S Truc T Aero Composite Idealization

University of Lige Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering
Aircraft Structures Laminated Composites Idealization
Ludovic Noels
Computational & Multiscale Mechanics of Materials CM3 http://www.ltas-cm3.ulg.ac.be/ Chemin des Chevreuils 1, B4000 Lige L.Noels@ulg.ac.be
Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization
Elasticity
Balance of body B
Momenta balance
Linear Angular
Boundary conditions
Neumann Dirichlet
n b
Small deformations with linear elastic, homogeneous & isotropic material

(Small) Strain tensor
Hookes law with Inverse law with
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization 2
, or
, or
l = K - 2m/3
2m
Pure bending: linear elasticity summary General expression for unsymmetrical beams
Stress
With z
q a
y
Curvature
Mxx
In the principal axes Iyz = 0
Euler-Bernoulli equation in the principal axis

for x in [0 L]
z
BCs
uz =0 duz /dx =0
f(x)
M>0
Tz x
Mxx
L Similar equations for uy

Beam shearing: linear elasticity summary General relationships
uz =0 duz /dx =0
f(x) M>0 L
Tz
x
Mxx
Two problems considered

Thick symmetrical section
h
Shear stresses are small compared to bending stresses if h/L << 1
Thin-walled (unsymmetrical) sections

Shear stresses are not small compared to bending stresses Deflection mainly results from bending stresses h t
2 cases
Open thin-walled sections Shear = shearing through the shear center + torque Closed thin-walled sections
Twist due to shear has the same expression as torsion

Beam shearing: linear elasticity summary Shearing of symmetrical thick-section beams

Stress
With Accurate only if h > b z b(z) h z
t t
A*
Energetically consistent averaged shear strain z

with g
Tz+ xTz dx g dx x
Shear center on symmetry axes
Tz
gmax
Timoshenko equations
&
z
dx
qy qy
g
On [0 L]:
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Beam shearing: linear elasticity summary Shearing of open thin-walled section beams
Shear flow
z y In the principal axes y S C Ty s
Tz
Tz
Ty
Ty x
Shear center S
On symmetry axes At walls intersection
Tz
z
h t t
Determined by momentum balance
Shear loads correspond to

Shear loads passing through the shear center & Torque
C
t
S
b
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Beam shearing: linear elasticity summary Shearing of closed thin-walled section beams
Shear flow
Open part (for anticlockwise of q, s) C p q s z T z
Tz
Ty
y
Constant twist part
Tz
The completely around integrals are related to the
Ty
T C p q dAh ds s y
closed part of the section, but if there are open parts,

their contributions have been taken in qo(s)
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Beam shearing: linear elasticity summary Shearing of closed thin-walled section beams
Warping around twist center R
z
Tz
Ty
T With ux(0)=0 for symmetrical section if origin on q z C p dAh ds s y
the symmetry axis
Shear center S
Compute q for shear passing thought S
Tz
Use
S y ds
C
p
With point S=T

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s
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Beam torsion: linear elasticity summary Torsion of symmetrical thick-section beams

Circular section
z z
t
C
Mx
h y t max
C
Mx
Rectangular section
h/b If h >> b 1
r b 1.5 2 4 0.282 0.281 1/3 1/3
a
&
0.208 0.141
0.231 0.246 0.196 0.229
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Beam torsion: linear elasticity summary Torsion of open thin-walled section beams
Approximated solution for twist rate
Thin curved section z
s pR
R t3
t q
C
Mx
yt t
Rectangles
z
l3 t2 l2 y
us t
t1
l1
Warping of s-axis
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Beam torsion: linear elasticity summary Torsion of closed thin-walled section beams
Shear flow due to torsion
Rate of twist
z
Torsion rigidity for constant m

C
Mx
p q dAh ds s
Warping due to torsion
ARp from twist center

C
us
R pR p
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Structure idealization summary Panel idealization

Booms area depending on loading
For linear direct stress distribution
b z A1 z A2
tD
sxx
sxx2
sxx
sxx2
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Structure idealization summary Consequence on bending

