AleksandarM.Eri,email:erica@vinca.rs
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Experimental and numerical research of thermal processes in the TST tanks with thermal oil and a phase change medium Goran ivkovi, Nedad Rudonja, Mirko Komatina, Branislav Repi Abstract: This paper surveys a part of the activities (performed during the realization of the third year of project III 42011 financed by the Ministry of education and science of the Republic of Serbia) on the development of TST whose storage medium melts at the atmospheric pressure, enabling on that way the use of the energy of phase change for energy storage. The original experimental setup adapted for use of paraffin as a phase change media (volume 77 dm3, heating power 2.4 kW) was modified by inserting four vertically positioned tubes (inner diameter 120 mm) filled by paraffin into the tank. The rest of the tank was filled with thermal oil. Storage media was cooled by the air which circulates around the tank. The research was realized in two phases: a) with thermal oil as the only storage media; b) with the combinationofparaffinandthermaloil.Insidethemainbodyofthetankthetemperaturemeasurements wereperformedby12thermocouples,4alongthetanksheightand3alongthetankradius,andinsidethe cylinder filled with paraffin with 4 vertically positioned thermocouples. For the development of the numerical model of heat transfer and fluid flow processes in TST a commercial numerical package Fluent 12.1 was used, since it possesses its own routine for computation a temperature and flow fields in TST with the change of phases, but also it allows to user to implement the package with its own model by using the user define functions. Measurements and the numerical computation were performed for non stationary as well as for stationary working regimes. A good agreement between the numerical and experimentalresultswasachieved. Keywords:TES,Measurements,Numericalmodel,Phasechange,Thermaloil,Paraffin. Correspondingauthor:Goranivkovi,email:gzivkovi@vinca.rs
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Determining the Theoretical Reliability Functions of the Thermal Power Systems in Power Plant "Nikola Tesla A" Dragan Kalaba, Milan orevi, Duan Adamovi Abstract:Theobjectiveofthispaperisrepresentationoftheprobabilisticreliabilityassessmentofthermal power systems. Exploitation research of the reliability of six power units in the fossil fuel power plant "Nikola Tesla A" during useful life period is based on extensive longtime failure database. By applying the reliability theory, based on statistics and theory of possibility, and using complex twoparameter Weibull distribution, the theoretical reliability functions of specified systems have been determined. Obtained probabilistic laws of failure occurrences, according to which the random variable behaves, establish a comprehensive insight in the field of probabilistic power system reliability assessment technique. Comparisonofreliabilityfunctionsandindicesofpowerunitsofthesametypemakepossibletoacquirea better knowledge of current system state as well as a more accurate estimation of its behavior during futureexploitation. Keywords:FossilFuelPowerPlantSystem,Reliability,WeibullDistribution. Correspondingauthor:Milanorevi,email:milan.djordjevic@pr.ac.rs
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An Experimental Research of Effects of Adding a Supplementary Component Generated by a Catalytic Reactor on the Combustion of the Primary Fuel at Internal Combustion Engines Milo Miloevi, Jovica Pei, Boban Nikoli, Miodrag Milenkovi Abstract: Considering strict restrictions on vehicle exhaust emissions as a part of global environmental protection policy, as well as the compulsion for having fuelefficient vehicles caused by the upcoming energy crisis reflected through the lack of fossil fuels, in this paper, the effects of adding a supplementary component on the combustion of the primary fuel at internal combustion engines were experimentally researched. The experimental results of the research carried out under laboratory conditions on a petrol engine have shown that the use of a catalytic reactor, an efficient generator of the supplementary component in the form of a plasma gas working as the endothermic plasma water vapor converter, improves the energy value of the combustion process which may reflect in the reduction in the primary fuels consumption, the reduction of the emission of harmful and toxic substances in the exhaust gases, and increasing engine performances. The proposed system is easy for the installation, it does not require modificationoftheequippedengine,itdoesnotextraloadvehicleelectronicsystems,anditiscompletely selfregulating because the amount of the produced gas is directly proportional to the engine load. The systemcanbeinstalledonanytypeofinternalcombustionengines(diesel/petrol),allenginegenerations, anditcanbecombinedtobesuitablefordifferentenginecapacities. Keywords:CatalyticReactor,watervapor,BubblingInternalCombustionEngines. Correspondingauthor:MiloMiloevi,email:mmilos@masfak.ni.ac.rs
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Experimental investigation of flow-thermal and operating properties of adsorption filter prototype under climate Miomir Raos, Ljiljana ivkovi, Nenad ivkovi, Jasmina Radosavljevi, Milena Jovanovi Abstract: The paper presents the results of experimental research conducted on the original apparatuses in the laboratory for air quality management at the Faculty of Occupational Safety in Ni. The aim of the paper is an examination of flowthermal parameters, velocities of gas mixture, flow, pressure drop, temperature, humidity, chemical pollutants test, and performance of the adsorption filter prototype in the filterventilation system. Examination of flowthermal parameters of the observed filterventilation system was carried out on an experimental setup with a flow rate of gas mixture up to 2000m3/h. Experimental data were registered with appropriate measuring equipment, which helped us obtain a picture of the behavior of the adsorption filter prototype compared to simulated parameters of the gas mixture. By measuring and data acquisition, we reached the assumptions for identifying the observed process,andthusthepossibilityofmodelingandcontrollingprocessparameters. Keywords:experiment,ventilation,flowthermalparameters,airpurification, dataacquisition,adsorption filter. Correspondingauthor:MiomirRaos
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6.
Energy Efficiency in Industry, Civil Engineering, Communal Systems and Traffic

Survey of Potential Energy Savings in the Building Sector in Serbia and Needed Investments Maja N. Todorovi, Dragoslav M. umarac, Radoslav D. Gali Abstract:EnergyconsumptioninbuildingsinSerbiahasbeengrowingsteadilyoverthepastfewyearsand accountforthelargestshareofthecountrysTotalFinalEnergyConsumption(TFEC).Energyconsumption in buildings is 38% while in industry and traffic is 34% and 28% respectively. In this context, the buildings sector provides significant opportunities for energy savings. This paper has resulted from the research done for the National building energy efficiency Study for Serbia financed by World Bank and for the national research projects No. TR 33047 and III 42012, financed by Ministry of Education, Science and technological Development of Republic of Serbia. The paper presents the results of current energy consumption in building sector, together with analysis of potential energy savings and assessment of needed investmens. Also, given is market assessment of the building sector in Serbia, covering public, residential and commercial buildings, that includes a review of existing market situation, data collection, identificationofgapsandstepstoovercomeit,justificationofassumptionsandestimatesbywalkthrough energy audits (WTA), utility data, and information from line ministries. Recommended are costoptimal sets of energy retrofit measures (ERMs) for each subsector, calculated are energy savings and payback period,andgivenisaninvestmentassessmentforthefutureperiodofeightyears. Keywords: building sector, annual energy consumption, energy retrofit measures, potential energy savings,paybackperiod,neededinvestments. Correspondingauthor:MajaN.Todorovi
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Heat pump application for hot water production in a hotel Sofia-Natalia Boemi, Elli Kyriaki, Thomas Aslanidis, Agis M. Papadopoulos Abstract: Heat pump systems offer economic alternatives of recovering heat from different sources for useinvariousindustrial,commercialandresidentialapplications.Asthecostofenergycontinuestorise,it becomes imperative to save energy and to improve overall energy efficiency. Ii is within this light, that heat pumps have become a key component in for the heating and cooling and DHW production in commercialbuildings. Thepresentpaperisdividedintwomainsections.Initially,areviewofthemethodsusedinthedesignand installation of high efficiency heat pumps is presented, focusing on the combination of heat pumps and heat distribution systems, with respect to the building envelopes features and the operational requirementsofthebuilding. A case study is then discussed, for a five hotel located in Halkidiki, an area in Central Macedonia, Greece. Thehotelreplacedtheliquefiedpetroleumgas(lpg)andoilburnerthatwereusedforprovidinghotwater tothespa,therestaurant,thekitchenandhalfoftherooms(100roomsof214rooms)fortheproduction of hot water with four heat pumps of 16 kW each. The energy conservation achieved will be discussed, as wellasthefeasibilityoftheintervention. Keywords:Heatpumps,hotwaterproduction,hotel. Correspondingauthor:SofiaNataliaBoemi,email:boemi@aix.meng.auth.gr
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Possibilities of applying heta lower temperatures level for heating by using two-stage heat pump efik M. Bajmak, Milan orevi Abstract: The twodegrees pump is sometimes used into the heating supplying system, when heating capacity is chosen depending from charge of the heating system. Based of the analysis, of maximum heating charge the first degree condenser is about 62% from the maximum valve of the heating charge. Maximum heating charge of the second degree condenser is as equal as maximum value of the heating charge, hes been established about 78% of total installed power of the first and second degree compressors.Alsoannuallyenergyconsumptionfortheseconddegreecompressorworkisabout8595% ofthetotalconsumedenergyforaseasonheating.OntheconditionsforthetownofPrizren,itisdefined numberofhoursforusedtheseconddegreecompressorspower. Keywords:heatpumps,heatingsystems,twostep. Correspondingauthor:efikM.Bajmak,email:bajmak@yahoo.com
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Analysis of the possibilities of using geothermal heat pumps in the heating and cooling systems with special emphasis spa Ilida in Pe efik M.Bajmak Abstract: One of the basic preconditions for a longer stay human in a space is tolerable difference between the temperature of his body and the environment, that is, it is the difference that natural temperaturecontrollershumanbodycancompensate.Developingawarenessofloweroperatingcostsfor heating and cooling, environmental factors and attempt to take from nature as a greater amount of heating,respectively,cooling,influencedtheemergenceofadvancedtechnicalsolutions.Oneofthemost interesting are heat pumps that take heat from the ground, on the way to producing 100% of heating or forheatingdomestichotwater,useonly2530%additionalenergy(usuallytothecompressorheatpump) until 70 75% of the energy is taken from the environment (usually ground). Globally, underground geothermalreservoirsrepresentahugepotentialdirectlyusableenergy.Thepaperanalyzestheparticular characteristic of dry rocks and layers of natural groundwater. Featured is the heat content of the soil at a depth depending on soil properties and temperature dependence of the water layer at depth h . The procedurefordefiningthesoiltemperature,dependingonthedepthandseason(summer,winter). Keywords:geothermalenergy,heatpumps,centralheating,centralcooling. Correspondingauthor:efikM.Bajmak,email:bajmak@yahoo.com
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Usage of Low-temperature Energy from the Cooling Tower by applying Cascade Heat Pumps Vladimir I. Mijakovski, Vangele B. Mitrevski Abstract: Economic and ecologic justification for the usage of lowtemperature cooling water from the condensers (cooling towers) of TPP Bitola for heating of greenhouse complex by application of heat pumps, connected in cascade, is analyzed and presented in this article. The unit is composed out of three subsystems, each having two onestage heat pumps working in cascade mode. Calculation of the first heat pump cascade is made for cooling fluid R407c, while for the second heat pump, cooling fluid R600a (isobutene) is used. Full technoeconomic analysis of investment and operational costs on the usage of lowtemperature cooling water at a temperature of 33C, is made. Period of investment payback is also determined. Keywords:cascade,heatpump,lowtemperature Correspondingauthor:VladimirI.Mijakovski,email:vladimir.mijakovski@tfb.uklo.edu.mk
66

