1. INTRODUCTION :-
2. TURBINE EFFECIENCY :-
A. DRAFT TUBE :-
B. SPIRAL CASING :-
C. SPEED RING :-
To resist the bursting forces due to pressure inside the spiral, the
throat of the spiral outside the guide vanes is bridged by the ring of
fixed stay vanes which resist the axial loads on the spiral. The ring is
sectionalized as necessary to meet the shipping requirements. Weld
fabricated & cast stay ring facilitate easier & better shop site erection
in view of their inherent rigid construction & provides for better
alignment. Well designed construction provides greater resistance
against distortion during shop manufacture & at site against concrete
working. To avoid distortion and to maintain dimensional stability ,
weld fabricated and cast stay rings are stress relieved to relieve the
residual internal stresses of forming, welding & casting. Stay Ring
made in parts is joined by studs which are slogged or heat tightened to
achieve the required elongation. The inside profile of the contour is
seal welded to prevent leakage of water during testing & normal
working of Turbine. One or two stay vanes are made hollow to facilitate
drainage of water from shaft seal by gravity in addition to the ejector.
The ejector will come into operation as soon as the level in top cover
reaches the predetermined level.
D. GUIDE APPARATUS :-
E. TOP COVER :-
Top cover is the part of guide apparatus and the bearing required
for guide vanes. It is bolted on speed ring & covers the top of Guide
Vanes and Runner. Top labyrinth is also housed in top cover which
reduces the leakage and thus saves the water which other wise have
gone to waste without producing the energy. Loading on top cover is
also reduced by introducing the runner labyrinth and relieving holes.
Top Cover design depends on the turbine size, head and erection
method. Weld fabrication is widely adopted for large sized covers. The
structure is designed to provide adequate rigidity against cover
deflection and slope at guide vane due to water load, servo reaction
loading G.V. reaction and bearing loads. Generator stator bore
diameter shall be kept slightly bigger clearing the O.D. top cover for
taking out the top cover on house supports for guide bearing, shaft
gland, regulating ring, air valve & piping. In the region adjoining the
guide vanes in the closed position the top cover surface is provided
with stainless steel linear plates. These linear plates can be of welded
type or screwed type. Screwed type of linear plates are adopted in case
customer wants it replaceable and spare linear plates are supplied for
this purpose.
F. PIVOT RING :-
Pivot Ring or bottom cover houses the lower bearing of the guide
vane and is usually welded plate or cast steel construction. It is made
in single piece or in parts to suit transportation. It is provided with
linear plates in similar way as adopted for top cover.
G. MAIN SHAFT :-
I. SHAFT SEAL:-
J. AIR VALVE:-
B. PELTON TURBINE :-
1. PRINCIPLE :-
2. ARRANGEMENTS :-
PELTON TURBINES have two basic arrangements.
3. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES :-
i. Runner
ii. Nozzles
iii. Distributor
iv. Turbine Casing
3.2 RUNNER :-
i. Better Weldability
ii. Better Machinability
iii. Better cavitation , erosion & erosion resistant.
3.3 DEFLECTORS :-
3.4 NOZZLES :-
While the nozzles with external servomotor type are easy for
maintenance, the other variant of straight flow type are better from
hydraulic consideration through the sizes of distributor shall be more
in the later case. Because of simplicity & other advantages the
external servomotor type nozzles are generally adopted.
The main parts of nozzles are always made of high strength
stainless steel & are specially hardened particularly for high head
projects for achieving long operating life.
3.5 DISTRIBUTOR :-
The Pelton Runner rotates in the free air, it does not have
water churning resistance, hence it takes sufficiently longer period
for the unit to come to standstill condition. This time is of order of 30
to 50 minutes in large size unite. To bring the unit to standstill
condition quickly, brake jet is used, which supplies the water jet
hitting on the back side of the buckets. As due to large rotating inertia
of big size units, the brake jet may not achieve required results ,
dynamic braking is generally recommended for these units. Also the
use of brake jet has following disadvantages –
i. It causes cavitation / damage on the buckets and may affect the
life of runner.
ii. It must be switched off before the machine comes to standstill to
prevent danger of reverse rotation.
iii. In modern automatic controls it may pose problems . Hence the
brake jet is avoided in the modern machines and instead,
dynamic braking is used.
As the pelton units take longer time to shut down , any failure of
cooling water system during this, shall pose a serious problem for the
bearings, hence reliable C.W. system is a pre-requisite for large size
units. Generally an overhead tank of sufficient capacity with quick
acting valves & all connected controls a interlocks for safety of the unit
is adopted in modern Pelton installations.
The pelton runners are set at the maximum Tail Water Level
(T.W.L.) & the minimum recommended clearance between the runner
C.L. and maximum T.W.L. has to be maintained for ventilation
effectively & vacuation of water and to prevent back flushing of tail
water on the runner. The high T.W.L. may result in loss of power &
efficiency. In some cases, it has been observed that units can’t deliver
required output due to rise in T.W.L. because of faulty design of tail
race. Also a minimum recommended air cushion is required above Tail
Race for effective ventilation of housing. Aeration pipes & ventilation
system is also provided for preventing vacuum pockets in the housing.
Insufficient ventilation may cause humming noise & vibration.