If Direct stress due to bending is carried by booms only
The position of the neutral axis, and thus the second moments of area
Refer to the direct stress carrying area only

Depend on the loading case only
z Tz y x
Consequence on shearing
Open part of the shear flux
Shear flux for open sections
Ty
dx
Consequence on torsion
If no axial constraint
Torsion analysis does not involve axial stress So torsion is unaffected by the structural idealization
Deflection of open and closed section beams summary Virtual displacement

In linear elasticity the general formula of virtual displacement reads
s (1) is the stress distribution corresponding to a (unit) load P(1)

DP is the energetically conjugated displacement to P in the direction of P(1) that corresponds to the strain distribution e
Example bending of semi cantilever beam

In the principal axes
uz =0 duz /dx =0
z M>0 L
Tz x
Example shearing of semi-cantilever beam
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Laminated composite structures Composite

Fibers in a matrix
Fibers: polymers, metals or ceramics Matrix: polymers, metals or ceramics Fibers orientation: unidirectional, woven, random
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic

Carbon woven fibers in epoxy resin Picture: carbon fibers Theoretical tensile strength: 1400 MPa Density: 1800 kg.m-3 A laminate is a stack of CFRP plies Picture: skin with stringers
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Laminated composite structures Composite (2)

Drawbacks
Brittle rupture mode Impact damage Resin can absorb moisture
Complex failure modes

Transverse matrix fracture Longitudinal matrix fracture Fiber rupture Fiber debonding Delamination Macroscopically: no plastic deformation
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Laminated composite structures Composite (3)

Wing, fuselage, Typhoon: CFRP
70% of the skin 40% of total weight
B787:
Fuselage all in CFRP
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Laminated composite structures Approaches in analyzing composite materials

Micromechanics
Composite is considered as an heterogeneous material Material properties change from one point to the other Resin Fiber Ply Method used to study composite properties
Macromechanics
Composite is seen as an homogenized material Material properties are constant in each direction They change from one direction to the other Method used in preliminary design
Material response
Macroscale
Extraction of a RVE
Multiscale
Combining both approaches
BVP solved using FE Microscale
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Laminated composite structures Ply (lamina) mechanics: Ex

Symmetrical piece of lamina
Matrix-Fiber-Matrix
sxx
lm /2 lf
Matrix Fiber Matrix
sxx lt
Constraint (small) longitudinal displacement DL

Small strain
y
lm /2 x
Microscopic stresses Fiber

Matrix Resultant stress
DL
Compatibility
The mixture law gives the longitudinal Young modulus of a unidirectional fiber lamina from the matrix and fiber volume ratio
As Ef >> Em, in general Ex ~ vf Ef
Laminated composite structures Ply (lamina) mechanics: nxy

Constraint (small) longitudinal displacement DL
Transverse displacement
Microscopic strains Fiber
sxx
lm /2 lf
Matrix Fiber Matrix
sxx lt
y
lm /2 x
DL
Matrix
Resultant strain Compatibility
This coefficient nxy is called major Poissons ratio of the lamina
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Laminated composite structures Ply (lamina) mechanics: Ey

Constraint (small) transversal displacement D l
Total displacement Microscopic small strains
Fiber Matrix Small resultant strain y lm /2 syy x syy
lm /2 Matrix lf
Fiber Matrix
lt
Resultant stresses = microscopic stresses

Relation
As Ef >> Em, in general Ey ~ Em / vm

Laminated composite structures Ply (lamina) mechanics: nyx

Constraint (small) transversal displacement D l (2)
Longitudinal strains are equal by compatibility
Resultant Fiber y lm /2 syy x syy
lm /2 Matrix lf
Fiber Matrix
lt
Matrix
But from previous analysis
DL
syy lm /2 Matrix lf But this is wrong as there are microscopic stresses to constrain the compatibility, so relation is wrong
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lt
Fiber
Matrix
lm /2
syy x
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Laminated composite structures Ply (lamina) mechanics: nyx (2)

