STATISTICS- 2 Grading Reviewer CHAPTER 3- Measures of Central Tendency/ Central Location Average- is a single number which is usually close

e to the point of greatest concentration of the measurements and may be thought of as typical or representative of the whole set. Common averages: Arithmetic mean, median, and mode. Measures of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data Statistic- any measure calculated from the sample data. Parameters- numerical values calculated from population data. Measures of Central Tendency Statistic Parameter Mean Median Mdn Mode Mo The Arithmetic Mean Mean-The process of adding all scores in a set and dividing this sum by the number of scores

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if a student got a N% then N% of the other student got lower than him or he belongs to the top (100-N)% of the class. CHAPTER 4- Measures of Variability variability- spread in a set of measurement Range Simplest measure of variability ( ) Where: r= range L= Largest Measurement S= smallest measurement Lacks stability in repeated measures Interquartile range -Range that contains the middle 50% of the scores in distribution IQR= 75TH PERCENTILE- 25TH PERCENTILE Semi-interquartile range- a related measure variability SIR= IQR/2 If the distribution is symmetric, the median + or the SIR contains half of the scores of the distribution Quartile Deviation- semi-interquartile range Half the distance between these 2 quartile points

Where Xi= the value of the ith number in the set = the mean N= the number of items Sum of a set of measurements divided by the number of measurements in the set Weighted Arithmetic Mean Obtained by multiplying each value of X by the frequency of its occurrence, adding together these products and then dividing by the number of measurement

Q2 is always assoc. with the median. Deviation Score Where: x= deviation score X= raw score Standard Deviation and Variance Most widely used measure for showing variability Standard Deviation- square root of the variance Used when the distribution is normal or approximately normal because the proportion of the distribution within a given number of standard deviations from the mean can be calculated Variance- is the mean or average of the squares of the deviation of each measurement from the mean

The Median Wide application for descriptive purposes Is the value of the middle term, i.e., the value that which divides the whole distribution into 2 equal parts Arranged in order of magnitude The median for an odd number of measurements is the middle measurement when the measurements are arranged in order of size. The median for an even number is the arithmetic mean of the 2 middle observations when the measurements are arranged in order of the magnitude The Mode Score which occurs with the greatest frequency Measures of Central Tendency for Grouped Data Computation of the Mean from Frequency Distribution or the Midpoint Method

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S=

Computation of Variance Deviation Score Method

Where f= frequency X= midpoint N= total number of frequency The mean computed from the Coded Method

S=
S=
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Xo +

Raw Score Method

S=
S=

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Where: X o = temporary origin f= frequency d= deviation N= i= class size Properties of the mean The summed deviations are equal to zero ) ( The sum of the squared deviations from the mean is less than the sum of the squares of deviations about any other scores. Measure of central location in the least square ( ) = minimum It is very sensitive to extreme measurement. It cant be computed when the distribution contains open-ended intervals unless reasonably accurate estimates of the midpoints of the open intervals are possible Only for quantitative data Calculating the Median from frequency Distribution

( ) Measures of Variability for grouped data Midpoint method

S=

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Coded method

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The Standard Scores In order to determine how far a raw score is from the mean in terms of standard deviation units

Z=
Standard score- have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Useful when we wish to compare an indv.s performance in separate distributions. To SS scale has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Z score to a t score: (z x new SD)+ new mean. Transformed Standard Score

Where: L= exact lower limit of the interval that contains the median F = cumulative frequency below L Fm= frequency interval containing the median i= class size Mode of Grouped data Mode is the midpoint of the interval which has the greatest frequency A primary estimate of as index of the most common score or the typical score Comparison of Mean, Median, Mode The mean is a central tendency in which the sum of the deviation on one side of it equals to the sum of the deviation of the other side. Appropriate measure of central location for interval and ratio variables Median Divides the distribution into 2 equal halves. Ordinal statistics Positional average Used when the distribution contains extreme values or shows gross symmetry, open-ended intervals Mode Nominal statistics Appropriate for quick, rough estimate of central tendency Gives best indications for the point of concentration Not sensitive to extreme values No stability In general, the arithmetic mean is the preferred statistics for representing central tendency because: Vigorously defined, easily calculated and amenable to algebraic treatment More stable Show less fluctuation Percentiles Are values that divide a set of observation into 100 equal parts Percentile rank Score itself is meaningless. It takes meaning only when it can be compared to some standard base or scale

T-score= 10z+50
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Moments Moments- group of statistic which is related to the mean and standard deviation.

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Measures of Kurtosis and Skewness make use of the moments Skewness

When g1 is positive= positively skewed When g1 is negative= negatively skewed When g1 is 0= normal distribution

Kurtosis

When g2 is 0= normal mesokurtic When g2 is more than 0= leptokurtic When g2 is less than 0= platykurtic