Refurbishment of Residential Buildings According to Regulation and Policy Vladimir Jovanovic, Karin Stieldorf Abstract:AccordingtotheFirstNationalEnergyEfficiencyActionPlanoftheRepublicofSerbiaresidential buildings built in 1970s and 1980s are identified as the biggest problem regarding energy consumption in the country due to the poor thermal properties of their building envelopes. The aim of this paper is to evaluate building envelope retrofits for a single family house regarding stateoftheart policy in Serbia. The paper describes specific measures that can be applied to satisfy current Regulation on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, First NEEAP and possible incoming energy policy. A case study research and a simulationinrelationtoexperimentalresearcharecombinedmethodologies.Therepresentativemodelof the detached house is positioned in Nis, Serbia. Three retrofit solutions are evaluated through Euro WAEBED and GEBA dynamic simulations. The refurbishments are compared by a reduction of heating demands, annual savings that vary from 31% to 51% and possibility of overheating in summer. The findingscouldbeusedasafirststepindesigningarenovationfortypicaldetachedhousesinSerbia.More informationonbenefitsofrefurbishedhomescouldcontributetotheincreaseofretrofitratesinSerbia. Keywords:Buildingenvelope,Energyefficiency,Policy,Refurbishment,Regulation,Serbia. Correspondingauthor:VladimirJovanovic,email:jovanovic.vlad@yahoo.com
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Impact of Insulation on School Building Energy Consumption Snezana Dragievi, Sasa Stojkovic Abstract: The purpose of this study is to quantify the impact of insulation of various parts of building envelopes on building energy consumption. Using DesignBuilder, a series of parametric simulation was conducted to acquire building energy consumption data for a range of Uvalues of walls, roof, and windows of a primary school "Vuk Karadzic" inaak, Serbia. Analysis is conducted for annual heat losses and benefits of the insulation measures of walls, roof and windows respectively. In addition, analysis of heat gain and loss components was conducted for the purpose of identifying strategies for effectively installing insulation on different parts of the building envelope. Obtained results show a possibility measure to improve the energy efficiency of the analyzed school building by decreasing of heating power upto34%. Keywords:Heatlosses,Heatingpower,Insulation,School. Correspondingauthor:SnezanaDragievi,email:snezana.dragicevic@ftn.kg.ac.rs
68

Determining important factors for improving the energy efficiency, optimal economic and ecological characteristics of a building Biserka Markovi, Vlada Nikoli, Milica Stojanovi, Olivera Nikoli, Vuk Miloevi, Stevan Markovi Abstract: This paper shows the analysis of aspects of selected influence parameters for the choice and optimization of supporting elements and the envelope of the building. On the selected model of the building the optimal carrying structure is done through the use of prefabricated building technology, and thus saves the building material, work power, and time for production and erection up to 50%. The process of architectural design is in this case better, since it offers more freedom in achieving higher flexibility and adaptability of the building. For valorization of the energy efficiency annual consumption of the energy for heating is used. The influence of infiltration losses, and the solar and internal gains are takenintoaccount.Theenergysaving byreplacingthefaade,andtheloggiasare13%,or64719kWh.By enclosingtheloggiastheenergysavingis22%,or58351kWh. Keywords: optimization, building technology, supporting structure, building envelope, energy efficiency, costeffectiveness. Correspondingauthor:BiserkaMarkovi,email:bisam@gaf.ni.ac.rs
69

Building Facade with Temperature Barrier in Context of Increasing Building Energy Efficiency Branislav Stojanovi, Jelena Janevski, Milica Stojanovi, Marko Ignjatovi Abstract: One of the possible ways to provide heating to the building is using temperature barriers within the building facades. This type of heating, besides providing significant increase in building energy efficiency, allows using lowtemperature heating sources. In this paper, special attention is given to opaque part of the building facade with integrated temperature barrier. Due to fact that this type of systemstronglydependsontemperatureofthisthermalelement(barrier)andtypeandthicknessofother materialsofthefacade,influenceofthisparametersonenergyefficiencywasanalyzedinthispaper.Since the simplest and most promising way of using geothermal energy is to use it directly, for our analysis this source of energy was selected. Building energy needs for heating were obtained for typical residential multifamily building in Serbia by using EnergyPlus software. The building with all necessary input for simulation was modeled in Google SketchUp with aid of Open Studio Plugin. Obtained results show that temperature barrier represent good way to increase building energy efficiency and that applying certain temperatureswithinthebarrierpassivehousestandardcanbeachieved. Keywords:temperaturebarrier,facade,energyefficiency. Correspondingauthor:BranislavStojanovi,email:banes@masfak.ni.ac.rs
70