Resultant longitudinal strain
Microscopic strains & compatibility y lm /2 syy lm /2 Matrix lf
Fiber Matrix
lt
syy
x
Fiber
Matrix
Resultant stress along x is equal to zero
Using compatibility of strains
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y lm /2 syy lm /2 Matrix lf
Fiber Matrix
lt
syy
x
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Minor Poisson coefficient
y lm /2 This is called the minor one as usually Em << Ef Ex >> Ey nyx < nxy syy lm /2 Matrix lf
Fiber Matrix
lt
syy
x
Remarks
The stresses in the matrix and in the fiber can lead to fiber debonding In all the previous developments we have assumed zero-stress along z-axis
This is justified as the behaviors in z and y directions are similar. This will not be true in a stack of laminas (laminate)
lt
z
lz
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Laminated composite structures Ply (lamina) mechanics: mxy

Ds
lm /2 txy
Matrix Fiber
Constraint (small) shearing g = Ds/lt

Assumption: fiber and matrix are
lt tyx
subjected to the same shear stress
txy = tyx
Resultant shear sliding Microscopic shearing Fiber Matrix Compatibility
lf
lm /2 Matrix x txy L
As mf >> mm, in general mxy = mm /vm
Unlike isotropic materials, shear modulus is NOT related to E and n

Laminated composite structures Example

Epoxy resin matrix (vm= 80%) Reinforced by x-oriented carbon filament (vf = 20%)
Epoxy Em = 5 GPa nm = 0.2
Carbon
Ef = 200 GPa nf = 0.3
What are the resultant properties (Young, Poisson, Shear modulus) ? Bar of
Cross section 0.08 m X 0.05 m Length 0.5 m
Subjected to an axial loading of 100 kN
Determine
Lengthening & thickness shortening? Stress in components?
Laminated composite structures Material properties

Section idealization Young modulus
Longitudinal direction
y ly = 0.05 m
Lateral direction
lz = 0.08 m
Poisson ratio
Major Minor
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Laminated composite structures Material properties (2)

Shear modulus
Of the components Fiber y Matrix z Resultant shear modulus lz = 0.08 m ly = 0.05 m
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Laminated composite structures Traction

Resultant stress
F = 100 kN
0.01 m Carbon y 0.02 m Matrix
F = 100 kN
0.02 m Matrix
Lengthening
x 0.5 m
Thickness shortening
Microscopic stresses
Fiber Matrix z
ly = 0.05 m y
lz = 0.08 m
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Laminated composite structures Orthotropic ply mechanics

Single sheet of composite with
Fibers aligned in one direction: unidirectional ply or lamina y
syy txy txy sxx
x Fibers in perpendicular direction: woven ply y syy txy txy sxx
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Laminated composite structures Orthotropic ply mechanics (2)

Woven ply
Transversally isotropic y Fiber reinforcements the same in both directions Same material properties in the 2 fiber directions Orthotropic Fiber reinforcements not the same in both directions y Different material properties in the 2 directions Specially orthotropic: Applied loading in the directions of the plies Generally orthotropic: Applied loading not in the directions of the plies y
syy txy txy sxx
syy txy txy sxx
syy txy txy sxx
x
Laminated composite structures Specially orthotropic ply mechanics

Plane stress (Plane-s) state
Isotropic materials
New resultant material properties defined in previous slides such that
For uniaxial tension along x

& For uniaxial tension along y y
syy txy txy sxx
&
Superposition leads to the orthotropic law x
Be careful mxy cannot be computed from Ex/y, nxy/yx

Laminated composite structures Specially orthotropic ply mechanics (2)

Plane stress (Plane-s) state (2)
Reciprocal stress-strain relationship can be deduced from y syy txy txy sxx
To be compared to stress-strain relationship for isotropic materials
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Laminated composite structures
Specially orthotropic ply mechanics (3)

General 3D expression
Hookes law or Can be rewritten under the form
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Laminated composite structures
Specially orthotropic ply mechanics (4)

General 3D expression (2)
Hookes law or With the 21 non-zero components of the fourth-order tensor being , , & &
&
And the denominator
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Laminated composite structures Generally orthotropic ply mechanics

Stress-strain relationship
Stress-strain relationship in the axes Oxy is known for plane-s state
or in tensorial form
If q is the angle between Ox & Ox syy txy txy sxx
y
with y x x
From there we can get C such that
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Laminated composite structures Generally orthotropic ply mechanics (2)

Stress-strain relationship (2)
Equation
syy txy txy sxx

y y x x
with
& in 2D
Solution
Or again
with
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Plane s state
From
The non-zero components are
Let c = cos q, s = sin q ,


Plane s state (2)
Using &
expression
leads to
Eventually, using minor & major symmetry of material tensor
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Plane s state (3)
Doing the same for the other components leads to
These are the 8 non-zero components
In the Oxy there were 8 non-zero components
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Plane s state (4)
But due to the rotation: a coupling between tension and shearing appears
A traction sxx along Ox induces a shearing exy due to the fiber orientation syy txy txy sxx y
x

Plane s state (5)
All the non-zero components are
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Plane s state (6)
Can be rewritten under the form
Remark: a symmetric matrix (not a tensor) can be recovered by using The shear angle gxy = exy + eyx = 2 exy
Tension/shearing coupling
Laminated composite structures Laminated composite

A laminate is the superposition of different plies
For a ply i of general orientation qi, there is a coupling between tension and shearing
Symmetrical laminate
Symmetrical geometric and material distribution Technological & coupling considerations (see later) 0
45
0 45 90 90
To ease the transfer of stress from one layer to the other No more than 45 difference between plies ti = 0.125 mm
45 0 45 0
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Laminated composite structures Laminated composite (2)

Suppression of tensile/shearing coupling
Suppression of tensile/shearing coupling requires Same proportion in +a and a oriented laminas (of the same material) Then s(+a) = sin (+a) = -s (-a) & s3(+a) = sin3 (+a) = -s3 (-a) So two terms Cxxxy will cancel each-others
0
45 0 -45 90 90
-45
ti = 0.125 mm 0
45 0
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Resulting elastic properties of a laminate can be deduced Deformations of the laminate assumed to correspond to a plate
Membrane mode & resultant membrane stresses
z
y
nxy nyy
nxx
nxy
For a laminate the integration is performed on each ply
0 45 0 -45 90 90 -45 0
ti = 0.125 mm
45
0
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Deformations of the laminate assumed to correspond to a plate (2)
Bending mode & resultant bending stresses
z
y
~ m yy
~ m xx
mxy
~ m xy
For a laminate the integration is performed on each ply

0 45 0 -45 90 90 -45 0
ti = 0.125 mm
45
0
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Deformation of the laminate can be separated into
L h
z
x
Deformation of the neutral plane

Deformation due to bending See picture for beam analogy Strains can then be expressed as
Exponent zero refers to neutral plane Assumed to be at z = 0
In case of symmetric laminate it is located

at the mid-plane Second part of the course for rigorous demonstration

In each ply
With
So, using tensorial notation As properties change in each ply, this theoretically leads to discontinuous stress z z
0
45
0 -45 90
45 0 -45 90 90 -45 0 45 0
exx
ti = 0.125 mm
sxx
90
ti = 0.125 mm
-45 0 45 0
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Membrane resultant stress y nxy nyy z
As in each ply
x
nxx
nxy
With the position of the neutral plane of each ply
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Bending resultant stress y
~ m yy
As in each ply
x
mxx
mxy
~ m xy
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The two equations are Aabgd Babgd
Babgd Which can be rewritten under the form
Dabgd
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As gxy = exy + eyx & kxy = -uz,xy uz,yx
Terms B are responsible for traction/bending coupling With A symmetrical stack prevents this coupling 2 identical Ci at zi opposite Terms Axxxy are responsible for tensile/shearing coupling
Can be avoided by using the same proportion

of +a and -a plies Terms Dxxxy are responsible for torsion/bending coupling
Laminated composite structures Symmetrical laminated composite

Terms B vanish
If h is the laminate thickness
As
with
Supression of tensile/shearing coupling requires same proportion

in +a and a oriented laminas (of the same material) Then s(+a) = sin (+a) = -s (-a) & s3(+a) = sin3 (+a) = -s3 (-a) So two terms Cxxxy will cancel each-others
Laminated composite structures Symmetrical laminated composite without tensile/shearing coupling