Energy efficiency of thermal power plant depending on the hydraulic load of cooling tower Mirjana Lakovi, Milica Jovi, Slobodan Mitrovi Abstract:Thispaperdescribestheeffectsofchangesinhydraulicloadandparametersoftheatmospheric air in the power plant cooling system with wet cooling towers. Decreasing of the hydraulic load in the cooling tower leads to increasing of the energy efficiency of the plant, due to lower temperature of the condensercoolingwater. With the change of the parameters of the atmospheric air there is change in the operating conditions of the cooling tower and thus, temperature of cooled water. Cooling water temperature change affects the changeoftheoperatingconditionsofthecondenser.Condensingpressure,specificheatconsumptionand energy efficiency of the power plant strongly depend on the cooling water temperature. Those dependences for the actual power plant operating conditions are presented in the paper, in case of the differenthydraulicloadsofthecoolingtowers. Keywords:coolingtower,hydraulicload,plantenergyefficiency. Correspondingauthor:MilicaJovi,email:jovicmilica88@yahoo.com
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Endogenous and Exogenous Exergy Destruction and Exergoeconomic Evaluation of Thermal Processes in a Complex Industrial Plant Goran Vukovi, Mirko M. Stojiljkovi, Gradimir Ili, Mia Vuki, Milo Simonovi Abstract: One of the roles of the Exergoeconomy is to provide energy systems designers and operators with the information, necessary for the improvement of energy systems. It employs both economic principles and the exergy concept, particularly taking into account the values of individual components exergydestruction:thethermodynamiclossduetoirreversibilitieswithinasystemscomponent. The total exergy destruction occurring in a component is not only due to the component (endogenous exergy destruction) but is also caused by the inefficiencies of the remaining system components (exogenousexergydestruction).Hence,thecaremustbetakenwhenusingthetotalexergydestructionof acomponentdecisionsmakingtooptimizetheoverallenergysystem. In this paper, a complex industrial plant is analyzed using the exergy destruction splitting in a component into its endogenous part or that part which is due totally to the irreversibilities of the component and its exogenous part which is due to the irreversibilities of other components within the system. The results will then be applied to the exergoeconomic analysis with the aim of providing relevant additional informationforenergysystemoptimization. Itisobservedthatthedominant effectistheofthe steamgenerator.Fromthetotalexergy destructionin the steam generator, 1,097.63kW or 96.95% come from internal irreversibility in the component, while the influence of other components on the loss of useful work in the steam generator is only 3.05%. Data from exergoeconomics evaluation indicate that the best effects of increasing the efficiency of the overall system, can be achieved with interventions on the steam generator, given that the sum of exergoeconomicsandnonexergoeconomicscostsofthiscomponentis46.37/hor80.36%. Keywords:exergy,exergydestruction,endogenous,exogenous,exergoeconomics,industry. Correspondingauthor:GoranVukovi,email:vucko@masfak.ni.ac.rs
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Introducing curricula of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources by TEMPUS project ENERESE emal Dolianin, Bojan Kovai, Edin Dolianin Abstract: Bearing in mind the significance of energy efficiency, renewable energy sources and their environmental impacts, the State University of Novi Pazar (SUNP) has, as a pioneer in Republic of Serbia, accreditedandrealisedoneyearmasterstudyprogrammeEnergyEfficiencyinBuildings,withthesupport of WUSAustria, and now, as a coordinator at TEMPUS regional project, in cooperation of six Western Balkan and four EU universities, it is preparing accreditation and realisation of twoyear master study programme Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy Sources and Environmental Impacts (ENERESE). The ENERESE project intends to educate, train and deliver such specialists within a interdisciplinary and independent problemsolving framework. This project will fulfil this need by developing curricula and the training programmes for integral sustainable energy design. Project aims is to train qualified master engineers in relatively new and broad interdisciplinary field of energy efficiency and renewable energy sourcesinWesternBalkanprojectpartnercountries. Keywords:education,energyefficiency,projectENERESE. Correspondingauthor:emalDolianin,email:rektorat@np.ac.rs
73

Energy efficiency increasing of indoor swimming pools using solar technology Dragoljub ivkovi, Marko Mani, Pea Milosavljevi, Milena Todorovi, Dobrica Pejovi, Bojan Stankovi Abstract: In this paper, preliminary energy balance of indoor swimming pools in the Sport and Recreation Center Duboica in Leskovac is performed. Energy efficiency analysis is done according to the results of the performed analysis of energy balance. The most significant result of the preliminary energy balance and energy efficiency analysis of indoor swimming pools is the proposal of measures for energy savings. According to complexity and size of the investments required for their realization, proposed measures for energy efficiency improvement are classified as: lowbudget, mediumbudget and highbudget measures of good housekeeping. Proposed highbudget measures for energy efficiency improvement are based on utilization of modern solar technology. Design and sizing of the system for heating sanitary hot water and pool water is calculated using T*SOL Pro 5.0. The results show that installation of a solar thermal system with 168 collectors type Viessmann VITASOL 200F SVE enable annual energy saving of 466.56 MWh, and CO2emissionreductionof100.78t. Keywords:energyefficiency,indoorswimmingpool,energybalance,solartechnology. Correspondingauthor:Dragoljubivkovi,email:dzivkovic50@gmail.com
74

Energy Efficiency Measures Implemented through Projects in Serbia Dragan Pavlovi, Pedja Milosavljevi, Andjela Lazarevi Abstract: Energy efficiency is becoming a priority since it helps in reducing emission of greenhouse gas and allows a reliable energy supply with significant energy savings. Energy consumption in Serbia is relatively high, which is particularly evident in the public and residential sectors. In order to increase energy efficiency in Serbia a set of systematic and well synchronized measures are necessary. There is number of strategic documents and its action plans aimed to contribute to this target in Serbia. However, a lack of systematic incentive measures, complex administrative procedures and bad economic situation are the reasons that Serbia is still very energy intensive country. In recent years the number of energy efficiency projects that have been implemented in Serbia increased, as a result of different public, private and individual initiatives and increased awareness. Reducing energy consumption is a real longterm goal. This paper aims to summarize importance of energy efficiency, especially of the most demanding energy sector which is the building stock sector, and also to present basic information about the projects that havebeenrealizedinSerbiasofar. Keywords:Buildingstock,Energyefficiency,Energybalance,Energyconsumption. Correspondingauthor:DraganPavlovi,email:draganpavlovic10369@gmail.com
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Calibrating Building Energy Models FBB Building Case Study Bratislav Blagojevi, Marko Ignjatovi Abstract: Reducing energy consumption in buildings represents one of the greatest challenges in XXI century. Serbia has adopted initial regulation considering building energy performance certification. Detailed knowledge of particular building, systems serving it and energy flows within building boundaries is needed in order to properly evaluate potential measures for reducing energy consumption. Use of buildingenergysimulationtoolsfornewbuildingsinthedesign phase,aswellascalibratedsimulation for existing ones is needed. In this paper, measurements for calibration of building energy model are presented through the description of selected case study building: Feniks BB (FBB) combined office and productionbuilding. Keywords:Buildingenergymodel,Simulation,Modelcalibration,FBBbuilding. Correspondingauthor:MarkoIgnjatovi,email:marko.ignjatovic@live.com
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Energy Efficiency of an Elementary School Prva Vojvoanska Brigada Duan Savi Abstract: Today, energy costs represent an increasingly important part of total costs. Cause on the one hand, the increase in energy prices and energy prices due to objective reasons and speculators, on the other hand more and more stringent environmental standards, which determine the use of more sophisticated and more expensive power plants. The international community argues that irresponsible humanactivitiescauseclimate change (primarilygreenhouse gas emissions)andto prepare forthefuture radical programs to reduce energy consumption, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increased use of renewable energy and energy efficiency. For each factory and institution individually, it is necessary to establish a system of cost management, measurement of relative energy efficiency of individual objects and processes and permanent effect on the cost of energy. The rise in energy costs can have a significant impact, and possibly increase the safety requirements, standards of living and more numerous and more sophisticated computer equipment, and the introduction of energy management. In this paper a primary schoolbuilding,itsconstructioncharacteristics,thestructureoftheenvelopeanditsenergyinfrastructure was shown. Also there were presented and analyzed current energy consumption, volume and energy use, and proposed that all potentially valid measures and packages of measures to increase the energy efficiencyofthebuildingasawhole. Keywords:Energy,energyefficiency,energyaudit,heat,infiltration. Correspondingauthor:DuanSavi,email:Savic.dusan.ns@gmail.com
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Energy-Efficient Technologies Applied in Zero Energy Buildings Suad Suljkovi, Velimir Stefanovi, Saa Pavlovi, Ivan Stojanovi Abstract: Today in the world there are a number of initiatives and lowenergy standards that promote developmentofzeroenergybuildings.Thecomplexconceptofzerocanbeachievedinhot,moderateand coldclimatesandenergyefficienttechnologiesareanimportantsteptowardsachievingthisgoal. This paper describes an energyefficient measures combined with passive and active techniques used in zero energy buildings through examples of successfully completed projects and objects in different climates. Keywords:Energyefficiency,Optimization,Passivesolardesign,Zeroenergybuildings. Correspondingauthor:SuadSuljkovi,email:suljko@yahoo.com
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Analysis of the Natural Lighting and Energy Demand in the Student Dormitory in Terms of Architectural Design Petar Peji, Duan Petkovi, Marko Ignjatovi, Sonja Krasi Abstract: There are many reasons for the adequate use of natural light inside the dormitories. Studies show that natural light has a great impact on people, their physical, physiological and psychological health, and therefore the results achieved by each person. The intensity of light required for the student activities and the temperature inside the room is one of the major factors for the occupant comfortable work and life. They depend directly on natural lighting or otherwise electricity is used to achieve optimal conditions. Design building facades in relation to the orientation has a significant impact on the use of natural light. In this paper, a comparative analysis of student rooms with different orientations and differentfaadesdesignswasperformedinordertoinvestigatewhattypeofrefurbishmentinthefacade onlyisnecessaryinordertomaximizeuseofnaturallighting. Keywords:ArchitecturalDesign,Naturallighting,Eavesupgrading,ThermalComfort. Correspondingauthor:PetarPeji,email:petarpejic@i.ua
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Principles of design and construction of passive houses Sanja Spasi Abstract: The growing energy consumption and serious ecological crisis have caused increased focus on renewable energy. In recent years, building of houses that promote the use of passive solar systems became very often. The construction of such houses is more than desirable and advisable because of the use of solar systems have enormous positive effects in reducing environmental pollution and energy saving.Thegoalofthispaperistoinitiatetheideaofthewideuseofsolarpotential,basedonthealready existing buildings and architectural examples from Europe and the world. This paper explores the principles of design and construction of passive houses and also gives the examples from the world practice. Keywords:Solarenergy,passivehouse,solarsystems,architecture,energyefficiency. Correspondingauthor:SanjaSpasi,email:sanjaspasic@ymail.com
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Application of passive solar systems in architecture Sanja Spasi Abstract: Because of the pollution of the environment on planet Earth, unreasonable attitude towards resourcesandglobalwarming,theneedforusingrenewableenergysourcesgrowhigher andhigher,with aspecialemphasisontheglobalimportanceofsolarenergy.Passiveuseofsolarenergyisthebasicandin the same time the cheapest way of energy use.The main reason for that is the way how it works. It doesntuseanyexpensive technologybutinsteadofthatthedesignandconstructionofthe structurehas to be adapted to maximum use of solar energy. The goal of this paper is to point out the importance of using solar energy in architecture by showing the system which should be applied in the design of buildings,aswellasbyanalyzingeachsystemindividually. Keywords: Solar energy, Passive solar systems, Architecture, Energy efficiency, Trombemisel wall, The greenhouse. Correspondingauthor:SanjaSpasi,email:sanjaspasic@ymail.com
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7.
Expert Systems