Terms B & Axxxy vanish
To be compared with an orthotropic material
Homogenized orthotropic material
&
Thin-walled composite beam Description

Consider a thin-walled beam made of laminated composite panels The i th panel
Has a thickness ti Has a width bi Has a local frame OXYZ OX correspond to the beam axis Ox OY is in the panel plane OZ is the out of plane direction Has assumed homogenized properties EiX, EiY, niXY , niYX & miXY Rigorous for symmetrical laminates without tension/shearing coupling Conceptual approximation for others Z X bi ti
z y Y x
Panels are assumed

To have uniform stress on the thickness Bending results from a stress distribution on the different panels To carry direct and shearing stresses
Thin-walled composite beam Axial loading

Consider that each panel has the same axial strain
By compatibility
z y
Z X bi ti
Axial load carried by i th panel
Px
Axial load carried by the beam

Or again
Px
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Thin-walled composite beam Bending

For an homogeneous material, we found
Leading to z Mz
a
My
z y
Here the homogenized Young modulus varies between panels

Curvature and neutral plane orientation are global Stress in each panel becomes bi Mz My
Mz
Z X ti Y x My
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Thin-walled composite beam Bending (2)

Moments
As The bending moment become z z Mz
q
y
Mxx
a
My
Modified second moment of area
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Moments (2)
Using the modified second moments of area z y
Mz Z
X bi Mz z My ti Y x My
q
y
Mxx
Orientation of the neutral axis

Using previous results
Mz
a
My
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Stress
Starting from
Using
to obtain the stress in wall number i
At the end of the day, the stress in wall i is
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Thin-walled composite beam Example

h = 0.1 m
C
b = 0.05 m z tf = 2 mm My = 1 kN.m y tw = 1 mm tf = 2 mm b = 0.05 m
Thin-walled beam with composite cross section

Flange laminates EXf = 50 GPa Thickness 2 mm Web laminate EXw = 15 GPa Thickness 1 mm
Bending in the vertical plane

My = 1 kN.m
Maximum direct stress? Neutral axis?
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Thin-walled composite beam Modified second-moments of area

h = 0.1 m
C
b = 0.05 m z tf = 2 mm My = 1 kN.m y tw = 1 mm
tf = 2 mm b = 0.05 m
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Thin-walled composite beam Direct stress

In each wall, the stress is obtained from
With b = 0.05 m z
Web
h = 0.1 m
C
100 Mpa
My = 1 kN.m y
b = 0.05 m
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Thin-walled composite beam Direct stress (2)

In each wall, the stress is obtained from
With
334 Mpa -167 Mpa
Flanges (+ = top, - = bottom)

h = 0.1 m
C
b = 0.05 m z
100 Mpa
My = 1 kN.m y
Maximal values? discontinuity with web
b = 0.05 m
Thin-walled composite beam Neutral axis

In each wall, the stresses satisfy
Taking two points on top flange
334 Mpa -167 Mpa
b = 0.05 m z h = 0.1 m
100 Mpa
a
C
My = 1 kN.m
Curvature radius from
b = 0.05 m
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Thin-walled composite beam Shearing of open-section beams

For non-composite structures we found
Tz
y S
C Ty s
For composite wall, this expression becomes

Using direct stress expression for bending
and same argumentation as thin walled beams In wall i: bi Tz Ty
z y
Tz Z
X ti Y x Ty
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Thin-walled composite beam Shearing of closed-section beams
For non-composite structures we found

T
Tz
Ty
y
With
q
C
p
dAh ds
For composite wall, these expressions becomes
Anti-clockwise orientation for q, s in this last expression


Simply symmetrical closed-section
h = 0.3 m
Wall BC EXBC = 20 GPa
C
t = 2 mm t = 1.5 mm
Tz = 2 kN
A
Thickness 1.5 mm
Walls AB & CA EXAB = EXCA = 45 GPa Thickness 2 mm
t = 2 mm
B
b = 0.25 m
Shear flow in the section?
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Thin-walled composite beam Second moments of area