Governance of energy transition of non-residental buildings by policy intervention Miroslav Kljaji, Duan Gvozdenac, Jovan Petrovi, Aleksandar Andjelkovi Abstract: Starting on previous experiences, which are based on undertaken energy efficiency measures, recorded unsatisfied indicators and trends in energy consumption, energy mix and the level of environmental pollution, the necessity and priority of the new system changes is revealed, in the building sector and the segment of existing nonresidential buildings. Despite many efforts, systematic and organized care about energy efficiency in nonresidential buildings is missing and consequently the improvements, which suggests the need for new approaches to governance the process of transition of energy systems in buildings. The aim of this paper is to analyze and explore the most suitable energy policy intervention for success in energy transition process in nonresidential building sector in Serbia. Professional public, stakeholders, decision makers and creators of energy policies and strategies have different and even opposite views on how to direct the process of transition of energy systems in buildings, what type of instruments should to be used and how to evaluate the effects of changes. The paper deals with tracing the pathway of energy transition process in existing nonresidential buildings as animportantsegmentofsectorialenergyactivities. Theimportancestemsfromthefactsthatthevolume of consumption of this category is significant (from 3.5 Mtoe of final consumption in Serbia, share of building sector is 48% from which nonresidential buildings is up to 35%), that users are vulnerable social groups, that worsening trends of energy efficiency are evidenced and consequently becoming excessive financial burden on the local community and the state, that disturb the health of people and the environmentbecausetheydonotusecleanenergytechnologiesandawrongattitudeaboutenergyinthe societyiscreatedbecauseofinadequatevaluationofenergyasresourceofthefuture.Thepaperisbased onenergyindicatorsin Serbia,collectedthroughenergyaudittechniquesandanalysisofofficialstatistics. Multiple Criteria Analysis (MCA) method is used for analysis of the intensity of key influences on the success of energy transition process by implementation of the energy efficiency policy in Serbia and also forresultsinterpretation. Keywords:NonresidentialBuildings,EnergyTransition,PolicyIntervention,MultipleCriteriaAnalysis. Correspondingauthor:MiroslavKljaji,email:kljajicm@uns.ac.rs
84

Energy systems and their use in public sector in Autonomus Province of Vojvodina Igor Mujan, Aleksandar Anelkovi, Jovan Petrovi , Miroslav Kljaji Abstract:BuildingsectorrepresentsoneofthebiggestenergyconsumersinEuropeancountries.Thus,the facilitiesinthepublicsectorhavebeeninthefocusofattentionsincetheyplayahugeroleinthebuilding sector energy consumption with the annually increasing energy demand and the absence of proper energy management.The poorstateof energysystemsin public buildingsandtheirinadequateoperation by the end user have driven the cooperative project between Faculty of Technical Sciences and the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development on the extent of energy consumption in the public sector which is in running for well over two years. This paper aims to present the results of the work and define the current state and future needs of energy systems in buildings in relation to its users. Three major parts of public building sector were covered: 22.6% of Education facilities in APV, 67.1% of MedicalfacilitiesinAPVand58%oftheAdministrativesector(municipalities)inAPV.Thepaperwillshow the vast disparity between the Ordinance on energy efficiency of buildings issued in 2011 and the real energyconsumptioninpublicsectoraswellastheoutdatedenergysystemsandtheirimproperuse. Keywords:EnergySystems,PublicSector,Building,User. Correspondingauthor:IgorMujan,email:igor.m@uns.ac.rs
85

Risk Analysis Methods for Small Hydro Power Plants in Creating Insurance Policy Andjela Lazarevic, Rade Karamarkovic, Vladan Karamarkovic, Dragoljub Lazarevic Abstract: Small Hydro Power Plants provide more diversity in terms of financing projects, location selection, ownership, its applications as well as insurance methods, comparing to the Conventional Hydro Power Plants. Electricity produced by small hydro power plants could be used to improve energy efficiency of different production facilities, domestic and public lighting and other applications. However, those energy objects are exposed to the variety of risks that should be taken into consideration in different ph ases of objects construction, operation and maintenance. Understanding of those risks is crucial for undertaking of different technoeconomic analysis, as well as establishing of the insurance policy for those power plants. The approaches used to create insurance policy for Small Hydro Power Plants in certain countries depend of the technology applied and development level of the country and willbeprovidedinthispaper. Keywords:SmallHydroPowerPlants,EnergyEfficiency,InsurancePolicy. Correspondingauthor:AndjelaLazarevic,email:andjela.lazarevic@masfak.ni.ac.rs
86

Optimization of Trigeneration Systems: A Combinatorial Metaheuristic Approach Mirko M. Stojiljkovi, Mladen M. Stojiljkovi, Bratislav D. Blagojevi Abstract: Onsite energy supply systems with cogeneration and trigeneration are acceptable, convenient and widely used solutions for increasing the efficiency of energy conversion, reducing pollution and securingenergysupply.Inordertomakethesesystemsfinanciallymoreattractive,moreefficientormore environmentally friendly, optimization of their structure, design parameters and operation is required. In this paper, an approach to synthesis, design and operation optimization applicable primarily to the systems for buildings energy supply is presented. Synthesis and design optimization is defined and solved as a combinatorial problem, using genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization, while optimal operation regimes are determined using mixed integer linear programming, i.e. the branchandcut method. This approach is applied to optimize structure, design and operation related parameters of a trigeneration plant that could be used to supply a real residential settlement in Ni, Serbia. In this example, only a financial objective function, i.e. annual total costs, is taken into account, although the methodologymightbeusedforotherobjectivefunctions,aswellasformultiobjectiveoptimization. Keywords: Cogeneration, Combinatorial optimization, Energy supply, Genetic algorithms, Mixed integer linearprogramming,Particleswarmoptimization,Trigeneration Correspondingauthor:MirkoM.Stojiljkovi,email:mirko.stojiljkovic@masfak.ni.ac.rs
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Cogeneration and Heat Storage in Optimized District Heating Plants. Impact on Heat Costs and Primary Energy Consumption Mirko M. Stojiljkovi, Goran D. Vukovi, Dejan M. Mitrovi Abstract: Implementation of cogeneration and heat storage technologies in the district heating systems might result with benefits related to efficiency, environmental impact, flexibility and security in heat supply. Impact on finances, and consequently the cost of heat depends on many factors. In this paper, potentialforimplementationofcogenerationtogetherwithheat storageina typicalsmallSerbiandistrict heating system is analyzed from the heat cost and primary energy consumption viewpoints. Several models of cogeneration units are considered, in combination with various sizes of heat storage tanks. It is assumedthattheplantoperatesduringheatingseasonsonlyandalwaysinanoptimalregime.Inorderto determinetheoptimaloperationregime,amixedintegerlinearoptimizationproblemisdefined. Keywords: Cogeneration, District heating, Heat cost, Heat storage, Mixed integer linear programming, Optimization,Primaryenergy. Correspondingauthor:MirkoM.Stojiljkovi,email:mirko.stojiljkovic@masfak.ni.ac.rs
88