Simply symmetrical section
h = 0.3 m
C
t = 2 mm t = 1.5 mm
Tz = 2 kN
A
So, as Ty=0, open shear flow reads
t = 2 mm
B
b = 0.25 m
With
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Thin-walled composite beam Open shear flow

Starting from
With a cut at the origin A
Wall A B
C
z t = 2 mm h = 0.3 m t = 1.5 mm qo
B
Tz = 2 kN
A
s
t = 2 mm
b = 0.25 m
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Thin-walled composite beam Open shear flow (2)

Starting from (2)
Wall A C
C
z t = 2 mm h = 0.3 m
qo t = 1.5 mm
qo
B
Tz = 2 kN
A
s
t = 2 mm
b = 0.25 m
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Thin-walled composite beam Open shear flow (3)

Starting from (3)
Wall B C
C
z t = 2 mm h = 0.3 m
qo t = 1.5 mm
Tz = 2 kN
A
qo
qo
B
s
t = 2 mm
b = 0.25 m
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Thin-walled composite beam Closed shear flow

Starting from
h = 0.3 m
z
C
t = 2 mm
qo t = 1.5 mm
Tz = 2 kN
A
Give shear in anticlockwise direction around A
qo
qo
B
s
t = 2 mm
b = 0.25 m
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Thin-walled composite beam Shear flow

Starting from
h = 0.3 m
z
C
t = 2 mm
qo t = 1.5 mm
Tz = 2 kN
A
qo
qo
B
s
t = 2 mm
With the anticlockwise constant flux
b = 0.25 m
z
Total flux
C
t = 2 mm h = 0.3 m q t = 1.5 mm
Tz = 2 kN
A
q
q
s
t = 2 mm
B
b = 0.25 m
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Thin-walled composite beam Torsion

Closed-section beam
From previous analysis Shear flow R pR C Warping p z
us
Twist rate
For composite beams

Twist rate Rearranging terms: Warping with the torsional stiffness
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Doubly symmetrical closed-section
Covers AB & CD mXYc = 20 GPa h = 0.1 m
B
z t = 2 mm
A C
Thickness 2 mm
Webs BC & AD mXYw = 35 GPa Thickness 1 mm
t = 1 mm
C
t = 1 mm Mx = 10 kN.m
D
t = 2 mm
b = 0.2 m
Shear flow in the section? Warping distribution?
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Thin-walled composite beam Shear flow
h = 0.1 m z
B
t = 2 mm
A C
Warping
A A y
t = 1 mm
C
t = 1 mm Mx = 10 kN.m
D
t = 2 mm
b = 0.2 m
By symmetry, warping is equal to zeros at mid sections (at A & A)
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Thin-walled composite beam Warping (2)

By symmetry: zero warping at A & A
h = 0.1 m z
B
t = 2 mm
A C
Wall AA
A A y
t = 1 mm
C
t = 1 mm Mx = 10 kN.m
D
t = 2 mm
b = 0.2 m
Other walls by symmetry
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Thin-walled composite beam Torsion (2)

Open-section beam
From previous analysis Curved sections t3 Sum of rectangular sections l2 t1 l1 z pR z s
Mx
C
yt
t
R l3
t2
q
y
us
For composite beams

Either
Or
Maximum shear keeps the same expression
With correct shear modulus:

Thin-walled composite beam Torsion (3)

Open-section beam (2)
Warping keeps the same expression
Requires position of the shear center R Method of determination of the shear center has to be adapted using shear expressions for composite structures z s pR R
Mx
C
yt
t
us t
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Torsion of open thin-walled section beams Example

U open section
Flanges
Shear modulus 20 GPa Thickness 1.5 mm
h = 50 mm
tf = 1.5 mm
Mx
O C
tw = 2.5 mm
tf = 1.5 mm b = 25 mm
Web
Shear modulus 15 GPa Thickness 2.5 mm
Torque of 10 N.m Maximum shear stress?
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Torsion of open thin-walled section beams Maximum shear stress