Particle Swarm Optimization for the optimal tilt angle of solar collectors Emina Petrovi, Milica Jovi, Vlastimir Nikoli, Dejan Mitrovi, Mirjana Lakovi Abstract: Solar energy will play an increasing important role in a future where reducing the dependence on fossil fuels and addressing environmental issues are a priority. The energy technology sector is experiencing marked change from its traditional architecture of largescale, centralized supply systems thattakeadvantageofsignificanteconomiesofscale. Thispaperdealswithanoptimumtiltangleandsurfacingofsolarcollector.Theannualoptimumtiltangle is dependent on many factors such as the weather condition. To find out optimum title angle of solar collector in this work is used particle swarm optimization (PSO). The proposed methodology is shown to successfullysolvetheproblem. Keywords:tiltangle,solarcollectors,particleswarmoptimization(PSO). Correspondingauthor:Emina Petrovi
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Intelligent contemporary heating control of an amphitheatre arko ojbai, Milan Ristanovi, Vlastimir Nikoli, Slavica Stojiljkovi, Nemanja Markovi Abstract: It is widely recognized nowadays that contemporary systems of building heating should be designedinsuchmannerthatadvancedcentralandlocalcontrolisprovided,whichprovidesforbothhigh comfort and rational heating energy consumption. By the European standard EN 15232 Energy performance of buildings Impact of Building Automation, Controls and Building Management building automation, controls and building management systems that provide appropriate energy efficiency class are demanded. In this paper such concept of control of heating system is presented through solution of automation of high education institution amphitheatre, which provides for the highest energy efficiency class A with contemporary concepts that provide comfort during system usage. Furthermore, such sophisticated control systems are further empowered with intelligent functions based on application of fuzzyandneuralapproaches,whichaddautonomousbehaviourtothesystemthatadditionallystressuser friendliness and comfort. Control functions are presented along with description of proposed solutions, whiletechnoeconomicanalysisisalsobrieflyconsidered. Keywords: Control, building automation, energy efficiency, heating, amphitheatre, computational intelligence. Correspondingauthor:arkoojbai,email:zcojba@ni.ac.rs
90

Intelligent Control System for Thermal Vision-Based Person-Following Robot Platform Ivan iri, arko ojbai, Vlastimir Nikoli, Tomislav Igi Abstract: In this paper the supervisory control of the PersonFollowing Robot Platform is presented. The mainpartofthehighlevelcontrolloopofmobilerobotplatformisarealtimerobustalgorithmforhuman detection and tracking. The main goal was to enable mobile robot platform to recognize the person in indoor environment, and to localize it with accuracy high enough to allow adequate humanrobot interaction. The developed computationally intelligent control algorithm enables robust and reliable human tracking by mobile robot platform. The core of the recognition methods proposed is genetic optimization of threshold segmentation and classification of detected regions of interests in every frame acquired by thermal vision camera. The support vector machine classifier determines whether the segmented object is human or not based on features extracted from the processed thermal image independently from current light conditions and in situations where no skin colour is visible. Variation in temperature across same objects, air flow with different temperature gradients, person overlap while crossing each other and reflections, put challenges in thermal imaging and will have to be handled intelligentlyinordertoobtaintheefficientperformancefrommotiontrackingsystem. Keywords:Computationalintelligence,Geneticoptimization,ThermalVision. Correspondingauthor:Ivaniri,email:ciric.ivan@masfak.ni.ac.rs
91

Classification of Mobile Objects According to Shape and Size by Applying the Technique of Digital Image Processing Aca Mici, Biljana orevi, Boban Andjelkovi Abstract: Recognizing and classification of products on the conveyor belt accordingly to shape and size is very significant in industrial processes. Economical solution of this problem implies the application of standard industrial CCD camera, white diffuse light source and standard personal computer. The light source gives away white diffuse light which is registered by CCD camera after the reflection from the object surface and is being transmitted to the personal computer. Forming conditions of digital records aren't always optimal, so they need to be processed in the most adequate way in order to make larger quantity of informations more usable. Benefits of this method are: simple application of standard techniques and commercial equipment, great reaction speed, contactless action and the possibility includes large working surfaces in one single image. By using comparative analysis of the results obtained with this method and results, obtained by already known methods, it's applicability can be confirmed. Resultsofthatresearchareshowninthispaper. Keywords:Digitalimageprocessing,Mobileobjectdimensionsestimation,Patternrecognition. Correspondingauthor:Biljanaorevi,email:bicckey@gmail.com
92

Non-linear contrast image enhancement Biljana Djordjevi, Boban Andjelkovi Abstract: Precise notation of objects, processes and phenomena significantly affects the functionality of mechatronical systems. Conditions, under which records of digital cameras are being realized, still aren't optimal, so their quality needs to be improved in order to get a number of usable informations. In this paper are presented few image filtering techniques, which contribute solving of this problem. Special attention has been given to a group of nonlinear filters, which usage influences image contrast modificationandwhichobtainsresultsthatareapplicableinreallifesituations.Severalmethodsofimage contrast enhancing were analyzed: histogram equalization, adaptive histogram equalization, and method of homomorphic filtering. Image contrast improvement and control of dynamical range are realized by processing. Obtained results have been analyzed, estimation of original image quality and processed imagehasbeenexecutedandtheircomparativeanalysisisgiven. Keywords: nonlinear contrast enhancement, histogram equalization, adaptive histogram equalization, homomorphicfiltering,imagequalityestimation. Correspondingauthor:Biljanaorevi,email:bicckey@gmail.com
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8.
Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer, and Combustion

Protective Measures Against Water Hammer in a Long Pipeline Hydropower Plant with Pelton Turbine Dragica Milenkovi, Dragan Svrkota, Milica Nikodijevi Abstract: Water hammer is an unsteady hydraulic problem which is commonly found in the penstocks of hydropower plants. Due to either a malfunction of the system or inadequate operation conditions, pipeline may collapse or burst. In this paper protective measures against water hammer problems in hydropower plant Resavica with Pelton turbine are investigated. Water hammer phenomena have been investigated as part of design process of new hydropower plant Resavica in Serbia. The small hydropower plant Resavica is characterized by gross head of 186 meters, pipeline diameter DN800 and length of 7300 meters. Closure of the pipeline for Pelton turbine in the case of emergency shutdown and load rejection is modelled with closing of turbine main inlet valve, closing of the turbine needles, and combined closing of turbine inlet valve with by pass valve. The results obtained with software developed by authors are presentedgraphicallyanddiscussed. Keywords:Longpipeline,Peltonturbine,protection,software,waterhammer. Correspondingauthor:DragicaMilenkovi,email:dragica@masfak.ni.ac.rs
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Flow and Heat Transfer of Three Immiscible Fluids in the Presence of Uniform Magnetic Field Dragia Nikodijevi, ivojin Stamenkovi, Milo Koci, Milica Nikodijevi Abstract: The magnetohydrodynamic flow of three immiscible fluids in a horizontal channel with isothermalwallsinthepresenceofanappliedmagneticfieldhas beeninvestigatedinthepaper.All three fluidsareelectricallyconducting,whilethechannelplatesareelectricallyinsulated.Thegeneralequations that describe the discussed problem under the adopted assumptions are reduced to ordinary differential equationsandclosedformsolutionsareobtainedinthreefluid regionsofthechannel.Separatesolutions with appropriate boundary conditions for each fluid have been obtained and these solutions have been matched at the interface using suitable matching conditions. The analytical results for various values of the Hartmann number, the ratio of fluid heights and thermal conductivities have been presented graphicallytoshowtheireffectontheflowandheattransfercharacteristics. Keywords:flowofimmisciblefluids,heattransfer,Hartmannnumber,magneticfield. Correspondingauthor:DragiaNikodijevi,email:dragisan@masfak.ni.ac.rs
97

Influence of Water in Liquid Fuel on the Combustion Stability in Fluidized Bed Milica R. Mladenovi, Stevan . Nemoda, Dragoljub V. Daki, Milijana J. Paprika, Ana D. Marinkovi, Branislav S. Repi, Mirko S. Komatina Abstract: This paper presents results of the experimental and numerical investigation of fluidized bed combustionofunconventionalliquidfuelsfedbythelateraljet.Aspecialemphasisisgiventoinfluenceof water content in the fuel on the combustion parameters. During the combustion of the liquid fuels with significant water content, a withdrawal of zone of the intense combustion below the bed surface was registered. In the paper, it is explained by the assumption that the water in the fuel boosts mixing of the fuel and the oxidizer. This assumption was confirmed by applying Euler twofluid model with kinetic theory of granular flow. Numerical simulations have shown that the enhanced mixing of the fuel and the oxidizer is caused by instantaneous transition of the water to steam and the expansion of the inlet jet, in caseofthefuelswithhighcontentofvolatiles,orsprayingoftheliquidfueltofinedroplets,incaseofthe fuelswithlowcontentofvolatiles. Keywords:Lateraljet,Fluidizedbed,Unconventionalliquidfuel,Watercontent. Correspondingauthor:MilicaR.Mladenovi,email:mica@vinca.rs
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Influence of Burner Operating Parameters and Fuel Properties On Pulverized Fuel Combustion Branislav Repi, Dejan Djurovi, Ana Marinkovi, Aleksandar Eri, Goran ivkovi, Milica Mladenovi Abstract: Pulverized fuel firing is one of the wide modes of fuel utilization. For successful combustion of pulverized fuel it is necessary to ensure adequate conditions by the appropriate choice of burners and furnace characteristics. Combustion of pulverized fuel with swirl burners utilizing the swirl effects is very significant and widely used. Swirl flows are used extensively because of their favourable influence on stabilization and intensification of the combustion process and reduction of NOx emission. Optimal operating conditions of pulverized fuel combustion depend on burner characteristics and fuel properties. In the paper are presented the results of investigation of influence that constructive and operating parameters of burners characteristics and fuel properties (biomass and coal) exert on pulverized fuel combustion. Investigation of combustion of several types of fuels (biomass and coal) in swirl burner models and prototypes were performed. Influence of the following parameters was investigated: constructive parameters of burners (type, quarl), burner's operating parameters (velocity, temperature and quantity of air, swirl number, excess air, concentration of pulverized fuel), and fuel properties (type, quality,moisture,ash,volatileandcombustiblematterscontents,pulverizedfuelgrindingfinenessetc.). Keywords:Burners,Pulverizedfuel,Combustion,Biomass,Coal. Correspondingauthor:BranislavRepi,email:brepic@vinca.rs
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Combustion Experiments with Granular Biomass in a Fluidized Bed Facility Milica R. Mladenovi, Stevan . Nemoda, Dragoljub V.Daki, Milijana J. Paprika, Dejan M. urovi, Branislav S. Repi, Sran B. Uzelac Abstract:Rationaluseoflimitedenergyresourcesisanincreasinglyimportanttopic,andbiomassthereby takes a special place. Subject of this paper is the combustion of granular biomass corn kernels. A detailed description of the demonstrationalexperimental boiler, power 300 kW, combusting unconventional solid and liquid fuels in fluidized bed. The experimental results of the combustion of granular biomass are presented, comprising temperature field along the furnace height, outlet flue gas analysis, as well as the FB combustion parameters of the fuel. On the basis of the obtained results, an assessment of the suitability of FB combustion of the granular biomass and its utilization for energy purposes are given. This assessment especially important is having in mind the 2012 problem with the aflatoxincontaminationofthecornwhenjust32%oftheharvestsweresafeforhumanfood. Keywords:Fluidizedbed,Granularbiomass,Corn,Combustion. Correspondingauthor:MilicaR.Mladenovi,email:mica@vinca.rs
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Determination of a heat transfer coefficient for the back surface of a perforated plate Mladen Tomi, Predrag ivkovi, Anica Miloevi, Biljana Milutinovi, Petar eki Abstract: Numerical simulations were performed to determine heat transfer coefficient for back surface of a perforated plate with square arranged cylindrical perforations. Three parameters were varied in the study: plate porosity, pitchbased Reynolds number and the fluid, while perforation diamter and plate thickneswereconstants. Plateporositywasvariedintherangefrom0.1to0.3andforworkingfluidwere used helium, air, and carbondioxide respectively. The Reynolds number was varied in the range from 50 to 7000. The Nusselt number was correlated in the function of Reynolds number, Prandtl number and pitchtodiameter ratio. On the end of the paper a comparison was done with other authors correlations. Thedifferencewasfoundtobeacceptable. Keywords:heattransfer,perforatedplate,pitch,porosity. Correspondingauthor:MladenTomi,email:mladen.tomic@vtsnis.edu.rs
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Determination of a perforated plate convective heat transfer coefficient for wide range of Prandtl numbers Mladen Tomi, Mia Vuki, Predrag ivkovi, Gradimir Ili Abstract: Numerical simulations were performed to determine heat transfer coefficient of a perforated plate with square arranged cylindrical perforations. Three parameters were varied in the study: plate porosity, pitchbased Reynolds number and the fluid, while perforation diamter and plate thicknes were constants. Plate porosity was varied in the range from 0.1 to 0.4 and for working fluid were usedt helium, air,carbondioxideandwaterrespectively,thusmakingtherangeofPrandtlnumber between0.68and 7. The Reynoldsnumberwas variedinthe rangefrom50to7000.TheNusselt numberwascorrelatedinthe function of Reynolds number, Prandtl number and pitchtodiameter ratio. On the end of the paper a comparisonwasdonewithotherauthorscorrelations.Thedifferencewasfoundtobeacceptable. Keywords:heattransfer,perforatedplate,pitch,porosity. Correspondingauthor:MladenTomi,email:mladen.tomic@vtsnis.edu.rs
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Research of Effectiveness of HHO Production for Use in Internal Combustion Engines Miodrag Milenkovi, Milo Miloevi, Duan Stamenkovi, Milan Pavlovi Abstract: HHO systems are designed to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water. The question is whether and how much the combustion of fossil fuels in internal combustion engines can be enhanced andcomplementedwithsuchsystems.ThereareseveralwaysforproducingHHOgas.Inthispaperoneof HHO systems, which uses electrolysis for obtaining HHO gas, is proposed. For electrolysis, the plates of 316L stainless steel with 15%ing aqueous solution of NaOH as the electrolyte were used. This research was done in the function of obtaining a certain amount of gas under certain conditions: temperature of generator, current, voltage, different frequency values and pulse width. Also, the required time for obtaining one liter of HHO gas mixture was measured. This generator of HHO gas is composed of 13 panelsofstainlesssteel316L.Withthis configurationgeneratorstands1literofHHOgasperminute with usingofabout3Whofenergy.AtaconstantcurrentofI=12.9A,voltageofU=26.9V,100%PWMpulse width and 0.5 kHz of frequency, for 1 liter of HHO gas per minute, it was necessary to consume 2.852 Wh of energy, while at a constant current of I = 9.8 A, a voltage of U = 27.8 V, 50% PWM pulse width and 0.5 kHzoffrequency,for1literofHHOgasperminute,itwasnecessarytoconsume3.011Whofenergy. Keywords:Electrolysis,GeneratorsofHHOgas,HHOgas,PWM. Correspondingauthor:MiodragMilenkovi,email:miodragmilenkovic88@hotmail.com
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Long-wavelength Marangoni instability in a binary mixture layer with nonlinear Soret effect Slavtcho Slavtchev, Penka Kalitzova-Kurteva, Alex Oron Abstract: The thermodiffusion or Soret effect in binary systems is called nonlinear when the thermodiffusivefluxisproportionaltothetemperaturegradientwithacoefficientbeinglinearfunctionof the solute concentration, instead of constant as for linear Soret effect. The nonlinear effect is mostly pronouncedinverydilutesolutionsandcanbesignificantinsomeseparationprocesses. The report deals with the longwavelength Marangoni instability in a thin horizontal layer of a binary mixture, subjected to a vertical constant temperature gradient. The layer is bounded by rigid plate from below and free nondeformable surface from above. It is heated from below and the free surface is consideredtobepoorlyconducting. The nonlinear dynamic behavior of the liquid layer is studied in the case of monotonic instability. The solution of the dimensionless equations of mass and momentum balances, heat transfer and mass diffusion is presented near the linear stability threshold in the form of series in a small parameter that measures the supercriticality above the threshold. A nonlinear equation for spatiotemporal evolution of the system is derived. The bifurcation analysis of that equation for three kinds of patterns: rolls, squares, andhexagonalpatterns,revealstheconditionsfortheiremergenceandstability. Keywords: bifurcation analysis, longwavelength instability, monotonic Marangoni convection, nonlinear Soreteffect. Correspondingauthor:SlavtchoSlavtchev,email:slavcho@imbm.bas.bg
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Analysis of thermodynamic parameters in the injection mold with metal inserts Saa Ranelovi, Saa Nikoli, Mladomir Milutinovi Abstract: The process of injection molding today is the widespread industrial technology market throws an increasing number of finished products. Although the process depends on a lot of the large number of technological parameters is necessary to continuously monitor key thermodynamic quantities, such as temperature, pressure, speed, melt etc. that have a decisive influence to the quality of the finished part and the productivity of the entire process. On the example of molding complex parts for wide use to analyzetheparametersoftheprocess. Keywords:Injectionmolding,Temperaturefiled,Pressurefiled. Correspondingauthor:SaaRanelovi,email:sassa@masfak.ni.ac.rs
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9.
Environmental Protection