Torsional second moment of area
3
tf = 1.5 mm
Mx
O C
h = 50 mm
Twist rate
tw = 2.5 mm
tf = 1.5 mm b = 25 mm
Maximum shear stress reached
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Exercise: Torsion of a thin-walled composite beam Laminate shear moduli

16 300 N/mm2 for the flanges 20 900 N/mm2 for the web
1 tf = 1.0 mm Mx h = 100 mm R tw = 0.5 mm 3 4 y z 2
The beam is subjected to a torque of 0.5 kN.mm

Rate of the twist? Maximum shear stress? Value of warping at point 1?
b = 50 mm
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References Lecture notes

Aircraft Structures for engineering students, T. H. G. Megson, ButterworthHeinemann, An imprint of Elsevier Science, 2003, ISBN 0 340 70588 4
Other references
Books
Mcanique des matriaux, C. Massonet & S. Cescotto, De boek Universit, 1994, ISBN 2-8041-2021-X
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Exercise: Torsion of a thin-walled composite beam Shear center

For an angle section of the type shown below
Resultant internal shear loads pass through sides intersection So shear centre (S. C.) is located at the intersection of the sides
1
S.C.
+
S.C. 3
So that, by superposition, the shear centre of the actual beam is R
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Exercise: Torsion of a thin-walled composite beam Torsional rigidity

Open section
3
z 1 tf = 1.0 mm Mx h = 100 mm R tw = 0.5 mm 3 4 y 2
Twist rate
b = 50 mm
Maximum shear stress (absolute value)
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Exercise: Torsion of a thin-walled composite beam Warping

Shear center R
Warping = 0 (by definition) Origin set to R 1 tf = 1.0 mm Mx h = 100 mm R tw = 0.5 mm Area swept at point 1: 3 4 y z 2
We can use
b = 50 mm
As
is positive because the scanning of the swept area is
anticlockwise as well as the applied torque
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S Truc T Aero Composite Idealization

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University of Lige Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering

Aircraft Structures Laminated Composites Idealization

Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization

Small deformations with linear elastic, homogeneous & isotropic material

In the principal axes Iyz = 0

Euler-Bernoulli equation in the principal axis

L Similar equations for uy

Beam shearing: linear elasticity summary General relationships

Two problems considered

Shear stresses are small compared to bending stresses if h/L << 1

Thin-walled (unsymmetrical) sections

Twist due to shear has the same expression as torsion

Beam shearing: linear elasticity summary Shearing of symmetrical thick-section beams

Energetically consistent averaged shear strain z

Shear center on symmetry axes

Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization

Determined by momentum balance

Shear loads correspond to

Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization

Constant twist part

The completely around integrals are related to the

closed part of the section, but if there are open parts,

Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization

the symmetry axis

With point S=T

Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization

Beam torsion: linear elasticity summary Torsion of symmetrical thick-section beams

r b 1.5 2 4 0.282 0.281 1/3 1/3

0.231 0.246 0.196 0.229

Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization

Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization

Torsion rigidity for constant m

Warping due to torsion

ARp from twist center

Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization

Structure idealization summary Panel idealization

Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization

Structure idealization summary Consequence on bending

Refer to the direct stress carrying area only

Deflection of open and closed section beams summary Virtual displacement

s (1) is the stress distribution corresponding to a (unit) load P(1)

Example bending of semi cantilever beam

Example shearing of semi-cantilever beam

Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization

Laminated composite structures Composite

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic

Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization

Laminated composite structures Composite (2)

Complex failure modes

Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization

Laminated composite structures Composite (3)

Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization

Laminated composite structures Approaches in analyzing composite materials

BVP solved using FE Microscale

Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization

Laminated composite structures Ply (lamina) mechanics: Ex

Constraint (small) longitudinal displacement DL

Microscopic stresses Fiber

Laminated composite structures Ply (lamina) mechanics: nxy

This coefficient nxy is called major Poissons ratio of the lamina

Aircraft Structures - Laminated Composites Idealization

Laminated composite structures Ply (lamina) mechanics: Ey

Resultant stresses = microscopic stresses