Carbon Dioxide Emission from TPP Nikola Tesla A and B units Zoran Markovi, Mili Eri, Dejan Cvetinovi, Predrag Stefanovi, Vuk Spasojevi , Predrag Skobalj Abstract:LowcalorificlignitefromKolubaraopenpitminesismainlyusedforheatandpowergeneration in "Thermal Power Plants Nikola Tesla" TENT, Obrenovac. TENT is the largest electricity producer in Serbia. TENT units are not equipped with adequate carbon dioxide emission monitoring systems for continuous measurements. Since the CO2 emission by lignite combustion is the primary source of GHG in Serbia (with a share of more than 40% in total GHG emission), the IPCC methodology suggests that the calculation of CO2 emissions shall be based on the actual coal characteristics and not on the constant value carbon emission factor CEF =27.6 [tC/TJ] as defined by the Tier 1 methodology. This paper presents the results of measurement/calculation of carbon and carbon dioxide emission factors of Kolubara lignite and specific emissions of carbon dioxide from four TENT A and two TENT B units, based on the results of insitu measurements and detailed laboratory analysis of Kolubara lignite, flying and bottom ash samples, collected during insitu measurements of carbon dioxide emissions from these units. Analysis of the obtained experimental results have proved that carbon emission factor of the Kolubara raw lignite CEFr with net (lower) calorific value Qdr in the range 6 10 MJ/kg, can be represented by a linear correlation CEFr [tC/TJ] = 34 407 0.5891 Qdr [MJ/kg], giving the considerably higher values for CEFr than value recommended by the IPCC Tier 1 methodology for lignite. The result of the measurements suggest higher specific CO2 emissions values for small thermal power units with power of 200MW (units A1 and A2) compared with specific CO2 emissions from units of 350MW (units A4 and A6) and 670MW (units B1 and B2). Keywords: Carbon dioxide emission, carbon emission factor estimation, Kolubara mine lowcalorific lignite. Correspondingauthor:ZoranMarkovi,email:zoda_mark@vinca.rs
108

Reduction of Particulate Matter Emission of the Upgraded Electrostatic Precipitators at Unit B2 of the TPP Nikola Tesla Mili Eri, Predrag Stefanovi, Zoran Markovi, Predrag kobalj, Nikola ivkovi, Vuk Spasojevi, Dejan Cvetinovi Abstract: According to obligations, transposition of the Directive 2001/80/EC into state legislation have been performed: Low on air protection (Sl. Glasnik RS br. 36/09) and the Directive on Limitation emission values for the pollutants emitted in air (Sl. Glasnik RS br. 71/10) were adopted by the Parliament, while Electric Power Industry of Serbia (JP EPS) as a socially responsible company have started with reconstructions and modernization of the electrostatic precipitators on all their units since 2005. TPP NikolaTesla Bperformed reconstructionoftheelectrostaticprecipitatorsatunitB2withincreasedpower level,during2011. Paper presents results of the measurements of particulate matter concentration performed as a part of guaranteeinvestigationsforthereconstructedelectrostaticprecipitators.Measurementswereperformed in accordance with standards ISO 9096 and EN 132841, by the Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vina, LaboratoryforThermalEngineeringandEnergyasanindependentinstitution. Keywords:electrostaticprecipitator,emission,modernization,particulatematter,reconstruction. Correspondingauthor:MiliEri,email:milic@vinca.rs
109

Indoor air parameters measurements in kindergartens located in different urban environments Ivan Lazovi, Sandra Stefanovi, ana Stevanovi, Marija ivkovi, Maja urovi-Petrovi, arko Stevanovi Abstract: Children require good indoor environment since indoor air quality is very important for their growth and wellbeing. Since their educational process begins in kindergarten, they spend indoors between 5 and 10 hours a day, wherefore the quality of air within the building is of crucial importance. This study caries out indoor air quality measurements results, performed in two naturally ventilated kindergartens. Buildings were chosen based on urban environment features. Environmental air quality wasthemainreferenceforchoosingthesebuildings.Oneofkindergartensislocated intheindustrialpart of Bor city. The second is situated within Belgrade worst traffic core. The measurements were obtained during the winter heating period, and the results implied air temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentration. The classroom average concentration of carbon dioxide often exceeded the value of 1500 ppm during its full occupancy, which indicates inadequate ventilation. Analysis of measurements also determined high correlation between humidity and carbon dioxide concentration. This fact may constituteasolidbasisforimplementationofthefreshairsupplystrategy. Keywords: indoor air quality (IAQ), environmental air quality (EAQ), carbon dioxide (CO2), relative humidity(RH),temperature. Correspondingauthor:IvanLazovi,email:lazovic@vinca.rs
110

The Environmental Indicators Related to Indoor Air Quality in Schools Valentina Turanjanin, Biljana Vuievi, Marina Jovanovi, Sandra Stefanovi Abstract: This paper presents set of environmental indicators of indoor air quality as a very important component of indoor environment. The indoor air quality indicators are divided in three groups: physical (temperature, relative humidity and Air Exchange Rates), gaseous (carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds) and particulate (PM2.5 and PM10) IAQ indicators. The indicators,formedforanelementaryschoolintheurbanarea,areshown. Keywords:IndoorAirQuality,EnvironmentalIndicators,Schools,Sustainability. Correspondingauthor:ValentinaTuranjanin,email:valentin@vinca.rs
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Indoor Air Pollution Modeling of Belgrade Typical Dwelling Sandra Stefanovi, Marija ivkovi, Ivan Lazovi, ana Stevanovi, Maja urovi-Petrovi, Borislav Grubor, arko Stevanovi Abstract:Thecentralconcernofindoorairquality(IAQ)analysisisthepredictionofairbornecontaminant dispersal in buildings. Airborne contaminants disperse throughout buildings in a complex manner that dependsonmanyparameters:thenatureofairmovements(into,outofandwithinthebuildingsystem), theinfluenceoftheheatingandnaturalventilation,thepossibilityofremovalbyfiltrationorcontribution, by generation of contaminants etc. For IAQ analysis we seek to comprehensively model all of these phenomena. The aim of this paper is to present methodology used for determination of airflow and contaminant related phenomena. Subsequently, the goal was to model and investigate possible indoor contaminant behavior as a result of implementation of building energy efficiency measures and GHG emission mitigation scenarios. As a reference example representation, modeling and simulation performance of one typical Belgrade dwelling has been performed. It incorporates developing of dwelling idealization, schematic representation, defining its components, performing simulation and at the end reviewofresults. Keywords:IndoorAirQuality,Contaminantbehavior,Contaminantdispersal,Multizonemodeling. Correspondingauthor:SandraStefanovi,email:sandras@vinca.rs
112

AHP method for waste treatments ranking in terms of impact on the environment Biljana Milutinovi, Gordana Stefanovi, Goran Vukovi, Mladen Tomi, Petar Djeki Abstract: When making the decision on the selection of appropriate waste treatment, one of the important aspects is environmental protection. Different waste treatments have different effects on the environment, which is expressed through a variety of environmental indicators. To assess the environmentalimpactofacertainwastetreatment, itisnecessarytocarryoutanadequateanalysisofall influential environmental criteria. The main problem in the analysis is to determine the indicators that clearly and fully sublimate the most important influential factors. The presented study was carried out on the example of waste management in the city of Ni. Several scenarios of waste management have been made. Three experiments were conducted in order to assess influence of environmental indicators: first experiment was done using four indicators, second was done using seven indicators and third experiment was done using ten indicators. The comparative results of scenario analysis are presented in this paper. Ranking of each scenario was performed based on multicriteria analysis, the AHP method is used. With the increasing number of environmental indicators it is shown that it is possible to make a clearer differencebetweenthewastetreatmentsintermsoftheimpactontheenvironment. Keywords:Multicriteriaanalysis,AHPmethod,Wastemanagement,EnvironmentalIndicators. Correspondingauthor:BiljanaMilutinovi,email:bimilutinovic@gmail.com
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Effective and Environmental Parameters of Diesel Engines Using Biodiesel and Biodiesel Petro Diesel Blends Dame Dimitrovski Abstract: This paper describes the basic mechanisms that lead to the thermal fatigue phenomenon. Thermal fatigue is a process of damage origination and growth in machine parts and structural components due to changes in internal energy caused by multiple cyclic or periodic changes of temperature. This phenomenon is produced basically by cyclic or periodic temperature changes and complete or partial restriction of thermal deformation. The restriction may be due to external or internal factors. The results obtained so far suggest that thermal fatigue has much in common with creep and mechanical fatigue. At this time it is not possible to present a complete general mechanism for damage growth in thermal fatigue, so that further research is needed. This complex phenomenon requires further researchefforts.Theaimofthispaperistohighlightthethermalfatiguephenomenon,itsimportanceand consequences which these thermal stresses can cause. In this paper the main concepts which appear in this field was mentioned and pointed out the importance of thermal stresses. Mechanisms of initiation andpropagationofthethermalfatiguecracksarealsobrieflymentioned. Keywords:Thermalfatigue,Thermalstress,Crackpropagation,Failuremechanism. Correspondingauthor:DameDimitrovski,email:dame.dimitrovski@mf.edu.mk
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AkcionarskodrutvoHERZArmaturenproizalojeizfirmeGebauer&Lehrner,kojajeosnovanadavne1896.godine.Tokomsvog postojanjadugog116godina,kompanijasespecijalizovalazaproizvodnjuirazvojvisokokvalitetniharmaturazagrejanje,hlaenje iklimatizaciju.NaelukompanijeusvojstvuvlasnikaiGeneralnogmenaderanalazisegdinDrGerhardGlinzerer.DanasjeHERZ Armaturen GmbH, sa oko 1.500 zaposlenih, jedini austrijski i jedan od najvanijih proizvodaa termostatskih ventila, regulacione armature,sistemapodnoggrejanja,kotlovanapelet,solarnihsistemaitoplotnihpumpiuEvropi. Sedite kompanije HERZ Armaturen od 1986. godine je u novoj poslovnoj zgradi u Wien Itzendorf, A1230, RichardStrauss Strasse22.Ovdesenalazeproizvodnjaarmatura,centralnimagaciniposlovnorukovodstvo.HERZArmaturenusvomsastavuima 8fabrikaisvesuuokviruEvropskeunije:Austrija,Poljska,RumunijaiSlovenija. Kompanija HERZ Armaturen ima predstavnitva u skoro svim evropskim dravama, na Bliskom Istoku, Severnoj i Junoj Americi. Oko60%proizvedenearmaturaseizvozi. Trajni uspeh HERZ Armaturen zasnovan je na proizvodnom principu, da se samo tehniki zreli i visokokvalitetni proizvodi putaju natrite.Dugogodinjeiskustvo,kaoispecijalizacijanapoljugrejneiregulacionetehnike,doprinelisurazvojubrojnihinovativnih reenjausektoruutedeenergije,kaoiunapredjenjuoblikaidizajnaHERZproizvoda. HERZ termostatski ventili "DE LUXE" predstavljaju simbiozu visoke tehnike i luksuznog oblika i dizajna. Osim toga, HERZ Armaturen razvija zajedno sa poznatim evropskim sistemskim proizvoaima koncepte za uvoenje regulacione armature "krojenepomeri"saciljemutedeenergijeitrokovagrejanja. HERZ Armaturen poseduje moderan sistem osiguranja kvaliteta u kome mnoge firme tesno sarauju. HERZ proizvodi se stalno podvrgavaju ispitivanjima u internacionalnim i nacionalnim nezavisnim institutima. HERZ termostatski ventili odgovaraju EvropskojNormi(EN215). HERZ Armaturen u Srbiji, vie od 20 godina, vri prodaju preko svojih distributera.U 2003. godini otvoreno je predstavnitvo za Srbiju, Crnu Goru i Makedoniju. Od maja 2009. godine, HERZ Armaturen ima svoj poslovnoskladini objekat na 1650 m, Industrijskazonabb,NovaPazova. U sklopu poslovnog objekta nalazi se magacin na 1200 m i kolski centar, gde inenjeri tehnike podrke permanentno vre obukuzaprojektanteiinstalateretermotehnikihinstalacija.
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JKPBEOGRADSKEELEKTRANE: Modernizacijatoplotnihpodstanicazadaljinsko grejanje,toplovodiiprikljuenjaobjekata, rekonstrukcijatoplaneKonjarnikiNoviBeograd, izmenjivakastanicaTONoviBeograd. JPELEKTROPRIVREDASRBIJETENIKOLATESLA, OBRENOVAC: Proizvodnjagrejnihpovrina, isporukaelemenatazapregrejae imeupregrejae,izradai isporukaekonomajzera,izradai isporukaulaznihiizlaznih komorapregrejaapare,izradai isporukaparovoda,izradai isporukaradnihkolamlinaza ugaljN400.42,kapaciteta130t/h. TE KRAJOVA, RUMUNIJA
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Preduzece Nova Yutkl doo Nis je generalni zastupnik Nova TKL doo Duga Resa Karlovac (nekadasnja" Jugoturbina") za prostore Srbije, BIH, i Crne Gore. Pretezna delatnost preduzeca je distribucija, nalevanje i izrada novih kliznih lezajeva koji se primenjuju u raznim oblastima industrije(na kompresorma, EM velike snage , reduktorima, pumpama), crnoj i obojenoj metalurgiji, rudarstvu(na mlinovima uglja, cementa i rude), energetici ( klizni lezajevi parnih i hidroturbinaigeneratora),brodogradnji(lezajevinabrodskimmotorima)kaoiremontreduktora raznihdimenzijaisnaga. Neki od vaznijih korisnika nasih usluga su HE Bistrica,HE Perucica, TE Kolubara, TE Gacko, TE Ugljevik,RTBBorimnogidruginaovimprostorima. U saradnji sa firmom Inkla GmbH iz Austrije pored ove delatnosti Nova Yutkl je distributer zaptivnih materijala americke kompanijea GARLOCK (pletenice, ravne zaptivke, semeninzi za industriju i energetiku, EVSP setovi za zaptivanje na vretenima ventila i vratilima pumpi. PS zaptivkeuprehrambenoj,farmaceutskojihemijskojindustriji.Takodesmoisporucivaliimozemo da isporucujemo i opremu za Termo i Hidro elektrane Ruske proizvodnje kao i rezervne delove LMZturbineirezervnedelovegeneratoraruskeproizvodnje.Odnedavnosmopocelidistribucijui isporukuregulacionihventilazaparuitopluvoduengleskogproizvodacaWEER. S obzirom na siroku nasu delatnost koja je vezana pretezno za energetiku tj. Hidro i Termo centrale otvoreni smo smo za svaku vrstu saradnje i pozivamo sve zainteresovane da nam se obrateputemEmailanaadresu:yutkl@ptt.rs. NovaYutkldooNis SasaTodorovic

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University of Ni, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Ni Society of Thermal Engineers of Serbia

Publisher: University of Ni, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Ni 2013

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

Energy Ecology Efficiency

6.20. Applicationofpassivesolarsystemsinarchitecture SanjaSpasi

104 105 107

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

Technologies and Plants

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

New and Renewable Energy Sources

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

Experimental Investigation of Processes

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia

16th Symposium on Thermal Science and Engineering of Serbia